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JUNE 1983 Vol. 8, No. 6 

$2.95 in USA 

$3.50 in 0anada/£2.10 in U.K. 

A McGraw-Hill Publication 








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1 6-BIT 
DESIGNS 



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Apple Computer Inc., 20525 Mariani Avenue, Cupertino, California 95014 



Vol. 1 No. 2 



For the authorized Apple dealer nearest you, call 800-5 3 8-9696 (800-662-9238 in California.) 



Fhaitful Connections. 



There are more people in more 
places making more accessories 
and peripherals for Apples than 
for any other personal computer 
in the world 

Thanks to those people — 
in hundreds of independent 
companies— you can make the 
humblest 1978 Apple II turn tricks 
that are still on IBMs Wish List 
for 1984. 

But now were coming out with 
our very own line of peripherals 
and accessories for Apple 5 Personal 
Computers; 

For two very good reasons. 

First, compatibility We ve 
created a totally kluge-free family 
of products designed fo take full 
advantage of all the advantages 
built into every Apple. 

Second, service and support. 




Now the same kindly dealer who 
keeps your Apple PC in the pink 
can do the same competent job 
for your Apple hard-disk and your 
Apple daisywheel printer. 

So if you re looking to expand 
the capabilities of your Apple H 
or III, remember: 

Now you can add Apples to 
Apples; 



Gjutenberg would be proud. 

Old Faithful Silenty pe® has now been joined by New Faithfuls; the 
Apple Dot Matrix Printer and the Apple Letter Quality Printer 

^ « So now, whatever your budget and your 

needs, you can hook your Apple to a printer 
thats specifically designed to take advan- 
tage of all the features built into your 
Apple. With no compromises. 
The 7x9 Apple Dot Matrix 
Printer is redefining Correspondence 
' quality 1, with exceptional legibility. 
With 144x160 dots per square inch, it can 
also create high resolution graphics. 

The Apple Letter Quality Printer, 
which gets the words out about 33% 
^|| faster than other daisywheel printers 
in its price range, also offers graphics 
capabilities. See your authorized 
Apple dealer for more information and 
demonstrations. Because, unfortunately, all 
the news fit to print simply doesn't fit. 




Ajoy to behold. 

The new Apple Joystick II is 
the ultimate hand control device 
for the Apple II. 

Why is it such a joy to use? 

With two firing buttons, its 
the first ambidextrous joystick — 
just as comfortable for lefties 
asrighties. 

Of course, it gives you 360° 
cursor control (not just 8-way like 
some game-oriented devices) and 
full X/Y coordinate control. 

And the Joystick II contains 
high-quality components and 
switches tested to over 1,000,000 
life cycles. 

Which makes it a thing of 
beauty And a joystick forever 



319S3 Apple Computer Inc. 





l the creek 
"witliout 
paddk? 



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theduni 

Wh 
be hap 
has fin; 
paddl< 
bliste 
blistei 

ApJ 
game pi 
onera 

Peop] 
excited a; 
hard 

So we 
igged. Wej 
to 3,000,1 
them for h< 
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side for 

Soyoj 



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:ons: 

ver your games, you'll 

to know that someone 
[y come out with game 

uilt to hold up under 
g fire. Without giving you 

e Hand Controller II 
dies were designed with 
discovery in mind: 
laying games get 
can squeeze very very 



ide the cases extra 
ised switches tested 
[life cycles. W shaped 
ling hands and placed 
Itton on the right rear 
dmum comfort 
never miss a shot. 



A storehouse of knowledge. 



If you work with so much data 
or so many programs that you find 
yourself shuffling diskettes con- 
stantly, you should take a look at 
Apples ProFile 1 ^ the personal 
mass storage system for ^ 

the Apple III Personal 
Computer. 

This Winchester-based 
5-megabyte hard disk 
can handle as much data 
as 35 floppies. Even more 
important for some, it 
can access that data 
about 10-times faster 
than a standard floppy ^ 
drive. 

So now your Apple 
ffican handle jobs once 
reserved for computers 
costing thousands 
more. 

As for quality 



and reliability, you need only store 
one word 6f wisdom: 
Apple. 




I^iundiing pad for numeric data; 



Good tidings for crunchers of 
numerous numbers: 

Apple now offers a numeric 
keypad that's electronically and 
aesthetically compatible 
with the Apple II 
Personal Computer. ; 
So you can enter 
numeric data 
faster than 
ever before. 

The Apple 
Numeric Key- 
pad II has 
a standard 
calculator- 
style layout 
Appropriate 




because unlike some other key- 
pads, it can actually function as a 
calculator 

The four function keys to the 
left of the numeric pad should be 
of special interest 
to people who use 
MsiGalc? Because 
they let you zip 
around your 
work sheet more 
easily than ever, 
adding and 
deleting entries. 

With one 
hand tied be- 
hind your 
back. 



■ fered trademark of YisiCorp. Inc. 



Circle 22 on inquiry card. 



In The Queue 



BITE 



Volume 8, Number 6 




Page 128 




Themes 

52 16-Bit Designs by Phil Lemmons / Powerful 16-bit microprocessors coupled with 
greater memory capacity and advanced memory-management techniques promise to 
elevate the micro to new levels of power and speed. And the winners are the users. 
In our theme articles you'll read about what's new in the 16-bit arena. 

54 Sunrise Systems by Bruce Roberts / This Texas-based startup company produces 
portable 8- and 16-bit microcomputer systems that are labeled and marketed by OEMs. 

74 The Gavllan Mobile Computer by Phil Lemmons / Lightweight, powerful, and 
portable, this battery-powered 16-bit computer can go anywhere. And its optional printer 

fits in a standard-size briefcase right along with the computer. 

96 Digital's Professional 300 Series by Wesley Melling / Owning a 325 or 350 
is almost like having a personal minicomputer. They both share the PDP-1 1 instruction 
set and memory management and provide about 90 percent of the throughput of a 
PDP-1 1/24. 

1 04 A DEC on Every Desk? by John J. Snyder / A look at Digital Equipment Cor- 
poration's representatives in the microcomputer world. 

110 Tight Squeeze: The HP Series 200 Model 1 6 by John Monahan / How Hewlett- 
Packard crammed a powerful 1 6-bit microcomputer into one square foot of desk space. 

1 28 Texas Instruments' 99/2 Basic Computer by Harry Littlejohn and Mark Jander 

/ Software compatible with the 99/4A, this 1 6-bit, less-than-S 100 machine makes a good 
home computer. 

1 38 Implementing Minicomputer Capabilities in a Desktop Microcomputer by 

Colin Nayler / Multiple users, Xenix, and local-area networks characterize the Altos 586. 

1 50 A Machine for All Processors: The Fujitsu Model 1 6s by Wayne Cling- 
ingsmith / Its plug-in processors allow the Model 1 6s to run a variety of operating systems 
and applications programs. 

1 68 The Pronto Series 1 6 by Skip Hansen / An explanation of the design philosophy 
behind this business-oriented Intel-80186 based microcomputer. 

188 A Sleek Import: The Docutel/Ollvettl M20 by Sergio Meilo-Grand / A per- 
sonal computer that marches to the beat of a different drummer— the Z8000. 

1 94- Modular Architecture by Sudha Kavuru / Some insights into designing a modular 
computer around the IBM Personal Computer. 

208 Digital Research's DR Logo by Gary Kildall and David Thornburg / This user- 
friendly language comes of age. 

230 An Inside Look at MS-DOS by Tim Paterson / The history of and design deci- 
sions behind MS-DOS, how it works, and where it's going. 

256 BYTE West Coast: A Guided Tour of Vlsl On by Phil Lemmons / Visicorp's 
Bill Coleman discusses in detail the development, workings, and operation of Visi On, 
the company's new operating environment. 



Page 150 



BYTE is published monthly by McGraw-Hill, Inc., with offices at 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, phone 
(603) 924-9281. Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time. Address 
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Features 

35 Use ADPCM for Highly Intelligible Speech Synthesis by Steve Garcia / In- 
tegrated circuits from Oki Semiconductor compress digitized speech data efficiently. 

Z82 NEC PC-8201 by Stan Wszola / Yet another portable computer vies for a place 
in the executive briefcase. 

306 The User Goes to the Falre by Jerry Pournelle / Our redoubtable critic reports 
on his journey from Chaos Manor to the Eighth West Coast Computer Faire. 

339 Design Philosophy Behind Motorola's MC68000, Part 3: Advanced Instruc- 
tions by Thomas W. Starnes / Special MC68000 instructions allow programmers to write 
complicated code quickly and compactly. 

352 The Bazeries Cylinder by Rinaldo F. Prisco / How to create ciphertext using 
methods based on the Bazeries Cylinder's time-proven cryptographic principles. 

387 AVL Trees by W. D. Maurer / Introducing a scheme for searching and updating 
sorted data efficiently. 

395 Build a Simple Light Pen for the Apple II by David J. Lilja / Avoid corrfplex 
hardware by using software strategically. 

411 User's Column: Zenith Z-100, Epson QX-10, Software Licensing, and the 
Software Piracy Problem by Jerry Pournelle / Our intrepid columnist shoots from the 
hip and takes a little flak. 

450 The 8086— An Architecture for the Future, Part 1: Introduction and 
Glossary by Stephen A. Heywood / The advanced 8086 microprocessor overcomes 
the limitations of previous designs. 

Reviews 

288 HMS3264 EPROM Programmer by Marvin L. De Jong / This program package 
lets an Apple II handle the programming tasks for a variety of software-development tasks. 

298 Electrohome Supercolor Board and Color Monitor by Jon N. Swanson / A 

color-graphics display system for the Apple \\. 



Nucleus 



4 Editorial: High-Tech Morrill Act 
7 MICROBYTES 
1 Letters 
364 Programming Quickies: Novel Methods 
of Integer Multiplication and Division 
379 Technical Forum: Random Numbers 
from an All-Digital Generator 
446 Book Review: 6502 Assembly-Language 
Subroutines 

Cover painting by Roger Landesmark 



458 Clubs and Newsletters 

462 Ask BYTE 

466 Software Received 

470 Event Queue 

479 Books Received 

482 What's New? 

541 Unclassified Ads 

542 BOMB, BOMB Results 

543 Reader Service 




Page 208 



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questions or problems should be addressed to: 
Service, P.O. Box 328, Hancock, NH 03449 




Editor In Chief 

Lawrence J. Curran 
Managing Editor 

Pamela A. Clark 
Senior Editor 

Gregg Williams 

Technical Editors 

Richard S. Shuford, Curtis P. Feigel, 
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Editors; Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor 

Copy Editors 

Beverly Cronin, Chief; 

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Editor 

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Production 

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Business Manager 

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Traffic 

N. Scott Gagnon, Manager; 
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Receptionist 

Jeanann Waters 
Personnel/Office Manager 
Cheryl A. Hurd 
Publisher 



m 



Gene W. Simpson; 
John E. Hayes, 

Associate Publisher/Production Director; 
Doris R. Gamble, Publisher's Assistant 

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Com- 
pany; John G. Wrede, President; Executive Vice 
President; Paul F. McPherson; Senior Vice 
President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; Vice 
Presidents: Kemp Anderson, Business Systems 
Development; Shel F. Asen, Manufacturing; 
Harry L Brown, Special Markets; James E. 
Hackett, Controller; Eric B. Herr, Planning and 
Development; H. John Sweger, Jr., Marketing. 

Officers of the Corporation: Harold w. 
McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive 
Officer; Joseph L. Dionne, President and Chief 
Operating Officer; Robert N. Landes, Senior Vice 
President and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb, 
Treasurer. 



Editorial 



High-Tech Morrill Act 



Lawrence /. Curran, Editor in Chief 



The U.S. Senate has begun deliberations on a bill that would create a highly 
desirable partnership whose goal is the revitalization of high-technology 
education in this country. The bill, S.631, would join the federal government, 
state governments, and educational institutions with high-tech companies in 
an effort to ensure that the human resources required for this nation to com- 
pete in worldwide high-tech markets will be available. Sen. Paul Tsongas (D., 
Mass.) is the primary sponsor of the initiative, which he calls "the high- 
technology Morrill Act." 

The Morrill Act established the federal land-grant college system in 1862 
and is credited with revolutionizing U.S. agriculture education and, eventual- 
ly, agricultural production. It helped foster an industrialization that led to 
global agricultural leadership for the U.S., a position we still maintain. Sen. 
Tsongas' bill could do the same for high-tech education by providing $500 
million per year over five years. Half the money would come from the federal 
government, state governments would be asked to contribute 30 percent, and 
industry 20 percent. We heartily support this legislation, and urge you to sup- 
port it by contacting your representatives. 

Among other things, the money would be used to establish computer 
literacy programs in elementary and secondary schools; make the teaching of 
math, science, and engineering more attractive as a career; modernize univer- 
sity lab equipment and establish university research and education centers; ex- 
pand technician training programs at community colleges; and develop pro- 
grams to teach the management of technological innovation. 

The education grants established by the bill would be administered by the 
director of the National Science Foundation, who would be authorized to 
establish an advisory committee representing industry, education, state 
government, professional societies, and labor organizations. We think that 
such an advisory committee can be effective, but we also believe it's critical 
that it receive strong direction from high-tech industries that compete globally 
so that it is responsive to real-world competitive considerations. 

Sen. Tsongas is to be commended for his astuteness in seeking counsel from 
people who should be especially well qualified to understand global competi- 
tion and education in high-technology industries. Those assisting with the 
legislation include the authors of a recent book that we think is an enlightening 
contribution to the literature: Ray Stata, president of Analog Devices Inc., 
Norwood, Massachusetts; and James Botkin and Dan Dimancescu, con- 
sultants in high technology from Cambridge, Massachusetts. The book is 
Global Stakes, The Future of High Technology in America (written with John 
McClellan. Ballinger Publishing Co., Cambridge, MA, 1982). 

It's time that this nation started to deal more effectively with global competi- 
tion. Through its emphasis on education, S.631 seeks to keep U.S. high-tech 
industry on the leading edge. Education is the long-fallow ground that must be 
fertilized so that the engineers, scientists, and technicians it produces are 
prepared for ever more formidable competition in future decades. ■ 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



low to buy a computer 
by the numbers. 




Introducingthe Cromemco C-10 Per- 
sonal Computer. Only $1785, including 
software, and you get more profes- 
sional features and performance for the 
price than with any other personal 
computer on the market. We've got the 
numbers to prove it. 

The C-10 starts with a high-resolu- 
tion 12" CRT that displays 25 lines with 
a full 80 characters on each line. Inside 
is a high-speed Z-80A microprocessor 
and 64K bytes of on-board memory. 
Then there's a detached, easy-to-use 
keyboard and a 5%" disk drive with an 
exceptionally large 390K capacity. 
That's the C-10, and you won't find 
another ready-to-use personal com- 
puter that offers you more. 

But hardware can't work alone. 
That's why every C-10 includes software 
—word processing, financial spread 
sheet, investment planningand BASIC. 
^Hard-working, CP/M R -based software 
at meets your everyday needs. Soft- 
ware that could cost over $1000 some- 




where else. FREE with the C-10. There's 
really nothing else to buy. 

But the C-10's numbers tell only 
part of the story. What they don't say 
is that Cromemco is already known 
for some of the most reliable 
business and scientific 
computers in the industry. 
And now for the first 
time, this technology 
is available in a 
personal computer. 

One last number. 
Call 800 538-8157x929 
for the name of your 
nearest Cromemco 
dealer, or to request 
literature. In California 
call 800 672-3470 x929. Or write 
Cromemco, Inc., 280 Bernardo 
Avenue, P.O. Box 7400, Mountain 
View, CA 94039. In Europe, write 
Cromemco A/S, Vesterbrogade 1C, 
1620 Copenhagen, Denmark. 

CP/M R is a registered trademark of Digital Research, inc. 
All Cromemco products are serviced by TRW. 




Cromemco 

Tomorrow's computers today 

Circle 102 on inquiry card. 



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MICROBYTES 






Staff-written highlights of late developments in the microcomputer industry. 

OPERATING SYSTEMS BATTLE LINES INVOLVE IBM, DEC f AMERICAN BELL 

International Business Machines, Digital Equipment Corporation, and American Bell will make separate 
moves that together could reshape the world of microcomputer operating systems. IBM is believed ready 
to make available more operating systems for the IBM PC and may emphasize for the business market an 
operating system other than PC-DOS. One account says that IBM sees the need for a multitasking 
operating system with more flexible data structures. Another account says IBM is developing its own 
operating system for the IBM PC to be compatible with the CPIX version of Unix that runs on the IBM 
Series 1 . IBM's alternate channels marketing department has also arranged for CDI in Bellevue, WA, to in- 
stall the Pick operating system on the PC late this year. A Microsoft spokesman, however, says, "We have 
a long-term relationship with IBM and have solid plans involving PC-DOS." 

Microsoft has strengthened its position elsewhere by reaching a large OEM agreement with American 
Bell. At least some of American Bell's computers will run Microsoft's Multi-Tool application programs and 
some version of the Unix operating system. Other American Bell microcomputers, however, will run well- 
known application programs from a variety of major software houses. Meanwhile, Digital Equipment Cor- 
poration is working closely with Digital Research and Visicorp. DEC's low-end microcomputers such as the 
Rainbow 100 will run Concurrent CP/M-86 and Visicorp's Visi On operating environment. 

DIGITAL RESEARCH INTRODUCES PERSONAL BASIC AND MARKETS LANGUAGES FOR IBM PC DOS 

Digital Research has introduced Personal BASIC, an interpretive BASIC designed to compete with Micro- 
soft BASIC but to sell for only $1 50, compared to MBASIC's $350, and at OEM prices far below that. 
Personal BASIC checks syntax as statements are entered and reports syntax errors before the program is 
run. It has advanced error trapping, informative error messages, and debugging aids such as statement- 
number tracing, variable tracing, and breakpoints with single-step operation. Version 1.0 of Personal 
BASIC runs source code written in Microsoft BASIC or IBM PC BASIC except for PC BASIC'S graphics 
commands. Version 2.0 will support fully integrated graphics statements through the GSX implementation 
of the graphics kernel standard. 

Digital Research's Language Division has broadened its marketing strategy and is selling all DR lan- 
guages in versions to run under IBM PC-DOS. These include CBASIC-86, CB-86, Pascal/MT+ -86, 
PL/l-86, C-8086, Microfocus COBOL, and the programming aids Display Manager and Access Manager. 
CB-80 and CB-86 have been enhanced to include some graphics support. Digital Research says its lan- 
guages will provide portability of applications programs across microprocessors and operating systems. 

SYDIS SYSTEM INTEGRATES VOICE AND VISIWORD 

Sydis Inc., a startup company in San Jose, CA, has introduced the Voicestation System, a 68000-based 
system with desktop-manager software that incorporates the functions of a personal computer, a tele- 
phone, a dictating machine, a card file, and a calendar. Each terminal has its own 68008 microprocessor, 
1 28K bytes of graphics RAM, and 832 by 608 resolution. The combination of voice input, mouse, and 
programmable-function keys may greatly reduce or eliminate the need for many users to have a keyboard. 
While the Sydis system does not provide voice recognition, it does provide voice memos and voice an- 
notation of text documents generated with Visicorp's Visiword. The central Sydis Information Processor 
uses multiple 68000s and manages a shared 1 60-megabyte hard disk. Price of a 1 6-user system is less 
than $7000 per user. 

MICROSOFT ANNOUNCES MULTI-TOOL WORD, MOUSE 

Microsoft has introduced Multi-Tool Word, the second of the company's planned series of productivity 
tools. Developed under the guidance of Charles Simonyi, formerly of Xerox PARC, Multi-Tool Word pro- 
vides sophisticated printer support and text-editing. Use of the new Microsoft mouse for the IBM Personal 
Computer is optional. The two-button mouse and three programs that demonstrate its use cost $1 95. 

SOFTOFFICE TO OFFER IBM PC INTEGRATED SOFTWARE 

The Softoffice Co., San Rafael, CA, is developing both networking and stand-alone versions of an inte- 
grated software system for the IBM PC. President Bruce Van Natta describes the product, also called Soft- 
office, as an object-oriented structure and says it will provide fully integrated applications, electronic mail, 
and videotex, all accessible through a pictorial desktop manager for professional and administrative users. 



Circle 344 on inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE PuMkatiom Inc 7 



M1CROBYTES 

OCTAGON 80286 SUPPORTS THREE OPERATING SYSTEMS SIMULTANEOUSLY 

Octagon Computer Systems will announce the first 80286/Z80-based dual-processor multiuser system at 
PC '83 in San Francisco June 17. Software will allow users to run PC-DOS, Concurrent CP/M-86, and 
CP/M-80 applications software at the same time on different terminals. The system's standard equipment 
includes a 5 14 -inch IBM-PC-format floppy disk, an 8-inch floppy disk, and a 5 1 /4-inch Winchester hard disk. 
As a result, the system supports convenient transfer of files between the two sizes. Other hardware 
features include up to 4 megabytes of onboard memory, 8 high-speed serial ports, 8 video-display con- 
trollers, 6 parallel ports, 64K bytes of PROM, and a calendar/clock with battery backup. The system, in- 
cluding the 1 5-rnegabyte formatted hard disk, is priced at $8750. 

PES: WRITE COMING THIS MONTH FROM SOFTWARE PUBLISHING 

PFS:WRITE, a what-you-see-is-what-you-get word processor, will be available this month for $ 1 40. 
Developed by Software Publishing for the IBM PC, PFS:WRITE works with PFS:File to do mailing lists and 
can print data tables from PFS:Report, bar charts from PFS:Graph, and spreadsheets from Visicalc. 

MICROPRO IMPROVES WORDSTAR AND INTRODUCES PLANSTAR, STARRURST, STARINDEX 

Micropro International, San Rafael, CA, recently announced three new products and an updated version of 
Wordstar. Wordstar (3.30) for the IBM PC has user-definable function keys, faster screen updating 
through memory-mapped video, a new install program, and support for color displays. 

Planstar, a financial modeling tool that runs on PC-DOS or any microcomputer with CP/M version 2.2 or 
later, includes bar charts and line graphs and can build large multidimensional models and consolidate 
worksheets. With Starburst, users create menus for their own office "script" to link Micropro or other pro- 
grams and automate a series of tasks. Starburst performs repeat sequences and conditional logic. The pro- 
gram runs on CP/M version 2.0 or later, an Apple with a CP/M board, PC-DOS 2.0, MS-DOS, and 
CP/M-86. Starindex works with any version of Wordstar to create alphabetized indexes with subentries 
and a four-level table of contents. 

ASHTONTATE INTRODUCES FRIDAY 

Ashton-Tate of Culver City, CA, publisher of dBASE II, is offering a new user-friendly personal filing 
system called Friday that permits adding, deleting, and changing of fields and creating and changing of 
files from anywhere in the system. Every screen display shows a reference to a related section in the 
user's manual. Data from Friday and dBASE II can be combined. Friday costs $295 and is available now. 

SHARP ENTERS PORTARLECOMPUTER MARKET 

Sharp Electronics has introduced the Super Portable Computer, an IBM-PC data-compatible unit. The 
SPC has a flip-up liquid-crystal display providing 8 lines by 80 characters and a full-size keyboard. It 
uses the 8088 microprocessor and comes with 1 28K bytes of CMOS RAM expandable to 256K bytes, 
MS-DOS and BASIC in ROM, and two slots for ROM cartridges (64K to 1 28K bytes), RAM cartridges 
(64K bytes), or bubble memory cartridges (128K bytes). The unit is powered by rechargeable batteries. 
The SPC is expected to be bundled with word-processing, electronic spreadsheet, communications, and 
executive planner programs. Suggested retail price for the SPC with one bubble memory cartridge will 
be in the $2495 to $2995 range. 

NANORYTES 

American Bell may market Apple computers through its 461 Phone Center stores. . . . The Hewlett- 
Packard 85B and 86B are the first micros to have built-in semiconductor virtual disks as standard equip- 
ment. . . . Quarterdeck of Santa Monica, CA, showed a desktop manager that integrates existing PC-DOS 
and CP/M-86 applications programs. . . . Schuchardt Software Systems will offer applications-oriented 
database-modeling systems that "take advantage of recently developed artificial-intelligence techniques to 
simplify the user/machine interface," according to Frederick H. Schuchardt, president and founder of the 
new San Rafael, CA, company. A software hotline service will be available by subscription to end users, 
dealers, and OEMs. Schuchardt was formerly president of MicroPro's World Trade division and before that 
managed applications development for the American Airlines Sabre System. . . . Fujitsu's $2400 1 -mega- 
byte RAM board for its Micro 16s uses 256K-bit RAM chips. . . . 3Com Corp. has reached agreement 
with 25 retail stores to distribute the company's Ether/Series Ethernet products. Businessland and 
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PROTEM 



Letters 



Vox Popull 



The recent issue on standards missed an 
important new trend in the standards- 
making process. It is all the more signifi- 
cant because it is the result of the pro- 
liferation of microcomputers, where the 
BYTE readership is strongest. The trend is 
the democratization of standards. 

Ten years ago the ANSI (American Na- 
tional Standards Institute) rule for a 
balanced representation of committee 
members between users, implementers, 
and general-interest members was easily 
satisfied from the large corporations will- 
ing to ante up the high membership fees 
required by CBEMA because only large 
companies could afford computers. 

With the advent of microcomputers this 
is no longer true. Consider Chuck Card's 
new working group for a standard floppy- 
disk format. To be a member of this com- 
mittee costs you $150 per year for three to 
five years, plus travel and lodging costs 
four times a year to the other side of the 
country. For a large company with a 
vested interest, this is not too much. But 
users like you and me cannot afford $1000 
or so each year for this kind of activity. 
The result is that ANSI activities are going 
to be increasingly biased away from the 
users toward the manufacturers. Note 
that CBEMA (the official secretariat) 
stands for Computer and Business Equip- 
ment Manufacturers' Association, which 
is hardly likely to encourage participation 
of independent users. 

But I mentioned a new trend; it is 
developing within the IEEE Computer 
Society. The Computer Society, through 
the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Elec- 
tronics Engineers), is a member of ANSI, 
and thus a full-fledged standards-making 
body. But there is no $150 membership 
fee, and many of the active working 
groups stay in one place so that there is a 
possibility for participation by users. 
True, a committee meeting in Silicon 
Valley is still out of the budget for East 
Coast participants, but at least West 
Coast participants are not locked out also . 
Furthermore, the Microprocessor Stan- 
dards Committee rules permit member- 
ship by correspondence, so everyone has 
the opportunity to have a say in the for- 
mation of these far-reaching standards. 
Finally, unlike the traditional ANSI pro- 
cedures, the Microprocessor Standards 
Committee has a policy of publishing full 
drafts for public review and comment in 



10 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



widely read trade journals, so you can see 
what is going on and have the opportuni- 
ty to participate. 

As with any new trend, there are reac- 
tionary forces. Even within the Computer 
Society there are those who want to in- 
hibit the democratization by squelching 
publication or insisting on peripatetic 
meeting places. You, the readers of BYTE, 
can put in your vote for democracy. Write 
ANSI and /or the Governing Board of the 
Computer Society and demand to be a 
part of the standards process. Insist on 
public review of work in process (i.e., 
publication of drafts) and working groups 
that stay in one place long enough to per- 
mit the participation of unfunded users 
like you. Remind them of the success of 
IEEE-696 (S-100 bus) and the soon-to-be 
standard P754 (Binary Floating Point) that 
benefited from this open process. Your 
voice counts. 

Some organizations to write to are the 
American National Standards Institute 
(1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018), 
the IEEE Computer Society (POB 80452, 
Worldway Postal Center, Los Angeles, 
CA 90080), and the Microprocessor Stan- 
dards Committee, Michael Smolin, Chair 
(Synertek Inc. MS61, POB 552, Santa 
Clara, CA 95051). 

Please don't everybody write to me ex- 
pecting replies. I am another unfunded 
user trying to get some work done to pay 
the bills. 

Tom Pittman 

POB 6539 

San Jose, CA 95150 



Another Standards 
Organization 

The February articles on standards were 
excellent. Richard S. Shuford's editorial, 
"Standards, The Love /Hate Relationship" 
(page 6), and especially his analysis of 
forces hindering standardization were 
right on target. 

Your readers may be interested in a 
standards organization that was not men- 
tioned in the issue, ASTM Committee 
E-31 on computerized systems. ASTM 
(American Society for Testing and 
Materials) was founded in 1898. It is the 
oldest voluntary consensus standards 
organization in the United States. It is also 
among the most prolific, with over 6500 
separate standards in the 64-volume An- 

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Letters 

nual Book of ASTM Standards. ASTM 
was one of the four organizations that, in 
1918, founded what has become the 
American National Standards Institute. 

Committee E-31 on computerized 
systems was organized in 1970. E-31's 
standards focus on the needs of people 
who use computerized systems. (A com- 
puterized system is one in which a digital 
computer is a significant part.) There are 
draft or approved standards for com- 
puterizing clinical laboratories, manufac- 
turing operations, hospital pharmacies, 
and scientific laboratories, as well as more 
general standards to guide any com- 
puterization project. A standard specifica- 
tion for software documentation is now in 
the final stages of approval. 

All meetings of Committee E-31 and its 
subcommittees are open. Anyone is 
welcome who wants to learn, to par- 
ticipate, and to join in the work of 
developing standards. Many of us learned 
a good deal of what we know about com- 
puterized systems with Committee E-31. 
We are all still learning. 

People can contact me for more infor- 
mation or they can write directly to 
ASTM at 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 
19103. 

Peter E. Schilling, Chairman 

ASTM Committee E-31 on Computerized 

Systems 
Aluminum Company of America 
Alcoa Technical Center 
Alcoa Center, PA 15069 



More on the Proposed 
ANSI BASIC Standard 

Ronald Anderson's 'The Proposed 
ANSI BASIC Standard" (February, page 
194) raised some questions to which I 
would like to respond. 

First, it should be pointed out that the 
ANSI (American National Standards In- 
stitute) public review period is indeed 
open to the public; any interested party 
may submit comments directly to 
ANSI/X3 committee (X3 Secretariat, 
CBEMA, 311 First St., NW, Washington, 
DC 20001). It is also possible to channel 
these comments through the Association 
for Computing Machinery (ACM). 

The standard is organized in the form of 
a core specification plus some in- 
dependently optional modules (e.g., real- 
time and graphics). This was done to pro- 
vide standardization for a given well- 
demarcated functional area without forc- 



ing it on all implementations. In the case 
of real-time operations, for instance, there 
is widespread use and implementation, 
and so the need for standardization exists. 
At the same time, it doesn't seem 
reasonable to require all vendors to imple- 
ment this rather ambitious module 
because their users may have no need of 
it. 

The article implied that the standard 
did not provide data typing. In fact, the 
standard does specify a DECLARE state- 
ment for the typing of variables. Variables 
need not be declared explicitly, but they 
are still typed, according to the usual 
BASIC convention of a trailing dollar sign 
for strings and no such dollar sign for 
numerics. Assignments and comparisons 
between incompatible types are not al- 
lowed. Furthermore, the standard even 
guarantees type-checking for I/O (in- 
put/output) to so-called INTERNAL files; 
no other language of which I am aware 
provides this protection. 

Finally, I take exception to the state- 
ment that "the new standard appears to be 
more loosely defined than most other 
language standards." This certainly was 
not the intention nor, I believe, the result 
of X3J2's efforts. There are indeed a 
number of instances in which a result is 
explicitly implementation-defined; such is 
the case in all language standards. But I 
believe the clarity of the specification 
compares favorably with that of other re- 
cent and proposed standards, e.g., for 
FORTRAN, Pascal, or Ada. X3J2 would 
certainly welcome hearing about any 
specific aspect of the standard that is 
vague or ambiguous and will, I'm sure, do 
its best to remedy such lapses. 

John V. Cugini 

Programming Languages Group 

Data Management and Programming 

Languages Division 
United States Department of Commerce 
National Bureau of Standards 
Washington, DC 20234 



Standard Priorities 

Thank you for the informative articles 
on standards in February. However, I 
was wondering if there is a standards 
committee on documentation. If there is 
anything the computer industry needs to- 
day it is a set of standards for documenta- 
tion. Much of the software and hardware 
produced today is of good quality, yet the 
documentation is so poor that these pro- 



14 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE June 1983 15 



Letters,. 



ducts are under-used or not used at all. 
My word-processor program, for exam- 
ple, does not have an index. A book of 
over 100 pages without an index is all but 
ludicrous, not to mention the fact that one 
page of the table of contents is missing. If 
standards for documentation are de- 
veloped, they should include both a table 
of contents and an index for each volume 
of the document. 

Most of the standards dealt with by the 
articles in your February issue seem to be 
long overdue and should be implemented. 
Yet, somehow I feel that some of these 
standards may become too restrictive and 
burdensome, such as the proposed floppy- 
disk-format standard. Even more critical 
is that program languages such as BASIC, 
Pascal, COBOL, and others undergo fur- 
ther needed standardization. Take, for ex- 
ample, Visicalc. It can be used with 
relative ease on any of the computers for 
which it is designed, provided users have 
the appropriate copy of Visicalc for each 
computer they wish to use. Visicalc is not 
a program language; yet its virtue of com- 
mands that are similar if not identical for 
the various computers for which it is 
designed should be the goal for program- 



language standardization. Standardiza- 
tion of program languages is much more 
important than the standardization of 
floppy-disk formatting or of operating 
systems. 

John H. A. Deal 

RFD 2, Box 77 

Malta Bend, MO 65339 



Lisa Feedback 

Like everyone else, I awaited with great 
anticipation Gregg Williams' in-depth 
review of Apple's new Lisa machine 
(February, page 33). However, upon com- 
pleting the article, I found myself wishing 
that the author had provided more search- 
ing analysis and less parroting of the 
manufacturer's promotional fog and 
vague promises. 

As a longtime admirer of Apple's cor- 
porate verve, I've hoped that the Lisa 
would provide the transfusion of fresh 
blood necessary to keep the company 
from otherwise inevitable crushing under 
the IBM juggernaut. From the article, I'm 
not sure this is the case. Maybe Williams 



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just missed some fundamental points, but 
Fin sure that the corporate purchasing 
agents who will be making searching 
evaluations of this very expensive 
machine will not miss such points as 
these: 

The microprocessor: The 68000 is more 
or less current state-of-the-art, but what's 
the point if the multiuser, multitasking, 
networked operating systems aren't in 
place? Trying to separate promises from 
deliverable hardware, it seems that quite a 
bit of such support has yet to be im- 
plemented. 

Drives: What's so "revolutionary" 
about an 860K-byte variable speed drive? 
Chuck Peddle put 1.2-megabyte variable- 
speed drives (double-sided version) in the 
Sirius I (Victor 9000) two years ago. 

Display: It's hard to tell from the 
photos, but the display seems to be just 
black on white or pale blue. If so, it may 
be a serious mistake. While such a display 
may be necessary for logic implementa- 
tion of the desktop-with-icons metaphor, 
it sacrifices the utility and pizazz of the 
full-color graphics rapidly becoming in- 
dustry standard with Apple's competi- 
tion. And black on white is just hopeless 
for long-term word processing; even ex- 
ecutives must sometimes draft long 
reports. 

Input Devices: People doing any serious 
spreadsheet work will surely long for cur- 
sor movement keys and curse the need to 
remove hands from the keyboard to use 
the mouse. The mouse itself seems 
pointless; why replace a device you're 
afraid the executive is afraid of (the 
keyboard) with another unfamiliar 
device? If Apple was seriously interested 
in the psychology involved it would have 
given said executive a light pen. 

Software-Bundle Concept: Certainly 
Apple must be applauded for its will- 
ingness to take the software-bundle con- 
cept to new heights. However, I wonder 
whether in some areas it goes too far. For 
example, while the desktop-with-icons 
metaphor may be useful, were I a Fortune 
500 company vice-president, I would be 
mortally insulted that a designer felt my 
computer had to show me a picture of a 
wastebasket to direct me to the delete-file 
function. Such offensive condescension 
shows up throughout the design, even in 
the hardware (e.g., labeling the disk 
release button "Disk Request"). 

The individual programs seem well 
thought out, except for the word pro- 
cessor. If this machine is really aimed at 
executives, it probably ought to trade 



16 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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17 



Letters. 



some of the sophisticated manipulation 
and formatting for a spelling check (they 
probably aren't much as typists), gram- 
mar checker (they want their reports to be 
readable and articulate), style manual, 
and thesaurus. They'll want to be able to 
creat sharp, lucid drafts; they'll expect 
their stenographers to take care of format- 
ting and printing with the right margins 
and other details. 

Image: I'd hoped (apparently in vain) 
that Apple finally understood how badly 
its cutesy, whimsical image hurts its 



chances of executive-suite penetration. 
This image crops up in too many ways in 
the Lisa: the Apple (control) key, the 
mouse, and on and on. Please, guys, the 
next time you're in the executive-suite 
waiting room, flip through the magazines 
on the table. You'll find Fortune, 
Barron's, Forbes, etc., but certainly not 
Nibble. There's a lesson there. 

Price: $10,000 is ludicrous. Most 
customers may feel that with existing 
competitive hardware and other software 
bundles that will reach the market before 



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the Lisa, they can get good enough perfor- 
mance. Why pay $2000 to $3000 more to 
be condescended to by a machine? And it 
becomes hopelessly worse if Apple goes 
through with the imbecility of locking 
machine and software together with elec- 
tronic serial numbers. What company in 
its right mind is going to spend $4000 
many times over for repetitive bundles of 
software? Times are gettin' hard, boys. 
Money's gettin' scarce, in case you didn't 
realize it already. It would be far more 
sensible to license the package to a net- 
work of stations. 

Don't get me wrong. I vigorously ap- 
plaud the effort, initiative, and obviously 
deep consideration that Apple has given 
to the Lisa. I really hope it succeeds. My 
remarks are not a debunking diatribe, but' 
an earnest effort to point out that there 
are still some significant bugs in a general- 
ly pretty snazzy machine. 

Del Palmieri 

3 Maple Ridge 

BaUston Lake, NY 12019 

Thank you for your comments on the 
Lisa system and my review of it. I think 
you summed it up when you said that the 
Lisa is the result of "effort, " initiative, and 
obviously deep consideration. " Of course, 
no project of such complexity can satisfy 
everyone, and many of your criticisms are 
valid personal objections. I particularly 
agree with you that the $10,000 price is 
regrettably high (although I would not 
call it ludicrous) and that the capabilities 
of Lisa Write do not mesh well with 
Apple's intended audience of corporate 
executives. I also thank you for pointing 
out that the Victor 9000 (as it's called in 
the U.S.) disk drives do outperform the 
Lisa's; I was dead wrong on that, although 
I still think that other aspects of the drives 
(like the redundant directory and the Disk 
Request button) are very valuable. 

At this point, however, we part com- 
pany. Your opinions as a potential Lisa 
customer have the utmost validity but 
may not be widely shared. For example, I 
don't think that most people are "mortally 
insulted" by icons that give them visual 
clues about the machine's operation, nor 
do I think they find a Disk Request but- 
ton, which keeps them from taking a disk 
out and losing data, to be "offensive con- 
descension." You imply that Apple's use 
of the mouse is perhaps not the best point- 
ing device for the typewriter-shy ex- 
ecutive; maybe so, but Apple spent a lot 
of money on research that caused them to 



18 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Letters. 



choose a mouse over light pens and other 
input devices. Such research also recom- 
mended a black-text-on-white-back- 
ground video display, which you call 
"hopeless for long-term word processing. " 

Finally, you make several misleading 
statements. You say that the Lisa is at 
fault for not having color graphics, which 
are "rapidly becoming industry 
standard/' This is simply not the case. 
Machines like the IBM Personal Com- 
puter and the Texas Instruments Profes- 
sional Computer have color, but most 
business software does not make routine 
use of it. The reason for this is simple: 
software vendors, attempting to maintain 
product portability to other computers, 
shy away from implementation-depen- 
dent features like color graphics. Abo, the 
"imbecility of locking machine and soft- 
ware together" does not exist because the 
Lisa is sold only with legal copies of its 
software. The idea of Apple licensing the 
software to a network of Lisa machines 
does have merit and is a good compromise 
between paying for each copy and pirat- 
ing multiple copies from one legal one. 

I agree with you that "there are still 



some significant bugs" in this "pretty 
snazzy machine, " but I think that Apple 
(or other companies) will iron them out as 
the price of such technology decreases and 
more variations of it become available to 
suit more people's needs. As it turns out, 
you are not alone in your dissatisfaction, 
as you will see from the next 
letter. . . . G. W. 

I read 'The Lisa Computer System" by 
Gregg Williams and "An Interview with 
Wayne Rosing, Bruce Daniels, and Larry 
Tesler" by Chris Morgan, Gregg 
Williams, and Phil Lemmons (February, 
pages 33 and 90) with hopes that I would 
learn some of the shortcomings of the 
Lisa. Instead, these articles, like so many 
others, read like they were written by 
Apple's marketing department. 

I have not set eyes on a Lisa, but from 
what I know about the Star and the 
Worm (remember the Worm that was go- 
ing to eat the Apple?), and from what I 
have read about the Lisa, I do not think 
that the Lisa will be the success that the 
media have presented. 

I dislike being negative because the Lisa 



does have many marvelous features, 
which were well presented in your article. 
However, I think the mistakes made in 
designing the Lisa and its predecessors 
should be pointed out by someone. 

Mistake #1: The philosophy that com- 
puter designers know what users need is 
arrogant and usually wrong. Every com- 
puter user has different desires and needs. 
The Apple II successfully caters to this 
market by allowing users to select a 
machine configuration to meet basic start- 
up requirements. Users can later purchase 
additional hardware and software from 
numerous sources. Users can also 
customize their machines or software, at- 
taching all sorts of devices and making all 
kinds of modifications to both hardware 
and software. 

It appears there is one configuration of 
hardware and software available to 
potential Lisa users. The Lisa software has 
six application programs for what appear 
to be basically word-processing applica- 
tions. The graphics are excellent, but what 
if I am offended by the garbage-can con- 
cept? How do I change the graphics sym- 



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22 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* fate 



bols to ones I prefer? How do I change the 
commands to ones I Iike7 

What language was this all written in 
anyway, and why isn't it available to the 
user? These questions and their answers 
are missing from all the articles I've read 
about the Lisa and imply to me that its 
designers do not believe purchasers of the 
machine should modify what they have 
bought. 

Mistake #2: The mouse. The mouse is 
an inexpensive graphics input device that 
is beloved by graduates of Stanford's 
computer science program. It has been 
around for about 15 years in a variety of 
forms. The Lisa's designers have im- 
proved upon the mouse by reducing the 
number of buttons on it to one. Whether 
they have removed the other problems 
with the mouse — poor reliability, inter- 
mittent behavior, and inability to move in 
a natural direction — remains to be seen. 

The poor reliability and the intermittent 
behavior both result from the fact that 
mice get dirty rolling around on a table. 
Dirt gets into the potentiometers, which 
then have "bad spots" and eventually do 
not work at all. A bad spot is a spot on the 



display which you cannot point to. You 
can work around this by lifting the mouse 
and moving it so the bad spot moves too, 
but this rapidly becomes annoying. 

The unnatural direction results from 
two wheels mounted perpendicularly to 
each other. To move diagonally, you need 
to move along the x-axis and then the 
y-axis rather than along a diagonal as you 
can with a joystick. 

Because I have no experience with Lisa's 
mouse, these comments may be unfair. 
My experience is based on Star's mouse, 
which had these problems. Gregg 
Williams' article only pointed out the but- 
ton improvement, so I assume the rest re- 
mains the same. 

Mistake #3: The disk. Why the 
designers of Lisa needed a nonstandard 
disk package is beyond me. This will 
make the disks far more expensive with no 
great improvement in performance. That 
is, there is no great improvement in the 
amount of information being stored or in 
the speed of access. The reliability claim is 
nice, but in terms of reliability, floppy 
disks are not a weak link in a system. If 
anything, the mechanics of the disk need 



looking at, not the recording technique. 
The method of storing two directories is a 
good redundancy technique that can be 
done in standard packages. 

Mistake #4: Performance, This is a dif- 
ficult issue to evaluate by reading glowing 
articles about the Lisa. This is mostly a 
worry because of the size of the programs 
mentioned in the article and because of 
the lack of a display processor, not because 
of the chip chosen for the Lisa. I have seen 
old PDP-8 word processors with a tiny 
memory outperform 16-bit word pro- 
cessors with large memories, so it is a mat- 
ter of software, not hardware. 

If I were to check a Lisa, I would type in 
a page of text. Then I would block copy 
the page to create 2 pages of text, then 
block copy the 2 pages to create 4 pages 
and so forth until I had 128 pages. This 
would require only seven block copies 
and should be done relatively fast if the 
machine performs well. I would then go to 
page 50 and cut out a paragraph and in- 
sert it in page 1. I have done this on a 
variety of word processors. Some will not 
even allow a small number of block 
copies. 



Spoken Here. . . 



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®1 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Lnc 25 



Letters. 



We will be seeing more small computers 
that use the Motorola 68000. I hope we 
will someday see one that shares Apple's 
original philosophy of letting users decide 
what they need. 

Sabina Saib 
1500 Holiday Hill 
Goleta, CA 93117 

Thank you for raising concerns that I 
have not heard elsewhere. You bring up 
some important points: why doesn't the 
Lisa allow you a choice of ways to do 
things? Is the mouse reliable enough and 
easy enough to use? Why did Apple 
choose an expensive, nonstandard floppy 
disk? Will the computer be responsive 
enough when dealing with large, "real- 
world" tasks? Let me respond to each of 
these in turn. 

You say that the Lisa does not have the 
protean nature of the Apple II. That opin- 
ion is not quite fair to the Lisa computer; 
after all, it does have three expansion slots 
for extra hardware, and Apple will be 
releasing a "programmer's toolkit" that 
will allow third-party vendors to create 



whatever software they feel is best. Aren't 
these the very features you applaud the 
Apple II for? I grant that you will never 
have the wide variety of hardware and 
software add-ons for the Lisa that you 
have for the Apple II, but that is because 
of three factors. First, the Lisa doesn't 
need them — many Apple II add-ons cor- 
rect deficiencies in that computer's design. 
Second, nobody has had time yet to 
develop new software and hardware for 
the Lisa. (Remember, when the Apple II 
was first introduced, nothing was 
available for it, either.) Third, the Lisa is a 
more expensive machine that will not sell 
as widely as the Apple II; this will 
significantly influence the number of ven- 
dors who will consider creating products 
for it. 

Your criticism about the Lisa coming in 
only one configuration is certainly a valid 
one. Probably the only customization you 
will be able to do is what Apple allows 
you to do; the software is written in 68000 
machine language and is too complex to 
be modified by the user. The Lisa com- 
puter is the first of an entirely new kind of 
computer. The computers that follow it 



will improve on the first design; if people 
like you convince the designers that they 
must include more customization to 
satisfy the potential user, they will prob- 
ably do so. 

I think your fears about possible 
unreliability in the mouse pointing device 
are unfounded. Of the many details I 
didn't have time to put in my product 
description of the Lisa (please note that the 
article was a description, not a review), 
one was that Apple designed a new kind 
of mouse that is meant to be cleaned by 
the user. The design also isolates the roll- 
ing ball from the decoding mechanism as 
much as possible so that dust and eraser 
shavings entering the mouse have little ef- 
fect on the performance of the device. 
Also, the mouse I tested rolled equally 
well in all directions; I did not have any 
difficulty making diagonal movements 
with it. 

I agree with you that the Lisa floppy 
disks will be more expensive than similar 
disks because of their nonstandard design. 
However, I disagree with your opinion 
that software enhancements such as 
redundant directories "can be done in 



...And Here. 



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24 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 





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Letters. 



standard packages. " The place to put such 
enhancements is in the operating system, 
so they will be there regardless of the opin- 
ions of individual software designers 
who will either reinvent the wheel and 
charge you for it or leave it out. Redun- 
dant directories take up relatively little 
space and will save you a lot of grief if 
they are ever needed; other operating 
system designers would do well to follow 
Apple's example. 

I like your word-processor test and will 
keep it in mind for future evaluations. 
However, I'm not sure you can fault the 
Lisa for not having a dedicated video- 
display processor. As I said on page 43 of 
the description, ". . . according to the 
designers, the use of a dedicated hardware 
graphics chip would limit itself and slow 
down the system. . . ."It would be hard 
to check this point directly, so we will 
have to rely on the technical explanation 
given by the Lisa designers on page 106 of 
the February BYTE. 

I hope you find some merit in my opin- 
ions. Thank you for writing; the quality 
of future microcomputers will, 1 think, be 
influenced by discussions such as 
ours. . , . G. W. 



A Slight Improvement 

It was ironic that the reviews of the two 
new Apple products, the Lisa and the 
Apple He, both appeared in the same issue 
(February, pages 33 and 68). It was hard 
for me to believe that both computers are 
made by the same company. In the case of 
the Lisa, it sounds like Apple did a 
superior job of design and implementa- 
tion. The modular approach displayed by 
both the hardware and software 
demonstrates a mature, serious product. 

On the other hand, the Apple He seems 
like only a slight improvement over the 
engineering hodge-podge that was the 
Apple II. For example, checking a game- 
paddle port to see if a shift key is pressed, 
pressing Control-R (unless between 
quotes) to restrict the keyboard to upper- 
case, and the presence of numerous seem- 
ingly incompatible graphic modes (to 
name a few) make me feel that the Apple 
He isn't much of an improvement. Actual- 
ly, the whole thing contributes to my 
suspicion that the Apple II's primary 
reason for success was its being at the 
right place at the right time. The design 
errors (or perhaps oversights) in the Apple 
II were serious enough to make the inven- 



26 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 82 on inquiry card. 



tors of replacement processor cards, 80 
column boards, and the like rich. While 
there's no doubt that the Apple He is an 
attempt to rectify some of the most 
serious difficulties, further repackaging 
and advertising hype don't contribute to a 
solution. 

Jon Forrest, Computer System Manager 
Physics Department 
University of California 
Santa Barbara, CA 93106 



Monte Carlo Fix 

Roger C. Millikan's article "The Magic 
of the Monte Carlo Method" (February, 
page 371) leaves out a very important in- 
gredient in the program for finding the 
area under a curve. The author should 
have made it clear that the given program 
will work only for functions that are 
evaluated in an area of one square unit (as 
was the example). For all other examples 
line 2115 of listing 2 should be changed to: 

2115 PRINT" the integral is ";A*U/N 

where A is the area over which the func- 
tion is being evaluated. This must be done 
because U/N is an approximation of the 
ratio of the area under the curve to the 
total area A. For example, to find the area 
under the example curve Y=X*X when X 
varies from to 2, the value of A would 
be 8 because the area over which the func- 
tion is being evaluated is a rectangle of 
width 2 (X varies from to 2) and length 4 
(Y varies from to 4). Of course, the cor- 
responding RND functions must also be 
changed. 

I believe this added bit of information 
would make the program much easier for 
the average user to adapt to his or her ap- 
plication. 

Ronald W. Guffin 
Box 1111 
Bethel, AK 99559 



Alternatives to 
the Monte Carlo Method 

I agree with Roger C. Millikan that the 
Monte Carlo Method is an important 
statistical tool (February, page 371). That 
said, I object to a number of suggestions 
in his article. 

It should be clearly understood that the 
Monte Carlo method is a shotgun tech- 



nique, one that tends to converge slowly 
compared to methods derived analytically 
from the specific parameters of the prob- 
lem in question. It is also a statistical 
technique, meaning that any Monte Carlo 
simulation should generate a sample stan- 
dard deviation and /or a distribution 
histogram where feasible. Clearly both 
results should have been generated in the 
problem of the staggering drunk. 

Millikan's example of finding the area 
under a parabola is as badly chosen as 
possible — rather like demonstrating recur- 
sion through the use of the factorial func- 
tion. Any textbook on numerical methods 
is full of simple techniques to find areas 
under curves — a process known as 
numerical integration or numerical 
quadrature. Simpson's Rule, for example, 
would converge more rapidly in almost 
every case and would have a lower 
margin of error. 

Finally, Millikan's area example does 
not even converge properly, probably 
because of a lack of refinement in assign- 
ing areas to points where the point is on 
the curve or is very close to it. 

In any case, there is no point in using a 
random-number generator where you are 
going to use as many as 10,000 trials. It 
would be simpler to cover the unit square 
with 10,000 evenly spaced points. 

William J. Sohn 
293 Crest Dr. 
Tarrytown, NY 10591 



Apple-Cat Changes 

When I read James A. Pope's review of 
the Apple-Cat II (January, page 110) my 
initial reaction was akin to that of a 
parent listening intently to a guidance 
counselor's evaluation of a precocious 
child. I adored the overall favorable find- 
ings and wanted to interrupt with a rebut- 
tal every time a negative comment was 
made. 

However, after carefully rereading 
Pope's article, I must admit it is both fair 
in its evaluation and constructive in its 
recommendations. In fact, most of the 
changes he suggested for the Apple-Cat II 
have already been included in the product 
available today. 

Let me get specific. The review is based 
on an early version of our software (Corn- 
Ware II 3.2), which was current through 
mid-1982. Since then we have updated the 
software three times and revised the docu- 



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June 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc 27 



If you guessed that a Practical 
Peripherals Microbuffer™ 
printer buffer saves time, 
you're right. For the way it 
works, this inexpensive prod- 
uct is the most practical addi- 
tion to your microcomputer 
system ever. 

With Microbuffer, you 
don't have to wait for your 
printer to finish before you 
resume using your computer. 

Data is received and 
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released from Microbuffer's 
memory to your printer. 

This is called buffer- 
ing. The more you print, the 
more productive it makes your 
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Depending on the ver- 
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useful 8K of random access 
memory — big enough for 
8,000 characters of storage — 
up to a very large 256K — 
enough for 256,000 characters 
of storage. 




28 BYTE June 1983 




Practical Peripherals 
makes stand-alone Micro- 
buffers for any computer and 
printer combination, including 
add-on units especially for 
Apple II computer and/or 
Epson printers. 

Each has different fea- 
tures like graphics dumps and 
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choose one that's just right for 
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Best of all, they're built 
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If you're still guessing 
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Practical Peripherals 
Microbuffer is. 



Practical Peripherals, Inc. 

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Circle 306 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 29 



Letters. 



mentation. For example, the review's "At 
a Glance" box designates the software as 
DOS 3.2. Since June of last year the sys- 
tem has been formatted in the more wide- 
ly used DOS 3.3 system. The "At a 
Glance" box also indicates that the Apple- 
Cat II is designed for the Apple II Plus. 
This could be misleading because the sys- 
tem is engineered for the Apple II as well. 
Pope wasn't thrilled by our documenta- 
tion. Frankly, neither were we. We've 
published a new owner's manual and 
Corn-Ware II operating instructions book- 



let. We've done our best in this new 
literature to state instructions and descrip- 
tions clearly, to organize the content in 
the most logical manner and to represent 
exactly what is included with the unit and 
what are optional features or equipment. 
With regard to optional equipment, Pope 
felt that the expansion module should 
have been part of the basic system rather 
than a $39 add-on. Here we disagree. The 
expansion module provides for features 
not all customers want or need, par- 
ticularly to start up. To include it in the 




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Memory transfer rates of 517Kbytes/second, 
direct memory access, memory mapping and 
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the CPS-MX fast. And easy to integrate. Fully 
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Micro System's slaves are available in four 
versions: synchronous or asynchronous serial 
port, 4Mhz or 6Mhz. The choice is yours. The 
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slave memory at the user's discretion. The slave 
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The CPS-MX is also easy to integrate with 
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channels, memory management, on board 
floppy controller, DMA and vectored priority 
interrupts; and 256K bank selectable or 
contiguous memory. 

A complete line of personality boards allow 
easy interface to anything from a floppy to a 
Winchester, including modems and printers, and 
don't take up any S-100 bus space. 

Best of all is the price. The CPS-MX starts at 
$475.00. That's right, up to 65% less than what 
you have been paying for products that may not 
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Call Intercontinental Micro Systems today. 

We'd like to send you information 
' on the S-100 slave alternative. 




basic system would force customers to 
pay for something they might not use. 

The table of Corn-Ware II features used 
in the article is accurate but outdated. Our 
newest revision (5.0) includes an addi- 
tional four functions. All Apple-Cat II 
buyers are given the opportunity to ob- 
tain each new Corn-Ware revision free of 
charge. They just send us their old disk 
and we send them an updated one. 

The article listed a number of expansion 
capabilities and conjectured that they 
would probably all be available by the 
time the January BYTE was out. These are 
available now, including the tape recorder 
output. One note of clarification: Nova- 
tion is not developing a speech synthesizer 
card. 

The article states, "Novation has just 
recently developed an EPROM that will 
allow you to access the Apple-Cat II from 
the BASIC environment." Pope is refer- 
ring to our firmware ROM chip. Because 
he mentions the ROM chip earlier in the 
review, it might appear to some that the 
ROM and the EPROM chips are different. 
They are not. The firmware ROM allows 
access to the Apple-Cat II from BASIC, 
features the same commands as those used 
for the Hayes Micromodem, and is com- 
patible with many of the programs writ- 
ten for the Micromodem. 

Agnes A. Nagy 

Vice President-Administration 

Novation Inc. 

18664 Oxnard St. 

Tarzana, CA 91356 



Sieve Corrections 

After seeing "Eratosthenes Revisted" in 
the January BYTE, I wrote a version of the 
Sieve of Eratosthenes in CRAY-IS 
assembly language. My program performs 
one repetition of the Sieve in exactly 385.7 
microseconds. This program makes good 
use of both the scalar- and the vector- 
processing capabilities of the CRAY-IS. It 
breaks the Sieve into four steps, as given 
below. The timing (in microseconds) for 
each step is interesting: initializing the flag 
array, 111.3; unflagging multiples of 
primes, 156.9; counting the number of 
primes found, 117.1; and searching for the 
last prime found, 0.4. The times total 
385.7. 

Of this 385.7 microseconds, the 
CRAY-lS's memory is fully occupied for 
at least 361.375 microseconds. Thus, at 



30 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 197 on inquiry card. 



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BYTE June 1983 31 



Letters. 




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best, the program could be improved by 
only a few percent. I believe it is unlikely 
that more than one or two microseconds 
of processing time could actually be 
eliminated. 

For 10 repetitions of the Sieve, multiply 
by 10 and add 1.275 microseconds for 
loop counting, giving 3859 microseconds. 
This number is about one-half the fastest 
time reported in the article, and returns 
the CRAY-IS to its rightful position as the 
world's fastest computer. 

David S. Dodson 
3824 South 255th Place 
Kent, WA 98032 

I have just seen Jim Gilbreath and Gary 
Gilbreath's article, "Eratosthenes Revisit- 
ed: Once More Through the Sieve" (Janu- 
ary, page 283). 

I was dismayed to find that my contri- 
butions for the Prime 300 computer and 
the PRIMOS operating system were print- 
ed incorrectly. The numbers printed were 
per iteration. They have not been "ad- 
justed for ... 10 iterations." Also the 
times for BASIC and COBOL are re- 
versed. My contributions to table 1, ad- 
justed, should read: assembly language, 
4.5; FORTRAN, 7.8; FORTH (RLM), 
104.0; BASIC, 504.0; and COBOL, 
6707.0. 

This gives PRIME 300 COBOL the 
dubious distinction of being the slowest 
computer/language combination in the 
article. 

Richard L. Maurer 

National Life and Accident Insurance 

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BYTE's Bits 



Z100 

Software Directory 
Being Complied 

Zenith Data Systems is compiling a 
directory of available software for its 
Z100 desktop computer. The Z100, a dual 
16/32-bit computer, uses Digital 
Research's CP/M as its 8-bit operating 
system. Z-DOS, marketed by Microsoft 
as MS-DOS, is used for 16-bit processing. 
Software vendors with Z 100-compatible 
packages are asked to contact Victoria M. 
Lerner, Zenith Data Systems Corp., 1900 
North Austin Ave., Chicago, IL 60639. ■ 

4 Circle 374 on Inquiry card. 



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Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar 



Use ADPCM for Highly 
Intelligible Speech Synthesis 

Some new integrated circuits from Oki Semiconductor 
compress digitized speech data efficiently. 



Steve Ciarcia 

POB 582 

Glastonbury, CT 06033 



During the past few years I have 
presented four different computer 
speech-synthesizer projects (see refer- 
ences). With each article I have tried 
to present the latest technology and 
describe successively more cost-effec- 
tive synthesis methods. This month 
I'd like to describe a new variation on 
digitized speech that uses adaptive 
differential pulse-code modulation. 

What Is Digitized Speech? 

Computers communicate in a 
digital language, but the language of 
humans is analog. If computers are to 
speak as we do, this obvious barrier 
must be overcome. Fortunately for 
us, a number of techniques have been 
devised to allow a computer to syn- 
thesize a human voice, some of them 
quite effective. 

Some synthesized voices employ 
electronic circuitry to simulate the 
throat and vocal tract, but the purest 
form of machine-generated speech is 
simply a digital recording of an actual 
human voice, using digital circuitry 
to mimic the action of a tape record- 



Spec ial thanks to Bill Curlew for his software 
expertise. 



Copyright © 1983 Steven A. Ciarcia. 
AH rights reserved. 




Photo 1: You use a microphone to 
record words in high-intelligibility 
ADPCM speech synthesis. The 
stored vocabulary retains the inflec- 
tion, accents, and intonation of the 
human speaker. If you need your 
computer to speak a low-pitched, 
mid-Connecticut drawl, let me 
know. 



er. For example, in most parts of the 
United States you can dial a tele- 
phone number and hear a recorded 
voice saying something like, 'The 
number you have reached has been 
changed. The new number is 
924-9281." The voice is distinctly 
human in quality, highly intelligible, 
and machine-generated — an excellent 
example of digitized speech. Al- 



though it uses a lot of memory, digi- 
tized speech is the most intelligible 
machine-generated speech currently 
possible. 

The basic concepts of producing 
stored digital speech are fairly simple. 
The process begins with data acquisi- 
tion. A voice waveform can be 
treated like any other fluctuating 
voltage input; the computer can 
record the waveform by periodically 
taking a sample of the signal's voltage 
through an analog-to-digital (A/D) 
converter and storing it as a binary 
value . (The number of samples 
needed per second depends upon the 
frequency of the input signal.) Once 
the samples have been stored, the 
computer can recreate the original 
waveform by sequentially sending the 
stored values to a digital-to-analog 
(D/A) converter at the same rate as 
the original sampling. 

Pulse-Code Modulation 

A common method of representing 
continuous analog values in digital 
form is pulse-code modulation, or 
PCM. In PCM, distinct binary repre- 
sentations (pulse codes) are chosen 
for a finite number of points along the 
continuum of possible states. When- 
ever the value is being measured and 
it falls between two encoded points, 
the code for the closer point is used. 



Circle 184 on Inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 35 



SOURCE 

AUDIO 

WAVEFORM 



Ha^' 



LOW -PASS 
FILTER 



SAMPLE 

AND 

HOLD 



ANALOG-TO- 
DIGITAL 
CONVERTER 



DIGITAL 
PCM CODE 

1 01 - - - 

100 - - - 
000--- 



SYNTHEStS 



PCM CODES 

101--- 
100--- "" 
001--- 



DIGITAL- 
TO- 

ANALOG 
CONVERTER 



LOW -PASS 
FILTER 



REPRODUCED 

AUDIO 

WAVEFORM 

1a^ 



Figure 1: Functional block diagram of a digitized speech-reproduction system that 
employs pulse-code modulation. 



data rate is 800,000 bps- bits per sec- 
ond.) 

Other technical limitations crop 
up. Once you have determined the 
sampling rate, you must consider the 
resolution of the analog-to-digital 
converter. A/D converters operate in 
discrete steps (quanta) rather than 
continuous levels, as shown in figure 
2. If a 4-bit A/D converter is used, 
then only 16 values are available to 
define the signal. Any reading could 
potentially be in error by ±1/16, or 
about 6 percent. A 12-bit converter, 
which has 4096 potential levels, 
would have a possible quantization 
error of only 0.02 percent. 




TO. SAMPLING PERIOD = 1 "sample 



Figure 2: Waveform sampling by pulse-code modulation (PCM). The interval between 
samples is TO; the sampling frequency is the reciprocal of the interval. Each sample of 
PCM data consists of N bits; the leftmost is the most significant bit and the rightmost is 
the least significant bit. 



(This process is called quantization: 
the dividing of the range of values of 
a wave into subranges, each of which 
is represented by an assigned value.) 
A series of these pulse codes can be 
transmitted in a pulse train, resulting 
in a pulse-code modulated signal. 

Because the samples of digitized 
speech referred to above are stored in 
the form of digital pulses, the stored 
speech waveform can be thought of 
as an example of pulse-code modula- 
tion. Figure 1 shows a block diagram 
of a speech synthesizer that 
reproduces speech stored in pulse- 
code-modulated form. 

Sampling Rates and 
Other Messy Stuff 

The sampling rate you use in re- 
cording any signal must be chosen 
with awareness of a theoretical limit 
called the Nyquist interval. At the 
very minimum, the sampling rate 
must be at least twice the highest fre- 



quency found in the input signal. 
With an input bandwidth of 2 kHz 
(kilohertz), adequate for intelligible 
speech, the sampling frequency 
would have to be at least 4 kHz. 

This rule holds strictly true only 
when an ideal low-pass filter is used 
on the output of the D/A converter. 

The ear is sensitive, and 

too coarse a 

reproduction will sound 

unnatural or even 

unintelligible. 

In real equipment, sampling rates of 3 
or 4 times the input bandwidth are 
sometimes necessary. So for speech 
reproduction, a sampling rate around 
6 or 8 kHz is good. (Optical digitized- 
music recordings, which are just now 
coming to market, use 16-bit A/D 
conversion at a 50-kHz sample rate to 
achieve high fidelity. The resulting 



Achieving Fidelity 

In dealing with analog voice sig- 
nals, we must accurately reproduce 
the input signal for it to be under- 
stood. The ear is sensitive, and too 
coarse a reproduction will sound un- 
natural or even unintelligible. 

A direct relationship exists between 
the PCM data rate and reproduced 
speech quality. Let's consider a case 
in which we have an 8-kHz sampling 
rate. If we use 12-bit A/D conver- 
sion, then the data rate (in bits per 
second) is found using the following 
equation: 

bit rate = sample rate X conversion 

bits 
= 8000 Hz X 12 bits 
= 96,000 bits/second 

Using standard PCM on a voice 
signal with a 4-kHz bandwidth would 
require a 96,000-bps data rate. The 
average personal computer could 
store only about 8 seconds of speech 
in its 64K-byte memory. 

The data rate can be reduced some- 
what by using an 8-bit A/D converter 
rather than a 12-bit unit. The raw 
data rate now becomes 8000 X 8 or 
64,000 bps. (This reduces the signal- 
to-noise ratio from 66 to 42 dB 
(decibels), but the sound quality is 
more than adequate for experimenta- 
tion. For commercial applications, 
however, I recommend a 12-bit con- 
verter.) 

Delta Modulation 

The pulse-code modulation we 



36 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



have been examining uses no data 
compression. In playback, the data 
bits representing the absolute values 
of each successive signal sample are 
sent to a full-resolution D/A con- 
verter and reproduced at the same 
rate at which they were recorded: 
96,000 bps in, 96,000 bps out. The 
circuit can operate with no assump- 
tions made about the signal it is to 
process. 

On the other hand, voice wave- 
forms contain much redundant data. 
Long periods of silence are inter- 
spersed with sounds that vary in pitch 
slowly. If you take some time to 
analyze the A/D samples, you will 
notice that the changes are, for the 
most part, gradual and that the varia- 
tions in the signal between adjacent 
samples are a limited portion of the 
full dynamic range. 

One method of reducing the data 
rate used in PCM voice reproduction 
is called delta modulation. This pro- 
cess assumes that the input signal's 
waveform has a fairly uniform and 
predictable slope (rate of rising and 
falling). Rather than storing an 8- or 
12-bit quantity for each sample, a 
delta modulator stores only a single 
bit. When the computer samples the 
input signal from the A/D converter, 
it compares the current reading to the 
preceding sample. If amplitude of the 
new sample is greater, then the com- 
puter stores a bit value of 1. Con- 
versely, if the new sample is less, then 
a will be stored. Figure 3 shows how 
this works. Reproduction of the 
waveform is accomplished by sending 
the stored bits in sequence to the out- 
put, where their values are inte- 
grated. 

But, like other techniques, delta 
modulation has limitations, one of 
them the familiar sampling-rate re- 
striction. Because only a single bit 
changes between samples, the rate at 
which samples are taken must be suf- 
ficiently fast that no significant infor- 
mation is lost from the input signal. 
Furthermore, if the slope of the input 
waveform varies a lot, the repro- 
duced waveform may be audibly dis- 
torted. So using delta modulation 
may not reduce the data rate much, 
although there are many different 
variant schemes, and it's difficult to 



(3a) 



SOURCE / 


\ 
\ 


REPRODUCED 
WAVEFORM 


WAVEFORM y 

/ 


Lr 


\ 


\ hr; QUANTIZATION 
\ VALUE (FIXED) 

\ 

^ * 


/ 
/ 

/ 


Lr 





TO 



TIME 



Figure 3a: Waveform sampling by delta modulation. Each sample of the source 
waveform is tested to see if its amplitude is higher or lower (within the resolution of a 
fixed quantization value Ar—delta-r) than that of the previous sample. If the amplitude 
is higher, the single-bit delta-modulated encoding value is set to 1; if lower, the en- 
coding value is set to 0. 



(3b) 



•* 



/ 



SOURCE 
WAVEFORM 



IAa 



REPRODUCED 
WAVEFORM 



SLOPE OVERLOAD 



=— ;^" 



GRANULAR 



Figure 3b: Two potential problems occurring in delta modulation. When the source 
waveform changes too rapidly, the fixed quantization value may be too small to express 
the full change in the input; this slope overload causes a compliance error. Or when 
there is little change in the input waveform (at the extreme, a DC signal), vertical deflec- 
tion in the quantization value results in granular noise in the output. 



Competing Digitizing Methods 

By the time you read this, you may 
have heard the results of a standardiza- 
tion proceeding that put two of the 
speech-digitizing methods discussed 
here in competition. (See reference 7.) 

American Telephone and Telegraph 
(AT & T) t in the throes of beginning 
its divestiture of its 22 local Bell operat- 
ing companies (BOCs), submitted a 
proposal to the CCITT (Comite Con- 
sultatif International Telephonique et 
Telegraphique) to standardize a certain 
form of adaptive differential pulse- 
code modulation as the worldwide 
preferred method of digitizing voice 
telephone signals for long-distance 
transmission. The proposed CCITT 
scheme uses a 4-bit sampling size with 
an 8-kHz sampling rate, for a 
32,0Q0-bps overall data rate. This 
would be a change from the two dif- 
ferent 64,000-bps digitizing systems 
now in use. 




A competing digitizing scheme, de- 
veloped by Satellite Business Systems 
(SBS—a company jointly owned by 
IBM, Comsat, and Aetna Life & 
Casualty), employs delta modulation: 
1-bit samples taken at a rate of 32 kHz, 
arriving at the same 32, 000-bps data 
rate by a completely different route. 

Standards published by the CCITT 
are called "recommendations, " but they 
are quite strictly followed in most 
regions of the globe. 

Telecommunication experts outside 
of AT & T have expressed concerns 
that the local BOCs and the indepen- 
dent long-distance common carriers 
will face both financial and technical 
problems in upgrading equipment to 
interface with the proposed CCITT 
32,000-bps ADPCM circuits. At this 
writing, it is not known when AT & T 
will begin installing the new 
system. . . . R. S. S. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 37 



/ 



predict which is optimal in a given 
situation. 

The most effective application of 
delta modulation that I have ob- 
served is the technique developed by 
Dr. Forest Moser at the University of 
California and implemented in the 
National Semiconductor Digitalker 
voice-synthesis chip set (see reference 
1), However, while the Digi talker's 
process is definitely a variant of delta 
modulation, the data-compression 
and zero-phase-encoding algorithms 
that produce the stored bit patterns 
take hours of processing per word; 
it's very difficult for you to program 
your own custom vocabulary. 

Differential PCM 

We can actually reduce the amount 
of data stored for reproduction of 
speech by using a concept related to 
delta modulation as follows. When 
the speech waveform is being sam- 
pled, for each sample a value is stored 
that represents the amplitude dif- 
ference between samples. This 
scheme, called differential pulse-code 
modulation, or DPCM, allows more 
that a single bit of difference between 
stored samples, accommodating more 
variation in the input waveform 
before severe distortion sets in. The 
DPCM value can be expressed as a 
fraction of the allowed input range or 
the absolute difference between 
samples (see figure 4). 




^v 



i 
i 

-TO— I 



DPCM exhibits some of the same 
limitations as simple delta modula- 
tion but to a lesser degree. Only when 
the difference between samples is 
greater than the maximum DPCM- 
encoding value will distortion (called 
a compliance error) occur. Then the 
only solution is to reduce the input 
bandwidth or raise the sampling fre- 
quency. 



ADPCM is a specializied 

form of PCM that 

offers significantly 

improved intelligibility 

at lower data rates. 



Adaptive Differential PCM 

The real breakthrough in digitized 
speech is the technique known as 
adaptive differential pulse-code mod- 
ulation (ADPCM), a specialized form 
of PCM that offers significantly im- 
proved intelligibility at lower data 
rates. This system was devised to 
overcome the defects of the delta- 
modulation techniques described thus 
far while still reducing the overall 
data rate and improving the output's 
compliance with the source wave- 
form. 

ADPCM improves upon DPCM by 
dynamically varying the quantization 
between samples depending upon 



A„ (111----) 

Ayjtl (110----) 

A/7-1 (100----) 



)PCM CODE 



ft + 1 



TIME 



&r: QUANTIZATION VALUE 
(FIXED) 



: A/7 - A/7-J — 



A/7 + 1 B A/7 + 1" A/; — 



An 
Ar 
A/? + l 



A^ 



-— 101 (DPCM VALUE) 
— 001 (DPCM VALUE) 



Figure 4: Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) is an attempt to reduce the 
amount of data stored or transmitted, as compared with regular PCM. For each sample, 
the difference between the previous PCM code and the current code is expressed in 
terms of a fixed quantization value Ar (delta-r), which must be chosen with attention to 
the characteristics of the source waveform. If too large or small a quantization value is 
used, compliance errors occur. 



their rate of change while maintaining 
a low bit rate, condensing 12-bit 
PCM samples into only 3 or 4 bits. 
(The variations in the quantization 
value are regulated with regard to the 
characteristic complex sine waves 
that occur in voice. The technique is 
therefore not applicable to other 
kinds of signals, such as square 
waves.) 

In ADPCM, each sample's encod- 
ing is derived by a complicated proce- 
dure that includes the following steps: 
a PCM-value differential dn is ob- 
tained by subtracting the previous 
PCM-code value from the current 
value; the quantization value An 
(delta-«) is obtained by multiplying 
the previous quantization value times 
a coefficient times the absolute value 
of the previous PCM-code value; the 
PCM-value differential is then ex- 
pressed in terms of the quantization 
value and encoded in four bits, as 
shown in figure 5. 

Build an ADPCM Speech 
Analyzer/Synthesizer 

The Oki Semiconductor Corpora- 
tion produces a number of integrated 
circuits (ICs) that perform ADPCM 
encoding and decoding. Of these, the 
MSM5218RS and the MSM5205RS 
are worthy of attention. The 5218 is 
designed to perform both storing and 
reproducing of digitized speech, while 
the 5205 provides only the reproduc- 
ing function. Using these CMOS 
(complementary metal-oxide semi- 
conductor) components, we can put 
together a cost-effective speech-syn- 
thesis system that produces highly in- 
telligible output and yet makes effi- 
cient use of memory. 

Figure 6 on page 40 is the block 
diagram of the MSM5218RS IC. It is 
designed to work with 12-bit analog- 
to-digital converters and contains 
both an ADPCM analyzer and syn- 
thesizer. An internal 10-bit D/A con- 
verter is provided to reconstruct the 
waveform where direct analog output 
is wanted, or the decoded PCM data 
may be routed to an external D/A 
converter. 

The schematic in figure 7 on pages 
42 and 43 diagrams a speech- 
synthesis circuit built around this 
chip (see photo 2 on page 41). In the 



38 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



(5a) 



X n IS THE PCM CODE VALUE 

X n IS THE REPRODUCED PCM CODE VALUE 

dn IS THE DIFFERENTIAL {PCM-CODE VALUE) 

A/J IS THE QUANTIZATION VALUE 

L n IS THE ADPCM CODE VALUE 

M IS A COEFFICIENT 



L n SETTING 



L n ♦.! SETTING 
Ln + 1 



INPUT WAVEFORM 




QUANTIZATION 
ERROR 



/» + l /7 + 2 



Figure 5: Adaptive differential pulse-code 
modulation (ADPCM) improves upon 
DPCM by dynamically varying the quan- 
tization between samples, depending 
upon their rate of change, while maintain- 
ing a low bit rate, condensing 12-bit PCM 
samples into only 3 or 4 bits. 

In ADPCM, each sample's encoding is 
derived by a procedure that includes the 
following steps. A PCM-value differential 
dn is obtained by subtracting the previous 
PCM-code value from the current value. 
The quantization value An (delta-n) is ob- 
tained by multiplying the previous quan- 
tization value times a coefficient times the 
absolute value of the previous PCM-code 
value. The PCM-value differential is then 
expressed in terms of the quantization 
value and encoded in four bits. The 
mathematical relations are shown here in 
figure 5a, whereas figure 5b shows a 
typical encoded waveform. 



L\/J-An-1 XM \\L n -i\) 



(5b) 



circuit, a low-cost 8-bit A/D con- 
verter is used in place of a higher- 
resolution, more costly 12-bit con- 
verter. The Oki MSM5204RS 8-bit 
CMOS A/D converter, employed 
here, uses a successive -capacitor- 
ladder conversion system. It also in- 
corporates a sample-and-hold stage 
that enables direct input of rapidly 
changing analog signals. An external 
clock signal provides timing for the 
chip; the clock's frequency is not 
critical and can be anywhere from 
450 to 500 kHz. 

The frequency bandwidth of the 
signal input to the A/D converter is 
limited by an active low-pass filter, 
IC2, an Oki ALP-2 filter with a 
1,7-kHz cutoff frequency. Attenua- 
tion is 18 dB per octave above the cut- 
off frequency. (Although frequencies 
up to 4 kHz can theoretically be cap- 
tured with an 8-kHz sample rate, in 
this application the lower cutoff fre- 
quency gives better-sounding repro- 
duction. ) 

A/D Conversion in Operation 

Data conversion is started when 
the SCON (start conversion) line 
(pin 13) o f the MSM5218 forces the 
write line (WR), pin 15) on the 5204 



(STEP SIZES DEPEND ON PREVIOUS DATA) 



...010 



.000 




ADPCM CODE STRUCTURE 



SIGN 
BIT 


VALUE 
BITS 


COMMENTS 


1 
1 
1 






000 
100 

111 

000 
100 

111 


MINIMUM EXCURSION "\ 

MEDIUM EXCURSION SfRECTWN 

MAXIMUM EXCURSION J 

MINIMUM EXCURSION "\ 

MEDIUM EXCURSION ^RECTIOH 

MAXIMUM EXCURSION J 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 39 



A/D converter into a low state. After 
conversion is complete, the A/D read 
line (RD), pin 14) is brought low to 
latch the data onto the 5204's output 
lines. At a clock rate of 450 kHz, the 
5204 completes the 8-bit conversion 
in approximately 73 microseconds. 

The digital representation of the in- 
put data from the 5204 is fed into a 
CD4014 serial-to-parallel converter 
(IC°) for transposition into the serial 
format required by the MSM5218's 
input. Because we are using an 8-bit 
converter and the MSM5218 expects 
12-bit input, the four remaining low- 
order bits are clocked in as zeros by 
the CD4024 counter (IC7) and sec- 
tions of the quad NAND gate (IC6). 
These-components provide four extra 
SICK (serial input OR clock) pulses 
with zero-logic-level data. 

Selectable Parameters 

The MSM5218 can analyze or syn- 
thesize ADPCM speech using a vari- 
able sampling rate. Three internal 
preset VCLOCK rates can be selected, 
or an externally supplied signal up to 
384 kHz can be used. The logic levels 
on the 5218's pins Si and S2 define 
the VCLOCK reference in both 
analysis and synthesis modes, as 
shown in the lower right corner of 
figure 7. The host computer, or any 
other external hardware, synchro- 
nizes itself with the 5218 by monitor- 
ing the state and transition timing of 
the VCLOCK signal (pin 1). 

In addition to selecting the 
VCLOCK rate, you can choose en- 
coding of the ADPCM data in either 3 
or 4 bits, depending upon the logic 
level on the 4B/3B line (pin 7). A 
logic 1 selects 4-bit ADPCM values. 

Data Transfer and Rates 

In the dual-function MSM5218, the 
data lines DO through D3 are bidirec- 
tional and used either for output of 
analyzed ADPCM data (for storage) 
or for input to the speech-synthesizer 
circuitry. In the analysis mode (with 
pin 6 held high), the current encoded 
ADPCM value is available on DO 
through D3 at the occurrence of the 
rising edge of VCLOCK. If you have 
set SI and S2 for 8 kHz and 4B/3B for 
4-bit data, the resulting bit rate is cal- 
culated as follows: 



MSM5218 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM 



BIN/TOC 



SI-CK I 
AD-SI | — 
S-CON (*- 



H4B/3B 
iA NA /SYN 




SFR-SHIFT REGISTER 



1 DA OUT 



i MSB/SO 



Tl T2 



r 0UT 



■SERIAL IN/ PARALLEL OUT 



Figure 6: Functional block diagram of the Oki Semiconductor MSM5218RS ADPCM 
integrated circuit. 



8000 X 4 bits = 32,000 bps 

Remember that we originally calcu- 
lated that a rate of 96,000 bps would 
be needed to reproduce speech with 
this same fidelity. (Here we used an 
8-bit A/D converter for economy; the 
bit rate would be the same for a 12-bit 
converter.) 

With a slight sacrifice in fidelity, 
the bit rate can be reduced further. By 
selecting the 4-kHz sample rate and 
3-bit ADPCM codes, a 12,000 bps 
rate is achieved. 

This may still sound like a lot of 
data, especially when you compare it 
to phoneme and LPC (linear-predic- 
tive coding) speech synthesizers like 
the Votrax SC-01A and the Digitalk- 
er, which by comparison use data 
rates of 70 to 1000 bps. The differ- 
ence, of course, is speech quality and 
intelligibility. A phoneme or LPC 
synthesizer generates its own sounds 
and forms them into words . An 
ADPCM synthesizer, on the other 
hand, retains the inflection and in- 



tonation of the original human voice. 
With ADPCM, as with an analog re- 
cording, it's possible to have a voice 
output that reproduces the regional 
accents of the human speaker. 

The circuit of figure 7 can be used 
as both an analyzer and a synthesizer. 
Both subsystems function concurrent- 
ly when the MSM5218 is in the 
analysis mode; the results, the recon- 
structed waveform, can be heard in 
real time (delayed by 3 VCLOCK 
periods). In figure 7, this output is 
smoothed by a low-pass filter and ex- 
ternally amplified to drive a speaker. 

Use of the ADPCM Circuit 

As I said at the beginning, the pur- 
pose of this project is to create intel- 
ligible machine-generated speech. 
With the circuit of figure 7 connected 
to a Z80-based computer, and using 
the LOAD routine in the program of 
listing 1 (the algorithm shown in the 
flowchart of figure 8), you can 
analyze and store 10 seconds of 
speech (or 20 seconds at the 4-kHz 



40 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




Photo 2: Prototype of the speech analysis and synthesis circuit of figure 7, built around the Oki Semiconductor MSM5218RS 
integrated circuit. The empty IC socket is used for ribbon-cable connection to the host computer. 



sample rate). The program simply 
turns on the synthesizer by lowering 
the reset line and then observing 
VCLOCK. At every negative-going 
transition it reads a 4-bit ADPCM 
nybble (there are 2 nybbles per byte) 
and stores it in a memory-resident 
table. 

For experimental purposes I set this 
table to occupy a rather large region 
of user memory (40K bytes). For most 
practical applications, you might 
prefer to store segments of speech on 
disk and load them into memory in 
smaller increments. 

Once some speech has been stored, 
you can play it back using the DUMP 
routine from listing 1 (whose algo- 
rithm appears in figure 9). With the 
MSM5218 set to the synthesis mode, 
the ADPCM codes are sequentially 
loaded on each rising edge of 
VCLOCK. 



If you want to store some speech 
permanently and then play it back in 
a dedicated application (as an annun- 
ciator, for instance), you won't need 
the analysis part of the circuit after 
the ADPCM codes have been stored. 

One significant aspect 

of ADPCM speech 

synthesis is the ease of 

producing a custom 

vocabulary. 

For such cases you may wish to use 
the synthesize -only circuit of figure 
10, which uses the 18-pin MSM5205RS 
ADPCM-synthesis chip instead of the 
dual-function 24-pin 5218 (see photo 
3 on page 48). The 5205's synthesis 
capabilities are equal in every way to 
thoses of the 5218, but the 5205 saves 
the expense and complication of the 



analysis section. The resulting 2-chip 
circuit, the parts of which cost less 
than $15, can be easily manufactured 
for a variety of applications. 

I was pleasantly surprised at the 
fidelity using ADPCM at 32,000 bps. 
It was still more intelligible than the 
majority of current synthesis tech- 
niques even at 12,000 bps. While test- 
ing the software I attached the input 
of the analysis unit to an FM radio. 
Even when using the 1.7-kHz filters, I 
was surprised how good even music 
sounded. 

Summary of ADPCM Synthesis 

Probably the most significant 
aspects of ADPCM speech synthesis 
are the simplicity of the hardware and 
the ease of producing a custom vo- 
cabulary. You don't have to send a 
word list and recording tape to a 
manufacturer and wait for the com- 
Text continued on page 48: 

June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 41 



+ 5V 



lO^F 

one 

AUDIO 
INPUT 



^ 



/77 



1M 



1M 




/77 



470 K 



+ 5V 



+ 5V 



V CC 

IC2 

IN ALP-2 OUT 

2kHz 

LOW-PASS FILTER 

GND 



i<^ 



1 



IC3 
CD4069 



11 



IC4 
CD4013 



CLK Q 

R 



13 



12 



-5V 



14 



10 J 



~7h 



v cc s 

D Q 

IC4 
CD4013 

CLK Q 

GND R 



M 



18 

A 



1M 



+ 5V 



#* 



450kHz 
CRYSTAL 



;220pF 




;220pF 



13 



14 



16 



m 



10 



-} 

1 |18 



'IN 



V R V CC 

D7 
D6 
D5 
D4 
D3 
D2 

?nT di 

DO 

IC8 
MSM5204 
8-BIT A/D 



RD 
CS 
GND 
GND 



M 3 > 2 



17 



m 



Figure 7: An ADPCM speech analysis and synthesis (storage and reproduction) circuit built around the Oki MSM5218RS chip. A 
low-cost 8-bit A/D converter is used in place of a higher-resolution and more costly 12-bit converter. The Oki MSM5204RS 8-bit 
CMOS A/D converter, used in this circuit, contains a successive-capacitor-ladder conversion system. It also incorporates a sample- 



42 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



TTL INPUT INTERFACE 
01 D2 03 



VCLOCK 




RESET 



+5V 



g 



ICll 

ALP-2 

2kHz 

LOW-PASS FILTER 



SI 


S2 


SAMPLING FREQUENCY 








4kHz 





1 


6kHz 


1 





8kHz 


1 


1 


EXTERNAL 



♦ BIDIRECTIONAL DATA BUS 
FOR EXPLANATION SEE TEXT 




-o 

AUDIO OUT 



JT 



and-hold stage that enables direct input of rapidly changing analog signals. An external clock signal provides timing for the chip; the 
clock's frequency is not critical and can he anywhere from 450 to 500 kHz. 

The frequency bandwidth of the signal input to the A/D converter is limited by an active low-pass filter, \C2 t an Oki ALP-2 filter 
with a 1.7-kHz cutoff frequency and attenuation of 18 dB per octave above the cutoff frequency . 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 43 




INITIALIZE 
BUFFER START 
AND END 
POINTERS 



ENABLE 

ADPCM 

CHIP 



INPUT 
NYBBLE 



SAVE IN 
"C" REG 



INPUT 
NYBBLE 



COMBINE SAVED 
+ CURRENT 
NYBBLE 



WRITE BYTE 
TO DATA 
BUFFER 



STEP TO NEXT 
DATA BUFFER 
LOCATION 




RESTORE 
REGS 



C RETURN J 



Listing 1: Z80 assembler program to control the speech-synthesis circuit of figure 7. 



Figure 8: Algorithm of the LOAD routine 
in the program of listing 1. Used with the 
circuit of figure 7, LOAD takes analog 
voice signals from a microphone or other 
source and stores them in ADPCM-en- 
coded form in user memory. 





00010 ; 










00020 ; 


THESE 


ROUTINES ARE USED 


TO ALLOW A Z-80 




00030 ; 


BASED 


MICRO TO LOAD AND 


DUMP THE 4 BIT 




00040 ; 


NIBBLES CREATED BY THE 


OKI ADPCM CHIP. 




00050 ; 










00060 ; 


ONE I/O PORT IS USED FOR BOTH INPUT AND 




00070 


OUTPUT. THE BIT MAP FOR 


THE PORT IS AS 




00030 


FOLLOWS : 






00090 










00100 










00110 


B7 


B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 




00120 




l 


ft* 




00130 




D3 02 D1 DO 




00140 










00150 




* CLOCK ON INPUT, RESET 




00160 




ON 


OUTPUT 




00170 










00130 


* 


* » UNUSEE 






00190 










00200 










00210 


SINCE 


THE MASTER CLOCK 


OF THE OKI CHIP IS 




00220 


! USED 


BY THIS PROGRAM, AN* OF THE CLOCK 




00230 


; RATES 


MAY BE SELECTED WITHOUT MODIFYING 




00240 


; THIS 


CODE. 






00250 










00260 


; AT 8KHZ 


4K BYTES PER SECOND. 




00270 










00280 








4000 


00290 




ORG 4000H ; 


START AT 4000H ON D/G CPU. 


4000 


00300 ; 


,OAD 


EQU $ 




4000 F5 


00310 




PUSH AF j 


SAVE ANY REGS 


4001 C5 


00320 




PUSH BC ; 


THAT I WILL CLOBBER 


4002 £5 


00330 




PUSH HL ; 


DURING THE ROUTINE 


4003 2641 


00340 




LD H.41H ; 


BUFFER STARTS AT 


4005-2200 


00350 




LD L,00H ; 


4100H 


4007 06DF 


00360 
00370 
00380 


i 


LD B,0DFH ; 


AND ENDS AT DFOOH 


4009 3200 


00390 




LD A.OOH ; 


PICK UP 0. 


400B D311 


00400 
00410 


i 


OUT (11H),A j 


AND TURN OFF R2S2T TO ADPCM 


400D CD2740 


00420 ! 


-O0P1 


CALL NIN i 


BIT UP NYBBLE FROM ADPCM 


4010 07 


00430 




RLCA ; 


PUT THE 


4011 07 


00440 




RLCA ; 


NYBBLE AT THE 


4012 07 


00450 




RLCA ; 


TOP OF THE 


4013 07 


00460 




RLCA ; 


REGISTER. 


4014 4F 


00470 




LD C,A ; 


AND SAVE IN THE C REG 


4015 CD2740 


00480 




CALL NIN ; 


PICK UP ANOTHER NYBBLE 


4018 B1 


00490 




OR C 


COMBINE WITH SAVED NYBBLE 


4019 77 


00500 




LD (HL) f A 


AND SAVE IN THE BUFFER 


401 A 23 


00510 




INC HL 


STEP TO NEXT LOCATION 


401B 73 


00520 




LD A,B 


PICK UP END POINTER 


401C BC 


00530 




CP H 


AR2 W2 AT THE 2ND ? 


401D 20EE 


00540 




JR NZ.LOOP1 


NO, DO ANOTHER 


40 1F 3£cF 


00550 




LD A,0FFH 


; YES, PICK UP ALL 1'S 


4021 D31t 


00560 




OUT (11H),A 


AND RESET THE ADPCM 


4023 21 


00570 




POP HL 


; RECOVER THE 


4024 C1 


00530 




POP BC 


; SAVED REGISTERS 


4025 F1 


00590 




POP AF 


; WE SCRAMBLED 


4026 C9 


00600 
00610 
00620 
00630 


• 


R2T 


; AND RETURN TO THE CALLER. 


4027 


00640 


NIN 


EQU $ 




4027 DB11 


00650 


INHIW 


IN A,(11H) 


; PICK UP INPUT FROM ADPCM 


4029 CB67 


00660 




BIT 4, A 


; CHECK FOR A 1 ON THE CLOCK 


402B 23FA 


00670 




JR Z.INHIW 


; WAIT FOR ONE TO COME 


402D 0B11 


00630 


INLOW 


IN A ( (11H) 


; PICK UP INPUT FROM ADPCM 


402F CB67 


00690 




BIT 4, A 


; CHECK FOR A ON THE CLOCK 


4031 28FA 


00700 
00710 




JR Z, INLOW 


; WAIT FOR ONE TO COME 




00720 


• WHEN A 1 TO TRANSIT 


ION HAS OCCURRED, THE DATA 




00730 


; IN THE A REG IS TH2 N 


YB3LE WE WANT TO STORE. 




00740 








4033 260F 


00750 




AND OFH 


; MASK OFF THE HI BITS 



Listing 1 continued on page 46 



44 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




UDS gives 212 users 
three ways to go! 



212A— Today's most popular modem. 
UDS offers a fully Bell-compatible unit 
with complete local and remote test 
capability. Select 0-300 or 1200bps 
for full-duplex asynchronous commu- 
nication. The UDS 212A is FCC certified 
for direct connection to the dial-up tele- 
phone network, and available in multi- 
channel, rack-mounted configuration. 

SINGLE UNIT PRICE $675 



212 LP — Compatible with 212As at 
the 1200bps, full-duplex asynchro- 
nous communication rate. No power 
supply or AC connection required; the 
212 LP derives its operating power 
directly from the telephone line. Ideal 
for applications requiring 212A capa- 
bility at 1200 bps only. The 212 LP is 
direct-connect certified. 

SINGLE UNIT PRICE ............. $445 



212A/D — Identical to the 212A, with 
automatic dialing capability added! 
The unit stores and dials up to five 
30-digit numbers. CRT menu prompt- 
ing, single-stroke commands and 
automatic test capabilities are pro- 
vided. The 212A/D is direct-connect 
certified. 

SINGLE UNIT PRICE ............. $745 



m Universal Data Systems ® SSS1S, 

5000 Bradford Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805. Telephone 205/837-8100; TWX 810-726-2100 

DISTRICT OFFICES: 

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Richardson, TX, 214/680-0002 • Englewood, CO, 303/694-6043 • Houston, 713/988-5506 • Tustin, CA 714/669-8001 • Sunnyvale, 408/738-0433 

Circle 402 on inquiry card. 

Created by Dayner/HaSS, inc., Winter Park, Florida 



Listing 1 continued: 








4035 C9 


00760 
00770 ; 
00780 ; 
00790 ; 
00300 
00310 
00820 
00330 




RET ; 


AND RETURN TO CALLER 


4036 


00340 DUMP 


EQU $ 




4036 F5 


00350 




PUSH AF ; 


SAVE THE REGS 


4037 C5 


00860 




PUSH BC ; 


JU3T LIKE 


4038 E5 


00870 




PUSH Hw ; 


BEFORE 


4039 2641 


00330 




^D H t 41H ; 


SET UP START 


403B 2E00 


00390 




T ^0 u,0H ; 


ADDRESS OF BUFFER 


403D 06DF 


00900 




UP B,0DFH ; 


SET UP END TOO 


403F 3E00 


00910 




LD A.OOH ; 


PICK UP AU, 0*3 


4041 D311 


00920 
00930 
00940 


! 


OUT (11H),A ; 


AND TURN OFF RESET TO ADPCrf 


4043 7£ 


00950 I 


,00P2 


UD A,(HU) 


PICK UP STORED DATA B3TTE 


4044 E6F0 


00960 




AND OFOH 


; ISOLATE THE UPPER N*BBL,E 


4046 07 


00970 




RL.CA ; 


AND SWING 


4047 07 


00930 




RLCA ; 


IT TO 


4048 07 


00990 




K.CA ; 


THE LOWER 


4049 07 


01000 




RLCA ; 


NIBBLE 


404A CO6040 


01010 




CAliU NOUT 1 


WRITE THE NIBBLE TO THE ADPCM 


404D 7£ 


01020 




LD A.fHL) 


PICK UP THE BYTE AGAIN 


404E E60F 


01030 




AND OFti ; 


LOWER NIBBLE THIS TlrfE 


4050 CD6040 


01040 




CM& NOUT 


WRITE IT TO THE ADPCrf 


4053 23 


01050 




INC HL 


STEP TO NEXT BUFFER POSITION 


4054 78 


01060 




-D A,B 


PICK UP END OF BUFFER POINTER 


4055 BC 


01070 




CP rt 


ARE WE THERE YET ? 


4056 20EB 


01030 




JR N2 f U00P2 


NO, DO SOME MORE 


4053 3EFF 


01090 




LD A,OFFH 


; PICK UP ALL 1*5 


405A D311 


01100 




OUT (11H),A 


; TURN ON RESET TO ADPCM 


405C E1 


01110 




POP Hi. 


; RECOVER THE 


405D C1 


01120 




POP BC 


j REGS THAT WE 


405E PI 


01130 




POP AF 


; HAVE CLOBBERED 


405F C9 


01140 
01150 
01160 
01170 


J 

» 


RET 


; AND RETURN TO CALLER 


4060 


01180 


NOUT 


EQU $ 




4060 4F 


01190 




L.D C,A 


; SAVE A FOR LATER 


4061 DB11 


01200 


OLOW 


IN A,(11H) 


; PICK UP ADPCM BYTE 


4063 CB67 


01210 




BIT 4 t A 


; TEST FOR BIT 


4065 20FA 


01220 




JR NZ.QLOrf 


; WAIT FOR ONE TO COME 


4067 DB11 


01230 


OHIW 


IN A,(11H) 


; PICK UP ADPCM BYTE 


4069 CB67 


01240 




BIT 4, A 


; TEST FOR 1 BIT 


406B 28FA 


01250 
01260 


. 


JR Z.OHIrf 


; WAIT FOR ONE TO COME 




01270 


; tfHEN 


TO 1 TRANSITION 


IS DETECTED, WE PUT OUR DATA 




01280 


; our 


rO THE ADPCrt- 






01290 


; 






4060 79 


01300 




\*P A,C 


; RECOVER THE SAVED DATA 


406E D311 


01310 




OUT (11H),A 


; WRITE TO THE ADPCM 


4070 C9 


01320 

01330 
01340 
01350 
01360 




RET 


; AND GO BACK TO CALLER 




01370 


; END 


UTINES 




013*0 










01390 








0000 


01400 




END 




00000 TOTAL 


ERRORS 








DUMP 4036 00840 








INHIrf 4027 00650 


00670 






If^Qrf 402D 


00630 


00700 






*0AD 4000 


00300 








L.Q0P1 400D 


00420 


00540 






".03P2 4043 00950 


01030 






NXN 4027 


00640 


00420 


00480 




CJOUT 4060 


01180 


01010 


01040 




OHIrf 4067 


01230 


01250 






01*04 4061 


01200 


01220 







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Industrial Quality 

Mainframes 

Enclosures as low as 
$200 

Dual LED Display 
Shock Mounted 6 Slot 

Motherboard/Card Cage 
PS-lOl Power Supply 
Power 8c Reset Switches, A/C Filter, 

Fan, Etc. 




SDS-SIOO-SL 

8" Floppy Drive Enclosure/System 
Special Lift Out Drive Rack 
Fits all Regular and Slim-Line 8" Drives 
Also Will Support 5-1/4" Hard Disk 




SDS-SIOO-MFL 

5-1/4" Floppy and/ or Hard Drive 
Enclosure/ System 




SDS-MF2 SDS-MIC 

12 Slot SlOO Computer Chassis or 
8" Hard Disk Cabinet 



PS-lOl Power Supply 

This solid supply gives you the 
capability of running any variety of 
8" floppy or 5-1/4" floppy or hard disk 
drive as well as provides power for a 
full SlOO-Buss Motherboard. 



Regulated 

8V @ 8 amp 

+ 5V@5amp 

+12V @ 5 amp 

+24V @ 5 amp 

-5 or —12V @ 1 amp 



Unregulated: 
+16V @ 1 amp 
-16V @ lamp 



J+ SIERRA OAT/X SCIENCES 

Fresno, California/ 
Product Support Division 
25700 First Street, Westlake, Ohio 44145 
(216) 892-1800 TELEX: 980131 WDMR 



46 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



Circle 346 on inquiry card. 






. i u,i ' :• 



;mz fc :_ 



On the Threshold 
of 8-Bit Hyperspeed 



At 8MHz, Sierra Data 
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board computers are the 
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Under CP/M™ they perform like single 
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software into a whole new realm of price/ 
performance reality 

Solve your need for speed. Only a reliable 
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ed technical lead and established reputa- 
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tures—all on board our new slave/ 
satellite single-board computers: 



SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 

Fresno, California/ 
Product Support Division 
25700 First St., Westlake, Ohio 44145 
(216) 892-1800 TELEX: 980131 WDMR 




Meets IEEE 696/S-lOO 
Standards • Z80H (8MHz) 
Z80B (6MHz), or Z80A 
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I 256KV512K* bank-select- 
able RAM in 4K incre- 
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Parallel ports • 4 Counter timers • 4K 
CMOS cache buffer, buss addressable in 
16-bit or 8-bit increments • 4K/8K/16K 
EPROM • Operates under Sierra Data sup- 
ported CP/M 2.2**, CP/M 3.0** and 
TurboDOS 1.2** 

Make Sierra Data the heart of your ad- 
vanced system or 
discover one of 
Sierra Data's cost- gg^T * ^ 
effective, turnkey W. ^ V\ /'::: 
systems. Sierra \1<&Z $r*i**| j 

Data's single or ?w*t/ / 
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shown on the previous page. Ask for Sierra 
Data's product catalog today 

"Optional 
• "TurboDOS is a Registered Trademark of Software 2000 Inc 
" ■ CFM is a Registered Trademark of Digital Research 



f START J 



SAVE 
REGISTERS 



INITIALIZE 
BUFFER START 
AND END 
POINTERS 



ENABLE 

ADPCM 
CHIP 



GET BYTE 
FROM BUFFER 




ISOLATE 
UPPER 

NYBBLE 



WRITE TO 
ADPCM 



GET BYTE 
FROM BUFFER 



ISOLATE 

LOWER 

NYBBLE 



RESTORE 
REGS 






f RETURN J 



Figure 9: Algorithm of the DUMP routine from listing 1. This routine takes the stored 
ADPCM-encoded speech from memory and causes the circuit of figure 7 to reconstruct 
the voice waveforms. 



Text continued from page 41 
pany to spend days doing a Fourier 
analysis of the tape. To produce a 
ROM (read-only memory) containing 
your custom vocabulary, you can use 
merely a microphone and a simple 
LOAD/DUMP routine, It may re- 
quire 4 to 5 times more memory space 
than other high-intelligibility speech- 
synthesis schemes, but the price of 
that memory is minuscule compared 
to the cost of producing vocabularies 
for the other schemes. 

Future Applications of ADPCM 

We've looked at ADPCM here only 



as it relates to voice synthesis, but in 
actuality, the possible applications of 
ADPCM to speech recognition 
prompted my initial interest. 

The first phase of any speech- 
recognition technique is digitizing the 
waveforms and getting them into the 
computer for analysis, compression, 
and comparison. My previous article 
on voiceprints (reference 5) demon- 
strated the large quantity of hardware 
necessary to merely condition the 
waveform for traditional speech- 
recognition methods. With ADPCM 
and these Oki chips, we have an inex- 




Photo 3; Prototype of the synthe- 
size-only circuit of figure 10, built 
around the MSM5205RS chip. 



pensive (under $30) circuit for digitiz- 
ing voice waveforms and presenting 
them to a computer in a form that it 
can digest. 

Even though 1500 to 4000 bytes of 
raw data per second of speech stream 
into the computer, the data thus 
recorded should be unique for each 
individual word. Speech recognition 
could be accomplished by brute-force 
comparison of all the data, or 
perhaps there exists some applicable 
compression algorithm that might 
reduce one second of data to 200 
bytes or so. The final compacted data 
would not be for reconstruction of 
the original waveform but rather 
stored as a signature of the input 
word (derived from an ADPCM code 
table) for use in comparison. 

We have accomplished the first 
step and now have means to place the 
ADPCM codes in memory. In the 
course of the next few months I will 
be experimenting with various com- 
pression and comparison techniques 
in hope of developing a practical 
speech-recognition project. But if by 
chance you happen upon the solution 
to the problem overnight, let me 
know. 



Next Month: 

A four-channel real-time appliance 
controller using a TMSlOOO-series 
4-bit microprocessor. ■ 



48 June 1903 © BYTE Publications Inc 



+ 5V 

4 



"RUN' 



reset) > <► 



VCLOCK< \- 

00 O 
Dl£>" 

03 O 



•-5V 



330ft 



] 1) T1L220 




^y- 



IC2 
CD4050 



^ji 



5V 
4 



14 



+ 5V 

1 



RESET 



VCL0CK 



IC1 
00 MSM5205 



XT 



Dl 
D2 

D3 XT 

3/4 SI S2 



100K 
-W* — 



100K 

-vw — 



100K 



10 



~Z K K t 

E l» I* 

ET 1 __ • * n 



3B/4B SI 



SW1 
4 

S2 



m 



10^F 
TANTALUM 



fcr*-r 

Jk VOLUME *4 

^CONTROL f 

77 f77 



+ 5V 

1 



v cc 

IC3 
IN ALP-2 OUT 

LOW-PASS FILTER 



X 



GND 

X 



10 M F 



-H( — O 



I 



AUDIO OUT 



[20pF 



X 



m 



-384kHz 

CRYSTAL 



;i00pF 



Figure 10: A voice-reproduction circuit built around the Oki MSM5205RS speech-synthesis chip. This circuit is useful in applications 
where you need a fairly inexpensive means of reproducing a custom vocabulary. You can store your vocabulary with the circuit of 
figure 7, and load the encoded speech into this simple circuit for output. 



References 

1 . Ciarcia, Steve. "Build a Low-Cost Speech- 
Synthesizer Interface." June 1981 BYTE, 
page 46. 

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build the Microvox Text- 
to-Speech Synthesizer." Part 1, 
September 1982 BYTE, page 64; Part 2, 
October 1982 BYTE, page 40. 

3. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build an Unlimited- 
Vocabulary Speech Synthesizer." 
September 1981 BYTE, page 38. 

4. Ciarcia, Steve. "Talk to Me: Add a Voice to 
Your Computer for $35." June 1978 
BYTE, page 142. 

5. Ciarcia, Steve. "Use Voiceprints to 
Analyze Speech." March 1982 BYTE, 
page 50. 

6. General Explanation of Oki AD PCM 
Speech Synthesis LSI (MSM5205RS). 
Tokyo: Oki Electric Ltd., 1982. 

7. Mier, Edwin E. "Competitors Fear 
AT&T's New $1 Billion Scheme." Data 
Communications, December 1982, page 
39. 



Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous 
Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for 
each month's current article. Most of these past 
articles are available in reprint books from 
BYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 
POB 400, Hightstown, NJ 08250. 

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I covers ar- 
ticles that appeared in BYTE from September 
1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit 
Cellar, Volume II contains articles from 
December 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia's 
Circuit Cellar, Volume III contains the articles 
that were published from July 1980 through 
December 1981. 



Digitalker is a trademark of National Semi- 
conductor Corporation. 



To rec 


eive 


c 


complete list 


of 


Ciarcia's 


Circuit C 


-liar 


P' 


oject kits c 


?vaila 


bli 


from the 


Micromin 


t, CI 


CI 


e 1 00 on 


he ft 


>ad 


er service 


inquiry c c 


*rd c 


1 


the back 


f the 


magazine. 



For those of you who would like to con- 
struct an ADPCM analyzer/synthesizer, 
the chips are readily available from Oki 
Semiconductor Corporation as part of an 
experimenter's kit. 

Included are: 

• Oki MSM5218 analyzer /synthesizer 

• Oki MSM5205 synthesizer 

• Oki MSM5204 8-bit A/ D converter 
•384-kHz ceramic resonator 

• Oki MSM5128-15 CMOS 2K by 8-bit 
static RAMs (eight) 

•ALP-2 hybrid 1.7-kHz filter 
•ALP-4 hybrid 3.4-kHz filter 

The package is called the Real-Voice 
Application Kit. It sells for $89 post- 
paid (check or money order only — no 
CODs or company purchase orders) 
and can be ordered from: 

Oki Semiconductor, Inc. 

1333 Lawrence Expressway, Suite 401 

Santa Clara, CA 95051 

telephone: (408) 984-4842 

TWX: (910) 338-0508 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication* lnc 49 



If you want it fast, 
call us first. 

Chances are, we have just what you want right in our warehouse. 
So we can ship it out right now. At the right price. 



16K RAM KITS 13.95 

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COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

2200A MAINFRAME 459.00 

2065C 64K DYNAMIC RAM 539.00 

2422 DISK CONT. & CP/M® 359.00 

2710 4 SERIAL I/O 279.00 

2719 2 SERIAL / 2 PARALLEL I/O 289.00 

2720 4 PARLLEL I/O 219.00 

2810 Z-80 CPU 259.00 

MODEMS 

NOVATION J-CAT 125.00 

NOVATION SMARTCAT 212 499.00 

NOVATION SMARTCAT 209.00 

NOVATION D-CAT (1200 Baud) 619.00 

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (300 Baud) 310.00 

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (1200 Baud) 605,00 

UDS 212 LP (1200 Baud) 429.00 

UDS 103 JLP AUTO ANS 209.00 

HAYES MICROMODEM II 289.00 

MICROMODEM W/ TERMINAL PKG 309.00 

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100) 325.00 

HAYES SMART MODEM (300 Baud}... .227. 00 
HAYES SMART MOOEM (1200 Baud) 540.00 

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 199.00 

SIGNALMAN MODEM W /RS-232C 85.00 

TERMINALS 

HAZELTINE ESPRIT 1 510.00 

VISUAL-50 GREEN 690.00 

TELEVIDEO 910 630 00 

TRS-80 MOD I 
HARDWARE 

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27.00 

PERCOM DOUBLER II W /DOS 3.4 159.00 

4 DRIVE CONTROLLER P/S 259.00 



TANDON 40 TRK DISK DRIVE W/PS. .289 00 
LNW 5/8 DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3.4... 181 .00 

LNW EXPANSION INTERFACE 350.00 

IBM HARDWARE 

SEATTLE 64K RAM + 355.00 

QUADBOARD 64K CALL 

64K MEMORY UPGRADE 80.00 

APPARAT COMBO BOARD 175.00 

AST CALL 

MICROSOFT 64K 278.00 

T/G JOYSTICK 47.95 

T/G TRACKBALL ...47.95 

HERCULES GRAPHICS CARD 546.00 

TECHMAR 5 MB HARD DRIVE 2394.00 

CORONA 5 MB WINCHESTER 1790.00 

KRAFT JOYSTICK 48.00 

Davong Systems, Inc. Call tor prices and stock. 

ALPHA BYTE IBM MEMORY 
EXPANSION BOARDS 

256K W /RS-232C 349. 00 

256K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 529.00 

512K W/RS-232C 579.00 

51 2K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 749.00 

IBM DISK DRIVES 

Alpha Byte's add-on drive kits for the IBM -PC — 
each kit includes installation instructions. 
Tandon TM 100-1 Single head 40 trk....l95.00 
Tandon TM100-2 Double head 40 trk...262.50 
Tandon TM55-2 Va Height 262.50 



ISOLATORS 



ISO-1 3-S0CKET 49.95 

IS0-2 6-S0CKET 49.95 

BARE DRIVES 

TANDON 5V4 INCH 

100-1 SINGLE HEAD 40 TRK 195.00 

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK 262.50 

100-3 SINGLE HEAD 80 TRK 250.00 

100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK 369.00 

TANDON THINLINE 8 INCH 

848-1 SINGLE SIDE 379.00 

848-2 DUAL SIDE 490.00 

MICRO PRO 

APPLE CP/M® 

WORDSTAR*! 279 00 

SUPERSORT't 179 00 

MAILMERGE't 174.00 

DATASTAR'1 207.00 

SPELLSTAR't 174.00 

CALCSTAR't 109.00 

MICROSOFT 

APPLE 

FORTRAN* 150 00 

BASIC COMPILER* 299 00 

COBOL* 55000 

Z-80 SOFTCARD 249.00 

RAMCARD 79.00 

TYPING TUTOR II 17.95 

OLYMPIC DECATHLON 24 95 

TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER 125 00 

ALDS 95.00 

MULTIPLAN NATIVE OR CP/M . 209.00 
PREMIUM PAK 517 00 



CP/M is a reg. trademark of Digital Research "Requires Z-80 Softcard. tReg. trademark of Micro Pro International Corp. {Trademark of Practical Peripherals. Inc. "Trademark of Software Dimensions. Inc. 



IBM SOFTWARE 

LOTUS 1.2.3 397.00 

MULTIPLAN. .209.00 

INFOSTAR 279.00 

HOWARD SOFT TAX PREP 209.00 

VOLKSWRITER V 1.2 145.00 

WRITE ON 90 00 

EASYWRITER h 247.00 

EASY SPELLER 149.00 

EASY FILE 285.00 

HOME ACCOUNTANT + 10500 

FIRST CLASS MAIL 85.00 

SUPERCALC 179.00 

WORDSTAR 279.00 

MAILMERGE 174.00 

DATASTAR .207.00 

SPELLSTAR 174.00 

SUPERSORT... 179.00 

d BASE II 429 00 

THE WORD PLUS 117.00 

TIM. Ill 379.00 

JFQRMAT 39.00 

MOVE IT 109.00 

THE TAX MANAGER 188.00 

VISICALC / 256K 189.00 

VISITREND / VISIPLOT 235.00 

VISIDEX 192.00 

VISIFILE 249.00 

VISISCHEDULE 229.00 

VERSA WRITER GRAPHICS TABLETS... 270. 00 

VERSAFORM 312.00 

CONCURRENT CP/M® 86 315.00 

GRAPHICS HARD COPY SYSTEM 19.50 

PFS: FILE 97.50 

PFS GRAPH 97.50 

PFS: REPORT 97.50 

BENCHMARK 388,70 

Call for additional IBM software prices. 



THE HOME ACCOUNTANT 59.95 

F CM. w/form letter 75.00 

TAX ADVANTAGE 45.00 

VISICORP 

DESKTOP PLAN II 189 00 

VISIPLOT 158 00 

VISITREND/VISIPLOT 229.00 

VISIDEX 189.00 

VISITERM 79.00 

VISICALC 189 00 



TRS-80 SOFTWARE 

NEWDOS/80 2.0 MOD kill 139.00 

LAZY WRITER MOD l.ll 165.00 

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I. Ill w/labels109.Q0 

SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I. Ml 119.00 

X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I. III. ...199.00 

TRACKCESS MOD 1 24.95 

QMNITERM SMART TERM. MOD I. Ill 89. 55 

MICROSOFT BASIC COMP FOR MOD I .165.00 
LDOS 5.1 MOD I. Ill 119.00 



1983 Word Processor Special 



FRANKLIN ACE 

1000 1395.00 

FRANKLIN ACE SYSTEM 

DISK DRIVE W/CONT. . . .539.00 

ACE WRITER 

WORD PROCESSOR 129.00 



EPSON MX-80 645.00 

B.M.C. GREEN 129.00 

SCOTCH 3M DISKETTES. 44.00 

APPLE TO EPSON 

INTERFACE & CABLE. .. .129.00 

Now $1983 



* * FRANKLIN 1200 CALL * * 

This system may be modified to your needs. Call for special price quote. 



VISIFILES 189.00 

VISISCHEDULE 229.00 



IBM GAME SOFTWARE CP/M ® SOFTWARE 



ZORK I. II. Ill 28.00 

WIZARDRY 46.76 

STARCROSS 28.00 

DEADLINE 35.00 

GALAXY 19.50 

MIDWAY CAMPAIGN 17.00 

THE WARP FACTOR 31.16 

LOST COLONY 23.36 

CONQUEST 23.36 

GALACTIC ATTACK 25.00 

APPLE PANIC 23.61 

TEMPLE OF ASPHAI 34.95 

CROSSFIRE 24.95 

FROGGER 27.26 

M'SOFT FLIGHT SIMULATOR 38.95 

If you don't see the software you want, call. Our 
software stock is constantly expanding. 



APPLE SOFTWARE 

HOWARD SOFT TAX PREP 189.00 

MAGIC WINDOW II 117.00 

MAGIC WINDOW 79.00 

MAGIC WORDS 59.00 

MAGIC MAILER 59.00 

DB MASTER 169.00 

DB MASTER UTILITY PACK I OR II 69.00 

DATA CAPTURE 4.0/80 59.95 

PFS: GRAPH 89.95 

PFS: (NEW) PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM. 85. 00 

PFS: REPORT 79.00 

Z-TERM* 89.95 

Z-TERM PRO* .....129.95 

ASCII EXPRESS PRO 98.00 

EASY WRITER-PRO 136.00 

EASY MAILER-PRO 117.00 

BEAGLE BROTHERS UTILITY CITY........ 23.00 

APPLE MECHANIC 23.00 

TIP DESK #1 15.95 

BEAGLE BAG 23.00 

SUPER TEXT 40/56/77 97.50 

USA 2.5 59.95 

TRANSCEND II 115.00 

SCREENWRITER II 99,00 

DICTIONARY 79.00 

GENERAL MANAGER 179.00 

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE 

G/L 165.00 

A/R 165.00 

A/P 165.00 

PAYROLL 165.00 

PROPERTY MGMT 325.00 



We carry CP/M® software in all popular disk 
formats — Northstar, Televideo, and Heath/Zenith 
formatted programs in stock' Call for availability 
and price. Most software also available on IBM. 

THE WORD PLUS .....117.00 

d BASE II 429.00 

QUICKCODE 230.00 

DUTIL 91.00 

SUPERCALC 189.00 

SPELLGUARD 230.00 

P&TCP/M® MOD 2 & 16 TRS-80... .175. 00 

PASCAL Z 349.00 

PASCAL/M Z-80 OR 8080 295.00 

DIGITAL RESEARCH 

MAC 82.00 

ZSID 92.00 

PASCAL MT+ W/ SSP 429.00 

PL/ 1-80 439.00 

C BASIC 2 109.00 

SUPERSOFT 

DIAGNOSTIC II 89.00 

'C'COMPILER 179.00 

RATFOR 89.00 

FORTRAN 239.00 

DISK DOCTOR 78.00 

MICROPRO 

WORDSTAR 279.00 

SUPERSORT 179.00 

MAILMERGE 174.00 

DATASTAR 207.00 

SPELLSTAR 174.00 

CALCSTAR 109.00 

MICROSOFT 

MULTIPLAN 209.00 

BASIC 80 249.00 

BASIC COMPILER 299.00 

FORTRAN 80 359.00 

COBOL 80 585.00 

MACRO 80 156.00 

mu MATH/mu SIMP 200.00 

rnu LISP/mu STAR 165.00 

TRS-80 GAMES 

Specify MOD I or III 

DEADLINE 38.00 

STARCROSS 31.16 

FROGGER 16.45 

FLITE SIMULATOR 28.31 

Call for more TRS-80 games. 



APPLE & ATARI GAMES 

ZAXXON 31.16 

BRODERBUND 

APPLE PANIC 23.61 

MIDNIGHT MAGIC 27.26 

CHOPLIFTER 27.20 

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS 

INVASION ORION 20.95 

STAR WARRIOR 31.35 

CRUSH, CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24.95 

TEMPLE OF APSHAI 31.35 

HELLFIRE WARRIOR 31.35 

RESCUE AT RIGEL 23.36 

ON-LINE SYSTEMS 

WIZARD AND PRINCESS 27.26 

SOFT PORN ADVENTURE 23.36 

THRESHOLD 31.16 

JAW BREAKER .' 23.36 

CROSSFIRE 24.95 

ULYSSES & GOLDEN FLEECE 25.95 

FROGGER 24.50 

INFOCOM 

ZORK I, II, 111 28.00 

STARCROSS 28.00 

DEADLINE 35.00 

EDU-WARE 

COMPU-READ 24.95 

COMPU-MATH FRACTIONS 34.95 

COMPU-MATH DECIMALS 34.95 

MORE GREAT APPLE 
GAMES 

DARK CRYSTAL. 31.61 

TUBEWAY 27.26 

ARCADE MACHINE 44.38 

TUES. MORNING QUARTERBACK 25.95 

THE SPACE VIKINGS 38.50 

COMPUTER QUARTERBACK 31.16 

SEA FOX 24.00 

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE 49.95 

POOL 1.5 27.26 

ULTIMA 31.16 

RASTER BLASTER 23.36 

FLIGHT SIMULATOR 26.61 

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX 25.95 

SARGON II ...28.95 

MASK OF THE SUN 31.16 

A.E 23.72 

PINBALL SUBLOGIC 24.50 

SNACK ATTACK 23.36 

BUDGECO PINBALL CONST. SET 31.61 

THIEF 24.95 

THE WARP FACTOR 31.16 

COSMO MISSION 23.36 



WIZARDRY 37 95 

NIGHT OF DIAMOMDS 27.26 

STARBLAZER 24.-95 

CRISIS MOUNTAIN 26.32 

EVOLUTION 33.80 

SIRIUS SOFTWARE 

SPACE EGGS 23 36 

GORGON ;• ■_ 

SNEAKERS. 23 36 

PHANTOMS FIVE 22.00 

BANDITS 25.00 

EDU-WARE 

PERCEPTION PKG 19.95 

COMPU-MATH: ARITHMETIC 39.95 

COMPU-SPELL (REO. DATA DISK) 24.95 

COMPU-SPELL DATA DISKS 4-8, ea 17.95 

RENDEZVOUS 28.50 

ON-LINE SYSTEMS 

ULTIMA II 42.00 

MISSILE DEFENSE 27.26 

LUNAR LEEPER 23.36 

TIME ZONE 77.96 

CRANSTON MANOR 25.95 

CANNON BALL BLITZ 25.95 

MUSE SOFTWARE 

ROBOT WARS 32.95 

THREE MILE ISLAND 31.61 

A.B.M 19.46 

lb older or for 

information call 

In Chicago: 

(312)454-1236 

InNewYxk: 

(212)509-1923 

In 



(213)706-0333 
In Dallas: 
(214)744-4251 
By Modem: 
(2«)991-_16Q^ 

^CALL OUR MODEM UNE . 
I roB WEEKLY SPECIALS^ 




IPUTER 
PRODUCTS 

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE 
WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362 

* For all your computer product 
needs, come visit us at our 
new California store. 



i Assurance — Your satisfaction is assured by our 30 day moneyback guarantee on all hardware products we sell. No refunds after 30 days. All manufacturers' warranties are honored by manufacturers Defective 
software will be replaced free during the first 30 days, however, no refunds or exchanges on software. Proof of purchase required. All returns must be authorized in advance How To Order — All orders must be paid prior 
to shipment. Order by phone or by mail. Use Visa. M/C, check or COD. COD limit $300. Shipping charges: Visa, M/C orders = actual shipping costs. Prepaid orders add $3 (under 25lbs ) or $6 (over 25?bs ) COD's use 
prepaid rates and add $4 surcharge. Foreign, FPO and APO orders add 15% of order total. Caiit. orders add 6% sales tax, LA. County add 6V? % sales tax. Prices quoted are subject to product availability and may change without notice 



Circle 14 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 51 




1 6-BIT 



The state of the art in micropro- 
cessor technology has advanced a 
great deal in just one year. New 
applications programs and systems 
software designed specifically for 
1 6-bit microcomputers make this 
new group of machines perform in a 
way that's all but impossible for 
8-bit micros. Last year the theoreti- 
cal advantages of 1 6-bit micropro- 
cessors were clear but using re- 
vamped 8-bit software made their 
performance disappointing. The 
1 6-bit world is just opening up. 

In this issue we look at several 
new 16-bit micros, both portable 
and desktop models; a popular 
16-bit operating system; a new 
1 6-bit language; and a 1 6-bit 
operating environment for applica- 
tions programs. 

I'll begin with the Sunrise. This 
new machine has three micropro- 
cessors, with an 8088 as its main 
processor. It's an office computer 
that is portable in two different 
senses: the entire computer will fit 
in an attache case, but the keyboard 
is also a separable, very light, 
battery-powered computer with its 
own 8-bit processor and liquid- 



crystal display. 

A good-looking machine, the 
Gavilan portable combines the com- 
puting power of an Intel 8088 
microprocessor with a software ar- 
chitecture that an 8-bit processor 
could not support. The hardware is 
at least a year ahead of its time. 
Gavilan designers have packaged 
336K bytes of RAM, a bit-mapped 8 
by 66 liquid-crystal display, and 
320K bytes of disk storage in a 
machine less than a foot square and 
only 2.7 inches thick. 

The DEC Professional 350 is a 
single-chip microcomputer version 
of a 1 6-bit Digital Equipment Corp. 
minicomputer — an arrangement that 
brings minicomputer software and 
processing power into the micro- 
computer world. With the telephone 
management option, this computer 
offers advanced voice and data 
features. 

The Hewlett-Packard Series 200 
Model 16 uses HP's own 16-bit 
BASIC and reveals the great compu- 
tational power of its microprocessor 
unhampered by an 8-bit language. 
The Series 200 Model 1 6 also rep- 
resents a milestone in concentrated 




52 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



DESIGNS 



computing power. In a remarkably 
small box (233 square inches), the 
computer holds up to three quarters 
of a megabyte of RAM, which gives 
the 68000 processor plenty of 
room in which to work. 

The 16-bit Texas Instruments 
99/2 costs less than $100, and at 
that price is the world's best bargain 
in computing power. It is an ex- 
cellent home computer for students 
who use the Tl 99/4A in school. 
Software for the 99/2 will also run 
on the older 99/4A. 

The Altos 586 uses a 10-MHz 
8086 as its central processor and 
Intel's companion 1 6-bit input/out- 
put processor, the 8089, as an in- 
telligent disk controller. A Z80 
manages the system's serial ports. 
Together, the three processors 
create a high-performance six-to- 
ten-user system in a compact desk- 
top unit. 

The Fujitsu Micro 16s has five 
microprocessors in its standard con- 
figuration, with an 8086 as the 
main processor and a Motorola 
6809 managing the display. Fujitsu 
also offers optional 68000 and 
Z8000 processor boards, giving 



buyers a choice of today's three 
most popular 1 6-bit micropro- 
cessors. Fujitsu is the first company 
to install Concurrent CP/M on its 
own microcomputer, providing a 
degree of multitasking impossible in 
an 8-bit processor. 

The Pronto Series 1 6 uses the In- 
tel 80186 and an unusual physical 
architecture to minimize the desk 
space that it occupies. The 801 86, 
which incorporates the functions of 
20 to 30 chips in addition to the 
processor itself, can be used to 
create a very compact yet powerful 
machine. 

The Docutel/Olivetti M20 uses 
the Zilog Z8001 microprocessor 
and its own Professional Computer 
Operating System. The M20's 
underrated Zilog 1 6-bit chip pro- 
vides a unique ability to redefine 
some internal 1 6-bit registers as 
8-bit, 32-bit, or even 64-bit. 

The Sritek processors and 
memory boards for the IBM Personal 
Computer turn that popular machine 
into a powerful, 8-MHz Xenix 
system capable of supporting 
several users. Buyers can choose 
the Motorola 68000, the National 



Semiconductor 1 6032, or the Intel 
8086 or 80286 to be the heart of 
the PC. 

1 6-Bit Software 

Gary Kildall and David Thornburg 
describe DR Logo, Digital 
Research's 1 6-bit version of a 
language already popular in the 8-bit 
world. 

Tim Paterson, who wrote the 
original version of MS-DOS while at 
Seattle Computer, explains the 
workings of this 1 6-bit operating 
system in great detail. 

In an interview with BYTE, Bill 
Coleman of Visicorp provides a 
close look at the Visi On operating 
environment and the applications 
programs that will run under it. 

A Year's Progress 

Microcomputer technology is 
moving ahead fast and furiously. 
What's next? By June 1984, 
256K-bit RAMs will be common- 
place, 1 6-bit software will be in full 
flower, and even more powerful 
microprocessors will begin to ap- 
pear in products. 

— Phil Lemmons 




June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 53 



Sunrise Systems 

A Texas computer company produces a system 
to be custom-tailored by OEMs. 



Bruce Roberts 
Technical Editor 



Down in Texas the good ol' boys 
make good ol' computers. North of 
Dallas the Silicon Ranch stretches for 
miles in Texas's answer to 
California's Silicon Valley and 
Massachusetts' Route 128. Striking, 
futuristic buildings and industrial 
parks house many high-technology 
start-ups funded with venture capital 
as free-flowing as Texas crude oil. 
One of these companies is Sunrise 
Systems Inc. 

After looking at the numerous ex- 
isting computer systems, the lack of 
shelf space and dealers, and the costs 
of service and support staffs, Sunrise 
Systems decided to take a different 



approach in bringing its computers to 
market. Sunrise would design and 
produce computers, but let other 
companies worry about selling and 
servicing them. As an original equip- 
ment manufacturer (OEM) supplier, 
Sunrise set out to design a system that 
could be easily customized to the par- 
ticular needs of an individual vendor. 
The "Swiss Army" business computer 
that resulted has a little something for 
everyone but manages versatility in a 
practical, commonsense way. The 
most distinctive characteristic of the 
C8/16 system is the wealth of ap- 
plications programs included with it. 
When you turn on the system, your 




Photo 1: The C8/16 computer system from Sunrise Systems. The KP-C8 keyboard pro- 
cessor in the foreground with a 40-character by 6-line LCD is a prototype with six func- 
tion keys instead of 10. The microcassette tape recorder is on the right side of the unit, 
above the speaker grill. The ROM pack on the left plugs into the side of the keyboard 
by the display. The FP-8/16 flat pack in the rear has two half-height SV^inch disk 
drives and a P-4/4 color graphics printer. 



program choices are shown immed- 
iately on the screen: an appointment 
calendar, a four-function calculator, a 
speaker telephone and auto dialer, a 
tape recorder for dictation, a teletype 
terminal, a typewriter/electronic note 
taker, Microsoft BASIC, and more. It 
sounds like a general-purpose 
business machine and it is. 

The C8/16 system from Sunrise 
Systems (see photo 1) consists of a 
portable computer with a 
40-character by 6-line or 80-character 
by 3-line liquid-crystal display (LCD) 
that can be connected to a main 
system unit complete with disk drives 
and both 8- and 16-bit 
microprocessors. The portable por- 
tion, called the KP-C8 keyboard pro- 
cessor, has an 8-bit CMOS (com- 
plementary metal-oxide semiconduc- 
tor) NSC800A microprocessor and 
can be battery powered. The 
microprocessor is National Semicon- 
ductor's low-power version of the 
Zilog Z80 that can run all the popular 
CP/M software. This unit is loaded 
with features, including a 
microcassette drive for voice and 
digital storage, an integral high-speed 
modem, a real-time clock, serial and 
parallel input/output (I/O), televi- 
sion and color-monitor outputs, 
telephone and data links, 64K bytes 
of dynamic random access read /write 
memory (RAM), and 16K bytes of 
CMOS static RAM (expandable to 
64K bytes) for battery-powered use. 
All of the built-in programs just men- 
tioned are stored in the 32K bytes of 
read-only memory (ROM). The 
keyboard processor with all these 
abilities weighs less than 5 pounds. 

The main system unit, or FP-8/16 



54 June 1903 © BYTE Publications be 



flat pack, is designed to stay in the of- 
fice and has a 16-bit 8088 and an 8-bit 
Z80A microprocessor. The list of 
standard features includes 128K bytes 
of RAM (expandable to 512K bytes), 
two 5V4-inch disk drives that store 
160K or 320K bytes in an IBM PC- 
compatible format, a 300- to 
1200-bit-per-second (bps) modem, 
serial and parallel ports, RGB (red- 
green-blue) color-monitor output, an 
external disk-drive connector, and 
telephone and data input/output. 
This unit is the heavy portion, and it 
weighs a manageable 15 pounds. 

Marketing the Sunrise System 

Sunrise is orienting this system 
toward professionals and managers 
with limited computer experience. 
The designers think the middle 
managers of business have been ig- 
nored by the computer industry or 
presented with computers that are not 
very easy to use. Sunrise is aiming for 
the over-35, first-time computer user, 
with sales representatives, managers, 
and business professionals at the 
center of the marketing efforts. 

The main criteria for business com- 
puters as Sunrise sees it are reliability, 
service availability, general-purpose 
multiple functions, simplicity, price, 
and portability, in about that order. 

The concept of an office in a brief- 
case should appeal to many business 
people on the go. The lightness of the 
keyboard processor will also be ap- 
preciated. The C8/16's improved 
communications give rise to an ex- 
tended office; salespeople can call in 
orders from the field and receive price 
updates in return, or people can take 
the portable unit home and access in- 
formation back at the office in the flat 
pack unit. 

The Keyboard Processor Software 

The terminology and focus for this 
computer system are different from 
those of most existing microcom- 
puters. With this system, you push 
buttons; you don't type keystrokes. 
The advanced programs in cartridge 



Photos © Bob Lukeman, Southern Lights 
Studio Inc., 1983. 




Photo 2: The Xerox 1800 portable computer is a custom version of the C8/16 com- 
puter system from Sunrise Systems. Note that the Xerox model uses the 
80-character by 3-line LCD. The briefcase is optional 



The Xerox 1800 Portable 
Computer 

From the folks who brought you the 
Memory writer, Xerox's answer to the 
IBM Selectric typewriter, we now have 
the Xerox 1800 portable computer. All 
five of the founders of Sunrise Systems 
worked at Xerox previously, so it 
should not be a surprise that Xerox will 
be among the first customers relabeling 
and marketing the Sunrise system. In 
fact, Xerox gave rise to Sunrise 
Systems by looking for an outside sup- 
plier to redefine initial Xerox designs 
and produce an integrated, portable 
business computer. Thus, Sunrise 
Systems was formed in June 1982 
and in October began producing the 
first prototypes of the computer. 



Xerox handles all marketing, ser- 
vice, and support for its version of the 
Sunrise. Sunrise designs and manufac- 
tures the units for Xerox to its 
specifications. 

The Xerox 1800 portable computer 
uses the 80-character by 3-line liquid- 
crystal display (LCD) version of the 
keyboard processor, and the case 
design, layout, and colors are unique, 
but most of the other specifications re- 
main the same. Xerox is offering its 
own cathode-ray tube (CRT) terminal 
as an option. 

The estimated prices are $2000 for 
the keyboard processor and $4000 for 
the keyboard, printer, and the flat 
pack together. 



form aren't called software; they are 
applications packs, similar to video 
game cartridges. 

For example, to simplify the 
system, Sunrise uses the built-in 
microcassette drive, a tutorial ROM 
pack, and the LCD display to in- 
troduce the computer to the first-time 
user. A tutorial audio cassette gives a 
brief overview of the computer and 
walks you through all the different 
programs and functions. The user's 



manual has been kept concise and 
very short, 30 pages. Realizing that 
most people don't read manuals but 
just start using the machine, Sunrise 
made the manual short and simple 
with a style similar to the two-level 
approach of the menus on the screen. 
After being selected from the menu of 
programs, each program presents a 
menu of its options. The nesting of 
the programs doesn't get any more 
complicated than that on the screen. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 55 



At a Glance 



Name 

C8/I6 Computer System 



Manufacturer 

Sunrise Systems Inc. 
2209 Midway Rd. 
Carrolltown, TX 75006 



Components 

KP-C8 keyboard processor 
Size: 1 6 inches wide, 9 inches deep, 2 inches high 
Weight: 4.5 pounds 

Electrical needs: rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries or I JO VAC adapter 
Processor: 2.5-MHz National Semiconductor NSC800A (CMOS version of Z80) 
Memory: 32K bytes of system ROM, 16K bytes of CMOS RAM, 64K bytes of dynamic 

RAM, 64K-byte ROM packs with applications, 64K bytes of CMOS RAM optional 
Keyboard: standard typewriter-style keyboard with 63 keys, 10 function keys, and 4 

cursor-control keys 
Display: 40-character by 6-line or 80-character by 3-line liquid-crystal display with 

graphics capability (240 by 64 or 479 by 24 dot matrix). Television output: 

40-character by 24-line text, 256 by 1 92 pixel bit-mapped graphics with 1 5 colors; 

software-labeled function keys 
Standard: built-in direct-connect modem, 300 or J 200 bps; real-time clock; 

microcassette tape recorder, with 5I2K bytes of digital data or 15 minutes of analog 

voice; input/output ports: RS-232C serial, Centronics parallel, RGB monitor, television 

RF modulator, telephone, data link, and external microphone/speaker; built-in 

speaker; power-on self-test of components; cartridge slot for ROM packs 
Software: calendar, calculator, speakerphone and auto dialer, tape recorder/dictation, 

teletypewriter terminal, typewriter/note taker, Microsoft BASIC 
FP-8/I6 flat pack 
Size: 18 inches wide, 12 inches deep, 3 A inch high 
Weight: 1 5 pounds 
Electrical needs: J 10 VAC 

Processors: 4.77-MHz Intel 8088 and 3.58-MHz Zilog Z80 
Memory: 1 28K bytes of dynamic RAM, expandable to 5 1 2K bytes 
Disk drives: two 5 'z* -inch floppy-disk drives, I60K or 320K bytes each 
Display: RGB or B/W monitor output: 80-character by 25-line or 40-character by 

25-line text; 1 60-by-200-pixel 16-color, 320-by-200-pixel 4-color, or 640-by-200-pixel 

B/W bit-mapped graphics. 
Standard: built-in direct-connect modem, 300 or 1200 bps; real-time clock; input/output 

ports: RS-232C serial, Centronics parallel, RGB or B/W monitor, telephone, data link, 

power, internal printer port, and memory expansion 
Software: CP/M-80, CP/M-86, and MS-DOS operating systems 
EB-SS expansion box 
Size: 18 inches wide, 12 inches deep, 3 A inch high 
Electrical needs: 1 10 VAC 

Disk drives: two 5 W -inch single-sided floppy-disk drives, J60K bytes each 
Standard: disk-drive controller; data-link input/output port 
Software: CP/M-80 operating system 
P-4/4 color graphics printer 
Size: 4/2 inches wide, fits into flat pack unit 
Standard: 4-color text and graphics printer, roll paper; installs in the flat pack unit or 

the expansion box 

Typical System Price 

Approximately $2000 for the keyboard processor, and $4000 for the complete C8/I6 
system with keyboard processor, flat pack, and color graphics printer. 



Software ergonomics guided the 
layout of the 10 function keys for the 
applications built into the system 
ROM. Certain functions are assigned 
to a key and remain consistent 
throughout the different programs. 
One example is the quit function 
(software-labeled EXIT) on the 
rightmost function key. 

The software labels for the function 
keys appear across the bottom of the 
screen, showing what each key does 
when pressed. Initially, the labels 
provide a main menu of what ap- 
plications are available on the com- 
puter. When you choose an applica- 
tion, the labels across the screen 
change to reflect the new meaning of 
the function keys under that pro- 
gram. The menus are never nested 
more than two deep. 

The basic functions in the Sunrise 
keyboard-processor firmware are 
calendar, calculator, loading other 
software from a ROM pack or disk, 
speakerphone and auto dialer, tape 
recorder, teletypewriter terminal, 
typewriter/note taker, Microsoft 
BASIC, time and date, and setup. All 
functions work in the battery- 
powered (portable) mode except for 
the typewriter (print mode), terminal, 
and telephone, which require full 
power for operating I/O devices. 

The calendar holds as many as 250 
entries (limited to 10K bytes of 
CMOS memory), more than enough 
for a week's appointments. Each 
40-character entry is automatically 
stored in CMOS memory. Entries can 
be added, changed, or deleted, with 
three entries visible on the LCD 
screen and more on an external 
monitor. Alarms may be set for each 
event that will sound if the system is 
on. 

The four-function calculator is sim- 
ple and straightforward, with a 
memory and the ability to use 
variables. The basic math functions 
and three memories are provided. If a 
printer is attached to the system, the 
results may be printed as well as 
displayed on the LCD screen. 

A ROM pack function allows other 
software to be loaded and run from 
ROM packs that plug into the 
keyboard unit. Similarly, a link func- 
tion allows software to be loaded and 
Text continued on page 60: 



56 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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run from a floppy disk when the flat 
pack unit or expansion box is at- 
tached. 

The telephone program has options 
for a speaker telephone (using the 
keyboard's speaker), an answering 
machine, an auto dialer that can 
redial the last number, manual dial- 
ing, call answering, hanging up, hold, 
volume controls, and a directory of 
phone numbers. The telephone 
answering machine uses the cassette 
to answer the phone and play a 
recording, gives a tone, records a 
message, and then resets for the next 
call. The telephone directory can hold 
30 entries for your most frequently 
called numbers. Each number can be 
dialed with a single key command 
that is as many as 30 characters long. 
This will fit an alternate long-distance 
service number and access code. The 
telephone dialer can automatically 
strip off the area code when calling 
local numbers. 

In tape recorder mode, you can use 
the keyboard processor as a dictation 
machine with all the functions of a 
portable audio-cassette recorder. The 



function keys provide rewind, find (a 
tape block name), fast forward, stop 
(the tape), play, volume up, volume 
down, record, pause, and exit (to 
return to the main menu) capabilities. 

The terminal program lets you use 
the keyboard as a dumb terminal to 
send and receive data over the 
telephone line. The software permits 
either automatic or manual dialing of 
a remote computer as well as deter- 
mination by you of the settings for 
duplex modes and parity. The inter- 
nal modem handles communications 
at 300 bps (Bell 103 compatible) or at 
1200 bps (Bell 202 compatible). When 
the keyboard is connected to the flat 
pack, data transfer takes place at the 
higher rate. The time of connection 
and length of the call are displayed 
with the help of the real-time clock. 

The typewriter function expects a 
printer to be attached to the system 
for printer output after each character 
is typed, after each carriage return, or 
upon command. You can specify 
margin and tab settings. Before the 
characters are sent out to the printer, 
the output can be edited. All the nor- 



mal typewriter characters are 
available, but underlining and 
boldface are not supported. 

The note-taking mode uses 10,000 
characters of the nonvolatile CMOS 
memory, which you can save as a file 
on the cassette before continuing to 
enter another note. The program 
prompts you as the memory fills up. 
Files may be entered, edited, deleted, 
printed (in the full power mode), 
saved to the tape, or retrieved from 
the tape. You provide the file name 
for the document, and the system 
keeps track of the time and date it 
was created, as well as the last date 
that it was revised. 

The setup program lets you change 
many of the default values for the 
system. You can suppress the soft- 
ware labels at the bottom of the 
screen if you want a larger window 
area, or if you are familiar with the 
functions and don't need to be 
reminded. 

The cassette drive turned out to be 
a better storage device than was an- 
ticipated. You can store as many as 
512K bytes of digital information on 



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a microcassette. The cassette can be 
used to provide backup storage for 
data and programs on the Sunrise 
system. When used as a dictation 
machine, the Sunrise will store 15 
minutes of speech on each side of the 
tape. 

The software follows the same 
"open architecture" concept that the 
hardware does. The machine can be 
custom configured by putting 
together the appropriate existing 
modules along with specialized ac- 
counting, financial, or insurance pro- 
grams that a customer would like in- 
cluded. Putting the programs into 
system ROM and setting up the 
menus and function keys should be 
fairly easy for Sunrise. 

Software Expandability 

More sophisticated programs can 
be used by plugging in the ROM car- 
tridges (ROM packs) or loading disk- 
based software from the flat pack or a 
disk expansion box. The ROM packs 
contain as many as 64K bytes of 
memory, leaving room for larger pro- 
grams like the Suncalc electronic 



spreadsheet, expanded calculator and 
calendar programs, and maybe even 
games. Games? Why not? Virtually 
every business computer has some 
games. The new electronic office 
worker should be allowed a little levi- 
ty. All work and no play makes the 
Sunrise a dull computer. 
An integrated office-function pack 

More sophisticated 

programs are possible 

by using ROM packs or 

loading software 

from the flat pack. 

has extended versions of the phone, 
calendar, and text /note-taker pro- 
grams. This may be expanded into an 
integrated word-processor, spread- 
sheet, database, and graphics pro- 
gram, too, given the current 
popularity of the 1-2-3 and Context 
MBA all-in-one programs. 

ROM packs can be used to address 
vertical markets without creating new 
versions of the machine. A program 
that helps keep track of field sales by 



outside salesmen is near the top of the 
list for applications to be put into 
ROM packs. 

Sunrise systems plans to produce a 
graphics pack designed to utilize the 
keyboard's 80-character by 3-line 
LCD with its bit-mapped graphics. 
The keyboard system will support the 
CP/M graphics system extension 
(GSX) and its utilities for the 479 by 
24 dot display. Most graphics for this 
display thus far have been limited to 
games. 

The management of files or lists of 
information with a database manager 
is another likely candidate for a ROM 
pack program. This capability would 
let you organize the type of informa- 
tion and how it is stored in, for exam- 
ple, a mailing list. 

An IBM 3270-series terminal 
emulator is a logical choice for an ad- 
ditional program that will handle 
communications with corporate 
mainframes. Many data-processing 
managers are getting more involved 
in microcomputer access to company 
information and insisting on 3270 
communications protocols. This op- 



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62 June 1W3 © BYTE Publications he 



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tion would allow the Sunrise to in- 
teract directly with the mainframe in- 
stead of just uploading and massaging 
information. This disk-based pro- 
gram would require the use of the flat 
pack with its disk drives. The 3270 
program would turn the keyboard 
and flat pack units into a 3270 look- 
alike terminal. The keyboard pro- 
cessor would talk to the flat pack, 
which would send information on to 
the mainframe computer. 

The flat pack provides the disk 
drives and microprocessors that 
enable the C8/16 system to run the 
CP/M-80, CP/M-86, or MS-DOS 
operating systems and their 
numerous business programs. The 
programs can be used as they are with 
an 80-character by 25-line external 
monitor. To fit the smaller LCD- 
screen formats, however, they will 
probably need to be modified. A ver- 
sion of BASIC for the 8088 
microprocessor is available in a ROM 
pack. 

The KP-C8 Keyboard Processor 

The KP-C8 keyboard processor has 
a standard typewriter-style 
keyboard, as its name implies. 
Sunrise kept the keyboard simple so 
that novice computer users would not 
be intimidated or overwhelmed by an 
array of keys and functions (like the 
IBM Personal Computer keyboard). 
With the exception of the Shift Code, 
all of the 63 keys automatically repeat 
after being held down for Vi of a sec- 
ond. The 10 function keys are in- 
tegrated into all the software modules 
and reduce the number of dedicated 
function keys. They are not labeled 
on the keyboard; their functions are 
controlled by the software and iden- 
tified by labels that appear on the 
bottom row of the LCD screen. The 
cursor (arrow) keys can be used alone 
or with the Code and Shift keys to 
move the cursor one character, to the 
edges of the display, or to the begin- 
ning or end of a file, or to scroll the 
display up and down. 

The receptivity of the business 
market to LCDs seems to be good. 
Sunrise Systems is currently offering 
a 40-character by 6-line or an 
80-character by 3-line display on the 
keyboard processors. Sunrise uses 



only bit-mapped LCDs (429 by 24 
dots on the 80 by 3 display) to get 
limited LCD graphics capabilities. 
The labels across the bottom of the 
screen for the 10 function keys pro- 
vide one example of this. The 
brightness and contrast of the liquid- 
crystal display are adjustable through 
software as part of the setup pro- 
gram. 

The 8-bit NSC800A micro- 
processor runs at 2.5 MHz in either a 
batter-powered or full-power mode. 
This low-power CMOS Z80 work- 
alike is conservatively rated to run 
for two hours off the batteries. Ten 
hours seems to be a more realistic 
estimate. A low-power indicator 
warns you if the batteries are low. 
When you turn the power on, the 
system performs its own diagnostics 
and checks out the various com- 
ponents. 

The keyboard processor can switch 
between as many as four 64K-byte 
banks of memory. The first bank of 
memory contains the 32K bytes of 
system, extended system, and iden- 
tification ROMs and 16K bytes of 
battery-powered CMOS RAM. 
Theoretically, you can use a full 64K 
bytes of CMOS memory instead of 
just the 16K bytes supplied with the 
system, but you probably won't need 
to. The system seems to get along fine 
with its current setup. The design will 
accommodate the new 8K by 8 
CMOS static RAMs. These RAMs 
will provide four times the current 
CMOS memory capacity. 

The second bank of memory allows 
for as many as 64K bytes of expan- 
sion memory in each ROM pack. The 
system switches from internal 
memory to the external memory in 
the ROM cartridges as if the memory 
chips on the printed-circuit board had 
been replaced by the ROM chips. 

The third bank of main system 
memory uses the 64K bytes of 
dynamic RAM in the full-power 
mode. A fourth bank of auxiliary 
RAM will allow for future system ex- 
pansion of 64K bytes of CMOS 
RAM. 

The Sunrise system has three 
methods of getting software into the 
computer's memory. A program can 
be part of the 32K bytes of system 



64 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Circle 126 on inquiry card. 



ROM inside the keyboard processor, 
it can be loaded by plugging in a 
ROM pack, or it can be loaded from 
an external floppy disk into system 
memory (RAM). The operating 
systems, computer languages, and 
application programs are available in 
several combinations of these forms. 

All of the keyboard features work 
in the full-power mode of operation. 
Under battery power only the 
microprocessor, 16K bytes of CMOS 
RAM, internal ROM, liquid-crystal 
display, keyboard, ROM packs, and 
tape drive features may be used. 

If you look at the back of either 
unit, you will be greeted by connec- 
tors of every sort. The I/O ports on 
the back of the keyboard include data 
in and out, telephone in and out, RS- 
232C serial I/O, parallel I/O, televi- 
sion output, external monitor output, 
and auxiliary speaker /microphone 
I/O. The data port attaches the 
keyboard processor to the flat pack 
or expansion box with a high-speed 
data-packet link, but it does not use a 
full synchronous data-link control 
(SDLC) protocol. The two telephone 



jacks enable you to connect a 
telephone device to the computer 
along with the keyboard unit. 

The keyboard processor can be 
hooked up to a television via the 
radio frequency (RF) modulator con- 
nector, with 40 characters by 24 lines 
of text in an alphanumeric mode and 
256 by 192 pixels with 15 colors in a 
bit-mapped graphics mode. These 
display modes are provided by a 
Texas Instruments 9918 chip, com- 
plete with sprite graphics capabilities 
that are not yet used by the com- 
puter. 

The keyboard also has a TI 76489 
sound-generator chip that can pro- 
duce three independent musical 
voices and one voice of noise. This 
could give the Sunrise computer 
musical abilities equal to the best of 
the low-cost color computers like the 
Commodore 64. At this time, the 
company is not actively supporting 
this feature. 

The underside of the keyboard pro- 
cessor presents a graphic description 
of the system layout and cable inter- 
connections. Once you begin to con- 



nect the keyboard processor to other 
system units, the mobility can be 
hampered by the cables attached to 
the back. In your office you will prob- 
ably want to have the power plug- 
ged in, a data link or telephone cable 
connected to the flat pack unit, and 
possibly a cable hooked up to a 
printer. All those cables coming out 
the back of the keyboard make it 
more cumbersome to hold in your lap 
or to move around the room. 

FP-8/16 Flat Pack Features 

The flat pack unit is designed to 
make it easy and comfortable to 
move up to floppy disk and network- 
ing capabilities. The flat pack ex- 
pands the keyboard processor's 
capabilities with the floppy disk's 
faster data storage and retrieval, the 
downloading of programs and data, a 
hard copy or disk "message server," 
IBM PC-compatible disk formats, 
and dual processors that can run both 
the CP/M and MS-DOS operating 
systems with their numerous pro- 
grams. The flat pack can also func- 
tion as a computer using the 



Graphic 



j I featun 
GRAPHICS 



is a field installable enhancement board for 
ith 1 Z19 video terminal adding many power- 
nd only on terminals costing much more, 
provides Tektronix 2 4010 compatible vector 
cs, VT100 3 compatible 80 and 132 column 
;, off-screen scrolling memory, program- 
keys, "Plain English" menu-driven Set-up 
>st of other enhancements. Installation can be 



GRAPHICS-PLUS 

an enhancement 

For Z19 Terminals 

from 

Northwest Digital Systems 

• Tektronix 2 4010 Compatible Graphics 
512 Horiz by 250 Vert Resolution 
80/132 Col and 24/49 Line Text Displays 
Seven Page Oft-Screen Text Memory 

■ Menu-driven "Plain English" Set-up Mode 
■> 16 Programmable Keys- 128 Chars Each 
Optional Hardcopy Port 

• Simple Field Installation nMzemth 



M Tektronb 

M DEC 



GP- 19 Upgrade for Z1 9 Ter 
Z19 Terminal With GP-19 In: 



iwest Digital 



P.O. Box 15288, Seatth 



66 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 283 on inquiry card. 



l6l0fC6-(H6:X/\M 

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IJOd suoijBomnuuiJUOo snouojgouAsv aiquedwoQ |/\jgi 3NO • 

'jjod |9||BJBd somojiuao aiqiiedujoo |/\iai 3NO «- 

Ajouuai/M jo 3}Aqe6a|/\| |„ oj >|^g < 

jsindwoo |Buosjed lAiai ©Ml JOJ 
pjeo uojpunj 3Ald 9nj l ^|uo 9UJ_ 

jasn 6uiujeos!p ^Ml JO* pjeo aiqeijsmBujiSjp am 



Hank: Here's the report you've been 
waiting for. Hope you put your system 
on automatic and didn't wait up. 



To all reps: Price changes on follow- 
ing items effective immediately: 
No. 10-111A, 10-114A; 10-AL. 



Take that, bud. (And retaliate fast. 
I know phone rates are low now, 
but game's cutting into sack time.) 



*' u i fifty 

I 





Your computer's telephone. 




Wouldn't it be great if, somehow, you /////0 
could connect vour computer to your 
accountant's, down the street? To the 
IBM** PC at the branch office, upstate? 
Or to your favorite chess challenger, 
across country? 




With a telecomputing system by 
Hayes, you can. 

Quickly. Easily. And for the price of 
a phone call. 

Hayes Smartmodem. Think of it as 
your computer's telephone. Hayes 
Smartmodem 300, and the faster 
Smartmodem 1200, work with any 
computer with an RS-232 I/O port. 
They allow you to communicate, 



over ordinary phone lines, all 
across America. 

But any modem will send and 
receive data. 

Smartmodems also dial, answer 
and disconnect calls. Automatically. 
Without going through the telephone 
receiver, making them far superior 
to acoustic coupler modems. 
Choose your speed; choose your 
price. The lower-priced Smartmodem 
300 is ideal for local data swaps 
and communicates at 300 bps. 
For longer distance and larger 
volumes. Smartmodem 1200 
communicates at 1200 bps or up 
to 300 bps, with a built-in selector 
that automatically detects trans- 
mission speeds. 

Both work with rotary dials, 
Touch-Tone* and key-set 
systems; connect to most 
timesharing systems; and 
feature an audio speaker. 

Either Smartmodem is a perfect 
match for many different computers. 
And if you have an IBM PC, Hayes 
also provides the perfect communi- 
cations software. 



Smartcom II™ We spent a lot of time 
developing our software, so you can 
spend less time using it. Smartcom II 
prompts you in the simple steps required 
to create, send, receive, display, list, 
name and re-name files. It even receives 
data completely unattended— especially 
helpful wnen you're sending work from 
home to office, or vice versa. 

And if you need it, there's always 
"help" One of several special functions 
assigned to IBM function keys, this 
feature explains prompts, messages, 
etc. to make communicating extra easy. 

With Smartcom II, it is. The program 
remembers communication parameters 
for 26 different remote systems. Just 
punch a key, you're all set. 

You can treat dial-up and log-on 
sequences the same way In fact, Smart- 
com II comes with codes already set up 
for four popular information services. 
COMPUSERVEfDIALOG'S KNOWLEDGE 
INDEX? M DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL® 
SERVICE, and THE SOURCE? - AMERICAS 
INFORMATION UTILITY. SM Procedures 
for obtaining an account with each of the 
services are included in the Smartcom II 
manual. But that's not all. 

Special offers for Smartcom II 

ownersl Dow Jones 
News/Retrieval 
Service has a special 
introductory oner for 
Smartcom II owners. By calling a toll- 
free number, they receive a free 
password and one free hour of service 
anytime after 6:01 p.m., local time. 

You'll also be entided to a valuable 



^^—^ Special offers 

5) Hayes 



68 BYTE June 1983 




subscription offer for THE SOURCE. 
Smartcom II owners who subscribe to 
THE SOURCE will receive one free 
hour of daytime service. 

Like all our products, Smartcom II 
and both Hayes Smartmodems are 
backed m by excellent 




documentation and full support from 
us to your dealer. 

So see him todav. Break out of 
isolation, Get a telephone for your 
desktop computer. 

Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc., 
5923 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., 
Norcross, GA 30092.404/449-8791. 

Smartcom II is a trademark of Hayes Microcomputer 
Products. Inc. 

*TM American Telephone and Telegraph 

* *IBM is a registered trademark of International Business 

Machines. Corp. 
© 1983 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. 
Sold only in the U.S.A. 

COMPUSERVE INFORMATION SERVICE is a registered 
trademark of CompuServe, Incorporated, an H & R Block 
Company 

KNOWLEDGE INDEX is a service mark of DIALOG 
Information Services, Inc. 

DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL is a registered trademark of 
Dow Jones & Company, Inc. 

THE SOURCE and AMERICA'S INFORMATION UTILITY are 
service marks of Source Telecomputing, a subsidiary of The 
Reader's Digest Association, Inc. 



Circle 169 on inquiry card. 



keyboard processor as a display ter- 
minal. 

A 16-bit 8088 microprocessor con- 
trols the flat pack unit, making larger 
program workspaces possible because 
the 8088 can address 1 megabyte of 
memory. The Z80A microprocessor 
enables this dual-processor system to 
run all the CP/M-80 software. Disk- 
based software on the flat pack can be 
loaded into the keyboard processor 
and run, or the keyboard unit can act 
as a display for the flat pack. ROM 
packs can also be plugged into the flat 
pack. 

For the flat pack the possible con- 
nections include telephone in, 
telephone out, data in, data out, ex- 
ternal monitor output, serial I/O, 
parallel I/O, external disk, and 
power. The reset button and power 
switch are also on the back of the flat 
pack unit. A real-time clock with bat- 
tery backup uses an LED display that 
shows through the little window on 
the front of the flat pack to indicate 
the power is on. 

The built-in modem can transfer 
data at 300 bps (Bell 103-compatible) 
or 1200 bps (Bell 202-compatible) 
through the telephone connectors. 
The data connectors are the other half 
of the high-speed data-packet link to 
the keyboard processor, which passes 
blocks (packets) of information back 
and forth. The video output can 
display 80 or 40 characters by 25 
lines of text; it can display, with 
bit-mapped graphics, a 160 by 200 
dot array in 16 colors, a 320 by 200 
dot array in 4 colors, or a 640 by 200 
dot array in black and white, all on 
an external black and white or RGB 
monitor. 

Part of Sunrise's concept of a com- 
puter system is that the main process- 
ing unit with the disk drives doesn't 
need to be on someone's desk. The 
flat pack can easily be on a credenza 
or table in the office, accessible by a 
cable or telephone link to the 
keyboard processor. This approach 
allows a flat pack unit to be shared 
between several keyboard processors 
that call the flat pack up at different 
times. Two keyboard processors can 
also be continuously sharing one flat 
pack in a local area network arrange- 
ment. Using a printer, the flat pack 



can act as a hard-copy "message 
server," or by putting data on the 
disk, it can act as a disk message 
server. Sunrise is planning on adding 
an Ethernet interface later. 

Options and Extensions 

You can get the keyboard pro- 
cessor without the rnicrocassette tape 
drive if you like, but it seems to pro- 
vide several useful features that 
justify including it in a typical 
system. The flat pack can be con- 
sidered an upgrade option too; the 
alternative is the EB-SS expansion 
box with just the floppy-disk drives 
and a disk controller. This would 
provide a minimal expansion unit for 
a single keyboard processor. 

The P-4/4 color graphics printer 
fits into the left rear corner of the flat 
pack and uses an internal printer 
port. Only 4 2 /z inches wide, it prints 
text and graphics in four colors on a 
roll of paper. 

A portable letter-quality printer 
that can handle multiple copies 
should be available soon. The low- 
profile printer uses 8 Vz -inch-wide 
paper, is only 2 inches high by 4 
inches deep, and prints as fast as 80 
characters per second. 

One insurance salesman says he 
could increase his closings by 100 per- 
cent with hard-copy printouts of con- 
tracts at the client's office. Real estate 
agents, insurance salespeople, and 
auditors could use the printer to leave 
copies of calculations and agreements 
with their customers. The ability to 
make multiply-copy impressions is 
important because many business 
forms have multiple layers. 

Sunrise is offering an optional 
briefcase into which the ^keyboard 
and flat pack units fit in two compart- 
ments. The briefcase splits apart be- 
tween the compartments to offer a 
smaller carrying case for just the 
keyboard processor. 

Battery-powered disks are also 
now possible. It might not be long 
before the disks and a printer could 
be put together into a portable unit 
that fits into a briefcase. 

Sunrise is planning to offer 80-char- 
acter by 6-line displays by the fourth 
quarter of 1983. You can have a 
display as large as 80 characters by 8 

June 1983 © BYTE Publications lite 69 



lines without any change to the archi- 
tecture of the computer. Laboratories 
such as Thompson-CFF Corporation 
have produced 40-character by 
24-line displays, but they need to be 
more reliable. Eighty-character by 
24-line LCDs may be economically 
competitive wi.th other types of 
displays by the end of 1984. 

Sunrise does not currently offer a 
cathode-ray tube (CRT) terminal 
with the common 80-character by 
24-line format, although represen- 
tatives did demonstrate one in their 
office with multicolor high-resolution 
graphics. Customers can get larger 
conventional displays now, but 
Sunrise will not sell the larger LCD 
screens or plasma displays until they 
come down in price. 

Summary 

Several configurations of the 
Sunrise computer system are possible 
due to the dynamic architecture of the 
C8/16 system. The system has been 
designed to be as flexible as possible 
and will accommodate future 



developments when advanced chips 
become inexpensive. The engineers at 
Sunrise have an ambitious goal of 
outperforming the product specifica- 
tions, so many capabilities are 
understated or conservative. A hard- 
disk drive interface and bit-mapped 
color graphics have already been put 
in the system. 

The specifications for the computer 
are updated every 3 to 4 months. The 
use of modular blocks of hardware 
that can be easily modified for 
customers makes this easy. The 
keyboard processor, for example, is 
made of seven blocks that can be 
powered up or down separately to 
conserve energy in the battery- 
powered mode. The software also 
follows this modular approach, giv- 
ing customers a choice of which pro- 
grams or functions are built into the 
keyboard unit. The system could 
easily be a dedicated financial or ac- 
counting processor. 

But Sunrise will be facing stiff com- 
petition from lower-cost battery- 
powered portable computers like the 



TRS-80 Model 100 with similar ap- 
plications. The Epson QX-10 also of- 
fers an easy-to-use package of in- 
tegrated programs, called Valdocs 
(valuable documents), in a stay-at- 
home computer. However, the Epson 
HX-20 portable computer is limited in 
its business capabilities when com- 
pared to the Sunrise keyboard pro- 
cessor. 

One way of viewing the Sunrise 
system is as a vastly improved ver- 
sion of the Sony Typecorder for the 
same price. All of the components of 
the Sunrise C8/16 computer system 
have feature-rich hardware and a 
flexibility of operation not that com- 
mon in personal computers. Sunrise 
Systems has modest plans for its first 
year; it will be happy selling about 
20,000 machines. End users will be 
getting an excellent deal, a custom 
computer for less than the price of an 
IBM Personal Computer. The 
specifications of the customer come 
first at Sunrise. Perhaps this is the 
dawning of a new age of dedicated 
computers. ■ 



JttuyUM INDUSTRIES, INC. 



In Texas Orders 

Questions & Answers 

1-713-392-0747 



2251 1 Katy Freeway 
Katy (Houston) Texas 77450 



To Order 
1-800-231-3680 
800-231-3681 



SAVE BIG DOLLARS ON ALL TRS-80 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE 

TRS-80® BY RADIO SHACK. Brand new in cartons delivered. Save state sales tax. Texas residents add only 5% sales tax. 
Open Mon.-Fri. 9-6, Sat. 9- 1 . We pay freight and insurance. Come by and see us. Call us for a reference in or near your city. 
Ref: Farmers State Bank, Brookshire, Texas. 



WE OFFER ON 
REQUEST 

Federal Express (Overnight Delivery) B 

Houston Intercontinental 

Airport Delivery (Some Day) 

U.P.S. BLUE (Every Day) 

References from people who have 
bought computers from us probably in 
your city. We have thousands of 
satisfied customers. WE WILL NOT BE 
UNDERSOLD! 



ED McMANUS 




No Tax on Out of Texas Shipments! 



10% 15% 

OR MORE 

Telex 77-4132 (FleksHou) 

" TRS-80 is • Registered Trademark of Tandy Corp 



WE ALWAYS 
OFFER 

We accept Master Card, VISA, 
and American Express. 

We use Direct Freight Lines. No 
long waits. 

We always gay the freight and 
insurance 

Toll free order number 

Our capability to go to the giant 
TRS-80 Computer warehouse 5 
hours away, in Ft. Worth, Texas, 
to keep you in stock. 

JOE McMANUS 



VISA 



70 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 235 on inquiry card. 



ZERO TO MULTIPL AN 

5.2 MINUTES. 




FINANCE OR ACCOUNTING WORKSHEETS FAST. 




Gentlemen, start your 
computers. 



Time: 



Select budget 
intervals. 



Time-. 0.5 



Enter sales 
revenue. 



Time:1.0 



Enter selling 
expenses. 



Time: 1.5 




Your sales budget on the 
Multiplan electronic 
worksheet- in record time. 



Time: 5.2 



First Microsoft created 
the Multiplan interactive 
electronic worksheet to 
help you analyze yourbusi- 
ness problems and explore 
possible solutions. Without 
1 asking you to become a 
computer expert. 

Now we've added the 
Multi-Tool™ budget and 
financial expert systems. 

They can help design 



and build financial or 
accounting worksheets 
tailored to your specific 
needs. In minutes. 

You won't have to worry 
about developing formulas 
or formatting screens to 
build your Multiplan work- 
sheets. Because the expert 
systems literally do it for you. 

For example, the Multi- 
Tool Budget expert system 
creates seven inter- 
related 



Multiplan worksheets for a 
total budget planning and 
control environment 

What s more, each system 
is developed by experts: 
business professionals and 
leading authorities in 
finance and accounting. 
You'll benefit from their 
knowledge immediately 
through the powerful work- 
sheets each Multi-Tool 
expert system builds for 
you. And with the 
sophisticated 
tutorial manuals 
that accompany 
each system. Each 
manual provides 
in-depth informa- 
tion about both the 
design of the work- 
sheets and the 
areas of finance 
and accounting 
they cover. 




The result: a tailored 
electronic worksheet that 
helps you make high quality 
decisions. 

That's just what you'd 
expect from Microsoft. The 
people who let you con- 
centrate on your business 
rather than on your 
computer. 

Ask your computer dealer 
to let you test drive the new 
Multi-Tool expert systems, 
Better tools that help you 
put your business in first 
place. 



THE MULTI-TOOL EXPERT 
SYSTEMS. A POWERFUL 
ADDITION TO THE MULTIPLAN 
ELECTRONIC WORKSHEET. 

Available now: 

The Multi-Tool Budget 

expert system. 

The Multi-Tool Financial 

Statement expert system. 



BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS 

MICROSOFT. 

Microsoft is a registered trademark, and Multi-Tool, 
Multiplan and the Microsoft logo are trademarks 
of Microsoft Corporation. 




Quark introduce 



A deceptively simple solution 
to your word processing dilemma. 



If you're serious about word processing on 
your Apple*lle, you may be bewildered by the 
sheer number of programs available. And a 
tad perplexed by their claims and promises. 
After all, a glamorous package that says "easy 
to use," may not even be easy to open. 

The dilemma is real. And Quark is happy to 
provide the solution. 

A proven program for serious 
word processing. 

Quark's new Word Juggler lie turns your 
computer into a dedicated word processor. 
You get the extraordinary ease of use, sophis- 
ticated capabilities and straightforward docu- 
mentation that make our original Word Juggler 
a best seller on the Apple III. 

For example, there's virtually nothing to 
memorize. Because principal editing functions 
are identified on a unique keyboard template 



— and nineteen, easy-to-install, replacement 
keycaps. 

Changing keys is quick and simple, too. Just 
slide our special keycap remover over the key 

— twist — and pull. Your new keycaps can be 
in place in less than two minutes. 

A flexible tool to increase your 
productivity. 

But don't be deceived by Word Juggler He's 
disarming simplicity. The program packs the 
powerful features you need to quickly perform 
the most complex editing tasks. 

Characters, words, even entire paragraphs 
can be deleted with a single keystroke. There 
are search and replace keys. Block move and 
copy keys. And you always have instant con- 
trol over page length, margins and any other 
formatting parameters. 

Document display and print out are easy, 
also. One keystroke displays your document 
on the screen. Another prints it. And whether 




Word Juggler lie 



Qt 



you need to print only specific pages, multiple 
copies, or even documents too large to fit in 
memory, Word Juggler He can easily accom- 
modate you. 

A clever way to foil Mr. Murphy. 

Even the best of us occasionally forgets 
when "i" does not come before "e" — and 
even the most agile fingers can press the wrong 
key. So you should also give serious consider- 
ation to Quark's new Lexicheck® lie — a spell- 
ing checker with a highly compressed, 50,000 
word dictionary. 

Accessed from within the word processor, 
this program lets you virtually eliminate typo- 
graphical errors and common misspellings. 
Lexicheck lie will scan your document at up to 
8,000 wpm — then highlight, in context, the 
first occurrence of any word it does not 
recognize. 

If the word is correct, as in the case of in- 
dustry jargon or abbreviations, you can simply 
add it to your personal dictionary. If the word is 
actually misspelled, you can swiftly correct it. 



A lot more. 

These are only some of the ways Word 
Juggler lie and Lexicheck He can help solve 
your word processing dilemma. Your Quark 
dealer has even more details, as well as com- 
plete information on our line of office automa- 
tion tools for the Apple III. 

Ask for a demonstration today. 




Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 
Quark, Word Juggler and Lexicheck are trademarks of Quark, Incorporated, Denver, Colorado. 



Quark 

MMMHBMI INCORPORATED 

Office Automation Toots 

2525 West Evans Avenue 
Suite 220 
Denver, CO 8021 9 

Word Juggler He $239. sug. U.S. retail price 
Lexicheck lie $129. sug. U.S. retail price 

Circle 323 on Inquiry card. 



Product Description 




The 

Gavilan 
Mobile 
Computer 



Phil Lemmons 

West Coast Editor 

BYTE/McGraw-Hill, 4th floor 

425 Battery St. 

San Francisco, CA 94111 



The Gavilan portable computer is a traveling profes- 
sional's dream come true. Lightweight and powerful, this 
new 16-bit computer promises to redefine industry stan- 
dards for truly portable micros. 

Weighing only 9 pounds and measuring 11.4 by 11.4 
by 2.7 inches, the Gavilan, along with its optional 
4-pound printer, fits comfortably in a standard-size at- 
tache case. Yet this battery-powered machine has up to 
208K bytes of RAM, a built-in 320K-byte 3-inch disk 
drive, an 8-line by 66-character bit-mapped liquid-crystal 
display that flips up from its resting place on the key- 
board, a full-size keyboard with numeric pad, and a 
touch panel that's used as a pointing device. 



The Gavilan is expected to sell for $3995 when volume 
deliveries begin late in the third quarter of this year. For 
an additional $1000 you can get the 50-character-per- 
second dot-matrix printer that clips onto the back of the 
computer. 

The touch panel, a potential rival to the mouse for 
nonkeyboard input, lets you manipulate integrated appli- 
cations programs by pointing at objects on the screen, 
selecting objects to act on, and choosing an action from 
menus that appear on demand. Much like Lisa's operat- 
ing system, the Gavilan's uses a desktop manager with 
pictorial symbols for applications, file "drawers," file 
"folders" in the drawers, and "documents" in the folders. 
Symbols indicate which files are open and which pro- 
grams are available and running at any time. The 
Gavilan saves the "state of the desktop" in battery- 
backed RAM when the system is turned off, then restores 
the desktop when the machine is turned back on. 

A New Standard for Portables 

Until now, portable computer users have had to choose 
between battery-powered machines that are easy to carry 
but much less useful than desktop computers, and larger 
machines that are useful but heavy and dependent on 



74 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Performance Breakthrough 




• . . the CYBERDRIVE for the IBM Personal Computer 

13.5 or 27 million bytes of disk capacity in a single cabinet with 
an integrated mini-cartridge tape for secure data backup. 






Prl 



Setting an exciting new microcomputer standard, the 
CYBERDRIVE 1 combines a full package of features. 

It offers new, higher performance levels, with an inte- 
grated business-oriented backup device. 

As the CYBERDRIVE is made available for other systems, 
media transfer is assured regardless of the host hardware or 
Operating System. 

The CYBERDRIVE slashes the seek time dramatic- 
ally— e.g. the usual 5 Megabyte stepper-motor Winchester 
disk offers average seek time typically in the range of 100 to 
200 millisecondsTincl. head settling). 

With the CYBERDRIVE, the average seek time across 
more than five times as much data is only 33 milliseconds 
(incl. head settling). 

This basic speed, coupled with disk cache buffering and 
a peak transfer rate of 1 million bytes per second, make the 
CYBERDRIVE a performance champ! 

The integrated mini-cartridge tapes used for backup of 
data allow dumping of (for example) 10 million bytes of data 
in about 10 minutes . . . much faster than other tape or floppy 
disk backup techniques. Hardware read-after-write error 
checking is incorporated in the tape device. 



© Copyright 1982 by Cybernetics Inc. All rights reserved. 
Prices and specifications subject to change without notice. 



M iSLXlg^ 



...And don't fail to ask about our superb lineup of serious 
business software (also offered in CYBERDRIVE format) 
including: 

RM/COBOL 2 compiler-the micro industry standard. 
MBSI 3 RM/COBOL general business applications (derived 

from MCBA 4 minicomputer packages) ... thousands 

in use . . . money back guarantee . . . source program 

license. 
CRT! 1 from Cybernetics (COBOL Reprogramming Tool!)- 

Program generator for RM/COBOL to ease pro- 
gram development and maintenance ... an 

alternative to a Data Base System. 
CBASIC2 5 & CBASIC86 5 compilers ... for aficionados of a 

useful BASIC. 

The software is available on a variety of industry-standard 
Operating Systems including CP/M 5 -MP/M 5 (both -80 & -86), 
OASIS 8 , PCDOS, and UNIX 7 . Inquire for specific details and 
prices. 

Trademarks of: 



1 Cybernetics. Inc 
Mini-Computer Business Applications. Inc 5 Digital 



RyarvMcFartanc* Corp 3 Micro Business Software inc 

6 Phase One Systems. Inc f Bell Latxxatof n*» 



IS 



8041 NEWMAN AVE., SUITE 208 

HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647 

714/848-1922 



At a Glance 



Name 

Gavilan 

Manufacturer 

Gavilan Computer Corporation 
240 East Hacienda 
Campbell, CA 95008 
(408) 379-8005 

Price 

$3995 for main unit, including one disk drive, liquid-crystal display, 
modem, serial port, recharging external power supply, printer port, 
communications port, disk controller, 48K of ROM, 64K of RAM, 
connector for second disk drive and additional memory, Gavilan 
Office Pack (4 applications), MB ASIC and MS-DOS 2.0, carrying 
case. Optional printer approximately $ 1 000; optional second disk 
drive, $695; with additional 64K RAM, $975; with 128K of RAM, 
$1245. 



Components 

Size; 

Weight- 
Processor: 
Memory: 



width 1 1 .4 inches; depth 1 1 .4 inches; 
height 2.7 inches 
9 pounds 

Intel 8088 1 6-bit microprocessor 
80K bytes of RAM, including 48K bytes for 
operating system and 32K bytes for user 
data. Up to four 32K-byte plug-in capsules 
with applications software in battery-backed 
CMOS RAM. Optional external I28K bytes 
of RAM. Total maximum memory of 336K 
bytes 

8-line by 66-character LCD; optional 24 by 
80 video monitor 

integral full typewriter keyboard with 
numeric pad 

touch panel that allows fingertip to serve as 
a pointer device and to select various 
commands built into the panel, such as 
Help, View, and Select 
integral 3-inch, 320K-byte floppy disk; a 
second drive (same size as printer) that 
connects by cable to the main unit is 
optional 

up to four 32K-byte RAM capsules 
300-bps built-in direct-connect modern- 
telephone jack for modem; interface for 
optional printer, disk drive, and expansion 
memory; RS-232C port for transmission up 
to 9600 bps; jack for video output; jack for 
external power supply 
integral rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery 
pack containing 10 half-D cell batteries; AC 
adapter that plugs into standard AC outlet 
and recharges batteries in approximately 
one hour if system is not in use 



Software 

MS-DOS and MBASfC are standard. Supercalc, Superwriter, PFS File 
and PFS Report are available for a total price of $425. The Gavilan 
Office Pack (4 applications) and operating system will be available 
by September. 

Optional Printer 

4-pound thermal-transfer printer that clips onto back of main 
computer unit; I 1.4 by 4.9 by 3.0 inches. Prints at 50 characters 
per second and will print up to 6000 characters per charge of 
battery unit. Other options: 32K-byte RAM capsules; second 
320K-byte, 3-inch floppy disk with J28K bytes of RAM in same 
housing; acoustic modem; 24-line by 80-character video montior; 
adapter for power from vehicle cigarette lighter. 



Display: 
Keyboard: 
Nonkeyboard input: 

Storage: 



Expansion: 
Input/output: 



Power supply: 



plug-in power. Both users and designers of portables 
have faced trade-offs— to get true portability they've had 
to sacrifice usefulness. Intended for the traveling profes- 
sional, the Gavilan combines the best of both worlds. 

John Banning, chief of Gavilan's software development 
team, explains the company's design approach: "The per- 
son who is moving around in the field is often a profes- 
sional but not a computer professional. He or she needs a 
computer that is easy to learn and easy to use. The travel- 
ing professional is likely to be in an environment where 
there's no support for a computer." Gavilan designers 
thus concluded that a portable computer must offer 
more, not less, than a stationary desktop system. "From 
that point of view," Banning says, "the software really 
drives what's going on." 

Demands on Hardware 

Friendly software requires a lot of memory and a 16-bit 
microprocessor to manage it. Gavilan chose Intel's 8088, 
running at 5 MHz, as the central processing unit, for 
several reasons. First, its 8-bit data bus would save 
precious board space. According to John Zepecki, 
Gavilan's director of hardware engineering, fitting 
everything onto the board was the hardest part of the 
project. "Also, the second generation of industry- 
standard software for personal computers of this size is 
really growing up around the 8086/8088 architecture," 
explains Banning. MS-DOS software will be available for 
the Gavilan. 

Minimizing the use of power was another challenge. 
Apart from the central processor and the Western Digital 
disk-drive controller chip, the Gavilan uses CMOS (com- 
plementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technology. 
Power is turned off frequently to limit the power con- 
sumption of the disk controller and the central processor. 
Whenever the 3-inch Hitachi disk drive is not in use, both 
the drive and its electronics are turned off. The 8088 shuts 
down the Western Digital WD 1797 disk controller and 
saves information about its state. Whenever the operat- 
ing system has no task scheduled for the central pro- 
cessor, the 8088 is turned off. In that case, the 8088 first 
saves its own state in battery-backed RAM, then disables 
the memory-write lines, and finally turns itself off. When 
power is restored to the 8088, it resets in one of several 
ways depending on what information was previously 
saved. 

The rest of the machine uses high-speed CMOS logic, 
has 32K bytes of 8-bit wide CMOS static RAM (random- 
access read/write memory) and 48K bytes of 8-bit wide 
CMOS ROM (read-only memory). A single gate array 
controls either the liquid-crystal display (LCD) or a 24 by 
80 video monitor. An 80C51 CMOS UART (universal 
asynchronous receiver/transmitter) manages the key- 
board, the touch pad, and the asynchronous communica- 
tions port. 

Of the 80K bytes of memory contained in the Gavilan 
main unit, the 32K bytes of RAM are used for data 
storage and the 48K bytes of ROM for the operating-sys- 
tem and user-interface firmware. Up to four additional 



76 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



If you stick with timesharing after 
reading this ad,you haven't 
readthisad 



Typically, financial planning 
on a timesharing service runs $2,000 
a month and more. Month after 
month after month. 

And it doesn't take a spread- 
sheet to figure that as a $24,000- 
a-year-after-year expense. 

The incredibly cheap alternative. 

The Financial Planner™ from Ashton-Tate 
can stop this cash drain once and for all. 

You pay $700 — one time — for the Planner. 
And handle your financial planning quickly, easily 
and completely on your microcomputer. 

Without having to share your time or your 
money with anyone. 

A forecaster's dream come true. 

The Financial Planner has enough depth to 
solve the most complex business problems you can 
foresee, yet can be used almost intuitively. 

The Planner automatically performs calcula- 
tions on individual items, rows, columns and entire 
models. Understands conditional logic. Solves 
simultaneous equations. Computes Present Value 
and Internal Rate of Return. Reads and writes 
dBASE II™ files. And much, much more. 

But you use abbreviated names, not mysteri- 
ous formulas. And you communicate with the 
computer in the English-like vocabulary of FPL™ 
(Financial Planning Language), so you can easily 
set up your budgeting and evaluation models. 

Editing and report-writing are an integral part 
of the package, and you can preview results on 
the screen, then produce presentation-quality 
financial reports directly. 

And when you have your models and reports 
just right, you can automate them so even your 
President can run them. 

With the Planner, you produce P & L forecasts 
and financial consolidations in minutes. Explore 

Circle 30 on inquiry card. 




"what if alternatives. Analyze new business 
ventures and mergers. Plan real estate acquisition 
and development. And fine tune operations until 
you reach the financial objectives you've set. 

It's one of the most comprehensive business 
tools available on any computer. All for a frac- 
tion of what you've been spending on timesharing 
services to do the same things. 

For the ardent skeptics. 

It may sound too good to be true, but you 
can check out the Financial Planner with no 
financial risk. 

Run through a hands-on demo at your nearest 
computer or software store. Then take a package 
home and use it for 30 days on your IBM PC or 
CP/M microcomputer. If it's not everything we 
said it was, just return it and you'll get your 
money back. 

For the name of your nearest dealer, contact 
Ashton-Tate at 10150 West Jefferson _* 
Boulevard, Culver City, CA 1 he 

^™ **? er yet ' cal1 (213) Financial 

204-5570 today. «| 

Time's a-wasting. K ISLTXTYQT 



ASHTON-TOE 



CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 



©Ashton-Tate 1983 
BYTE June 1983 



77 



Gavilan's History 

Gavilan Computer Corporation of Campbell California, 
was founded in February 1982 under the name Cosmos Com- 
puter Corporation. The company chose that name because it 
believed it suggested "OS" for operating system and 
"CMOS" for the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor 
technology around which the company wished to build a 
portable computer with an advanced operating system. But 
to assure better trademark protection in world markets the 
company changed its name to Gavilan Computer Corpora- 
tion in March 1983, 

Manny Fernandez, Gavilan s president and chief executive 
officer, is a former president ofZiloglnc. Gavilan is a private 
corporation and has obtained substantial capital from a 
group of venture-capital investors that includes New Enter- 
prise Associates, San Francisco; Smith Barney Venture Cor- 
poration, New York; Abingworth Ltd., London, England; 
Associated Venture Investors, Menlo Park, California; 
Genesis, Los Gaios, California; and Robertson, Colman, 
Stephens & Woodman, San Francisco. 



Gavilan recently moved into a 30,000-square-foot building 
in Campbell and has arranged to move later into a 
250 ,000-square- foot building to be built in an industrial park 
in San Jose, adjacent id CdtnpbeiL 

The software staff has grown from an original 12 to 18 by 
March 1983. John Banning, chief of Gavilan s software 
development team, is a former director of software and ar- 
chitecture at Zilog. Working under him are two former Ap- 
ple programmers, three alumni of the Xerox Palo Alto 
Research Center, and others from Hewlett-Packard, 
Tandem, and Tektronix, The hardware staff includes four 
electrical engineers and three mechanical engineers. John 
Zepecki, the hardware director, is a former vice-president of 
systems engineering for Magnuson Computer Systems. 

Gavilan announced in April that 1MCOSS, a major Ger- 
man company in the computer industry, has sighed a con- 
tract as an OEM of the Gavilan. As well, Gavilan has signed 
other major OEM and end-user agreements. 



RAM or EPROM (erasable programmable read-only 
memory) capsules can be plugged into the top rear left of 
the main unit. The capsules can contain either applica- 
tions programs or user workspace. If the capsules contain 
RAM, lithium batteries in the capsule are used to save the 
contents of memory for as long as a year. Another 128K 
bytes of RAM can be supplied in a small module along 
with an optional second microfloppy disk drive. The in- 
terface connections for managing both the drive and the 
memory are standard equipment and are located on the 
back of the main unit. 

The liquid-crystal display was chosen for considera- 
tions of space and power. A full-size 24 by 80 video dis- 
play is optional and plugs into a standard equipment jack 
on the right side of the machine. The telephone jack for 
the modem and the jack for the external power supply are 
in the same area. 

The internal power supply consists of 10 half-D cell 
nickel-cadmium DC batteries. Seven are arranged paral- 
lel to the long dimension of the display and three are 
perpendicular to that dimension. The Gavilan will run off 
the batteries for eight hours. An AC adapter is standard 
equipment and provides power for either operating the 
machine or recharging the batteries. The adapter can 
restore the batteries to 80 percent of capacity in one hour. 

Other standard hardware includes an RS-232C serial 
interface for communications at up to 9600 bits per sec- 
ond (bps) and a built-in 300-bps direct-connect modem, 
for which the telephone jack is provided as noted earlier. 

The 4-pound optional printer contains its own batteries 
and can print up to 60,000 characters per charge. The 
printer operates by thermal transfer of ink from a ribbon 
and can print on regular letterhead or thermal paper, A 
platen feeds sheets to the printing mechanism. The 
printer plugs directly into the system input /output bus 



through a connector on the back of the main unit. Some 
of the lines on that connector can be cabled to the op- 
tional second disk drive to manage expansion RAM of up 
to 128K bytes housed in the drive. The optional outboard 
RAM and four capsules that plug into the main unit can 
increase system RAM to a maximum of 336K bytes. 

Other options are an acoustic modem and an adapter 
for using a car cigarette lighter as a power source. 

Gavilan Software 

Gavilan will supply its own built-in operating system, 
capsules containing Gavilan's own generic applications 
programs, development software to enable OEMs to 
write programs for specific applications, and MS-DOS 
for running software developed for the broader personal 
computer market. The Gavilan's multitasking operating 
system supports print spooling and background commu- 
nications. 

The software is novel in several ways. For one, the user 
interface actually controls the software. Another major 
innovation is the degree of integration of the applica- 
tions, supported by underlying data structures. The 
Create command, available to the user in all applications, 
can create elements in one application that we think of as 
belonging exclusively in another application. In the mid- 
dle of text, for example, Create can embed a spreadsheet 
cell. A formula determines the value in the cell. The cell 
can have a name, such as "annual revenues," and when 
there is a change in the values from which the annual 
revenues are calculated, a corresponding change is 
automatically made in the text. 

The Built-in Software 

The built-in software corresponds in some respects to a 
conventional operating system and occupies the first 48K 



78 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Hitachi takes 

a big stride toward 

the smaller footprint. 




Over 22 leading American and 
Japanese makers have agreed on 
a unified 3" compact floppy disk 
format for powerful reasons. 
These 3" floppies have 5 1/4" 
floppy capacity — 500 kilobytes 
— but are far more compact. A 
3" floppy fits in the shirt pocket. 
Or standard mailing envelope. 

Equally important, the drive 
now has a smaller footprint than 
ever before. It's quite light. 
And portable. 

And new 3" compact 
floppy disks surpass any 
other format when it comes 
to protecting valuable 
data The case is hard. You 
cannot bend the 3" floppy so data 
isn't destroyed. The dust-sealing and 
fingerprint-proof shutter opens automa- 
tically after insertion in the drive. 

Hitachi is the first manufacturer to offer 
you quality drives for the 3" revolution. Hitachi has 
resources, experience and technological expertise second 
to none. Over one-quarter million Hitachi drives will be rolling 
off our quality-controlled lines this year. Wouldn't it be wise to 
have Hitachi dependability behind your products? 

Specifications: Storage capacity unformatted: 500 K bytes. Total no. of tracks: 80. 
Recording density: 8,946 bpi. Track density: 100 tpi. Transfer rate: 250 K bits/sec. Track- 
to-track positioning time: 3 ms/track. Dimensions (W x D x H) mm: 90 x 40 x 150. 
Wt.: 0.68kg. 

HFD305D:double sided drive. HFD305S: single side drive with same specs if a double 
sided floppy is inserted again for the second side. 

Floppy disk marked jgjj can be used with this floppy disk drive. 



3" Compact Floppy Disk Drive hfdsos 



(O) 



HITACHI 



For further information: 



Mr. Takao Ichiki, Mid-Western Regional Office, Hitachi Sales Corporation of America, 1400 Morse Ave., Elk Grove Village, ILL 60007 Phone: (312) 593-1550 Fax: (312) 593-2436 
Mr. T. Kodera, New Jersey Office, Hitachi America, Ltd. 59 Route 17, Allendale, N.J. 07401 Phone: (201) 825-8000 Fax: (201) 825-4781 



Circle 174 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 79 




Photo 1: Pressing Gavilan's touch panel activates a wide array 
of functions. Moving your fingertip across the unlabeled central 
area gives you control of the pointer. Pressing any of the other 
areas will perform the function indicated. 



bytes of the 80K bytes of RAM built into the Gavilan's 
main unit. Into those 48K bytes are packed the operating 
system kernel, the FORTH-like interpreter, the human- 
interface software, and the data-structuring software. 

Gavilan chose to use an interpreted operating system 
to minimize use of memory and developed its own ex- 
tended dialect of FORTH for use as the interpreter. John 
Banning says that use of sophisticated compiler technol- 
ogy enables the Gavilan interpreter to generate very com- 
pact code. The extensions of FORTH make programs in 
the language easier to document and maintain. Banning 
describes FORTH as "a language that can be efficiently 
interpreted and in which programs can be performance- 
tuned by taking little pieces of a program and recoding 
them in assembly language." Gavilan started tests in 
March to determine which parts of the software to recode 
for faster operation. 

The Gavilan file system stores "documents" and in- 
dexed data structures. "Documents" are files that the 
human-interface software can display and manipulate us- 
ing the various human-interface commands. The indexed 
data structures form the basis of operations such as the 
personal filing system and record processing systems. 



The human-interface software controls all interaction 
with the user. Applications software communicates with 
the human interface through the data-structuring soft- 
ware. 

The data-structuring software holds documents, which 
are sequences of elements where an element is any of the 
things that can be shown on the display and manipulated 
by the human interface. This underlying data structure 
permits mixing many different kinds of elements in one 
document and is responsible for the remarkable degree of 
integration in the Gavilan applications software. Accord- 
ing to Banning, the data structures were the hardest part 
of the software development. "The worst thing was figur- 
ing out not only what these data structures would be, but 
what was the interface between these structures and the 
human interface. In other words, what was the interface 
between the data structures and an application 
program?" 

Gavilan's main approach to application programming 
is one in which each element in a document has associ- 
ated with it an "element manager." The element manager 
is a piece of software that implements a number of stan- 
dard actions that the human interface knows about, such 
as "display yourself, a selection has been made." This is 
reminiscent of Smalltalk and other object-oriented lan- 
guages in which data objects include both data and infor- 
mation about how the data can be manipulated. 

"Every element that's held in the data structuring soft- 
ware has a tag on it, and there's a translation mechanism 
of what you get from that tag to a particular element 
manager," Banning explains. "When the human interface 
decides what part of the document to display, depending 
on what the user has been doing, the interface calls down 
to the data-structuring software and says, 'display this 
particular element.' The structuring software decides 
which application, which element manager, is associated 
with that element, and invokes that element manager to 
do that particular operation — moving data, changing 
properties, displaying yourself, setting up a selection, 
things like that. There is a standard list of operations that 
each element manager has to define. The element 
managers are inside the plug-in RAM capsules; all the ele- 
ment managers that go with one application are in a 
single capsule. Once you have the word-processing cap- 
sule, for example, your Gavilan can read documents that 
contain textual elements." 

Banning stresses that the operating system "puts the 
user in charge of what's going on. The human interface is 
the user's representative in the software world." 

The User Interface 

When you open the Gavilan by flipping up the display, 
it shows a view of a desktop. The desktop shows file 
drawers, file folders, or whatever documents you have 
open on your desk. Drawers contain folders and folders 
contain documents. The degree of indentation on the dis- 
play indicates what contains what. 

The desktop also shows symbols for various 
capabilities that you can invoke, such as an appointment 



80 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



lie UCSD p-System. With Speed 







The new NCI implementation of the 
p-System. For IBM personal computers 
and compatibles. 

NCI now makes the UCSD p-System run 1% 
to 5 times faster on the IBM Personal Computer, 
including the new XT and RX models and 
compatibles like Columbia, Compaq, Corona, 
Colby, Dot, Hyperion and Victor 9000.This 
speed is possible only with our new interpreter. 
NCI includes more features for your PC, 

NCI offers a wide range of software and 
hardware support that lets you tailor the 
p-System to your needs, including; 
D HARD DISK SUPPORT compatible with most 
hard disk suppliers, including IBM Personal 
Computer XT, Davong, Corvus^Systems and 



TaUgrass Technologies. 

D AUTOMATIC RAMdisk SUPPORT (up to 

512 K) stores files for much faster access; 

D PRINT BUFFER (up to 64K) eliminates 
printing bottlenecks, 

D §087 SUPPORT speeds numeric and graphics 
applications. 

□ GRAPHICS SUPPORT with much faster 
Turtlegraphics software or Tektronix emulation 
for business and scientific applications, 

□ COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT LIBRARY 
links computers across continents. 

□ NCI CUSTOMER SERVICE- we're mere 
when you need us to support the most reliable 
p-System ever developed for the IBM PC 



Circle 278 on inquiry card. 

IBM, IBM XT and IBM RXare trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, 



For all the advantages of the NCI version 
of the UCSD p-System call or write: 

Network Consulting Inc. 

Discovery Park; Suite 110 - 3700 Gilmore Way 
Burnaby, B.C, Canada V5G 4ML (604) 430-3466 



NAME. 



COMPANY- 
ADDRESS- 

city 



. Ifc§|r% ' M0 ■ NMMH Mi« 



Portability. Reliability. Speed- «■ « -^H^ MMi 
UCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California. 




Photo 2: The Gavilan desktop view summarizes the state of the system. Here the arrow is pointing to floppy-disk drive 1, and the 
command "Open file drawer on floppy 1" is highlighted. When you tap the touch pad (not shown), the operating system opens the 
file drawer (a metaphor for the floppy disk) on the disk. 




Photo 3: After the file drawer is opened, the screen displays the three file folders in the drawer. Each folder's name is preceded by a 
bar that indicates one level of nesting within the drawer, by a + sign that indicates the folder is closed, and by the symbol for a file 
folder. The + sign preceding the folder "A-L Client File" is highlighted because the pointer is on it. If you touch the pad now, the 
operating system will open the file folder and change the + sign to the open box that symbolizes an open folder. 




Photo 4: The A~L Client File is now open, and three files are shown inside it. Each of these three files is preceded by two bars, which 
indicate the level of nesting with the file drawer, and by the + sign that indicates a closed file. The operating system will open the Al 
Jones file, now highlighted, if you tap the touch pad. 




Photo 5: The Al Jones file is now open and the display shows its contents: an insurance folder and a folder of letters. The pointer is 
on the "Letter of 3 Aug. '82, " which you can open by tapping the touch pad. 



82 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



IS THIS LEVEL OF RELIABILITY 
REALLY NECESSARY? 

ACCUTRACK 



!•*' 



# 



tJiA* 



*& 



d** 



S>HfXlBl£L 










If you've ever lost data due to a 
faulty disk, you know how impor- 
tant reliability can be. 

That's why Accutrack disks are 
critically certified at 2-3 times the 
error threshold of your system. 
Why they're precision fabricated for 
higher signal quality longer life and 
less head wear. And why we take 
such extra steps as testing single- 
density mini disks at double-density 
levels. So you don't have to worry 
about the reliability of your media. 



Accutrack disks. OEMs have 
specified them for years. You can 
trust them for your data. Call toll- 
free (800 225-8715) for your nearest 
dealer. 



ACCUTRACK 

Dennison KYBE Corporation 

82 Calvary Street, Waltham, Mass. 02254 
Tel. (617)899-0012; Telex 94-0179 
Outside Mass. call toll free (800) 225-8715 
Offices & representatives worldwide 

Circle 118 on inquiry card. 



K 

/8 





Dealers: Give your customers a 
choice— Accutrack' s OEM perform- 
ance as well as your heavily adver- 
tised brand. We have the industry's 
only complete line of disks, cas- 
settes and mag cards, including 
virtually all special formats. 
If you want a quality line, small 
min imums, the ability to mix 
and match, private labeling, 
fast delivery and great price, call 
today. Find out how responsive a 
media supplier can be. 



Photo 6: Now the letter is open and its beginning is displayed. The pointer can be maneuvered for editing. You can get a list of 
editing commands by pressing the Menu area of the touch pad. 




Photo 7: A menu of commands has popped up over the letter, and the Zoom command is highlighted. The line above the menu 

always displays a brief description of the highlighted command. The Zoom command gives you a distant view of the document, 
which will be shown condensed. 




Photo 8: When the Zoom command is in effect, the pointer is replaced by a frame that encloses the part of the document that is 
displayed full-sized on the screen. This helps orient the user and gives a preview of the appearance of the entire letter. 




Photo 9: The user has moved the frame to another section of the letter. When you tap the touch pad, the selected paragraphs will be 
displayed. 



84 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




The QX-10. 
No ad can do it justice. 

Epson. 



There's an awful lot of computer hype these days. And we 
think it's time for a little old-fashioned honesty. 

So we're going to give you a few solid reasons why — even if 
you look at nothing else — you should go to your dealer and 
take a close look at the new Epson QX-10. 
Anybody can use it. 

What makes the QX-10 the most remarkably usable computer 
to date is a unique software system called VALDOCS, cou- 
pled with a new keyboard design called HASCI. VALDOCS 
reduces the time it takes to master the QX-10 from hours to 
minutes by displaying exactly what your options are, while 
the straightforward, detachable HASCI keyboard places all 
the most -used functions right in front of you, grouped logic- 
ally and labeled in plain English. 
You may never buy software again. 

VALDOCS may be all the software you'll ever need. Right out 
of the box it's a sophisticated word processor; an information 
indexer for easy access to files; an electronic mail system; a calcula- 



tor; an appointment book and notepad; and a high resolution busi- 
ness graph drawing system. 
A little price tag. 

Mere words are not enough. To fully appreciate the powers of 
this machine, you must experience it for yourself. So visit 
your dealer and see what it can do. And if that doesn't sell 

you, the comfortable price 
tag will. It sells for under 
$3000. And that's no hype. 




EPSON 

EPSON AMERICA, INC. 

COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION 



Call (800) 421-5426 for the Epson dealer in your area. 



Circle 146 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 85 



Photo 10: Here are the new paragraphs. Note the use of bold and italic characters. (The camera angle obscures the last line of the 
eight-line display.) 




Photo 11: By pressing the View area of the touch pad, you can return to the desktop. The desktop now shows that the file drawer 
and the letter of August 3 are open. When you return to the letter, you'll return to where you were when you pressed the View area of 
the touch pad. 




Photo 12: You're ready to create a new file folder. The vertical bar after "Joe Baker" indicates an insertion point. If you create a file 
folder now, it'll be inserted between "Joe Baker" and "Reggie Davis. " 




Photo 13: // you're unsure about how to use a command you can always press Help. The Flip command at the lower left of the Help 
area can be selected to toggle the display between the help menu and the work area about which help is sought. 



86 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



" What if... 



!• 



/ v " v* \ ^4 



I want it faster?" 



Now you can speed up your 
VisiCalc® (and almost everything 
else your Apple® II does) with the 
Accelerator II. Just plug in one 
board, and watch your models re- 
calculate in less than a third of the 
usual time! Data bases, Applesoft, 
Pascal, etc. (even Apple Invaders) 
run about 3.6 times faster with the 
Accelerator II. 




The Accelerator II is designed for 
the Apple II and II Plus. The Accler- 
ator HE will be available soon for the 
Apple HE. The Accelerator boards 
are based on a fast 6502 processor 
with its own memory and built-in, 
high speed Language Card. The 
fast 6502 runs in parallel with the 
Apple's standard 6502. It's like put- 
ting an extra, faster Apple inside 
your original Apple. 

For even more VisiCalc power, 
add a Saturn RAM Board and the 
VC-Expand software to get more 
memory, FAST SAVE/FAST LOAD, 
and VARIABLE COLUMN WIDTH. 

See your local computer dealer or 
contact Saturn Systems for more 



details. In Europe, contact Pete and 
Pam Computers, New Hall Hey 
Road, Lancashire, UK; Telephone 
706-227-011, Telex 635740 PET 
PAMG 

VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp. Apple is a 
registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 
The VisiCalc expansion software (VC-Expand, etc.) is writ- 
ten for Saturn by Micro Solutions, Inc. 



SlfSlZTKS 

P.O. Box 8050 
3990 Varsity Drive 
Ann Arbor, Ml 48107 
1 (313) 973-8422 



INC 



Circle 341 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 87 




Photo 14: The Gavilan's help text for the Create command. 




Photo 15: By pressing the Cancel area on the touch pad, you can return from the Help display to the desktop. The Create command 
is still active and you have a choice of creating a new file folder or document. The pointer is on file folder, and by tapping the touch 
pad, you can create a new folder. 



calendar, different kinds of communication methods, the 
ability to switch over to video display from the LCD 
display, and so on. From anywhere in the system, you 
can always get back to the desktop by pressing the View 
button on the touch panel (see photo 1 on page 80). 

The touch panel has nine labeled areas. In addition to 
the View area, there are Help, Select, Extend, Menu, 
Scroll, Scroll Again, Scroll Back, and Cancel. 

The tenth and central area of the touch panel lets you 
control the pointer, or cursor, by moving your fingertip 
across the touch panel in the desired direction. The move- 
ment of the pointer is independent of where you put your 
finger down in this central area of the touch panel; the 
pointer follows the direction of your finger's motion. As 
you move the pointer over the symbol for an action, that 
symbol is highlighted. Then you invoke the action by 
tapping the touch pad. 

You select an object for the action by moving the 
pointer over a character and then tapping the Select area 
with your fingertip. The character is highlighted to show 
that you can now work on it. To select a whole word, tap 
twice. Three taps select a sentence, four a paragraph. 
Another way to select larger units of data is to tap once to 
highlight the first character, then tap the Extend area of 
the touch panel, then move the pointer to the other end of 
the desired data and tap the Select area again. To insert 
something new, you move the cursor between two char- 
acters, and a vertical insertion bar appears. Then you 
type in the new information. 

To get a list of your choices, you tap Menu. If you need 



assistance, you tap the Help area; the feedback depends 
on the context. The help information tries to answer the 
four most likely questions: What just happened? Where 
am I? What am I looking at? What can I do next? 

While the Help command is in effect, an area at the 
lower left of the LCD shows the word "Flip." If you move 
the pointer onto that word and tap the touch panel, you 
can flip back and forth from help text to the data that you 
were trying to work on. Because Flip remains high- 
lighted, you have to tap only once to toggle from help 
text to data. 

The Scroll, Scroll Back, and Scroll Again areas of the 
touch panel move your view to different areas of the 
data. The Cancel command terminates Help, Select, 
Menu, and so on. 

Touching the Menu area of the panel always brings the 
standard menu. This contains 10 fundamental commands 
arranged on the display in 2 columns: 



Delete 


Find 


Props 


Move 


Open 


Create 


Copy 


Zoom 


Undo 


Print 



Props, or "properties," lets you change the display output 
from LCD to video, or, in word processing, the para- 
graph formatting, or, in the spreadsheet, the column 
widths. Delete, as its name implies, deletes what has been 
selected. Similarly, Undo nullifies your last action and is 



88 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



More documentation? 
Go to a book store." 




"Training? Call a 
computer school." 



Technical support? 
Call the publisher." 



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BYTE June 1983 89 



actually implemented in the file system, which is returned 
to a previous state. 

Zoom makes the information on the display appear 
farther away. In combination with the Scroll command 
on the touch panel, Zoom lets you maneuver rapidly 
around a large document. 

Create lets you generate a paragraph, document, 
spreadsheet, section heading, chapter of a document, 
form for data entry, or cell in a spreadsheet. 

A sequence using Create might go like this. You select 
Create and are given the options— files, folders, spread- 
sheets, section headings, chapters, forms, or cells. If you 
select file folder, you are taken to the desktop, where you 
are asked to type in the name of the file alongside a newly 
displayed folder symbol. Then you go back to the Create 
menu, where you select document. That takes you back 
to the desktop, where you enter the name of the docu- 
ment. You open the document by selecting it and tapping 
the touch panel or by pressing the Menu area of the touch 
panel and using the Open command. You then produce 
the document, creating whatever kinds of elements you 
need. 

From the standard menu, you can go to another menu 
more specific to the context. What defines the context is 
not the application program you're using, but the kind of 
data you selected in the document. This interpretation 
occurs because each document can include spreadsheets 
and word processing and other kinds of elements. 

The menu's Move and Copy commands, as their names 



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suggest, move or copy information both within the same 
document and from one document to another. You first 
select the data to copy or move. If the desired destination 
is in a different document, you press the View area of the 
touch panel, which takes you to the desktop. There you 
can select any document or program and go look at a 
document, then get the standard menu and select Move 
or Copy to transfer the selected block of data. There is no 
formal procedure for moving data from one application 
to another because the documents consist of data 
elements. Thus, as long as your capsules contain the right 
element manager, you can use different types of elements 
in any application. 

The files on the desktop display are preceded by either 
a plus symbol, which indicates the file is closed, or an 
open box, which indicates the file is open. You change the 
files by moving the pointer over one of those two sym- 
bols and tapping the touch panel. Once you've opened 
the file, you can examine it. The Zoom command gives 
you a "map" of the whole document. 

Then the Scroll commands let you find a particular 
area of the document. Pressing the Scroll area of the 
touch panel causes a frame to appear on the screen, 
which represents a window. You can then move the 
frame over the part of the document that you want to see 
next by moving your finger on the touch pad. When the 
frame surrounds the data you want to see next, you tap 
the pad and that selected area displays at closer range. 

Once you've used a Scroll operation, you can repeat it 
or reverse it by pressing the Scroll Again and Scroll Back 
areas of the touch panel. Find lets you search for a string. 
Print is self-explanatory. 

Gavilan Applications Software 

Gavilan is developing its own word processor, spread- 
sheet, "portable secretary," communications and mail 
system, and forms control software. (As of March, the 
word processor was in an advanced stage of development 
and the other applications were in earlier stages.) 

The word processor includes global search and replace, 
the Move and Copy commands described earlier, and 
will support multiple fonts and page and paragraph for- 
matting. The spreadsheet will handle the usual financial 
calculations in the familiar format. The portable 
secretary will provide a "to do" list, appointment 
scheduling, a "tickler" reminder file, time recording, ex- 
pense reporting, travel routes and schedules as well as 
reports of calls and other activities. The communications 
software will provide access to databases, company com- 
puters, and electronic mail. The forms system will permit 
designing forms in which some fields are prompts, some 
are for data entry, and others result from calculations 
done on data-entry fields. 

Languages and Development System 

Gavilan plans to sell BASIC and Pascal to run under 
MS-DOS. The company will also sell a development sys- 
tem that permits outside programmers to develop appli- 
cations software in the UCSD Pascal p-System. The re- 



90 June 1983 © BYTE Publications bic 



Circle 314 on inquiry card. 



TIMEX MAKES THE 

COMPUTER, 

BUT WE MAKE IT TICK. 

If you own a TS-1000 or ZX-81 computer and want to bring out the power within it, you'll want Memotech. From easier input to high 
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to continue to add on and still keep an integrated system look. 




Printer Interface-""^ ^^S**^ 
High Resoluton Graph.es ^, e ^ pah Rm 




MEMOPAK RAM All Memopak RAMs are directly addressable, user transparent, are neither switched nor 
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suiting programs will be able to take advantage of the 
standard Gavilan user-interface software and interpreter. 
The development system will consist of the UCSD 
p-System, a "capsule builder," and a "message builder." 
The capsule builder takes Pascal code and organizes it in 
such a way that it can work with the Gavilan user-inter- 
face software and data-structuring software. The pro- 
gram can then be loaded into one of the RAM capsules 
that plug into the four slots at the left rear of the machine. 
Another development tool called the "message builder" 
receives all of the program-message text that will be used 
to interact with the user, from the level of individual 
words in menus up to paragraphs of help information. 
The message builder compacts the messages by compress- 
ing individual characters and by assigning unique codes 
to commonly occurring phrases. 

Market Impact 

Successful and timely completion of the Gavilan pro- 
ject may influence several important trends in microcom- 
puting. The use of the touch panel as a pointing device 
may challenge the popularity of the mouse as a nonkey- 
board input device. A successful touch panel requires 
sophisticated algorithms to interpret the movements of 
the user's fingertip across the panel. In March, Gavilan 
had two different algorithms working, the more recent 
one much more efficient than its predecessor. Once the 
algorithm is perfected to give the on-screen pointer in- 
stantaneous and extremely precise response, the touch 



panel would seem to be a more natural pointing device 
than the mouse. People are accustomed to pointing with 
the fingertip, not the palm. 

More important, the Gavilan mobile computer pro- 
mises to set new industry standards not only for truly 
portable computers, but also for integration of applica- 
tions software. The use of elements and element 
managers may achieve such a high degree of integration 
as to make the traditional concept of applications pro- 
grams obsolete. 

Beta-test deliveries of the MS-DOS version of the 
Gavilan start this month. The proprietary operating sys- 
tem and applications software begin alpha tests at 
Gavilan in August and beta tests by selected outside users 
in September. In early March, the Gavilan user interface 
appeared almost complete, the word processor included 
everything but printing and pagination, and the spread- 
sheet and other applications were in earlier stages of 
development. 

Portables as useful and light as the Gavilan will prob- 
ably lead even more people to use computers in their 
offices. One reason not to buy a desktop computer today 
is that you must work with paper while traveling; when 
you return to the office, you have to type your handwrit- 
ten notes into the computer. That is precisely the kind of 
duplication of effort that computers should eliminate, 
and the Gavilan portable computer is doing just that 
while simultaneously moving the whole industry for- 
ward.* 



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Circle 397 on inquiry card. 







Like the craftsman's seal on a fine 
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Our C and Pascal compilers 
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Software Craftsmen 



r^;*^":"^ 



BYTE June 1983 93 



Need important information from the 
^\fnain office... today? Get it quickly, 
efficiently accurately From their 
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'"" Your computer's telephone. 
iHiimmiM'UHIIIF *W4"\ m 




u.iiiiiniiiilllllllt .„„,„„„„ 

I 111 \ 

%////////// IlllliiJIll 



Hayes is still leading the way with 
new telecomputing products. And 
now combining every bit of sophisti- 
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cations package for your IBM* PC. 
Smart modem 1200B and Smartcom 
II™ software. Everything you need. 
And more. 

Whether you're receiving updates 
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suppliers a thousand miles away or 
taking advantage of the diverse re- 
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mation services. Let Hayes provide 
the communications link. With our 
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available as a convenient plug-in 
board for the IBM PC. And packaged 
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Smartmodem 1200B. Your com- 
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it is. A telephone that allows your 
computer to communicate over ordi- 
nary phone lines at up to 1200 bits per 



second. For speedy economical trans- 
mission of data to any Bell 212A or Bell 
103 type modem. And it's the one 
peripheral that vastly expands the use- 
fulness of your computer. 

Our single board Smartmodem 1200B 
can be installed by your computer 
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to your phone jack, operating with 
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systems. Smartmodem 1200B will dial, 
answer and disconnect all of your 
calls automatically. It will even redial 
your last number upon command 

Smartmodem 1200B 
also features an auto- 
matic speed selector, 
that detects incoming 
transmission speeds. Along with 
screen displays to show you its current 
operating status. And, unlike some 



i command. qisk. simuita 

mAnd when 
Hayes 



1200 baud modems, Smartmodem 
1200B operates at full or half duplex, 
for compatibility with most time- 
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For those who enjoy designing their 
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controllable using any programming 
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Thanks to Smartcom II. The commu- 
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specifically for Smartmodem! 

Smartcom II companion software. 
Maximizes Smartmodem's capabili- 
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time out, you'll be creating messages, 
sending, printing and storing them to 
disk. Simultaneously. 

And when you're on the receiving 
end, your IBM PC will 
do all the work, com- 
pletely unattended! 

But that's just part of Smartcom II's 
innovative story. For instance, before 
you communicate with another system, 



Imagine. Your computer can receive, 
print and store data, concurrently. 
Without your even 
being there! 




A complete plug-in communications 
package for the IBM PC. 



Smartmodem 1200B. (Includes 
telephone cable.) 



Smartcom II communications 
software. 



you need to "set up" your computer to 
match the way the remote system 
transmits data. With Smartcom II, you 
do this only once. After that, para- 
meters are stored in a directory on 
Smartcom II. Calling or answering a 
system listed in the directory requires 
just a few quick keystrokes. 

You can store lengthy log-on sequences 
the same way. Press one key, and 
Smartcom II automatically connects 
you to a utility or information service. 

And if you need it, there's always 
"help!' One of several special functions 
assigned to your IBM function keys, this 
feature explains prompts, messages, etc. 
to make communicating even easier. 

Smartcom II also provides a directory 
of the files stored on your disk. Letting 
you create, display, list, name, re-name 
or erase any file right from the screen. 

Like all our products, Smartcom II 
and Smartmodem 1200B are backed 
by excellent documentation, a limited 
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From us to your dealer to you. 

So, see your dealer today. Link up to 
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With Hayes complete plug-in commu- 
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Hayes Microcomputer Products, 
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Norcross, Georgia 30092. 404/449-8791. 



Smartcom II is a registered trademark of Hayes Microcomputer 

Products. Inc 

*IBM is a registered trademark of International Business 

Machines Corp, 

**TM of American Telephone and Telegraph. 

©1983 Hayes Micro computer Products. Inc. 

Sold only in the U.S.A. Circle 168 on inquiry card 




Requires an IBM PC with mini- 
mum 96K bytes of memory; 
IBM DOS 1.10 or 1.00; one disk 
drive; and 80-column display. No 
serial card or separate power 
source is needed. 



Digital's Professional 300 Series 

A Minicomputer Goes Micro 









Photo 1: The Professional 300 Series includes both the Model 325 and the Model 350, the only differences being the number of avail- 
able slots and the option of a Winchester hard disk. 



Microcomputer architecture must 
complement the work habits of the 
people who use computers as tools. 
Most managers and office workers 
perform various tasks in a given day 
and often switch quickly from one to 
another. People who work as part of 
a team spend a considerable amount 
of time communicating with one 
another. Digital Equipment Corpora- 
tion designers took these factors into 
account in creating the Professional 
300 Series. They decided that new 
machines must be able to perform 
several tasks at once, apply the same 
user interface to each task, com- 
municate efficiently, and, as an added 
bonus, use the same software as 
Digital's popular minicomputers. 

The Professional 300 Series consists 



Wesley Melling 
Professional Product Manager. 
Digital Equipment Corporation 

4 Mount Royal Ave. 

Marlboro, MA 01752 

of two models that differ only in 
storage capability and slot space. The 
325 has one dual floppy-disk drive 
and three option slots and can be 
upgraded to a 350 model, which has 
an optional Winchester hard disk and 
three additional slots. 

These personal computers are real- 
ly desktop-sized versions of the 
PDP-11, one of Digital's popular 
minicomputers. Both models share 
the PDP-11 instruction set and mem- 
ory management and provide the user 
with about 90 percent of the through- 



put of a PDP-11/24. Both have an 
operating system based on Digital's 
RSX-11M + . For the user, this means 
that software applications developed 
for more than 500,000 installed 
PDP-11 and VAX systems are candi- 
dates for easy migration to a desktop 
personal computer. 

Three major components — the sys- 
tem unit, the monitor, and the key- 
board — comprise the Professional 
300 system (see photo 1). The system 
unit contains the processor, memory 
options, power supply, and mass 
storage in a case that measures 23 §4 
by 14% by 6V2 inches. The main logic 
module contains the F-ll central pro- 
cessing unit, a chip set equivalent to a 
PDP-ll/23-Plus (see photo 2). Its in- 
struction set includes 87 instructions 



96 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



and eight addressing modes of either 
16-bit words or 8-bit bytes. Although 
the system works with 16-bit ad- 
dresses, providing for 64K bytes of 
logical address space, the Memory 
Management Unit (MMU) constructs 
22-bit addresses that allow up to 4 
megabytes of RAM (random-access 
read /write memory). 

Two memory modules totaling 
256K bytes of RAM connect to the 
main system logic module with 40-pin 
connectors without occupying an op- 
tion slot (see photo 3). The standard 
configuration also includes 16K bytes 
of ROM (read-only memory) and 
32K bytes of RAM for bit-map con- 
trol. Options requiring extra memory 
include the necessary additional 
RAM on the option module. A non- 
volatile clock and RAM use a 
rechargeable nickel cadmium battery 
to maintain the time and date even 
when the system power is turned off. 
Each Professional System also in- 
cludes a unique 47-bit identification 
ROM that is readable from software 
and can be used for either system 
verification or as part of a piracy- 
protection scheme. 

A 208-watt power supply that 
comes with an integral fan handles a 
Professional 350 equipped with all 
available options. The disk-drive 
units are easily accessible from the 
front of the chassis. Both Professional 
Series systems come with an RX50 
dual-disk subsystem that is capable of 
storing up to 800K bytes of formatted 
data in fixed-length blocks on two 
5V4-inch floppy disks. This sub- 
system includes a separate single- 
board controller module and exten- 
sive internal self-testing and 
diagnostic firmware. An optional 
5-megabyte Winchester disk is 
available for the 350 model. The 350's 
module cage contains six slots for the 
addition of peripherals. In the stan- 
dard configuration, one slot is oc- 
cupied by the floppy-disk controller 
and another is taken by the video 
controller. The back panel of the 
system unit enclosure has connectors 
for a serial printer port, the video 
monitor port, an RS-232C/423A 
serial-communications port, AC 
power, the telephone-management 
interface, and a 16-pin Ethernet plug. 




Photo 2: The F-ll chip set provides users with the power of a minicomputer in a 
microprocessor-based desktop computer. 




A 



Photo 3: By using daughter boards for additional memory, the designers were able to 
avoid occupying an expansion slot. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 97 



Circle 193 on inquiry card. 



Main/Frames 



30 Models of Enclosures 

Assembled and tested 

Quasi-Coax Motherboards 

Power Supply 

Card cage and guides 

Fan, line, cord, fuse, power 
& reset switches 




8" Floppy Main/Frame 

$482 



8" Disc Enclosure 



Phase/80 8" Floppy Mainframe 



Phase/ 80 Desk + Mainframe I 

Write or call for our 

brochure which includes our 

application note: 

"Building Computers — 

A Recipe" 

INrEGR4ND 

8620 Roosevelt Ave •Visaha.CA 93291 

209-651-1203 

We accept BankAmericard/Visa 

and MasterCharge 



TELEPHONE ' 
VOICE UNIT ■ 



1 2 TELEPHONE 

, J LINES 






















ii 11 




VIDEO 
DISPLAY 




WINCHESTER 
DRIVE 




DUAL 
DISK 

DRIVE 






TELEPHONE LINE 
INTERFACE 


























♦ 
















TELEPHONE 
MANAGEMENT 
CONTROLLER 




EXTENOED 
BIT-MAP 
OPTION 




BIT-MAP 
VIDEO 




WINCHESTER 
CONTROLLER 




DISK 

CONTROLLER 






































PRIVATE BUS 



7X 



xz 



BOOT 




NON 


1 


ROM 




VOLATILE 


tS" 


16KB 




RAM 


I 



DATE/TIME 
CLOCK 



INTERNAL BUS 



256KB 
MEMORY 



COMM 

INTERFACE 



KEYBOARD 
INTERFACE 



KEYBOARD 



Figure 1: A block diagram of the Professional 350 system. 



The Professional's designers as- 
sumed that managers and office 
workers rarely work alone. Instead, 
they spend their time communicating 
with others and accessing data from 
larger computers, activities that re- 
quire powerful and concurrent com- 
munications facilities. The standard 
communications port on the Profes- 
sional handles asynchronous or syn- 
chronous communications. By using 
available software, the system 
manages VT102, VT125, 3276 BSC, 
3276 SNA, ancl 3780 communica- 
tions. Other communications facil- 
ities are available as options. A real- 
time interface module provides an 
IEEE-488 bus interface, two EIA RS- 
232C-compatible asynchronous ports 
that are programmable from 50 to 
9600 bps, and a 24-bit bidirectional 
parallel port. An Ethernet connection 
is also provided at the rear of the 
system unit, although currently that 
connection is supported by neither an 
option card nor software. 

A 12-inch monochrome monitor 
and a 13-inch color monitor are 
available for the Professional Series. 
The standard monochrome video 
controller provides full bit-mapped 
graphics with 32K bytes of memory 
on the board, supporting a 960 by 240 
pixel (picture element) display. An 



extended bit-mapped option provides 
memory for two additional bit planes 
as well as RGB (red-green-blue) con- 
trol for the color monitor. Both 
monitors are designed to be as small 
as possible to keep the computer 
system's footprint — the size of the 
surface it occupies — as unobtrusive as 
possible. 

The keyboard was designed to 
meet three major criteria: it must con- 
form to international standards, ac- 
commodate Digital's multinational 
character set, and provide user-de- 
fined function keys. Using these cri- 
teria and basing their work on 
ergonomic studies, the designers pro- 
vided 105 keys and separated them 
into four logical groups. A main typ- 
ing array of 57 keys conforms to the 
international touch- typist layout. Im- 
mediately to the right of the main 
keyboard are the editing pad and the 
cursor-control keys. The most com- 
monly used editing keys — Find, In- 
sert, Remove, Select, Next Screen, 
and Last Screen — are located just to 
the right of the main array. The cur- 
sor controls are arranged in an in- 
verted T, the most efficient configura- 
tion for touch-typists. To the right of 
the cursor controls is an 18-key 
numeric pad that makes it possible to 
enter large amounts of numeric data 



98 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




Photo 4: The use of graphic error messages is another example of the designers' goal of 
reducing the confusion and complexity often associated with computers. 



quickly. The pad layout is compatible 
with all existing software dependent 
on Digital's VT100 keypad arrange- 
ment. Across the top of the keyboard 
is a row of 20 function keys. Applica- 
tions programmers can program all 
but four of these keys. Digital's 
designers also provided a special win- 
dowed area at the top of the key- 
board for key labels. Digital did ex- 
tensive tests with computer novices to 
help ensure that the functions of the 
keys are obvious from their labels. 

User Interface 

Digital made a concerted effort on 
the design of the user interface for this 
family of personal computers. In all 
aspects, from installation and 
maintenance features to the operating 
system, the designers anticipated pro- 
spective users' habits and needs. A 
novice user can install the hardware, 
the operating system, and application 
software and do minor maintenance 
without technical help. The system 
components assemble quickly. For 
example, you simply connect the 
keyboard to the monitor with a cable, 
connect the monitor to the system 
unit in the same way, plug the power 
cord on the system unit, insert the 
Winchester disk, plug into an AC 
power outlet, and hit the switch. The 
option cards were designed with zero- 
insertion-force connectors and install 
on a system bus designed to eliminate 
the need for switches and jumpers. 

The Professional's CTI system bus 



has many notable features. Like the 
older LSI-11 bus, the Professional's 
system bus has 22-bit addressing and 
multiplexes addresses and data by 
combining 16-bit data signals with 
the 22-bit address signals on 22 signal 
lines. Each option module installed 
on the bus generates two different 
hardware-interrupt signals with an 
associated register indicating the 
memory location of the interrupt- 
handling routine associated with this 
signal. The design of the interrupt- 
handling hardware makes the inter- 
rupt priority independent of the slot 
position. 

When the user installs a module, an 
option-present signal alerts the main 
system logic module. Because each 
option contains identification infor- 
mation in ROM, the system easily 
locates and identifies all installed op- 
tions. Each bus slot has a fixed 
address, and an option card assumes 
the address of the slot it occupies. 
And except for the hard disk and the 
floppy-disk controllers, any option 
card works in any slot. 

The installation of the operating 
system is equally simple. A series of 
copies from floppy disk to hard disk 
with software prompts guide the 
way. Application programs , use a 
similarly simple procedure under con- 
trol of an automatic installation utili- 
ty. The Professional 350 also offers 
diagnostics both in ROM and on disk 
that run every time the system boots. 
The diagnostics for the main system 



logic run first and are followed by a 
segment that detects which options 
are installed. Then diagnostics on 
each module transfer to RAM to be 
run by the central processing unit. 
Error messages take advantage of the 
machine's bit-mapped graphics by 
drawing a picture of the system and 
highlighting the failing component in 
reverse video (see photo 4). All the 
system's modules can be replaced and 
can be removed either with fingers or 
a ballpoint pen. These features reflect 
Digital's belief that a user who has to 
call a technician soon becomes con- 
vinced that the computer is complex 
and difficult to use. 

Software Availability 

Digital's design goals are further 
evident in the company's three- 
pronged software effort: the Profes- 
sional Operating System (P/OS), the 
Professional Developer's Toolkit, and 
third-party application programs. 

The operating system is derived 
from Digital's RSX-11M + , an event- 
driven multitasking software system. 
The design team regarded multitask- 
ing capabilities as mandatory. As the 
personal computer becomes an in- 
tegral part of the professional's work- 
ing patterns, the designers reasoned, 
the machine must function in the 
same manner as its user, which means 
working at multiple tasks. 

Throughout the design process, the 
goal of a consistent user interface was 
cardinal. Today, some operating sys- 
tems force users to have as many dif- 
ferent interfaces as they have applica- 
tion packages. Digital believed that a 
continual proliferation of interfaces 
would impose a major constraint on 
the perceived usefulness of personal 
computers. P/OS removes that con- 
straint by making it simple for pro- 
grammers to work with a consistent 
user interface that controls every ap- 
plication on the system. The com- 
bination of multitasking, the user in- 
terface, and published standards, 
tools, and guides for application is a 
design that responds to the needs of 
the Professional's market. 

In the initial release of the operat- 
ing system, a single menu-tree struc- 
ture, help-message handler, error- 
message handler, and a common file 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 99 



SYSTEM UNIT 



TELEPHONE MANAGEMENT^ CARD CAGE 
OPTION MODULE' 



SPEAKER- 
MICROPHONE 




Figure 2: The Telephone Management System incorporates voice and data communica- 
tion through telephone connections. 



Application 


Product; Company 


Word processing 


Prose, Prose Plus; Digital Equipment 


Calendar/tickler 


Executive Desk Set; Cortex 


Spreadsheet 


Advanced Visicalc; Visicorp 


Graph 


Visiplot/Visitrend; Visicorp. Corgraph; Cortex 


Decision support 


MAPS; Ross Systems 


Project management 


micro/MAPPS; Structural Programming Inc. 


Data management 


Visifile; Visicorp. NPL; Desktop Software 


Statistics 


SPSS; SPSS Inc. 


Table 1: Professional Series users have access to these application software 


packages, which incorporate the consistent user interface. 



structure characterize the user inter- 
face. While the hardware architecture 
makes it possible to take advantage of 
windowing and various cursor-posi- 
tioning schemes such as mice or bit 
pads, the software design team felt 
that the first priority should be estab- 
lishing a consistent interface. The 
other options will evolve as users de- 
mand them. 

For an example of how the user in- 
terface works, consider what happens 



when you want to use a new applica- 
tion package on the Professional sys- 
tem. First you insert the disk and call 
the automatic application installation 
utility, which copies the program into 
the program library. At the same 
time, the utility copies the error 
messages into the appropriate library, 
puts text in the help library, inte- 
grates the application's menu into the 
menu tree, and places the name of the 
application package in the main 



menu. During this process you can 
also rename that application program 
or position it at a particular place in 
the menu tree. All of the application 
programs Digital developed use this 
same installation approach. One ad- 
vantage of a consistent user interface 
is that you can get online help at any 
time simply by pressing the Help key. 
Other P/OS features include a file- 
structure protocol identical to that on 
PDP-11 and VAX systems, which 
makes file transfers between the Pro- 
fessional and those systems much 
easier. A set of file services, print ser- 
vices, disk utilities, and a memo 
editor called PROSE are included 
with the operating system. The 
designers also furnish an interactive 
BASIC interpreter, PRO/BASIC, to 
meet the user's everyday program- 
ming requirements. PRO/BASIC is a 
compatible subset of Digital's BASIC- 
Plus-2 and VAX-11 BASIC, the only 
exception being that the PRO/BASIC 
has additional graphics commands. 
Features of the language include 31 
character variable names, extended 
IF. . .THEN. . .ELSE statements, 
single and double precision, program 
chaining, and online help. 

Development Tools 

For special applications that re- 
quire the user to design custom soft- 
ware, Digital has provided the Pro- 
fessional Developer's Toolkit. This 
package of tools lets a programmer 
use the power and resources of a VAX 
or PDP-11 minicomputer to write 
programs for the Professional Series 
microcomputers. The Toolkit supports 
seven languages (see box on page 102) 
and contains programming utilities 
RMS (Record Management System), 
FMS (Forms Management System), 
and CGL (Core Graphics Library). 

In a typical development scenario 
on the Professional, a programmer 
enters and edits source code using 
PROSE. Then the programmer uses 
the communications utilities provided 
with the Toolkit and takes advantage 
of the identical file structure pro- 
tocols to pass the source code to a 
larger PDP-11 or VAX system. The ' 
minicomputer compiles the code and 
transmits the result back to the Pro- 
fessional system, where the program- 



100 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 345 on Inquiry card. 



IN 1982. TH^ COMPETITION 
WAS BUSY TRYING TO COPY THE 



** v 



emiDi 



WE WERE 
BUSY TOO 



5 



They say a moving target is harder to hit. Well, 
we've been moving very fast recently. Last year 
we introduced the FIRST and, until now, the 
best dedicated disk emulator ever designed for 
S-100 microcomputers, with unparalleled price 
and performance, the SemiDisk I. The original. 
Naturally, we had imitators. But nobody 
managed to duplicate SemiDisk's features, 
let alone improve on the idea. And now 
the original is even better: only $1495 for 
512 Kbytes, including the sophisticated 
SemiSpool print-spooler software system (only 
$2350 for 1 Mbyte). Far better performance for 
much less money 



couldn't stop there. So we 
ned the S-100 SemiDisk II. It includes 
features, such as storage capacity of 
. Mbytes per board, 8 Mbyte total disk size, 
automatic power-fail check and battery backup 
provision, and on-board hardware parity checking 
for exceedingly fast operation. Features the 
competition can only wish they could offer. And at 
$1795 for 512K ($2650 for 1 Mbyte), it still costs less 
than inferior imitations. 

Twice as fast as the SemiDisk I, SemiDisk II runs 
wide circles around hard disks, and blows floppies 
off the road. Needless to say, it leaves the 
competition crawling in the dust. So if you want the 
benefit of truly extraordinary computer 
performance, you'll find it in the SemiDisk II. 

Make no mistake about it, SemiDisk II is the fastest, 
highest density, easiest to use, most compatible, 
most cost-effective microcomputer disk emulator 
ever built. And considering the SemiDisk I, that's 
really saying something. 

SemiDisk 

It's the disk the others are trying to copy. 



SemiDisk Systems, Inc. 

P.O. Box GG Beaverton, OR 97075 (503) 642-3100 

Call 503-646-5510 for CBBS /NW. a SemiDisk-equipped computer bulletin board. 
SemiDisk trademark of SemiDisk Systems, Inc. Copyright ® 1983 SemiDisk Systems, Inc 




Ewmm 



The Professional Developers Toolkit supports these languages: 



BASIC-Plus-2 is an extended BASIC 
compiler that offers structured pro- 
gramming constructs; access to 
global variables, functions, and 
constants; and support for implicit 
->r explicit data types. 

FORTRAN 77 is an extended imple- 
mentation of the ANSI (American 
National Standards Institute) subset 
Fortran-77 standard (X3.9-1978). 
Professional Tool Kit FOR- 
TRAN-77 contains many of the full- 
set language features and extensions 
not included in the standard. Full- 
language features include double- 



precision and complex data types, 
intrinsic functions, exponentiation 
forms, format editor descriptors, 
and generalized DO loop param- 
eters, 

COBOL 81 is based on the 1974 ANSI 

COBOL Standard (X3.23-1974) 
and includes some of the features 
planned for the next standard. 

DIBOL allows for the use of P/OS 
system services while maintaining 
many of the standard DIBOL fea- 
tures found on VAX/VMS, 
RSTS/E, CTS-300, and CTS-310. 



Professional Macro Assembler 

Pascal is a true optimizing compiler 
with an extended implementation of 
the Pascal language. The extensions 
assist the application programmer 
in accessing P/OS system services 
and simplify application design. Ex- 
tensions include ISAM (indexed 
sequential-access method), sepa- 
rately compiled procedures, sets of 
up to 256 elements, 31 character 
identifiers, FIND and LOCA TE I/O 
procedures, and an OTHERWISE 
clause for the CASE statement, 

C (available from Whitesmiths Ltd.) 



mer uses an interactive debugger to 
refine the program. Later, the pro- 
grammer uses the frame-development 
tools to create menus and error mes- 
sages for the program. Additionally, 
an application-builder program 
creates floppy-disk copies for 
distribution. Finally, the programmer 
may develop algorithms that use the 
identification number located in 
ROM to combat software piracy. 

A Toolkit style guide helps pro- 
grammers maintain the consistency of 
the user interface. For example, ex- 
ecution of a command should be in- 
itiated by pressing the DO key rather 
than Enter or Return. Digital's design 
goal is that end users will get some 
applications programs from Digital, 
some from their own programming 
staff, and some from third-party ven- 
dors, but all the programs will look 
and act as if they came from the same 
programmer. Already, Professional 
Series users have access to software 
that has been developed with the con- 
sistent user interface (see table 1). 
Much of this application software is 
also available for both the Profes- 
sional and Digital's larger systems, 
and the common file structure pro- 
vides an easy migration path to 
established minicomputer software. 

Telephone Management 

In another example of designing a 
personal computer around the work 
habits of the user, Digital introduced 
a Telephone Management System 

102 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



(TMS) option (see figure 2). A poten- 
tial user of the Professional system 
probably spends at least 20 percent of 
the day on the telephone. That time 
can be made more productive by 
using TMS, which lets the computer 
maintain a personal directory of 
numbers, dial calls, log and file 
messages, and answer the phone 
when necessary. Additionally, TMS 
can provide facilities for dictation 
and transcription. Perhaps most im- 
pressive is that the TMS hardware 
will support composite documents, 
which combine text, graphics, and 
voice — which are necessary com- 
ponents of the automated office. 

The TMS has three components: a 
controller board that fits into the 
option-card cage of the system unit, 
an attachment plate that goes on the 
rear of the system unit, and an ac- 
cessory box designed to resemble the 
keyboard. The controller board con- 
tains most of the TMS logic, includ- 
ing the modems, DTMF transceiver, 
tone-detection circuitry, and Codec, 
a voice encoding and decoding chip. 

Bell Laboratories' 103J/212A 
equivalent modems provide the user 
with 300- or 1200-bps (bit-per-sec- 
ond) data communication over stan- 
dard telephone lines, and Touch- 
Tone signals can be transmitted with 
the DTMF transceiver. The tone- 
detection circuitry detects dial, busy, 
and ring-back tones. Analog voice 
signals from the telephone line or 
voice unit are converted into digital 



signals by the Codec circuitry. These 
signals can then be stored on the Pro- 
fessional's Winchester disk, on a file 
server, or on a larger system. The 
process also reverses to reconstruct 
analog signals from transmission on 
the phone line or voice unit. A CVSD 
(continuously variable slope delta 
modulation) 32K-bps encoding 
scheme maintains high-quality voice 
playback. 

A plug-in attachment on the back 
of the system provides modular- jack 
connections for two telephone lines, 
allowing the user simultaneous voice 
and data connections. Additionally, 
this attachment provides the neces- 
sary connections for the user's tele- 
phone and the optional voice unit, 
which contains a full telephone dial 
pad, conference phone buttons, and 
dictating-machine control keys. The 
unit also has a speaker and a micro- 
phone. 

The TMS hardware operates 
through a standard handset or an ex- 
ternal speaker. In combination with 
an optional communication-services 
software package, the user can main- 
tain a personal calling directory and 
automatically invoke dialing of either 
voice or data calls. The communica- 
tions software also provides for 
VT102 and VT125 terminal emula- 
tion using the TMS modems and per- 
mits file transfer between other Pro- 
fessionals as well as to RSX and VMS 
systems. The hardware's potential, 
however, still remains to be reached, 
Text continued on page 106 



PCne 







.» 



il * 



kMi 



A 







PCnet is the first local area network designed specifically for 
the IBM Personal Computer. It consists of the necessary hardware 
and software to set up a powerful, yet cost effective local area 
network for the IBM PC. While others make claims, PCnet is a 
local area network proven to be successful by hundreds of 
installations in IBM Personal Computers. 

Circle 3 on inquiry card. 

<^E5Tr€S€arch inc. 

2372 Morse Avenue, Irvine, CA 92714 

Telephone (714) 540-1333 

Call or write for immediate response. 

achnolc 







AST A PCnet Hardware: 
• CSMA/CD LAN 

technique 
e 7000 feet max. 

distance 
e Low cost CATV 

Coaxial cable as 

medium for tran- 

mission 
e 1 Megabit per second 

transmission 
e Optional Mainframe 

connection (eg., 

AST-SNA; AST-5251; 

AST- 3780 etc.) 



AST* PCnet Software: 
e Disk Sharing 
Unlike other networks 



PCnet does not 
demand expansive file 
server or proprietary 
hard disk systems for 
disk sharing. Almost 
any PC- DOS compa- 
tible hard disk includ- 
ing IBM's can be used 
for disk sharing 

• File locking 
Provides locking to 
common data files so 
that common files are 
only accessed by one 
user at a time 

e PC Sharing (Multi- 
tasking) Allows user 
on 1 PC to run com- 
mand on another PC 
in the same network 



as if the com ma nd had 
been entered on that 
PC's keyboard 

• Printer Sharing 
Allows PCs to share 
printers installed in 
other PCs. 

AST & PCnet Future 
Products: 

• Universal File Server 

• Gateway 

Other AST Products 

• I/O Plus II 

• MegaPlus 

• ComboPlus 

• PlusModem 
e Etc.... 






Machines Corporation. 



A DEC on Every Desk? 




The VT 180 



The Rainbow 100 



John J. Snyder, Ph.D. 

POB 6046 

Boulder, CO 80306 





The Micro/PDP-11 



Digital Equipment Corporation has 
developed an entire line of microcom- 
puters to meet the needs of a variety of 
users. In addition to the Professional 
Series, the following machines are 
available: 

•The VT180, an 8-hit microcomputer 
based on the CP/M operating system 
and floppy-disk drives 
•The Rainbow 100, a dual-processor 
8-bit and 16-bit microcomputer based 
on CP/M, CP/M-86, and MS-DOS 
operating systems with an optional 
hard disk 

•The DECmate II, a 12-bit microcom- 
puter with an optional hard disk; com- 
patible with Digital's vintage line of 
workhorse PDP-8 minicomputers 
•The Micro/PDP-11, a 16-bit multi- 
user microcomputer with a built-in 
hard disk, also compatible with Digitals 
line of PDP-11 minicomputers; runs six 
of the PDP-11 operating systems (see 
table 1 for a comparison of the Digital 
lineup). 

The VT180 

The VT180 Personal Computing 
Terminal is Digital's entry-level micro- 
computer and has been available since 
early last year. Actually, the name 
VT180 is an unofficial designation for 
the combination of a standard VT100 
terminal with the VT18X option. Al- 
though the VT100 is a "smart" ter- 
minal, it is not user programmable in 
terms of applications software. The 
VT18X option for the VT100 terminal 
consists of two circuit boards that fit 
inside the terminal and a pair of 
5 x A-inch floppy -disk drives in a 
separate low-profile enclosure. 

The resulting VT180 contains a stan- 
dard Z80 microprocessor running at 2 
MHz with 64K bytes of RAM 
(random-access read/ write memory). 



Each floppy disk has 180K bytes of 
storage, and the system can access up 
to four drives in two enclosures. 

The Rainbow 100 

The Rainbow 100 is a dual-processor 
model featuring both the 8-bit Z80 and 
the 16-bit 8088 microprocessor chips. 
This machine's distinctive appearance 
is highlighted by the long, very thin, 
detached keyboard and a video display 
in a truncated pyramid barely larger 
than the monitor tube itself. 

The unit also has an overgrown at- 
tache case, which doesn't always ap- 
pear in the ads. The system unit con- 
tains the processors, memory, disk 
drives, power supply, and slots for 
three option cards in a case that 
measures 19 by 14.3 by 6.6 inches. The 
unit can be mounted horizontally on a 
desktop or, even better, vertically on a 
floor stand to save valuable desktop 
space. 

The Rainbow 100 uses Digital's spe- 
cial CP/M 86/80 operating system. This 
system automatically senses whether 
an application program has been writ- 
ten in CP/M-80 (for the 8-bit Z80) or 
in CP/M-86 (for the 16-bit 8088) and 
then executes the program on the ap- 
propriate microprocessor. MS-DOS, 
from Microsoft, will also be available 
and will offer the possibility of running 
software developed for the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer. 

The standard Rainbow 100 starts 
with 64K bytes of main memory, ex- 
pandable to 256K bytes. The dual 
floppy-disk drive stores 400K bytes on 
each disk and uses one spindle motor 
to spin both disks. And the size of this 
package is identical to a standard 
single-disk drive. A second dual-disk 
drive as well as a 5-megabyte Win- 
chester hard-disk drive may be in- 
stalled in a separate cabinet. Color and 
bit-mapped video graphics options are 
also available. 

The DECmate II 

The DECmate II resembles the Rain- 



104 June 1983 © BYTE Publications bic 



Specification 


VT180 


Rainbow 100 


DECmate II 


Professional 325 


Professional 350 


MICRO/PDP-11 


Word size 


8-bit 


8-bit and 16-bit 


12-bit 


16-bit 


16-bit 


16-bit 


Processor 


Z80 


Z80 and 8088 


DEC 6120 


LSI-1 1/23-Plus 


LSI-1 1/23 Plus 


LSI-1 1/23-Plus 


Main memory (bytes) 

Standard 
Maximum 


64K 

64K 


64K 
256K 


96K (64K words) 
96K (64K words) 


256K 
512K 


256K 

1 megabyte 


256K 

4 megabytes 


Operating system(s) 


CP/M 


CP/M-86/80 
{combined 8- 
and 16-bit 
CP/M), 
MS-DOS 
(16-bit) 


WPS-8, 
COS-310 


P/OS {from RSX- 
11M-Plus) 


P/OS (from RSX- 
11M-Plus) 


CTS-300, DSM-11, 
RSTS/E, RSX-11S, 
RSX11-M, RSX11-M- 
Plus, RT-11, Unix*, 
others 


Optional coprocessor 

Private memory 
Operating system 


— 


— 


Z80 
64K 
CP/M 


Z80 
64K 
CP/M 


Z80 
64K 
CP/M 




Expansion slots 


— 


3 


3 


1 


4 


6 (dual LSI-1 1 cards) 


5 1 /4-inch floppy disks 

Number (std-max) 
Storage per disk 
Maximum storage 


2-4 

180K bytes 

720K bytes 


2-4 

400K bytes 

1.6 megabytes 


2-4 

267K words 

1.1 megabyte 

words 


2-4 

400K bytes 

1 .6 megabytes 


2-4 

400K bytes 

1 .6 megabytes 


2 

400K bytes 

1.6 megabytes 


8-inch floppy disks 

Number (std-max) 
Storage per disk 
Maximum storage 


— 


— 


0-2 

128K words 

256K words 


— 


— 


— 


5 1 /4-inch Winchester 
disk 

Availability 
Storage 


— 


optional 

5.0 megabytes 


optional 

5.0 megabytes 


(must upgrade 
to 350) 


optional 

5.0 megabytes 


standard 

10.0 megabytes 


Ports 

Serial** 
External disk 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2-3 


6 

1 


Graphics 

Colors 
Resolution 
(characters) 


80 by 24 


16 or 4 from 8 
320 by 240 or 
800 by 240 


4 from 8 
320 by 240 


8 from 256 
960 by 240 


8 from 256 
960 by 240 


(via optional graphics 
terminal and 
software) 


Prices 

Base 

5-megabyte 

Winchester 
CP/M module 


$1795 
{plus VT 100 
terminal) 


$3495 
$4200 


$3745 

$4000 
$495 


$3995 

(upgrade to 350) 
$695 


$4995 

$3500 
$695 


$10,225 (without any 
terminals) 

(10-megabyte 
Winchester standard) 


*Unix and others are available from software houses. 
**One serial port is for a printer and a second is for data communications with modem control. 




Table 1: An overvieu 


of six microcomputers from Digital Equipment Corporation, 







bow 100 but is a very unique micro- 
computer in its own right. It uses 
Digital's proprietary 12-bit 6120 micro- 
processor, which executes the instruc- 
tion set of the PDP-8 minicomputer 
family. The operating systems are 
Digital's WPS-8 Word Processing Sys- 
tem and COS-310 Commercial Operat- 
ing System, featuring DIBOL (Digital's 
Business-Oriented Language, similar to 



COBOL). With the addition of a Z80 
microprocessor on a circuit card, the 
DECmate II can also run a CP/M pro- 
gram while the 6120 processor runs 
another application. 

Like the Rainbow, the DECmate II 
comes with a dual-disk drive that 
stores 400K bytes on each SVi-inch 
floppy disk. Another dual-disk drive 
may be installed in the main cabinet. In 



separate enclosures, a 5-megabyte 
Winchester hard disk and a pair of 
8-inch DEC-compatible (RX02) floppy- 
disk drives may be included in the 
system. The 8-inch drive controller 
permits direct transfer of information 
to and from the earlier DECmate I 
machines. A graphics option of four 

Text box continued on page 106 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 105 



Text box continued: 

simultaneous colors is also available. 

With the standard DECmate II screen, 

the colors appear as different shades of 

gray. A color monitor will soon be 

available. 

The MICRO/PDP-11 

The MICRO/PDP-11 is basically a 
more powerful multiuser version of the 
Professional 350 with 6 serial lines, 
each of which supports a terminal, 
printer, or communication link. 

The basic system comes with 256K 
bytes of main memory and an 
operating system license but without a 
terminal. Initially, Digitals popular 
VT100 series terminals are available 
for use with the system. Any of the 
Digital microcomputers mentioned 
above, with or without their own Win- 
chester disks, can also be used as ter- 
minals. 

Because the MICRO/PDP-11 will be 
serving as many as six users, it comes 
with a larger-capacity 10-megabyte 
Winchester hard disk. Along with the 
greater disk-storage capacity, the 
system can support up to 4 megabytes 
of main memory with its PDP 11/23 
Plus processor. Again, a dual-disk 
drive is included (400K bytes of storage 
on each 5Vt-inch floppy disk). 

The MICRO/PDP-11 supports 
Digitals standard 16-bit PDP-11 
minicomputer operating systems: 
CTS-300, DSM-11, RSTS, RSX-US, 
RSX11-M, RSX-11-M-Plus, and 
RT-11. Unix and other operating 



systems are available from software 
houses. 

Digital also supplies several high- 
level language compilers including 
BASIC, COBOL, D1BOL, FORTRAN, 
MACRO, and Pascal. Virtually any 
available PDP-11 minicomputer soft- 
ware can be run on the 
MICRO/PDP-11. 

The system cabinet for the 
MICRO/PDP-11 is somewhat larger 
than that for the Professional 350, so it 
can accommodate the larger-capacity 
10-megabyte disk, larger power sup- 
ply, and additional card slots for 
memory and other options. The 
backplane has slots for as many as 6 
dual LSI-11 option cards. A wide 
variety of specialized options for the 
LSI-11 bus are available from Digital 
and other vendors. The unit measures 
27 by 21Vz by 6 inches. It can be 
mounted either vertically on a floor 
stand or horizontally. A rack mount 
kit is also available. 

The CP/M Option Module consists 
of a Zilog Z80 microprocessor with 
64K bytes of memory onboard. Includ- 
ed with the unit is a floppy disk con- 
taining the CP/M operating system. 
This option is available only for the 
DECmate II and the Professional 
Series, which do not come with a built- 
in Z80 processor. With the CP/M Op- 
tion Module installed, the Z80 can run 
any of the popular CP/M software 
while the microcomputer's main pro- 
cessor is busy working on something 
else. 



Text continued from page 102: 
and the Professional's design ensures 
additional uses. The following appli- 
cations can be expected in the near 
future; 



• Dictation: A dictation wand can be 
obtained as an accessory for the voice 
unit. Using the wand, a manager will 
be able to dictate text, which can be 



converted to digital signals and trans- 
mitted across Ethernet to a secretary's 
Professional Series system. 

• Transcription: Using the earphone 
and foot pedal, which are available as 
accessories for the voice unit, a 
secretary can transcribe the dictated 
text. 

• Voice annotation on text: Text be- 
ing read from the video screen will be 
annotated simply by positioning the 
cursor where the comment is to oc- 
cur. When the Comment key on the 
voice unit is depressed and the com- 
ment has been dictated, it will be con- 
verted from analog to digital signals 
and imbedded in the text. The tech- 
nique can, of course, be used to edit 
text prepared by a typist. 

• Voice messaging: The Telephone 
Management System, with proper ap- 
plication programming, will be able 
to accept and digitize voice messages. 
This ability permits the caller to dic- 
tate a message that can be appended 
to a text header prepared by the 
secretary. Under proper program 
control, the TMS system can alter- 
nately provide a complete telephone 
answering service. 

Conclusion 

The Digital Professional Series 
family was designed to meet the needs 
of the modern business organization. 
Whether the need is for desktop com- 
puting power, personal computer 
clusters, or system-to-system commu- 
nications, the 325 and the 350 offer 
functionality with ease of use. 
Perhaps most important is the Profes- 
sional's ability to expand capabilities 
within a consistent user interface. ■ 



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106 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



Circle 68 on inquiry card. 




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Tight Squeeze 

The HP Series 200 Model 16 

How Hewlett-Packard crammed a powerful 16-bit 
microcomputer into a square foot of desk space. 



Although Motorola's powerful 68000 
microprocessor may be fairly new to 
many people in the personal computer 
field, Hewlett-Packard has been using 
this processor in its desktop computers 
since 1981. Not only was HP one of the 
first large manufacturers to adopt the 



John Monahan 

Desktop Computer Division 

Hewlett-Packard 

3404 East Harmony Rd. 

Fort Collins, CO 80525 

68000, but last November, the com- 
pany released its fourth 68000-based 
machine, the Series 200 Model 16 (see 
photo 1). 

The Model 16 is intended to be a lion 
packaged as a house cat. In addition to 
its 16-/32-bit microprocessor running 



at a clock rate of 8 MHz, this machine 
offers an RS-232C interface, an HP-IB 
(Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus, IEEE 
488) interface, 128K to 512K bytes of 
volatile memory or RAM (random- 
access read/write memory) with 
provisions for up to 4 megabytes, a 




Photo 1: The Hewlett-Packard Series 200 Model 16 microcomputer (formerly the HP 9816). Even with the optional dual microfloppy-disk 
drive (3ViAnch disks), the unit is extremely compact. 



110 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




Photo 2: The Hewlett-Packard Series 200 family. From left to right, the Model 16, the Model 26, and the Model 36. Each of these machines 
shares a common architecture based on the 68000 microprocessor. The Model 26, introduced in June 1981, is designed for computer-aided 
testing applications. The Model 36, introduced in January 1982, has a high graphics resolution for use as a computer-aided design worksta- 
tion. 



9-inch display with 400- by 300-pixel 
graphics resolution, a variety of mass- 
storage options (from 3V2-inch floppy 
to 64-megabyte hard disks), and a large 
library of software already available. 
And thanks to an intricately designed 
printed-circuit board and Sony's new 
3y2-inch floppy-disk format, the Model 
16 is probably the smallest desktop 
machine around. 

To understand what the Model 16 
does, it's important to know how it 
came about. The Model 16, originally 
known as the HP 9816, is the third 
member of the Series 200 family (see 
photo 2). First came the Model 26 (or 
HP 9826), which is primarily a rack- 
mountable, testing and data acquisition 
machine with several backplane slots 
(eight compared to the Model 16's 
two). Then came the Model 36 (or HP 
9836), which has extensive graphics 
capabilities and two built-in floppy- 
disk drives. This unit is intended for 
engineers and scientists who design and 
analyze at their desks or laboratory 
benches. 

The Model 16 was designed to per- 
form all the technical tasks of the 26 
and 36 and to be software-transport- 
able with them and with HP's 32-bit 
workstations in the HP 9000 computer 
family. The Model 16, however, is 
packaged and priced as a personal 
computer for more general use. The 
basic unit, with 128K bytes of memory 



and no disk drives, is $3985. Because its 
16-bit architecture greatly increases the 
speed of software packages such as 
Context MBA and Visicalc, the Model 
16 is now finding its way into business 
applications as well as the analytical 
applications that have been HP's tradi- 
tional market. 

Ill now relate how HP came to select 
the 68000 microprocessor for its line of 
16-bit microcomputers and implement 
it in Series 200 machines. Ill also dis- 
cuss the Model 16 itself, including its 
growth potential, hardware packaging, 
and peripheral compatibility. 

The First Step 

In 1979, HP's Desktop Computer 
Division in Fort Collins, Colorado, 
conducted a study to determine which 
microprocessor should be used in a new 
test/control computer, the HP 9826, 
which would later become known as 
the Model 26. 

According to Sandy Chumbley, then 
research and development manager for 
the Model 26, 'There were two pri- 
mary factors that led to the 68000. 
First, we had a design objective to 
develop a product with two times the 
performance of the machine it was to 
replace [the HP 9825]. 

"Second, we were designing a pretty 
sophisticated software system and be- 
lieved that the 68000 was a better fit for 
what we were trying to accomplish." 



In May 1979, when HP started look- 
ing at the 68000, the company already 
had a Model 26 design and a fair- 
ly good prototype based on the Intel 
8086 processor. However, it became 
apparent to software engineers that the 
8086 would not meet performance ex- 
pectations because its address space 
was segmented into 64K-byte blocks 
and provided only 1 megabyte of total 
address space. 

"We were design-centered around 
the BASIC interpreter," Chumbley 
says, "so we did some extensive analy- 
sis on the 68000, the 8086, and an HP- 
built processor. The 68000 turned out 
to be faster than either one by a factor 
of 1.5 to 2.0." Also, the 68000, with its 
24-bit address bus, offered a 16-mega- 
byte linear address space that made 
coding much easier. And like the 8086, 
it provided memory-mapped I/O (in- 
put/output). This meant that memory 
or I/O cards plugged into the back- 
plane could be mixed and matched 
without special instructions or signals. 

Other advantages engineers saw in 
the 68000 were its 16-bit external data 
bus; its 32-bit internal data bus; its 
instruction set with 14 addressing 
modes and 5 main data types; its 
8-MHz clock rate; and its 17 registers, 
each containing 32 bits (in addition to a 
32-bit program counter and a 16-bit 
status register). Motorola's enhance- 
ment program for the 68000 chip was 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 111 









Victor 9000 


TRS-80 


Model 16 


Model 16 


IBM PC 


BASIC-86, 5.21, 


Apple II Plus Model II 


Benchmark Integer 


Real 


MS-DOS 1.0 


MS-DOS 1.2 


Applesoft Model II Basic 


empty DO loop 0.34 


0.82 


6.43 


7.7 


6.66 7.98 


division 3.12 


3.61 


23.8 


21.8 


29.0 19.4 


subroutine jump 1 .02 


1.50 


12.4 


16.9 


13.9 17.1 


substring 1 .96 


2.55 


23.0 


24.6 


32.3 24.8 


prime number program 13.27 


18.64 


190.0 


197.0 


241.0 189.0 


disk write 70.0 


— 


32.0 


50.3 


175.0 — 


disk read 40.3 




22.9 


21.3 


217.0 — 


Table 1: BASIC language benchmark results. 


All times are given in seconds 


The benchmark 


programs employed are the same as those 


used in previous BYTE articles (see January 1982, page 54, 


and November 1982, page 246). Benchmarks for the Model 16 were run with 


looping variables in both real and integer formats for comparison. Data for machines other than the Model 16 is from the November 


1982 issue of BYTE. Note that with the large memory of the Model 16, disk write and read operations could be improved to about 6 sec- 


onds by using two 32K-byte character strings 











another plus. In the future, Series 200 
products will be able to evolve as the 
main processor family does. 

To illustrate the power of the 68000 
processor, we have compared the 
Model 16 with several other personal 
computers (see table 1). For the com- 
parison we used a series of BASIC 
benchmark programs and results that 
appeared in the November 1982 BYTE 
(page 246). 

The Footprint Feat 

For all its power, the Model 16 takes 
up about as much desk space as an "in" 
basket (see table 2). Its "footprint" is 1.7 
square feet. HP also supplies a 
"garage," to be placed under the unit, 
for the keyboard. When the keyboard 
is "parked" in this garage, the Model 
16's footprint is 1 square foot exactly. 

To ensure that the Model 16 would 
have such a small footprint, HP decid- 
ed to package the Model 16 in the same 
case as the HP 2382 terminal. But de- 
spite this small size, the computer's 
architecture could not be compro- 
mised, nor could costs be increased. 

"We looked at a number of alterna- 
tive architecture implementa- 
tions," says Joe DeWeese, then project 
manager for the Model 16 's hardware, 
"and decided that one main board con- 
taining the majority of the functionality 
was the best solution in terms of cost, 
reliability, and serviceability." 

This decision posed some real chal- 



lenges for the man chosen to design the 
microprocessor board, Lyle Frey. 
'There was a lot of interplay in the 
selection of parts and, to some extent, 
the function of the board," Frey says. 
"Many of the features were negotiated 
by what would fit," he adds. 'In fact, 
many of the parts for the original board 
didn't fit, so they were implemented 
differently." 

Packaging requirements further 
complicated the board's design. For 
instance, the case for the HP 2382 
terminal offered no provisions for 
physically supporting processor boards 



Computer 

HP Series 200 Model 16 
IBM Personal Computer 
Victor 9000 
Apple III 



Footprint 
(square inches) 

238 

420 
310 
361 



Table 2: Footprint comparisons. The 
Model 16's footprint is an incredible 238 
square inches (1.7 square feet), which 
makes it a little over half the size of the 
IBM Personal Computer. To make the 
footprint even smaller, a keyboard 
"garage" is available to allow you to 
"park" your keyboard underneath the 
system when not in use. This brings the 
footprint down to 144 square inches (1 
square foot). 



vertically (the 2382 was designed for 
horizontal boards). This was remedied 
by installing two horizontal boards and 
plugging the vertical boards into them. 

Cooling problems were solved by 
using the processor and video-display 
boards to direct the air flow of the 
cooling fan. Also, cut-outs were de- 
signed into the boards so that air could 
flow through them. After considerable 
testing, a board arrangement was 
devised that directed the air in a 
U-shaped pattern— an air plenum — 
so that there was less than a 15-degree 
Celsius internal rise in temperature 
under worst-case conditions. 

The result of our work was an eight- 
layer circuit board for the main 
processor, with special integrated 
circuits that allow a chip density 
equivalent to two ordinary integrated- 
circuit chips per square inch, making it 
perhaps the densest board in any per- 
sonal computer today. It slides out of 
the Model 16 without requiring the re- 
moval of other boards. Furthermore, 
it's totally operational with just a 2-pin 
power connector (5 volts and ground). 
Photo 3 shows the 9-inch by 10.3-inch 
board with its 125 special-purpose inte- 
grated circuits. 

"What's impressive about the 
design," says Frey, "is not so much high 
technology as the fact that we stayed 
within PC [printed-circuit] board de- 
sign rules and manufacturing tech- 
niques shown to be reliable and still 



112 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 86 on inquiry card. 





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Figure 1: Block diagram of the Model 16 hardware system. 



HP- IB ■ HEWLETT-PACKARD INTERFACE BUS 






packed everything on such a small 
board." 

Figure 3 shows the processor board's 
layout. It contains the entire central 
processor system, plus 128K or 256K 
bytes of RAM, an RS-232C interface, 
an HP-IB (IEEE 488) interface, the key- 
board processor, connections for other 
boards, and either 16K or 48K bytes of 
bootstrap code in ROM (read-only 
memory). 

Getting the Boot 

The bootstrap ROM performs two 
major tasks to ensure quality and flexi- 
bility. Task one is the testing of all 
hardware when the Model 16 is 
switched on. The results of this self-test 
are displayed on the video screen. If a 
noncritical resource has failed, the 
bootstrap ROM allows you to decide 
whether you want to continue opera- 



tion. The ROM further tests and re- 
ports the status of all I/O or memory 
cards plugged into the rear expansion 
slots. 

The second function the boot ROM 
performs automatically is to search all 
mass-storage devices connected to the 
Model 16 and to load the operating 
system that has been given the highest 
priority. Thus, you can store operating 
systems on any of several supported 
mass-storage devices. These devices 
include ROMs, floppy disks, Winches- 
ter disks, and disks on HP's Shared 
Resource Management network. Press- 
ing any key on the keyboard during 
power-up signals the bootstrap ROM 
to list all operating systems available, 
so you can decide which one to load. 

Assuring Quality 

Once the packaging problems were 



solved, the final six months of develop- 
ment were spent building pilot produc- 
tion units for later evaluation in HP's 
STRIFE (stress and life) program. The 
idea behind STRIFE is to force failures 
by pushing products beyond "the edge 
of the envelope," as test pilots say. 

In addition to the extensive environ- 
mental tests that HP performs, 3 of the 
20 prototype Model 16s were subjected 
to simultaneous temperature, humid- 
ity, and power cycling conditions far 
beyond their specified tolerances. De- 
sign and component flaws that 
appeared even once in a single machine 
were analyzed and corrected in all 20. 
This method of failure acceleration 
uncovered about 20 problems that were 
solved before the Model 16 was re- 
leased to production. Also, before 
public introduction, some Model 16s 
were placed in an office environment in 



114 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Plot 

your next meeting 

yourself. 

Read how 2 pens can become 
your best presentation tools. 



Introducing the New Personal 
Computer Plotter from 
Hewlett-Packard, 

Now you can use your personal 
computer to generate your own presen- 
tation charts, graphs, and pie charts. 
How? Simply add on the new high 
quality, low cost HP 7470A 
Personal Computer 
Plotter. v s ^ . 

The 7470A helps you 
save time and save money, and 
lets you communicate quickly, accu 
rately and effectively. 

Quicker understanding, 

Data, when visualized graphically, becomes information 
fast. Charts and bar graphs can make any presentation 
clearer and more readily understood. But asking your staff 
to produce the graphics man- 
ually for your next presenta- 
tion doesn't ensure accuracy 
or artistic talent. And going 
to outside graphics suppliers 
can be costly. Combined with 
your personal computer, the 
new HP 7470A plotter does 
the communicating for you. 
Quickly. Logically. And with 
off-the-shelf software avail- 
able from most HP dealers. 

Fast and pretty. 

The 7470A gives you high plotting speed with excellent 
line quality... faster than any competitive small plotter. 
On top of all that, it comes in an attractive design 
package that looks nice on your desk. And it does it 
for only $1,575. (U.S.A. domestic suggested retail price.) 






" ;: ^wl 


JMP a 


u 



Count on it. 

The 7470A is built the Hewlett- 
Packard way. To last. Designed and 
engineered with only a few parts, none 
of which require adjustment. And with 
customized integrated circuits 
that ensure reliability. 

Pen pals. 

The HP 7470A has 
two single-pen stables. 
Simple pen changes give you 
multi-color plots in your choice of ten 
coordinated colors. Pens are automatic- 
ally capped and stored. 

An option you'll want, too. 

For only $95, you can also get a 17057 Overhead 
Transparency Kit that turns your plots into transpar- 
encies for overhead projectors. For *i need it tomorrow 
at 9:00 A.M.!" meetings, it's a necessity. 

Start plotting your next presentation today. 
Clip and mail the coupon below. Now. 

Mail the coupon below and well send you — absolutely 
free — a sample plot, a more detailed brochure, and a 
sample overhead transparency. 

Then... stop in at your nearest Hewlett-Packard 
Dealer. See the HP 7470A in action. Once you see it 
demonstrated you'll find a hundred ways to make your 
own applause-winning presentations. 

When performance must be measured by results 



m 



HEWLETT 
PACKARD 



I Seeing is believing. Send me a sample plot, an overhead transparency, and more detailed information. 
I Name — Title 



Company . 



I 
l 



Address . 



City, State & Zip 

Phone Number ( ) 

My computer is 

Send to: Hewlett-Packard, 16399 W. Bernardo Drive, San Diego, CA 92127- Attn; Nancy Carter 



11203BT6 



Circle 173 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 115 



r 16M-1 






RAM 


9M 
8M 

ABYTES 




TEST/MONITOR 


EXTERNAL I/O 


6M 




INTERNAL I/O 


4M 




SYSTEM ROM 


48K 






BOOT ROM 



HEXADECIMAL 
ADDRESS 

FFFFFF 



900000 
800000 



600000 



400000 



3 F F F 



Figure 2: Memory map for the Model 16. 





1 


• 
I 


IP* 


'S^£^&. - s^Jfe 


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:SS! i^""It!c!MSni;ylr4r 81, .,,,.,11: stem: : 




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1 ', ;S|SJI 1 ,;;■■■"■ " __ '. ' _ s AHM0'. ' .":.'.] 'i'M. \"*Ma ! \ 


B 







Photo 3: Owe of the most tightly packed boards in the microcomputer industry. The main 
processor board of the Model 16 is only 9 by 10.3 inches but contains 125 special integrated 
circuit chips, the equivalent of 185 normal (14- to 18-pin) chips. The result is a chip density 
equivalent to approximately 2 chips per square inch. 



order to detect any flaws that might 
occur in a more normal situation. 

Decentralized Processing 

Figure 1 describes the Model 16's 
internal architecture. All system 
resources are memory-mapped within 
the 16-megabyte address space of the 
68000. This address map provides 
room for 7 megabytes of RAM in 
addition to all of the internal and 
external I/O subsystems (figure 2). 
Both internal and external RAM areas 



are made up of 64K-bit dynamic RAM 
chips. 

In addition to the powerful 66000 
processor, which was highlighted 
earlier, there are three more processors 
and LSI (large-scale integration) 
controllers inside the Model 16. This 
multiprocessor architecture allows 
decentralized processing, freeing the 
68000 for system and processing tasks. 
Three processors provide this decen- 
tralized processing: 

Motorola 6845: The Model 16's 



9-inch video display is controlled by a 
Motorola 6845 CRT controller. This 
chip has access to the character (alpha- 
numeric) and graphics buffers con- 
tained in the 68000's address space, and 
thus display refreshing is performed 
independently of the 68000. The alpha- 
numeric display information is stored 
in a separate RAM area as character 
codes and is displayed through a ROM 
routine containing the dot patterns for 
all 256 characters in the Model 16's 
repertoire. 



DATA TRANSFER PROBLEMS? 

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Requires 8" floppy drive. 

(415) 324-91 14 TWX: 910-370-7457 
467 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 2, Palo Alto, Calif. 94301 



116 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 388 on inquiry card. 



EXTRA 




S-lOO W>rld News 



MACROTECH International Corporation 



22133 Cohasset Street, Canoga Park, California 91303 • 213-887-5737 




Image achieved by DGS' CAT 1600 Series 
color video graphic workstation. Picture 
courtesy of Digital Graphic Systems, Inc. 
See story below, 

GRAPHICS: 

NOW MAX IMIZED 

CANOGA PARK-March 30, 1983-The 
decreasing costs and increasing density of 
memory made possible the present boom in 
digital graphics. Graphic systems designers 
are now able to take another major step with 
the introduction of MAX-M, a one megabyte 
memory board for $1983. As large size sys- 
tem memory and multi-megabyte Virtual 
Disk, MAX-M opens up major new low cost 
implementations. 

t Wayne Maw, Director 
of R&D for RGB Dynam- 
ics, Salt Lake City, Utah, 
reports, "My application 
is dependent on speed. 
With the Macrotech dy- 
namic board, I have the 
needed speed!' The RGB 
system is a Z80-based, 
high resolution color directory system for 
shopping malls, due for April release. 

Empirical Research Group of Kent, Wash- 
ington, creates a state-of-the-art high 
resolution color video graphics system by 
integrating their fast 68000 computer, Macro- 
tech system memory, and the color video 
image processor from Digital Graphic Sys- 
tems, Inc., Palo Alto, California. Radcliffe 
Goddard of Digital Graphics states, "High 
speed image processing requires large system 
memory to provide instantaneous display 
frame paging 1 .' 

The demand for MAX-M by the graphics 
industry was nearly instantaneous following 
the initial Macrotech announcement. M 



MAX-256K to 1M 
S-100 Memory 



CANOGA PARK-March 30, 1983-Mike 
Pelkey, Macrotech International president, to- 
day released details of the revolutionary 
MAX line of S-100 memory boards. Pelkey 
stated: "IEEE-696 now has a new standard 
for dynamic memory. The MAX product line 
offers 256K to 1M, at a price that ranges down 
to less than $0.00023 per bit'.' Pelkey contin- 
ued, "The MI product line now includes our 
ultra fast (70 ns) 128K static memory, with 
battery backup capability, plus the 150 ns 
dynamic memories— in every 128K step from 
256K through 1M (1024K) bytes, and add-on 
kits to permit field upgrade of sizes'.' 

The extreme density of the MAX family is 
made possible through the use of proprietary 
PALs (programmable array logic). Also stated 
as available for add-on to any size MAX is 



PRICE INDEX 




SIZE 


P/N 


PRICE 


Static Memory 128K 


128-ST 


$1232 


Dynamic Memory 256K 


MAX-256 


$1108 


24-bit 


384K 


MAX-384. 


1292 


Addressing 


512K 


MAX-512 


1647 




768K 


MAX-768 


1815 




896K 


MAX-896 


1 899 




1M 


MAX-M 


1983 


With 16-bit M 3 Addressing option, add $91 




FROM/TO 


P/N 


PRICE 


Upgrade Kits 


256K/384K 


MKT-2/3 


$ 192 




256K/512K 


MKT-2/5 


692 




256K/768K 


MKT-2/7 


876 




256K/896K 


MKT-2/8 


967 




256K/1M 


MKT-2/M 


1060 




384K/512K 


MKT-3/5 


600 




384K/768K 


MKT-3/7 


784 




384K/896K 


MKT-3/8 


876 




384K/1M 


MKT-3/M 


968 




512K/768K 


MKT-5/7 


284 




512K/896K 


MKT-5/8 


376 




512K/1M 


MKT-5/M 


468 




768K/896K 


MKT-7/8 


192 




768K/1M 


MKT-7/M 


284 




896K/1M 


MKT-8/M 


192 


M3 option 




MKT-M3 


121 


Software (provided on 8" disk) 




Virtual Disk for MP/M I!* and CP/M 2.2 




CP/M 3.0* B 


os modules, 






CP/M memory tests 




$ 25 


Manuals (sold separately) 






128/ST 






$ 15 


MAX Technical Manual 




15 



Macrotech's popular M 3 memory mapping 
architecture. M 3 permits the 16-bit address 
space of an 8-bit processor to be dynamically 
mapped in 4K pages into as much as 16 mega- 
bytes of physical memory. 

Parity error detection and 8/16 bit data 
transfer capabilities are provided as standard 
on the MAX series memory board. M 



Software for M3 
Available 



BURBANK- March 30, 
1983- "M 3 bank switch- 
ing for 8-bit processors 
is much more useful with 
the new creative systems 
programs'," states Dan 
West of Westcom Sys- 
tems Inc. MP/M II* disk 
intensive applications 
are greatly improved with the new Virtual 
Disk routines now available through Macro- 
tech OEM's and dealers for their M 3 mem- 
ory boards. 

Westcom Systems, as the software consult- 
ing firm for Macrotech, has also provided sub- 
routine listings to easily incorporate M 3 
mapping into the new CP/M 3.0* (CP/M 
Plus*) Bios module. The advantages of CP/M 
3.0* with disk buffering, hashed directories, 
and user program expansion go hand in hand 
with Macrotech's flexible "bank switched" 
memory capabilities. 




All Macrotech software and manuals 
are available through Dan Wests 
CompuServe account #70250,102. 

Leave comments/questions as E-Mail. 



These new techniques can combine the 
above features with custom needs of the 
future, such as printer buffering, multi-page 
display and memory-intensive graphics dis- 
plays. 

The software listings are included in the 
Macrotech memory board manuals and are 
optionally available on 8" diskettes. M 



*CP/M 3.0. CP/M Plus, and MP/M II are registered trademarks of Digital Research Inc. 

rirrift 007 on inn..im o^rH 



RS-232C 



SWITCHES 



REFRESH 
AND 
RAM 
TIMING 



INTERFACE 
SELECT 



HP-IB 



KEYBOARD 
CONTROLLER 



4- PIN 
INTERFACE 



DATA 

AND 

ADDRESS 

BUS 

DRIVERS 



MEMORY 
TIMING 



CPU SUPPORT 



HP-IB = HEWLETT-PACKARD INTERFACE BUS 

Figure 3: The layout of the main processor board of the Model 16. 



The graphics information is also 
stored in a separate RAM area. It is 
combined with the alphanumeric image 
into the video pattern. The alpha- 
numeric and graphics video can be 
switched on or off independently or 
displayed simultaneously. 

Intel 8041: User input to the system 
is provided by the detached keyboard 
or by HP's rotary control knob. When 
a key is pressed, the Intel 8041 
microprocessor generates an interrupt 
to the 68000. This information is 
transferred to the 68000 only as needed, 
so the processor does not have to 
monitor or poll the keyboard. 

The rotary control knob is an 
analog-like input device that generates 
120 pulses per revolution. In practice it 
is more efficient than a keyboard, espe- 
cially for repetitive tasks like moving a 
cursor through an electronic 
spreadsheet. 

Texas Instruments 9914: Both RS- 
232C and HP-IB interfaces come stan- 
dard in the Model 16. (HP-IB is the 
industry model for the IEEE Standard 
488-1978.) The Texas Instruments 9914 
chip provides controller/ talker/ listener 



functions for increased I/O perfor- 
mance. 

With the 9914 chip, data transfer 
rates on the HP-IB range up to 60K 
bytes per second. These rates can be 
increased fivefold to over 300K bytes 
per second when HP's DMA (direct 
memory access) controller card is used. 
With DMA, data can be transferred 
directly to or from an interface or the 
system memory, independently of the 
68000, at a rate that is limited only by 
the memory itself. 

The Twivel 

What HP calls the Twivel is not a 
new dance, but a device designed to 
make the Model 16 easier to use. The 
Twivel (for tilt and swivel) is a carriage 
that holds the Model 16 so that you can 
tilt the display screen up or down, left 
or right. 

The Microfloppy 

The Model 16 was further designed 
to sit atop the HP 9121 floppy-disk 
drive that's built around the Sony 
SVi-inch. microfloppy disk. Interesting- 
ly, the microfloppy holds as much data 



on one side as one of HP's SVi-inch 
floppy-disks holds on two. 

The reason for this is density. HP 
engineers packed 7100 bits per inch on 
the Sony disk, compared with the 5100 
to 5400 on the SVk-inch disk. More- 
over, the Sony disk runs at 135 tracks 
per inch; the larger disk runs at 48 
tracks per inch. The Sony disk has 70 
tracks per side, and the SVi-inch disk 
has 35 tracks on each side (for a total of 
70). The bit density on the Sony disk 
allowed HP engineers to get the same 
number of sectors on it as are on the 
SVi-inch disk. Thus, because the 
number of tracks and number of 
sectors are equal for both disks, 
capacity is the same. 

The 9121 spins at 600 revolutions 
per minute (rpm), which provides 
much better performance than a SVi- 
inch disk spinning at 300 rpm. The 
other differences are that the 9121 is 20 
percent less expensive than HP 
SVi-inch drives ($1775 versus *$2230) 
because no double buffering is re- 
quired, and it is half the size of the 
SVi-inch drives. 

Another contribution of the 9121 is 
its unique disk monitor. The 9121 
constantly monitors disk use and tells 
you when it's time to replace a disk. 

The 3V2-inch disk is made to the re- 
liable. It's encased in a hard polymer 
jacket and has a sliding protective 
cover for the read/write opening. This 
makes it much less susceptible to dam- 
age from mishandling than the SVi-inch 
disks. 

Software 

As I mentioned earlier, the 68000 
was chosen over the Intel 8086 pri- 
marily for software reasons. HP's next 
logical step was to make sure that a 
diversity of software was available 
when the Model 16 was introduced. 

To marshall resources inside and 
outside Hewlett-Packard, a software 
attack team (SWAT) was formed. 
"This marshalling of applications 
resources, with visits to independent 
software vendors, was one of the most 
fun parts of the program," says Gilbert 
Sandberg, then research and develop- 
ment section manager for the Model 
16 project. 

"The applications available at 
introduction and those continually 



118 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



64K STATIC RAM (MEMORY 




S-100 STATIC MEMORY 
BREAKTHROUGH 

I — i 

Finally, you can buy state-of-the-art 
S-100/IEEE 696 static memory for your 
computer at an unprecedented savings. 

Memory Merchant's memory 
boards provide the advanced features, 
quality and reliability you need for the 
kind of operational performance 
demanded by new high-speed 
processors. 

Completely Assembled. 

These memory boards are not kits, 
nor skeletons — but top-quality, high- 
performance memories that are shipped 
to you completely assembled, burned-in, 
socketed, tested and insured with one of 
the industry's best warranties. 

Superior Design & Quality. 

Memory Merchant's boards are 
created by a designer, well known for his 
proven ability in advanced, cost-efficient 
memory design. Innovative circuitry 
provides you with highly desired features 
and incredible versatility. 

Only first-quality components are 
used throughout, and each board is 
rigorously tested to assure perfect and 
dependable performance. 

No Risk Trial. 

We are so convinced that you will 
be absolutely delighted with our boards 
that we extend a no-risk trial offer. After 
purchasing one of our boards, you may 
return it (intact) for any reason within 15 
days after shipment and we will refund 
the purchase price (less shipping). 



NEW S-100 PRODUCTS COMING 
SOON: 

* DUAL8/16BITCPU BOARD 

* 128K 8/16 BIT STATIC RAM 

* 256K 8/16 BIT DYNAMIC RAM 



$629. 

48K PARTIALLY POPULATED $519. 
32K PARTIALLY POPULATED $409. 



64K RAM, MODEL MM65K16S 

•64Kx 8-bit 

• Speed in excess of 6 MHz 

• Uses 150ns 16K (2K x 8) static RAMS 

• Ultra-low power (435 Ma. max. — 
loaded with 64K) 

• Bank Select and Extended Addressing 

• A 2K window which can be placed 
anywhere in the 64K memory map 

• Four independently addressable 16K 
blocks organized as: 

— Two independent 32K banks or 

— One 64K Extended Address Page or 

— One 48K and one 16K bank for use 
in MP/M 1 (option) 

• Each 32K bank responds 
independently to phantom 

• 2716 (5V) EPROMS may replace any or 
all of the RAM 

• Field-proven operation in CROMEMCO 
CROMIX*andCDOS*. 

• Compatible with latest IEEE 696 
systems such as Northstar, CompuPro, 
Morrow, IMS, IMSAI front panel, Altair 
and many others. 

OEM and DEALER inquiries invited. 



= 



zz 



r///// merchant 

14666 Doolittle Drive 

San Leandro, CA 94577 

(415) 483-1008 

Circle 245 on inquiry card. 



FULL TWO-YEAR 
W ARRAN TY. 

EZDbaaaaaaaHaaal 



The reliability of our boards, 
through quality-controlled production and 
proven performance, has enabled us to 
extend our warranty to a full two years. 
That's standard with us, not an option. 
This includes a 6-month exchange 
program for defective units. 

Shipped direct from stock. 

All Memory Merchant's boards are 
shipped direct from stock, normally 
within 48 hours of receipt of your order. 
Call us at (415) 483-1008 and we may be 
able to ship the same day. 

16K RAM, Model 
MM16K14 




16KXBBR 1^K STATIC RAM $169. 

Bank Select & Extended Addressing 
Four independently addressable 4K 

blocks 
One 4K segment equipped with 1 K 

windows 
Uses field-proven 21 14 (1 K x 4) RAMS 
Low Power (less than 1 .2 Amps) 
Runs on any S-100 8080, 4 MHz Z-80 or 

5 MHz 8085 system. 

Prices, terms, specifications subject to 
change without notice. 

*Cromix and CDOS are trademarks of CROMEMCO. 
' MP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 




Photo 4: The Model 16 was designed for business as well as technical applications. Here the 
Context MBA software package takes advantage of the Model 16 s graphics capability. 



being added are the results of this 
effort/' says Sandberg. One of the 
newer packages is Context MBA (from 
Context Management Systems), which 
integrates an electronic spreadsheet, 
word processing, graphics, data com- 
munications, and a database (see photo 
4). Visicalc, graphics presentations, 
forecasting, and project management 
are also offered. Technical software 
ranges from digital-filter design to 
numerical analysis, statistics, AC- 
circuit analysis, and linear systems 
analysis. Dozens of other programs 
are available from independent ven- 
dors. (Table 3 is a partial listing of 
software available for the Model 16.) 



Operating-system software and pro- 
gramming languages are key elements 
in the Model 16's power and perfor- 
mance. Two HP-developed operating 
systems/languages are currently avail- 
able for the Model 16: Pro-BASIC and 
Pascal. Additional languages and oper- 
ating systems are available from third 
parties or are under development by 
HP (see table 4). 

HP's Pro-BASIC has a number of 
powerful features and is very fast (see 
the text box on page 124). 

The Model 16's Pascal uses a true 
compiler rather than a p-code interpret- 
er. This results in a much faster execu- 
tion speed. This Pascal is also compat- 



ible with UCSD Pascal and has power- 
ful graphics and I/O libraries, a full 
68000 assembler, and systems pro- 
gramming extensions. 

Growth 

Compatibility is a family trait within 
Series 200. Starting with the Model 16, 
it's possible to move up to the Model 
26, Model 36, or even the 32-bit HP 
9000 because software is highly trans- 
portable among these computers. This, 
however, represents just part of the 
Model 16's potential. The personal 
computer can also act as an intelligent 
terminal or be connected to HP's 
Shared Resource Management (SRM) 
network. 

Series 200 Terminal Emulator soft- 
ware enables the Model 16 to respond 
like an intelligent terminal for trans- 
ferring ASCII (American National 
Standard Code for Information Inter- 
change) files to or from a host main- 
frame. 

SRM permits up to 68 Series 200 
computers in any combination (includ- 
ing the HP 9835, 9845, and HP 9000 
computers) to share files and peripher- 
als. The computers are connected via 
twisted-pair cables to a Model 26, 
which controls the network. The 
maximum cable length allowed is 60 
meters between computers and 240 
meters end to end. Consider a hypo- 
thetical SRM network: design engineers 
using the Model 36 and an HP 9000 
computer can share the same specifica- 
tions or diagrams from a graphics 
library; two Model 26s could be 
loading the same program simulta- 
neously from a shared disk, or one 
computer could be logging data while 
the other analyzes it. 

With this system, the Model 16 could 
easily be used for software develop- 
ment where everyone on the network 
has a current copy of the source code. 
Or the Model 16 could be used for 
planning because a master file of 
schedules can be updated by anyone in 
the group. Each user has a private 
directory where sensitive files can be 
protected from destruction or unau- 
thorized access. Users can even leave 
electronic messages or charts for each 
other. 

One of the design objectives for the 
SRM network is transparency; the 



120 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



With ASCOM... 




H 



3H 



PISK* 










personal 



WESTICO 



That's why Big 8 accounting firms and 
Fortune 500 companies use ASCOM. 

ASCOM is an interactive microcom- 
puter telecommunications program for 
timesharing and data transfers. It is 
easy to use because it employs menus, 
simple commands and features an on- 
line help facility. 

A typical use of ASCOM is to access 
a data base to retrieve data for storage 
and analysis on your microcomputer. It 
can also be used to transmit program 
files to another machine running 
ASCOM. This can be done locally 
through direct connection, or over 
telephone lines by using a modem. 



ccmnputer communication 
has never been this easy. 



25 Van Zant Street • Norwalk, CT 06855 
(203) 853-6880 • Telex 643-788 

Dial up our 24-Hour Computer Hotline for 
300 baud modems: (203) 853-0816 

D Please send me an ASCOM program & 
documentation: $175.00 * 

□ The ASCOM documentation only: $30.00 * 

□ FREE: Catalog of over 250 available programs. 

C.O.D. Visa MasterCard 



Card No. 






Exp. 






Model of M 
Name 


cro 






5V 4 " 


_8" 


Company 
Address 






Tel: 






City 




St. 




Zip 





ASCOM works on IBM PC, MS-DOS, 
CP/M-86, and CP/M-80 compatible 
micros. 



(*Plus $3.00 shipping and handling in N. America. Ct. 
residents add 7Vi% sales tax.) 

ASCOM is a trademark of Dynamic Microprocessor 
Associates. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 
© Copyright 1983 Westico, Inc. WA+2 



ASCOM features: 

.Works with modems or by direct con- 
nection at speeds from 110 to 19,200 
baud. 

.Transfers both text and program files 
between computers. 

. Protocols to synchronize large file 
transfers. 

. Remote mode permits control of 
another micro running ASCOM. 

• Automatic processing with com- 
mand files. 

.Commands for displaying directories 
and files. 

To order ASCOM, call or write today: 

WESTICO 

The Software Express Service 

25 Van Zant Street • Norwalk. CT 06855 
(203) 853-6880 • Telex 643-788 



Circle 34 on inquiry card. 

Less 

for lour 
Money 

If you do word processing on 
your personal computer, you 
probably know that there are 
many programs for sale to help 
you with your spelling. But the 
biggest spelling error you'll ever 
make is paying too much for your 
spelling correction software. The 
Random House ProofReader 
gives you less for your money - 
less trouble, that is, and fewer 
spelling errors. The Random 
House ProofReader is based on 
the world famous Random House 
Dictionary. It contains up to 
80,000 words, depending on 
your disk capacity. You can add 
new words with the touch of a 
key. It shows you the error and 
the sentence it's in. It instantly 
suggests corrections. It even re- 
checks your corrections. And it 
costs half as much as other 
programs with far less power. The 
Random House ProofReader is 
compatible with all CP/M 2.2®, 
MS-DOS® and IBM Personal 
Computer® systems. 



RANDOM 

The ** 
Random 
House 
ProofReader 

*50 

For orders or information, see your 
local dealer or call 505-281-3371. 
Master card and VISA accepted. Or write 
Random House ProofReader, Box 339-;B, 
Tijeras, NM 87059. Please enclose $50 
and specify your computer model, 
disk size and memory. 

Random House and the House design are registered 
trademarks of Random House, Inc. CP/M is a regis- 
tered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. IBM and IBM 
Personal Computer are registered trademarks of 
International Business Machines, Inc. MS-DOS is a 
registered trademark of Microsoft, Inc. 

122 June 1903 © BYTE Publicat ioni Inc 



Application Software 


Distributor 


Price 


Context MBA 


Context Management 
Suite 101 

23864 Hawthorne Blvd. 
Torrance, CA 90505 


$795 


Visicalc 


Hewlett-Packard dealers 


$250 


Master Word Processor 


University Software 
RFD#1,Box6 
Fitchville, CT 06334 


$475 


Protrastar (WP) 


Protracoa 

1134 Aster Ave., Suite K 

Sunnyvale, CA 94086 


$500 


Forecasting 


Hewlett-Packard dealers 


$500 


Graphics Presentation 


Hewlett-Packard dealers 


$750 


Table 3: A partial list of application software currently available for the Model 16. More 
than 27 other programs are available from Hewlett-Packard or independent vendors. 



Operating System or Language 



Price 



Pro-BASIC 


$355 (on disk) 


HP Standard Pascal 


$1515 


FORTRAN 


— 


Assembly language 


(included in Pascal) 


Multlforth 


— 


CP/M-68K 


— 


C 


— 


HP-UX (Unix-based operating system) 


— 


HPL (APL) 


$355 



Table 4: Operating systems and languages for the Model 16. An asterisk (*) indicates 
that the product is presently under development. FORTRAN will be available from IEM 
lnc. f POB 1818, Fort Collins, CO 80522. Unix is a trademark of the Bell System. 



same mass-storage commands are used 
to talk to a network disk that are used 
to talk to a personal disk. To access an 
SRM disk, for example, you simply 
change one line of code in a BASIC 
program. That is, the mass-storage 
specifier in the MASS STORAGE IS 
command is changed from :HP8290X 
to :REMOTE. From here on, all mass- 
storage commands, such as ENTER or 
OUTPUT, have access to files on the 
SRM disk. 

Expandability 

Directly related to the Model 16's 
growth potential is the number of pe- 



ripherals and instruments that can con- 
nect to it on the two backplane ports. 
The first port is a 24-pin HP-IB 
connector. A variety of HP peripherals, 
including disks, printers, plotters, and 
the 9111A graphics tablet, are inter- 
faced via this port. See table 5 for a 
partial list of supported peripherals. 

Of course, HP has been known for 
its scientific and technical instruments 
for many years, and hundreds of these 
instruments can be quickly connected 
to the HP-IB port. 

The second port on the back of the 
Model 16 is a data communications in- 
terface. This 50-pin connector can be 



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Copyright ©1983. Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. TTA-371 



BYTE June 1983 123 



Over the last 10 years, Hewlett- 
Packard's Desktop Computer Division 
(DCD) and Engineering Systems Divi- 
sion (ESD) have added capabilities to 
HP's version of BASIC to a point 
where its name requires some distin- 
guishing adjective. Hence, Series 200 
computers, including the Model 16, 
and HP's 9000 family of 32-bit 
computers use what HP calls Pro- 
BASIC. 

According to Martin Nielsen, a 
computer scientist at DCD, Pro- 
B ASIC's 'power and features make it 
as good or better than languages like 
Pascal or FORTRAN/' 

What has HP added to BASIC that 
extends its capabilities? First, Pro- 
BASIC provides more than 200 oper- 
ators, functions, and statements — 
four times what ANSI BASIC 
offers— plus 20 general-purpose I/O 
(input/ output) statements and 14 
special HP-IB (IEEE Standard 
488-1978) statements for controlling 
instruments and peripherals. 

For instance, interrupts and the 
overhead processing they involve are 
performed automatically. This per- 
mits transparent control of input or 
output instructions to an HP-IB 
device or file. 

For computer-aided design applica- 
tions, matrix extensions permit the 
designer to invert a matrix with one 
statement: MAT A=INV (B). 

Similarly, operations like finding 
matrix determinants and performing 
element-by-element multiplication, 
subtraction, division, or addition, 
plus mixed and scalar/ matrix opera- 
tions, are also performed with single 
statements. 

For the programmer, one of Pro- 
BASIC's notable advantages is a com- 



HP's Pro-BASIC 

plete set of program constructs. The 
LOOP . . . EXIT, REPEAT . . . 
UNTIL, and WHILE statements are 
what Nielsen calls "flexible looping 
constructs," which, unlike a 
FOR . . . NEXT statement, enable you 
to exit a loop on different conditions 
that are not sequential 

REPEAT . . . UNTIL repeats state- 
ments in a structured loop until the ex- 
pression following UNTIL is true. The 
WHILE statement repeats a structured 
loop as long as its expression is true. 
LOOP . . . EXIT repeats statements in 
a structured loop as long as the EXIT 
expression is fake. Further, you can 
have multiple exit points within the 
loop. 

Another powerful Pro-BASIC state- 
ment is designed to eliminate crossing 
GOTOs, or what Nielsen calls 
"spaghetti code. " IF . . . THEN and 
IF.. . THEN . . . ELSE . . . END IF 
provide conditional branching or exe- 
cution of one or more statements de- 
pending on whether the specified con- 
dition is true or false. 

Pro-BASIC also makes branching 
more efficient. In most BASIC sys- 
tems, n-way branching can be per- 
formed only if the value Xisan integer 
(e.g., ON X GOTO 1102, 1470, 2655). 
Pro-BASIC provides a SELECT state- 
ment, allowing it to branch on strings 
as well as numbers. Those numbers 
need not be integers, 

With Pro-BASIC a programmer can 
use the statement SELECT X, CASE 1, 
CASE 47, CASE 92 to 117; in other 
words, a whole range for each case 
may be specified. If, then, X happens to 
be 1, CASE 1 is executed; if X is 47, 
then CASE 47 is executed, and so on. 
Moreover, an ELSE statement will 
execute CASE ELSE if X happens to be 



other than 1 or 47 and does not occur 
from 92 to 117. 

Subprograms in Pro-BASIC are just 
like procedures in Pascal and sub- 
routines in FORTRAN in that they 
provide separate, independent environ- 
ments functioning as "little black 
boxes" that do one job each. Variables, 
for instance, may be used in one sub- 
program without being confused with 
variables of the same name in another 
subprogram. Moreover, parameters, 
even optional parameters, can be 
passed in, allowing the subprogram to 
default the ones that are not passed in. 

Pro-BASIC subprograms are recur- 
sive; they can call themselves. This is 
useful in data structures, where trees 
that define other trees are set up, and 
for array sorting, polynomial evalua- 
tions, and the like. 

Another feature of Pro-BASIC is in- 
terrupt branching. A large number of 
events can be established to cause 
branches in the program. 

Many BASICs, especially in the 
microcomputer class, are fairly limited 
in their editing capabilities. Pro-BASIC 
allows indentation for easy reading, 
cross-referencing for documentation 
(broken down by main program and 
subprogram), plus key words like 
FIND and CHANGE for searching and 
replacing. 

The use of Pro-BASIC has also 
spread to HP 1000 minicomputers in 
addition to the HP 9835, 9845, Series 
200, and HP 9000 lines. As Niehen 
says, "It's an excellent language for 
first-time users to learn, yet it provides 
the features that allow the experienced 
programmer to really squeeze the most 
from the power of the machine. " 



hooked directly to data communica- 
tions devices or data terminal equip- 
ment via an adapter cable that termin- 
ates in a standard RS-232C-compatible 
DB-25 connector. 

Also on the back of the Model 16 are 
two other I/O slots located under a 
removable protective cover. These 
provide external access to the 68000 
address, data, and control buses. 

The top slot is used to add RAM or 
ROM cards or a DMA controller. A 
RAM card provides 256K bytes of 



additional memory. ROM cards pro- 
vides up to 512K bytes of storage for 
languages such as HP's Pro-BASIC. 
The lower slot accepts these cards 
plus a number of I/O cards. The I/O 
cards permit you to expand the 
system to include a second HP-IB or 
RS-232C port, a BCD (binary-coded 
decimal) interface, a programmable 
data-communications interface card, a 
color video (RGB — red-green-blue) 
card, or a general-purpose input/ out- 
put (GPIO) interface card. 



For still more flexibility, HP offers 
the HP 9888A I/O Expander. It pro- 
vides 15 additional I/O slots, which 
allow you to expand the system to over 
4 megabytes of RAM or add up to 8 
more interface cards. 

Summary 

Motorola's 68000 microprocessor is 
an important element in HP's Series 
200 computers. The processor can meet 
the performance objectives HP has set 
for these computers, and future en- 



124 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 178 on inquiry card. 





Product 






Device 


Number 


Description 


Price 


floppy disks 


9121S 


VA-lnch single floppy-disk drive 


$1200 I 




9121D 


3 1 /2-inch dual floppy-disk drive 


$1775 




82902M 


SVi-inch single floppy-disk drive 


$1520 




82901 M 


5 1 /4-inch dual floppy-disk drive 


$2230 J 




9895A 


8-inch dual floppy-disk drive 


$5910 


hard disks 


9133A 


4.6-megabyte Winchester plus 








3VHnch floppy 


$4260 




9134A 


4.6-megabyte Winchester 


$3500 




9135A 


4.6-megabyte Winchester plus 








SVi-inch floppy 


$4760 




9134B 


8.2-megabyte Winchester 


$4360 




9133B 


38,2-megabyte Winchester plus 








3!/2-inch floppy 


$5160 




7908P 


1 6 !/2 -megabyte disk/tape drive 


$11,130 




7911P 


28.1 -megabyte disk/tape drive 


$14,800 




791 2P 


65.6-megabyte disk/tape drive 


$17,350 


printers 


82905B 


serial impact printer 


$795 i 




2602A 


letter-quality daisy-wheel printer 


$2100 




267 1G 


serial thermal graphics printer 


$1540 ! 


plotters 


7470A 


"A" size two-pen plotter 


$1575 ! 




9872C 


"B" size eight-pen plotter 


$5860 


bit pad 


9111A 


graphics tablet 


$2275 j 


Table 5: A partial list 


of peripherals supported by the Model 16. 





hancements for the 68000 mean that 
these computers will also be enhanced. 
Further power is provided by three co- 
processors in the Model 16s decentral- 
ized processing scheme. 

For all its power, the Model 16 re- 
mains a personal computer. Its small 
footprint, made possible by its eight- 
layer processor board with a chip den- 
sity equivalent to two 14- to 18-pin 
integrated circuits per square inch, 
enables the computer to fit easily on a 
desk. Other features, such as the rotary 
control knob, user-definable keys, and 
the Twivel help make the Model 16 
easy to use. 

The Model 16 was designed to be 
affordable. The basic unit with 128K 
bytes of RAM sells for $3985, without 
disks. An enhanced unit with 512K 
bytes of RAM and a ROM-based Pro- 
BASIC interpreter costs $5550. The HP 
9121D dual floppy-disk drive, which 
fits neatly under the Model 16 and uses 
3y2-inch disks (270K bytes per disk), 
costs $1775. 

The Model 16 was built to be reli- 



able. Environmental and STRIFE test- 
ing assure a very low failure rate prior 
to delivery, even for early production 
models. 

The Model 16 was designed with a 
wide growth path. Software is inter- 
changeable with that of the other Series 
200 computers, as well as with the HP 
9845 and the 32-bit HP 9000 com- 
puters. HP's Shared Resource Manage- 
ment network allows files and disks to 
be shared among groups of users. 

More than 30 different peripherals 
and over 200 instruments easily con- 
nect to the Model 16 over its HP-IB in- 
terface. An RS-232C interface is also 
built-in for increased flexibility. Other 
available interfaces include binary- 
coded decimal, data communications, 
color video, and a general-purpose 
card. 

A variety of HP and third-party soft- 
ware is available for technical and 
management applications . 

All in all, the HP Series 200 Model 16 
is indeed a lion packaged 
housecat.B 



as 



DOUBLE 

the 

EXPANSION 

CAPACITY 



of your 



IBM PC: 






□ Brings system total to ten slots 

□ Six expansion slots plus power supply 

□ No special addressing, part of PC 
I/O bus 

□ Compatible with all PC expansion 
cards 

□ No noise — no fan 

An expansion chassis is a must for any- 
one who needs to go behind the PC's 
minimum configuration. Simply plug the 
I-Bus Six-Pac Expansion Chassis into one 
slot of your PC — and you've doubled 
your expansion slots from five to a total 
of ten. There's no special addressing or 
software required. Cards plugged into the 
Six-Pac perform exactly as if they were 
in the main system unit. 

And there's plenty of power, too, be- 
cause chances are your PC will run out of 
power before it runs out of slots. The Six- 
Pac's 40W supply quietly powers its own 
slots, with negligible power drawn from 
the PC. 

It's only $695, including 18" shielded 
interface cable (or $755 with a four-foot 
cable). Call us today for all the details. 

Call toll free: 

(800) 382-4229 

in California call (619) 569-0646 

The l-Bus 
Six-Pac 
Expansion 
Chassis 




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San Diego, CA 92123 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 125 



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International Business Machines Corporation £ 19B3Sorcim Corporation. 



Texas Instruments' 99/2 
Basic Computer 

A look at the design process from concept to prototype 



Designing a new low-cost com- 
puter system is a delicate balancing 
act. Your system must satisfy the 
needs of your market, respond to the 
challenges presented by your com- 
petitors, and still be profitable to 
build and market. In designing the 
new Texas Instruments 99/2 Basic 
Computer, we managed to achieve all 
of the above requirements in only 
four and a half months, which may 
be record time for a new system. 

The TI-99/2 was developed to 
compete directly with such low-cost 
computers as the Sinclair ZX81 and 
the Timex/ Sinclair 1000. The tremen- 
dous demand for computers that sell 
for less than $100 demonstrated a 
growing need for a low-cost com- 
puter-literacy product for both 
children and adults. Our primary 
goal as designers of the TI-99/2 was 
to build a home computer that would 
enable people of all ages to take part 
in the computer revolution around 
them. It would also be used as a 
learning computer for students from 
grade school through college. 

To satisfy consumers' needs, a low- 
cost computer must function beyond 
the computer-literacy stage; only 
then can it enable novices to improve 
their newly developed skills, through 
activities such as personal record 
keeping, education aids, and even 
mind-challenging games. Further- 
more, the computer must be capable 
of growing with individuals who 
want to develop more advanced skills 



Harry Littlejohn and Mark Jander 

Texas Instruments Inc. 

Consumer Products Group 

POB 10508, MS 5849 

Lubbock, TX 79048 




Photo 1: The Texas Instruments Basic 
Computer 99/2 is designed to compete 
directly with low-priced computers such 
as the Timex/ Sinclair 1000, BASIC pro- 
grams written on the 99/2 can run on the 
T1-99/4A, but the reverse is not true. 

or applications. 

Texas Instruments set what we con- 
sidered to be very aggressive goals in 
the design and manufacture of the 
TI-99/2. In this article well discuss 
those goals and how we met and 
sometimes, in our opinion, surpassed 
them in the course of the four and a 
half months between the initial con- 
cept and the completion of working 
prototypes for the January 1983 Con- 
sumer Electronics Show (see photo 1). 

Design Requirements 

We believed a major portion of our 
market would be first-time computer 
buyers looking for a minimal invest- 
ment in the world of computers. We 
kept the price lpw, hoping that those 
who decided computer programming 
was not for them would not regret the 
expense. Our basic assumption about 



these potential buyers was that they 
would base their purchase decisions 
on price, not features. Computing 
power, expandability, and the avail- 
ability of peripherals would be a 
relative measure for choosing from 
among several computers in the same 
price range. 

We felt strongly that the first-time 
buyer must not be intimidated by the 
product. The console, we decided, 
must be simple, and the keyboard 
must be no more complicated than a 
typewriter keyboard. A cluttered 
keyboard, with multiple-function 
keys — and, therefore, multiple 
legends— would generate an immed- 
iate "I'll never learn to use that" at- 
titude. In addition, we thought the 
computer should be sufficiently sim- 
ple to operate and self-contained 
enough to ensure ease of use. 

Once the beginner starts to develop 
computer skills, the computer needs 
peripherals that make new applica- 
tions accessible. An economical pro- 
gram and data-storage unit was nec- 
essary, as were preprogrammed ap- 
plication software packages to in- 
crease the computer's utility. We 
decided that the system would also 
need a low-cost printer for listings 
and as a way of keeping track of pro- 
gram output. In addition, the system 
needed to handle the memory expan- 
sion that becomes necessary as pro- 
gramming expertise increases. 

For computer owners who progress 
to more advanced applications, a 



128 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



range of more sophisticated periph- 
erals is necessary. We saw a need for 
communications or networking de- 
vices; high-density, fast-access mass 
storage; and printer/plotter-type 
peripherals to provide a very power- 
ful but low-cost computer system (see 
photo 2). Growth beyond these levels 
of sophistication would probably en- 
tail buying a computer with greater 
capabilities. 

To ease the upward migration to 
more sophisticated computers, we 
decided to make our computer part of 
an integrated product line based on 
the 99 /4A. Integrating the computer 
with other TI products would enable 
us to provide compatible software 
and peripherals for other members of 
the TI Home Computer Family. Pro- 
gramming techniques and computer 
programs developed on a low-cost 
machine could be used on the more 
advanced machine without being 
rewritten. Peripherals for the new 
machine would then be compatible 
with the more expensive console, and 
none of the equipment and program- 
ming exchanges would become 
obsolete. 

Having identified these require- 
ments, we selected the following 
characteristics for the TI-99/2: 

1) a computer system for less than 
$100 that consists of a console, an 
external AC adapter for power, 
and a minimum of 2K bytes of 
RAM (random-access read/write 




Photo 2: Peripherals for the 99/2. The 
line of low-cost peripherals includes, from 
top to bottom: the HX-1000 printer/plot- 
ter, the HX-2000 Wafertape Digital Drive 
tape unit, and the HX-3000 RS-232C inter- 
face. 

memory) and 16K bytes of ROM 
(read-only memory) 

2) a built-in, two-channel black-and- 
white RF modulator (channels 3/4) 
for connecting the system to a 
standard TV (use of black and 
white was necessary to achieve 
cost goals) 

3) a built-in interface for a standard 
audio-cassette recorder to provide 
economical mass-storage capabil- 
ity. Only audio in/out would be 
supported by the system. Cost 
would not allow support of motor 
control 

4) a built-in Hex-bus interface to pro- 
vide compatibility with the line of 
low-cost peripherals 

5) an operating system that would be 
a subset of TI-BASIC as used on 
the TI-99/4A Home Computer 
console. Thus the software written 



on the 99/2 would be upward com- 
patible with the 99/4A. For cost 
reasons, the 99/2 would not use 
the Graphics Read-Only Memory 
(GROM) programming language 
of the 99/4A and, therefore, 
99/4A command cartridges would 
not be compatible with the 99/2. 
Software compatibility would be 
provided by BASIC programs 
stored on cassette 

6) no sound, color, or joystick 
capability would be supported, 
again because of cost constraints 

7) the full system bus structure would 
be available at an expansion port 
on the rear of the console. This 
would facilitate memory-expand- 
ing Solid State Software cartridges 
(not 4A compatible) or any other 
future system expansion 

8) a nonintimidating, 48-key type- 
writer-like keyboard with only 
two legends per key top. Layout 
and functionality of the keyboard 
would match that of the 99/4A. To 
achieve the goal of two legends per 
key, lowercase letters would not be 
supported. 

To enhance user acceptance and 
utility of the keyboard, we needed a 
raised key that provided tactile feed- 
back as it was pressed. But we also 
needed the economy of a Mylar key 
material. Our mechanical design 
team came up with a keyboard sys- 
tem that provided both advantages: 
using a Mylar key matrix under an 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 129 




Photo 3: The main circuit board of the 99/2 contains the TMS9995 microprocessor, video controller chip, I/O controller chip, two 
static RAMs (4K bytes), three ROMs (the final version will have one 32K-byte ROM), a two-channel RF modulator, and the 5-volt 
DC regulator with heat sink. 



"elastomeric" key-top assembly. The 
elastomeric system provides 48 raised 
keys in a single molded sheet, an ar- 
rangement that takes advantage of 
the elastomeric properties of the 
material. Depressing the key actuates 
the Mylar underneath. 

Internal Architecture 

We decided to use the new high- 
speed TMS9995 microprocessor that 
runs at 10.7 MHz, a standard crystal 
frequency. We chose the TMS9995 
over the TMS9900 because it requires 
fewer external control components 
and less circuit-board space due to its 
smaller package (see photo 3). 



The 99/2 uses a standard address/ 
data bus system. By using a 16-bit 
microprocessor and DMA (direct 
memory access) video processing, 
we attained a high-speed system per- 
formance. Initially, the system had 
only 2K bytes of RAM. But when we 
expanded the system from 16K bytes 
of ROM to 32K bytes of ROM to 
allow the software to run a full file- 
management system without a plug- 
in module, we decided our overhead 
use of RAM was too high. We added 
2K bytes of RAM to carry the 
overhead of the system BASIC and 
still give us a reasonable amount of 
space for the program. 



The total RAM in the computer is 
actually 4.2K bytes, including the 256 
bytes of scratch-pad memory in the 
TMS9995 microprocessor. That 
scratch-pad memory helps improve 
the speed of the system. The 32K-byte 
ROM has a physical address space of 
24K bytes, and the last 8K bytes of 
ROM are bank switched to preserve a 
32K-byte expansion-port capability 
(see figure 1). 

The expansion port has all system 
control address and data bus signals 
available. This allows expansion with 
RAM, ROM, or I/O (input/output) 
cartridges. The 32K-byte expansion 
address space can be configured in 



130 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 




TM 



SUPER 



TIMES 

FASTER THAN 




dBASE II 



TM 



If you bought your computer to save time, then you 
need SUPER, the most powerful database system you 
can use. Power is a combination of speed, ease of use 
and versatility. SUPER has them all. 

FAST - To demonstrate SUPER'S speed, ISA retained a 
professional dBASE programmer to benchmark SUPER 
vs. the acknowledged leader. A simple mailing list 
application was chosen to minimize dBASE 
programming cost. The results: 



Task 


SUPER Time 


dBASE II Time 


Set up/Program 


5:20 min. 


12:18:00 hrs. 


Input 100 records 


50:29 min. 


1:27:50 hrs. 


Sort & Print Labels 


6:41 min. 


4:18 min. 


Totals 


1:02:30 hrs. 


13:50:08 hrs. 



Notice that SUPER was faster at every task where your 
time is involved— and saving your time is probably the 
whole reason you bought a computer. 

EASY TO USE - SUPER won because of its ease of 
use. Since it is menu-driven, office personnel can easily 
learn to use SUPER to set up their own applications, 
speeding and simplifying dozens of tasks without the 
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interfaces to word processors such as WordStar™, 
SuperSCRIPTSIT™, Model 11/16 SCRIPTSIT™, and 
NEWSCRIPT™ In fact SUPER has so many features that 

Circle 191 on inquiry card. 



it takes a six-page product description to cover them all. 
Write or call and we'll send you one. 

SUPER is available for TRS-80™ Models I & III under 
NEWDOS™, LDOS™, and DOSPLUS; for TRS-80 Models 
II, III and 16 under TRSDOS™; and CP/M™ systems. 

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Write for Catalogue 




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Trade mark owners: dBASEII-Ashton-Tate SCRIPTSIT, SuperSCRIPTSIT, TRSDOS, 
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NEWSCRIPT-PROSOFT. LDOS-Logical Systems, Inc CP/M-Digita! Research. 

BYTE June 1983 131 



TMS9995 

16-BIT 

NMOS 

MICROPROCESSOR 



SYSTEM 

RAM 

4K BYTES 



SYSTEM 

ROM 

32K BYTES 



EXPANSION 

RAM 

32K BYTES 



SOLID-STATE 

SOFTWARE 

CARTRIDGES 



VIDEO- 
DISPLAY 
CONTROLLER 



RF 

MODULATOR 



I/O CONTROLLER 



KEYBOARD 



HEX-BUS 



VIDEO 
OUTPUT 



CASSETTE 
INTERFACE 



Figure 1: Internal architecture of the TI-99/2. 



8K-byte increments of memory with 
ROM building up at the low end of 
the expansion address space and 
RAM building down from the high 
end of the expansion address space. 

The system contains two gate ar- 
rays; one controls the video display, 
and the other handles I/O functions. 
Gate arrays are a low-cost method of 
designing custom ICs (integrated cir- 
cuits). Starting with an array of logic 
elements on an IC, the manufacturer 
simply designs a mask to connect the 
elements in the final metalization pro- 
cedure. To change the logic on a chip, 
you simply change the mask. 

The video-display controller is a 
DMA processor that shares RAM and 
ROM with the microprocessor. The 
shared-memory structure improves 
the ability to effectively update and 
scroll the video display, thus allowing 
more time to be allotted to the central 
processing unit. 

The I/O controller handles the 
Hex-bus interface, cassette interface, 
keyboard, I/O, clock generation, 
system reset, and RAM /ROM chip- 
select generation. This gate array 
allows higher system integration and 
therefore lowers the cost of the 
system. 

The 99/2's BASIC language is ar- 
chitecturally different from the 
BASIC used in the 99/4A. To the user 
it appears the same, but to meet our 
goal of cost reduction we had to 
redesign the internal modules. For ex- 



ample, the RAM and ROM are in dif- 
ferent places in the 99/2 and 99/4A. 
Still, for the most part the BASIC 
commands produce the same re- 
sponses as the 99/4A BASIC. In addi- 
tion, the system is faster to execute 
and uses fewer parts. 

We decided to go with Solid State 
Software to meet the need for a plug- 
in module that would allow the user 
to personalize the system through 
configuration software. The user 
could turn the system into a terminal 
emulator, a learning aid, or a game 
machine. 

We didn't want the 

beginning user to have 

to hook up too many 

external parts. 

We built the RF modulator into the 
system to simplify use. We didn't 
want the beginning user to have to 
hook up too many external parts. 

The 99/2 uses a 128-character set. 
Each character is an 8 by 8 dot 
matrix. It takes 8 bytes, or 64 bits, of 
information within the ROM to 
define each character. There are 1024 
bytes of ROM in the system commit- 
ted to screen generation; these are 
unavailable for system BASIC. 

One byte of RAM is required for 
every character location on the screen 
(768 bytes for a 24-character by 
32-line screen display). The central 



processing unit writes a code into 
each of those RAM locations. The 
gate array then reads that code and 
knows which of the 128 characters to 
display on the screen. The video con- 
troller chip and the microprocessor 
share the system in order to keep the 
display from flickering, which can be 
annoying to the first-time user. 

The video controller chip has 
dominant control of the bus system. 
When it wants the bus, it gets it — no 
matter what the central processing 
unit is doing. We designed it that way 
to satisfy the refresh-rate re- 
quirements. The processor can com- 
pute only when the video controller is 
not using the system. The central pro- 
cessing unit can compute only during 
border times, when the electron beam 
is not drawing a trace on the screen, 
such as during the horizontal retrace, 
vertical retrace, and top and bottom 
border times. 

When the screen is full of 
characters, the video controller has 
the bus 90 percent of the time, and the 
central processing unit can be used 
for computing only about 10 percent 
of the time, which slows down the 
computer drastically. To overcome 
this limitation, we designed the video 
controller with enough intelligence to 
know not to tie up the system when 
nothing is displayed on a line. At the 
end of every line that is generated, the 
processor writes what is called a 
blank end-of-line character. The 
video controller responds to this 
character by releasing the bus for the 
rest of that row on the line. 

When the screen is blank, the video 
controller accesses the memory only 
1/768 of the maximum computation 
time available. Because a line of 
BASIC code seldom fills an entire 
screen line, the computing time is 
greatly increased by this feature. If 
we need to compute quickly, the sys- 
tem has the ability to disable the 
video chip; then there are no inter- 
ruptions to computing time. The soft- 
ware controls the screen and can be 
accessed through BASIC. 

BASIC 

To facilitate our computer-literacy 
goals for the 99/2, we provided three 
additional BASIC statements that are 



132 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



not compatible with the 99/4A but 
that do allow the user to develop 
some assembly-language program- 
ming skills. These are the PEEK, 
POKE, and MCHL (machine-lan- 
guage execute) commands that let the 
user read/write directly into mem- 
ory. By using the MCHL command, 
the user can execute an assembly-lan- 
guage program. Most applications on 
the 99/2 will not require the PEEK, 
POKE, and MCHL commands, but 
their availability gives users a chance 
to do assembly-language program- 
ming, even though it is not supported 
by the 99/4A console BASIC. 

The 99/2 users manual explains 
any of the incompatibilities. It is im- 
portant for the user to know these 
when writing a program that uses the 
assembly-language capabilities of the 
99/2. Those instructions will be 
flagged as errors on the 99/4A. We 
felt that anyone who can program in 
assembly language will understand 
how to change the program to run on 
the 99/4A. Anything written totally 
in BASIC will be compatible. 

System Software 

The system software of the 99/2, 
we decided, would provide power-up 
initiation and system configuration 
definitions and would allow users to 
select operation in BASIC or to use an 
application module that had been 
previously inserted into the expan- 
sion port. We decided to implement a 
subset of the TI-99/4A console 
BASIC to satisfy the upward software 
compatibility users need to migrate to 
another computer system. 

Because of architectural limita- 
tions, the 99/2 does not support 
several features — CALL COLOR, 
CALL SOUND, CALL JOY, CALL 
CHAR$, and CALL SCREEN. The 
cost of the additional hardware re- 
quired to support these features 
would have caused us to exceed our 
pricing goals. 

In addition, the system would not 
use the TI-99/4A GROM language 
because of the cost of the hardware 
required to support GROM chips. We 
had to develop a completely new 
BASIC interpreter for the 99/2 that 
was optimized to use the speed ad- 
vantages of our architecture yet pro- 



vide a meaningful subset of TI- 
BASIC. We included a full file-man- 
agement system in the system soft- 
ware to take full advantage of the 
Hex-bus peripheral system. 

Within the time frame we gave our- 
selves, we didn't have sufficient 
resources to develop a complete soft- 
ware system for the 99/2, so we 
decided to go to an independent third 
party for the software generation. We 
needed a group that was willing to 
undertake a task of this magnitude in 



the time allotted. 

We contacted the University of 
Southwestern Louisiana (USL) in 
Lafayette, Louisiana, because its 
computer science department had 
worked with TI before and came 
highly recommended. After we dis- 
cussed our concepts and needs with 
them, the USL team accepted the 
challenge. During the course of the 
four and a half months in which we 
prepared prototypes for the January 
1983 Consumer Electronics Show 




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Customer Service 
602-863-0759 



Circle 148 on inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 133 



(CES) in Las Vegas, Nevada, the USL 
team members provided very useful 
feedback on the 99/2 system architec- 
ture. 

Development Schedules 

The entire 99/2 system was con- 
ceived, designed, and developed in 
time to introduce working prototypes 
at the CES show. The full develop- 
ment cycle, from concept through 
production, including qualification 
and certification, was approximately 
eight months long. This achievement 
required the cooperative dedicated ef- 
forts of many TI groups both inside 
and outside the Consumer Group. 

Our Semiconductor Group devel- 
oped two new gate array ICs, from 
layout to working prototypes, in two 
months. Logic design of the gate ar- 
rays was done in Lubbock, Texas, by 
the IC design organization of the Per- 
sonal Computer Division in approx- 
imately one month. 

The mechanical design team of the 
Personal Computer Division designed 
and developed the console, AC 



adapter, cassette /video connections, 
and the keyboard in time to have pro- 
totypes at the CES show, also in 
about four and a half months. Devel- 
opment included implementation of 
advanced assembly techniques to 
allow reduced manufacturing time 
and lower cost. Our Industrial Design 
team provided the styling of the con- 
sole. 

The full development 
cycle, from concept to 

production, was 

approximately eight 

months. 

Other members of the TI Con- 
sumer Group also contributed greatly 
to the successful introduction of the 
TI-99/2. Our packaging design and 
artwork team worked many extra 
hours to provide the appropriate 
packaging material for the unit, while 
our manual-writing staff developed a 
series of four manuals for the 99/2 
that gradually progress in complexity 



to handle the range from novice to 
computer hobbyist. 

Final Thoughts 

The TI-99/2 is not just another 
low-cost, entry-level computer. It is a 
computer system designed for educa- 
tion and personal use. Users will find 
it an inexpensive introduction to 
microcomputers. With the use of 
Solid State Software cartridges such 
as Learn to Program and Learn to 
Program BASIC, individuals and 
schools can easily obtain instruction 
in computer programming. 

By introducing peripherals and in- 
expensive software simultaneously 
with the computer, Texas Instru- 
ments believes this system will grow 
with an individual, inspire confidence 
in the use of computers, and foster 
the continued growth of the computer 
revolution. ■ 

About the Authors 

Harry Littlejohn was program manager and 
project engineer and Mark Jander was project 
design engineer for Texas Instruments' TI-99/2 
design group. 





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134 June 1903 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 48 on inquiry card. 




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For vour: Apple II, Atari, Commodore 64, CP/M 8; DEC Rainbow, 
DEC RT-ll, IBM, NEC APC, NEC PC-8000, Osborne l, TI Professional, 
TRS-80 Model I, TRS-80 Model III. 

Circle 187 on inquiry card. 



Implementing Minicomputer 

Capabilities in a Desktop 

Microcomputer 

Multiple users, Xenix and local-area networks 
characterize the Altos 586. 



Colin Nayler 

Altos Computer Systems 

2641 Orchard Park Way 

San Jose, CA 95134 



The advent of powerful 16-bit 
microprocessors that support high- 
performance operating systems has 
set the stage for desktop microcom- 
puters in the $8000-to-$12,000 price 
range that perform on a par with the 
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Systems is one such machine. It was 
designed to offer a multiuser system 
with the Xenix operating system and 
support for a variety of local-area 
networking (LAN) and communica- 
tions protocols. 

In using the Xenix operating sys- 
tem, a joint development of Altos and 
Microsoft based on Bell Laboratories' 
Unix System III, the 586 is one of the 
first desktop microcomputers to offer 
the sophisticated facilities of Unix 
software. The 586 runs Xenix — as 
well as the MP/M-86, MS-DOS, 
Oasis-16, and Pick operating 
systems — in a stand-alone configura- 
tion, and it also supports LAN and 
communications protocols including 
Ethernet and bisynchronous, and will 
soon support X.25 and IBM's Systems 

Unix is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. • 
Xenix is a trademark of Microsoft Corpora- 
tion. 




Photo 1: The new Altos 586 microcom- 
puter offers affordable, fast 16-bit pro- 
cessing to accommodate five users, ex- 
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operating system and provides integral 
networking capability. 



Network Architecture (SNA) pro- 
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Although the 586 is designed to 
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proprietary memory-management 
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use of Xenix. 

Memory Management and Xenix 

Xenix presents problems for any 
8086-based multiuser system because 
the microprocessor lacks certain im- 
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one user resides in memory at the 
same time. To overcome this 
obstacle, Altos's designers developed 
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hardware, built with PAL (program- 
mable arrayed logic) and RAM 
(random-access read /write memory) 
circuitry around the central pro- 
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This memory-management system 
enables the central processor to set a 
user-mode bit when the machine runs 



138 June 1903 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE June 1983 139 



an application program. When this 
bit is not set, the system is in system 
mode, which runs the operating sys- 
tem kernel . The memory-manage- 
ment system also disables certain 
operations in user mode, such as I/O 
instructions and memory accessing 
not belonging to a currently active 
user. If a user attempts any of these 
operations, the system issues a non- 
maskable interrupt that clears user 
mode and puts the machine in system 
mode. Without this protection, these 
operations can corrupt the system for 
all users. 

The heart of the memory manage- 
ment system is a 256- by 14-bit logical 
RAM section, into which Xenix 
writes the control bits for as many as 
256 memory segments (pages) of 4K 
bytes each, along with a page-reloca- 
tion value that relates logical and 
physical address space. The control 
bits define legal memory access and 
are read by PALs, which function as 
comparators to detect the execution 
of illegal instructions and alert the 
central processor to prevent illegal 
writes. The relocation value becomes 
part of the physical memory address, 
permitting memory segments to be 
assembled noncontiguously while the 
central processor makes accesses as if 
the memory were a solid block. 

The memory-management system 
thus makes it possible for the 8086 to 
run Xenix efficiently by providing a 
paging system that permits "scattered 
loading" of processes into logical 
memory: the 4K-byte pages can be 
scattered throughout the 1-megabyte 
logical memory (i.e., mapped any- 
where), eliminating the time-consum- 
ing search for extensive contiguous 
physical memory to load a process. 
Unlike some minicomputers, the 586 
can swap pages of lengthy programs 
back and forth between the scattered 
areas of noncontiguous main memory 
and a swap area on the hard disk. The 
586's intelligent hard-disk controller 
further speeds swapping by writing 
and reading multiple pages in less 
than one revolution, rather than the 
several revolutions required by many 
minicomputers. 

Making Xenix Universal 

Regardless of its processing power, 



disk storage, and communications 
capabilities, however, the 586 would 
not be appropriate for corporate- 
wide office automation without some 
way to make its Xenix operating sys- 
tem amenable to the typical business 
user. To this end, Altos has created a 
business shell" that presents Xenix's 
capabilities in an easy-to-use menu- 
driven format. 

This Xenix business shell is com- 
patible with virtually any RS-232C 
terminal and is accompanied by 
several integrated applications pro- 
grams for nonprogramming person- 
nel, including an electronic mail 
package developed by Altos, a finan- 
cial planner based on Microsoft's 
Multiplan, the Horizon word-process- 
ing system, a Business Basic III inter- 
preter, a seven-module accounting 
package, and an interactive tutorial. 

A ''business shell- 
presents Xenix's 
capabilities in an 

easy-to-use format. 

System programmers can use the 
shell's facilities to customize software 
for end users by modifying menus 
and prompts. The menu system is 
composed of a collection of ASCII 
(American National Standard Code 
for Information Interchange) files 
that may be viewed and modified 
either through the menu development 
portion of the system or directly with 
any text editor. Data is stored almost 
exactly as it will appear, which allows 
precise control over the final screen 
displays. Moreover, the menus and 
prompts themselves are structured 
around the Xenix file system as a con- 
venient mechanism for customizing 
software. 

The shell frees a user from having 
to learn the myriad commands that 
make Xenix a versatile and powerful 
tool, but not an easy one to master. 
The Xenix command "mkdir," for ex- 
ample, creates a new directory; "cat" 
concatenates files and displays them; 
and "rm" removes them. In contrast, 
the 586's Xenix interface offers clear 
menu choices at each stage of a user's 
interaction with the system. When 



additional input is required, the sys- 
tem prompts for it at the bottom of 
the screen. For inexperienced users, 
the 586's business shell provides com- 
plete online assistance, displaying in- 
formation about any menu or selec- 
tion. Sophisticated users can execute 
Xenix commands directly simply by 
prefacing them with "!" or by enter- 
ing the standard Bourne shell or 
C-shell. 

Local Networking 

and Remote Communications 

Xenix capabilities and 16-bit archi- 
tecture in a desktop computer are im- 
pressive, but the range permitted by 
ribbon or RS-232C cable between a 
terminal and the microprocessor is 
not great. A stand-alone multiuser 
system cannot address the processing 
requirements of users on another 
floor or another continent. Sophisti- 
cated networking and communica- 
tions capabilities are required, which 
the 586 solves by offering two LAN* 
configurations and the bisynchro- 
nous, X.25, and SNA communica- 
tions protocols. 

The more modest networking 
scheme is Altos's proprietary RS-422 
twisted-pair LAN software called 
Altos-Net, which is supplied in the 8K 
bytes of ROM (read/ only memory) in 
the main board's Z80 processor. 
Based on UNET software from 
3COM, Altos-Net runs at 800 bits per 
second (bps) and uses a bit-oriented 
synchronous data-link control 
(SDLC) protocol to link as many as 
32 Altos 16-bit machines. Implement- 
ing this protocol was greatly sim- 
plified because Altos-Net is not an 
inter-vendor LAN. At the physical 
layer of the seven-layer International 
Standards Organization (ISO) model, 
for example, a single-chip RS-422 
driver can produce a differential 
signal for both the clock and data 
transmissions, each of which is sent 
as a pair of "mirror images" that 
cancel external noise. At the link 
layer, a Zilog communications chip 
functions in a low-level SDLC-like 
mode, offering the speed of a bit- 
oriented, carrier-sense protocol 
without the expense of collision 
detection. Transmission is in packets 
consisting of an opening flag (six "1" 



140 June 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Scratchpad 

The Ultimate Spreadsheet for 

CP/M-86, IBM PC DOS, and CP/M 



The Ultimate Spreadsheet? 
YOU BET! 

Packed with more important features and 
performance than any other spreadsheet, Scratchpad 
is perfect for "what if" analyses and financial 
modeling of all kinds. 

The features tell the story: 

Flexible Spreadsheet 

A Scratchpad innovation. Now you can design 
the spreadsheet to fit your application, rather than 
redesigning your application to fit the spreadsheet. 
For example, if you need a worksheet that is 
extremely wide but not very deep, Scratchpad can 
do it. The matrix dimensions are up to you. 

Virtual Memory 

Another Scratchpad innovation. When your 
computer runs out of memory in RAM, your disk 
drives act as a backup memory for additional 
spreadsheet data. (This is something other 
spreadsheet people don't talk about in their ads. 
They can still run out of memory!) 

Scratchpad with a hard disk on the IBM PC, 
for example, allows in excess of 20,000 entries! 
NEVER see those disastrous OUT of MEMORY 
messages again. 

Consolidation 

This lets you combine several spreadsheets, 
adding or averaging the numeric data. It is 
especially useful to businesses that want to 
combine data from several departments, or add or 
average spreadsheets from different months of the 
years. Just another reason why Scratchpad is the 
ultimate spreadsheet. 



These features and many others make 
Scratchpad the most powerful spreadsheet 
available! So, find out why we call Scratchpad the 
Ultimate Spreadsheet. 

Write: Scratchpad Information, SuperSoft, 
Box 1628, Champaign, IL 61820. 

This is what others are saying: 

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm 

Small Business Computers, July August 82 
"In our opinion Scratchpad is an excellent 

business-oriented spreadsheet program, easy to learn, 

easy to use, and well documented/ 5 

InfoWorid, Sept. 6, 82 

"Scratchpad . . . [is designed] for users who want 
entry simplicity and fast answers." 

Business Computer Systems, Sept. '82 

". . . a new memory innovation from SuperSoft . . . 
ScratchPadfs] virtual memory can accommodate an 
essentially unlimited number of entries by tapping the 
disk drive for secondary memory," 



— — — 



Available for IBM PC DOS, CP/M-86® and CP/M? 

Scratchpad: $295.00 

(Requires 96K* with PC or MS DOS, 64K* with 
CP/M-86® and 56K with CP/M®) 
Now available for OASIS: call 802-658-5600. 

Japanese Distributor: ASR Corporation International, 
3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan. 
Tel. (03H375371 Telex: 0242-2723. 
European Distributor: Micro Technology Ltd., 51 The 
Pantiles, Tunbridge Welis, Kent, England TN2 5TH. 
TEL. 0892-45433. Telex: 95441 Micro-G. 
* Additional memory recommended for optimal 
performance of all features. 
CP/M and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research. 

Circle 370 on inquiry card. 




FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365 



Circle 453 on Inquiry card. 



SAT/GRE 
STUDY SKILLS 

FOR ALL MODELS OF THE 

APPLE II 
Math Skills Pak 

Math 1 - Basic Skills, Algebra, 

Geometry, and Word Problems 

300 Entries - $25 

Math 2 - Same Level as Math 1 with 

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Entries with Antonyms and 

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Stored with Hints - $25 

Sentence Completion - Over 300 

Entries of Completion, Correction 
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Verbal Skills Pak (All Three 
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• All Diskettes are Date Base 
Systems Complete with Editors 
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• Built in Program Documentation 
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804/826-3777 



bits), a station address, data, two 
bytes of cyclic redundancy check 
(CRC), and a closing flag. 

The remaining five layers of the 
ISO model are implemented by the 
UNET software, which offers file 
transfer, virtual terminal capability, 
transmission control protocol, elec- 
tronic mail and internet protocol. 

Ethernet on a Chip 

The 586 is one of the first systems 
to offer Ethernet capabilities on a chip 
for users who need a more expansive, 
higher-performance LAN or who seek 
to implement an industry standard to 
link machines from several vendors. 
Altos expects this protocol to become 
the de facto standard for local-area 
networks because of Ethernet's high 
performance, availability, low cost, 
and acceptance by a rapidly growing 
list of vendors. 

In the 586, the Intel Ethernet chip 
set resides on half of the system's 
communications board, while the 
other half provides either remote syn- 
chronous communications or four ad- 
ditional serial I/O channels. "Ether- 
net on a chip" actually consists of two 
separate chips hardwired together— a 
controller and an encoder /decoder. 
The controller chip is located on the 
system's lone Multibus interface and 
is programmed from the 8086. At the 
opposite end of the board, the en- 
coder/decoder chip connects with the 
half -inch Ethernet transceiver cable 
through an Ethernet port. 

The Ethernet chip replaces a far 
more expensive Ethernet controller 
board from 3COM, which Altos pre- 
viously used in the 586. The chip runs 
the Ethernet protocol and also con- 
tains small numbers of FIFO (first-in, 
first-out) registers to buffer the 
packets. Moreover, it has a built-in 
DMA (direct memory access) inter- 
face, which replaces an external 
DMA channel and provides an inter- 
nal I/O port. As a result, the Ethernet 
chip does not need to make two mem- 
ory accesses to manipulate data (one 
to read from memory and one to 
write to I/O, or vice versa); it gets the 
data from memory in a single access. 

The Ethernet chip's intelligence 
rivals that of the central processor in 
certain respects. A user can tell the 



chip what to do by writing a program 
into memory because the chip gets all 
of its instructions directly from 
memory, not from another processor. 
For the same reason, the chip can run 
the Ethernet protocol while remote 
communications protocols are being 
run by their own processor. Were the 
networking and communications pro- 
tocols to share a processor, they 
could not run simultaneously. 

Unlike the Ethernet chip set, the 
serial I/O communications chips on 
the other half of the communications 
board must receive instructions from 
an Intel 80186, which shares the 
board and runs 128K bytes of local 
memory. This extra processor is nec- 
essary because Xenix is not a real- 
time operating system and is thus not 
designed to service communications 
protocols efficiently. 

Each of the board's two serial I/O 
chips supports two channels, and two 
of these four channels support syn- 
chronous communications. Unlike 
the Z80 on the main board, which has 
most of its code in immutable ROM, 
the communications board contains 
only minimal ROM but has a large 
amount of RAM. This makes it an ex- 
cellent candidate for economical com- 
munications software upgrades. 
Augmented versions of X.25, SNA, 
and other protocols can be imple- 
mented simply by loading them onto 
the communications board from a 
disk. Because the 80186 contains 
128K bytes, it will probably be 
several years before a hardware 
upgrade will be needed to accom- 
modate these newer protocols. The 
communications board also contains 
a socket for an optional 212-type 
1200-bps full-duplex modem module. 

More limited comunications capa- 
bilities are standard on the 586 
through its six serial I/O ports. Five 
of these channels can operate in asyn- 
chronous mode at all 15 standard 
data rates between 75 bps and 19,200 
bps. In addition, two external reg- 
isters can be loaded with a 16-bit un- 
signed integer to generate a unique 
rate setting for these channels. Each 
channel has its own programmable 
timer, which allows the channel to 
have its own data rate. The sixth 
channel provides external clocking on 



142 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



SAGE™ TECHNICAL BRIEFING 



u Can't Outrun Memories. 



nputer can go faster than its 
memory. 

Even the lightning-fast 68000 proces- 
sor can be slowed to a snail's pace by a 
sluggish main memory design. 

For that reason, we designed the 
memory for 16-bit SAGE computers to 
keep pace with the 68000. It's a close 
coupled, straightforward design that 
lets the processor run full bore at 2 
million instructions a second. 

Anything less simply wouldn t be 
state of the art. 

Simple Isn't Always 
Easy. 

To make a mem- 
ory simple is simple. 

But to make a ,$ 
simple memory fast 
is difficult 

And to incorporate it into a 
computer that doesn't cost a fortune is 
next to impossible. That is, unless some 
highly-creative circuit solutions can be 
found. 

And that's precisely how the totally 
unique SAGE memory was born. 

One MBYTE Of 64KB YTE Devices. 

In keeping with the no-compromise 
spirit of SAGE memory design, we 



"ily 64K, dynamic If 
nanosecond memories. SAGE IV Com- 
puters can be equipped with a 
megabyte of this type of memory 

And you can specify as few as one 
or as many as four built-in Winchesters, 
plus floppy drh/e. 

What's more, thanks to its exclusive 
memory design, your SAGE computer 
can take data as fast as its floppy disk 





can dish k out. In fact, with 
no need for skewing or inter- 
leaving, the SAGE Computer actu- 
ally lets its floppy run as fast as 
Winchesters do on some machines. 

So when you select a computer for 
serious development or serious busi- 
ness, remember the importance of 
memory. 

For more information and the name 
of your nearest SAGE dealer, call us 
today. 



age Computer Technology, < 
rate Office, 4905 Energy Way, Reno, 
Nevada 8*2502. Phone (702) 322~68t& 
TWX: 910-395-6073/SAGE RNO 

Eastern United States 

Sage Computer Technology, 
15 New England Executive Park 
Suite 120, Burlington, MA 01803 
(617)229-6868 

mux 

TDI LTD, 29 Alma Vale Road, 
Clifton, Bristol BS8-2HL 
Tel: (0272) 742796 
Tx: 444 653 Advice G 

In Germany 
MM Computer, 
gpmbH HallwangerStr. 
^59, 8210 Pnen 
"Tel: 08051/3074 
Tx:525 400mmco-d 

p-System standard, supporting Pascal, 
FORTRAN 77, BASIC and 68000 Micro As: 
CP/M-68K, Hyper-Forth, Modula 2 optional. 
SAGE and SAGE fV are trademarks of 
SAGE Computer Technology. 
€> 1983 SAGE Computer Technology all rights 
reserved. 

Circle 338 on Inquiry card. 





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Sentinel Computer Products, Division of Packaging Industries Group, inc. 
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both transmit and receive clocks to 
support synchronous serial devices. 

Architecture of the 586 

A fully loaded 586 contains four 
printed-circuit boards. The main 
board holds the 8086 and 512K bytes 
of memory; a Z80 I/O processor sup- 
porting six serial I/O ports, floppy- 
disk accesses, and an RS-422 LAN 
port; and sundry memory-manage- 
ment components enabling the sys- 
tem to support Xenix. A second 
board holds an intelligent hard-disk 
and tape controller with an Intel 8089 
I/O processor. An optional commu- 
nications board provides an Ethernet 
chip set and processors supporting 
either the bisynchronous, X.25, or 
SNA protocols, or four additional 
serial I/O ports. The fourth board is 
an optional memory-expansion board 
providing an additional 512K bytes of 
RAM. A standard 586, consisting of 
the central processor board with 
512K bytes of RAM, six serial ports, a 
10-megabyte hard-disk drive, a 
1-megabyte floppy-disk drive, and 
Altos-Net, sells for $7990. 

The 586 system multimaster bus is 
electrically identical to the Intel 
Multibus, using the same signals and 
signal timing. This compatibility 
allows the 586 to accommodate the 
standard slotted Multibus interface of 
the communications board. Here the 
physical similarity to Intel's Multibus 
ends, however. Instead of using 
Intel's card cage or backplanes, Altos 
placed the hard-disk controller board 
atop the main board and provided a 
short ribbon connector between the 
two. Because the central processor 
and the Z80-based I/O processor are 
on the same board, they are simply 
hard-wired together. The 512K-byte 
memory expansion board plugs di- 
rectly into the central processor, 

The 10-MHz 8086, which includes 
parity error detection per byte on the 
main memory, can fully direct its 
power to run applications and the 
heart of the operating system, leaving 
the I/O details to the Z80 and the 
8089. The 586 offers superior perfor- 
mance to systems using an unaided 
central processor to handle I/O book- 
keeping duties partly because these 
three processors can run simultane- 

< Circle 445 on inquiry card. 




• 




r 





txGfo 



[now Available Nationwide] 
•Through Participating i 

l22MEyjJ?5^Il!l§i ( L r ®ij 

While new printers with impressive specifications are introduced on an almost daily basis, only 
time will tell the true quality of the product Over the past 2 years our customers have continued 
to buy the DS180 printer, not only because of its impressive performance and competitive price, 
but also because of our outstanding track record for product reliability and customer support. 

We have continually improved on the performance of the DS180 by incorporating such 
enhancements as dot addressable graphics, 6 user-selectable print sizes and a 2000 character 
buffer. These features coupled with 180 cps printing, parallel and serial interfaces, adjustable 
tractor feed and over 40 other programmable features, make the DS180 one of the most versa- 
tile matrix printers available today. 

Before you select your next printer, why not take a look at a time-proven performer— the 
Datasouth DS180. 

The DS180 printer is available nationwide through our network of sales/service distributors. 

— _. n Circle 113 on inquiry card. 

Q313©® Oil UliT) computer corporation 

P.O. Box 240947 • Charlotte, NC 28224 • 704/523-8500 
Telex: 6843018 DASOU UW 



Circle 105 on inquiry card. 



HARDWARE/SOFTWARE - WHOLESALE! 

Purchase your Hardware and Software directly trom an OEM/Systems Integrator. Take advantage of our buying power' We stock a full line of Board 
Level Components, Software, and Peripherals Call for your needs. We'll give you the Lowest Prices, and the Technical Support and Know-How we 
are quickly becoming well-known for. Satisfied Customers Nationwide' The Nation's Custom Systems House for Business. Education. Science. 

SOME OF OUR CURRENT SUPERSPECI ALS 

,MM E t>,ATE M oRROW MICRO DECISIONS 



DELIVERY! 



1DR1VE-$819 2DRIVE$1149 2ZD$©«VE=$*2SSt 



MORROW CyiOO 
TERMINAL- ^477 



MICROSOFT MBASIC - 8" CP/M - $1 99 • ASHTONTATE dBASE II $459 

MICROPRO WORDSTAR- 8" CP/M- $259 • WYSE 100TERMINAL-$769 

MITSUBISHI DSDD 8" DRIVES - FULL OR HALF HEIGHT • $449 (the best) 

SIEMENS SSDD 8" DRIVES - $239 • OK! DATA 82 - $419 / 83 - $679 / 84 ■ $1 029 



BOARDS/SYSTEMS COMPUPRO 
LIMITED SPECIAL: SYSTEM 816A- $4395 



CUSTOM BUILT BUSINESS SYSTEMS 
816B-$5595 816C-S7195 



M-DRIVE CP/M -128K- $959 • DISK 1 W/CP/M -$489 • M-DRIVEH -$1395 

8085/88-S319 • 8086/87-$519 • CPU-Z-$229 • DISK 1 -$369 DISK 2 - $599 

INTERFACER 1 OR 2 - $199 • INTERFACER 3-5 - $449/3-8 - $519 • INTERFACER 4 - $279 

RAM 17 (12 MHZ) -$359 • RAM 16(12 MHZ) -$399 • SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 -$309 

ENCLOSE 2- DESK -$659/RACK- $699 • RAM 21 -$849 • CPU68K-$519 

CP/M -$149 • CP/M 86 -$259 • MP/M 8-16 -$769 • HARD DISKS, CABLES, ETC. -CALLUS! 

SIEMENS DUAL 8" SSDD SUBSYSTEM -$699 MITSUBISHI DUAL 8" DSDD SUBSYSTEM -$1099 w/aii cabling' 

20 MEG FUJITSU HARD DISK SUBSYSTEM W/DISK 2. 8I0S, & ALL CABLING - $3199 

WE ARE THE LARGEST IN THE CUSTOM CONFIGURATION OF COMPLETE STATE-OF-THE-ART S-100 
SYSTEMS, AT PACKAGE PRICING, WITH INTEGRATION, BURN-IN & PROGRAMMING. WE CUSTOM BUILD 
COMPUPRO SYSTEMS/HARD DISK SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS APPLICATIONS. 

WE NOW FEATURE A SPECIAL LEASE/OPTION AND FINANCING ON BUSINESS SYSTEMS - CALL! 

WOW! $$ SPECIALS $$ GOOD THROUGH MONTH END. As supplies last. Rainchecks may be given if possible. Cash Sales Only' 

CUSTOM COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 

1 CRAFTSMAN COURT, BOX 4160, SEDONA, ARIZONA, 86340 (602) 282-6299 

PRICES & AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE ALL PRODUCTS NEW. AND CARRY FULL MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTEES CALL FOR 
CATALOG FREE TECHNICAL HELP TO ANYONE WE CAN CONFIGURE BOARDS & SOFTWARE FOR YOUR SYSTEM . PLUG-IN & GO. AZ RESIDENTS 
ADD APPLICABLE SALES TAX CP/M^ DIGITAL RESEARCH 





The Model 609 
GPIB Controller. 





We've lowered your 

IEEE-488 
BUS fare. 

When you need an 

IEEE 488/RS-232 

Bus Controller — 

nothing more — get 

just what you need: 

The new Model 609 micro-processor-based controller is a low- 
cost, industrial grade controller compatible with all instruments 
fusing the IEEE 488 bus. Use it as the controller instead of a more 
/expensive programmable calculator, micro-computer or mini- 
computer. Or use it as the intelligence to create a data collector/ 
logger system. Save on bus fare by investing in the controller that's 
made for the job. 

$995 FOB factory. 

• 4K RAM for program development and data storage. 

• BASIC language with "Blast" instruction to burn 
EPROMs. 

• Programs quickly changeable with 4K E PROM 
plug-in cartridges. 

» Two RS-232 ports interface with data communica- 
tion equipment. 

• "Service request" structure — serial and parallel poll. 

• Transmission or reception of BCD or ASCII 
messages. 

» 16-bit integer arithmetic. 
» Sturdy yet portable for field use. Less than 
10 pounds. 




PHYSICAL DATA 



Division of Hathaway Corp. 
8089 S.W. Cirrus Dr. 
Beaverton, OR 97005 
Phone (503) 644-9014 



ously and more or less independently. 

Although the 8086 and the Z80 are 
on the same board, they perform dif- 
ferent logical functions. The central 
processor performs 8- and 16-bit 
signed and unsigned arithmetic func- 
tions in binary or decimal, including 
multiplication and division, data 
transfers, string operations, and bit 
manipulation. 

With 8K bytes of ROM and 2K 
bytes of RAM, the Z80 handles the 
serial I/O channels for six RS-232C 
ports, sparing the 8086 from charac- 
ter interrupt processing. The Z80 also 
controls a 5 V* -inch floppy-disk drive, 
containing either a 512K-byte single- 
sided or 1-megabyte double-sided 
disk. As part of its serial I/O duties, 
the Z80 permits asynchronous and 
bisynchronous communications. It 
also supports an RS-422 port for 
Altos's proprietary limited-range 
800,000-bps local-area network, called 
Altos-Net. Finally, the Z80 accesses a 
battery-backed calendar and cldck on 
the main board, eliminating the need 
for the software to ask the time and 
date when the system is turned on 
each day. The Z80 always talks with 
the 8086 through DMA and a pair of 
interrupt lines. 

The 8089 I/O processor, which 
resides with 16K bytes of RAM on the 
hard-disk controller board, also com- 
municates with the 8086 through 
main memory. This controller can 
support two SVi-inch hard-disk 
drives — typically the Miniscribe 2012 
or Seagate ST412— and one 12-mega- 
byte (formatted) start/stop (funnel) 
tape drive. The controller handles 
seeking, serial data transfers, and 
DMA into system memory. The 8089 
can read a full track in one disk 
revolution, which is important for 
running Xenix. 

Conclusion 

By offering virtually all levels of 
users ready access to the powerful 
features of a minicomputer running 
Unix software, the 586's Xenix busi- 
ness shell provides a capstone for the 
system's networking and communica- 
tions capabilities and marks an im- 
portant step in the direction of 
corporate-wide distributed data pro- 
cessing. ■ 



146 June 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 



Circle 303 on inquiry card. 



SUPER BARGAINS 



ACE 1000 COLOR 

COMPUTER! List $1545 

SHARP COMPUTER 249 




IE 






M 




H 




St' 



SUPERBRAIN II 

Double Density 1894 

Quad Density 2274 

Super Density SD 2649 

COMPUSTARS 

TO DEALERS CALL & SAVE 

Advanced Micro Digital S-100 Super- 
Quad Single Board Computer. Z80 64K 
RAM, Disk Controller, 
RS-232 Only 699 

ALTOS — single and multi-user 

ACS-8000-15D List 5990 

Only 4699 

ATARI 400 289 

800 655 

PRINTERS 

OKIDATA82A 489 

CENTRONICS 739-1 499 

IDS PRISM 80 743 

EPSON MX-80 FT 547 

MX-80 459 

MX-100 749 

ANADEX9501A 

Silent Scribe 1345 

NEC #3510 Letter Quality 1623 

C. ITOH F10 Letter Quality .... 1399 
Smith Corona TP-1 595 

TRAXX 5V*" Add-on Drives 249 

Memory Merchant 16K static . . . 159 
Central Data RAM S-100 64K ... 299 
Systems Group 

RAM S-100 64K 449 

Microangelo Video Graphics 715 



AMERICAN SQUARE COMPUTERS is 
organizing a World Wide Association 
ol Computer Dealers. Open a Store or 
Start Work Out ol Your Home! We 
Charge NO FRANCHISE FEE! (Our 
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MAKING MONEY by HELPING 
PEOPLE to put COMPUTERS to WORK. 
Write or Phone today. 

Which Computers are Best? . . . Free 

Insured Shipping at Low Rates. 



TELEVIDEO 

Televideo 910+ 518 

Televideo925 718 

Televideo 950 899 

Televideo Computers Call 

ADDS VIEWPOINT A-1B 469 

ZENITH Z-19 Terminal 649 

Z-89 48K Computer .......... 2119 

Z-90 64K DD 2399 

ZVM-121 ZENITH 

Green Screen monitor 125 

INTERTUBEIII 

or EMULATOR $710 

AMDEK Color Monito, $329 

GODBOUT COMPUPRO 

Super Sixteen 8085/8Q88 The fastest 
8-16 bit computer! Runs 8 and 16 bit 
code! 128K Static RAM. 6MHz CPU's 
LIST 3440 ^%^^ SPECIAL 2569 

New: Systems. 616/A, B, and C with 

enclosure and drives. 

816/A .... List 5495 .... Only 4395 

SEATTLE pure 16 bit computer is the 
fastest microcomputer by actual test! 
S-100. 128K Static RAM, 8 MHz 8086, 
22 slot Mainframe 

Model #2 List 3785 Only $3028 

#1 as above 

but 64K List 2990 Only $2392 

IBM PC memory made by SEATTLE. 

Now with "Flash Disk." . . 192K = 697 
64K = 427 
CALIFORNIA COMPUTER 2210A 

List $1995 Only $1595 

Z80, 64K, I/O. Disk controller + CPM. 
California main frame 484 

SYSTEMS GROUP computers run 
FRIENDLY OASIS Call , . SAVE 

QUAY COMPUTER ^ ^ 

Two drives + CPM $1745 

Four user MPM 208 K +■ 

Hard Disk $5945 

TAR BELLS 

Empire I & II have two 8" disk drives. 

The I is single sided, the II is double 

sided. 

FREE Business Software 

Empire I . . . List 4888 . . . Only 3495 

Corvus Hard Disk SAVE 

SSM Video BRD VB3 kit ....... 361 

Spectrum Color ASM :\ . . 223 



NORTH STAR 

ADVANTAGE 64K Green Phosphor. 
The Best Business Graphics, 2 Disks, 
Serial Port. Options CPM — Business 
programs $2894 



MICRO DECISION 

"A DEAL YOU CAN'T REFUSE" 
64K RAM, Z80, 4MHz, 2 Serial Ports, 
Disk Controller. FREE SOFTWARE: 
CPM — Microsoft BASIC — BaZic 
— Wordstar— Logicalc— Correct-It. 

List Only 

with 1 5%" Disk . . $949 . . . $1049 
with 2 5%" Disks . . 1545 . . . 1400 



We Repair 
Computers 



One hour free 

troubleshooting 

on business 

systems. 




NORTH STAR Horizon 

Powerful North Star BASIC Free 

Superb for Business & Science 

Free Secretary Word Processor 

Horizon Standard is now HRZ-2-64K 

Quad 

Factory Assembled & Tested Only 

Horizorv2-64K-Quad $2894 

Horizon-1-64K-QHD 5 3999 

Horizon RAM 64K 594 

Big Sale on Multi-User 

Time-Sharing SAVE 

North Star Hard Disk 18Mb .... 4295 

English to Basic Translator 75 

Zbasic 2 to 5 times faster! 325 

Secretary Word Processor ....... 69 

Wordstar Word Processor 278 

Floating Point Board . . > 699 

Oasis - - . ; 699 

CPM for .. N '-Extra features 147 

Micro Mike Software CALL 

MICROSTAT $355 

Pascaf-80 539 

Extra Precision BASIC 49 

Northword I7|f 

Infomanager .^^321 

General Ledger ft. . ; "39f| 

Accounts Receivable 399 

Accounts Payable .-.'. '..-.. 399 

I nventory 399 

Order Entry ','.... 399 

PROPAC ........ . ... : 1299 

DOS + BASIC 5.2 28 

INTEGRAND main frames S-100. Many 
models to choose from 

Only 200 & UP 



MODEMS 

DC HAYES — S-100 $329 

POTOMAC MICRO MAGIC .... 369 

SIGNALMAN 97 

CAT NOVATION 159 

AUTOCAT 215 



Full Time Graduate 
Technician on Duty. 



DECISION I 



"ThelBM-360 ontheZ-80 & S-100 BUS!" 

Sixteen Programs running simultan- 
eously! Free CPM, Microsoft BASIC, 
and WORDSTAR with complete system! 

DECISION 1 +65K Static + 

8" Disks DMA 3403 

DECISION 1 +65K Static + 

2 5W Disks 2795 

DECISION 1 +65K Static t 

5" Disk + 5 Mb Hard Disk 4235 

DECISION 1-2user 256K Static + 
5" Disk + 5 Mb Hard Disk ♦ 

MICRONIX 5830 

DECISION 1 — Z-80 + I/O + 65K 1915 
DECISION 1 — Rackmount + 20 Mb 

HD - 8" DRV Reg. 6235 

tL/P Inventory Sale 5415 

MORROW Hard Disks 
up to 26 MEGABYTES 

HDC-M26 S3333 

HDC-M20 3333 

HDC-M10 2955 

DMA-M5 Reg. 1775 

Inventory Sale 1400 

DMA-M10 2235 

DMA-M16 2795 



MORROWS" Disk 

Discus 2D ♦ CPM 600K . . Only $834 

Discus 2 + 2 + CPM 1.2 Mb 1068 

Add Drives 2D = 599 2 ♦ 2 = 1795 
Discus 2D dual + CPM . . . Only 1384 
Free Microsoft BASIC from MORROW 
with Discus system or hard disk. 

FAST FIGURE — Most powerful 
spread sheet. 5V 4 " or 8" 99 

Wordstar 278 

All MicroPro Software for IBM, Apple, 
North Star, Morrow, etc. SAVE 1 CALL 



Call for latest prices & availability 



AMERICAN 



919-889-4577 

Circle 18 on inquiry card. 



4167 Kivett Dr. 




Factory Guarantees We Beat Prices 

COMPUTERS 



Jamestown N.C. 27282 



919-883-1105 

BYTE June 19W 147 



JO BREAKS ™ 

Computers for Business, H ome Applications nesources Man 






FUU COLOR 
GRAPWCS 

$1,999 



JKflfc 



lN 8 COLORS'. 

. 1 Floppy- 200 M* , or Service con- 

, n compu ter easy terminal sewp. , w comp uter. Ser 

. All necessary caPie • ide serv ce cy extre ,rie!£easy 

. 90-day ^^^or cornputer/te-rrn^a cp/M ma^^^^c 



5w 



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7*5° &! dd'-SoWhard 
7A3D 80^^^^^b« 



Usi 

$4.20 

6.00 

. 5.55 

. 7.10 



-tar 

2.89 
2.65 
3.29 



Displayed and sold at our Showroom, 
12210 Michigan Ave., Grand Terrace, CA: 

— i a Mirjtn-nFnisur 



New 



Brother HR-15 

Letter Quality Printer At a Price That | 
Will Astound You SC ALL 



NEC 

P8800 




Personal Computer System: Just Arrived: 

All the flexibility one could ask for. in highest per 
formance system! Z-80 standard. 8086 16-bit pro 
cessor optional. ROM Basic (8/16 bit). Graphic RAM 
5'/4 and 8" floppies Include 3 individually-controlled 
windows, text & graphics. RGB or composite dis- 
play, cassette interface 
( LIMITED SUPPLY $CALL 



MICRO-DECISION 

by Morrow Designs 



Perfect ^»»mmg^^ 
desk-top computer 
• Z-80, 1 Floppy standard, 2nd optional, Optional 
terminal, or use your own. • CP/M with user friendly 
"shell." • WordStar, SpellChecker, Spreadsheet, 
Microsoft Basic-80 & BASIC. List $1195 to $1790, 
Limited Quantity CALL For Availability. 
NEW: Now with double-sided double-density Flop- 
pies (800 KB storage), and with Data Base Manage- 
ment Software CALL For Availability! 

NEC Bii 

APC I Ivi 

Extremely sophisticated MM!MIMMW$ik 
graphics and color display 'w m mit m *mmmmmmm 
(1024x1024 pixel) 16-bit 

(8086!), 126K standard, expandable to 256K. 1-2 8" 
Floppies 1 MEG each (run any CP/M program avail- 
able on 8"). Detachable keyboard. Integra! monitor 
(mpnochrome/color). Extensive software, 

HOI Monochrome, 1 Floppy List $3298 

H02 Monochrome, 2 Floppies List $3998 

H03 Color monitor, 2 Floppies List $4998 

CALL for appointment 



SOFTWARE! SOFTWARE! SOFTWARE! 

Once again, you can count on unprecedented Value and Service from BHRT: 
Not only Software sales at UNBEATABLE PRICES, but also FREE SOFTWARE CONSULTA- 
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toll-free line (800) 845-5555 If we don't have it. we'll tell you where to get it! Either way. 
you win! 



IBM PC (MS-DOS) 



ATI Power for PC DOS 
ATI Power for WordStar 

Supercalc 

MBASIC 

Multiplan 

Visicaic 

dB Power 

EasyFtler 

EasyWnter II 
Versa Form 
BSTAM 

Target Financial Model 
Condor I Database 
Condor III Database 
Home Accountant Plus 
1st Class Mail 
Property Management 
Write on 

Real Estate Investment 
Random House Thesaurus 
Money Decisions 
ZORKI 
ZORK II 
ZORK III 
Deadline 
Star Cross 
PC Text 
Window 
Wordtrix 

Joysticks {Kraft Systems) 
SpellBinder 
Mince 
Final Word 
Scribble 
Cross Talk 
StatPack 
The Word Plus 
The Personal Investor 
RM/COBOL 
RM/COBOL Runtime 
Job Cost System 
File Manager Plus 
Advanced Visicaic 
VisiWord 
VisiSpell 
Visicaic 
Desktop Plan 
VisiDex 
VisiTrend/Plot 

Business Forecasting Models 
Move-It 
Multiplan 



CP/M 86 



ATI FOR DB POWER 

ATI FOR SUPERCALC 

ATI FOR VISICALC 

ATI FOR MICROPLAN 

ATI FOR MBASIC 

ATI FOR WORDSTAR 

RANDOM HOUSE THESAURUS 

SPELLBINDER 

SP/LAW 

BENCHMARK 

BSTAM 86 

MOVE-IT 

DBASE I! 

LEVEL II COBOL 



APPLE 

Games 

Cannon Ball Blitz 

Eggs It 

Frogger 

Kamikaze 

Master Type 

Olympic Decathelon 

Robot Wars 

Zorkl, II & III 

Wizardry 

Serious Stuff: 

PFS Pers. File System 

PFS Pers Rep System 

Eduware (all) 

Visicaic 3.3 

Desktop Plan 3.3 





Your 


List 


Price 


75 


54 


75 


54 


75 


54 


75 


54 


75 


54 


75 


54 


75 


54 


75 


54 


75 


54 


389 


288 


200 


144 


325 


253 


295 


212 


650 


468 


150 


104 


124 


89 


495 


345 


129 


89 


129 


94 


150 


109 


199 


144 


39 


29 


39 


29 


39 


29 


39 


29 


39 


29 


100 


70 


150 


109 


34 


25 


69 


49 


495 


274 


175 


160 


300 


215 


175 


159 


195 


149 


495 


359 


150 


108 


145 


99 


950 


684 


250 


179 


495 


359 


149 


109 


400 


309 


375 


293 


225 


176 


250 


189 


300 


229 


250 


219 


300 


229 


100 


79 


150 


99 


275 


219 




Your 


List 


Price 


75 


54 


75 


54 


75 


54 


75 


54 


75 


54 


75 


54 


150 


109 


495 


269 


125 


90 


499 


359 


200 


149 


150 


99 


700 


469 


1600 


1059 




Your 


List 


Price 


35 


25 


30 


21 


35 


25 


35 


27 


40 


27 


29 


23 


40 


24 


40 


27 


50 


35 


125 


80 


95 


80 




Call 


250 


169 


250 


169 



Advanced Visicaic 

(Apple III) 
Modifiable D/base 
D B Master 

Word Processors: 

Wordstar (reg CP/M) 
Spellstar 
Mailmerge 
Super Sort 
BONUS PACK 

(Includes Wordstar I 

M/merge) 
Word Handler 



400 315 



59 
160 



495 
295 
295 
295 
990 



CP/M (Most Formats) 



300 
180 
180 
180 
455 



199 139 



CP * 150 

Random House Thesaurus 150 

dPATCH 195 

MicroLib File Librarian 295 

ATI-Power for CP/M 75 

dB POWER 75 

Wordstar Power 75 

SuperCalc Power 75 

MBASIC Power 75 

MultiPlan Power 75 

dBASE II 700 

Financial Planner 700 

Bottom Line Strategist 400 

BSTAM 200 

Cardbox 245 

Roots/M 195 

PlannerCalc 99 

Target Financial Modeling 325 

Palantir Word Processing 425 

FMS-80 995 

Citation card We 250 

Supervyz 150 

Micro B + f/CBASIC 260 

Micro B . f/MBASIC. COBOL 260 

Smart Key 60 

Smart Print 35 

QuickScreen f/CBASIC 149 

MBASIC 

dBASE II 

FMS80 

dGRAPH 295 

dUTIL 99 

Quickcode 295 

Agri-business Software 3500 

Professional Time Accounting 595 

SuperFile 195 

ZORK I 49 

ZORK II 49 

ZORK III 49 

Deadline 59 

Star Cross 49 

Mathemagic 99 

Pascal Z 450 

Pascal BZ (business version) 450 

Spellbinder 495 

Final Word 300 

Benchmark 499 

Benchmark maillist 250 

CIS Cobol 850 

FORMS 2 200 

FORTH 79 139 

CROSSTALK 195 

ZIP (specify C or M-BASIC) 160 

ZIP for both C- and MBASIC 225 

StatPack 495 

The Word Plus 150 

Textwnter III 125 

Datebook 295 

Milestone 295 

Job Files (Project Cost) 500 

Pearl 1 49 

Pearl 2 295 

Pearl 3 495 

Personal Pearl 295 

The Quad 495 

Quick N Easy Pro 395 

MailMan 125 

Quick N Easy Generator 295 

CRT FORM 400 

Encode/Decode 100 

Diagnostic II 125 

Term II 200 

Disk Doctor 100 

Disk Edit 100 

Scratch Pad 295 

Move-It 125 



Your 

Price 

109 

109 

129 

195 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

54 

459 

499 

289 

144 

174 

137 

74 

254 

309 

599 

169 

90 

209 

209 

46 

26 

123 



217 

84 

214 

1995 

439 

117 

36 

36 

36 

42 

36 

74 

378 

378 

274 

219 

359 

179 

612 

144 

109 

153 

104 

142 

357 

108 

108 

229 

229 

360 

32 

179 

297 

179 

419 

284 

94 

214 

289 

74 

89 

144 

72 

74 

209 

94 



PRICE BARRIE 

echnology & Science - NEW 150AY EXCHANGE PRIVILEGE im "terms- mowi 



SPECIALS OF THE MONTH! 




SMITH-CORONA 
TP-1: 

AT OUR PRICE, 
NO COMPUTER 
SHOULD BE 
WITHOUT ONE* 

Daisy-wheel fetter- quality, interlaces all com- 
puters Serial & parallel models at same low 
price No tess than 18 print-wheels— only 
S6 95 each . List $849 ONLY $545f 

SPECIAL, ONLY this month 
$50 Rebate from SCM! 
NEW Tractor for TP-1, 

easy retro-fit $129 



| && 




Mannesmann-Tally MT-1601 

No other printer can match all these features: serial AND 
parallel inputs standard, 160 cps standard, dot graphics 
standard, front-panel programming standard, heavy- 
duty construction TRACTOR INCLUDED $ CALL!!! 

MT 160 L: all features of MT-1601 plus LETTER-QUALITY 

printing at 50 cps. 

Exceptional buy $CALL!!! 




IBM-PC COMPATIBLE COMPUTERS 




IBM-PC 64K 
two floppies 320K 
color board SCALL 



BBnaaBB 

IBM- COMPATIBLE 
COMPUTER: 




COLUMBIA 1600 16-bit 8088 accepts all IBM 
boards, reads & runs an IBM software, but has also 
additional 2-80 processor to run 8-btt C/PM So 
compatible it can even use IBM keyboard 1 128K. 1 
parallel & serial ports standard 8 expansion slots! 
COLUMBIA 1600 pacxage computer as above + 
keyboard + CRT conuofter List $3,635 S CALL 

NEW: S3 000 worth FREE SOFTWARE included: 

MS-DOS. CP/M-86 Assembler. BASICA. ASYNCH/ 
BfSYNCH. Tutor Software. Perfect Writer. Perfect 
Speller. Perfect Filer & Perfect Calc $ CALL for 
Super-Low Price 



REDUCED 
PRICES! 




Advanced color graphics under Z-BASIC. 16 
bit (8088) & 8-bit (8085) 128K RAM, expand- 
able to 768K (Expand to 192K for only $180). 
Runs most IBM-PC software and CP/M. 

2F-100 128K RAM 8/16 bit. 1 floppy 
monochrome graphics LIST $3 249 SCALL 

ZF-110 Similar to above but COLOR 
GRAPHICS, 2 floppies LIST $3,999 SCALL 

ZF 120 128K RAM, 8/16 bit. 2 floppies, 
monochrome graphics, 

integral display 1 1ST $4,099 SCALL 
ZENITH Hard Disk SCALL 



EAGLE 




EAGLE 1600 Fully IBM-compatible, but uses 8086 
processor at 8 MHz <4x faster than IBM-PC) 128K 
RAM. inexpensive upgrade to 512K 8 slots accept 
IBM-PC boards Detached keyboard, 105 keys('). 24 
user-defined 2 Floppies (780K-1.6M) or 1 Floppy * 
hard disk (10M-32M) High-resolution graphics 
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SmartModem 1200 $523 

MicroModem II $269 

MicroModem 100(5-100) $289 

VENTEL RS-232 Modem $763 

SSM modem; 1200 Baud, autodial/rec. $CALL 

MICROFAZER printer buffer $139 

INTERFAZER f/multi-users. up to 8 terminals 

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TYMAC printer-adapter f/APPLE $89 

GRAPPLER , $129 

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A Machine for All Processors 

The Fujitsu Micro 16s 

The Micro 16s, with its plug-in processors, was designed to run 
a large variety of operating systems and applications programs. 



The Fujitsu Micro 16s personal 
business computer (see photo 1) of- 
fers a unique architectural design: in- 
terchangeable microprocessors. It lets 
users choose from among the most 
popular processors available today. 
Eventually, more microprocessors 
will be added to this group, ensuring 
that the Micro 16s will not become 
obsolete. 

The primary advantage, of course, 
is the ability to interchange operating 
systems, which provides the path to a 
wide assortment of applications pro- 
grams. 

Applications Processors 

The main circuit board of the 
Micro 16s does not contain a central 
processor (see photo 2). By pulling 
the central processors off the main 
board and configuring them on plug- 
in boards, the designers of the Micro 
16s have made it possible to use any 
of several Primary Applications Pro- 
cessors. One or two processor boards 
can be plugged into the Micro 16s, 
and either one can be in control of the 
bus, the memory, etc. 

Boards are available now for a 
16-bit processor, the 8086, and the 
Z80A 8-bit processor. In the near 



Wayne Clingingsmith 

Fujitsu Professional Microsystems 

3320 Scott Blvd. 

Santa Clara, CA 95051 

future, boards will be available for 
16-bit processors such as the 68000 
and 80286. 

The 68000 board should be particu- 
larly attractive. It will have an 8-MHz 
clock rate letting it perform 1 million 
instructions per second. And it will be 
capable of running the Unix operating 

The Micro 16s can 

easily adopt whatever 

operating system Is 

currently In style. 

system along with a wealth of appli- 
cations programs that have primarily 
been confined to minicomputers and 
mainframes. 

Flexibility 

Flexibility is the cornerstone of this 
computer's architecture. It confronts 
head-on an issue that is often swept 
under the rug: the finite life span of 
an operating system. Like many 
things, operating systems go in and 
out of style. One sometimes wonders, 
"What is the operating system of the 
day?" The Micro 16s is the first 
microcomputer to address this prob- 
lem directly. 



For example, a person who owns a 
computer that uses an 8086 micropro- 
cessor with the MS-DOS operating 
system — and who makes a substan- 
tial investment in hardware, soft- 
ware, and peripheral devices — may 
learn that the particular industry in- 
volved has subsequently adopted the 
Unix operating system. Now a 68000, 
a Z8000, or some other chip would be 
needed. 

Micro 16s owners won't lose any 
investment in existing peripheral 
devices. The Micro 16s, because of its 
architecture and its bus system, can 
adopt whatever operating system 
turns out to be au courant. It becomes 
a simple matter to add the ap- 
propriate applications processor 
board and the new software, rather 
than acquiring an entirely new system 
with new peripheral devices and con- 
verting all the old programs. With the 
Micro 16s, the old programs would 
still be usable with the old processor. 

A Look Inside 

Inside the Micro 16s there's a main 
circuit board with a card cage having 
six card slots. A diagram of this is 
shown in figure 1. On this board are 
128K bytes of volatile memory, a 



150 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 







1 

1 "- 






I if- B P 1 8 

1- — -, — - - "jmB 

















Photo 1: Tfre Fujitsu Micro 16s personal business computer. 




Photo 2: The main circuit board of the Fujitsu Micro 16s. Two processor boards are 
plugged into the expansion slots. 



dedicated video subprocessor (based 
on the 6809 processor), and 64K bytes 
of additional memory for this pro- 
cessor. Because these memory chips 
have an extremely low failure rate, 
the chips are soldered to the board 
rather than merely plugged in. 

What's more, the Micro 16s has a 
floppy-disk controller, an RS-232C 
serial controller, a Centronics parallel 
controller, a light-pen controller, and 
a 4-channel A/D (analog-to-digital) 
converter all built in. 

It is important to note that all these 
basic I/O (input/ output) controllers 



are located on the motherboard. 
They don't take up any of the six 
plug-in slots. 

The applications processors are 
configured on plug-in boards. The 
system, as delivered, comes with both 
an 8086 and a 280A applications pro- 
cessor board plugged into slots 1 and 
2. The 8086 board has a socket for the 
8087 arithmetic processor and con- 
trollers for DMA (direct memory ac- 
cess). Either or both of the boards can 
be replaced as a user's requirements 
change. 

The package as described so far, in- 



cluding an RGB color monitor, 
CP/M-86, the Wordstar word-pro- 
cessing program, and Supercalc 2 , 
retails for $3995. 

Extra Memory 

The first upgrade that one is likely 
to want is Concurrent CP/M-86, 
which offers a single-user/multitask- 
ing operating environment. It enables 
you, with a single keystroke, to 
switch between a spreadsheet, a 
word-processing program, and a 
calendar operation. If the Micro 16s is 
functioning as a terminal in regard to 
a mainframe, you may want to 
switch back and forth to an operation 
running on that remote processor. 
For example, in slot 3 you might add 
the memory necessary to support this 
operating environment. 

Four single-board memory options 
will be available— 128K, 256K, 512K, 
or 1024K bytes. Yes, I said 1024K 
bytes of volatile memory on a single 
board. This will be made possible by 
the new 256K-bit volatile-memory 
chips. 

The 128K-byte memory board will 
have two additional RS-232C ports. 
This is valuable for addressing both a 
serial printer and a modem. Also, if 
you are using the MP/M operating 
system, these extra ports enable other 
users to access your database through 
remote terminals. 

Other Peripheral Devices 

A hard-disk controller will soon be 
available using one slot on the main 
circuit board. Fujitsu will be offering 
a 5-, 10-, and 20-megabyte Win- 
chester disk drive for this computer. 

The remaining two slots (after 
memory and hard-disk controller) 
provide room to add a mix of addi- 
tional peripheral devices, For exam- 
ple, you may want to attach a 
number of terminals to the system. A 
multiport RS-232C controller card 
will soon be available to allow this. 
Under MP/M-86, the Micro 16s 
would be able to run several ter- 
minals and printers at the same time. 

If you have many applications and 
you would like local-area network- 
ing, the Micro 16s will offer two 
choices: Omninet (with a data- trans- 
mission rate of 1 megabit per second) 



June 19i3 © BYTE Publication* Inc 151 





! 




EXPANSION SLOTS 












APPLICATION PROCESSORS 


2. 









(8086, Z80, 6809, ETC.) 
EXTRA MEMORY 


(128-1024K) 

HARD -DISK CONTROLLER 




4. 

5. 

6. 






(10-15 MEGABYTE ) 










( 






128K VOLATILE MEMORY 












VIDEO- GRAPHICS 


SUBSYSTEM 


(64K) 




INTERFACES 


FLOPPY 


RS-232C 


PARALLEL 
PRINTER 


LIGHT 
PEN 


4 A/D 
CONVERTERS 


KEYBOARD 





RGB MONITOR 
(640 X 200 X 8) 



COMPOSITE MONITOR 
(B/W OR COLOR) 



Figure 1: Diagram of the Fujitsu Micro 16s computer. Two applications processors (the 8086 and the Z80A) come standard with the unit along with 
an RGB monitor and dual disk drives. The video-graphics subsystem uses a 6809 processor and has its own 64K bytes of memory. Slots 2 through 5 
are identical and can house any combination of cards. 



Operating 
System 


Description 


Available 


Concurrent CP/M-86 


Single-user, multitasking on 8086-based systems 


6/83 


MP/M-86 


Multiuser, multitasking on 8086-based systems 


12/83 


MS-DOS 


Microsoft's version of IBM PC-DOS 


11/83 


GSX 


Graphics system extension 


8/83 


Unix 


68000-based, powerful networking system 


5/84 


Table 1: Additional operating systems for the Fujitsu Micro 16s. 





and Ethernet (10 megabits per 
second). 

Omninet allows you to intercon- 
nect several microcomputers. For ex- 
ample, several users could then share 
a hard disk. Ethernet is designed for 
those in high-throughput en- 
vironments, where you may want to 
interface with a DEC computer or 
other mainframe computer systems. 

An IBM 3278 controller board will 



be available to connect the Micro 16s 
to mainframe computers over a coax- 
ial cable at 2.5 megabits per second. 

Operating Systems 

The power and flexibility of the 
Micro 16s rely heavily on a variety of 
operating systems, listed in table 1. 
Many are significant new operating 
systems being made available by 
Digital Research Inc., the developer 



of the popular CP/M operating 
system. 

Concurrent CP/M-86 from Digital 
Research enables you to perform 
multiple tasks, such as entering data 
and printing the hard copy of a letter, 
at the same time. This permits an 
operator to perform other tasks while 
waiting for input or output functions 
to complete. MP/M-86 lets several 
users perform multiple tasks on the 
Micro 16s. MS-DOS enables pro- 
grams developed for the IBM PC to 
operate in the Micro 16s, while Unix 
extends the multiuser, multitasking 
capability of the machine still further, 
including features such as network- 
ing. 

Digital Research's GSX graphics in- 
terface is an extension to the CP/M 
system that provides a universal 
graphics protocol for graphics 
devices. It significantly eases the in- 
terface to the video-terminal sub- 
processor and provides portability 
for CP/M-based programs. 



152 June 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc 



BASF QUALIMETRIC 

ATOTALLY NEW DIMENSION OF QUALITY 




qualimetric 




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The Qualimetric standard is 
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Our FlexyDisk jacket incorpo- 
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For information security, 
tomorrow and beyond, look for 
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NTER TOMORROW ON 

t BASF for warranty details. © 1982, BASF Systems Corporation. Bedford, MA: 



BASF TODAY 



BASF 






BASSETS 

5?flcct.s Receivable 

tiCri 

-Unsold Goods 

I! 



9 ITotal Assets 

ill 

PLIABILITIES 

12 ftcct.s Payable 

131Stora!e Costs 

141Labor 

iSltaterials 



188.68 185.68 

58,88 

26.25 6.56 



18ee.ee 916.67 848.28 

en m en flfl cq nn 

JOtOO JD*DO JOiDD 

188.88 

1 52.58 55.13 



_~ Total Liabilities 1288.88 784.17 698.65 

18! ir , s(| , r ,_ .. 

llS! Allmnce 188.88 188.88 188.88 

8 1 Taxable Incoa -it':: 

' F6 Fot«f8.5IE5 

Width: 9 Hwory: 73 Last Co1/Rmi:025 ? for HELP 



115.76 121.55 
57.88 
38.39 



199.83 289.82 



786.87 547.23 
66J! "63181 



544.88 475.48 



iee.ee iee.ee iee.ee iee.ee iee.ee lee.ee 



Photo 3: An example of the colors available in the character mode of the Micro 16s. 
Shown is a Supercalc 2 table. 




Photo 4: An example of the color-graphics capability of the Micro 16s. 



Video Display 

The Micro 16s's video display is a 
self-contained video-display terminal 
handling not only video, but also 
keyboard interrupts and I/O process- 
ing. 

Video display is handled by the in- 
dependent video processor that is sent 
high-level commands by the main 
processor. The video processor 
resides on its own bus and does not 
use an expansion slot. By running in 



parallel and not requiring any main 
processor bus cycles, it supplies the 
main system with characters and 
high-resolution graphics without tak- 
ing up user address space. This makes 
it easy for the Micro 16s programmer 
to manage the video display without 
worrying about which operating sys- 
tem or main applications processor 
plug-in board is used. Parallel pro- 
cessing also increases throughput and 
allows the main system to maintain a 



high clock rate because it does not 
have to be synchronized with the 
video display. 

The Micro 16s can display 221 
characters, including the standard 
ASCII (American National Standard 
Code for Information Interchange) 
character set, engineering symbols, 
graphics, and forms graphics (see 
photo 3). Each character can be dis- 
played in one of eight colors, with a 
choice of eight background colors 
(black, blue, red, purple, green, light 
blue, yellow, or white). Two levels of 
intensity are also possible in character 
mode, allowing a total of 16 display- 
able colors. In addition, ''blink" and 
"reverse" attributes are available. 

The video display supports the 
ADM 3 terminal mode and uses 
escape sequences for performing cer- 
tain smart terminal functions. These 
include setting video and cursor at- 
tributes and setting and getting cursor 
position. 

The video display also has a graph- 
ics mode that features 640 by 200 pix- 
els, displayable in one of eight colors. 
In addition, the video processor sup- 
ports high-level commands such as to 
draw a line, draw a box, paint, and 
print. Table 2 lists some of the 45 
commands, which also include func- 
tions for a light pen, timer, and dis- 
playable time-of-day clock. 

You can generate a graphics dis- 
play by computing the appropriate 
set of points to be drawn using a 
BASIC program and then passing 
high-level line commands along with 
the necessary parameters to the video 
processor. 

Photo 4 is an example of a complex 
display that can be quickly drawn by 
a BASIC program. The program 
computes the three apexes of a 
triangle and places them, as {x,y) 
coordinate pairs, into an array. A 
video-processor command is then in- 
voked to place the parameters into 
the video terminal's 128-byte inter- 
face buffer. This is usually in the form 
of a line command (see table 2). For 
each line of the triangle, you send the 
code for the line command in the 
following format: command code, 
color code, function code, first coor- 
dinates, second coordinates, and box 
flag. 



154 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



CP/M 



APPLE 




WordStar® 

$269 


dBASE M 

$489 


SuperCalc™ 

$189 


Multiplan™ 

$199 


Perfect Writer 

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WordStar® 
MailMerge" 

$369 


WordStar® 
dBASE II 

$749 


VisiCalc® 

$189 


SuperWriter 

$249 


InfoStar 

$299 



A.L.S.'" 

Z 80 Card 

CP/M Card 

ASPEN SOFTWARE" 

Grammatik 

Random House Proofreader 

Random House Thesaurus 

ASHTON-TATE'" 

dBase II 



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COMPUTING™ 




Power 


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CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE" 




Home Accountant 


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DIGITAL RESEARCH'* 




CBASIC 


$109 


CB-80 Compiler 


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PASCAL/MT + 


$259 


Access Manager 


$225 


CBASIC 86 


$149 


PASCAL/MT+ 86 


$299 


Concurrent CP/M 86 


$259 



FOXANDGELLER'" 

Quickcode $229 

dUtil $ 69 

dGraph $229 

HOWARDSOFF" 

Tax Preparer (Apple) $179 

Tax Preparer (IBM) $189 

IUS™ 

Easywnter tl $239 

Easyspeller II $139 

Easytiler $269 

Financial Management Series CALL 

LEXISOFT'" 

Spellbinder $259 

LIFETREE SYSTEMS'" 

Volkswriter $145 

METASOFT" 

Benchmark $379 

MICROLAB- 

Tax Manager $179 

MICROPRO" 

Wordstar $269 



Wordstar /MailMerge 


$369 


Wordstar /MatlMerge/SpellStar $509 


Wordstar /InfoStar 


$549 


InfoStar 


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CalcStar 


$ 89 


DataStar 


$179 


SuperSort 


$149 


SpeflStar 


$149 


ReportStar 


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DataStar Update 


CALL 


MICROSOFT'" 




Softcard 


$259 


Ram Card 


$ 89 


Vfdeoterm (Videx 7 ") 


$269 


All Three Above 


$509 


Multiplan 


$199 


Enhancer II (Videx'") 


$119 


BASIC 80 


$275 


BASIC Compiler 


$295 


COBOL Compiler 


$549 


FORTRAN 80 


$349 


Flight Simulator 


$ 45 


MICROSTUF" 




Crosstalk 


$135 



OASIS'" 

The Word Plus 

Punctuation and Style 


$129 
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ORGANIC" 

Milestone 


$269 


PEACHTREE'" 

Series 4 PeachPak 
(GL. AR & AP) 


$369 


PERFECT SOFTWARE'" 

Perfect Writer 

Perfect Speller 

Perfect Writer /Speller 

Perfect Calc 

Perfect Filer 

All Four Perfect Products 


$289 
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PICKLES AND TROUT" 

CP/M for TRS Model II 
CP/M tor TRS Model 16 
Hard Disk 


$169 
$189 
CALL 


SILICON VALLEY SYSTEMS'" 

Word Handler 
List Handler 


$149 
$129 



SORCIM'" 

SuperCalc 

SuperWriter 

SpellGuard 

TCS'ACCOUNTING'" 

Accounting Package 

(4 Modules) 
GL, AR, AP. PR or Inv ..Mgmt. 
VISICORP- 
VisiCalc 
Vis i Term 
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VisiSchedule 
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Business Forecaster 
Desktop Planner 

FLOPPY DISKETTES 

{Boxes of Ten) 
8" 

5" (SS) 
5" (DS) 



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NOW, PAY LESS, AND GET GREAT SERVICE, TOO! 



If you're looking for rock-bottom prices and fast, 
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Because we buy in volume, we 1 re able to sell the 
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OUR SERVICE CAN'T BE BEAT. 

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TO ORDER, CALL TOLL-FREE; 

800-227-4587 

In California, 800-422-0678 
or415-«44-36n 

CA residents add sales tax. 

OR WRITE: 
800-SOFTWARE, INC. 

3120 Telegraph Avenue, 
Berkeley, CA 94705 

Circle 2 on inquiry card. 



^800-SOFTWARE 



□ Purchase orders accepted. 

□ Prompt UPS 3 day Blue Label. 

□ Call lor shipping charges, free 
catalog, and other low software 
prices. 

D Now open Mon. Sat. 
D International and national dealer 
requests welcome. 

□ Quantity discounts available. 

□ Prices may change. 

t't <vp\nnht HltO-Stiltwart- WK1 

BYTE June 1983 155 



Circle 433 on Inquiry card. 




PRIC!?. 




All equipment is in factory cartons with manufac- 
turers' warranty. Prices subject to change without 
notice Most items in stock or shipped as received. 



1 



NATIONWIDE SERVICE, MOST PRODUCTS 

SUPER WAREHOUSE 



P O BOX 373 WAUINGFORD, CONNECTICUT 06492 
ORDER LINE ORDER HOURS 

203-265-1223 9:0 ° AM 5:0 ° PM - fSr 

MONDAY-FRIDAY 

PHONE ORDERS FREE 

(ONE DOLLAR CREDIT FOR PHONE ORDERS) 



156 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Command Name 


Function 


1 PUT STRING 


Displays a character string 


PUT CHARACTER BLOCK 2 


Writes characters and attributes to VRAM 


GET CURSOR POSITION 


Reads the cursor position 


TAB SET 


Sets tab positions 


CHARACTER LINE 


Draws a character line or box 


CHARACTER OUT 


Displays a character 


GET LIGHT PEN POSITION 


Reads the coordinates indicated by the light pen 


LINE 


Draws a line or box 


CHAIN 


Draws a broken line 


POINT 


Displays one or more points 


PAINT 


Paints the area inside a boundary 


SYMBOL 


Displays a character string in a specified location, 




orientation, and size 


LINE2 


Draws a line (for CIRCLE FULL) 


GET BLOCK 1 


Reads a specified color 


PUT BL0CK2 


Displays a pattern in a specified color 


GRAPHIC CURSOR 


Reads specified coordinates 


ERASE GRAPHIC VRAM 


Erases the graphic VRAMs 


DEFINE PF STRING 


Defines a character string for a program function key 


GET PF STRING 


Reads the string defined for a PF key 


Table 2: Some of the graphics commands used by the video-graphics subsystem of 


the Micro 16s. 





The command code indicates what 
type of command it is; the color code 
selects one of the eight specified col- 
ors; and the function code selects how 
the output video will combine with 
other colors in the same area of the 
screen (foreground, background, OR, 
AND, XOR). The box flag selects a 
choice of a line, a box, or a box filled 
with the indicated color. For exam- 
ple, in photo 4 the line command was 
used and the triangle was rotated. 
Large colored-block areas could have 
been added with only slight changes 
in the line command. This is but one 
example of the power of the video- 
terminal processor. 



A Detailed Look 

Figure 2 is a block diagram show- 
ing the components of the Micro 16s 
in detail. The two slots for the pro- 
cessor boards do not have equal 
priority. Slot 1 is for the master pro- 
cessor. The 8086 and the 68000 pro- 
cessor boards can be inserted into 
these slots. These boards are 
equipped with controllers for DMA 
and a bootstrap-loader program in 
ROM (read-only memory). When the 
system is turned on, the master pro- 
cessor initially has control. 

The master processor that comes 
with the machine uses an Intel /Fujitsu 



16-bit 8086 microprocessor running 
at a clock rate of 8 MHz. As men- 
tioned above, this board contains the 
master clock, driver circuits, a 
4-channel DMA controller, and a 
bootstrap loader. At power-up, the 
loader program also performs power- 
up diagnostics. If a problem is 
detected, an error message is 
displayed to indicate where the prob- 
lem is, and the ROM monitor pro- 
gram takes over to let the operator in- 
vestigate the error in more detail, 
using DMA, input/ output, and disk 
commands. 

In slot 2 of the standard unit is an 
8-bit Z80A microprocessor board. It 
operates at 4 MHz and has memory- 
bank-selection circuitry that enables 
it to address the full 24-bit (16-mega- 
byte) address space of the Micro 16s. 
It also contains an offset register that 
allows its addresses to be offset by 
64K bytes to avoid conflicts with the 
8086 processor. Under the CP/M 2.2 
operating system, all disk accesses are 
performed by the 8086 processor. 

It should be noted that the Micro 
16s does not come with a complete 
CP/M 2.2 system. Instead, the com- 
puter's CP/M-86 system can use the 
Z80A to simulate a CP/M 2.2 en- 
vironment. Thus, all 8-bit CP/M pro- 
grams can be run, but system com- 
ponents such as the 8-bit CP/M 



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Phone orders are welcome; same-day shipment on 
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15$ BYTE June 1983 



With the ECHO speech synthesizer from Street Electronics 
whatever you type on the keyboard, your computer can say. The 
ECHO'S text-to-speech system gives your computer an 
unlimited vocabulary while using a minimum of memory. And 
now a diskette of fixed, natural sounding words is available 
to enhance the ECHOH's voice output. 

Nearly 400 language rules are contained in the ECHO'S 
text-to-speech algorithm. These rules enable the computer to 
pronounce most correctly spelled words. When in the text-to- 
speech mode the user can select any of 63 different pitch 
levels, and have words spoken either monotonically or with 
intonation by using simple control character sequences. The 
rate of speech can be fast or slow; words can be spoken in 
their entirety or spelled letter by letter. The ECHOs also 
pronounce punctuation and numbers. Words can be encoded 
using phonemes and diphthongs when the text-to-speech or 
fixed vocabulary is not required. 

Applications are unlimited, ranging from phone answering, 
educational and training programs, to games and aiding the 
sight and speech impaired. The ECHO is a complete stand 
alone unit which is compatible with most any computer; it sells 
for $299.95. The ECHOX, which plugs into the Apple It, is 
priced at $149.95. 

Contact us about the ECHO/PC for the IBM Personal Computer. 



JTJ Street Electronics Corporation 

1140 Mark Avenue Carpinteria, CA 93013 
Telephone (805) 684-4593 

Call toll free for demonstration (800)221-0339 

Circle 364 on inquiry card. 



SLOT 1 



SLOT 2 



8086 

(8087 SOCKET) 



4- CHANNEL 

DMA CONTROLLER 



ROM 8K 

BOOT-LOADER 
DIAGNOSTICS 



USER RAM 
128K 



FREQUENCY/TIME 
GENERATOR 6840 



4-CHANNEL 

ANALOG 

INTERFACE 



RS-232C 
INTERFACE 



300-19.2Kbps 



CENTRONICS- 
PRINTER 
INTERFACE 



5 1/4 inch 
FLOPPY DISKS 



MINIFLOPPY 

DISK 

CONTROLLER 




-B- 


-Eh 





EXPANSION 
MODULE 



SOUND 



*d 



SPEAKER 



VIDEO- 
PROCESSOR 

INTERFACE 



680 9 

PROCESSOR 



VIDEO FIRMWARE 
ROM 10K 



CHARACTER 
ROM 2K 



WORK 
RAM 2K 



KEYBOARD 
INTERFACE 



VIDEO-CHARACTER 
+ ATTRIBUTE 
RAM 4K 



VIDEO- 
GRAPHIC RAM 
48KB 



CRT 
INTERFACE 



CRT CONTROLLER 
6845 



POWER 
SUPPLY 



rih 




JOYSTICK, ETC, 



COMMUNICATION 
(ASYNC /SYNC) 



RS-232C 

IEEE -488 

HARD DISK/ 8 inch FLOPPY 

RAM, ETC. 



'/» 



KEYBOARD 



RGB \ 

VIDEO J 

<composite\ 
VIDEO J 

-f^-"^ LIGHT PEN 



Figure 2: A block diagram of the Micro 16s system. The 8086 processor is plugged into slot 1 and the Z80A into slot 2. 



assembler have been left out. 

In order to accommodate the 
various processor boards, the main 
circuit board has a data bus unique to 
Fujitsu. The bus contains 130 pins on 
a positive-contact connector, ensur- 
ing high reliability. All the various 
control lines run to each of the expan- 
sion slots, including lines for inter- 
rupts, DMA-bus-requests, signals to 
refresh the dynamic RAM (random- 



access read/write memory) chips, 
system clocks, 16 bits of data, and 24 
bits of address information. All the 
expansion slots have both maskable 
and nonmaskable interrupts available 
for use by expansion cards. 

Slot 1, which is occupied by the 
master processor, has two extra con- 
trol lines that go to control logic cir- 
cuits on the main board rather than 
running the extent of the bus. These 



are the HREQA (halt-request A) and 
HACKA (halt-acknowledge A) 
signals. 

Figure 3 is a simplified diagram 
showing how control is transferred 
from one processor to the other. 
"Flip-flop R" is set during power- 
on/reset, thereby clearing a halt- 
request line to CPU-A and enabling a 
halt-request to CPU-B. CPU-A then 
takes control of the bus and the boot- 



Jurrc 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 159 



Circle 431 on Inquiry card. 



HHFANTASTIC PRICES 


I!!!! ' 


FROM DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 


OKIDATA 




ML-80..80 COL, 80 CPS 


$317 


ML-82A..80 COL, 120 CPS 


$395 


*ML-83A..136COL,120CPS 


$639 


*ML-84.. PARALLEL. 136 COL, 200 CPS . $969 


'ML-84..SERIAL, 136 COL, 200 CPS 


$1,083 


ML-92..80 COL., 




160 CPS PARALLEL 


$509 


''ML-93..136COL, 




160 CPS PARALLEL... 


$832 


SERIAL INTERFACE FOR ML92&ML93 $99 


PACEM ARK 241 0..350 CPS 


CALL 


PACEMARK 2350..SERIAL 350 CPS . 


CALL 


"Includes TRACTOR FEED 




**lnc. OKIGRAPH ,M DOT ADDRESSABLE GRAPHICS 


SEIKOSHA 




DOT MATRIX, PARALLEL 50 CPS PLUS 


GRAPHICS 


£269 




IDS 




PRISM 80..3.4K & 200 Sprint 


$1,036 


Inc. sheet feed, color & graphics ... 


$1,429 


PRISM 1 32..3.4K & 200 Sprint 


$1,195 


Inc. sheet feed, color & graphics ... 


$1,591 


MICROPRISM 480 


$569 




STAR MICRONICS 




GEMINI-10..100 CPS, 2.3K BUFFER 


$329 


GEMINI-15 


$519 




C. ITOH 




Prownter 80 Col . 120 CPS. Parallel 


$396 


Prownter 2 80 Col . 120 CPS. Parallel 


$696 


Starwnler F- 1 0. .40 CPS 


$1,425 


Prmtmaster F- 1 55 CPS 


£1.595 




SMITH CORONA 




TP-L.12CPS 


S 64 9 




MODEMS 




Hayes 300 Baud Smart Modem 


$219 


Hayes 1200 Baud Smart Modem ... 


$515 


NOVATION, ANCHOR AUTOMATION AND 


VETUTEL MODEMS ALSO AVAILABLE. 




MONITORS 




AMDEK Color 1 


$309 


AMDEK Color II 


$609 


NEC JB1201 Green 


..$169 




FOR THE IBM P.O. 




NEC Spinwriter 3550..33CPS $1 ,990 


Quadram Quad board W/64K 


$469 


Quad ram Quadboard W/128K 


$519 


Quadram Quadboard w 192K 


$609 


Quadram Quadboard w 256K 


$699 


Monte Carlo Card 64K 


$429 


E-Z COLOR BOARD 




For the Apple II or Apple II Plus. 




Includes demo software and 




E-Z COLOR SUPER EDITOR 


$199 


S-100 Systems 


$279 


TRS-80 


$239 




INTEX TALKER lex t-to- speech synthesizer 




Sena! and parallel interlace included 


$280 


DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 


190 Chapel Rd., Manchester, CT 06040 


Info & Orders Call 203-649-3611 


Orders Only 1-800-243-5222 

COD Welcome Allow 2-3 Weeks For Checks MC VISA OK 


All Prices Include UPS Ground Freigh! In U S 
CT Residents Add 7 1 ?% Sales Tax 




k Prices Subjed To Change Withoul Nonce 


A 



loader ROM program on that pro- 
cessor card starts its diagnostics and 
proceeds to load the operating sys- 
tem. Control of the bus can be trans- 
ferred from one processor to the other 
under program control by setting or 
resetting a flip-flop. When this is 
done, a halt-request command is 
issued to the operating processor, 
which then completes its instruction, 
halts, issues a halt-acknowledge 
signal, and drops off the bus. The in- 
active processor then synchronously 
uses this acknowledge to end its 
previous halt state and regain control 
of the bus. It will later relinquish con- 
trol over the bus if the procedure is 
repeated. This allows an orderly 
transfer of control. 

The 5Vi-inch floppy-disk controller 
can handle up to four drives. Because 
it plugs directly into the mother- 
board, it does not use any of the ex- 
pansion slots. 

The Micro 16s comes with two 
5 VS -inch double-sided double-density 
disks that provide 320K bytes of for- 
matted storage each. The disk- 
controller chip is a Fujitsu (MB8877) 
version of the Western Digital 1793 
floppy-disk controller. 

The Micro 16s comes with 128K 
bytes of volatile parity-checking 
memory on Fujitsu MB8265 64K-bit 
dynamic-RAM chips on the mother- 
board. These RAMs can be refreshed 
using either pin 1 or the RAS refresh 
signal, which is controlled by the 
main processor on the bus. This com- 
bination assures easy interfacing with 
additional main processor cards (such 
as the 68000) that will be supported 
by Fujitsu. Additional RAM, up to 1 
megabyte per slot, can be added using 
the expansion bus slots. 

The printer interface is a standard 
Centronics 36-pin parallel interface. 
The RS-232C interface has a 
software-programmable data-rate 
generator and uses the Intel 8251A 
US ART (universal synchronous/ 
asynchronous receiver/ transmitter) 
enabling both asynchronous and syn- 
chronous serial communications. 
Data rates from 300 to 19,200 bps 
(bits per second), asynchronous, and 
to 64,000 bps, synchronous, are 
available. 

The speaker interface uses the 6840 



timer chip connected to an audio 
amplifier to allow a full range of 
tones to be generated. The analog in- 
terface uses a Fujitsu MB4052, 8-bit, 
4-channel, multiplexed, A/D con- 
verter. It delivers analog- to-digital 
conversion to a main applications 
processor in 5 milliseconds (ms). 

The keyboard interface converts 
serial information from the keyboard 
into parallel data. Under software 
control, interrupts are directed to 
either the main processor or the video 
processor to handle keyboard inputs. 

The keyboard uses a Fujitsu single- 
chip (MB88401), 4-bit microprocessor 
to scan the matrix and serialize the 
key-closure data. The keyboard data 
is then sent serially to the keyboard 
interface on the motherboard. Also, a 
built-in self-check function, a char- 
acter-code table, and a key-matrix 
table are programmed into the 4-bit 
microprocessor. The low-profile 
detachable keyboard has a total of 98 
keys with cylindrically sculptured 
key tops laid out in typewriter ar- 
rangement. 

The power supply is designed to 
meet the power requirements for the 
standard system and allow for future 
expansion. It is even capable of sup- 
porting a Fujitsu SV^-inch 5-, 10-, or 
20-megabyte Winchester hard-disk 
drive in place of one of the SVk-inch 
floppy-disk drives, along with a full 
megabyte of volatile memory. 

The lower portion of figure 2 out- 
lines the video-terminal section. This 
section is a completely independent 
video terminal. It has a 68B09E 
(2-MHz) processor as its controller 
and 10K bytes of video firmware con- 
tained in ROM. This firmware pro- 
gram operates on the high-level com- 
mands and the data sent from the 
main processor to control the char- 
acter and graphics modes of the 
Micro 16s. The character data is 
stored in 2K bytes of Fujitsu MB8128 
static RAM, along with 2K bytes of 
character-attribute RAM. A 6845 
video-controller chip is used in con- 
junction with the character-attribute 
RAM, along with 2K bytes of charac- 
ter-generating ROM. This combina- 
tion of components provides a color 
terminal running at internal bus 
speeds. 



160 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 393 on inquiry card.* 



Taxan monitors 



ounts 



Dedicated to quality and precision, 
TAXAN offers a complete line of 
monitors including green and amber, 
ultra-high resolution monochrome, plus 






; 




¥ 



l\XX\ 



I 



®TXXAI\I also offers the 410-80, 80 column and 
RGB card to interface with the Apple He. 

®X\X>AI\I monitors stand alone. 

See your local ®TAXAI\I dealer, or call us for details! 



TAXAN 

TSK Electronics Corporation 

18005 Cortney Court 

fety of Industry, CA 91748 

J£13) 810-1291 

Sjjrcle 393 on inquiry card. 



The 68B09 processor also controls 
48K bytes of dynamic RAM that pro- 
vide a 640- by 200-pixel graphic dis- 
play terminal. Each pixel, which can 
be displayed in one of eight colors, is 
supported by the high-level com- 



mands discussed earlier, and soon it 
will be supported by Digital 
Research's GSX-86 graphics-system 
extension for the CP/M family of 
operating systems. 
The video section has two output 



CPU-A BOARD 




STATUS C> 



HREQ A 



CPU-B BOARD 




STATUS O 



HREQ B 



HACK B 



MAIN BOARD 



<JL 



SWITCHING FLAG 




Figure 3: A simplified diagram showing how control is transferred from one processor 
to another. The control flip-flop on the main board can be set under program control. 
When this happens, a halt-request signal is sent to the operating processor, which then 
sends a halt-acknowledge (HACK) signal, which then gives the other processor control. 
The HREQA, HACKA, HREQB, and HACKB signals are on the Fujitsu 130-pin bus. 
CPU- A refers to the processor in slot 1; CPU-B, the processor in slot 2. 



MAIN 
SYSTEM 






HALT 








DISPLAY 
SUBSYSTEM 






BUSY 








ABORT 






ATTENTION 










A.ACK 






A.ACK 




ATTENTION 
REGISTER 
U BYTES) 






C 


( 








COMMUNICATION 

BUFFER 

(128 BYTES) 


( ) 


( ) 













Figure 4: A diagram illustrating how information is exchanged between the main 
system and the video-graphics subsystem. A large part of the information transfer is 
done through the 128-byte RAM known as the communication buffer. For faster 
transfers of small amounts of information, the 4-byte attention registers can be used. 



interfaces available for the user: a 
high-quality RGB color output that 
supports two levels of intensity in 
character mode, and a composite 
video output with eight levels of gray 
scale for black-and-white monitors or 
eight colors on lower-quality color 
monitors. 

Though a color monitor is standard 
with the Micro 16s, switches located 
on the motherboard control the 
polarity of the horizontal and vertical 
synchronization pulses to allow easy 
interfacing with the various RGB col- 
or monitors on the market. 

A light-pen input interfaces 
through the 6845 video controller to 
the 68B09 processor. It is supported 
by high-level commands for easy pro- 
gram interfacing to the applications 
programs. 

The method of passing data from 
the main processor bus to the video- 
terminal processor bus is accom- 
plished via the 128-byte RAM com- 
mon to both processors, a set of at- 
tention registers, and some control 
lines (see figure 4). The four attention 
registers were designed using a Fujitsu 
gate array. Three of these registers 
allow data to pass from the main pro- 
cessor to the video processor so that it 
can be asynchronously read or writ- 
ten. The video processor can also in- 
terrupt the main processor. Such in- 
terrupts can be generated, for exam- 
ple, by the interval clock timer or one 
of the function keys. 

The main processor issues com- 
mands to the video-terminal pro- 
cessor through the 128-byte common 
RAM. After receiving this command, 
the video processor sends a busy 
signal to the main processor. The 
main processor then does not read or 
write to the remaining common RAM 
area until the busy signal is removed. 

This prevents both processors from 
accessing the 128 bytes of RAM at the 
same time. The main processor can 
stop the video processor with an in- 
terrupt at any time should it become 
necessary to stop an operation in pro- 
cess. This gives it master control over 
the common RAM section. 

Accessing common memory is inef- 
ficient when the data quantity is 
small: the video processor must send 
an attention interrupt that a com- 






162 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 132 on inquiry card.- 



Presenting Hyperion™, the world's 
most powerful, portable computer 
developed for the busy professional. 




m*£ 



Standard Features 



Hyperion is a true portable, 
weighing in at only 18 pounds. It is 
light on the eyes with its European 
amber screen and styling. But heavy 
on performance with many 
standard features which are 
expensive necessities for other 
personal computers. And all for a 
price that's less than you'd expect. 




Hyperion is bright. Communicating 
with the world is easy with our 
integrated voice and data 
package. Standard is our 256K RAM 
memory, essential for the new 
generation of application 
programs. 

Hyperion has the same processor, 
graphics and operating system as 
the IBM P.C. However, an improved 
keyboard ties the function keys to 
our screen soft keys. All this means 
Hyperion can run popular IBM 
software right off the shelf - Visi 
Calc f , Word Star t , Data Base II 1 and 
many, many others. 

Hyperion is the rising star in personal 
computers. Catch a rising star 
today. 



Processor . 


Intel 8088 


Software . 


MS DO! 


Advo xj • j Microsoft) 

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Metnoty * . * 


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Drives .... 


. 5V, 320K bytes, IBM compatible 
Virtual Bam Disk fUD to I^Mfl' 




Display System 7' Non-glare amber 

............. Graphics -IBM PC compatible 

Full 81 er format 

Auto screen off for prolonged life 


Serial Port . 


RS232C* 
RS423 


ParaM Port 


.... Centronics/IBM compatible' 



Other Features.... Time and date dock with 

battery back-up 
........ Additional video output for external 

monitor* 

*lhM Klrat worth cm*! ? MMl 




Optional Extras 

Drive . . .-I". . . , .Additional W :320k drive 

Communication , !N;TOUCH telephone 

management system 

Built in 300 baud modem (1Q&J) 

, . . . . . ........ . ...... ., . . . . Direct connect 

Acoustic Cups . ...... Uses internal modem 

Expansion Chassis . . . . 5 or 10 MB of hard disk 
Up to 7 siols for IBM 

compatible cards 

Carrying Case Attractive case with 

accessory pockets 

Multiplane Hyperion enhanced 

123 f ,..;.. ... ; ... .;. . . . Hyperion enhanced 
INSCRIBE Word processor 

t Visi Caic is a trademark of Visicorp 
frWortiStai sa frademarfc ofMIcroprc 

' • ;•• n< orp. 
t DataBc ' -on Tate 

Multiple H mark oft . .soft Corp. 
M23 is a trademark of Lotus Development Corp, 

T 

(22,3 cm) 




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mr I the world's most powerful 

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The Bytec Group North America: (613) 226-7255; Telex 053-3358 
Europe: U.K. 04026 4926; Telex 894222 



GET IBM-PC Capacity at a Fraction of IBM'S Price! 



New NETRONJI 
Starts at Just 

I It's true! Now you can enjoy the power of the - 

' Intel 8088-the same microprocessor which 

I powers the IBM-PC-and run any program com 

> piled for the IBM-PC... starting at only $399.95! 

I Take this easy, low cost way to learn 16-bit 
technology! Two-board system features: 

1. 8088 mother board with 5-slot expansion 
bus; accepts any hardware designed for 
IBM-PC: and 

2. 64K memory board, expandable to 256K; 
with IBM compatible RS232 communica- 
cations port. 

Any disk-operating system which works on the 
IBM will work directly on the EXPLORER 88-PC, 
and all programs compiled for the IBM will run 
on it. 

The system monitor ROM included in the Starter 
system features a user-friendly operating system 
that allows easy program generation and debug- 
ging. The commands include display /modify 
memory.. .display/modify registers.. .input/output 
data to 1/0 ports. ..block moves. ..single-step 
trace mode... go/run with optional breakpoint 
and register reports. ..cassette load/save with hie 
labels. ..plus a complete system test program 
that tests and reports condition of ROM, RAM, 
cassette interface, timer, DMA controller, inter- 
rupt controller, and the communications port. 
These test programs not only allow easy debug- 
ging of software but they serve as hardware and 
software learning tools. 

The EXPLORER 88-PC STARTER KIT includes a 
mother board, memory/I/O board, al components 
needed, sockets for IC's used, one 62-pin bus 
connector and complete assembly/test instruc- 
tions. All you need is a soldering iron, solder, a 
fower supply, and a standard RS232 terminal 
(Netronics has 2 low-cost ones to choose from). 

Explorer 88-PC Starter Kit. ..$399. 95 

+ 10.00 p&i 
D (wired 4 tested, add $100.00) 
OExtra 62-pin connectors at $4.25 ea. 

+ 1.00 p&i. 
Use your own terminal with the EXPLORER 88-PC 
or, if you plan to expand it to be fully IBM com- 
patible, we offer our IBM compatible keyboard 
and an IBM compatible color graphics board 
(only available wired and tested). 



16 Bit EXPLORER 88-PC Kit 
Accepts All IBM Peripherals. 

D IBM compatible keyboard...$299.95 
+ 10.00 p&i. 

D IBM compatible color board...$299.95 
+ 10.00 p&i. 

D Additional ROM required. ..$35.00. 

Set your own pace! Invest and learn, at the rate 

YOU want! Add to your EXPLORER 88-PC: 
Deluxe heavy-duty steel cabinet that houses 
either two 5%" floppies or a 5 V hard disk 
with one floopy. This cabinet features a 
brush-finish front panel and a wood-grained 
sleeve. 

D EXPLORER 88-PC Cabinet.. .$199.95 
+ 18.00 p&i. 

A heavy-duty open frame power supply 
with fan that can be used in your own cabi 
net or installed into the Netronics cabinet is 

available as follows: 

D 10 amp power supply for system + 2 flop- 
pies. .$149, 95 + 8.00 p&i. 

□ As above + extra power for 1 hard disk... 
$169.95 + 8.00 p&i. 

□ IBM compatible disk controller board. Con 
trols four 5V floppy drives (w/2 drive 
cable). Available wired and tested only. 
$250.00 + 8.00 p&i. 

□ Monitors and BIOS source listings: available 
on either disk or hard copy at $35.00. 
Please specify format and system required 

□INTEL 8086/8088 user manual, .,$15.00 
+ 1.50 p&i. 

□ THE 8086 BOOK by RECTOR & ALEX 
$16.00 + 1.50 p&i. 



□ Special IBM compatible system: with key- 
board, color graphics board, floppy disk' 
controller, 64K RAM, cabinet, standard 
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more will be available shortly. 



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coming catalog. It's yours FREE if you check 



For Canadian orders 
please double the amount 
of p&i shown. IBM-PC is a 
registered trademark of 
IBM Corporation. 




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mand that was sent to the video pro- 
cessor has been completed. Then the 
main processor must read the 
resulting data and status. To increase 
efficiency, another method can be 
used to transfer data. Separate atten- 
tion registers are provided through 
which processing data and status in- 
formation can be passed. 

Data Storage 

The Micro 16s lets you select from 
a powerful assortment of disk-storage 
subsystems. Currently, the Micro 16s 
comes with two SVi-inch double- 
sided double-density floppy-disk 
drives. The floppy-disk controller 
provides addressing for four such 
drives. 

Additional controllers are available 
for 8-inch floppy-disk drives and 
Winchester hard-disk drives. 

Fujitsu provides an optional 
freestanding dual-drive double-sided 
double-density 8-inch floppy-disk 
subsystem. This subsystem allows up 
to 1.2 megabytes of data per drive. 

Fujitsu also offers SVfc-inch Win- 
chester drives in 5-, 10-, and 
20-megabyte capacities. 

Summary 

The Micro 16s was designed to be a 
versatile package of hardware and 
software in a professional business 
system. Its unique bus architecture 
and integrated high-resolution 
graphics subsystem, coupled with the 
wide variety of applications pro- 
cessors, operating systems, memory 
expansion, and hard-disk options, of- 
fer the business user the growth and 
flexibility necessary to cope with 
ever-changing application re- 
quirements. ■ 



The Fujitsu Micro 16$ personal 
business computer is marketed in the 
U.S. by Fujitsu Microelectronics/ Pro- 
fessional Microsystems Division, Santa 
Clara, CA. 



ALF (303) 234-0871 1315F NELSON ST. DENVER, CO 80215 



About the Author 

Wayne Clingingsmith has 12 years of ex- 
perience in LSI, component, applications, and 
systems design. Currently the hardware 
systems manager for Fujitsu's Professional 
Microsystems Division, he has a bachelor's 
degree from San Jose State University in elec- 
trical engineering. 



164 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



THE NEW STANDARD. 

THE MICROS 




Microsoft, the 
people who set the 
standard for software, 
have done it again with the 
Microsoft® Mouse. 

Our expertise in both hardware and 
software has gone into the develop- 
ment of the Microsoft Mouse. Now 
you can plug in the most exciting 
computer product of the year and 
put it to work. 

The Mouse lets you move the 
cursor freely and naturally then 
execute commands at 
the push of a button. 

The Microsoft Mouse is a 
complete system. It comes 
with an on-screen tutorial, a 
practice application, and the 
Multi-Tool™ Notepad, a mouse-based 
text editor, so you can begin 
using the Mouse right away And 
for application developers, the 
Mouse includes a programmable 



interface 

driver to give 

your application 

program complete 

control over the Mouse's 

operation. 

That's the kind of support you'd expect 
from Microsoft. After all, we were the 
world's first microcomputer software 
company Today, more than a million 
microcomputers are running Micro- 
soft languages, operating systems, 
application programs, and hardware- 
software combinations. 

You can get the Micro- 
soft Mouse in dedi- 
cated versions for the 
IBM®-PC,PCXT,and 
in a version for MS™- 
DOS machines with 
serial interfaces, 
including the IBM- 
PC. The Mouse 
supports all 
versions of 
MS-DOS, 
including ver- 
sion 2.0. Ask your 
Microsoft dealer 
for a demonstration 
of the Microsoft Mouse 
a whole new standard. 

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS 

- MICROSOFT. 





Microsoft is a registered trademark, 
and MS and the Microsoft logo are 
trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. 

Circle 266 on inquiry card. 



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worldwide. Call factory if your dealer does not 
have the AST products you want. 

IBM is the registered trademark of International Business Machines 



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point-to-point communications 
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The Pronto Series 16 

The design of a new business-oriented microcomputer 
based on the Intel 80186 microprocessor. 



The challenge of developing a new 
business microcomputer is to produce 
a machine that is better than its com- 
petition. In designing the new Pronto 
Series 16 microcomputer we aimed to 
meet that challenge by concentrating 
on three vital areas: speed, storage 
capability, and ergonomics. 

The new 80186 microprocessor 
chip makes the Pronto Series 16 run 
very fast. The Pronto comes with two 
SVi-inch floppy-disk drives, each 
capable of storing 800K bytes of data. 
For even more storage, a Syquest 
5-megabyte removable disk cartridge 
is available as an option. As for 
ergonomics, the Series 16's relatively 
small size, the arrangement of its 
components, and the design of its 
keyboard and display allow the 
machine to fit unobtrusively into 
your work space. 

In establishing our design goals, we 



Skip Hansen 

Pronto Computers Inc. 

3170 Kashiwa St. 

Torrance, CA 90505 



decided that our machine would be 
aimed at a specific audience: the in- 
dividual user in a modern business 
office, an environment where the 
benefits of desktop computing would 
be most readily apparent. And our 
machine would come as a complete 
package. Some options, such as ex- 
panded memory and graphics, would 
be available, of course, for particular- 
ly demanding applications. 

The result of our designs is a small 
16-bit desktop computer based on the 
Intel 80186 microprocessor and 
Microsoft's MS-DOS 2.0 operating 
system. Its standard features include 
128K bytes of volatile memory or 
RAM (random-access read/ write 



memory), a high-capacity floppy- 
disk drive, a high-resolution mono- 
chrome monitor, communications in- 
terfaces (serial and parallel), and a 
bundle of software, including a word 
processor, a spreadsheet calculator, a 
database manager, and a graphics 
program. The complete package will 
sell for approximately $3000. 

I will now describe the various 
components of the Pronto Series 16 
system and explain the reasons for 
their selection. In every case, compo- 
nent selection has been made on the 
basis of how well that component can 
perform its particular job. 

The Processor 

To decide on our hardware we first 
considered software. Our goal was to 
have a machine that could go right to 
work in the average office; therefore, 
the essential software for this 



168 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




Photo 1: The keyboard of the Pronto Series 16. 



machine should be immediately avail- 
able. 

It would then seem logical to 
choose an 8-bit processor because a 
large library of software has already 
been established in past years for 
8-bit computers. But on the other 
hand, the library of 16-bit material is 
growing every day, and it is unques- 
tionably the trend of the future. And 
given the fact that a 16-bit machine 
has a greater capacity in terms of 
computational power and memory, 
we decided to use a 16-bit processor, 
confident that most of the essential 
software required for most business 
operations would be available, and 
that much of the new software to be 
produced for tomorrow's market will 
be for 16-bit systems. 

Having committed ourselves to a 
16-bit processor, we had to settle on a 
particular 16-bit family. Because we 
wanted a substantial software base 
for our system at the time of its in- 
troduction, our choice was limited to 
families already accepted in the mar- 
ketplace. Many processors with good 
technical merits have not found great 
public acceptance, which results in a 
poor software base. Such processors 
were ruled out, and only three pro- 
cessor families remained: the Intel 
8086, the Motorola 68000, and the 
Digital Equipment Corporation 
LSI-11. 



The LSI-11 is the oldest of the 
three, having descended from the 
very successful DEC PDP-11 family. 
Consequently, it has a great software 
base. However, this software, with a 
few notable exceptions, is not aimed 
at the small-business user with a desk- 
top machine. Another drawback of 
the LSI-11 is its relatively high cost in 
comparison with the 8086 and 68000 
families. 

The Intel family is descended from 
the very successful 8080 /Z80 family 
of 8-bit processors, and much of the 
initial software support for the new 
8086 family was derived by using an 
Intel assembly-language conversion 
program that allowed existing 8080 
programs to be converted for the 
8086. The Intel 8086 family was the 
first single-chip 16-bit microprocessor 
to achieve general acceptance in the 
marketplace. 

The Motorola 68000 processor is 
generally viewed as having a more 
elegant architecture than the Intel 
family, but the 68000's later release 
has resulted in a great lag in software 
availability, particularly for the small 
business market. 

We finally chose the Intel 8086 
family of processors primarily 
because of the existing and potential 
software support. But within the Intel 
family there are four processors from 
which to choose, each with its own 



advantages and disadvantages: 

•the 8086, Intel's original 16-bit chip, 
which has full 16-bit external and in- 
ternal data buses 

•the 8088, a downgrade of the 8086 
with a 8-bit external bus (i.e., data is 
sent in and out of the processor 8 bits 
at a time rather than 16 bits at a 
time). This chip is less expensive and 
uses the same software 
•the 80186, an enhancement of the 
original 8086, which features in- 
creased performance at a given clock 
rate and an extended instruction set; 
it has a higher level of integration, 
allowing many peripheral devices to 
be included on the processor 
•the 80188, an enhancement of the 
8088 that retains the 8-bit external 
data bus 

Because one of our primary design 
goals was high performance, we 
opted for the full 16-bit external bus, 
eliminating the 8088 and 80188 as 
possibilities. We then selected the 
80186 as our processor, even though 
it is more expensive than the 8086. 
The 80186, however, includes many 
necessary peripheral functions right 
on the chip. Because functions such as 
direct memory access (DMA), inter- 
rupts, timers, wait-state logic, and 
chip-select functions would have to 
be provided in our design anyway, 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 169 






SPEAKER 

I 




VIATIONSI 

S.R. SHIFT REGISTER 

DRVRS— DRIVERS 
RVCRS— RECEIVERS 

PRLL PARALLEL 

PRNTR— PRINTER 

-KEYBOARD 
DFRNTL-D I FFERENT I AL 
CTRL CONTROL 



Figure 1: A block diagram of the Pronto Series 16. 



the 80186 is actually a more cost- 
effective approach. 

One advantage of the 80186 pro- 
cessor is that we can implement MS- 
DOS version 2.0 on it and thereby 
gain access to the wealth of software 
available for that operating system. 

System Memory 

Having selected a 16-bit processor 
for its greater processing power, we 
realized that the more sophisticated 
programs possible with such a pro- 
cessor would require more memory 
resources than is the norm with 8-bit 
machines. We felt that 128K bytes of 
RAM would be adequate for typical 
business applications. However, a 
number of applications may require 
increased memory size, up to 256K 
bytes, and for demanding applica- 
tions, such as multitasking, it is im- 
portant that the full memory poten- 
tial of the 80186 (one megabyte) be 
available. 

We elected to design our main 
memory using 64K-bit dynamic RAM 
chips because we felt that this was the 



most cost-effective way of imple- 
menting our chosen memory size. 
Our standard machine would come 
with 128K bytes of memory, and an 
additional 128K bytes could be ob- 
tained by adding memory chips. For 
further expansion, a 768K-byte 
memory board could be added to 
populate the 80186's full memory 
space. 

Memory Speed 

Another advantage of the Intel 
80186 is that its memory-speed re- 
quirements are much less stringent 
than competing processors. In other 
words, you may use more economical 
memory components with the 80186 
while still achieving full speed. The 
80186 can run at full speed at 8 MHz 
even when provided with memory 
that has an access time as high as 311 
nanoseconds (ns) . By comparison, 
the Zilog Z80, running at a clock 
speed of 4 MHz, requires memory 
with an access time no greater than 
265 ns. 

The most economical 64K-bit RAM 



chips in most manufacturers' product 
lines have an access time of 200 ns, 
which is more than ample to allow 
the 80186 to run at a clock rate of 
8 MHz. 

Memory Reliability 

For a computer intended primarily 
for business use, memory integrity is 
vital. A recent case of a man owed 
$20 who received a check for 
$400,020 illustrates what can result 
from a single bit error in computer 
memory. Although the reliability of 
the 64K-bit RAM chips has been dem- 
onstrated to be excellent, there is 
always the slight chance of a memory 
error. We deemed it unacceptable to 
allow errors to go undetected. Com- 
puter users must be confident of their 
system's integrity. 

System reliability can be verified in 
two ways: parity error detection and 
error checking and correction (ECC). 
With parity error detection, the extra 
memory chips needed to store parity 
bits add to the system's cost. Because 
the 80186 is byte-addressable, it is 



170 June 19W © BYTE Publication* Inc 



Introducing 
SooperSpooler's™ Little Brother 



Who knows spoolers better than 
Consolink?* We pioneered this industry 
with our revolutionary SooperSpooler, 
the Intelligent Printer Interface. 

Now meet the newest family addition: 
MicroSpooler™ 
especially designed and engineered for 
those who need cost-effective solutions 
to their spooler requirements without 
sacrificing quality and sophistication. 

No More Waiting on the Printer 

The new MicroSpooler stores data and 
then feeds it to a printer as fast as the 
printer can handle it. 

That means no down time: in a 
matter of seconds , your computer is free 
for the next job without waiting 
for the printer to finish the last job. 



Quality, Reliability, Flexibility 

As with the SooperSpooler, the new 
MicroSpoolers are the product of the 
highest engineering standards to insure 
trouble-free operation. Now Con sol ink 
offers a complete line of stand-alone 
spoolers that can be installed in-line 
between virtually any printer and 
any computer. 

Easy to install. Easy to use. Easy on 
the budget. 

Features include: 

■ 16K Memory: User or factory 
expandable to 32K or 64K 

■ Multiple Copy Function 

■ Status Readout: Tells you how much 
data is stored or how many copies 
are left to run 

■ Pause Function; To let you change 
paper, make adjustments 

■ Self-Test Routine: Performs a 
comprehensive check of most 
internal functions and memory 

■ Internal Power Supply: No bulky 
plug adapters 

■ Vertical Mount Configuration: 
Saves desktop space 

■ Plug-in connections to most 
computer combinations 



■ Independently Selectable Baud Rates 
on Serial Ports 

■ One Year Limited Warranty** 

■ Thirty-Day Money Back 
Guarantee** 

• Four Models: Any Combination of 
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• $199forl6K parallel to parallel 
unit with an internal power supply 

And When You Need the Very 

Best*.* 

Remember SooperSpooler; the 
Intelligent Printer Interface with a 
remarkable range of software 
controlled features and formatting 
capabilities. 

See our new MicroSpoolers at 
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immediate answers to your questions, 
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Spoolers by Consolink — 
Now you have an Intelligent 
Choice. 



CONSOLINK 



CORPORATION 

Circle 96 on inquiry card. 




With MicroSpooler 
16 Seconds 

CPU time for 20 pagest 

For immediate answers to your questions, call Toll Free: 800-525-6705 

Consolink Corporation ,1840 Industrial Circle , Dept. MLi-200 Longmont, CO 80501 (303) 652-2014 

♦Formerly Compulink Corporation *60 lines per page, random line lengths, 40 char/tine. 



Consult your dealer or Consolink for details 



Assumes CPU can output text at a minimum of 3000 char/sec. 




Exciting new capabilities can blossom in your lab— when 
you automate it with the DAIS1 family of data acquisition 
peripherals for your Apple Computer. 
DAISI interfaces, from Interactive Structures, turn your econom- 
ical Apple into a personal electronic lab assistant. DAISI prod- 
ucts are designed to read instruments and sensors, control 
temperature and pressure . . . with reliability and precision. 
Here's a rundown on some DAISI interfaces 
AM 3, 12-Bit Analog Input System— $550 

■ 16 input channels ■ 20 microseconds conversion time. 
AI02, 8-Bit Analog Input System— $299 

■ 16 input channels ■ 70 microseconds conversion time. 
AO03, 8-Bit Analog Output System— $195- $437 

■ up to 8 independent channels ■ range and offset adjustable. 
DI09, Digital Interface with Timers— $330 

■ timing and interrupt capability ■ direct connection to BCD 
digits, switches, relays. 

Don't settle for garden variety equipment for your laboratory 
applications. Get the best— at a great price. Pick a DAISI! 



«s 



Call us for the DAISI dealer near you. 



Interactive Structures Inc. 

146 Montgomery Ave. 
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 
(215)667-1713 



All DAISI interfaces come 
complete with cable, in- 
structional diskette and 
comprehensive manual. 



necessary to add 1 parity bit for each 
byte, rather than 1 bit for a whole 
16-bit word. 

Adding ECC capability greatly in- 
creases the cost of the memory sub- 
system. Depending on the number of 
bits in error that the correction cir- 
cuitry is designed to rectify, the cost 
of the circuitry can exceed the cost of 
the memory itself. Because memory 
errors should be rare, we decided that 
a better price/performance ratio 
would be achieved using simple pari- 
ty error detection rather than elabo- 
rate and expensive ECC circuitry. 
When the detection circuitry finds a 
memory fault it issues a nonmaskable 
interrupt to the 80186 that causes the 
operating system to report the mem- 
ory malfunction to the user. 

To further ensure reliability and 
confidence in the system, the soft- 
ware provides a memory test on 
power-up to determine if the memory 
is functioning properly. 

Refreshing the Memory 

Maintaining the dynamic mem- 
ory's high performance requires 
careful attention to its refresh cir- 
cuitry. Each dynamic memory cell 
needs to be refreshed or recharged 
periodically. We elected to use burst- 
refresh rather than distributed-refresh 
circuitry to minimize time lost to pro- 
cessor arbitration. We have achieved 
a very low memory overhead of 3 
percent for the refresh operation, 
roughly half of the typical figure. 
Also, by implementing the dynamic 
RAM controller using standard TTL 
(transistor-transistor logic) parts in- 
stead of an LSI (large-scale integra- 
tion) memory controller, we were 
able to minimize the total memory 
cost. 

Read-Only Memory 

Our design choices for the ROM 
(read-only memory), like those for 
the main system memory, were in- 
fluenced by the considerations of size, 
speed, and component selection. 
Because we wanted to offer complete 
systems with disk storage, we chose 
not to constrain ourselves with the re- 
quirement of a large ROM size to ac- 
commodate a BASIC interpreter. 
Therefore, the only software that we 



172 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 196 on Inquiry card. 




Now you can buy a QUAD function IBM PC board 
without having to buy more memory. 



MegaPlus™ and l/O-Ptus 2 fM are the ulti- 
mate add-on products you will need to 
expand your IBM PC and XT. Which board 
you decide on depends on where you are 
headed. To take full advantage of your IBM 
PC and XT beyond 256k, you will want to 
expand with the MegaPlus™. It's features 
include two asynchronous ports, clock/cal- 
endar, printer port, and up to 512k of 
memory expansion. Ahl You say you already 
have all the memory you need? The I/O 
Plus 2™ gives you all the features of Mega- 
Plus™ to operate your printers, plotters and 
modems, set your time and date automat- 
ically with the clock/calendar, without 
adding memory. Also a special game adapter 
is available, but more about that later. Both 
boards include SuperDrive™ disk emulation 
and SuperSpool™ print buffer software. 

MEGA WITH MEMORY 

The MegaPlus™ has three functions stan- 
dard: Parity checked and fully socketed 
memory up to 256k in 64k increments; 
clock/calendar with battery back-up for 
automatic loading of time and date when 
the computer is turned on; and an asyn- 
chronous communication port (RS232C 
serial) which can be used as COM1 or 
COM2, (DTE for a printer, or DCE for a 
modem). Optional is a 1 00% IBM compatible 
parallel printer port, and a second asyn- 
chronous port for another $35 each. The 
MegaPak™ option plugs onto your Mega- 
Plus™ "piggyback" style to give you 512k 
of additional memory. Now you can create 
disk drives in memory up to 360k, set aside 
plenty of space for print spooling, and still 
have memory for your biggest programs. 

I/O-PLUS 2 WITHOUT MEMORY 
The l/O-PIus 2™ comes standard with a 
clip-on battery powered clock/calendar, 
and asynchronous communication port 
{RS232C serial). Optional is a second asyn- 
chronous port(DTE fora printer, or DCEfor 
a modem), a parallel printer adapter, and 
the best game paddle adapter on the market. 
What's so special about our game adapter? 
Not only is it an IBM standard game port, 
but it can also use low cost, widely available 
Apple compatible paddles and joysticks. If 
your memory needs are satisfied, for less 
than the price of most single function 
boards, l/O-PIus 2™ gives you all the input 
and output ports you might need. 

Circle 422 on Inquiry card. 



FREE SOFTWARE 

SuperDrive™ disk emulation software cre- 
ates "disk drives" in memory which access 
your programs at the speed of RAM memory. 
SuperSpooler™ print buffer software allows 
the memory to accept data as fast as the 
computer can send it and frees your com- 
puter for more productive work. Some man- 
ufacturers sell hardware print buffers that 
do only this for hundreds of dollars. Super- 
Spooler™ eliminates the need for these 
slot robbing products. Both of these power- 
ful pieces of software can be used with any 
expansion memory for your IBM PC or XT. 

CHEAP SOFTWARE TOO 

What good is great hardware without some 
great software to use it with? We offer 
some terrific prices on some of the popular 
programs you will want to use your board 
with. How about the cream of the spread- 
sheet programs, SUPERCALC, for just $ 1 59, 
or SUPERWRITER for $239. If you are 
looking for data base management you can 
get dBASE II by AshtonTate for $419, 

WHY BUY IT FROM US? 

Because we provide the service and support 
most companies just talk about. Each board 
is fully tested and burned in prior to ship- 
ment. We realize how integral this board is 
to the use of your computer. What good is a 
warranty if it takes weeks for repairs to be 
made? We offer 48 hour turnaround or a 
replacement board on all warranty repairs. 
Do you hear anyone else making this prom- 
ise? If you stifl are not convinced, and want 
to compare prices, remember we don't 
charge extra for credit cards, shipping, or 
COD fees. We think the ultimate testimony 
to our good service and high quality is that 
one of our largest customers is none other 
than IBMI If you still want to buy elsewhere, 
ask any competitor if they will face the acid 
test. 

THE ACID TEST 
Qubie' (say que-bee-A) gives you a 30 day 
satisfaction guarantee on all board pur- 
chases. If you are not completely satisfied 
we will refund the entire cost of your 
purchase as well as pay the postage to 
return it. If you can get one of our competi- 
tors to give you the same guarantee, buy 
any other board you think compares and 
return the one you don't like. We're not 
worried because we know which one you 



will keep. We also offer a one year parts 
and labor warranty. An additional one year 
extended warranty is available for $50. 
TO ORDER BY MAIL SEND: 
—your name and shipping address 
—board type, size, and options requested 
— daytime phone number 
—California residents add 6% sales tax 
— company check or credit card number 
with expiration date (personal checks 
take 1 8 days to clear) 



TO ORDER BY PHONE: 

In California (805) 482-9829 
Outside California 

TOLL FREE (800) 821-4479 

PRICES: 
l/O-PIus 2™ with Clock/calendar, a- 
synchronous communication adapter, 
SuperDrive™ and SuperSpool™ - $1 29 

MegaPlus™ with memory, clock, async, 
SuperSpool™ and SuperSpool™ soft- 
ware: 64k $289 

128k $339 256k $439 
192k $389 512k $788 

OPTIONS: 

Parallel Printer Port $35 

Second Async Port $35 

Game Adapter (l/O-PIus 2 only) $35 
MegaPak™ with 256k of memory $349 

Cable to parallel printer $35 

Cable to modem or serial printer $25 

Memory Diagnostics Program $10 

SUPERWRITER by Sorcim $239 

SUPERCALC II by Sorcim $1 59 

dBASE II by Ashton-Tate $41 9 

SHIPMENT 

We pay UPS surface charges. UPS 2 day 
air service $5 extra. Credit card or bank 



check orders shipped next day. 

QUBIE' 
DISTRIBUTING 



■ 



4809 Calle Alto 
Camarillo, CA 93010 



European Inquiries: 
129 Magdalen Rd., 
London, SW18, England 
Phone { 01) 870-8899 



BYTE June 19S3 173 



have included within ROM is the 
power-on self-test and the disk boot- 
strap routines. We chose the 2764 
chips for our ROM because they are 
projected to be the most cost-effective 
device for our requirements. Lower- 
density ROM chips are attractively 
priced now, but we feel their price 
will start climbing shortly as produc- 
tion shifts away from obsolete 
devices. The selection of 2764 gives us 
a total ROM space of 16K bytes with 
only two chips. For any unforeseen 
future needs we have provided two 
additional sockets and jumpers for 
27128 chips, allowing an ultimate 
ROM expansion to 64K bytes. These 
selected chips have access times of 
450 ns, and so the 80186 must insert 
wait states. However, because the 
ROM is only used during the first few 
seconds each day as the system is first 
awakened, we felt the slight perfor- 
mance penalty was justified. 

Floppy Disks 

We believe that the amount of desk 
space a system occupies is a crucial 
consideration. In designing the Pron- 



to Series 16 we decided to separate 
the system components that required 
frequent access from the space-con- 
suming system electronics that don't 
require the operator's attention. This 
allows us to reduce the desktop area 
covered by our system to the space 
needed for bare essentials, namely, 
the keyboard, the disk drives, and the 
monitor. 

We achieved this by adding buffer- 
ing to the floppy-disk drives and 
bringing all of the data lines down on 
a twisted-pair cable (using a differen- 
tial RS-422 line). This keeps the cross- 
talk interference down so that the 
cable can be lengthened without 
creating problems. The cable has 
substantial shielding to protect it 
from interference caused by nearby 
electronics and to keep it, in turn, 
from radiating interference to tele- 
vision sets, radios, etc. 

For our floppy-disk system we 
selected the established SV^-inch for- 
mat. We avoided some of the latest- 
technology drives because standards, 
even with regard to size, have not yet 
emerged and several suffer from 



media-availability problems. Addi- 
tionally, we desired compatibility 
with the older systems to ensure an 
ample software base. To keep the sys- 
tem's volume to a minimum we opted 
for half -height rather than full-height 
drives. 

We have achieved improved 
floppy-disk storage capacity in two 
ways while maintaining compatibility 
with older systems. First, we use a 
96-tpi (track per inch) drive, which 
allows 80 tracks per side, rather than 
the older 48-tpi spacing with 40 tracks 
per side. Second, double-sided drives 
are standard on our system, rather 
than an extra-cost option. Also, the 
Series 16 system supports both 
double-density and single-track den- 
sity. The fact that the 96-tpi drive is 
exactly twice the track density of the 
older drives allows the controller to 
read older 48-tpi disks by skipping 
the odd-numbered tracks. Thus, the 
machine is able to read and write 
disks in the IBM Personal Computer 
format. 

We selected the recently introduced 
Western Digital 2797 disk controller, 



nDRLIIB "Automates Lab Instruments 




• Interactive Micro-ware's general-purpose ADALAB® data ac- 
quisition and control system interfaces with virtually any lab in- 
strument using a recorder or meter, including GC and HPLC sys- 
tems, spectrophotometers, pH meters, process control apparatus, 
thermocouples, etc. 

• Lab Data Manager® software facilitates single or multi- 
channel acquisition, storage, display and chart recorder style out- 
put of lab instrument data. IMI QUICK I/O software operates within 
easy-to-use BASIC! 

• Thousands of scientists currently use IMI software and/or 
ADALAB products worldwide! 

*Price includes 48K APPLEt ||+ CPU, diskdrive with controller, 
12" monitor, dot matrix printer with interface, IMI ADALAB® inter- 
face Card. tTrademark of Apple Computer. Inc. 

IMI'S ADALAB INTERFACE 
CARD IS AVAILABLE 
SEPARATELY FOR ONLY $495 

(Includes 12-bit A/D, 12-bit D/ A, 8 digital sense inputs, 8 
digital control outputs, 32-bit real-time clock, two 16-bit 
timers plus QUICKI/O data acquisition software.) 

INTERACTIVE MICROWARE, INC. 

P.O. Box 771, Dept. 3 

State College, PA 16801 (814) 238-8294 





KIT:$299 ONLY! 

KIT does not include power supply nor chassis. 



ENGINEERS: eprom development system 

Deluxe model for an economy price,$495 ONLY! 

simulates EPROM from RAM, 

I tests new codes before burning 

a EPROM, accomodates direct 

code loading, examines RAM 

locations in both directions, 

copies EPROMs, diagnoses 

problems, supports a DEBUGGER, 

saves BASIC program in EPROM, 

enables the user to build, 

trouble-shoot, analyze, 

evaluate the microprocessor 

and emulates-programs the 

EPROMs. 

A PRACTICAL ALTERNATIVE 
to an expensive in-circuit emulator. 

EDUCATORS: 

SINGLE BOARD 

MICRO COMPUTER 

TRAINING SYSTEMS: 

YES-5 (Z80 CPU ) 

YES-6 (MC 6800) 

•YES-7 (8088 CPU) 

•YES-8 (MC68000) 

Memory Board 

Emulator Adaptors 

Personality Modules 

*YES-7 & YES-6 will be available 4th Qt. '83. 
2758, 2716, 2516, 2732, 2532, 2764, 2564, 27128, 25128 (with memory ex- 
tension board). TINY BASIC and DEBUGGER are available for YES-6. 
Intel Hex Format, CP/M Dump Format and User Programmable Format. 

Yang Electronic Systems, Inc. 

307 Compton Avenue, Laurel, Maryland 20707 

(301) 776-0076 Telex: 469362 




174 June 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 195 on inquiry card. 



Circle 426 on inquiry card. 




ATARI DOES MORE THAN ANYONE ELSE TO 
GIVE YOU TWO HELPFUL KINDS OF SERVICE. 
LOCAL. LONGDISTANCE. 




If you need someone to fix your ATARI® Video Game or Home Computer, you'll find the best 
place is also the closest. We have over 1,600 ATARI SERVICE™ Centers coast to coast; just look in 
the Yellow Pages under Video Games or Computers . 

And if you have any kind of question about your ATARI Home Computer-how to do 
something new with it, how to debug one of your own programs, what kind of peripherals are 
best-call the ATARI Help Line. Our toll-free number is 1-800-538-8543* 

At ATARI SERVICE, we take care of you. 
As well as your ATARI system. 





fiiAtii dciiviut 

FACTORY AUTHORIZED NETWORK 



A. 



ATARI CALIFORNIA: 1-800-672-1404 

Circle 35 on inquiry card. 



WE ANSWER YOUR CALL FOR HELP 

© 1983 Atari, Inc. All Rights Reserved. ©"A Warner Communications Company 



BYTE June 1983 175 



Circle 123 on inquiry card. 



FOR INTER-COMPUTER DAT 
TRANSFER, YOU NEED 
"PORTAUTHORnr 

It's yours with the TLC-1: the three-port solid state data 
switch. Say good-bye, at last, to the inefficiencies and limitations 
of the electrical-contact switch. Thanks to the remarkable 
TLC-1: the solid state data switch with three independent 
RS232 ports. Repeat. ..three independent ports. 

Because of this unique design, the TLC-1 resolves all 
configurations of switching among any three units. . . 
computers, modems and printers. This means 63 possible 
connection configurations - using any combination of DCE 
and DTE equipment -with all received and transmitted data 
independently switched. That's "port authority"! 

And it's accomplished with very simple controls. Just three 
buttons and six status lights. You need no special software. 

Moreover, because it processes every function with solid state 
switching, the TLC-1 participates in each connection while the 
power is on. So there's no switching 
noise, no junk data, no glitch of any 
kind. Just incomparable data 
transfer. And for $245.00, 
that's an awful lot of power. 

To order, or request more information 
please write or call: 







WON 
THE PRICE WAR 

In every battle, we came up the victors. Not only in price, 
but in service and support as well. 

Call to order: |-0OO"flt5T"52IT 
(in NJ 609-424-4700) 

mi/wan 



We cony: 

Intertec Data Systems 
Corvus Concept 
Corvus Hard Disk 
C. Itoh Printers 
Victor 9000 



TriStar Data Systems 
2 Keystone Avenue 
Cherry Hill, NJ 08003 
609-424-4700 
215-629-1289 



a descendant of the industry-standard 
Western Digital 1791 that includes an 
on-chip phase-lock loop data sepa- 
rator. This eliminates the need for ex- 
ternal analog circuitry. The floppy- 
disk controller is interfaced to our 
system using one of the DMA chan- 
nels provided by the 80186. Interfac- 
ing the disk using DMA instead of the 
usual processor-controlled I/O (in- 
put/output) allows the system to be 
used in a multitasking environment 
and makes it possible for more so- 
phisticated software to overlap disk 
activity with processor activity to 
achieve a greater overall throughput. 

Hard Disks 

Designing the optional hard-disk 
subsystem for the Series 16 involved 
another key design decision. One 
possibility was the commonly avail- 
able SVi-inch, fixed-media Win- 
chester drive. Certainly the prolifera- 
tion of that drive demonstrates its 
technical soundness. However, one 
major disadvantage of this approach 
is that the media is fixed and you 
can't simply purchase additional 
media to provide increased storage 
capacity when your needs grow. For 
the Pronto Series 16 we selected the 
recently introduced Syquest 100- 
millimeter, 5-megabyte removable- 
media Winchester drive. This drive is 
the same size as the SVi-inch floppy- 
disk drive and allows you to mount 
either the removable Winchesters or 
the floppy-disk drives as system 
needs dictate. The option of having 
either a single floppy and a single 
hard disk or a pair of hard disks 
alleviates the problem of Winchester- 
disk backup. Using dual hard-disk 
drives of identical capacity with re- 
movable media, you will have little 
trouble backing up your original data 
cartridge onto an archive cartridge in 
a short period of time. 

The design of the hard-disk con- 
troller is an art in itself. We chose to 
leave the design of the critical error 
checking and correction circuitry and 
the data-separation circuitry to 
specialists and selected a ready-made 
controller. This controller makes 
good use of the available custom LSI 
technology to produce a cost-effec- 
tive product. We interfaced the hard- 



176 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 392 on inquiry card. 



Circle 307 on inquiry card.- 




DON'T COMPROMISE 




OURS: 31 mm dot o»tch. 80 column text. 



tiibrs*.* ■ 



THE PRINCETON HX -12 

RESOLUTION RGB COLOR MONITOR 



MtCHi 



For the Image 
your eyes deserve 





' , '■#%?&■&'!; 




It * *i* t i i i i * tfVjV* 

l^' l ^^B " ^^ ffm "■*% ^ 



disk controller to our processor using 
processor-con trolled da ta transfers . 
This may seem to contradict our 
statements about the merits of a 
DMA interface; however, because the 
80186 is a markedly powerful pro- 
cessor, the I/O-to-memory Move in- 
struction executes at the full bus 
bandwidth, 4 megabytes per second. 
As a result, DMA would not improve 
the performance of the system. The 
key here lies in the difference between 
the Winchester and the floppy disk. 



The Winchester controller has a buf- 
fer that can accommodate the data 
for a full sector. When the processor 
begins the transfer, all of the informa- 
tion is available in the buffer and 
ready to be transferred at full bus 
speed. In contrast, the floppy-disk 
controller transfers 1 byte every 32 
microseconds; that's much slower 
than the processor's speed. For this 
reason the floppy-disk controller can 
use the DMA transfer to its best ad- 
vantage. Because the 80186 provides 



HowToTurn Good Ideas 
Into Good Documents. 



Unique Writing 
Spreadsheet 

RrstDrqfT is a 
writing tool that 
handles text much 
as a spreadsheet 
handles numbers. 
Working with your word 
processor, it speeds and 
enhances the writing pro- 
cess helping you create 
better documents, faster. 
And, when your document 
is complete, it builds a 
table of contents and 
index. 

A Document Data Base 

DocuMentor™ 
(optional) helps 
you create writing 
templates for 
standard docu- 
ments. If s a 
sophisticated 
document 



Articles 

Lectures 

Form Letters 

Legal Documents 

Engineering Specs 

Procedures 

Proposals 

Manuals 

Reports 

Novels 

Plans 

Etc. 




management 
system that helps 
you organize and 
assemble boiler- 
plate in data base 
fashion. Ifs a true 
productivity booster. 

Use It Risk-Free For 
30 Days! 

The best way to evaluate 
software is to use it. Buy it 
today, use it for 30 days, 
and if you're not convinced 
you need it, return it for a 
full refund. 

FlrsfDraft $195. With 
DocuMentor Option $390 

MasterCard/VISA 
accepted. 
See your dealer 
or call 
(303)471-9875. 

833 W. Colorado Ave. 
Colorado Springs, 
Colorado 80905 



If you write with a personal computer, you need 

FirstDrafT: The Writing Spreadsheet™ and 
DocuMentor™ : The Document Data Base Manager 



PromptDoc 

We invented Computer-Assisted Writing 



® 



for two DMA channels, the second 
channel has been reserved for a future 
network controller. 

Security 

We considered using several com- 
ponents in the system design to ob- 
tain a high level of security. In the 
past, software-based security schemes 
have been used to prevent unauthor- 
ized access to systems and their data. 
In many cases, an unauthorized sys- 
tem user can employ low-level soft- 
ware tools to read or corrupt data 
protected in this way. But, by incor- 
porating system-access passwords in 
nonvolatile memory, we have mini- 
mized this problem. 

The first step was to incorporate 
electronically erasable read-only 
memory (EEROM). We selected the 
NMC-9306 EEROM for our system 
because its capacity is well matched 
to our needs. A further advantage is 
that the 9306 is a bit serial device with 
a fairly obscure programming meth- 
od. This is an added obstacle for the 
potential intruder to overcome. 

Another function of the EEROM is 
to record a network identification 
number assigned at the factory. This 
is a unique 24-bit number designed so 
that, when the computer is hooked up 
to a future network system, there will 
be no problem assigning nodes within 
that system. 

Removable Winchesters also add to 
the system's security. Besides being 
able to run several multimegabyte ap- 
plications on the system separately, 
you can remove sensitive data from 
the machine and store it in a secure 
area away from the desktop system. 
No fixed Winchester scheme can 
guarantee the same level of protec- 
tion. 

General-Purpose 
Communication Ports 

We began the Series 16's I/O sub- 
system design with an analysis of 
typical user needs. Most if not all 
business applications require a 
printer, and many applications re- 
quire serial interfaces for such periph- 
erals as modems and plotters. The 
vast majority of printers use either a 
Centronics-compatible parallel port 
or the industry-standard RS-232C 



178 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 316 on inquiry card. 




* M 





I 






4 ' 

You come first. 




With NEC's PC-8800 personal computer, you don't have to ask yourself which comes first, the 
hardWare or the software. 

It's designed to be uncompromising in both areas. So you come first. In the office or at home. 

The hardware gives you your choice of 8-bit or 16-bit processor, 5 V*" or 8" disk drive, 
high-speed dot matrix or letter-quality printer, and standard green or 
high-resolution color monitor. 

The software includes advanced, user-friendly programs for all types of banking, 
accounting, and business management. Plus free * WordStar® 
word processing and Ma ilMerge, Muitiplan™ 
spread sheet, BASIC (two versions), and CP/M.® 

You come first again with NEC's high-quality 
graphics and ultra-high reliability 

The PC-8800 from NEC Home Electronics. 
It puts you first So you can break out of your 
shell and grow. 



NEC 



NEC Home Electronics |U.S JK. |, Inc. 
Personal Computer Division 

1401 Estes Avenue 

Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 

NEC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan 

•With purchase of complete system.' 

Circle 275 on Inquiry card. 




t> Ml^k 



J::¥^ /:: - 



This Programming professional deserves a 
lot more from his personal computer. 



He's earned it. As a seasoned professional, 
he's learned to master some of the world's 
most advanced programming tools. Tools 
specially designed to meet the everyday 
demands of programming experts. 

But as the owner of a personal com- 
puter, he's come to expect less. Less 
performance. Less sophistication. And less 
flexibility 

Why should programming a 
personal computer be any different? 

Prior to the announcement of micro/ 
SPF™ development software, experienced 
programmers felt programming a personal 
computer was a lot like playing with a toy. 
You couldn't take it seriously. 

But today, there's micro/SPF™ a solution 
to elementary program editing tools now 
offered with most micro-computers. 

With micro/SPF™ you get the same 
procedures and commands experienced 
programmers are accustomed to using at 
work. By mimicking features found in 

180 BYTE June 1983 



standard SPF software, micro/SPF™ 
provides all the sophisticated utilities pro- 
gramming professionals expect. 

Programming experts can take 
advantage of skills they've spent 
years perfecting. 

Now, for the first time, mainframe soft- 
ware is available for personal computers. 
SPF screens are fully reproduced in logical 
sequence and each screen is formatted 
identical to those found in the SPF system. 

In addition, micro/SPF™ comes equipped 
with the same primary and line commands, 
tutorial messages and program editor 
(with program function keys) experienced 
programmers are used to. 

Programming professionals who've 
spent years perfecting the art of writing 
sophisticated code deserve to work with 
state-of-the-art tools, not toys. Find out 
how micro/SPF™ can help you do work- 
compatible programming on your 
personal computer today! 




PH/BER 



PHASER SYSTEMS, INC 24 CALIFORNIA STREET 
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 (415) 434-3990 

Circle 302 on inquiry card. 



serial interface. We decided to pro- 
vide both types of interface. 

The parallel port uses standard 
TTL components. We did not select 
the usual MOS (metal-oxide semicon- 
ductor) parallel-port peripheral chips 
for the system because they would 
have required TTL buffering before 
driving the possibly long printer 
cable. Instead, we chose the 74S374 
chip, which can perform the I/O port 
function and buffering in a single 
package. We provided an interrupt 
from the parallel handshaking to 
allow real-time support of the printer 
in multitasking applications and to 
provide a printer-spooler capability. 

The serial port is based on an Intel 
8251 A universal synchronous /asyn- 
chronous receiver/ transmitter chip 
(US ART). We selected this time- 
proven device instead of a more so- 
phisticated serial communications 
controller chip because it provides the 
functions required without support- 
ing unnecessary and costly bit- 
oriented modes. One reason for the 
great cost-effectiveness of the 8251A 
lies in its lack of an on-chip data-rate 
generator. In the Pronto Series 16 sys- 
tem this is not a problem because the 
80186 processor includes three on- 
chip timers that may be pressed into 
service to provide data -rate genera- 
tion with software-programmable 
data rates for 50 to 9600 bits per 
second. 

Our system keyboard communi- 
cates with the processor over a serial 
line and is interfaced to the system 
using the receive half of a serial port. 
Two full serial ports are available for 
use with other industry-standard 
serial devices. To support multitask- 
ing, serial ports are fully supported 
by interrupts. 

The Clock /Calendar Function 

We feel a clock and calendar are 
absolute necessities in a small busi- 
ness machine. Our requirements for a 
clock system were as follows: battery 
life of one year or longer; hardware 
support of year, day, and month in- 
formation; and continuously avail- 
able time. Several otherwise-accept- 
able clock chips did not support year 
information, but supported tenths-of- 
a-second data instead. A few chips re- 



quire up to 2 milliseconds to update 
the time after a clock tick, during 
which time the processor may not ac- 
cess the time information. 

The chip we selected, the 
MSM5832, meets all of our require- 
ments. Software for the system pro- 
tects the integrity of the information 
in the clock /calendar and requires a 
system password in order to change 
the time and date. 

The Display 

Because we intended our computer 
to accommodate already existing 
software, we were somewhat con- 
strained in the design of the mono- 
chrome display. Nevertheless, in 
significant areas we were able to im- 
prove the display while still maintain- 
ing software compatibility. First, we 
replaced the character-generator 
ROM that normally defines the char- 
acter set of a system with a RAM- 
based character generator to provide 
a programmable character set. This 
allows programmers to customize the 
character fonts for individual applica- 
tions, such as those requiring foreign 
language characters or mathematical 
symbols. [The monochrome monitor 
for the Pronto Series 16 can display 
25 lines of 80 characters. Each char- 
acter is composed of an 8- by 12-pixel 
map inside a 9- by 14-pixel area. 
. . . R. M.j 

Second, we improved the way the 
processor accesses the display mem- 
ory. In many displays, when the pro- 
cessor accesses the display memory, a 
glitch (a disruption of the screen) 
occurs. To avoid glitches, many 
manufacturers require the processor 
to wait for the horizontal or vertical 
retrace interval before accessing the 
screen. This wastes a tremendous 
amount of time. 

In the Pronto Series 16 we in- 
creased the speed of the display mem- 
ory so that we are able to perform 
two access cycles within a 562-ns 
character time. During the first cycle 
of 250 ns the screen memory is read 
for the display, and during the second 
cycle of 312 ns the processor has ac- 
cess to the screen without any glit- 
ching. As a result, the processor has to 
wait a maximum of only 562 ns in- 
stead of a maximum of 50 razcrosec- 

Circle 276 on inquiry card. — ► 




Forever 
amber! 



NEC's new amber monitor is so easy 
on your eyes, you'll feel you could 
look at it forever. 

The JB-1205MA is a professional-quality 
computer monitor that gives you 80 char- 
acters by 25 lines of sharp, clear text. It's 
ideal for word processing and other 
work- intensive business applications. 
And it's amber, the color shown to be 
easiest on human eyesight. 

Designed for use with NEC computers, 
the JB-1205MA is also easily adaptable 
for use with Apple, ft Osborne and most 
other popular computers. See it at your 
authorized NEC Home Electronics Dealer. 

Compare these specs with your 
present monitor: 

12-inch diagonal screen 

80-charaeter, 25-line display 

8x8 dots, 8 m hz video bandwidth 




incubation complete 




A Third Generation is Born 





(Pictured above) 



A 280 based microcomputer board with memory and I /0 functions 

• Fully compiles with IEBB 696 standard 

• 4/6/8MHZZ80A/B/H* 

• Supports cp/m® Plus 

• operates as bus master /slave for multi-user, multi-processor architecture. 

• 64Kon board memory, dual ported, parity checked 

• 2 serial ports, 1 full SASl port 

• All I/O drivers on board 

• Memory management 

• Full 24 bit address capability 

• 3-16 bit CTC'S 








ExpandORAM 111— Random access memory board 
utilizing 64K or 256K NMOS RAM chips 

• Fully complies with ieee 696 standard 

• 256K capacity with 64K chips 

• 1024K capacity with 256K chips 

• Error checking and correction (2 bit detection, 1 bit correction) 

• On board refresh 

• Supports both 8 and 16 bit data transfers 

• 24 bit addressing 



-A new series of compact yet expandable S-100 
microcomputers. 

• Compact size approximately 4" x 14" x 17" 

• 6 Slot motherboard 

• Rugged metal enclosure 

• Supports up to 5 users 

OEM Version: Designed for ease of Integration and maximum flexibility 

• Z80CPU 

• 256KRAM 

• versaf loppy n with free CP/M Plus™ 

DlSCless Version: An ideal high performance system for disk Intensive 
applications. Eliminates disk wait states for spread sheets, spelling checkers, 
and network operation, utilizes SDSystems ramdjsc and romdisc modules. 



■■■! 





f -S: A single board controller for floppy and 
Winchester disk drives: 

• Fully compiles with ieee 696 standard • Free copy of 
CP/M PIustm included • up to 4 floppies and three Win- 
chester drives may be controlled by VFW-3 • Data 
transfers to and from board under DMA or programm- 
ed I/O control • Supports 24 bit address space. 

CP/M PlUS^rhlgh performance single user 
operating system. 

• CP/M® 2.2. compatible— no modification! • When 
used with SDSystems 256K memory board speeds are 
up to 7 times faster than CP/M® 2.2. • High perfor- 
mance file system • MP/M® ll file password protec- 
tion • Time and date stamps on files • Support for 1 to 
16 banks of RAM • Support for 1 to 16 drives of up to 
512 MB each • Easy to use system utilities with help 
facility • Powerful batch facility • Sophisticated pro- 
grammer utilities. 




RAM DISC 256: A solid state disk emulator that 
greatly increases system performance by eliminating 
disk waits in disk intensive applications. Excellent for 
spreadsheets, spelling checkers and software 
development. 

• 256K capacity • 1 mb total bus capacity • cp/m® 2.2, 
PLUS™ compatible • I/O port addresses user selec- 
table • Storage locations addressed by on board 20 bit 
counter • On board refresh. 

ROM DISC 128: An eprom board that replaces a 
floppy disk drive for the purposes of booting CP/M® 
and loading application programs. 

• Provides non volatile, permanent storage of pro- 
grams and data • utilizes 2732 or 2764 eproms, (16 
max) • 128K capacity per board • 512K system capacity 

• Use with SDSystems RAMDisc to configure a stand 
alone or network discless system • CP/M Plus™ 
available in eproms • Serial port provided. 



CP/ M» 2.2 and CP/ M Plus™ are registered trademarkes of Digital Research, inc. *Z80 product of Zifog Corp. 



DSYSTEMS 



a Syntech company 



10111 Miller Road • Dallas, Texas • (214) 340-0303 • tlx-682 9016 



Circle 343 on Inautrv card. 




onds for the horizontal retrace inter- 
val. This low-overhead design yields 
a significant speed advantage in ap- 
plications that require considerable 
access to the screen for things like 
character inserts and deletions in 
word-processing programs. 

Our primary requirement for the 
system monitor was low operator 
fatigue. It is well known that screen 
flicker and blurred characters com- 
bined with improper phosphor color 
are leading contributors to operator 
fatigue. To minimize fatigue we 
selected a monitor with high band- 
width for sharp character definition, 
an antiglare coating for reduced 
reflection, and a long-persistence 
green phosphor to eliminate flicker 
and reduce eye strain. 

Ergonomics 

We have taken three notable steps 
to ensure that the Pronto Series 16 is a 
pleasant co-worker. I mentioned 
earlier that one of our major concerns 
is the desk space required by the sys- 
tem, and that by removing the system 
electronics from those components 
that require frequent operator access, 
we were able to reduce the desktop 
area covered by the system to the 
space occupied by the keyboard, the 
disk drives, and the monitor. The 
result of this modular approach is 
that the "footprint" of the system, the 
area it occupies on table or desk, is 
230 square inches, significantly less 
than any competitive system on the 
market. 

All of the components that do not 
require access by the operator are 
placed in a system box. While we 
believe that the system box is best 
located away from the work space, 
we designed the enclosure to be func- 
tional and attractive on a desktop as 
well. A clip on top of the system box 
allows the front surface of the unit to 
serve as a copy stand. 

Unlike many others, the Series 16 
monitor swivels in a wide horizontal 
arc and tilts to allow you to adjust the 
monitor's angle to suit your taste and 
eye level. For additional convenience, 
we have oriented the disk drives at an 
angle so that the face of the drive is 
perpendicular to your line of sight. 
This makes it easier to insert or 



remove disks. An added advantage of 
this orientation is that it reduces the 
footprint of the system even further 
by allowing the keyboard to nestle 
under the ledge formed by the disk 
drives. 

The Keyboard 

In order to minimize the time 
needed to get familiar with our 
system, we selected a keyboard 
layout fairly close to that of the IBM 
Selectric typewriter, with which most 
office workers are familiar. There 
are, of course, additional keys 
around the periphery of the keyboard 
for the enhanced capability of the 
computer, such as editing keys, cur- 
sor controls, and function keys (see 
photo 1 on page 169). 

Our keyboard has a low profile 
and an adjustment mechanism to 
allow you to select from three dif- 
ferent heights. Because it uses ca- 
pacitive switches, the keyboard re- 
quires very little effort to operate and 
is very quiet. However, if you prefer 
audio response to your keystrokes, 
you can choose to have adjustable 
acoustic feedback provided from the 
system's speaker. We selected a stan- 
dard coiled telephone cord and 
modular jack for the connection be- 
tween the keyboard and the system. 
The modular jack presents a low 
visual profile for the inserted connec- 
tor, which is at the front right-hand 
side of the desktop unit. Many ma- 
chines have the keyboard connector 
on the back of the machine, but when 
the keyboard connector is on the 
front, near the normal location of the 
keyboard, the keyboard can be easily 
extended up to 6 feet from the system 
unit. 

The Caps Lock key and the Numer- 
ic key (which turns the cursor" control 
keys into a numeric keypad) have an 
electronic latching mechanism and 
include an LED (light-emitting diode) 
to indicate if they are activated or 
deactivated. 

The Expansion Bus 

In any computer system design, the 
selection of the bus structure is a 
critical issue. Initally, we considered 
using a structure that would be com- 
patible with existing expansion cards 

Circle 277 on inquiry card. —+> 



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designed for older 8088-based designs 
by providing an overflow connector 
to pick up the additional 8 bits of the 
80186 's 16-bit external bus. However, 
the high performance of the 80186 
would be lost on several of the popu- 
lar cards. 

To avoid potential incompatibility, 
we elected to take a different route. 
We investigated several of the pop- 
ular 16-bit industrial bus formats, but 
we were not satisfied with the size of 
the cards; we would have to split the 
system card (the only card in the 
minimum system) into two cards, a 
costly limitation. Even with the high 
level of integrated circuitry used on 
the system card we still have 160 
chips in the design (see figure 1 on 
page 170). We selected a size of 14% 
by 11 inches for our card, and we 
squeezed the entire system onto a 
double-sided card (see photo 2). This 
fairly large card size, combined with 
the 5-slot motherboard in which it 
resides, allows us to expand the sys- 
tem to include high-resolution color 
graphics, a full megabyte of memory, 
and a network interface card with one 
slot to spare, in a total size of 15.4 
inches high by 6.3 inches wide by 11 
inches deep. 

As should be the case with any 
high-performance system, the 
motherboard is shielded and ter- 
minated. The short width of the 
motherboard (4Vz inches) further 
reduces the possibility of noise. The 
total bus bandwidth is 4 megabytes 
per second. 

The Color Graphics Option 

We felt the color graphics option of 
the Pronto Series 16 should measure 
up to the high performance that the 
rest of the system provides. The reso- 
lution we selected is unusually high 
for a general-purpose system: 640 by 
480 pixels with 8 simultaneous colors 
(see photo 3). We selected the vertical 
resolution (480) based on the highest 
possible resolution with the standard 
15.75-kHz scan monitor. The horizon- 
tal resolution was selected to generate 
a square pixel based on the 4:3 aspect 
ratio of the color tube. The resulting 
video frequency is 13.33 MHz. 

We based the graphics design on 
the newly introduced NEC 7220 




Photo 2: The graphics adapter of the 
Pronto Series 16 leaning against the 
system housing, and large main system 
card. 




Photo 3: An example of the graphics 
possible with the color-graphics option of 
the Pronto Series 16. 

graphics-display controller (GDC) 
because not only does the 7220 sup- 
port the required resolution, but it 
contains hardware support for draw- 
ing basic graphic primitives, in- 
cluding lines, arcs, rectangles, and 
characters, and further supports very 
high performance area fills. The sys- 
tem provides the user with a vector- 
drawing rate of up to 400,000 pixels 
per second and an area-fill rate of up 
to 6,400,000 pixels per second. An- 
other powerful feature of the graphics 
board is that it provides hardware- 
based panning along both axes and 
has the ability to zoom from 1 to 16 
times normal size. 

We added a RAM -based color table 
(which allows you to use 8 out of a 
possible 16 colors) and included an 
address line from a flash oscillator to 
allow individual pixels to be pro- 
grammed to flash automatically or to 
alternate between two colors. The 
color table also provides animation 
capability by allowing alternating bit 
planes to be modified and displayed, 
making complex image transforma- 
tions appear to be instantaneous. 



To fulfill this high-resolution 
display's screen memory requirement 
of 113K bytes, we selected the same 
64K-bit dynamic memory chips 
chosen for the system's main mem- 
ory. Sixteen chips provide a graphics 
memory size of 128K bytes. This 
memory is isolated from the main 
processor bus by the GDC, so it does 
not affect the main processor. The 
three bit planes are contained in the 
same physical memory. The memory 
is cycled three times during one dis- 
play cycle to read each bit plane. 

When the graphics option is 
selected, the format in alphanumeric 
mode is 80 characters by 24 lines with 
a 7- by 9-dot matrix. The alpha char- 
acters may be positioned anywhere 
on the screen, limited only by pixel 
boundaries, and may be aligned at a 
45-degree angle from either axis. 

Summary 

As I mentioned earlier, bringing 
out a new business microcomputer is 
quite a challenge. It must do more 
than any of its competitors, and it 
must do it at a reasonable price. 
Although the real test of a product is 
in the marketplace, I believe that the 
Pronto Series 16 computer, which 
combines the new Intel 80186 micro- 
processor with the MS-DOS 2.0 oper- 
ating system, floppy-disk drives, 128K 
bytes of RAM, a high-resolution 
monitor, communications interfaces, 
and a bundle of applications soft- 
ware, has met this challenge. ■ 



Sales and Service 

for the Pronto Series 16 

Pronto Computers is setting up a 
dealer network to market the Series 16. 
This network will include approxi- 
mately 200 dealers and should be fully 
established by the fourth quarter of 
1983. 

Service for these machines will be 
provided by the dealers and by a third 
party thai has not yet been named. 
You can obtain more information from 
Pronto Computers Inc., 3170 Kashiwa 
St., Torrance, CA 90505; (800) 
634-6400. In California and outside 
continental U.S. call (213) 539-6400. 



About the Author 

Skip Hansen is vice-president of engineering 
for Pronto Computers Inc. 



184 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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The Docutel/Olivetti M20 

A Sleek Import 



Sergio Mello- Grand 

811 Haverhill Dr. 

Sunnyvale, CA 94087 




A personal computer that marches to the beat 
of a different drummer — the Z8000, 






188 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



The Docutel /Olivetti M20 is the 
maverick of the second-generation 
personal computers. It has no func- 
tion keys, an "unfashionable" micro- 
processor, and a 16-bit disk operating 
system that is incompatible with the 
rest of the micro world. A closer look 
at this machine, the company's initial 
foray into the microcomputer mar- 
ket, may shed some light on the rea- 
soning that went into its intriguing 
design. 

Olivetti is an industry giant in the 
office products arena, a market that 
has been changing rapidly 
since digital electronics in- 
vaded the business world. 
Not to be left behind, Oli- 
vetti aggressively convert- 
ed its product line from 
electromechanical to elec- 
tronic operation. The 
company's products 
ranged from intelligent 
typewriters and dedicated 
word processors to mini- 
computers, peripherals, 
and networks; a com- 
puter/workstation was an 
obvious addition. So in 
1979, Olivetti's Cali- 
fornia-based Cupertino 
Advanced Technology 
Center began the design of 
the M20. The system was officially 
announced in the spring of 1982, and 
more than 50,000 units are estimated 
to have been shipped in its first year. 
Manufactured in Italy, the M20 is 
distributed in the United States by 
Docutel/Olivetti. 

The M20 is based on the Z8001, 
Zilog's 16-bit microprocessor, and it 
runs a proprietary operating system 
called PCOS (Professional Computer 
Operating System). Although there is 
a rationale for taking such a nonstan- 
dard route, the reality is that software 
vendors have little use for the exotic. 
In a marketplace in which the IBM 
Personal Computer has become a de 
facto standard, the M20 suffers as a 
result of its uniqueness. In response to 
its compatibility problem, Olivetti 
has developed a coprocessor board 
based on the Intel 8086 chip, which 
offers the M20 owner access to soft- 
ware running under MS-DOS and 
CP/M-86. 



System Overview 

The M20 hardware is divided into 
two parts: the central unit and the 
video unit (see photo 3). The central 
unit houses the processor board, the 
keyboard, and the disk drives. This 
represents another interesting depar- 
ture from the current industry trend 
toward detachable, low-profile key- 
boards. 

Even more remarkable in an in- 
dustry that deems function keys 
essential is the M20's apparent lack of 
general-purpose, user-definable func- 




Photo 1: The M20's color graphics capability. 



tion keys. Apparently the designers 
believe that an overcrowded key- 
board will confuse the user and slow 
down user input. Once again, the 
manufacturer has hedged its bets: al- 
though the M20 has no discrete func- 
tion keys, it is capable of providing 
alternate functions for some of its 
standard keys. Furthermore, two 
auxiliary keys can be redefined using 
an operating system utility. 

Special functions are invoked by 
two color-coded keys. When either 
the orange key, Command, or the 
light-blue key, Control, is pressed 
along with another key, it creates a 
new output that can be assigned a 
logical function. Although the use of 
compound keys is hardly new, 
Olivetti has added one interesting 
twist to identifying key functions. 
Above the top row of numeric keys is 
a channel designed to hold a plastic 
strip that identifies the two additional 
user-defined functions for those keys. 



These strips, colored orange and light 
blue, match the correspondingly col- 
ored Command and Control keys, a 
scheme that effectively offers you 24 
user-definable function keys. 

The Delete, Tab, and Backspace 
keys are also conspicuous by their 
absence. But this deficiency is also 
surmountable. Two keys, marked Si 
and S2, were apparently added in 
order to maintain keyboard com- 
patibility with Olivetti's previous 
business systems. The default func- 
tions of Si and S2 are equivalent to 
Return. If you don't need 
three Return keys, an op- 
erating system utility 
called Change Key lets 
you redefine the functions 
of these auxiliary keys. 
Typically, you would re- 
define Si as Delete (or 
Backspace) and S2 as Tab. 
Change Key lets you de- 
fine any of the 252 unique 
ASCII (American Nation- 
al Standard Code for In- 
formation Interchange) 
codes that can be gener- 
ated from the M20's key- 
board. 

The alpha keys also 
double up their functions 
for prospective program- 
mers. On the front of the keys are 26 
BASIC statements that can be input 
by compound keying, as with the nu- 
meric keys. On the right of the key- 
board is a 16-key numeric keypad 
that features the numbers 0-9 and 00 
as well as the four arithmetic func- 
tions (addition, subtraction, multipli- 
cation, and division). This keypad 
also doubles as the cursor controls. 

The Processor Board 

Inside the central unit, a large 
motherboard holds the electronic 
components of the system (see photo 
2). There are two reasons for the am- 
ple size of this board. First, a true 
16-bit microprocessor requires addi- 
tional data and address lines as well 
as "wider" memory (16-bit rather 
than 8-bit), which means more 
discrete chips. Second, the M20 in- 
cludes all of the peripheral control 
functions on the board rather than 
use the add-on expansion boards. The 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 189 




Photo 2: The large motherboard (approximately 13 by 18 inches). 



standard M20 offers 128K bytes of 
RAM (random-access read /write 
memory), a parallel interface, a serial 
interface, a floppy-disk controller, 
and high-resolution graphics (black 
and white or color). 

The heart of the motherboard is its 
microprocessor, a Z8001 that runs at 
4 MHz. The Z8000 family offers an 
extremely advanced instruction set 
and the unique capability of redefin- 
ing some of its internal 16-bit registers 
as 8-, 32-, or even 64-bit registers. 
This flexibility enables the Z8000 to 
carry out complex 32-bit arithmetic 
as well as perform compact byte-size 
operations. 

The Z8001 is capable of addressing 
as many as 8 megabytes of memory in 
64K-byte segments. The designers 
chose to limit the M20 to 16 of these 
segments, for a total (theoretical) 
memory of 1 megabyte. It is worth 
noting, however, that currently the 
system can be expanded only from its 
standard 128K bytes to 512K bytes 
because the expansion memory 
boards are limited to 128K bytes 
each. Presumably, when denser 
(256K-byte) memory boards become 
available, the M20 will be able to ex- 
pand to its full megabyte capability. 

Mass Storage 

Initially, the standard M20 came 
with dual SVi-inch floppy-disk drives 



with an unformatted storage capacity 
of 320K bytes (or 286K bytes for- 
matted) . Recently, Docutel /Olivetti 
introduced 160K-byte and 640K-byte 
drives in order to provide a broader 
range of system configurations; these 
can read programs or data from the 
original 320K-byte disk format, a fea- 
ture that simplifies software distribu- 
tion. The 640K-byte drive is par- 
ticularly appropriate for backing up 
files from the optional hard-disk unit. 
The SVi-inch Winchester hard-disk 
drive can replace one floppy-disk 
drive in the central unit. This three- 
platter disk offers 9.2 megabytes of 
formatted storage and requires a sep- 
arate add-on controller board. This 
board is inserted into one of the two 
I/O (input/output) expansion slots 
on the motherboard. 

I/O Expansion 

In addition to the hard-disk con- 
troller card, other optional cards can 
be mounted in the I/O expansion 
slots. Docutel /Olivetti offers both an 
IEEE-488 parallel interface that can 
daisy-chain up to 14 peripherals and a 
twin serial-interface card that can be 
configured as twin RS-232C ports, as 
twin 20-milliamp (mA) current-loop 
ports, or as one RS-232C interface 
and one 20-mA current-loop interface. 
Remember that these interfaces are in 
addition to the standard RS-232C 



serial port and the Centronics- 
compatible parallel port provided 
with the system. 

Docutel/Olivetti is reported to be 
developing a local area network 
based on the Corvus Omninet CSMA 
(carrier-sense, multiple access) archi- 
tecture. By the time that this article is 
published, a network may be avail- 
able to connect several M20s together 
to share such resources as hard disks 
and high-speed printers. 

Both color and black-and-white 
versions of the video unit are avail- 
able. The video unit sits atop the cen- 
tral unit on a pedestal that adjusts to 
the user in three ways. The unit can 
tilt vertically, rotate horizontally, or 
move to either side of the central unit. 
It also has an antiglare screen to 
reduce eyestrain. 

Both monochrome and color units 
have the same text and graphics char- 
acteristics and are completely soft- 
ware compatible. In text as well as 
graphics modes, the screen displays a 
high-resolution bit map of 512 pixels 
(horizontal) by 256 pixels (vertical). 
Unlike other systems that use a tradi- 
tional character generator for text, 
the M20 creates text characters as it 
would graphics characters — pixel 
(picture element) by pixel. This ap- 
proach allows users to modify the 
existing character fonts and has led to 
the development of several inter- 
national character sets, including 
kanji and Arabic. In normal text 
mode, two display formats are avail- 
able: 16 lines of 64 characters or 25 
lines of 80 characters. 

The system's extraordinary graphic 
capability emerges when you use the 
color display (see photo 1). An M20 
with two additional memory boards 
(either the 32K-byte or the 
128K-byte) can display eight colors 
simultaneously. With only one addi- 
tional memory board, the M20 dis- 
plays four colors simultaneously 
from a palette of eight. If you have a 
monochrome display, the colors are 
displayed as different shades of gray. 

PCOS Operating System 

By adopting the Z8001 instead of 
the more common 8088/8086, de- 
signers of the Docutel/Olivetti could 
not use off-the-shelf operating sys- 



190 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



terns such as MS-DOS or CP/M-86, 
so they developed PCOS, a pro- 
prietary operating system. Essential- 
ly, PCOS is a single-user, single- 
tasking operating system. Like 
CP/M, PCOS is built on a nucleus 
and a set of resident commands that is 
enriched with a set of transient com- 
mands. When the computer boots up, 
the nucleus and the resident-com- 
mands module are loaded into RAM; 
together, they take up more than 20K 
bytes of memory. Also, 16K bytes of 
RAM are reserved for the screen 
memory; thus, of the original 128K 
bytes of RAM, about 90K bytes re- 
main. 

PCOS has some advanced features 
worthy of mention. First, it can be 
custom-made, so you can change 
transient commands into resident 
commands and easily modify the 
PCOS to ''remember" such changes. 
To explain these features properly, 
we must define the terms "permanent 
memory" and "user memory." 

Permanent memory is that portion 
of RAM in which you can store infor- 
mation that will not be overwritten or 
erased until the system is reset. User 
memory is that portion of RAM that's 
left over for program and data stor- 
age; this area can and will be over- 
written in the course of using the 
system. The division between perma- 
nent and user memory is only logical; 
no physical boundary exists between 
the two. 

For frequently used transient com- 
mands, you could spend much of 
your time waiting for disk accesses. 
Moreover, the system disk containing 
those commands must always be 
mounted on the drive. To avoid these 
problems, the PLOAD command 
transfers a transient command into 
permanent memory. Such a com- 
mand will be executed immediately 
upon being called. Naturally, the 
more commands you transfer, the less 
user memory remains. 

When you turn off the system or 
reset it, the previously transferred 
commands will be lost. To avoid a 
series of PLOADs every time the 
system is booted, the command 
PSAVE lets you create a personalized 
version of PCOS. Once you have per- 
formed a PLOAD on the commands 




Photo 3: The M20 with its cover removed. Note the modular construction. 



you want resident (and have re- 
assigned function-key values, etc.), 
you save a customized version of the 
operating system by using the utility 
PSAVE. 

Memory Usage 

In addition to flexibility, PCOS is 
unique in that its memory-segmenta- 
tion design features dynamic alloca- 
tion of memory — a concept that has 
been passed down from mainframes 
and minicomputers. PCOS (version 
2.0) allows the software developer to 
use all of the available system mem- 
ory without any difficulties created 
by the boundaries between the 
64K-byte segments. 

What this means to the program- 
mer is that Pascal and Z8000 assem- 
bly-language code do not necessarily 
reside in contiguous memory. That's 
because the compiler and the assem- 
bler generate an intermediate z-code 
that is processed by the linker, which 
remaps the code in an effort to op- 
timize memory usage. 

The drawback to this scheme is 
that you don't know where your code 
resides within memory. Some pro- 
grammers, accustomed to direct ac- 
cess to memory to perform software 
tricks, won't appreciate the PCOS 
dynamic-allocation feature. As 
always, when the M20 creates an 
obstacle, it offers you some software 



wizardry to bypass it. The PCOS 
utility DCONFIG gives you a mem- 
ory map showing where the various 
pieces of code are located, so you 
can find all the memory pointers you 
need. 

BASIC 

Obviously, the PCOS memory 
management cannot override the 
addressing limits of Microsoft 
BASIC. All computers using this 
popular BASIC are limited to 64K 
bytes. Because the M20 has no BASIC 
ROM (read-only memory), the whole 
interpreter (37K bytes) is loaded into 
RAM. Without memory manage- 
ment, you would have had only 20 to 
25K bytes of user memory available. 
Even with memory management, the 
stock 128K-byte system has only 
about 40K bytes of usable BASIC 
memory. The serious BASIC user 
needs 32K bytes more RAM. 

The M20's Extended BASIC fea- 
tures excellent graphics, control of 
the IEEE-488 interface, program 
segmentation by using the CHAIN 
and COMMON commands, and the 
ability to call and execute object 
code routines and PCOS commands. 

The graphics statements take full 
advantage of the bit-mapped screen 
and let you manage multiple win- 
dows. You can also draw points, 
lines, boxes, circles, and ellipses. 





J 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 191 





I 



Arcade Excitement for You* 
Atari- Home Computer 

ntMMVF Midways GORF 

"Faithful to the arcade 

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In the dark reaches of 
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players. ROM Cartridge or 24K disk. 

Midway's 
WIZARD OF WOR 

"An action-packed 

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Software 1983 

Battle hideous and deadly 
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changing mazes and defeat the fiendish Wizard of 
Wor. Multiple screens, simultaneous one or two- 
player action. ROM Cartridge or 32K disk. 

' DELUXE INVADERS 

. "By far the best Space Invaders 
program ever released for a personal 
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Be warned! The Invaders have broken 
arcade boundaries to bring their 
awesome challenge to your home 
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more fierce their assault. Nine difficulty levels. One or 
two-player action. ROM Cartridge or 16K disk. 



>,>lf;S-/'». 





i!fer: 



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ANTI-SUB PATROL 

NEW! Tactical Search and Destroy Mission 
Anti-Sub Patrol puts you in command of a i 
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Your mission— rid the seas of two subs whose 
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Stand by for suspense! 32K disk, 24K cassette. 



COMING SOON FOR EVEN MORE FUN: Da Fuzz™, Lifespan™ 
Rockball f M , Eyes ' M , and Castle Hassle. 

Ask for Roklan Software at leading software dealers nationwide. 

A/L. 





3335 N. Arlington Heights Road 
Arlington Heights, IL 60004 



ATARI is a registered trademark of 
Rockball ' M and Eyes ™ are tradem, 

Circle 333 on inquiry care 



of Atari. Inc. Gorf "■'■ and Wizard of Wor ' '■' are trademarks of Bally/Midway Mfg. Co. Da Fuzz 
'marks of Techstar. Inc. Lifespan ' is a trademark of Adrnacadiam-Flyghts of Fancie. Inc. 




Modular Architecture 

Designing a modular computer around the IBM PC 



Sudha Kavuru 

Sritek Inc. 

10230 Brecksville Rd. 

Cleveland, OH 44141 



IBM's Personal Computer 
(PC) has become a de facto 
standard for the personal com- 
puting industry. As the range 
of its applications programs 
expands, more performance in 
terms of powerful system soft- 
ware, multitasking and multi- 
user capabilities, and raw 
throughput will be required of 
the PC. Unfortunately, the 
IBM PC is limited by its 8088 
microprocessor. As designed, 
the PC can neither adequately 
nor efficiently support the ad- 
vanced and commercially suc- 
cessful multiuser operating 
systems such as Unix and 
RM/COS. These applications 
require a more powerful pro- 
cessor and a memory manage- 
ment scheme available in the 
advanced microprocessors. 
The combination of these facts 
prompted our design of a 
modular computer: a com- 
puter system using IBM's PC 
as a base but incorporating a 
variety of processors and 
memory options (see photo 1). 




The Void 

The 16- and 32-bit micro- 
processors have ushered in a 
new era in the design of commercial 
and engineering workstations. 
Recently introduced products show a 
definite trend toward systems con- 
figured around Intel's 8086-family of 
processors and Motorola's 68000. Na- 



Photo 1: The Sritek modular expansion system for the 
IBM Personal Computer. The center circuit card is the 
Versacard, a 256K-byte dual-ported memory card that 
fits in a single slot of the IBM's expansion bus. Above it 
are a RAM Module (left), with an additional 256K bytes 
of memory, and a 68000 Microcard. Below the Versa- 
card is a Z80 Microcard and an 8086 Microcard. 



tional Semiconductor's introduction 
of the 16032 microprocessor has 
created considerable enthusiasm 
among designers of computer 
systems. 

The availability of this exciting 



hardware is paralleled by un- 
precedented software develop- 
ment. A recent survey in- 
dicates that more than 90 per- 
cent of software development 
efforts in the microcomputer 
industry are targeted toward 
16- and 32-bit processors. The 
time is ripe for the 16-bit 
microprocessor marketplace 
to explode. 

Designing with Modular 
Architecture 

Because in a computer the 
cost of the processor is a small 
percentage of the cost of the 
total system, we decided that 
it would be most cost-effective 
to upgrade the processor, 
maintaining the rest of the 
PC — with its software, periph- 
erals, and memory — as a one- 
time investment. This protects 
the user's investment in the PC 
and allows upgrading accord- 
ing to the user's needs. 

Our goals were to allow 
maximum flexibility yet re- 
quire the user to do a mini- 
mum of problem solving. 
Thus, if users required higher 
performance than is normally 
available from a PC, they 
could choose a higher-performance 
processor from the Intel family (i.e., 
the 8086 or the 80286) and run their 
existing software with no modifica- 
tions. In this way, money and time 
already spent on software would not 



194 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 







A Colorful Introduction to 
Computers 



Here's a fun and educational coloring book 
to introduce your home computer to the 
youngest members of your family. The 
Magic Machine explores the excitement and 
wonder of computers from a young child's 
point of view. Theodore Cohen's story, writ- 
ten for beginning readers, answers many of 
the basic questions children ask about the 
magic machines that are coming into our 
homes in ever-growing numbers, and 
Jacqueline Bray's line drawings capture the 
vivid and often funny images that arise from 
the inquisitive minds of children as they 
seek to understand the world around them. 
Packaged complete with its own set of 
crayons, The Magic Machine will help 
children appreciate computers even before 
they are old enough to begin using them. 



:8|! 

-ill 



Order Now Directly from BYTE 



The Magic Machine $2,00 
Prepayment Required 




A COLORING 
BOOK 



By Theodore J. Cohen and Jacqueline H, Bray 



BYTE/McGraw Hill 
70 Main St 
Peterborough, N.H. 03458 




(lb) 



IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER 
(USED AS I/O PROCESSOR) 



PRINTER 



KEYBOARD 



DISPLAY 



INTEL 8088 
MICROPROCESSOR- 
BASED SYSTEM 



V 



DISK DRIVES 



/ 



MAIN PROCESSING UNIT 

IN A SINGLE SLOT OF IBM PC 



RAM MODULE 

256K BYTE EXPANSION 

MEMORY WITH PARITY 



16- BIT-WIDE EXPANSION 
MEMORY BUS 



IBM PC I/O CHANNEL, 
8-BIT BUS 



o 



n 



PC VERSACARD 

SUPPORT 

CIRCUITRY 



SRI BUS 
16-BIT BUS 



PC MICROCARD 
PROCESSOR 



V 



I 



Figure 1: Architecture and mechanical arrangement of the Versacard. The extra mem- 
ory and the additional processor plug into the Versacard (figure la), so that the whole 
unit requires only one IBM expansion slot. The architecture of the complete system, in- 
cluding the IBM PC, is shown in figure lb. 



be wasted. 

On the other hand, we felt users 
who upgraded to another incompati- 
ble processor (i.e., the Motorola 
68000 or the National Semiconductor 
16032, etc.) should not be limited to 
software written only for those 
machines while their computer sys- 
tems still had the original Intel 8088 
processor intact. We had in mind 
making available a wealth of time- 
tested software, such as CP/M-80, 
Unix, RM/COS, the UCSD p-Sys- 
tem, and others, while allowing pro- 
grams that normally execute under 



IBM DOS to continue to run as 
special tasks. For example, consider 
Wordstar under Unix: though Word- 
star actually runs on the 8088, this 
fact should be transparent to the Unix 
user. 

Besides offering performance im- 
provements and software compatibil- 
ity, we decided that the ability to 
handle multiple users and multiple 
tasks is essential. It is particularly im- 
portant in commercial applications in 
which sharing of databases is com- 
mon. Further, any multiuser system 
must be efficient, reliable, and secure. 



We felt the product should be con- 
venient to install in any IBM PC and 
able to accommodate all possible 
add-on devices for the PC. The sys- 
tem should be able to use Unix, or 
any other operating system associ- 
ated with the expanded processor, 
with all of the PC's facilities and with- 
out any modification to the hardware 
or software. This applies equally to 
local area networks, hard-disk drives, 
graphic terminals, and any other I/O 
(input /output) devices made to work 
with the PC. 

And finally, we decided to consider 
the IBM DOS floppy-disk format as 
the standard format for software dis- 
tribution, independent of the pro- 
cessor and the operating system. This 
encourages much-needed standard- 
ization in the personal computer in- 
dustry and the exchange of informa- 
tion among users. 

System Details 

To meet the criterion of flexibility, 
we chose a building-block approach 
that would allow us to interchange 
processors at will, without having to 
redesign the complete computer. The 
system can be divided into four main 
units (or modules, see figure 1), each 
of which performs a specific function: 

• I/O Processor: the IBM Personal 
Computer, the framework on which 
the system is built. It provides for all 
the physical needs of the system (elec- 
trical power, cooling, a cabinet, etc.) 
and is also the system's interface to 
the rest of the world. The PC's pro- 
cessor handles I/O between the user 
and the system, and between the sys- 
tem and other peripherals. 

• The Versacard: a single-circuit card 
designed to fit in the PC's expansion 
slots. This card hosts the RAM 
(random-access read /write memory) 
Module, which is a dual-ported ex- 
pansion memory, and the additional 
processor module (called a 
Microcard), and provides the support 
circuitry necessary to interface the 
two to the PC's bus. This card is re- 
quired in order to use the processor 
Microcards. 

• Microcard: contains any one of the 
processors previously mentioned and 
the necessary support circuitry to 



196 June 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc 




Video Monitors 

AMDEK 300 12" hi-res green . . 

AMDEK300A 12" amber 

AMDEK Color I Plus 13" color 
AMDEK Color II hi-res RGB . . . 
AMDEK Color III med-res RGB 

BMC 12AU 12" hires green 99" 

COMREX 5600 12" hi-res amber .179" 

COMREX 6500 1 3" color 299** 

NEC 1 201 M 12" hi-res green 159" 

NEC1212M 12" composite color 319" 
NEC 1203H 12" RGB for IBM PC 679" 

NEC 1260 12" green 110" 

PRINCETON 12" RGB CALL 

TAXAN Vision 1 12" mid-res RGB . 329** 
TAXAN Vision 3 12" hi-res RGB . 499" 

TAXAN 12" hi-res amber 149" 

US1 12" Amber display 169" 

ZENITH 12" hi-res green 110" 




Kaypro 

The anytime-anywhere computer. In- 
cludes CP/M, CBASIC, a spreadsheet 
and wordprocesstng software. 




WordStar 329" 

Random House Thesaurus 129" 

MailMerge 

SuperSort 

SpellStar On'V 

Call for special package deal pricing. 



s 169 9 .* 



Popular Software 

dBASE II (MS-DOS or CP/M 86} . . 449" 
LOTUS 1-2-3 Please call for details. 

PC Tutor by Comprehensive 69" 

Home Accountant Plus 119" 

T.I.M. Hi by Innovative 339" 

Easy Writer II 239" 

Crosstalk by MicroStuf 149" 

Concurrent CP/M Digital Research Call 
Peachtree GL/AR/AP Series 4 Pak , 399" 

SuperCaic by Sorcim 199" 

SuperWriter by Sorcim 269" 

Versaf orm 269" 

VolksWriter by Lifetree 139" 



OSBORNE 

New! Includes double-density drives 
and software: CP/M, WordStar 
MailMerge, SuperCaic. CBASIC 8 
MBASIC. 
PLEASE CALL FOR OUR PRICE. 




Sweet-P Graphic Plotter 

A simple to operate plotter which 
easily intefaces to the PC using a 
Centronics parallel port. Complete 
with software, set of pens, paper and 
operators manual. List Price $795.00 
Special Otter 559" 

Diskettes 

,?, u c y1( l u to*wH 

3M Scotch ^—--Toc 
5V- SS/DD $21 9 95 

diskettes ^ 

3M Scotch 5% SS/DD Box of 10 . .25" 
3M Scotch 5 V« DS/DDBoxof 10. .35" 
Verbatim 5' k SS/DD Box of 10 . . .29" 
Head Cleaning Diskette 5 V. . . . ..27" 



^ VlSlCORP- 

VisiCalc 
$-17995 



Only 



VisiFlle 

VisiSchedule O^'V 
VisiWord (req. 128K) 



- • $ 229 9 J 




MICROSOFT 

Microsoft Multi-Plan .179" 

Flight Simulator 39" 



gkiak^d&e^jAii 



COMPUTER 



PRODUCTS 




COMMODORE 64 

CALL FOR 

NEW SPECIAL 

PRICE 

COMMODORE 1541 Disk Drive .329" 

Datasette program recorder 65" 

DATA 20 Z-80 & 80 column pac. .229" 
CARDCO Centronics interface. . .79" 

Totl. Text Processor 35" 

Spritemaster 35" 

MicroSystem RS-232 interface . . .59" 

APPLE Emulator .99" 

We carry a complete line of ac- 
cessories and software for the Com- 
modore. Please call. 




EPSON FX-80 



160 cps 10" carriage, 2K buffer 
Epson FX-80 Tractor 39.95 
Epson FX-100 p , 

GEMINI 10 
GEMINI 15 



C. ITOH 8510 
C. ITOH 1550 
NEC 8023 A 
FACIT 4510 



for 




ATARI 1200XL 
Only $679 

ATARI 800 with 46K 499" 

ATARI 810 Disk Drive 429" 

ATARI LIGHT PEN by Symtec 129" 

Alien Voice Box 129" 

File Manager Plus data base ...79" 

We carry much more for Atari ..Call 

Defender — Dig Dug 

Donkey Kong — Galaxian 

Pac Man — Centipede 

Qix — Star Raiders 

Missile Command — Miner 2049 

YOUR CHOICE Only 539" ea. 




# coroner 

IBM PC COMPATIBLE 
DESKTOP COMPUTER 

128K, dual 320K disk drives, 9" 
display, serial & parallel ports, and 
MS-DOS. 

Please call or write for more details. 



IBM PC COMPATIBLE 
PORTABLE — PORTABLE 
128K dual 320K disk drives, 9" 
display, serial & parallel ports, and 



tor more details. 




Modems 

Hayes Smartmodem 300 219" 

Hayes Smartmodem 1200 519** 

Novation J-Cat 0-300 baud 125" 

Anchor Mark 1 300 baud 94" 

Anchor Mark VIII 300/1200 baud .339" 

RIXON PC212A(!BM PC) . . 379" 

CACTUS Technology (IBM PC). 299" 



OKIDATA ML92 

160 cps, 10" carriage, 80 columns 

On,y S 499 95 

Tractor for ML92 59" 

OKIDATA93 869" 

OKIDATA 82A with tractor 459" 

OKIDATA 84A par. w/tractor 999" 




TRANSTAR 315 Color Printer 

Prints 7 colors plus more than 30 
shades, all in a single pass of the 
print head. And It's built by Seiko. 



Only 



354995 




Letter Quality Printers 

C. ITOH F-10Starwriter40cpS .1359" 
C. ITOHF-10Starwriter55cps .1649" 
Daisywriter 40 cps w/16K buffer1249" 
NEC 3510 33 cps RS-232 serial . 1449" 
NEC 3530 33 cps parallel 1589" 




NEC 3550 Sprinwriter 
for IBM PC 



Only 



s 1995 00 



GUARANTEED 



§f SATISFACTION 

^^ We will accept the return of most items within 15 days 

~_^ of your receipt of the merchandise. At your request we 

3S will repair, exchange, or issue a prompt refund. 

—^ Understandably, software is not returnable. Please call 

~3 for more details. 

To order please send money order or cashiers check Personal checks 3 weeks to clear. Prices reflect 2% cash discoun 
We accept VISA. MasterCard, American Express, Diners Club and Carte Blanche. Shipping, handling & insuranc 
charges: add 3% of merchandise total (mm. $5 00), California residents add 6% sales tax. Foreign customers please call c 
wrtte. Prices and availability subject to change without notice All equipment ts new and warranted by the manufacturer 



sHere! 



Apple lie 

Please call for prices on Apple lie 
system packages and other ac- 
cessories 

Call for Lowest Price. 




Apple Disk Drives 

Fourth Dimension 
e cX* drive w/controller 

5 V- 0nly s299 95 

Fourth Dimension 249" 

MicroScI A2 299" 

MicroSciA2 with controller .. . .369" 

RanaEtitel 289" 

Bana Elite I w/controller 389" 

Corona 5 megabyte hard disk . . 1895" 



FRANKLIN ACE 1000 & 1200 

Apple II compatible computer — 64K, 
upper/lower case, and more! 

PLEASE CALL FOR DETAILS 
System packages at special prices. 




Apple II Accessories 

ALF 9 voice music card 159" 

16K Ram Card 59" 

GrapplerPlus 129" 

PKASO interface 135" 

Wizard 80 column card 189" 

GRAPPLER Butterboard 16K . . .139" 

Q)Hayes 

MicroModemllbyHayes 269" 

Videx 80 column card 239" 

Enhancer II 119" 

ULTRATERM 128x48 Video card 339" 

MICROSOFT 

MICROSOFT PREMIUM 
SYSTEM 

Includes: Z-80 SottCard, !6K Ram- 
Card, Videx Vtdeoterm, Softswitch, & 
CP/M User Guide by Adam Osborne. 

"•*», Only 

*& $459 95 

2-80 SoftCard by Microsoft . . . .239" 
16K RamCard by Microsoft 69" 




IBM Personal Computer 

Includes 64K, 2 DD/DS 320K drives, 
keyboard, color video card, & MS- 
DOS. 
PLEASE CALL FOR SYSTEM PRICES. 





Columbia MPC 
IBM PC compatible system 

Includes 128K, 2 DS/DD 320K drives 
keyboard, video card, MS-DOS & 
CP/M 86 software. Monitor not includ- 
ed. 
PLEASE CALL FOR SYSTEM PRICES. 




IBM PC 

ACCESSORIES 

Quadram Quadboard 



64K 



Only 



S289 95 



128K 359" 192K 429" 256K 499" 

51 2K Quad Board 

64 K .299" 256 K .489" 51 2K .749" 



Mega Plus 

64K with serial & clock 349" 

128K 429" 192K 499" 256K 549" 

64K with parallel & serial 419" 

128K 489" 192K 559" 256 K 629" 

MegaPak option (256K> for 

512K total 329" 

ComboPlus 

64K with serial, parallel & clock . 349" 
128K 419" 192K .489" 256 K .559" 

I/O Plus 

Serial, parallel, clock, and game 
adapter port 269" 

^Apparotjnc. 

ComboCard with parallel printer port, 
Asyncronous communications / 
RS-232 port, and clock/calendar 169" 
RS-232 cable for combo card .... 29" 

Monte Carlo Card 

64 K .449" 128K ,529" 256K .649" 

IBM PC Disk Drives 

5 megabyte internal drive & p/s 1529" 
10 megabyte internal drive & p/s , 1879" 
For external drive model add $300 M 
Call for prices on Davong and Rana 
drives. 

Tandon TM 100-2 DS/DD 269" 

Trak DS/DO500K 40 track drive 269" 
Trak 4 drive floppy controller . . .149" 
Trak 5 megabyte 5 V* " hard disk . 799" 

PC Mouse 249" 

Big Blue Z-80 Card 469" 

Nine 4164 200ns Ram Chips 69** 




National Computers Spring 1983 collection of State-of- 
the-Art computer merchandise is available now. You'll 
find hundreds of products, including computers, 
printers, video monitors, modems, and accessories for 
the Apple II, IBM PC, and CP/M systems, all at the great 
prices you expect from us. It includes dozens of illustra- 
tions and some very informative comparison charts. For 
your copy send $1.00, which we will credit to your next 
order. „ , 

Circle 1 on inquiry card. 



"rdemnq 800 - 854-6654I 



VISA 



NATIONAL COMPUTER PRODUCTS 



f master charge 



S338 Center Drive, La Mesa, CA 92041-3791 ™"»»* 

Information on products, and order Inquiries can (619) 460-6502 Calif., Alaska, & Hawaii Call (619) 698-8088 



DEALERS, WE BUY EXCESS STOCK, PLEASE CALL OR WRITE^ 



VIC-20 



(a real computer at the price of a toy) 



COMPUTER AND SOFTWARE 

SALE 



|Commodore64 



(mora power than Apple II at half the price) 



$ 89. 



00 



(when you buy 6 programs) 

You gel the Commodore VIC-20 computer for only 
$89.00 when you buy 6 tape programs on sale for 
only $59.00. These 6 programs list for $100.00 to 
$132.00. You can choose one of three packs: 6 
games pack, 6 home finance pack, or 6 small 
business pack. The VIC-20 computer includes a full 
size 66 key typewriter professional keyboard, color 
command keys, upper/lower case, full screen editor, 
16K level II microsoft basic, color, sound and 
music, real time, floating point decimal, easy to 
read self teaching instruction book, connects to any 
TV, includes console case. 

33K COMMODORE VIC $159.00 
with 2% tifftoe more power 

You get the VIC-20 computer plus we expand the 
total memory to 33,000 bytes to give you 2% times 
more programming power. 

41 K COMMODORE VIC $199.00 
with 4 ttmee more power 



49K COMMODORE VIC $249.00 
i e tlmee more power 



40-60 COLUMN BOARD $99. 

A fantastic price breakthrough for VIC-20 owners on 
this most wanted accessory!! "Now you can get 40 
or 80 Columns on your TV. or Monitor Screen." 
Plus we add a word processor with mall merge, 
electronic spread sheet, time manager and terminal 
emulator \\ These PLUS programs require only 
8K RAM memory. 



TRACTION FRICTION PRINTER $279.00 

Comstar F/T deluxe line printer, prints 8%x11 full 
size, single sheet, roll or fan fold paper, labels etc. 
40, 66, 80, 132 columns. Impact dot matrix, bi- direc- 
tional, 80 CPS. 

60K MEMORY EXPANDER $69.00 

Sixslot — Switch selectable — Reset button — Rib- 
bon cable. A must to get the most out of your 
VIC-20 computer. 

VOICE SYNTHESIZER $79.00 

Makes your VIC-20 talk, VOTRAX based plus 
features found only in $295 versions. GREAT BUY 
— DON'T MISS THIS SALE! ! 



Commodore 64 Computer 



PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE 



Name 


Sale 


word processing pack 


$6900 


complete Data Base pack 


$69 00 


Electronic spreadsheet pack 




(iikevisicaic) 


$69 00 


Accounting pack 




(personal & business) 


$49 00 


Programmers Helper 


$59 00 


Programming Reference guide 


$1895 


Basic Tutor 


$1995 


Typing Tutor 


$1995 



WE HAVE THE LOWEST PRICES - CALL US! 

$•107 00 



197. 



■ V Iw^U COMPUTER 


5 


TOP 10 ARCADE GAME! 


VIC 20 TAPE PROOMM SALIII 




HWMI NlrfTV# 


Sale 


1 Su p#r Paratrooper (Fantastic) 


11995 


2 Eittrrrunator Plu* 


SIMS 


(Bat tar than Cantipada) 




}. Cnckat (Battar than Froggar) 


S1I.95 


4 Snackman (Battar than Packman) 


11595 


5 Galactic Croatfira (you m the mitfdta) 


H6.9S 


6 Ann Matter spi«it«r (Nudaar Diseater) 


$1995 


7 Bug Biait (Creepy) 


$16 95 


8 Bomb* Away (Great) 


S1S9S 


9 3-0 Maze Escape 


$1495 


10 Krazy Kong 


SUSS 


BUY ANY FOUR - OCOUCT 10% MORE 




VIC-20 PROGRAMMING AIDS!! 




Sale 


• introduction to banc programming 


S229S 


(manual and tapes) 




• Advanced basic programming 


22.SS 


(manual and tapes) 




• Programmars ra'arance manual 


1595 


(Mi pages — you must have ih*i') 




• Programmers easy raference card 


395 


(tables lists drawings) 




e viC ?0 Revealed 


1195 


(267 pages of vie secrets) 




e 6502 Mac hint Language Assembler 


2466 


e »6K Programming cartridge 


7900 


igives 400% more programming power — 




get 124 9S 16K adventure game free'} 





80 column BOARD 

1 80 characters per line on the screen at one time in 
I dudes word processing pack (list $89 00), complete 
I data base pack (list $89 00). Electronic spreadsheet 
| pack (list $89.00). ALL FOR ONLY $179. 

We have over 300 Programs tor 
the Commodore 64 Computer 

WE LOVE OUR CUSTOMERS 



(with factory rebate and software savings applied) 



You pay only $397.00 when you order the power- 
ful 84K Commodore 64 computer! We pack with 
your computer a VOUCHER good for $100 rebate 
from the factory when you send in your old 
Atari, Mattel, Coleco electronic game or com- 
puter. This includes Sinclair, Timex, Texas In- 
struments, VIC-20 computers and others!! PLUS 
we also include a $100 software COUPON FREE 
that allows you to buy PROFESSIONAL SOFT- 
WARE from the items shown in the center col- 
umn of this ad! Call us today (312) 382-5244 for 
best prices and best service. 

PROFESSIONAL WORDPROCESSINO 
PACKAGE 

This wordprocessor is specially designed for the 
Commodore-64 utilizing the latest techniques. 
Allows powerful text editing capabilities without 
long hours of orientation or training. Complete cur 
sor and insert/delete key controls are used. Black 
movement and/or duplication, line insertion and/or 
deletion, automatic centering, margin settings, tab 
settings, copy, disk or tape handling, and all printer 
types. Up to 99 continuous pages of text can be 
output to the printer. List $89.00. Sale $69.00 

COMPLETE DATABASE PACKAGE 

A user friendly data base system that makes in- 
formation easy to find and store. You can add, 
change, delete, and search for data. Print the in- 
formation on a printer in any format desired. When 
combined with the word processor pack you have a 
powerful merge program that allows custom 
documents and personalized mailing lists. List 
$89.00. Sale $69.00 

COMPLETE ACCOUNTING PACKAGE 
(Home or Small Business) 
Thts genera* leager program is perfect for small 
business as well as home. It utilizes a double entry 
bookkeeping system. You only need enter one tran- 
saction and the computer will handle the other. All 
accounts are user defineable and will build for 1 
year, resulting in a file of all transactions by ac- 
count number, month and year to date. Each month 
a current month's transactions can be viewed at any 
time (99 accounts 187 entries per month). With this 
accounting program you will be able to monitor 
your financial growth as well as your expenses. List 
$59.00. Sale $49.00 

COMMODORE-64 PROGRAMMERS 
REFERENCE GUIDE 

This Is the in-depth guide that goes into the heart 
of the 64. All aspects of the basic and machine 
language are covered. (A must for anyone wishing 
to program the Commodore-64). Sale $16.95. 



• LOWEST PRICES • 15 DAY FREE TRIAL • 90 DAY FREE REPLACEMENT WARRANTY 
• BEST SERVICE IN U.S.A. • ONE DAY EXPRESS MAIL • OVER 500 PROGRAMS • FREE CATALOGS 



] 



Add $10.00 for shipping, handling and insurance. Illinois residents 
please add 6% tax. Add $20.00 for CANADA, PUERTO RICO, HAWAII 
orders. WE DO NOT EXPORT TO OTHER COUNTRIES. 
Enclose Cashiers Check, Money Order or Personal Check. Allow 14 days 
for delivery, 2 to 7 days for phone orders, 1 day express mail I Canada 
orders must be in U.S. dollars. 



ENERPRIZES ( we love ° ur customers ) 

BOX 550, BARRINGTON, ILLINOIS 60010 
Phono 312/382-5244 to order 



198 BYTE June 1983 



Circle 317 on inquiry card. 



FLOATING-POINT 
COPROCESSOR 
(EXCEPT Z80, 68000) 
8086 -** 8087 
80286 -* 80287 
16032 -* 16081 



<x> 



h 



PROCESSOR 
Z80B 
8086 
80286 
68000 
16032 










MEMORY- 
MANAGEMENT 
UNIT (MMU) 
(EXCEPT Z80) 
80286 -•> ON CHIP 
68000 -♦ DISCRETE 
16032 -* 16082 



C= ) 



ADDRESS 



DATA 







DATA BLOCK 



k 







CLOCK 

AND 

MEMORY REFRESH 







CONTROL 



C 







Figure 2: Architecture of the Microcard. 



communicate with the Versacard. Its 
function is to execute the operating 
system and the user's applications 
programs. The Microcard does not 
directly interact with the I/O devices 
installed in the PC but employs the 
PC for that purpose. 
• RAM Module: a simple circuit card 
containing 256K bytes of memory 
that may be installed on the Versa- 
card for a total of 512K bytes. 



A Microcard typically consists of 
the following: processor, data block, 
multiprocessor-control block, clock- 
and-memory refresh, MMU (mem- 
ory-management unit), and floating- 
point coprocessors (see figure 2). The 
memory refresh circuitry provides the 
refresh timing to the Versacard 
memory when it is under Microcard 
control. The clock circuitry syn- 
chronizes all activity on the Micro- 



card. The multiprocessor-control 
block comprises the communication 
registers necessary for dual-port con- 
trol; this enables both the Microcard's 
and the PC's processors to access the 
Versacard memory without conten- 
tion. The data block consists of a few 
simple buffers. 

In short, the Microcard is a module 
that contains the "personality" of the 
system; replacing this module alters 
the essence of the system. There are 
five versions of Microcard currently 
available: The Z80 Microcard is the 
simplest and has neither an MMU nor 
a floating-point unit. The 8086 
Microcard has an 8087 floating-point 
processor, within which is a simple 
memory-mapping scheme. The 68000 
Microcard has a sophisticated paged 
MMU to support advanced multiuser 
and multitasking operating systems. 
Both the 80286 Microcard and the 
16032 Microcard have advanced 
MMU and floating-point hardware 
support. 

When the processor residing on the 
Microcard seeks an I/O transaction, 
it must create a message block in the 
shared memory. The block contains 
the I/O command and the ap- 
propriate parameters to direct the 
transfer of information between the 
processors. When the Microcard 
issues an I/O command, the PC is 
alerted by way of an interrupt; the 
message block is read by the PC, and 
the appropriate I/O process is in- 



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MICROTEXT COMMUNICATIONS 

Make your computer an intelligent printing terminal with off-line storage! Use 
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PI80C PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE 

Use a parallel printer with your Color Computer! Serial-Parallel converter plugs into 
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printer cable. Price: $69.95 



THE MICRO WORKS COLOR FORTH 

Color Forth is easier to learn than assembly language, executes in less time than 
Basic and is faster to program in than Basic. Rompack comes with 112-page 
manual containing glossary of system-specific words, full standard FIG glossary 
and complete source. A fascinating language designed for the Color Computer! 
Price: $109.95 

SDS-SOC SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM 

SDS-80C is a Rompack containing a complete editor, assembler and monitor. It 
allows the user to write, assemble and debug assembly language programs with 
no reloading, object patching or. other hassles. Supports full 6809 instruction set. 
Price: $89.95 

80C DISASSEMBLER 

Runs on the Color Computer and generates your own source listing of the Basic 
interpreter ROM. Documentation includes useful ROM entry points, complete 
memory map. I/O hardware details and more. Cassette requires 16K system. 
Price: $49.95 ___ 



GAMES: Star Blaster • Pac Attack • Berserk • Cave Hunter • Starfire • Astro Blast 
Adventure; Black Sanctum • Adventure: Calixto Island • 



Starship Chameleon • 



THE 






Also Available: Machine Language Monitor □ Books □ Memory Upgrade Kits 
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Circle 257 on inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 199 



Circle 391 on inquiry card. 



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itiated. Likewise, the PC creates a 
message block in the memory and 
alerts the Microcard via an interrupt 
in order to transfer information. 

All I/O transactions are performed 
in blocks in such a way that the I/O 
delay is considerably reduced; to the 
Microcard, all I/O devices appear as 
fast devices, and all transactions occur 
at memory transfer rates. This reduces 
interrupt overhead on the Microcard. 
This concurrent processing arrange- 
ment increases the overall system per- 
formance. 

Memory Management 

In a multiuser system, the pro- 
cessor appears to attend to several 
users simultaneously, though, in 
reality, the processor's attention is be- 
ing switched between the users 
several times a second. In order for 
this to be possible, each user's pro- 
gram must be in a form that can 
reside at any physical address and 
still run. This gives the operating sys- 
tem the freedom to determine where 
the program should be stored. The 
relocation facility in an MMU pro- 
vides address translation by mapping 
the logical addresses into physical ad- 
dresses, so that programs may be 
written as though they will be loaded 
starting at location 0, even though 
they may end up scattered through- 
out various portions of memory. The 
MMU is totally transparent to the 
user programs, and the processor ap- 
pears as an exclusive resource to each 
user. 

A memory management scheme is 
available for the 68000, 80286, and 
16032 Microcards. The MMU on the 
68000 uses a paging scheme and has 
the facility to handle 16 simultaneous 
processes or users. The MMU on the 
80286 Microcard is incorporated on 
the processor itself, and no special 
hardware scheme is needed. The pro- 
cessor provides a segmented virtual 
memory with four-level hierarchical 
memory protection. The 16032 
Microcard has a 16082 MMU, which 
is a VLSIC (very large scale integrated 
circuit) that uses a demand-paged 
virtual-memory scheme. These three 
Microcards support any multiuser 
and multitasking operating system, as 
they are functional replications of the 



200 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 162 on inquiry card. 



J} ■■- ■ 

In the world of emulating terminals., 

VISUAL is a World apart. 








VISUAL EMULATION CAPABILITY 



VISUAL 50/55 are km cost smart terminal! The VISUAL 50 emulates 
DEC VT52®, Lear Siegler ADM3Ar Hazeftine Esprit'* and ADDS Viewpoint® 
VISUAL 55 emulates the same plus Hazeltine 1500/1510 and VISUAL 200/210. 



VISUAL 100 is 100% compatible with the DEC VT100* and also emulates 
theVT52. 

VISUAL 300/330 are versatile terminals that can he easily customized 
The VISUAL 300 emulates the DEC VT100 and VT52, VISUAL 330 emulates 
the DEC VT52, ADM3A, Hazeltine 1500 and Data General D200. 

VISUAL 500/550 are low cost; high resolution graphic terminals with 
powerful alphanumeric capabilities. The VISUAL 500 emulates the VT52, 
ADM3A, Hazeltine 1500, D200 and Tektronix^ 4010/4014. The VISUAL 550 
emulates the VT100, VT52 and Tektronix 4010/4014. 

VISUAL terminals feature extended ergonomics including tilt and swivel 

i keyboard, large character size, menu- 
j setup, sculptured key caps and more. 



VISUAL 



MMU schemes available on minicom- 
puters and mainframes. 

I/O Architecture 

Typical business application pro- 
grams are limited more by I/O than 
by computation. In an office environ- 
ment, it is important that the system's 
I/O performance be worthy of the 
processor's power. A multiuser sys- 
tem with four users, all actively per- 
forming screen-oriented editing, 
probably generates an interrupt ap- 
proximately every 400 microseconds 
(jts). Servicing these interrupts would 



put a tremendous burden on a single 
processor, and very little processor 
time would be left for data process- 
ing. Such a system would have 
limited commercial appeal. 

Minicomputers and mainframes 
have overcome this limitation by us- 
ing special block-buffered I/O pro- 
cessors. In our modular system, the 
IBM PC takes over the I/O load, con- 
currently processing I/O tasks, while 
the Microcard processor takes care of 
operating-system and user business. 

Mass-storage devices present a dif- 
ferent type of problem: compared to 




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Rapidly becoming the benchmark standard for removable mass 
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IBM" Apple"" VI200 drives offer 6 megabytes of storage at in- 
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new IBM Controller supplied with each V1200 also controls your 
8" and IBM mini floppy drives. 

The V1200's onboard processor and unique ServoTrac"' System 
lock in data with unerring accuracy while providing you with the 
ultimate in storage capacity. 

Before V12QO you had, on one hand the exotic, expensive hard disks 
with no cost efficient means of backup. On the other hand, the 5'A " 
floppy were lacking the speed and storage necessary to satisfy to- 
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Vista's offers both an incredibly attractive price. The removable 
VistaPak cartridges offer 6 Megabytes of removable storage, each 




Mow hard disk storage can be yours with the added capability of 
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The VistaPak cartridges hold 6MB of formatted data each. The 
removable cartridges allow you to keep duplicates of your valuable 
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cessing, spread sheet and other applications. Do other storage 
device offers more flexibility and capability. 
Both the Apple version and the IBM PC version contain these 
features: Microprocessor controlled drive. DMA Controller 
Removable Data Cartridges, 1 VistaPak Cartridge, and the Vista 120 
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features unique to the Apple version are: CP/M. DOS Sf Pascal com- 
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the large hard-disk drives used with 
minicomputers and mainframe sys- 
tems, the SVi-inch Winchester drives 
likely to be found on IBM PCs are 
generally slow. In a multiuser system, 
disk accesses are frequent (especially 
in Unix, with its hierarchical disk 
directories); therefore, program 
swapping and file transfers degrade 
performance. The problem of slow 
hard-disk drives can be handled by a 
cache-memory scheme. The cache 
memory decreases apparent disk- 
access time by keeping frequently ac- 
cessed disk sectors in memory. 

The IBM PC, functioning as an I/O 
processor, can significantly reduce 
the I/O burden on the Microcard pro- 
cessor by handling I/O-device inter- 
rupts and providing buffering. Print- 
ing a large file, for example, can con- 
sume enormous amounts of processor 
time, so a print-spooling mechanism 
is provided. 

I/O Processor Software 

The I/O Processor Monitor is a 
multitasking, interrupt-driven pro- 
gram, resident in the PC, that serves 
all I/O requests (see figure 3). The 
processor communicates via a well- 
defined data structure that is indepen- 
dent of the processor and operating 
system being used. The Monitor soft- 
ware is easily configurable, and the 
user can readily alter system 
parameters or add new device- 
specific routines without having to 
rewrite a lot of software. 

The request types are character 
output, spooled-block output, 
unspooled-block output, character 
input, block input, and device status 
checks. All character-type I/O re- 
quests are for serial devices, and all 
block-type I/O requests are generally 
for mass-storage devices and network 
communications. Special-request 
types are assigned for setting proto- 
cols for serial devices, covering such 
things as data rate, number of bits per 
word, and number of stop bits. Other 
types include direct access to mass 
storage devices for device-formatting 
purposes and user-defined request 
types, which enable access to 
operating-system calls and user- 
installed hardware. 

An internal polling loop in the I/O 



202 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 410 on Inquiry card. 



Computer OEMs: 

Now's the time to 
team with Altos. 




As an OEM. you're aware there's a lot of 16-bit computers 
on the market. But what you may not be aware of are the 
many advantages to doing business with ALTOS® Computer 
Systems. Here's just a few: 












Altos currently offers the broadest range of cost- 
effective, single and multi-user 8086- and 68000- 
based computer systems. 



Altos supports the most popular commercial 
operating systems (XENIXVUNIX,™ MP/M-86/ 



MS™-DOS, OASIS-16, PICK, RM/COS,™ and UNIX 
System III") plus most high-level languages. 

Altos microcomputers can run more existing appli- 
cations software than any other computer in the 
world. 

Altos offers a large selection of utilities and 
compilers for converting existing Z80™ and mini- 
computer applications, such as those written in 
DEC'S® DIBOL.™ 

H Altos provides full communications support; both 
local networking and remote communications. 

Altos provides the widest range of 5Y4" and 8" 
storage options, including floppy, Winchester disk 
and mag tape backup. 

Since 1977, Altos has delivered more than 35,000 
multi-user systems and peripherals to satisfied 
customers throughout the world. 



Altos backs its computers with responsive, world- 
wide service and support. (Customer Service 
Division of TRW, Inc. in the U.S.) 

If you're an OEM looking to remain on top, now's the time 
to team with Altos. Call, write or clip the coupon today. 



□ 
□ 
□ 



Please send me more information on Altos' single 
and multi-user 8086- and 68000-based computer 
systems. 

My application is 



Please have an Altos representative contact me. 
Name Title 



Company . 
Address _ 



City/State/Zip . 
Phone ( 



Mail to: Altos Computer Systems, Attn: Marketing Services, BT-6 
2641 Orchard Park Way, San Jose, CA 95134, Telex 470642 ALTO UI 

800-538-7872 (In Calif., 800-662-6265) 



COMPUTER SYSTWS 

Packed with more value for OEMs 



ALTOS Is a registered trademark of Altos Computer Systems. 8086 is a product of Intel Corporation. 68000 is a product of Motorola, Inc. ZBQ is a trademark and product of Zilog. Inc. XENIX and MS are trademarks of 
Microsoft Corporation. XENIX is a microcomputer implementation of the UNIX operating system. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. RM/COS is a trademark of Ryan-McFarland, Inc. MP/M-86 is a trademark of 
Digital Research, Inc. OASIS-16 Is a product of Phase One Systems, Inc. PICK is a product of Pick & Associates and Pick Computer Works. DEC Is a registered trademark and DIBOL Is a trademark of Digital Equipment 
Corporation. UNIX System III is a trademark of Western Electric . 

©1983 Altos Computer Systems 

Circle 17 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 203 



OPERATING SYSTEM 
(UNIX.RM/COS, ETC.) 



IOP INTERFACE 



MtCROCARD 
IBM PC 



REQUEST 
HANDLER 
TABLE 



CHARACTER 
BUFFERS 




REQUEST QUEUES 



DEVICE-SPECIFIC 
ROUTINES 



Figure 3: Flow diagram of the I/O Processor software. 



Processor Monitor is controlled by a 
programmable timer set to 60 Hz. 
Whenever there is a block I/O in prog- 
ress, this polling loop attends to 
character input or output. This 
concurrent processing scheme is used 
to improve I/O response. When an 
I/O task is finished, the Monitor will 
normally interrupt the Microcard 
processor; but if the Microcard is 
processing some critical section of a 
program, the I/O Processor keeps the 
message block number in a separate 
queue and interrupts the Microcard at 
a later time. The polling loop is used 
to keep track of this also. This feature 
not only prevents a "deadly embrace" 



condition (when two processors ac- 
cess the same resource at the same 
time) but also enhances overall sys- 
tem performance. 

Final Remarks 

The 8-bit microcomputer industry 
has had little success in creating a 
market for multiuser systems. Multi- 
user operating systems (such as 
MP/M from Digital Research and 
Oasis from Phase One) suffer when 
they are limited by 8-bit micropro- 
cessor architecture. The 64K-byte ad- 
dress limitation, lack of memory 
management, and limited processing 
capability are just some of the factors 



that have prevented the 8-bit 
microprocessors from making a dent 
in the multiuser market. 

The Unix operating system has 
emerged as a de facto standard for 
16-bit multiuser and multitasking 
systems. The elegant design and su- 
preme flexibility offered by Unix pro- 
vides individuals with a powerful 
single-user system and a lot of ad- 
vanced application software. Unix, 
with its multitasking, electronic mail, 
and networking capabilities, also 
seems ideal for office automation ap- 
plications. Other operating systems, 
like the 16-bit MP/M and RM/COS, 
offer efficient multitasking and 
multiuser facilities. But this ad- 
vanced operating system software 
demands a sophisticated architecture. 
Critical elements in these systems are 
memory management and carefully 
designed I/O processing. The IBM 
PC, and the hard-disk-based IBM XT, 
properly enhanced, can set the trend 
in high-performance, cost-effective 
personal computer systems. ■ 



About the Author 

Sudha Kavuru is president of Sritek Inc. 



Design Credits 

The following members of the Sritek 
engineering staff were primarily responsible for 
the product design and implementation: 
Madhav S. Kavuru, formerly of IBM, for prod- 
uct definition and system design; lead engineer 
Jim Bias and Jeff Centanni, for the hardware 
design; Neal Somos and Scott Fluhrer, for the 
design and implementation of the systems soft- 
ware; and Mike Kapolka, for the mechanical 
and printed-circuit board design. 



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8088 Co-Processor, 129k RAM $499 820 Double Density Kit $249 5MB Hard Disk -exp. to 20 MB $1995 

256k Co-Processor $799 820-II Extended DD {670k/side) $ 99 32k Printer Buffer $ 250 

256k Co-Processor + CP/M-86 $999 Amber or Green CRT replacement $99 Hayes Smartmodem $229 

MSDOS Call Parallel Printer Cable $49 Anti-Static Floor Mat $ 25 



820/820 II OPTION PKG I SAVE 1 0% 

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$349for820, $385 tor 820-II 



204 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 256 on Inquiry card. 



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APPLIED SOFT. TECH., Versaform $31900 
ASHTON TATE, dBase II 

Requires PC-DOS & 1 28K $469 00 

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AVALON HILL, Midway Campaign . $16 00 

Computer Stocks and Bonds $1 7 00 

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FUNTASTIC, Snack Attack II $29.00 

INFOCOM, Deadline $37.00 

Starcross $2900 

Zork I. II. Ill $29.00 

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SIERRA ON-LINE, Ulysses $2600 

Crossfire $23 00 

SIRIUS, Gorgon $29.00 

SPINNAKER, Snooper Troops 1 or 2 $35.00 

Story Machine or Face Maker $26.00 

MAR ENTERPRISES, Super Mod . $55.00 

TAG, Joysticks $45 00 

TrakBall $47 00 

TECH, Adam & Eve Paddles $29.00 



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PRINTER INTERFACES/BUFFERS (CONT) 

P.P. Microbufter li $209.00 

QUADRAM Microfazer See ISM 

VIDEX PSIO Dual Function Card 

Modem and Printer Ports $1 69 00 

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Powerlul IBM chip on a card .. CALL 

Kensington, System Saver ..... $ 72 00 

Krart, Joyslick $ 46 00 

Paddles $ 32 00 

MAR Enterprises 

Super Mod Universal $ 55 00 

Sup r Fan S 38 00 

Microsoft 

Z80withCP/M $245.00 

Sottcard Premium Pack ... $495.00 

Softcard Plus (Franklin) $445.00 

TAG Products 

Joystick $ 42.00 

Game Paddles $ 28 00 

Select-a-port $ 4200 

TrakBall $ 47.00 

Vktox, Enhancer ll $i i 900 

Function Strip $ 62 00 

Enhancer. Rev. 6 $99 00 



MICRO-SCI A2 Disk Drive ...... $ 249 00 

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80 COLUMN CARDS 

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Vldex, UHraterm NEW ........ CALL 

Videoterm ComboPkg ... $ 265 00 
Vista, Vison 80 $ 239 00 

PRINTER INTERFACES/BUFFERS 

Microtek. RV61 1 C par $ 63 00 

Apple Dumpling 16K . $ 160 00 

Orange Micro, Grappier - $ 11 9 00 

CALL FOR LOW APPLE 



SOFTWARE PRICES! 



HIGH TECH OF THE MONTH 

RB ROBOT CORP. PRESENTS: 

RB5X — THE PROGRAMMABLE ROBOT 

Touch the Future: RB5X will respond to your commands and can learn from Its mistakes. (And 
then let you study how it learned what tt did.) Features 8K of memory (Expandable), INS8073 
microprocessor, tour expansion slots, sonar and tactile sensors. RB5X was designed as a 
modular, expandable robot to which you can add future options developed either by RB Robot 

Corp or by you! , $1495.00 

CALL OR WRITE FOR BROCHURE AND SPECS. 



PRINTERS 

DOT MATRIX 



c-rroH 

Prownter I — par CALL 

Prowriter II — par CALL 

EPSON 

FX-80 CALL 

IDS, Prism & Micropnsm CALL 

OKIDATA 

82A $ 41 9 00 

83A $ 689.00 

84 par $1 055.00 

92 par $ 540 00 

93 par CALL 

STAR MICRONICS 

Gemini 10 CALL 

QANTEX 

7030 (Dot Letter Quality, $1 695 0C 

LETTER QUALITY 

BROTHER HR-I $ 884 00 

BYTEWRITER (W/KEYBOARD') $ 599 00 

C-ITOH 

Starwriter F-1 0-40 par $1 354 00 

NEC 

7710. 7730 ,. $2291.00 

3550 IBM plug-in $1 899 00 

COLOR INK JET 

CANON At 2tQ 7 color 30 shades $ 635 00 



MONITORS 

300 Amber $159.00 

300 Green $155,00 

310.A. G-IBM including cable , . $1 79.00 

Color I composite CALL 

Color II RGB (IBM compatible) $744.00 

Green Med Res $ 88 00 

1201 Hi-Res. Green $169.00 

1201 Color (composite) ; $329.00 

1203 RGB (IBM compatible) $659.00 

QUADRAM RGB QUADCHROME (IBM ) $599 00 

TAXAN, Amber $12900 

Green $1 19.00 

USI, Amber Hi-Res $155.00 

ZENITH, Green Med Res $1 1 8 00 

DISKETTES & STORAGE 



AMDEK, 



BMC 
NEC, 



MAXELL, 
VERBATIM, 



SS/DD $ 19.95 

DS/DD $ 34 95 

SS/DD CALL 

DS/DD CALL 

SS/DD $ 25.95 

DS/DD $ 36 95 

SS/DD $ 19.95 

:....$ 250 

DISK BANK, 5'-* interlock & swivel $ 5.50 

DISK FILE, 5* Elephant Trunk $ 21 95 

ATLANTIC COMPUTER FURNITURE: Entire Una at Huge 
Savings. CALL lor price ft specs. 



ELEPHANT, 1 each 5 4 
10 each 5'* 
10 each 5" 4 
10 each 5' 4 
10 each 5' 1 
10 each 5'^ 
ZIMAG, 12 each 5-4 

LIBRARY CASE, 5 4 ... 



COMMODORE 64 

"ADVANCED COMPUTING AT AN AFFORDABLE PRICE" 

Features 64 K. Super graphics & music Direct connect to your 
color TV Add optional Z80 for CP/M business software . CALL 
Disk Drives & all other peripherals ... CALL 

NEC APC 

Advanced Personal Computer Standard 128K RAM-expands to 
256K 1 Megabyte storage per disk. Avaifable with two on-board 
drives. Excellent detached keyboard with keypad. 22 
programmable function keys Superior Resolution: 640 x 475 
Call for system quote. 

MODEMS 

ANCHOR AUTOMATION 

Signalman Mark 1 $ 83.00 

HAYES 

Smartmodem 300 521 1 .00 

Smartmodem 1 200 CALL 

Micromodem 11 $275.00 

NOVATION 

CAT (Acoustic) 5153 00 

D-CAT $16800 

J-CAT $123.00 

Auto Cat 5219 00 

AppleCatll $27300 

212 Module (1200 baud opt for Apple Cat ft) $354.00 

21 2 Apple Cat ll (1200 baud) $626.00 

UPS. 212LP 1200 baud $429.00 



Rocky Mountain Micro, Inc. 

MAIL ORDERS: 10890 E. 47th Ave. 



NATIONAL 

ORDER 

DESK: 



1 -800-862-781 9 



.Denver, Colorado 80239 IN COLORADO CALL: 303-371-2430 



AND CONDITIONS: 

• All prices reflect a 2'4% cash discount. 

• Personal checks (allow 10 days to clear). VISA. MasterCard, wire transfers, include telephone number 

• COD orders accepted — $300 maximum — $10 surcharge • Alt products factory seated with manufacturers warranty 

• PO's accepted from qualified customers. • Approval needed on' all returns. • 10% restocking charge unless defective. 

• otus shipping • All Colorado residents add 3 ?% sales tax. City and County of Denver residents additional 3% sales tax 

• Shipping Costs: $2.50 minimum; 2% UPS Ground; UPS Blue Label — rate quoted at time of order. 

• All prices subject to change without notice • Lease/financing available. 

I» Export orders accepted from foreign dealers Contact F. L Klemberg & Co : TWX 910-940-2517, 
« Telephone Order Desk Hours: 8 AM to 6 PM. Monday through Friday; 10 AM to 4 PM. Saturday. Mountain Standard Time CIRCLE 332 ON INQUIRY CARD FOR COMPLETE "LINE CARD* 



YOUR SATISFACTION IS OUR 

BEST ADVERTISING! 
WE SERVICE WHAT WE SELL 



Circle 332 on inquiry card. 



BYTE Juiw 1983 205 



. 



r DEALERS^ 

WE BUY 
EXCESS 

.INVENTORIES^ 



0. 



L ^^ i 



Computer Exchange — The Supply Center for the IBM-PC or XT 



SOFTWARE 



BUSINESS 



for the 
IBM-PCorXT 







LIST 


OUR 






PRICE 


PRICE 


ASHTON-TATE. dBase 11. regutresCP M-86& 128K 




S 700 


$439 


dBase II. requires PC-DOS & 128K 




S 700 


5439 


The Financial Planner 


NEW! 


S-700 


$439 


dBase ill- ooftwareBanc 




$ 30 


$20 


APPLIEDSOfTWAfliETECHMOLOGY.Versafomi 


HEW! 


S389 


$265 


CONTINENTAL, The Home Accountant Plus 




$ 150 


$112 


FCM (Filing. Cataloging, Maiimg} 




S 125 


s as 


Pf operty Management 


NEW' 


S 495 


$329 


DATAMOST Real Estate investment Program 


NEW! 


$ 130 


$89 


Wrtte-Gn 




$130 


$99 


:fA6U SOFTWARE, Money Decisions 


NEW' 


S 150 


$129 


HOWARDSOFT Real Estate Analyzer II 




S 250 


$189 


INFORMATION UNLIMITED, Easywrter li {a WPS) 




$ 350 


$259 


Easysfffiiler^SBK Words) 




S 175 


$129 


EasyfilerfaOBMS) 




S400 


$299 


INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE, T 1 M III (a DBMS) 




S 495 


$389 


* INSOFT, Data 0es*gn (a powerful easy to use DBMS} 


NEW! 


$ 225 


$189 


ISM,MatheMaqic 




S. 90 


$89 


LOTUS, 1*2-3 




S 495 


$329 


MtCROCRAFT, RequiresCP M-86 








Legal Biing& Time Keeping-- Verdict 




$995 


$469 


Professional Btfimg & Time Keeping — Bifikeeper 




S99S 


$469 


• MICRO LAB, The Tax Manager 




$ 250 


$189 


MICROPRO, WordStar ' plus free WordStar If ainsng Manual 


$495 


$269 


MailMerge'' 




S250 


$129 


SpeiiStar' 




$ 250 


$129 


3 Pak Word & Mat! & Spell . above 3 




5 845 


$449 


2 Pak, WordStar" - SpeiiStar" 




$645 


$349 


tnfoStar" 


NEW! 


S495 


$289 


Report Star" 


NEW 


$350 


$199 


MICROSOFT, Moltsplan. inMSDOS 




S275 


$199 


NORTH AMERICAN BUS SYSTEM, The Answer 




$250 


$169 


PBL CORPORATION, Personal investor 


NEW! 


$ 145 


$99 


PEACHTREE SOFTWARE, PeachPak4 jfGL, AR & AP) 




$ 595 


$395 


PERFECT SOFTWARE, Perfect Writer * 




$ 389 


$219 


Perfect Speller* 




$ 189 


$129 


SELECT INFO, Seiectfa WPS) 




$595 


$339 


SOFTWARE PUBLISHING, PFS: Ftfe 


NEW! 


$ 140 


$95 


PFS; Report 


NEW1 


S 125 


$85 


SORCIMISA.SuperCaic 




$295 


$199 


SuperWriter 




$395 


$289 


Speftguard 




$ 195 


$129 


STC, The Creator 


NEW 


$300 


$195 


SYNAPSE, File Manager 
SYNERGISTIC. Data Reporter 


NEW! 


$150 


$99 


NEW! 


$250 


$189 


# ViSrCORPVisiCaic' 256K 




S250 


$179 


VisiDexor VisiSchedute, each 




$250 


$199 


VisiTrend Plot 




S 300 


$219 


VisrFiie or Desktop Plan 1 . each 




$ 3O0 


$239 



$35 



UTILITY 



1983 CE SOFTWARE AWARD: 

"Copy II PC by Central Point Software is the best CE software buy of 1983. ti will copy 
more copy protected software and faster man any other backup system. Unlike other 
copiers it makes an exact duplicate of your original ami it does 1 00%verifcation of copy. 
Documentation is exeeiterrt." 
* CENTRAL POWTCopy II rc.BaclupandUHJty NEW! $ 40 

GoroX Fastrak '", RAM Disk emulator and printer spooler program. 
Works onany PC DOS version or RAM Card. 
MenuDriven. 
DIGITAL RESEARCH, Concurrent CP M-86 
CBASIC86 
CPM86 
HAYES, Hayes Terminal Program 

Smartcomfl 
M£ROCOM,MicroterminaS 
M1CROSTUF, Crosstalk 
NORELL DATA, System Backup 
NORTON, Norton Utiles, i 4 powerful programs, 3 disks 



$100 


S 350 


$ 200 


$ 60 


S 100 


$ 100 


$ 195 


$ 50 


S 80 



$59 
$235 
$136 
$40 
$85 
Call 
$65 
$129 
$39 
$65 



HOME & EDUCATIONAL 



IBM ts a trademark of IBM Corporation 



IBM-PC 

System includes 
Two 320K Disk Drives 

90 Day Warranty By Us 

Call For Details And 
Configurations 




for the 
IBM-PC or XT 

LIST OUR 

PRICE PRICE 

, 64K addon to your memory cards 9 chips 



HARDWARE 

MEMORY CHIP KITS 

200 NS, tes ted and burned-in. 90-day warranty , 

ComooPtus, 64Kw ! async para & dock, cal 
AbQveComrjoPtus,128K 1 $PC 
Above Combo Plus, 192K.S PC 
Above Combo Pius, 256K, S'P C 

ComX 1 92K ^ M Cafd Wl,h Fa6trai( * RAM dlsk em ^ 01 
v *' V> and printer spooler software- 2 Year Warranty 
CURTIS, PC Pedestal™ lor Display on PC 

9 Foot Cable lor IBM Keyboard {extends 3 ■' to 9' ) 
HI/^DACACT 64K RAM Card w'Panty 
MlUnVdUr I 128K RAM Card wearily 
256KRAM Card w Parity 

"D" MonleCarlo64KFiveFundiontto1000K) 

QxLj« Big Blue, Z80 CPU piusf^ functions 



$ 150 
$395 
$495 
$595 
$695 



$ 675 
$ 80 
$ 50 
$350 
$ 525 
$875 



S 49 
$295 

$375 
$455 
$525 



$259 
$ 85 
$ 35 

$250 
$380 
$825 



$ 625 $ 395 



QUADRAMc 



L CORPORATION 

Quadboard64K, expandable to 256K, 4 function board $ 395 

Quadboar d 1 28K . expandable to 256K, 4 function board $ 465 

Quadboard 192K expandable I0256K. 4 funetton board $ 525 

Quadboard256K,fourfunclionboard $ 595 

Quad 51 2 * , 64K plus senal port $ 325 

Quad 51 2 +.256K plus serial port $ 550 

Quad 51 2 + . 51 2K plus serial port $ 895 

Microfazer,w/Copy, Par/Par, 8K, #MP8w<Power Supply $ 159 

Microfazer, w/Copy, Par/Par, 84K, #MP64 w/Power Supply $229 

Microfazer, w/Cdpy, Par/Par, 1 28K, #MP 1-28 w/Power Supply $ 445 

Miaofazer. Snap-on, 8K.Par.Par, Epson, #ME8,w I Power Supply $ 159 

Micfotazer,Snap^n,84K,Paf' , Par 1 Epsorj i #ME64,w/Pwr. Supply $ 299 
A« Microfazers are expandable (w.'copy to512K) (Snap-on to64K) 

T^ma- 1—^ ALL « ONE Board. 64K $ 389 

leClTlar inC»ALLinONeBoard,128K $469 

$589 
$ 65 



TG PRODUCTS, Joystick 



ALLin ONE Board, 128K 
ALLinONE Board, 256K 



$295 
$345 
$385 
$425 
$275 
$440 
$675 
$119 
$235 
$345 
$145 
$235 

$299 

$349 
$439 
$ 49 



DR VES 



$899 $775 



AMDEK, 3"OualBc«wt)rrye,5uOK.PCC(5rrK)alible 

Control Data or landon 

DISK DRIVES, Double Sided 360K/320K. Same as now supplied 
with IBM-PC & XT. Tested, bumed-in. With 
installation instructions, 90 day warranty by us. 



> 529 

2ormore $529 



$239 
$229 



DAVONG 



INTERNAL Hard Disk, 56MB $1995 $1395 

(allwoPowerSuppty 10-12MB $2395 $1595 

andw'controlier 15-19M8 $2795 $1995 

Card, etc 21 -27MB $3295 $2599 

3240MB $3995 $3199 

DSlPowerSupply (for older PC) $200 $159 

Tape Backup Unrt Call 

Other Davong HO Products in Slock Call 

MAYNARD,RctwDnveContrOtBoa«J,forupto4drives. $ 195 $ 165 

same with Serial Port $325 $235 

samewiftParafletPort $ 275 $ 205 



EPYX Automated Simulations, Temple of Apshai 




$ 40 


$29 


Oil Barons 


NEW! 


$ 100 


$75 


BRODERBUND, ApplePsnic 




$ 30 


$22 


CONTINENTAL, The Home Accountant Plus 




$ 150 


$112 


• DATAMOST. Pig Pen or Space Strike, each 




$ 30 


$22 


DAVIDSON, The Speed Reader 




$ 75 


$55 


INFOCOM, Deadline 




$ 50 


$39 


Zork lorZork HorZork fll.each 




S 40 


$29 


• INSOFT, WofdTrix 


NEW' 


$ 35 


$29 


QuoTrix 


NEW! 


$ 35 


$29 


: MICROSOFT, Flight Simulator f by Sub-Logic) 
SIERRA ON-LINE, Goff Challenge 


NEW* 


$ 50 


$35 


NEW! 


$ 25 


$18 


Ulysses & The Golden Fleece 




$ 35 


$25 


FBt CORP., Persona] Investor 




$ 145 


$99 


SENTIENT. Cyborg 


NEW! 


$ 35 


$25 


SBBUS, Conquest or Cal to Arms, each 




$ 30 


$23 


SIR-TECH, Wizardry, Scenerio # 1 




$ 60 


$40 


SPINNAKER, Snooper Troops, #1 or #2, each 




$ 45 


$35 


Story Machine or Face Maker, each 




$ 35 


$25 


STRATEOIC.TheWajpFactor 




$ 40 


$39 




Pwitand,OfMM Cash 6 Carry Outl«U1»7^ 

ping Canter, Portland, Oregon. Cw-tr*<wmer sales c<ify. On 99W between Route 


217 and Interstate 5. Open Monday through Saturday 10-5. Call 245-1020. 





PRINTERS AND ACCESSORIES 


EPSON MX or FX PRINTERS 


CALL CALL 


NEC. Dot Matrix, 8023 Printer FT 


$ 695 $ 495 


• STAR MICRONICS, 9x9 Dot Matrix, 100cps, 2 3K, Gemini 10' 


$ 499 $ 349 


9x9 Dot Matrix, 1 0Ocps, 2 . 3K, Gemm 1 1 5" 


$ 649 $ 469 


ANADEX.DP8000 Dot Matrix. 120cps, Serial & Cent. Para. IF Special S 995 $ 495 


IBM-PC to Epson or Star Micronics Cable 


$ 60 $ 35 


Apple Interface and Cable for Epson or Gemini 


S 95 $ 59 


Grappler - by Orange Micro, specify printer 


S 165 $ 119 


Apple Graphics Dump Program 


$ 15 $ 9 


MICROTEK, Apple Dumpling GX, Graphics Interface & Cable 


$ 249 $ 169 


Apple Dumpimg 64, Buffered 64K Spooler & Cable 
LETTER QUALITY - DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS 


S 349 $ 239 




COMREX. Comnter CR-1 , 1 F. 200 wpm 


S1 199 $ 845 


Comnter Tractor Feed for CR-1 


$ 118 $ 99 


SMITH-CORONA. TPI Printer specify serial or parallel I F 


$ 899 S 579 


TPI Tractor Feed 


S 149 $ 129 


SUPPLIES: Tractor Feed Paper, Ribbons. Heads, Qume Daisy Wheels and Ribbons. 



8"CP/M-80 



BUSINESS & SYSTEM SOFTWARE - PARTIAL LIST, CALL 

LIST OUR 

PRICE PRICE 

ASHTON-TATE, dBase II $700 $439 

dBase II User's Guide by Software Banc $ 30 $ 20 

INFOCOM. Zork I or Zork II or Zork III or Starcross, each $ 50 $ 39 

MICROCRAFT, Legal Billing & Time Keeping -Verdict $ 995 $ 469 

Prof. Billing & Time Keeping - Billkeeper $ 995 $ 4S9 

MICROPRO, WordStar* plus free WordStar Training Manual $ 495 $ 269 

MailMerge'" $250 $ 129 

SpeiiStar'" $ 250 $ 129 

3 Pak, Word & Mail & Spell, 3 above $ 845 $ 445 

2 Pak, WordStar'" + MailMerge'" + WS Training Manual $ 645 $ 345 

NEW! $ 495 $ 269 



tnfoStar 
ReportStar 

MICROSOFT 



Muftiplan 
Fortran 80 
BASIC Compiler 
COBOL-80 
BASIC-80 
muLisp/muStar-80 
M-Sort-80 
Edit-80 
Macro-80 
PEACHTREE, Magic Wand 

Series 4 GUAR or AP, each 

Series 8 GL, AR, AP or Inv or Pay, each 



NEW! $ 350 

$275 
$500 
$395 
$ 750 



$ 199 
$ 199 
$ 325 
$295 

$545 
$ 350 $ 275 
$ 200 $ 145 



$ 195 
$ 120 
$ 200 
$ 500 
$600 
$ 750 



$145 
$ 80 
$145 

$195 
$395 
$495 



MONITORS 



PRINCETON, RGB Hi Res 
NEC, 12 'Green, Model JB1201M 

12 "Color, Composite. Model JC1 21 2M 
TAXAN, RGB Vision I 380 Lines 
SANYO, 9" Green, Model DM5109 

12 "Green, Model DM81 12CX 

1 3 '■ Color, Composite, Model DM601 3 
ZENITH, 12" Green. Model ZVM1 21 
AMDEK. 12" Green, #300 

12"Amber,#300A 

13" Color I, Composite 

13" Color II, RGB, Hi Res (Ap. II, III& IBM-PC) 

13" Color III, RGB, Commercial. (Ap. II, III) 

DVM, Color II or 1 1 1 to Apple II Interface 



S 795 
$ 249 
$ 450 
$ 399 
S 200 
$ 260 
$ 470 
5 150 
$ 200 
$ 210 
S 449 
$ 899 
S 569 
$ 199 



$639 
$ 159 
$ 349 
$ 339 
$ 139 
$ 199 
$349 
$ 99 
$ 159 
$ 159 
$359 
$799 
$489 
$175 



MODEMS 



AXLON, Datalink 1000 Hand Held Communications Terminal 
HAYES, Micromodem II (for the Apple II) 

IBM or Apple Terminal Program for Mtcromodem II 

Stock Chronograph (RS-232) 

Stock SmartmodemlRS-232) 

Smartmodem1200(RS-232) 

Micromodem 1 00 (S- 1 00 bus) 
IBM-PC to Modem Cable 
MICROCOM, Micro Courier for Apple II 

Micro Telegram for Apple II 
NOVATION, Applecat II Modem 

21 2 Apple Cat 
SIGNALMAN, Modem MKI (RS-232; 
SSM, Transcend 1 for Apple II Data Comm. 
ModemCard for the Apple II 



$399 $ 299 
$ 379 $ 275 



$ 100 
$249 
$ 289 

$699 
$399 
$ 39 



$ 65 

$189 
$225 
$535 
$275 
$ 29 



$ 250 $ 125 

$ 250 $ 125 

$ 389 $ 269 

$ 725 $ 599 

$ 99 $ 79 

$ 89 $ 69 

$ 299 $ 259 



♦ JCORVCIS SYSTEMS 



6 Meg Hard Disk, wo Interlace 

11 Meg Hard Disk, wo Interface 
20 Meg Hard Disk, w/o Interface 

BilBMD 



IBM-PC Interface (IBM DOS), Manual & Cable 

Mirror built in for easy backup 

Apple Interface, Manual & Cable 

Omni Disk Server for Apple II 

Other Interfaces, Omni-Net, Constellation, Mirror, All in Stock 



$2395 
$3195 
S4195 
$300 
$ 790 
$300 
(Special) S 990 



$1895 
$2695 
$3495 
$ 239 
$595 
$ 239 
$495 



ca 



H/P 75C Portable Computer, 48K, load to 1 68K $ 995 $ 795 

HP 7470A Graphics Plotter $1550 $1195 

H/P41C Calculator S 195 $ 149 

HP 41 CV Calculator with 2.2K Memory $ 275 $ 219 
Full line of HP 75C and HP41 accessories and software, Call. 



DISKETTES 



$ 199 



CONTROL DATA CORPORATION Certified Top of the Line Diskettes. 

CDC, 100each, 5-1/4, with nng, SS, DD, 48T (Apple, IBM, etc.) $ 550 

10 each, 5-1 .'4, with ring, SS,DD,48T (Apple, IBM, etc.) $ 55 I 2i 

10each,5-14,withnng,DS,DD,48T(IBM,HP,etc.) $ 75 $ 39 

DYSAN,10each,5-1.4,SS,DD.48T(Apple,IBM,H/P,etc.) $ 69 $ 39 

10each,5-i:4,DS,DD,48T(IBM,H/P,etc.) $ 89 $ 49 

MAXELL, 10 each, 5-1 /4,MD-1,SS,SD or SS.DD $ 55 $ 35 

GENERIK™ DISKETTES 

With jackets, no labels, produced by a top of the line manufacturer. 90 day warranty by us. 

100eachSS,SD $ 415 $ 130 

1000 each SS.SD $3200 $1000 

100eachSS,DD $626 $ 160 

1000 each SS.DD $4550 $1200 



• Means a BEST buy 


AD #970 



AMPniiiMiiirAnuiTiALi itinTpnuft All Mail: P.O. Box 23068, Portland, OR 97223, Include telephone 

ORDERING INFORMATION AND TERMS: All items usually in stock. We immediately honor Cashiers Checks, Money Orders, Fortune 1000 Checks and 
Government Checks. Personal or Company Checks allow 20 days to clear. No. COD. Add 3% for VISA or MC. Add 3% for shipping, insurance and handling (SI&H) with $5 minimum. 
UPS ground is standard so add 3% more for UPS Blue with $10 minimum. Add 1 2% total for SISH for US Postal, APO or FPO with $1 5 minimum. For Hawaii, Alaska and Canada, UPS is in 
some areas only, all others are Postal so call, write, or specify Postal. Foreign orders except Canada for SJ&H add 18% or $25 minimum except for monitors add 30% or $50 minimum. 
Prices subject to change and typo errors, so call to venty. All goods are new, include warranty and are guaranteed to work. Due to our low prices, ALL SALES ARE FINAL. Call before re- 
turning goods for repair or replacement. Orders received with insufficient S.I&H charges will be refunded. ORDER DESK HOURS 8 to 6 PST, Monday through Friday and 10 to 4 Satur- 
day. 1 P.M. here is 4 P.M. in New York. 

OUR REFERENCES: We have been a computer dealer since 1978 and in mail order since 1980. Banks: 1st Interstate Bank, (503) 643-4678. We belong to the Chamber of 
Commerce (503) 644-0123, or call Dunn and Bradstreet if you are a subscnber. Computer Exchange is a division of O'Tech Group, Inc. 
Fastrak " and Genenk '" are trademarks of ComX Corporation . 



206 BYTE June 1983 






LOW PRICES TO PROFESSIONALS WHO KNOW WHAT THEY WANT AND KNOW HOW TO USE IT. 

apple nviie supply center 



'DEALERS^ 

WE BUY 

EXCESS 

^INVENTORIES^ 




HARDWARE 



for Apple II 



RAM EXPANSION 



APPLE lie 64K, 40 COLUMN $1,175 

APPLEIie128K,80COLUMN $1,395 

APPLE lie, STARTER SYSTEM Y APPLE {System A) 

64K and 80 column 

1 Disk li with controller 

Apple Monitor ill 

Monitor Stand $1,750 

APPLE He STARTER SYSTEM 8Y COMPUTER EXCHANGE 
[SYSTEM B] includes 64K/60 Col. Card by Apple or ComX. 

128Kand80coiumn 

1 Micro-Sci Drive with controller 

Filer, Utility and DOS 3.3 Diskette 

Sanyo 9" Green Monitor 

RF Modulator (tor color TV) 

Game Paddles 

Game with color graphics and sound $1 } 8?5 
WARRANTY is 1 00% Parts & Labor for 90 days by us on all above. 
To substitute or delete drive on System B. subtract $245 and 

add drive price. 
To add Micro-Sci A2 Drive to above, add $245. 
To substitute or delete monitor on System 8, subtract $130 and add 
other monitor price (System M). 



DISK DRIVES for 
APPLE 11+ /lie 



A2, 5-1/4", 143K Disk Drive 
Corrtro#erCard for A2 Drive 
MO: 5-1 '4'M60KDtsJt Drive 
A70, 5-1 <*4", 286K Disk Drive 
Controller for A40orA70 
Filer, Disk Utility Software 

i Solo, 5" 143K Disk Drive 



UST OUR 
PRICE MCE 



$ 479 

S 100 
S 449 
S 599 
$ 100 
$ 20 



i/IC*T>l SOto.5 14KC 

VISTA Std. Height 

Duet. 5". Double Skied, 320K 

Half Height 
Quartet , 5", 2 Duets Side by Side 

or Standard Cabinet 
Controller Card 
VI 000 Dual 8", Std. Format 

w/Controller, Complete 



$ 715 
$ 89 

$2195 



V1200, 5", 6MB Disk Pack System $1549 



$ 259 
$ 79 

$339 
$399 
$ 79 
$ 15 



$ 575 
$ 75 



$1495 
$1199 



T r* f% 143K Disk Drive 1/2Hgh 

I C/1W Controller Card. 

C.P. SOFTWARE, Filer, Utility and DOS 3J 



S 379 $ 279 
$ 89 $ 69 





LIST 


OUR 




PRICE 


PRICE 


ComX, for lie, 80 col. 64K Adder 


S 295 


$145 


• Apple, RAM Card, 2 Yr.Wty. 


16K S 179 


$ 39 


• Microsoft, RAMCard 


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Circle 446 for IBM Peripherals. Circle 447 for Apple. Circle 448 for all others. 



BYTE June 1983 207 



Digital Research's DR Logo 

A user-friendly language comes of age. 



Gary Kildall 

Digital Research Inc. 

POB 579 

Pacific Grove, CA 93950 

David Thornburg 

Innovision 

POB 1317 

Los Altos, CA 94022 



Logo for personal computers has been heralded by 
some as the beginning of a revolution in computer 
languages that promises to be as far reaching as the in- 
troduction of the personal computer itself. Yet many 
people think that Logo is m^mmm—mm—m^mmmmmi^ 
not much more than a 
graphics language for 
children. Adding to this 
confusion is the fact that 
some commercial im- 
plementations of Logo are 

weak (somewhat akin to a 

version of English that ^^^^^^—^^^^^^^^ 
contained no adjectives). Because of the confusion sur- 
rounding Logo itself, the appearance of a sophisticated 
version of this language on a professional microcomputer 
such as the IBM Personal Computer might be expected to 
raise some eyebrows. The development of a powerful 
Logo for 16-bit computers such as the IBM PC can change 
our way of thinking about programming. 

In this article we will show what makes Logo truly 
powerful, what it can be used for, and how Digital 
Research's DR Logo, with its powerful language, large 
workspace, and complete program-development envi- 
ronment, sets a new benchmark by which to measure the 



DR Logo incorporates the list- 
processing capabilities of LISP with 

a syntax that can be learned by 

children. And Logo and LISP share 

other powerful features, too. 



properties of useful computer languages. 

To help you understand the power of Logo, we'll give 
you some background about the earlier language LISP. 
LISP, developed more than 20 years ago by John 

McCarthy, is overwhelm- 
ingly the language of 
choice for researchers in 
the field of artificial in- 
telligence. Unlike many 
other languages, LISP lets 
users perform operations 
on several data types, in- 
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ m eluding numbers, words, 

and lists. A list can consist of a collection of words, 
numbers, or lists themselves. Because the names of LISP 
primitives or procedures are also words, one can write 
LISP programs that automatically generate other LISP 
programs. It is the ability to manipulate this type of data 
that gives LISP its name (LISt Processing). 

LISP has been used to explore topics as diverse as im- 
age processing, the analysis of natural language, the com- 
puter solution of certain types of "intelligence" tests, and 
theorem proving. More mundane programs in LISP (such 
as word processors) have also been created. Viewed from 
any angle, it is a powerhouse of a language. 



208 June 1983 © BrTE Publications Inc 





m * 






F, Fa R» F< 



hi:t f »4 Fi 



R T Y 



D F G 



Z X C 



Some people drive 

fine German machines to work. 

Some people drive them once they arrive. 



The tradition of high quality, high performance German 
craftsmanship and engineering is legend. And while we most 
often see that tradition in action on America's streets and 
highways, it is in America's business offices that its future 
holds the most promise. 

The BASIS 108 is the proof. 

This powerful small business computer passes higher- 
priced competitors with ease. Its dual 
processors — for CP/M® and Apple II® 
compatibility — open up the largest 
library of microcomputer software 
and plug-in peripherals available today. 
This unique combination also provides 
compatibility with other popular languages, including 
Pascal™ and LOGO.™ 

The detached keyboard is a work of art and practicality. 
Lightweight and low profile, it features a full one-meter cord 
for comfortable operation on your desk — or your lap. There's 
a full 128-key ASCII character set. Fifteen user-definable 
function keys that can provide access to 60 distinct functions. 
A nine-key cursor control block. And a convenient eighteen- 
key numeric pad. For special applications, you can also 
custom map the keyboard with a simple exchange of ROMs. 

And there's more. RGB and composite NTSC or PAL 
video. Keyboard-selectable 80-or 40 -column display. 




High resolution color graphics. Parallel and serial printer 
interfaces. Easily accessible outboard I/O connectors. Six 
Apple Il-compatible card slots for peripherals expansion. 
Even a two-inch alarm or music speaker. 

The BASIS chassis is cast aluminum, eliminating heat 
and RFI interference problems. And there's plenty of room 
for internal expansion to include hard disk drives and 
other peripherals. 

The BASIS 108. Microcomputing's "Best Of Both Worlds." 
German craftsmanship and American business savvy 
CP/M-based business computing and Apple II-based personal 
computing. High performance and surprisingly low cost. 
The BASIS 108. A computing machine finely tuned to handle 
the fast tracks of business today. Call your BASIS dealer for 
a test drive. Or call toll free in the U.S. (800) 222-0626. 





INCORPORATED 




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■•••• 
■••••• 



5435 Scotts Valley Drive 
Scotts Valley, CA 95066 
(408)438-5804 TWX: 910-598-4512 



CP/M® is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Apple II® is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Pascal™ is a trademark of the Regents of 
the University of California at San Diego. LOGO™ is a trademark of Logo Computer Systems, Inc. 

Circle 39 on inquiry card. 



Nodes, Bytes, and Bits 



The popularity of personal computers has brought new 
words into our vocabulary, such as bits and bytes (that 
describe storage capacity). With the introduction of list- 
processing languages like Logo, yet another term to describe 
units of memory has been added— the node. In Logo ter- 
minology you operate with a workspace that holds a certain 
number of nodes. Like bits and bytes, you want as many 
nodes in your Logo workspace as possible because your pro- 
grams and data values are built from workspace nodes. 
Because nodes are themselves made up from a fixed number 
of bytes for any particular Logo interpreter, the exact 
number of nodes you have depends upon the brand of your 
computer and its memory size. 

When you write procedures, enter data values, and run 
Logo programs, you use nodes from your workspace. Some 
of these nodes are used permanently, perhaps to store a por- 
tion of your Logo program. Others are used to keep track of 
a temporary value, then later discarded when not of any use. 

When you run out of nodes, Logo automatically searches 
your workspace for temporary nodes that have been discard- 
ed. This "garbage collection" reclaims nodes so that Logo can 
continue operating. If no nodes are reclaimed, Logo stops 
and tells you about the situation so that you can erase some 
of your permanent procedures or data values. 

Eight-bit computers generally store fewer nodes than 
16-bit computers because the Logo interpreter and 
workspace must coexist in the same 64K-byte memory area. 
Logo for the 8-bit Apple II computer gives you about 2800 
nodes to work with. 

Sixteen-bit computers, however, let you operate with 
more nodes because the memory size is not limited to 64K 
bytes, as long as you're willing to invest in more memory 
boards. An 8086- or 8088-based computer, such as the IBM 



PC, can potentially address up to 1 megabyte of main 
memory, giving you more than 100,000 nodes. 

For the first-time Logo user, a 2800-node workspace is 
large enough to write simple procedures, work with turtle 
graphics, and learn the basics of list processing. When you 
become serious about your Logo programming, your re- 
quirements will increase because of the complexity of the 
procedures you write and the amount of data you want ac- 
tive in your workspace. 

Now your local computer salesperson has one more term 
to confuse you. If the computer doesn't have enough bits and 
bytes for you, hell throw in some nodes at no extra 
charge. 



[a b[c d]] 






Figure 1: The list containing the two atoms "a and "b and 
the list [c d] is shown above in its node representation. Each 
node consists of two 2-byte fields that can be used as data or 
pointers to more data. 



DR Logo incorporates the list-processing capabilities of 
LISP with a syntax that can be learned by children. More 
than the utility (and beauty and simplicity) of turtle 
graphics, it is this list-processing capacity that gives it so 
much power. 

Other important characteristics are shared by Logo 
and LISP. Among these is the ability to extend the 
language through the creation of procedures that are 
treated just as if they were part of the language itself. As 
with some FORTH devotees, many Logo enthusiasts see 
themselves as not writing programs, but as creating new 
"words" in Logo tailored to the solution of their par- 
ticular programming task. While this may appear to be a 
subtle distinction, it has a tremendous effect on program- 
ming style. This style affected the design of Digital 
Research's Logo in several ways, especially in the debug- 
ging and procedure-management tools. 

The Power of DR Logo 

Before showing what Logo procedures look like, we 
will list a few of the characteristics of DR Logo. To pro- 
vide maximum power to the user, we designed the first 



implementation of DR Logo for the 16-bit IBM Personal 
Computer. The use of a 16-bit processor greatly increased 
the amount of workspace available to the user and also 
yielded a modest speed improvement over 8-bit versions 
of the language. A DR Logo user with 192K bytes of 
RAM (random-access read/write memory) has about 
10,000 nodes available for use. (See the text box above.) 
For comparison, an Apple II user running Apple Logo has 
only about 2800 free nodes to work with. It goes without 
saying that sophisticated applications require com- 
parably more workspace than simple ones, and it was im- 
portant to its designers that DR Logo be able to handle 
sophisticated applications. 

In addition to list processing and turtle graphics 
primitives, DR Logo can work with integers (30 bits long 
plus a sign) and both single-precision and double- 
precision floating-point numbers. A full set of 
transcendental functions (log, square root, etc.) allows 
this language to be used for scientific programs as well. 

DR Logo is a superset of Apple Logo and more than 
just a language. A complete programming environment, 
it includes its own operating system, program editor, 



210 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



<-> indicates price decrease 
• indicates new item 

COMPUTERS 



Apple ll-E STARTER SYSTEM $1715o 

Chameleon, Columbia, Compac. Our staff knows!! 

Franklin ACE 1000 with color $985» 

Franklin ACE 1200 - 1 drive, 80 column, Z-80, software. . . $1735 

IBM PC Complete systems start at $2650 

Kaypro II w/Sottware $1595o 

Kaypro II + -400K drives $1875 

NEC APC H02 - green/2 drives $3050o 

NEC APC H03 - color/2 drives $3750^ 

Osborne Double Density $1735o 

Slimline S-100: Z-80, CP/M, 64K, 2 MByte drives . Under $2000 
Syscom II - Apple II Plus Emulator - not a #@! kit $595o 



PRINTERS 

Epson MX-80FT Type III - STILL AVAILABLE $505 

Epson MX-100- w/Graphtrax $685 

Epson FX-80 - 160cps, friction, sprocket $565 

Brother HR-1 A 17cps daisywheel, enhanced $71 So 

F-10 Starwriter - 40cps. Diablo codes $1 195o 

Graphic Printer - 50cps, 5x7 matrix, sprocket $199o 

Mannesmann-Tally 160L - uses Daisy software $775o 

NEC 3550 $1965 

NEC 7730 $2145 

Okidata - uses standard spool type ribbons 

u82A- serial/parallel/friction/sprocket $405o 

u84AP- 200cps, 132 column, parallel $955 

u92 - 160cps, 80 column, parallel 495-c* 

u93 - 160cps, wide $895o 

Prowrlter (C. Itoh 8510A) - 120cps, proportional $372 o 

Prowriter II <C. Itoh 1550A) - wide carriage $665o 

Gemini 10 - 80 column, tOOcps $325o 

Gemini 15-15" wide $455o 

Toshiba #1350 - top of the line dot matrix $1555o 



VIDEOMONITORS 

Amdek 300G $142<> 

Amdek300A $165 

Amdek 31 0G - for IBM monochrome adaptor $175 

Amdek 310A - amber for IBM $185 

Amdek Color 1-13" color composite $294o 

BMC 12" Green - not fancy, but it works $94 

BMC 13" Color - composite $294o 

BMC 13" RGB with card for Apple II+ $395 

Dynax 12" Green (GM-120) - BEST BUY $129 

Dynax 12" Amber (AM-121) - 970 line resolution! $145 

IBM MONOCHROME green $345 

Princeton Graphic* HX-12 RGB for PC $485o 

Taxan VISION-HI - hi-res for IBM & ll-E $533o 



FOR APPLE & FRANKLIN 

Advanced Logic Systems - high performance/low price 

CP/M Card - 2/64K, CP/M 3.0 $290*> 

Z-Card II - list $169 $135 

Smarterm II - list $179 $145 

dBase II (requires CP/M) $419o 

Davong 10 MByte'hard disk - BEST BUY $1695^ 

Davong 18MByte tape backup $1465* 

Dumpling GX - like Grappler+ $105o 

Dumpling 16K - graphics and buffer, expandable $160o 

Grappler + $125o 

Hayes Micromodem II $275 

Hayes Micromodem II with Terminal Program $295 

Magic Window/Wo rd/Calc software pkg $235 

Microsoft MULT1PLAN $192a 

Rana Elite One - YES, it works $265o 

Rana Elite One Pius - with controller $355o 

Rana Elite Two - double storage $435-^ 

Rana Elite Three - quad storage $555o 

Serial Interface $105 

SSM Modemcard w/SOURCE , $285 

SuperCalc $155 

VISTA QUARTET (2 drives, thin, 640K, controller) $615 

Vista V-1200, 6MB removable cartridge system $1225 

Wordstar $185 



MODEMS 

Hayes Smartmodem 300 , $215 

Hayes Smartmodem 1200 - outsells the rest $51 So 

Novation J-CAT $110* 

Novation 103/212 SMART (direct connect) $385« 

Novation 103 SMART (direct connect) 179» 

RIXON R212A - 300/1200 SMART $365* 



64K RAM SETS 

9 CHIPS, FOR IBM 

$50 

PROWRITER 

#8510A PRINTER 

$372 

PC 

64K/320K DRIVE 

$1975 

XT 

$4750 

Some lead. Some don't. 

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trained more technicians f 

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NEC APC 



TV-910-Plus 


$565 


TV-910 


$565 


TV-925 


$725 


TV-950 


$915 


TV-970 


$1095 





Verify prices by phone. Add 2W% tor Visa or Mastercard. 
Add 6%% on California orders. Orders prepaid with 
check, cashiers check, money order or wire transfer are 
shipped prepaid within the Continental U.S. COD's 
require 10% non-refundable deposit (restocking fee). 



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FOR IBM PC 

AST I/O + II Serial, Game, Clock $149a 

AST ComboPlus with 64K, serial, parallel, clock $257o 

AST MegaPlus 64K, serial, parallel, clock S292o 

AST MegaPak 256Kfor MegaPlus $245*> 

Davong 10MByte Hard Disk $1735^- 

Davong 1 8MBYTE TAPE (PC or XT) $1 650* 

dBase II -for PC-DOS $429 

Lotus 1-2-3 . $335 

Keytronics keyboard $195o 

RAM SETS <64K with parity) - EXPANDS ALL IBM $50o 

RIXON PC21 2A MODEM $375* 

Tandon TM100-2 $245o 

TandonTM100-4 - with DOS-FIX $335 

TEAC 320K Half-Height ■ $285 



FOR ATARI 

Printer Cable $35 

Rana Elite 1000 - single/double density floppy $385* 

Serial Cable $35 



S-100 THINUNE COMPUTER SYSTEM 



• Sierra Data Master (Z-80 4MHz, 64K, 2 Serial, Parallel, CP/M) 

• 2 Thinline 8" drives, 2MByte + 6 slot mainframe. 12" x 19" x 10" 
high 

• Add any standard video terminal and printer 

COMPUTER $1955 

Mainframe only -$450 



SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 

Z-80 4MHz Master (64K/2 serial/floppy controller/hard disk port - 

SBC-100 $655 

Z-80 4MHz Slave (2 serial/2 paraltel/64K/EPR0M programmer) - 

SBC-100S $565 

CP/M for Master with BIOS - CPM/BIOS $150 

Turbo-Dos for Master with Slaves - TURBO-DOS $645 



FOR COMMODORE 64 

DATA 20 VideoPakSO - 80 column display $165 

Z-80 VideoPak - CP/M and 80 column $275 

Serial to Parallel Printer Cable $75 



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to 51 2K on-board, 640x325 graphics, green monitor with 
16x13 matrix characters, serial port, parallel port, DOS, Basic, 
and spreadsheet software. 

PC-1 1 drive - list $2595 $2095 

PC-2 2 drives - list $2995 $2375 

PC-HD 10MByte hard disk - list $4495 $3495 

PPC-1 Portable/1 drive - list $2395 $1950 

PPC-2 Portable/2 drives - list $2795 $2250 



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FOR OSBORNE 

Corvus 6MB hard disk $1975 

OSMOS 1 - double density mod $175 

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BYTE June 1983 211 



debugger, and a set of workspace-management tools 
designed to speed the successful implementation of even 
the most convoluted artificial-intelligence program. 

The graphics system is designed to use either the color 
monitor alone or to use the color monitor for turtle 
graphics or mixed text/graphics applications and the 
monochrome monitor for procedure editing, debugging, 
and pure text programs. The color display uses the 320- 
by 200-pixel medium-resolution mode and supports 16 
background colors (eight colors that are either bright or 
dim). It also supports two foreground color sets of four 
colors each. 

A Brief Glimpse at Logo Procedures 

Before describing the editor and workspace- 
management tools, we will examine what a Logo pro- 
cedure looks like by illustrating the creation and 
manipulation of a list. A list in Logo is a collection of 
words, numbers, or lists that are enclosed in square 
brackets. Each item in the list is separated by a space. For 
example, [cow horse sheep snake] is a list; so is [1 1 2 
3 5 8]. The first list consists of the words cow, horse, 
sheep, and snake; the second list consists of the first six 
numbers of the Fibonacci series. A more complex list 
would be [car [dump truck] airplane [railroad engine]], 
in which two of the elements are words (car and airplane) 
and two elements are lists of two words each ([dump 
truck] and [railroad engine]). Also, a list can have one 



word in it ([yellow]) or even be empty ([]). 

In common with other computer languages, Logo 
allows values to be assigned to names. For example, you 
can assign a list to a name with the make command, e.g. : 

make "friends [Pam Roy Pat George] 

The quotation mark is used by Logo to indicate that 
friends is a word, a variable name in this case, and not a 
command. If we tell Logo to 



we will see 



print :friends 



Pam Roy Pat George 



on the screen. The colon in front of friends lets Logo 
know that we want to see what is bound to the variable 
rather than the variable name itself. If we had entered 



print "friends 



we would have seen 



on the screen instead. 



friends 



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BYTE June 1983 213 



Logo, Turtles, and Kids 



Anyone who has watched the personal computer industry 
for the past few years has probably seen the evolution of cer- 
tain myths regarding computer languages. Many devotees of 
BASIC, for example, claim that it is the optimal choice for 
the home user because of its nearly universal adoption as the 
default language for personal computers. The fact that 
BASIC was the only high-level language that was readily 
available incompact form in the late 1970s is not considered 
to be relevant by many users. Fortunately, the recent 
availability of other languages on personal computers (Logo, 
Pascal, FORTH, and PILOT, to name but a few) has afford- 
ed programmers other choices. But some of these languages 
have myths of their own. 

In the case of Logo, the common myth is that it is a turtle 
graphics language designed to be used exclusively by 
children. As evidence in support of this myth, one is pointed 
to Seymour Paperts book Mindstorms. It is true that Papert 
devotes the bulk of his book to the use of turtle graphics as a 
powerful programming and discovery tool for children, and 
that he stresses the accessibility of Logo to the young and in- 
experienced. 

The problem with the Logo myth is that it suggests that 



Logo is exclusively for children's use: As with many myths, 
the reality of the situation is quite different. First, it is true 
that Logo supports turtle graphics. In this regard it is similar 
to some versions of Pascal, PILOT, and FORTH. Note also 
that, while turtle graphics is accessible to children, it also has 
applications of value to advanced programmers as well. 
Anyone who doubts this would benefit from reading Turtle 
Geometry by Abelson and diSessa or Discovering Apple 
Logo by Thornhurg. 

The point is that Logo is no more a "kid's" language than is 
English. Yes, English is the language of "Mary Had a Little 
Lamb, " but it is also the language of Moby Dick and Shake- 
speare's sonnets. 

At its base, Logo is a symbol-manipulation language in the 
finest sense of the word. Rooted in the artificial-intelligence 
language LISP, Logo allows the user to extend its 
vocabulary, to use recursion, and to manipulate various 
types of data in ways that are nearly impossible with 
languages like BASIC. 

It would be a shame if the myth of Logo kept serious pro- 
grammers from exploring a language whose foundation goes 
to the heart of computer science itself. 



You can take lists apart in Logo with commands such 
as first, butfirst, last, and butlast. For example, if we 
enter 



to rotate :list 

output sentence butfirst :list first :list 

end 



print first rfriends 
the screen will show 



The command 



prints 



Pam 



print butfirst :friends 



This procedure accepts a list (denoted by the local 
variable name :iist) and makes a new list starting with all 
but the first word and then appending the first word to 
the end of the list. The sentence primitive (or native in- 
struction) is used to assemble a list from two parts. The 
output command passes the new list back out of the pro- 
cedure to any procedure that used rotate, or to the com- 
mand level. 

Once defined, Logo procedures are treated just as if 
they were part of the language's native vocabulary. For 
example, if you were to enter 



Roy Pat George 



print rotate :friends 



Now that we know a little about lists, let's explore Logo's 
extensibility by creating a new command in the language. 
Suppose you did a lot of work with lists and you found 
that you would like to rotate a list by moving its first ele- 
ment to the rear end and pushing everything else up 
front. We can create a word (e.g., rotate) to do this for 
us. If we had such a procedure, we could make a rotated 
version of friends by entering 

make "neworder rotate :friends 

Because Logo doesn't have a primitive called rotate, we 
can create a procedure with this name that looks like the 
following: 



the list 



Roy Pat George Pam 



would appear on the screen. 

Logo's ability to manipulate lists by taking them apart, 
adding to them, examining their contents, and altering 
their order is central to the use of Logo in the creation of 
knowledge-based programs. For an excellent introduc- 
tion to the use of lists in the creation of a knowledge 
"tree" that "sprouts" new nodes as the program gets 
"smarter," you should read Harold Abelson's discussion 
of the program animals in his book Apple Logo. 

In addition to the ability to perform list processing and 



214 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




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BYTE June 1983 215 



arithmetic, DR Logo also supports an excellent turtle 
graphics environment. While much has been written 
about turtle graphics, especially on its use with children 
(see the text box on page 214), it is important to understand 
that turtle graphics is of tremendous value to expert pro- 
grammers as well. The power of this graphics environ- 
ment comes through its description of the shape of an ob- 
ject as a series of incremental steps that create it. Once a 
procedure describing an object has been written, the ob- 
ject can be displayed at any screen location, orientation, 
and size without having to tamper with the basic descrip- 
tion. For example, the procedure 




Photo 1: An example of turtle graphics with DR Logo. 




Photo 2: Multiple text windows in the debugging mode, with 
the trace function turned on. The upper left window is the Logo 
interpreter where you enter Logo commands. The debug win- 
dow in the upper right displays information on the current pro- 
gram that is running. Output from the program and input that it 
requests are handled by the program window at the bottom. 
The trace function follows the program as it runs, showing the 
level at which a procedure is called, the name of the procedure, 
and the values of variables as they are defined. The island pro- 
cedure being traced has two inputs: a list and a number. This 
shows up as level 1 in the debug window. The gosper sub- 
procedure is called and begins to execute at level 2 with its 
variables, size and limit. The gosper subprocedure is recursive 
and calls a copy of itself that begins executing at level 3. 



to square :size 

repeat 4 [forward :size right 90] 

end 

can be used to create a square at any screen position, 
angular orientation, or size. To draw a square at a given 
place, you first instruct the turtle (a cursor that has both 
position and orientation) to move to a specific x-y coor- 
dinate and heading (angle). Next you type square 50, for 
instance, to create a square with sides 50 units long. This 
property of turtle graphics procedures, coupled with 
Logo's capacity to run recursive programs, has allowed 
the easy exploration of geometrical shapes and their 
properties. See photo 1 for an example of turtle graphics. 

Programming Tools 

DR Logo provides many tools to assist the program- 
mer. While smaller Logo systems can adequately survive 
with a rudimentary procedure editor, larger Logo en- 
vironments benefit from some of the extra tools that 
make program analysis and debugging less tedious. DR 
Logo's procedure editor allows the use of both uppercase 
and lowercase letters for programs and data. Two 
primitives, uppercase and lowercase, allow the conver- 
sion of a word from one case to the other. Also, pro- 
cedure listings can be indented to make decision branches 
and nesting easier to see. While not essential to the crea- 
tion of good programs, such formatted listings are easier 
to read. 

While Logo's syntax generally makes procedures easy 
to read, it is valuable to have comments appended to cer- 
tain program lines. This ability is provided in DR Logo, 
along with the ability to strip these comments from pro- 
cedures with the n of or mat primitive if more workspace is 
needed. If the name or syntax of a Logo primitive or 
editing command is forgotten, online help is available. 

Once procedures are created, DR Logo has several 
primitives that help show how procedures interact with 
each other. This is especially important for those Logo 
enthusiasts who experiment with several coexisting ver- 
sions of procedures before settling on the final choices. 
Most versions of Logo will print the names of resident 
procedures on receiving the pots command (print out 
titles). If, in DR Logo, you enter potl, the workspace will 
be examined for all top-level procedures (those not called 
by other procedures) and their names will be displayed 
on the screen. If you enter pocall followed by the name of 
a procedure, DR Logo will examine the calling structure 
of the named procedure and print the names of the pro- 
cedures used by the one mentioned, as well as the names 
of the procedures used by these secondary procedures, 
and so on until the calling sequence is complete. This 
gives a great deal of information on the internal organiza- 
tion of the Logo workspace. If, on the other hand, you 
enter poref followed by a procedure name, all the pro- 
cedures that reference this name will be found and 
displayed. 

Many Logo programmers create procedures in a 
haphazard sequence. Because a listing of multiple pro- 



216 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



cedures follows the sequence in which they were entered, 
large listings can be hard to assimilate. By using the DR 
Logo follow command, procedures can be resequenced in 
any order, thus allowing large listings to be more easily 
scanned. 

Once you are ready to try a Logo program, DR Logo 
provides additional tools to assist in debugging. One of 
these tools allows the text screen to be split into windows 
corresponding to the command level, a user I/O (in- 
put/output) port, and the debugger (see photo 2). The 
trace command traces the procedure and displays what is 
happening and at what level the procedure is relative to 
the top (command) level. Because a single recursive pro- 
cedure (that calls a copy of itself) may oscillate through 
many levels, knowing the level at which an error occurs 
is helpful when fixing the fault. The command watch 
allows single-step execution of a procedure with the abili- 
ty to change values and see the effect of each statement. 
See photo 3 for an example of the watch function. 

The use of multiple text windows in debugging is only 
one application for this powerful tool. The development 
of good window-management tools can, by itself, in- 
crease the simplicity, flexibility, and power of this pro- 
gramming environment. 

Applying DR Logo in Education 

Perhaps because of its historic use as a discovery tool 
for children (and because of the typically small 
workspace found with most implementations), Logo is 
not generally perceived as an applications language. It is 
anticipated that DR Logo will prove to be an exception in 
this regard. 

The educational applications for Logo have typically 
focused on the use of turtle graphics. The beauty of turtle 
graphics is that children simultaneously acquire skills in 
programming, geometry, and art. Many children who 
are "turned off" by math have discovered it to be an ex- 
citing field through their exploration with turtle graphics. 
Furthermore, it has been found that once a child uses 
Logo to discover new ways of thinking about mathemat- 
ics, this new way of thinking continues to produce 
beneficial results — even if the child is no longer exposed 
to Logo. 

In the physical sciences, Logo can be used to construct 
microworlds in which bodies obey different natural laws, 
such as gravitation. By exploring these artificial 
microworlds, children can develop better intuitions 
about the properties of their own corner of the universe. 
(See "Designing Computer-Based Microworlds" by R. W. 
Lawler on page 138 of the August 1982 BYTE devoted to 
Logo.) 

Given Logo's powerful list-processing capability, one 
would expect it to be of value in the language arts as well. 
To pick one simple example, suppose a child created 
several lists called nouns, verbs, adjectives, articles, 
etc., and assigned appropriate words to each list. The 
word order in each list can be randomized with the shuf- 
fle command, and a random sentence can be constructed 
by assembling words from each list in a syntactically 



TmImI 

In anioal, pr (Think of an anioal. 



■•• it ay aakina ovoatlo 



Think of «■ anioal. I wlti try to ««••• it ky ttklftf foottlona 

in anioal, ckooco.kraock :knoulo« , |o 

In ckooao.kranck, If ( wrif -mi* ) tfooai <'*o4« otopl 

Io cfcooM. knock, Mko "rotponso aak.yoa.or.o© < ooootlon :oo4o ) 

lo qoootioo, op flrot noio 

Io aok.yoa.or.no, pr : foot t I on 

loot it kork 

Io «ik. yoo.or.no, ouko "Input roailltt 

aak.yoa. or. oo, if : inpot = lyoil lop (yoa)J : lopot 
ol 

In tsk.yna.or.no, if '. li A 

Io aak.yoa. or. oo, if : inpot a (no! lop [• 



ll)=M| 12/87/81 |tk:2l:4S| 



Photo 3: The watch function lets you interact with a program 
line by line as opposed to the trace function that runs con- 
tinuously. The animal procedure is being run while the watch 
function is on. (The question mark on the first line is the Logo 
prompt.) The name of the current procedure being called is 
given at the beginning of each line. This is followed by a line 
from the procedure that is about to be executed. You can hit the 
return key to execute that line or you can type in a Logo com- 
mand to display values that the procedure is using. Program in- 
put and output occur separately on their own lines. 



valid order. Legitimate nonsense sentences can be 
automatically generated in this fashion (e.g., No yellow 
toad smells tall people.) while bringing the child to look 
at and solve the structure of English. 

The educational value of this program can be seen on 
several levels. First, if the child creates the lists of words, 
a misplaced word will show up as a misplaced part of 
speech. Having a verb appear when a noun is expected 
results in an obviously invalid sentence structure. The 
result is a self-reinforcing mechanism for learning the 
parts of speech. Second, the student can learn to identify 
valid sentence forms without sample words (sort of the 
reversal of the traditional parsing process). This helps to 
cement sentence structure concepts as well. Finally, the 
student learns some of the challenges awaiting those who 
want to create natural-language interfaces between peo- 
ple and computers. 

DR Logo in Business 

While Logo is not usually thought of as a language for 
business applications, DR Logo has several characteris- 
tics that may change this perception. The creation of an 
interactive illustration generator using an inexpensive 
graphics tablet is quite easy in DR Logo. Photo 4 shows a 
possible display of business graphics, and listing 1 is the 
program that produced it. 

In addition to business graphics, the list-processing 
capability of DR Logo makes it suitable for database 
management. In fact, one might envision incorporating 
some of the results of research in natural-language 
understanding to generate a query system that responds 
to questions such as: "If we increase our salaries by 10 



June 1983 © BYTB Publications Inc 217 




Photo 4: An example of business graphics possible with DR 
Logo. The program that produces this picture is in listing 1. 



percent this year and increase our sales by 20 percent next 
month, what will our profit be in the fourth quarter?" 

There is no question that many business applications 
will be found for DR Logo, but it is premature to set 
limits on the scope of these applications. 

DR Logo in Artificial Intelligence 

There has been much talk lately about knowledge- 
based or "expert" systems. The noble efforts of personal 
computer software experts notwithstanding, sophisticat- 
ed microcomputer programs that can adapt to various 
queries are few and far between. The major reason for 
this is the inadequacy of most computer languages for 
dealing with the types of data and operations natural to 
adaptive systems. Because of DR Logo's close connection 
with LISP, we expect to see artificial-intelligence tech- 
niques appearing in personal computer software rather 
than being limited to university and large industrial 
research centers as they have in the past. 

This movement is valuable for several reasons. First, it 
will help to demystify artificial-intelligence research. Sec- 
ond, it will result in the application of advances in ar- 
tificial intelligence to the development of practical pro- 
grams. To pick one example, suppose you had a com- 
puter program (called car repair) that allowed the follow- 
ing dialogue: 

User: I hear noises when I steer the car. 

Computer: Do you think the problem is in your 
steering mechanism? 

User: Yes, I think so. 

Computer: Do you have power steering? 

User: Yes. 

Computer: Is the noise loudest when you turn the 
steering wheel? 



User: Yes, but I hear it when the car is idling too. 

Computer: You should check the level of your 
steering fluid before proceeding. Do you know 
how to do that? 

User: Yes. 

Computer: Fine. Check the fluid level. If it is low, 
fill the reservoir and see if the problem is fixed, 
otherwise we will continue to explore other 
causes. 

Programs that allow this type of interaction can be used 
for many diagnostic applications and might be far more 
valuable applications for home computers than 
checkbook balancers or recipe files. 

Domestic applications for artificial intelligence repre- 
sent a sleeping giant. The list-processing capability and 
large workspace of DR Logo will allow this giant to be 
awakened and will enable the creation of a whole new 
class of applications software. 

DR Logo is the first of a new family of languages that 
promises not only to change our programming style, but 
to alter the way we think about computing itself. ■ 



About the Authors 

David Thornburg is an author and lecturer who has been actively in- 
volved in the development and support of user-friendly programming 
environments. His most recent book, Discovering Apple Logo, shows 
how Logo can be used to explore the art and patterns of nature. 

Gary Kildall is the president of Digital Research Inc. He is active in 
research and was the developer of CP/M, Digital Research's version of 
PL/ 1, and DR Logo. 



References 



Logo: 



2. 



3. 
4. 

5. 



Abelson, Harold. Apple Logo. Hightstown, NJ: BYTE/McGraw- 
Hill, 1982. 

Abelson, Harold and Andrea diSessa. Turtle Geometry: The 
Computer as a Medium for Exploring Mathematics. Cambridge, 
MA: MIT Press, 1981. 
BYTE. August 1982. 

Papert, Seymour. Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Power- 
ful Ideas. New York: Basic Books, 1980. 
Thornburg, David. Discovering Apple Logo: An Invitation to the 
Art and Pattern of Nature. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1983. 



Artificial Intelligence: 

1. Bundy, A., ed. Artificial Intelligence: An Introductory Course. 
New York: North Holland, 1978. 

2. Winston, Patrick. Artificial Intelligence. Reading, MA: Addison- 
Wesley, 1977. 

LISP: 

1. BYTE. August 1979. 

2. McCarthy, John et al. LISP 1.5 Programmers Manual. Cam- 
bridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965. 

3. Winston, Patrick and Berthold Horn. LISP. Reading, MA: 
Addison-Wesley, 1981. 



218 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE June 1983 219 




We hereby certify that your purchase from Discount Software represents 
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Discount Price 






CP/M 






ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 

Medical (PAS-3) $849 

Dental (PAS-3) $849 

ASHTON-TATE 

§AO*} dBASEII... 
^ ■ ■ call for price 

Financial Planner $595 

Bottom Line Strategist $349 

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Intel MPS $135 

5 149 Northstar 

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v ■jJi? (p&T) 

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(each) $399 

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Other. Less 10% 

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Select $495 

The Word $65 

^ 145 TheWordp|us 

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1 



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DISPLAYWRITER 



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Wordstar . $289 

Spellstar $199 

Mailmerge $199 

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Textwriter III. $189 

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Final Word $270 

LANGUAGES & UTILITIES" 

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Move-it $129 

BSTAM or BSTMS $149 

Pascal MT+ /86, SPP $679 

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Trans 86 $115 

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MBasic (MSDOS) $329 

MBasic Compiler (MSDOS). .$329 

Both $629 

CBasic Compiler (MSDOS). . . $495 

Cobol (MSDOS) $649 

Pascal (MSDOS) $429 



Fortran (MSDOS) $429 

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Visi plot/trend $259 

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dBase II Call 4?? 

Condor Q & R, Others Call 

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Optimizer $1 74 

Desktop Plan . $259 



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SOFTWARE 







i^pi 






SP&siS 



Listing 1: A DR Logo business-graphics program. See photo 4 for an example of the screen display. Note the indentation and embed- 
ded comments possible with DR Logo. 

to graphics 

; A sample business graphics program for bar graphs 

make "screen. height 198 

make "yf actor .25 

make "z factor .575 

make "zdeg 22.5 

make "xmin -139 

make "xxnax 139 

make "ymin -79 

make "ymax 119 

make "return char 13 

get .request 

end 

to get. request 

(local "reply "h.or.v "s.or.o "2. or. 3) 

cleartext 

make "reply prompt [Horizontal or vertical bars (h or v)] "char 

if : reply = "h 

[make "h.or.v "h] 

[make "h.or.v n v] 
if : reply = : return 

[stop] 
make "reply prompt [Solid or open bars (s or o)] "char 
if : reply ■ "s 

[make "s.or.o "s] 

[make "s.or.o "o] 
if : reply ■ : return 

[stop] 
make "reply prompt [2 or 3 dimensional (2 or 3)] "char 
if : reply = 2 

[make "2. or. 3 2] 

[make "2. or. 3 3] 
if : reply «■ : return 

[stop] 
make : reply prompt [Values to be graphed] "list 
if "reply - [ ] 

[stop] 
bar. graph : h.or.v : s.or.o :2.or.3 : reply 
get . request 
end 

to prompt :text :type 
local "reply 
( type : text " : char 32 ) 
if :type - "char 

[make "reply readchar print : reply output s reply] 

[output readlist] 
end 

to bar. graph : h.or.v : s.or.o :2.or.3 ; values 

cleartext 

(local "max. value "min. value "origin "width "depth "axis "reply 

"graph. width "graph. height "proc "spacing) 
if emptyp : values 

[stop] 
make "max. value ,..-,*■ a ->->a 

Listing 1 continued on page 224 
222 Juw i«3 © byte Publication, inc Circle 360 on Inquiry card.^^ 



Don't let pric0 get in the way 



.iw\\wuwii\m\\viiwm 



Adding a printer to your computer makes 
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Here's a refreshing option — the new, compact 
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Listing 1 continued: 

make "min. value 999999999 
if :h.or.v = "h 

[make "origin list rxmin rymax make "graph. height : screen. width 

make "graph. width : screen. height make "axis 90] 
if :h.or.v = "v 

[make "origin list :xmin :ymin make "graph. height : screen. height 

make "graph. width ; screen, width make "axis 0] 
if r2.or.3 = 2 

[make "spacing (: graph . width / count : values) * :yf actor] 

[make "spacing (: graph. width / count rvalues) * rzfactor] 
if ;2.or.3 = 2 

[make "rwidth (: graph. width / count rvalues) * (1 - ryfactor)] 

[make ": width ( : graph, width / count rvalues) * (1 - :zf actor)] 
make "depth : width * :zfactor 
minmax rvalues 

make "values scale rvalues r graph. height * .8 / r max. value 
cleanup 

penup setpos r origin pendown 
if rh.or.v = "h 

[line [] list r screen. width ycor] 

[line [] list xcor r screen. height] 
penup setpos r origin pendown 

draw. bars raxis r width r spacing r2.or.3 rvalues 
splitscreen 
setcursor [0 23] 
type [Return to continue] 
make "reply readchar 
end 

to minmax : list 
if emptyp rlist 

[stop] 
if first rlist > r max. value 

[make "max. value first rlist] 
if first rlist < r min. value 

[make "min. value first rlist] 
minmax butfirst rlist 
end 

to scale rlist r factor 
if emptyp : list 
[output []] 
output sentence ( r factor * first rlist) scale butfirst rlist r factor 
end 

to cleanup 

hideturtle 

setbg 6 

penup 

home 

clean 

pendown 

end 

to draw. bars raxis : width r spacing :2.or.3 rvalues 

if emptyp rvalues 
[stop] 

setheading axxs 

draw. 1. bar rs.or.o r2.or.3 first rvalues r width r depth rzdeg 

Listing 1 continued on page 226 

224 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 





^TB Home Computer* 
This is the one? 



A lot of computers offer a lot. Only one 
in its price range offers the most. The TI 
Home Computet 

Better to begin with. Anyone can start 
right away with our Solid State Software™ 
Command Cartridges. Dozens of programs 
are available in home management, educa- 
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Easy to expand. Our Peripheral Expan- 
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memory expansion, P-Code capabilities, a 
disk drive controller and the RS2 32 Inter- 
face. You can also add a modem, speech 



synthesizer, disk drive and 80 column dot 
matrix printer. 

Programming flexibility. TI BASIC is 
built into the Home Computer. But it can 
also handle TI Extended BASIC, UCSD 
Pascal* Version IV.O, TI LOGO II, TMS 
9900 Assembly Language and TI PILOT. 
Programs can be stored in the optional 
Mini Memory Command Cartridge. 

High-Tech specs. 16-bit microprocessor, 
16K bytes RAM (expandable to 5 2K). 
26K bytes internal ROM, up to 30K bytes 
external ROM. 3 simultaneous tones from 



1 10 HZ to 40,000 HZ. High resolution video. 
U. <Si I.e. Single line overlay for 2nd function. 
Control & function keys. 16 color graphics 
with 4 modes & sprites. 

Sound impressive? Compare a TI Home 
Computer with the competition and really 
be impressed. You won't even 
need a computer to tell you this 
is the one. ,_^ 

Iexas 
Instruments 



aiiu icany 



© 1982 Texas Instruments 



*UCSD Pascal is a trademark of the Regents ot the University or California 



Listing 1 continued: 

setheading saxis + 90 

forward : spacing + : width 

draw. bars :axis : width : spacing :2.or.3 butfirst : values 

end 

to draw. 1. bar :s.or.o : 2. or. 3 : height : width :depth :zdeg 

(local "origin "direction) 
make "origin pos 
make "direction heading 
if :s.or.o = "o 

[make "proc "open. bar] 

[make "proc "solid. bar] 
run (list :proc sheight swidth) 
if 2. or. 3 - 2 

[stop] 
forward : height 
right 90 - szdeg 
forward : depth 
right :zdeg 
forward : width 
right 180 - :zdeg 
forward : depth 
back : depth 
left 90 - :zdeg 
forward : height 
right 90 - :zdeg 
forward : depth 

penup setpos : origin pendown 
setheading : direction 
end 

to open. bar : height : width 

repeat 2 [forward -.height right 90 forward : width right 90] 

end 

to line :posl :pos2 

if not emptyp :posl 

[penup setpos ;posl pendown] 
make "posl pos 
setheading towards :pos2 
forward sqrt sum 

sq ((first :posl) - (first :pos2)) 

sq ((last :posl) - (last :pos2)) 
end 

to sq mum 

output :num * :num 

end 

to solid. bar : height : width 

( local "course "origin ) 

make "course heading 

make "origin pos 

repeat : width / 2 [forward : height right 90 forward 1 right 90 

forward : height left 90 penup forward 1 pendown left 90] 
if remainder : width 2=1 

[ forward : height ] 
penup setpos : origin pendown 
setheading : course 
end 

226 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



System Saver 

The most important peripheral for your Apple n and lie. 



!!f 



I 



For Line Surge Suppression 

The SYSTEM SAVER provides es- 
sential protection to hardware and 
data from dangerous power surges 
and spikes. 



SYSTEM SAVER f t 

APPLE I! / 



By connecting the Apple II 
power input through the SYSTEM 
SAVER, power is controlled in two 
ways: 1) Dangerous voltage spikes 
are clipped off at a safe 130 Volts 
RMS/175 Volts dc level. 2) High fre- 
quency noise is smoothed out be- 
fore reaching the Apple II . A PI type 
filter attenuates common mode 
noise signals by a minimum of 
30 dB from 600 khz to 20 mhz, with 
a maximum attenuation of 50 dB. 



For Cooling 

As soon as you add 80 columns or 
more memory to your Apple II you 
need SYSTEM SAVER. 

Today's advanced peripheral 
cards generate more heat. In addi- 
tion, the cards block any natural air 
flow through the Apple II creating 
high temperature conditions that 
substantially reduce the life of the 
cards and the computer itself. 



For Operating Efficiency 

SYSTEM SAVER contains two 
switched power outlets. As shown 
m the diagram, the SYSTEM 
SAVER efficiently organizes your 
system so that one convenient, 
front mounted 
power switch 
controls SYSTEM 
SAVER, Apple E, 
monitor and printer. 



Available in 220/240 Volt 50 Hz 



Si 

r —i' \w -\ 




SYSTEM SAVER provides cor- 
rect cooling. An efficient, quiet fan 
draws fresh air across the mother 
board, over the power supply and 
out the side ventilation slots. 



The heavy duty switch has a 
pilot light to alert when system is 
on.You'll never use the Apple power 
switch again! 



Easy Installation 



Just clips on. 
No mounting or 
hardware required. 
Color matched 
to Apple n. 




PATENT PENDING 



Compatible with Apple Stand 




$89.95 at your local dealer or order direct 
by phone or mail. 

For phone or mail orders include $2.50 for 
handling. New York State residents add sales 
tax. i VISA and MASTERCARD accepted. 
Dealer inquiries invited. Circle 211 on inquiry card. 

Kensington Microware Ltd. 

919 Third Avenue, New York NY 10022 

(212) 486-7707 Telex: 236200 KEN UR 

fim KENSINGTON 
»" MICROWARE 









If your printer uses your Apple 

more than you do, 

you need The Bufferboard. 



If your Apple is locked into the "PRINT" 
mode so much that you've taken up soli- 
taire to kill the boredom, you need a 
buffer. And if your computer is the Apple 
II or III, the only buffer for you is The 
Bufferboard. Expandable to 64K of stor- 
age, The Bufferboard stores an instantane- 
ous bucketful of print data from your 
computer Then it feeds the data to your 
printer at its own printing rate. Your Apple 
is set free from driving your printer and is 
ready for more data from you. 



or expensive power supplies are needed 
because The Bufferboard fits right into 
your Apple — and docks onto your existing 
printer interface. The result is convenient 





Take your existing interface — 
and buffer it! 

Only The Bufferboard has a simple 
Interface-Docking System. No bulky boxes 



and economical buffering of most popu- 
lar printer interfaces, including the 
Grappler + ™ interface, Epson interface, 
and Apple printer interlace. Thirty sec- 
onds and a single hook-up are all you need 
to end the printer waiting game forever. 

Up to 20 letter-size pages 
stored at a time. 

The Bufferboard comes standard with 
16K, and is expandable to 32K or 64K of 
buffering capacity with the addition of 




memory chips. This "bucket" will hold up 
to 20 pages of a print job, allowing you 
freedom to use your Apple. 

The Bufferboard— designed 
exclusively for the Apple Computer. 

Specifications; 

• Versions for Grappler + interface, Epson 
interface, Apple interface, and other popu- 
lar printer interfaces • 16K buffer standard 

• Upgradeable to 32K or 64K • Automatic 
memory configuration • Automatic self 
test • Includes interface docking cable. 

The Bufferboard is made by Orange 
Micro, Inc. ; the same people who brought 
you the popular Grappler + printer inter- 
face. Both the Grappler + and The 
Bufferboard are now available at your 
local Apple dealer. 



ggOrange micro 

1400 N. Lakeview, Anaheim, CA 92807 
U.S.A. (714) 779-2772 
TELEX: 183511 CSMA 



Jhe 




Apple is a registered trademark of Apple, Inc. 

Epson is a registered trademark of Epson America, Inc. 



For Apples and Printers 

Circle 289 on inquiry card. 

©Orange Micro, Inc. 1983. 



I 




* a 



APTUR 



COMPLETELY REDESIGNED. 
NOW, THE GRAPPLER + . 
The original Grappler was the first 
graphics interface to give you hi-res 
screen dumps from your keyboard. 
The new Grappler + adds flexibility 
with on-board printer selection and 
23 different commands for text and 
graphics. Exclusive Dual Hi-Res 
Graphics allow a side-by-side printout 
of graphics pages 1 and 2. 

The Grappler + is compatible with the 
Apple II, II + , lie and III* computers. 
Its extensive printer menu has been 
expanded to include the Apple Dot 
Matrix, Okidata 84 and Star Gemini, 
along with most popular printers. 
In addition, the IDS Grappler + is 
currently available with color 
capability, including color graphics 
screen dumps. 

UP TO 64K BUFFER OPTION 
An optional But f erboard can now be 
added to all existing Grappler and 
Grappler + interfaces. See your Apple 
Dealer for details. 

* Requires additional software driver. 
© Orange Micro, Inc. 1983 




ACTUAL APPLE II PRINTOUT USING GRAPPLER AND EPSON MX100 

WithThe 

Grappler + 

Printer interface 




Circle 290 on inquiry card 



Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 



NOW AVAILABLE 
THE BUFFERED 
GRAPPLER + 

The best of both worlds. . .the 
Buffered Grappler + 

All of the popular Grappler + 
features with the time-saving 
benefits of a printer buffer. 

•16K of Buffer 

• Expandable to 64K 

• Interfaces with all popular dot 
matrix printers 

Make the most of your Apple and 
printer, with the Grappler + or the 
Buffered Grappler + . 



Orange fflkro 

^ inc. 



1400 N. Lakeview Ave., 
Anaheim, CA 92807 U.S.A. 
(714) 779-2772 Telex: 183511 CSMA 
Foreign Dealer Inquiries Welcome 



An Inside Look at MS-DOS 

The design decisions behind the popular operating system 



The purpose of a personal com- 
puter operating system is to provide 
the user with basic control of the 
machine. A less obvious function is to 
furnish the user with a high-level, 
machine-independent interface for 
application programs, so that those 
programs can run on two dissimilar 
machines, despite the differences in 
their peripheral hardware. Having 
designed an 8086 microprocessor card 
for the S-100 bus and not finding an 
appropriate disk operating system on 
the market, Seattle Computer Prod- 
ucts set about designing MS-DOS. 
Today MS-DOS is the most widely 
used disk operating system for per- 
sonal computers based on Intel's 8086 
and 8088 microprocessors. 

MS-DOS Design Criteria 

The primary design requirement of 
MS-DOS was CP/M-80 translation 
compatibility, meaning that, if an 
8080 or Z80 program for CP/M were 
translated for the 8086 according to 
Intel's published rules, that program 
would execute properly under MS- 
DOS. Making CP/M-80 translation 
compatibility a requirement served to 
promote rapid development of 8086 
software, which, naturally, Seattle 
Computer was interested in. There 
was partial success: those software 
developers who chose to translate 
their CP/M-80 programs found that 
they did indeed run under MS-DOS, 



Tim Paterson 

Seattle Computer Products 

1114 Industry Dr. 

Seattle, WA 98188 

often on the first try. Unfortunately, 
many of the software developers 
Seattle Computer talked to in the 
earlier days preferred to simply ig- 
nore MS-DOS. Until the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer was announced, 
these developers felt that CP/M-86 
would be the operating system of 
8086/8088 computers. 

Other concerns crucial to the 
design of MS-DOS were speed and ef- 
ficiency. Efficiency primarily means 
making as much disk space as possi- 
ble available for storing data by mini- 
mizing waste and overhead. The 
problem of speed was attacked three 
ways: by minimizing the number of 
disk transfers, making the needed 
disk transfers happen as quickly as 
possible, and reducing the DOS's 
"compute time," considered overhead 
by an application program. The en- 
tire file structure and disk interface 
were developed for the greatest speed 
and efficiency. 

The last design requirement was 
that MS-DOS be written in assembly 
language. While this characteristic 
does help meet the need for speed and 
efficiency, the reason for including it 
is much more basic. The only 8086 
software-development tools available 
to Seattle Computer at that time were 
an assembler that ran on the Z80 
under CP/M and a monitor/de- 
bugger that fit into a 2K-byte 
EPROM (erasable programmable 



read-only memory). Both of these 
tools had been developed in house. 

MS-DOS Organization 

The core of MS-DOS is a device- 
independent input /output (I/O) han- 
dler, represented on a system disk by 
the hidden file MSDOS.SYS. It ac- 
cepts requests from application pro- 
grams to do high-level I/O, such as 
sequential or random access of named 
disk files, or communication with 
character devices such as the console. 
The handler processes these requests 
and converts them to a very low level 
form that can be handled by the I/O 
system. Because MSDOS.SYS is 
hardware independent, it is nearly 
identical in all MS-DOS versions pro- 
vided by manufacturers with their 
equipment. Its relative location in 
memory is shown in figure 1. 

The I/O system is totally device 
dependent and is represented on the 
disk by the hidden file IO.SYS. It is 
normally written by hardware manu- 
facturers (who know their equipment 
best, anyway) with the notable excep- 
tion of IBM, whose I/O system was 
written to IBM's specifications by 
Microsoft. The tasks required of the 
I/O system, such as outputting a 
single byte to a character device or 
reading a contiguous group of 
physical disk sectors into memory, 
are as simple as possible. 

The command processor furnishes 



230 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



Circle 122 on Inquiry card.. 



Before you buy a printer 
look at the fine print. 



There's a big difference in printers, and the proof 
is right before your eyes. 

This is an actual printout from Digital's Letterprinter 100. 
As you can see, it's good enough to send out to customers. 

But that's not all the Letterprinter 100 can do. 
Suppose, for instance, you're in a hurry. 

Just push a button and you can print out a whole page or draft copy 

IN LESS THAN TEN SECONDS. 

There are other fine points. You can see how the Letterprinter 

100 can print multiple typefaces. It can also print in BOLD, 

double-width and condensed , And do all these styles 

automatically, without stopping. And with its wide range of graphics 

capabilities, you can even draw your own conclusions. 
15. 0- 




You simply can't find a more versatile printer than the 
Letterprinter 100. And it's just one of a family of printers we offer 
for Digital's personal computers and video terminals. Including 
a daisy-wheel printer, the LQP02, and a low-cost Personal Printer, 
the LAS st I make you look good on paper, 

rv-v that fo\ ' « i &ad I .<■ fine i Lnt, see our fine r -:ars. 
;4ll l-809TPIgITAL« extension 700., for the distributor near you. 

write Digital Equipment. Corporation., Terminals Product Group f 
rme,UP01-5, Ma 



the standard interface between the 
user and MS-DOS and is contained in 
the visible file COMMAND.COM. 
The processor's purpose is to accept 
commands from the console, figure 
out what they mean, and execute the 
correct sequence of functions to get 
the job done. It is really just an or- 
dinary application program that does 
its work using only the standard MS- 
DOS function requests. In fact, it can 
be replaced by any other program 
that provides the needed user inter- 
face. 

There are, however, two special 
features of the COMMAND file. 
First, it sets up all basic error trapping 
for either hard-disk errors or the Con- 
trol-C abort command. MSDOS.SYS 
provides no default error handling 
but simply traps through a vector 
that must have been previously set. 
Setting the trap vector and providing 
a suitable error response is up to 
COMMAND (or whatever program 
might be used to replace it). 

The second special feature is that 
COMMAND splits itself into two 
pieces, called the resident and tran- 



COMMAND 



TRANSIENT 



PROGRAM MEMORY 



COMMAND RESIDENT 



MS-DOS 



I/O SYSTEM 



INTERRUPT VECTORS 



-TOP OF MEMORY 



00400 
00000 



Figure 1: Map of memory areas as as- 
signed by MS-DOS. 



sient sections. The resident, which 
sits just above MS-DOS in low 
memory, is the essential code and in- 



cludes error trapping, batch-file pro- 
cessing, and reloading of the tran- 
sient. The transient interprets user 
commands; it resides at the high end 
of memory where it can be overlaid 
with any applications program (some 
of which need as much memory as 
they can get). This feature is of 
limited value in systems with large 
main memory, and it need not be im- 
itated by programs used as a replace- 
ment for COMMAND. 

COMMAND provides both a use- 
ful set of built-in commands and the 
ability to execute program files 
located on the disk. Any file ending 
with the extensions .COM, .EXE, or 
.BAT can be executed by COM- 
MAND simply by typing the first 
part of the file name (without exten- 
sion). You can normally enter 
parameters for these programs on the 
command line, as with any of the 
built-in commands. Overall, the ef- 
fect is to give you a command set that 
can be extended almost without limit 
just by adding the command as a pro- 
gram file on the disk. 

The three different extensions 



MODEMS/CRTS/PRINTERS/SWITCHES/MICRO COMPUTERS/CABLES 



PRODUCT DESCRIPTION 



LIST YOUR COST 



UDS 103LP, 300 bps. Modem 

UDS 202 LP, 1200 bps, Half Duplex Modem 

UDS 212LP, 1200 bps. Full Duplex (21 2A) Modem 

U.S, Robotics Auto Dial 212A, 300/1200 Full Duplex Modem 

Incomm Auto Dial 212A, 300/1200 Full Duplex Modem 

Cermetec Auto Dial 212A, 300/1200 Full Duplex Modem 

Microband Auto Dial 21 2A, 300/1200 Full Duplex Modem 

Rixon Intelligent Modem, 300/1200 (10 Number) 

Rixon PC 21 2A (IBM PC Modem Card) 300/1200 

Incomm Multi Dial 300/1200 (10 Number ) 

U.S. Robotics Password 300/1200 (Auto Dial) Modem 

U.S. Robotics Courier, Osborne, 300/1200 Modem 

U.S. Robotics S 100, 300/1200 Auto Dial Modem 



Visual 50 CRT 695 

Freedom 100 CRT, w/20 F, keys & Editing 595 

Incomm Remote Station I, w/ Integrated 3U0/1200 Modem 1295 



Epson MX80/Graftrax + 

Epson MX80 FT/Graftrax + 

Epson MXIOO/Graftrax + 

Epson FX-80 

Star Micronics Gemini 10 

Star Micronics Gemini 15 

AJ Letter Quality Printer, 30 CPS (KSR) 



650 
700 
900 
750 
399 



Incomm AB Switch, 8 Pin 
Incomm AB Switch, 25 Pin 
Incomm ABC Switch, 25 Pin 



IDS Breakout Box (Blue Box) 
Incomm Breakout Box (Bob) 



159 
150 



Epson, HX-20-AA 
Epson QX-10/256K 
Zenith Z 100 



U.S. Robotics Telpac 

Rixon PC Com 1 (IBM PC Software) 



700 
656 
350 
548 
1250 



84 
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Wheeling, IL 60090 31Z-459-»Sbb 



1.800-323-2666 

We Welcome: •Visa, Mastercharge 
•Checks 
•Company P.O. 
•C.O.D. (Add. S1,50/Shipment) 



T-7MM, 7 Pin, 4 Wire, Telephone Cable (Modular Plugs) 10 7 

S-975, Modular Double Adapter 7 5 

EIA 9/5, RS 232, 9 Pin Cable, 5 FT MM/FF/MF 1 5 12 

EIA 25/5, RS 232, 25 Pin Cable, 25 FT MM/FF/MF 22 14 

E I A 50/5, Centronics Parallel Cable, 5 FT (36 Pin) 30 21 

MC 0050/10, Centronics 10 Ft. MM Cable, 36 Pin (10 FT) 38 25 

7010/5. IBM PC Printer Cable w/36 Pin 40 22 

8010/5 Apple II Printer Cable w/36 Pin 27 18 

9010/5, Atari Printer Cable w/36 Pin 30 21 



] 



ZX FORTH 



Simplicity of BASIC with the speed 
of machine code! 



A complete implementation of the FORTH language for 
the ZX81 and TS1000 computer. FORTH's most dis- 
tinctive feature is its flexability. It can turn your computer 
into a "word processor". The basic unit is the WORD — 
the programmer uses existing WORDS to define his 
own which can then be used in further definitions. This 
makes program development much faster than other 
languages. FORTH is an interactive complied language 
that expands the capabilities of your own ZX81/TS1000. 
Programs run up to 10 times faster than BASIC. The 
more programs you have written, the more words, 
therefore you can draw on those for further programs. 
FORTH is supplied on cassette and is accompanied by 
a 56 page users manual and an 8 page editors manual. 

Z43 $29.95 



Cat! toll free 1 -800-833-8400 

N.Y. (716)874-5510 

In Canada call toll free 1-800-268-3640 



GLSDSTOnE- r€LECTROniCS 



1585 Kenmore Ave., Buffalo, N.Y. 14217 
Cheques or money orders. No C.O.D.s. Add shipping 

In Canada: 1736 Avenue Rd., Toronto, Ont. M5M 3Y7 Canada: Prices may vary 



232 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 452 on inquiry card. 



Circle 451 on inquiry card. 



INSTANT 

BUSINESS GRAPHICS 
WOW PROFESSIONALS. 



$795. Personal Plotter 
Makes Waves. 

When Whiz Kid Richard 
Murray invented the Personal 
Plotter™, he wanted it to per- 
form every graphic task pro- 
fessionals would ever need. 

And, he wanted it to 
be easily plug-com- 
patible with Apple', 
IBM*, Osborne* and 
most other per- 
sonal computers. 
He also wanted it 
to come complete 
with software, and slip 
neatly into a briefcase. 

Well, because he is 
a Whiz Kid, Richard 
Murray's plotter does 
all of these 
things— all for 
a nifty $795. 



Introducing the 
Sweet-P™ Personal 
Plotter 

More Presentable 
Presentations. 

With Sweet-P you quickly 
create, store and draw colorful 
pie charts, bar graphs, line 
graphs and illustrations. On 
any type of paper up to 10 
feet long. On overhead 
wansparency material. At 
mmazing speeds of up to 
Jo inches per second. 
* All of which makes 
§weet-P an articulate busi- 
artner who quietly 
r gu look very, 
very good. 





for Success. 

Not familiar with how a plotter 
works. Not to worry. Sweet- 
Plot™ I Software will have you 
drawing standard graphs in min- 
utes. And, for complex business 
graphics there's Sweet-Plot II by 
Business and Professional Soft- 
ware, Inc. With a few keystrokes, 
it lets you extract and graph data 
you Ve already Graphics- 

generated with 
VisiCalc K or other 
software. Now you 
can compare busi- 
ness and financial 
results,graph 
perfor- 
mance 
against pro- 
jections and 
even plot tren 

So, when you 
the personal plotter that means 
business, plug into the very 
professional Sweet-P. 

Your local computer 
pre will show you 
hw it makes good 

pusiness sense, 
instantly 





!t-P Personal Computer and Sweet-Plot are trademarks of Enter Computer Inc c Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer I no. c IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines 
forp I Osborne is a trademark of Osborne Computer Corporation ' BPS Business Graphics is a trademark of Business and Professional Software, Inc. c VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VtsiCorp 



allowed on program files represent 
different internal file formats. 

• .COM files are pure binary pro- 
grams that will run in any 8086 mem- 
ory segment; in order for this to be 
possible, the program and data would 
ordinarily have to be entirely in one 
64K-byte segment. 

• .EXE files include a header with 
relocation information so that the 
program may use any number of seg- 
ments; all intersegment references are 
adjusted at load time to account for 
the actual load segment. 

• .BAT (batch) files are text files with 
commands to be executed in sequence 
by COMMAND. 

File Structure 

Disks are always divided up into 
tracks and sectors, as shown in figure 
2. To access any particular block of 
data, the program first moves to the 
correct track, then has you wait while 
the spinning disk moves the correct 
sector under the head. 

A somewhat more abstract view of 
disks was taken in developing MS- 
DOS. MS-DOS views the disk, not in 
terms of tracks and sectors, but as a 
continuous array of n logical sectors, 
numbered from to n — 1. Figure 2 
shows the usual method of number- 
ing the logical sectors. Logical sector 
is the first sector of the outermost 
track; the rest of the track (and the 
next, etc.) is numbered sequentially. 
Logical sector n — 1 is the last sector 
on the innermost track. 

The mapping of logical sectors to 
physical track and sector is done by 
the hardware-dependent I/O System 
and is completely transparent to the 



SECTOR 1 



SECTOR 8 



SECTOR 7 




SECTOR 6 



SECTOR 5 



SECTOR 4 



Figure 2: Placement of disk sectors in IBM Personal Computer (single-sided) format. 



MS-DOS file system. Any other 
method may be used, and MS-DOS 
wouldn't know the difference. Hav- 
ing a standard mapping, however, is 
essential for interchanging disks be- 
tween computer systems with dif- 
ferent peripheral hardware. 

As shown in table 1, the MS-DOS 
file system divides the linear array of 
logical sectors into four groups. The 
first of these is the reserved area, 
whose purpose is to hold the boot- 



strap loader. Because the loader is 
usually very simple, only one sector 
is normally reserved. 

The FAT (file allocation table), a 
map of how space is distributed 
among all files on the disk, comes 
next. Because it is so important, two 
copies are usually kept side by side. If 
one copy cannot be read because of a 
failure in the medium, the second will 
be used. 

The directory follows the FAT. 



Logical 

Sector 

Numbers 


Use 





Reserved for bootstrap 
loader 


1—6 
7—12 


FAT 1 \ file allocation 
FAT 2 J tables (FATs) 


13—29 


Directory 


30—2001 


Data 


Table 1: Map of disk areas on an 


8-inch single 
py disk. 


-sided, single-density flop- 



BYTE 
LOCATION 



16 



24 



NAME 



EXTENSION 



ATTRI- 
BUTES 



ZEROS 



POINTER 
TO FAT 



ZEROS 



SIZE IN BYTES 



Figure 3: Arrangement of bytes in disk directory entry. 



234 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Match the 68000 Competition 
with UNIX operating systems 



Beat it with UniFLEX." 




▼ We can't keep 
a good thing secret. Our new 
UniFLEX Operating System for the 
68000 is better than the competi- 
tion's UNIX operating systems or 
like offerings. Better in several 
ways. A whole new generation of 
users can now enjoy the efficiency 
flexibility and reliability that built 
our reputation. 

Want the full story? Call us. Or 
watch for more details. 

There is a superior alternative. 




Technical Systems Consultants, Inc. 
Ill Providence Road 
Chapel Hill,NC 27514 USA 

Telephone: (919) 493-1451 
Telex II: 510-920-0540 



UNIX™ is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. 

UniFLEX™ is a trademark of Technical Systems Consultants, Inc. 



Logical 

Sector 

Numbers 

30—33 

34—37 
38—41 
42—45 



1998—2001 



Allocation Unit 
Number 



2 (first allocation 

unit) 
3 
4 
5 



494 



Table 2: Allocation unit numbering for 
the 8-inch single-density format. To 
compute the logical sector number of 
the first sector in an allocation unit, 
you use the following equation: sector 
number = 4 X allocation unit number 
+ 22, 



FILE DATA ( 



PARTIALLY 
UNUSED 
SECTOR - 



COMPLETELY 

UNUSED 
SECTORS 





SLC 
NUN 




38 




39 




40 




41 




42 




43 




44 




45 




46 


ill Wm 


47 




48 




49 







ALLOCATION 
UNIT 4 



ALLOCATION 
UNIT 5 



ALLOCATION 
UNIT 6 



Figure 4: Assignment of logical sectors to 
allocation units. Note that, 4n the file 
shown, more than two sectors are wasted 
because they are in an unused part of the 
last allocation unit. 



Each file on the disk has one 32-byte 
entry in the directory, which includes 
the file name, size, date and time of 
last write, and special attributes. Each 
entry also has a pointer to a place in 
the FAT that tells where to find the 
data in the file. Figure 3 shows the 
layout of a directory entry. 

The rest of the disk is the data area. 
It is divided into many small, equal- 
sized areas called allocation units. 
Each unit may have 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 



64, or 128 logical sectors, but the 
number is fixed for a given disk for- 
mat. Allocation units are numbered 
sequentially. The numbering starts 
with 2; the first two numbers, and 
1, are reserved. Table 2 shows this 
numbering system applied to the 
8-inch single-density disk format. 

The allocation unit is the smallest 
unit of space MS-DOS can keep track 
of. The amount of space used on the 
disk for each file is some whole num- 
ber of allocation units. Even if the file 
is only 1 byte long, an entire unit will 
be dedicated to it. 

For example, the standard format 
for 8-inch single-density disks uses 
four 128-byte sectors per allocation 
unit. When a new file is first created, 
no space is allocated, but an entry is 
made in the directory. Then when the 
first byte is written to the file, one 
allocation unit (four sectors) is as- 
signed to the file from the available 
free space. As each succeeding byte is 
written, the size of the file is kept up- 
dated to the exact byte, but no more 
space is allocated until those first four 
sectors are completely full. Then to 
write 1 byte more than those four sec- 
tors worth, another four-sector allo- 
cation unit is taken from free space 
and assigned to the file. 

When writing stops, the last alloca- 
tion unit will be filled by some ran- 
dom amount of data (figure 4). The 
unused space in the last allocation 
unit is wasted and can never be used 
as long as the file remains unchanged 
on the disk. This wasted space is 
called internal fragmentation, 
because it is part of the space 
allocated to the file but is an unusable 
fragment. On the average, the last 
allocation unit (regardless of size) will 
be half filled and, .therefore, half 
wasted. Because each file wastes an 
average of one-half an allocation 
unit, the total amount of space 
wasted on a disk due to internal frag- 
mentation is the number of files times 
one-half the allocation unit size. 

The phenomenon called external 
fragmentation occurs when a piece of 
data space is unallocated yet remains 
unused because it is too small. This 
cannot happen in the MS-DOS file 
system because MS-DOS does not re- 
quire files to be allocated contiguous- 



ly. It is, however, present in more 
primitive systems, such as the UCSD 
p-System. 

It would certainly seem desirable to 
minimize internal fragmentation by 
making the allocation unit as small as 
possible — always one sector, for ex- 
ample. However, for any given disk 
size, the smaller the unit, the more 
there must be. Keeping track of all 
those units can get to be a problem. 
Specifically, the amount of space re- 
quired in the file allocation table 
would be quite large if there were too 
many small allocation units. For 
every unit, 1.5 bytes are required in 
the FAT; there are normally two 
FATs on the disk, each of which is 
rounded up to a whole number of sec- 
tors. 

Now take a standard 8-inch single- 
density floppy disk that has 2002 sec- 
tors of 128 bytes. To minimize inter- 
nal fragmentation, choose the small- 
est possible allocation-unit size of one 
sector. Two thousand allocation units 
will require 3000 bytes (24 sectors) 
per FAT, or 48 sectors for two FATs. 
If the average file size is 16K bytes 
(128 sectors), the disk will be full 
when there are 16 files on it. Waste 
due to internal fragmentation would 
be 

16 files X 64 bytes per file = 
1024 bytes (8 sectors) 

Far more space is occupied by the 
FATs on the disk than is wasted by 
internal fragmentation ! 

To provide maximum usable data 
space on the disk, both internal frag- 
mentation and FAT size must be con- 
sidered because both consume data 
area. The standard MS-DOS format 
for 8-inch single-density disks strikes 
a balance by using four sectors per 
allocation unit. Two sectors per unit 
would have been just as good (assum- 
ing a 16K-byte average file size), but 
there is another factor that always 
favors smaller FATs and larger allo- 
cation units: the entire FAT is kept in 
main memory at all times. 

The file allocation table contains all 
information regarding which alloca- 
tion units are part of which file. Thus 
by keeping it in main memory, any 
file can be accessed either sequentially 



236 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE June 1983 237 



(5a) 


FILE 

ALLOCATION 

TABLE 


DIRECTORY 


RESERVED fO 
ENTRIES^i 

2 
3 
4 

*5 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 


-1 






ENTRY 


-1 








7 






9 *" 


n 




1 5 ,| 


-1 




1 


6 •* 




_ 






8 


-1 


10 «-^-| 


-1 




22 















(5b) 

F F FF FF 07 90 00 FF 6F 
00 03 80 00 FF AF 00 FF 
6 F 1 

Figure 5: Finding data via the directory 
and the file allocation table. Figure 5a 
shows how pointers are used to direct the 
operating system to the sequential parts of 
a file. The data stored in the sample file- 
allocation table is displayed in hexadeci- 
mal in figure 5b. 



or randomly without going to disk 
except for the data access itself. 
Schemes used in other operating sys- 
tems (including CP/M and Unix) may 
require one or more disk reads simply 
to find out where the data is, par- 
ticularly with a random access. In an 
application such as a database in- 
quiry, where frequent random access 
is the rule, this can easily make a 2 to 
1 difference in performance. 

How the FAT Works 

The directory entry for each file 
has one allocation unit number in it: 
the number of the first unit in the file. 
If, as in the previous example, an 
allocation unit consists of four sectors 
of 128 bytes each, then just by look- 
ing at the directory you know where 
to find the first 512 bytes of the file. If 
the file is larger than this, you go to 
the FAT. 

The FAT is a one-dimensional ar- 
ray of allocation unit numbers. As 
with any array, a given element is 
found with a numeric index. The 
numbers used as indexes into the FAT 



are also allocation unit numbers. 
Think of the FAT as a map, or trans- 
lation table, that takes an allocation 
unit number as input and returns a 
different allocation unit number as 
output. The input can be any unit 
that is part of a file; the number 
returned is the next sequential unit of 
that file. 

Let's look at the example in figure 
5a. Suppose that the directory entry 
for a file specifies allocation unit 
number 5 as the first of the file. This 
locates the first four logical sectors 
(512 bytes). To find the next alloca- 
tion unit of the file, look at entry 5 in 
the file allocation table. The 6 there 
tells you two things: first, the next 
four logical sectors of the file are in 
allocation unit number 6; and second, 
to find the unit after that, look at 
FAT entry number 6. 

This process is repeated as you 
locate each allocation unit in the file. 
After number 6 comes number 3, then 
number 9, then number 10. In each 
case, the allocation unit number 
returned by the FAT tells you both 



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where the data is (i.e., in which unit) 
and where to look in the FAT for the 
next allocation unit number. 

If you followed the example all the 
way through, you should have no- 
ticed that entry 10 in the FAT con- 
tains a —1. This, as you might have 
guessed, is the end-of-file mark. Allo- 
cation unit number 10 is last in the 
file, so its entry contains this special 
flag. (Another special value in the 
FAT is 0, which marks a free alloca- 
tion unit.) 

Now you know that this file oc- 
cupies five allocation units, numbers 
5, 6, 3, 9, and 10 in order. The file 
could be extended by finding any free 
unit, say 27, putting its number in en- 
try 10 (where the —1 is now), and 
marking it with the — 1 for end of file. 
That is, entry 10 in the FAT will con- 
tain 27, and entry 27 will contain — 1. 
This demonstrates how you can ex- 
tend any file at will and that you can 
use any free space on the disk when 
needed, without regard to its physical 
location. 

If you ever want to look at a real 
FAT, there's one more thing you'll 
need to know. Each FAT entry is 12 
bits (1.5 bytes) long. These entries are 
packed together, so two of them fit in 
3 bytes. From a programming view- 
point, you would look up an entry in 
the FAT this way: Multiply the entry 
number by Wi, truncating it to an in- 
teger if necessary. Fetch the 16-bit 
word at that location in the FAT. If 
the original entry number was odd 
(so that truncation was necessary in 
the first step), shift the word right 4 
bits; the lowest 12 bits of the word is 
the contents of the FAT entry. Read- 
ing a FAT from a hexadecimal dump 
isn't nearly as simple! Figure 5b 
shows the hexadecimal version of the 
sample FAT I've been using. 

File System in Action 

To put all this in perspective, you 
need to look at how MS-DOS handles 
a file-transfer request from an appli- 
cation program. With MS-DOS, ap- 
plication programs treat files as if 
they were divided into logical rec- 
ords. The size of the logical record is 
entirely dependent on the application 
and may range from 1 byte to 65,535 
bytes. It is not a permanent feature of 



242 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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(6a) 



byte position 1200 
128 byje_s 

sector 



= 9 t remainder 48 



Therefore, first byte to transfer is sector 9, byte 48 



128 - 48 = 80 bytes to transfer in first secto 
1200 - 80 = 1120 bytes left after first sector 



1120 bytes 
128 bytp 
sector 



= 8, remainder 96 



Therefore, transfer 8 whole sectors, then 



96 bytes of last sector 



(6b) 



9 sectors 



4 sectors 
allocation unit 



= 2, remainder 1 



Therefore, first sector to transfer is allocation unit 2, sector 1. 

Figure 6; Calculating physical, byte-level operations from logical definitions. The pro- 
cess outlined in figure 6a shows how the amount of data is calculated in physical terms. 
The actual position of data on the disk is computed in figure 6b. 



a file but in fact may vary from one 
file-transfer request to the next. The 
logical record size currently being 
used is passed to MS-DOS for each 
transfer made. It is, of course, com- 
pletely independent of the physical 
sector size the disk uses. 

To read a file, an application pro- 
gram passes to MS-DOS the size of a 
logical record, the first logical record 
to read, and the number of sequential 
logical records to read. Let's follow 
an example of how MS-DOS uses this 
information. Assume the application 
program is using 80-byte records and 
is set up to read a file 15 records at a 
time. Let's pick things up on its sec- 
ond read, that is, after it has already 
taken the first 15 records and is about 
to read the second 15. The request 
will be for an 80-byte record, the first 
record is number 15, and you want to 
read 15 records. Now pretend you're 
MS-DOS and analyze this request. 

You immediately convert the re- 
quest into byte-level operations. First 
multiply the logical record size by the 
record number, to get the byte posi- 
tion to start reading (80 X 15 = 
1200). Then multiply the record size 
by the number of records, to get the 



number of bytes to transfer (also 
1200). 

Next, these numbers must be put in 
terms of physical disk sectors. This 
requires some divisions and subtrac- 
tions involving the physical sector 
size and results in the breakdown of 
the transfer into three distinct pieces: 

(1) the position in the file of the first 
physical sector and the first byte 
within that sector to be transferred, 

(2) the number of whole sectors to 
transfer after the first (partial) sector, 
and (3) the number of bytes of the last 
(partial) sector to be transferred. The 
calculations and their results are 
shown in figure 6a. It is quite com- 
mon for one or two of these pieces to 
be of length 0, in which case some of 
the following steps are not per- 
formed. 

At this point, there is still no hint as 
to where the data will actually be 
found on the disk. You know that 
you want the tenth sector of the file 
(sector 9 because you start counting 
with 0), but you're not yet ready to 
check with the FAT to see where it is. 
The sector position in the file must be 
broken into two new numbers: the 
allocation unit position in the file and 



the sector within the allocation unit. 
For this example with single-density 
8-inch disks (four sectors per alloca- 
tion unit), this would be the third unit 
from the start of the file and the sec- 
ond sector within the unit (figure 6b). 

What you need to do now is skip 
through the FAT to the third alloca- 
tion unit in the file. If your file is the 
same one shown in figure 5, then 
from the directory entry you learn 
that the first unit is number 5. Look- 
ing at entry 5 of the FAT, you see the 
second unit is number 6. And finally, 
from entry 6 of the FAT, you find the 
third unit of the file, number 3. Table 
2 reminds you that allocation unit 
number 3 is made up of physical sec- 
tors 34, 35, 36, and 37; therefore, 
physical sector 35 is what you are 
looking for. 

Now the disk reads begin. Physical 
sector 35, only part of which is need- 
ed, is read into the single buffer kept 
in MS-DOS solely for this purpose. 
Then that part of the sector that is 
needed is moved as a block into the 
place requested by the application 
program. 

Next, the whole sectors are read. 
MS-DOS looks ahead in the FAT to 
see if the allocation units to be trans- 
ferred are consecutive. If so, they are 
combined into a single multiple- 
sector I/O system transfer request, 
which allows the I/O system to op- 
timize the transfer. This is the pri- 
mary reason why MS-DOS disks do 
not ordinarily use any form of sector 
interleaving: a well-written I/O sys- 
tem will be able to transfer con- 
secutive disk sectors if told to do it in 
a single request. The overhead of 
making the request, however, would 
often be too great to transfer con- 
secutive sectors if it were done on a 
sector-by-sector basis. 

Back to the example. MS-DOS will 
request that the I/O system read sec- 
tors 36 and 37 directly into the mem- 
ory location called for by the applica- 
tion. Then, noting that allocation 
units 9 and 10 are consecutive, the 
corresponding sectors 58, 59, 60, and 
61 from unit 9 and sectors 62 and 63 
from unit 10 will be read by the I/O 
system in a single request. This com- 
pletes the transfer of the eight whole 
sectors. 



244 June 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE June 1983 245 



Known variously as Seattle Com- 
puter 86-DOS, IBM Personal Com- 
puter DOS, and Zenith Z-DOS, MS- 
DOS was developed by Seattle Com- 
puter Products for its 8086-based com- 
puter system. The MS-DOS history is 
intertwined with the general develop- 
ment of software for 8086-based com- 
puters. 

In May 1979, Seattle Computer 
made the first prototype of its 8086 
microprocessor card for the S-100 bus. 
There were brief discussions with 
Digital Research about using one of 
Seattle Computers prototypes to aid in 
developing CP/M-86, which was to be 
ready "soon." Although Seattle Com- 
puter was considering using CP/M-86 
when it became available (expected no 
later than the end of 1979), there were 
only two working prototypes of the 
8086 processor card, and it was felt 
that both were needed in house. There- 
fore, there wasn't one free for Digital 
Research. 

Microsoft had already started a 
strong 8086 software-development 
program. The firm was ready to try the 
8086 version of Stand-Alone Disk 
BASIC, which is a version of its BASIC 
interpreter with a built-in operating 
system. During the last two weeks of 
May 1979, this BASIC was made com- 
pletely functional using the hardware 



A Short History of MS-DOS 

that Seattle Computer provided for 
Microsoft. Seattle Computer Products 
displayed the complete package (8086 
running disk BASIC) in New York the 
first week of June at the 1979 National 
Computer Conference. (This was the 
first-ever public display of an 8086 
BASIC and of an 8086 processor card 
for the S-100 bus.) 

Seattle Computer shipped its first 
8086 cards in November 1979, with 
Stand-Alone Disk BASIC as the only 
software to run on it. The months 
rolled by, and CP/M-86 was nowhere 
in sight. Finally, in April 1980, Seat- 
tle decided to create its own DOS. This 
decision resulted just as much from 
concern about CP/M's shortcomings 
as from the urgent need for a general- 
purpose operating system. 

The first versions of the operating 
system, called QDOS 0.10, were 
shipped in August 1980. QDOS stood 
for Quick and Dirty Operating System 
because it was thrown together in such 
a hurry (two man-months), but it 
worked surprisingly well. It had all the 
basic utilities for assembly-language 
development except an editor. One 
week later, Seattle Computer had 
created an operating system with an 
editor, an absurdity known as EDLIN 
(editor of lines). A primitive line- 
oriented system, it was supposed to 



last less than six months. (Unfortunate- 
ly, it has lasted much longer than that 
as part MS-DOS.) 

In the last few days of 1980, a new 
version of the DOS was released, now 
known as 86-DOS version 0.3. Seattle 
Computer passed this new version on 
to Microsoft, which had bought non- 
exclusive rights to market 86-DOS and 
had one customer for it at the time. 
Abo about this time, Digital Research 
released the first copies of CP/M-86. In 
April 1981, Seattle Computer Products 
released 86-DOS version 1.00, which 
was very similar to the versions of MS- 
DOS that are widely distributed today. 

In July 1981, Microsoft bought all 
rights to the DOS from Seattle Com- 
puter, and the name MS-DOS was 
adopted. Shortly afterward, IBM an- 
nounced the Personal Computer, using 
as its operating system what was essen- 
tially Seattle Computer's 86-DOS 1.14. 
Microsoft has been continuously im- 
proving the DOS, providing version 
1.24 to IBM (as IBM's version 1.1) with 
MS-DOS version 1.25 as the general 
release to all MS-DOS customers in 
March 1982. Now version 2.0, released 
in February 1983, has just been an- 
nounced with IBM's new XT com- 
puter. 



To finish the job, sector number 64 
is read into the internal MS-DOS sec- 
tor buffer. Its first 96 bytes are moved 
to the application program's area, 

The Sector Buffer 

This example shows the internal 
MS-DOS sector buffer being used in a 
very simple way. In reality, MS-DOS 
would normally perform the disk 
read in the example more efficiently 
than described here due to its opti- 
mized buffer handling. By keeping 
track of the contents of the buffer, 
disk accesses are minimized. The 
resulting speed improvement can be 
dramatic particularly when the re- 
quested transfer size is small (a frac- 
tion of a sector). 

In the example, I assumed the ap- 
plication program was sequentially 
reading 15-record chunks (at 80 bytes 
per record) and had already com- 



pleted the first such read. This would 
mean that sector 35 (the first one read 
in this example) would already be in 
the sector buffer because its first 48 
bytes were needed for the previous 



The presence of only 
one sector buffer in MS- 
DOS is a design 
inadequacy that is 
difficult to defend. 



read. MS-DOS would not reread this 
sector but instead would simply copy 
the remaining 80 bytes into the area 
designated by the application. 

Likewise, when the application is 
ready to read the third chunk of the 
file, MS-DOS will find sector 64 
already in the sector buffer. The last 



32 bytes of the sector will be moved 
into place without a disk read. 

For its own internal simplicity, MS- 
DOS has only one sector buffer. Be- 
tween the 15-record reads, should the 
application request some other trans- 
fer that requires use of the buffer, 
then the buffer contents will be 
changed, and these optimizations are 
not possible. In this particular case, in 
which most of the disk transfer does 
not need the buffer, there will be very 
little difference in speed either way. 
Let's look at a different case where 
this optimization is practically essen- 
tial. 

Suppose the application wishes to 
write a file sequentially, one 16-byte 
record at a time. When the first 
record is written, MS-DOS simply 
copies the 16 bytes into the first part 
of the sector buffer. As each of the 
next seven records is written, it too 



246 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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DATA PRODUCTS, INC. 



Circle 65 on inquiry card. 



Commercial Computer Sales 
Atlanta, GA 
(404)256-9190 

Renaissance Technology 
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Concord, CA 
(415)676-5757 



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Miami, FL 
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(612)536-6045 



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(314)837-5200 

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Garden Grove, CA 
(714)554-4520 



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(604)941-0622 

Tele -Terminals 
Milwaukee, WI 
(414)785-9221 



Perfect Software, Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller. Perfect Filer, and Perfect Calc are trademarks of Perfect Software, Inc. Home Accountant Plus is a trademark of Continental 
Software Company. Fast Graphs is a trademark of Innovative Software, Inc. IBM and IBM-PC are trademarks of International Business Machines. CP/M and MP/M are registered 
trademarks of Digital Research, Inc. OASIS is a trademark of Phase One. MS-DOS, MS -BASIC and XENIX are trademarks of MICROSOFT. 



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Introducing SPL 

the first multi-mode spooler 

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is just copied into the appropriate 
position in the sector buffer. Again 
with a 128-byte sector of an 8-inch 
single-density format, the sector buf- 
fer would be full at this point. Upon 
attempting to write the ninth record, 
MS-DOS would find it needs to put 
the record in a different sector from 
the one currently in the buffer. The 
current buffer contents are marked 
"dirty/' meaning they must be writ- 
ten to disk rather than discarded. MS- 
DOS does this and then moves the 
ninth 16-byte record into the buffer. 

Note that MS-DOS did not write 
the sector buffer automatically after 
128 bytes had been written to it. This 
is because the DOS has no notion of a 
sequential file: every disk transfer has 
an explicitly specified record position 
and record size. Thus, it does not 
think of the buffer as "full" — for all it 
knows, the application program 
might back up and write the first 16 
bytes over again. So the data is simp- 
ly kept in the buffer until the file is 
closed or until the buffer is needed for 
something else. 

Another optimization was taking 
place here that may have gone un- 
noticed. MS-DOS is always aware of 
the exact size of its files, and the 
assumption in the previous example 
was that this file was being newly 
written. Had it already existed, MS- 
DOS would have been forced to pre- 
read each sector into the sector buffer 
before copying any records into it. 
This is essential in case the program 
does random writes, intending to 
change only selected portions of the 
file. When the file is being extended 
(as in this case), the preread is not 
performed. 

The possible outcome of this ap- 
proach to buffer handling is that 
when the application program re- 
quests a write and is told it was suc- 
cessfully completed, the data may, in 
fact, not yet be written to the disk. 
The alternative approach is called 
buffer write-through, in which the 
data in the sector buffer would be 
written to disk each time the applica- 
tion requested a write. This would 
mean, in the example, eight rewrites 
of the same sector before moving on 
to the next, requiring a minimum of 
1.2 seconds to write just 128 bytes! As 



250 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



Circle 44 on inquiry card. 






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Circle 58 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 19$3 251 



Circle 440 on inquiry card. 






P&T CP/M @ 2 is 
GROWING a 




the logical record size gets smaller, 
the time required to write becomes 
greater. 

The presence of only one buffer 
does bring about the definite possibil- 
ity of buffer "thrashing." Take the ex- 
ample of an application such as a 
compiler that will alternately read a 
small amount from one file and write 
a little bit to another. If both the 
reads and writes consist of a single 
16-byte record, then the following se- 
quence will be performed for each 
pair of records: 

•read input file, get record from buf- 
fer 

•read output file, put record into 
buffer 
•write output file 

For each record pair, three disk trans- 
fers are required. The result would be 
unbearably slow. The presence of 
only one sector buffer in MS-DOS is 
a design inadequacy that is difficult to 
defend (but it does help keep the DOS 
small). The practical solution is for 
applications that must access more 
than one file at a time to provide their 
own internal buffering. By requesting 
transfers that are at least half as big as 
the sector size, thrashing can be sub- 
stantially reduced. 

MS-DOS 2.0 

Microsoft has now made available 
MS-DOS version 2.0 to all OEM (ori- 
ginal equipment manufacturer) cus- 
tomers of previous versions. The 10 
months put into version 2.0 by the 
MS-DOS team probably exceeds the 
total effort behind the previous 1.25 
release, including the original devel- 
opment at Seattle Computer Prod- 
ucts. While the changes have been 
substantial, the basic structure is still 
recognizable. I have been discussing 
the DOS at such a low level that most 
of what I've talked about applies 
directly to version 2.0 as well. Here 
are the three main differences, along 
with my personal comment as 
original author of the DOS. I was not 
involved in the MS-DOS 2.0 project. 

MS-DOS 2.0 allows multiple-sec- 
tor buffers. The number is deter- 
mined by a configuration file when 
the DOS is loaded. It can be easily ad- 



justed to the user's needs: for exam- 
ple, to accommodate more buffers to 
prevent thrashing (this is the ideal 
solution to the buffer thrashing prob- 
lem previously discussed) and fewer 
buffers to make more system memory 
available. 

The new MS-DOS does not keep 
the file allocation tables in memory at 
all times. Instead, the tables share the 
use of the sector buffers along with 
partial-sector data transfers. This 
means that at any one time, all, part, 
or none of a FAT may be in memory. 
The buffer-handling algorithms will 
presumably keep often-used sectors 
in memory, and this applies to in- 
dividual sectors of the FAT as well. 
This change in the DOS goes com- 
pletely against my original design 
principles. Memory is getting cheaper 
all the time, so dedicating a few thou- 
sand bytes to the FATs should be 
completely painless. Now we're back 
to doing disk reads just to find out 
where the data is. In the case of a ran- 
dom access to a large fragmented file 
(for example, when accessing a data- 
base that fills half of a small Winches- 
ter disk), it is possible that several 
sectors of the FAT would need to be 
visited, in random order, to find the 
needed allocation unit. 

While MS-DOS retains the original 
fixed-size main directory, it now can 
have files as subdirectories. This 
hierarchical (tree-structured) direc- 
tory system may be extended to any 
depth. This approach is nearly essen- 
tial for users to keep track of all the 
files that might be on a hard disk. 

MS-DOS version 2.0 is, on the 
whole, a substantial upgrade of the 
previous releases. The three preced- 
ing paragraphs are intended only to 
point out the way the 2.0 file struc- 
ture differs from the file structure I've 
discussed, not to give you a complete 
product description. ■ 



About the Author 

Tim Paterson worked for Seattle Computer 
Products on the design of its 8086 computer 
system and the operating system now called 
MS-DOS. He then worked for Microsoft for 
about a year. Since returning to Seattle Com- 
puter Products as director of engineering, he 
has been prinarily involved with new hard- 
ware development. 



252 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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WRITE 

MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 

TELEMARKET DEPT NO. 1 
2803 THOMASVILLE RD E. • CAIRO, GA. 31728 



Circle 249 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 253 




IBM, Apple and CI* M are registered trademarks of IBM Corp., Apple Computers Inc. and Digital Research Corp. respectively. 



For the name of the dealer nearest you, phone (800 ) 227-2400, ext. 948; in California, (800 ) 772-2666, ext. 948. For more information- 



And now, InfoStan" 

The first DBMS you can use 
without speaking programmerese. 



So put away your GO TOs and 
DO WHILES. 

InfbStar is one microcomputer 
data base system that doesn't ask you to 
write in code. Or learn a programming 
language. Instead you make selections 
from an on-screen menu written in one 
easy language. English. 

Which means you don't have 
to be a programmer or computer jock 
to use it. But, in case you are, there's 
something in it for you, too. 

With InfoStar, you can generate 
a custom application four times faster 
than with other DBMS software. 

Reason being it has a lot of the 
features that made WordStar* the 
standard of the industry. For instance, 
select-as-you-go menus prompt you 
through all procedures. And to format 
a data entry form or report, you simply 
draw it on the screen. 
We've said it before: what 
you see is what you get. 

But, of course, that's 
not all you get. Fact is, 
InfoStar has more 
informative (and 
self : documenting) 



capabilities than you've come to expect 
from any microcomputer DBMS. 

Starting with report writing. A 
custom report feature — complete with 
transactional updating and exception 
processing abilities — lets you format, 
manipulate and merge countless differ- 
ent ways. And a quick report feature 
lets you finish faster than you can count 
them — usually in 60 seconds or less. 
Not that you have to slow down 
to sort things out either. Because InfoStar 
can sort five to six times faster than 
any other DBMS in its class. 

And for data entry, there are 
high-end minicomputer features. Like 
batch editing. And 200 editing mask 
combinations, to name a few. 

All that's required of you is that 
you have an IBM PC, Apple II or CP/M- 
based computer. And that you take a 
trip over to your local 
computer store to ask 
about InfoStar. 

They don't speak 
I programmerese. 

But they're happy to 
talk business. 




MicroPro 

The* Microcomputer Software Company 



write MicroPro, 33 San Pablo Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94903. (415 ) 499-1200. Circle 252 on inquiry card. 



BYTE West Coast 



A Guided Tour of Visi On 



William T. Coleman, a group 
manager at Visicorp, is responsible 
for Visi On and the applications pro- 
grams that run under it. He started 
work on the Visi On project soon 
after joining Visicorp less than three 
years ago. Prior to that he served as a 
consultant for Visicorp. 

He has also been a department 
manager at GTE, where he managed 
development of minicomputer and 
microcomputer systems that auto- 
mated the use of analog equipment to 
collect, analyze, and disseminate in- 
formation. Before that, he worked at 
the artificial-intelligence lab at Stan- 
ford University, where he did grad- 
uate work. A graduate of the Air 
Force Academy, Coleman served in 
the Air Force as a programmer at the 
Satellite Test Center. 

Bill Coleman talked with BYTEs 
West Coast Editor Phil Lemmons in 
March at Visicorp s headquarters in 
San Jose, California. Lemmons' ques- 
tions are in bold; Coleman's 
responses follow in lightface. 

When did you decide to do applica- 
tions software that uses mice? 

The original decision wasn't neces- 
sarily to involve mice. It was to 
develop an environment in which 
users could run applications pro- 
grams. We started in the first quarter 
of 1981. We came up with three 
overall requirements for a system that 



Phil Lemmons 

West Coast Editor 

Byte/McGraw-Hill, 4th Floor 

425 Battery St. 

San Francisco, CA 94111 



we wanted to develop, and those re- 
quirements were the appearance of 
multiple product activation . . . 
What does that mean? 
To give the users the impression of 
actually having multiple applications 
programs available to them at any 
time. Users were to believe that they 
could use and interact with multiple 
products very generally. We were 
seeking the appearance of multiple- 
product interaction as opposed to ac- 
tual multiprocessing. 
So you're not "timesharing" the cen- 
tral processing unit? 
In reality, when you get down to the 
depths of what weVe done, there is a 
concurrent operating system. That's 
what the Visi On layer of Visi On is. 
The Visi On layer keeps the mouse up 
to date all the time, keeps one ap- 
plication program running, always 
keeps interacting with one program, 
or one activity, as we call it, and can 
also do background processing for 
handling output devices, whether 
they're printers or plotters or com- 
munication lines. 

So while it is in some sense multi- 
tasking, it's not a multiprocessing en- 
vironment, meaning that you can ac- 



tually tell one program to start com- 
puting here and immediately switch 
to another one and watch the first 
program computing while you're in- 
teracting with the second. You can do 
that only in the context of output pro- 
cessing of the background. 
What were the other two require- 
ments for your system? 
The second requirement was ease of 
learning and use, which we called 
"ELU," and the third requirement was 
simple transfer of data between prod- 
ucts. That meant not a procedure- 
oriented transfer. In brief, we wanted 
users to be able to have multiple pro- 
grams on the screen at one time, ease 
of learning and use, and simple 
transfer of data from one program to 
another. 

From that we've developed a whole 
series of objectives. The key ones 
were that programs be installable. 
That differs from Smalltalk, which 
lacks a concept of programs or prod- 
ucts and uses a concept of objects. 
Objects make up classes, and the class 
provides a set of methods that tell 
what will happen to an object in the 
class when an object receives 
messages. You can increase the 
methods in a class. There are also ob- 
jects that are communications be- 
tween classes and subclasses, and it's 
the class and subclass that have a 
method, etc. But our products had to 
be installable. (See "The Smalltalk-80 



256 June 1903 © BYTE Publications Inc 



System/' August 1981, page 
36.) 

We also wanted to live with 
the vendor-supplied operating 
system. We wanted our 
system to be portable across a series 
of machines, portable to many per- 
sonal computers. We wanted the 
system to have a consistent user inter- 
face. And a series of other objectives 
don't come to mind at the moment. 

Basically we've gone through four 
development phases. Phase one was 
specification of the system and devel- 
opment of the human factors— those 
were two separate projects that we 
happened to call Quasar and Nova. 
During the specification of the system 
we decided to develop four different 
external product specifications so that 
we could approach the problem from 
four different angles, and we ap- 
proached it from as wide and diverse 
a set of angles as we could. We devel- 
oped all four. One was a Smalltalk 
system, one resembled a Xerox Star 
system, one was a virtual-terminal 
system, and one was a split-screen 
system. We developed about 15 or 20 
pages of specifications for each of the 
four different approaches. 

The second project was human fac- 
tors, and for that we built two 
models. One was a model of the user, 
and the second was a model of the 
product. We wanted to answer the 
question, What should a product 




William T. Coleman 



look like conceptually to the user? 
And from those two models we devel- 
oped a set of interactions between the 
user and the product model. 

We drew on all of Visicorp's ex- 
perience in customer support and on 
problems we had with building pre- 
vious products. From that we derived 
two things. One was a set of prin- 
ciples of design that are applied to the 
system. Their names might sound a 
little funny. There are 16 of them. 
They're things like the principle of 
display inertia, the principle of the il- 
lusion of direct manipulation, the 
principle of guidedness, etc. We said, 
okay, these are the principles upon 
which we want to build systems from 
now on. 

Could I get a list of those principles? 
It's a proprietary document. I just 
want to mention it because we've 
been going through phase one of the 
development of Visi On, and this was 
part of phase one. 

Next we said, okay, now we have 
these principles of design and we have 
this user and this product; now let's 
classify the interactions between the 
user and the product. So we devel- 
oped the concept of what we called 
BITs, (basic interaction techniques). 



We specified 16 of these; they 
are basically the atoms of the 
interaction of human factors 
in the system. Each BIT encap- 
sulates and specifies one kind 
of interaction between the user and 
the system. There's a menu BIT, an 
error BIT, a forms BIT, a list BIT, a 
sound BIT, a BIT for giving confirma- 
tion, etc. The BITs are the smallest 
atoms of things that we want to use 
consistently in any product. 

At the end of phase one, we did a 
review and we came out of it with an 
overview of our external product 
specification. That consisted of a 
drawing and a set of descriptions of 
the functions. If I showed you that to- 
day, you'd see that what we had in 
the mid-summer of 1981 looks very 
much like the system we have now. 
So there weren't any major reversals 
of course? 

Well, no. There was quite a bit of 
tuning because we evaluated each of 
the four designs and said what we 
liked and didn't like about each. We 
tried to put the best things into one 
system, guided by our principles of 
design. 

Did you come to a time when you 
had to make trade-offs between func- 
tions in the programs and ease of use? 
That's what the whole month of July 
and August was, until we came out 
with this specification. That was the 
end of the first phase. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 257 



The second phase was a prototype 
phase, and we actually built the 
system from scratch. We built the 
front end of the system as fast as we 
could on an Apple III and got it work- 
ing on an Apple III, just the front end. 
You could actually interact with most 
of the commands that are on the 
global menu line. Only about five 
people were working on this project 
full-time then, and we brought it up 
and got it working. We had to modify 
the motherboard of the Apple to use 
160K bytes of memory, and we had 
to use an Apple II with a graphics 
tablet over an RS-232C line to 
simulate the mouse, but we actually 
got it so you could play with it and 
simulate using the mouse and open 
windows and frame them and things 
like that. 

At the end of the prototype phase, 
in November 1981, we entered phase 
three. We went through a three- 
month period in which we analyzed 
and respecified the system. We 
changed a fair number of things in the 
system at that time and began build- 
ing it at the end of the first quarter of 
last year. 

Phase four, what we're in right 
now, is the development phase. I 
made a big point of the human factors 
throughout. This is a very layered ar- 
chitecture, as required by our needs 
for portability and compatibility with 
an operating system. In the upper 
layer, we not only have all of the 
calls — the Visi Ops, we call them — 
the operations that you would expect 
if you were using a very high level 
windowing system, but we also have 
the BITs. The BITs are actually imple- 
mented in the upper layer. When 
someone is developing a program for 
Visi On, he or she calls something 
named ''menu" and just passes it a 
bunch of the data structures, and all 
the interaction is taken care of. So 
when we say if you've learned to use 
one product, you've learned to use 
them all, the location of the BITs 
means that's true. The programmer 
still has to design the actual algo- 
rithms for all the interaction, of 
course. 

That's the history of Visi On's 
development. We're in the process of 
finishing the coding in some areas of 



Visi On and developing the products, 
the applications programs. They are 
in different stages of testing and 
quality assurance so that we can get 
Visi On out this summer. 
Are you producing two sets of all the 
applications programs, one to go into 
Visi On and one to go outside? 
Yes. Every product under Visi On 
and under my group is being devel- 
oped from scratch to work with Visi 
On and to take optimal advantage of 
the use of the mouse in the environ- 
ment, and they'll all be introduced for 
Visi On. They'll be much upgraded 
from our current products. We hope 
we've learned something in the last 
four years about where we have defi- 
ciencies. 

We're in the process of 

finishing and coding in 

some areas of Visi On 

so we can get it out 

this summer. 



Will Visiword be very different from 
the demonstration that I saw a few 
months ago? It looked easy to use. 

From an appearance point of view, it 
won't be very different. I think it's 
much easier to use with the mouse 
added to it, to begin with, and we've 
done some restructuring to take ad- 
vantage of the features. For example, 
it will let you put pictures and graphs 
into the document anywhere, and it 
doesn't just bring the pixel representa- 
tion in, it brings in the line represen- 
tation of the actual drawing and 
draws it to scale. You know, there are 
a fair number of upgrades for things 
like that. But as far as when you 
physically see the interface and use 
the rulers and whatever, there won't 
be a lot of changes. There are a cou- 
ple of other upgrades that it's a little 
premature to talk about. 

The User Interface 

What, in general, are you aiming for 

in the human interface? 

We were looking for something that 
was intuitive to use, very guided, and 
consistent across all products. What 
we ended up having to do in all of the 
definitions of BITs was to try to break 



down the interaction to its lowest 
possible common denominator and 
determine what's appropriate. 

Consistency and intuitiveness are 
very important. We also wanted to 
provide very obvious ways to do 
things but not necessarily provide 
multiple ways to do the same thing. 
We developed a motto early on that 
"Two is much, much greater than 
one." The motto means that any time 
you offer somebody two ways of do- 
ing a task, he has to decide which 
way to do it. That becomes an 
^-factorial problem — 2 times 2 times 
2 to the second power, etc. In design- 
ing products we believe that there are 
so many ways of doing things that 
people get afraid to try anything. 
They don't know at a given time just 
what using this key or doing some 
other specific action will do. 

On the other hand, in certain in- 
stances we didn't want to restrict the 
product to be able to use only the 
mouse or to require the user to do 
something only in an arcane and dif- 
ficult manner. 

The human factors involved in 
product design is probably the most 
underrated issue. Everybody claims 
to have ease of learning and use. Not 
everybody is qualified to design a 
product, but everybody in the world 
is qualified to say whether they like 
or don't like some aspect of using the 
product. The hardest issue is not nec- 
essarily coming up with something 
that's good, but finding an approach 
that everyone involved agrees is the 
best. There have been deep philo- 
sophical issues here as in other com- 
panies in the valley for years. 
About the number of buttons on a 
mouse, for example? 
We really haven't had a problem with 
the number of buttons on a mouse, 
but about what special keys to allow. 

I should go into my mouse diatribe 
here for a minute. We specifically 
decided that we wanted only one but- 
ton on the mouse for selection, and 
that's all we have. A two-button 
mouse is confusing, because you 
don't know when to use one and 
when to use the other. The only 
reason for our second button is that 
we didn't like to have lots of little 
modes that you have to look at to 



258 June 1983 © BYTE Publications inc 



DataVu 

Here's What They're Saying About Us 



A Complete Inform; 



Management Facility 



"DataVu is High Octane in a field of Low-Test competitors, and onr- of the 'best kept secrets' in the 
software marketplace! The terrific thing about it is it's extremely powe* ful and yet you don't have to be a 
programmer to run it. To use it is to LOVE it!" B. W. Stark 

Computer Tutor, Inc., New York, NY 

'The menu generation is good enough to be sold by itself. . . relational data base itself is one of the most 
powerful I've had the pleasure to use. . . one of the finest pieces of software available today: You can 't 
beat the price. . .$149.00. Scott M. Bate) 

Assistant A uwgez* Heathkit, Jericho, NY 

''The problem seems to be that at $149. 'how can it be good'? Take it from a programmer, it beats those 
Data Base Manager Systems that are priced over $500. (no need to mention names)." 

Ernie Johnson 

Stanford Softw System, Minitou Springs, CO 

After experimenting with and using 10 to 20 microprocessor based dai ases over the last few years, I 
have finally found the most powerful and cost-effective tool available to the micro-computer user. 

Tom Potter 

Roseville Computet Store Roseville, Michigan 




Automatic Screen Design (ASD): This 
feature permits you to specify the design 
of a form (which may be multi-page) that 
you wish to use for data entry and data 
viewing. You simply layout a screen mask 
and within seconds, without any 
programming, a data entry program can 
be generated. 



See DataVu™ at your focal 
software dealer. We also 
have a demonstration 
system up and running. You 
can dial in and try most of the 
DataVu™ features. Call us for 
more information. 

Thinkers 
Soft, Inc. 

P.O. Box 221 
Garden City, NY 11530 

(516) 294-8104 

Circle 385 on inquiry card. 




Automatic Menu Generation: This feature 
permits you to design your own menus in 
which each option in the menu may invoke 
an executable program ora batch file. You 
simply layout the menu pages, and within 
seconds, without any programming, your 
menu program can be generated. This 
allows you to construct user-friendly 
menu-driven packages. 




Report Generation: Reports generated 
from your data base(s) that become 
routine and have enduring value may be 
specified by you in detailed format to the 
Report Generation feature. It is designed 
to retrieve information from the data base 
with simple statements and perform 
arithmetic operations. 




Relational Data Base Management: 

Having established data base(s) through 
use of the ASD feature, you may use the 
Relational Data Base Management feature 
) manipulate and retrieve these data. This 
feature supplies 12 commands and four 
utility programs to support activities like 
Select, Sort, index, Join, Reformat, and so 
on. 



All This. . . 

only 

I ^w complete 

! ces subject to change Aug. 1 

e for IBM PC, CP/M "-80: Osborne, 

ir, Micro Decision, Kaypro, Superbrain, 

i9/Z100, Televideo, NEC, Sanyo, Xerox, 

II, and 8" SSSDdisk. CP/M --86 available 

CP/M is a registered TM of Digital Research, Inc. 

* If you want to impress your boss, or 
your friends, we'll gladly charge you 
n 0. for this software package. 

BYTE June 1983 259 



determine how you scroll and how 
you move the window around. You 
know, if you push on this part of the 
window or you push here, one thing 
happens, and if you push twice the 
program does this, and so on. Those 
things are all nonstandard. Apple just 
came out with a one-button mouse. 
The trouble is there are so many 
modes on the mouse that you don't 
know whether you hold down the 
button or release it or whatever. 

You just click our mouse, and 
that's the only thing you'll ever do. 
On the other hand, there's a scrolling 
button, and any time you want to 
scroll, you push that down, and the 
direction you move the mouse is the 
direction it will scroll; the farther you 
move it the faster it will scroll, so you 
have direct control of scrolling. The 
metaphor is that of a sheet of paper 
on the table; you're just pushing the 
paper in different directions. 

The concept of our mouse came 
from part of our product model, 
which started with the model of a 
typewriter. The model said that there 



are keys on a typewriter, and each 
key does only one thing. It either 
deposits text on the paper or it reposi- 
tions where you're going to deposit 
text in some way or another. When 
you extrapolate that to a computer 
keyboard — to a monitor instead of 
paper — you now have two dimen- 
sions, and you have some intelligence 
behind the keyboard. So we have 
keys that deposit things on the screen, 
position the cursor, and actually per- 
form functions. 

When you go further than that, 
you have problems. Because there 
aren't enough keys to do all the func- 
tions, each programmer and the func- 
tions in his program decide what the 
keys will do. So, first, you end up 
with the same key doing different 
things in the program, depending on 
the context or the mode, as Xerox is 
fond of saying. That's a barrier for 
the user, who asks, "Oh, what hap- 
pens if I do this?" 

Second, when you go from one 
program to another, the keys inevit- 
ably do different things, so there's a 



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74LS13 45 

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74LS15 .35 

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74LS26 35 

74LS27 23 

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barrier for the user in learning dif- 
ferent programs. We wanted keys to 
do one of two things: either drop text 
on the screen or do a single other 
function, and to do it the same way in 
every program. That's the basic con- 
cept, and we've had to violate it very 
little. That means function keys aren't 
portable from one machine to the 
next. You don't see those on the Lisa 
and you don't see those used on our 
machine, but it really does limit what 
you can do with keys. 
But you have a Delete key and. . . 
Yes, we have a small subset of 
keys — the cursor keys, Delete key, 
Backspace key, etc. — that always 
work the same way whenever you hit 
them. There's only one function for 
those keys, the same in every prod- 
uct. 

Visi On's Data Structures 
Let's look at another issue in integra- 
tion, transfer of data. Can you say 
anything about Visi On's data struc- 
tures? 

It might be easier to give you an over- 
view of the architecture, but I'll try to 
explain. At the lowest level of Visi On 
we use the native file structures. And 
they must also read and write and 
open and close MS-DOS files. Above 
that we built something we call an ar- 
chive, for storing all the data. Inter- 
nally we also call it an object store; 
it's where we store all our data 
objects. 

The object store is three layers 
deep. On the top is the volume layer, 
in the middle is the object layer, and 
on the bottom is the files layer. From 
a programmer's point of view, he's 
actually manipulating all three of 
these layers to manage a hierarchical 
file structure. The reason for volumes 
is obvious: we want to go across 
volumes that can be on Winchester 
disks or on remote file servers or 
whatever. 

The idea of objects is not so ob- 
vious, but the idea is that users will be 
manipulating objects. They'll think 
they're manipulating a spreadsheet, 
but a spreadsheet may be multiple 
files. You may have one file that's the 
formulas, and so on. Users want to 
know only about the composite ob- 
ject. I don't ever want to show them a 



260 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 359 on Inquiry card. 






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BYTE June 1963 261 




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whole bunch of DOS files with arcane 
8-eharacter names with 3-byte trailers 
on them. I want to show them a name 
in the context and the way it's defined 
in the context of the kind of product. 
Now, above this, the volume layer 
knows about password protection/ 
encryption, so a user can password 
protect/encrypt, and the object layer 
knows about file types. We have mul- 
tiple file types, but I won't go into 
them. 

Simply, we have multiple file 
types, there is a layer called the object 
store in which all the data is stored, 
and all transfers are done through 
Visi On. Products don't have to do 
anything about transfers or conver- 
sion of data. What happens when the 
user selects Transfer and points at a 
source object to transfer, be it a block 
of data in the middle of a Visicalc 
spreadsheet or some abstraction of 
that— like pointing at the name of a 
Visicalc spreadsheet— is that Visi On 
will transfer the whole spreadsheet. 
Or if you're pointing at two column 
headers, Visi On will transfer all the 
columns between those two points, 
something obvious like that. 

Once the user points at that and 
points at the destination location, 
Visi On takes over. First, it actually 
queries the product: "In the context in* 
which data was pointed at, what 
types of data can you pass?" And the 
program or product will say, "I can 
pass type X, X, and X." And then Visi 
On will query the destination product 
the same way and do a match. 

Then Visi On will actually physically 
transfer the highest-order pairing, 
meaning that the higher the order, the 
more context is transferred with it. 
The highest-order data type actually 
is called "owned," and that means the 
data will probably be transferable 
only to another instance of the same 
product. For a spreadsheet that will 
have all the formulas underneath it, 
all the formatting information, col- 
umn widths, the whole nine yards. 
But if you're transferring that into a 
word processor that doesn't know 
anything about calculating formulas, 
all it's going to want is enough data to 
know whether it's character, 
numeric, and what the precision is. 
That gives you some idea of how 



262 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 120 on inquiry card. 



the transfer actually takes place. 
Therefore, as far as the product is 
concerned, transfer is a general pro- 
cess. All the product has to do is res- 
pond, "I can give you this and this/' 
and then when the other product 
says, "Okay, give it to me," that 
passes the data. Visi On takes care of 
everything else. 

And the objects you described are like 
the objects in Smalltalk — they carry 
some information about how they 
can be handled? 

An object in Smalltalk basically is a 
message, yes, that carries with it 
something that says what can be done 
to it. Visi On objects are not that 
complex. They're objects . . . yes, 
they do have context of what their 
formatting is, but they aren't 
Smalltalk objects. We just call them 
an object store. The lowest level of 
the system is an object-oriented 
system, though. 

Visi On's Architecture 
Could you talk about Visi On's ar- 
chitecture? 

Sure, I don't have any problem with 
that. Visi On basically is composed of 
three levels. The lowest layer is called 
the Visihost. That's the machine- 
dependent code. At completion time, 
it will be approximately 35K bytes of 
code, of which two-thirds is C and 
one-third is assembly language. Now, 
the Visihost and the host operating 
system in the first version of Visi On, 
which is for MS-DOS 2.0, must 
always be resident. So you're talking 
about 50K bytes that must always be 
resident. That's the base system. 

Visihost is an object-oriented 
operating system, and it's composed 
of 10 object types. A better descrip- 
tion would be abstract data types. 
The objects or types include things 
like file device, keyboard, sound- 
maker, raster, segments, ports, etc. 
But what they actually implement is a 
layer above which is the Visihost in- 
terface. The Visihost interface is 
machine independent and provides 
the services that are required by Visi 
On itself. 

Visihost uses the concept of objects 
to implement above it what look to 
the user like a lot of concurrently pro- 
cessing activities. You can establish 




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instances of the objects by just send- 
ing messages to them on a Smalltalk 
message-class type interface. You end 
up with a process ID or an object ID, 
which is very similar to a concept in 
Smalltalk. 

The whole concept here is that 
everything is machine dependent, and 
the whole virtual machine upon 
which Visi On rests is isolated. Above 
that sits Visi On itself; internally we 
call it the Visi On Operating System, 
VOS. 

The Visi On Operating System 

Visi On, or VOS, is an activity to 
Visihost, as are all products— appli- 
cations programs. As far as Visihost 
is concerned, everything that sits 
above it is an activity to it. What's 
special about VOS to Visihost is two 
unique capabilities. First, VOS is the 
only activity that actually does direct 
Visihost calls. All other calls come 
through VOS itself. In other words, 
VOS does a pass-through, so a prod- 
uct thinks it's doing all calls to VOS. 
Second, VOS is the only activity that 
communicates with the user, meaning 
the only activity that directly receives 
keystrokes and mouse points. So the 
VOS is a very key activity; it's the 
one that sits in the middle of every- 
thing. It's the one that is really the 
concurrent operating system. 

Now, what VOS implements is all 
of the Visiops, the basic operations 
for reading and writing the files and 
all the things you'd expect an operat- 
ing system to do. Included in that is 
also all of the device layer. That is a 
layer in itself, because we have not 
only developed this archive, but also 
a Graphics Kernel Standard (GKS) 
Virtual Device Interface. And we ex- 
tended that to include alpha text, so 
it's not just the GKS. We can handle, 
from the same interface, total device- 
independent printing to output 
devices. 

The other thing that Visi On im- 
plements directly is the BITs, which a 
product merely calls and says, "Do it, 
and here's what I need," and then Visi 
On handles the whole thing. Visi On 
will even replace its screen, its part of 
the window, and then put back the 
initial contents when it's done. 
Something else that looks to a 



264 June 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 362 on inquiry card. 



The new COMPAQ Portable Computer. 
IBM compatibility to go. 



@ 



I imple, isn't it? The COMPAQ™ 
Portable Computer can do 
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Carry the COMPAQ Comput- 
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If you use a portable type- 
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If your company 
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Portable as a 
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More, in fact, than for most non- 
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With most other portables 



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© 1983 COMPAQ Computer Corporation 

IBM* is a registered trademark of International Business 

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ETHERNET™ is a trademark of Xerox Corporation. 

OMNINET™ is a trademark of Corvus Systems. 

Apple® is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 

COMPAQ™ is a trademark of COMPAQ Computer 

Corporation. 







T M- T f T T ■ T ■ T T T f* 

1 N IJIIf" 
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} \ M ! I t t 1 . 




comma 



mmmmmmmmmmmmammmmmamm portable computer 

The most Computer you can Carry Circle 71 on inquiry card. 



product as if it's part of Visi On is a 
series of activities which are really 
separate. That series includes the files 
window, the workspace window, the 
scripts window, and the services win- 
dow. Even though they might appear 
to be part of Visi On, they really sit 
on top of Visi On and use the services 
that happen to . . . 
Just as applications do? 
Just as applications do. 
So all the applications go to these 
same services? 

All the applications use these ser- 
vices, but they do so through Visi 
On. What you have above Visi On or 
VOS itself is an interface we call the 
Visimachine interface. That is all of 
the calls that you need as a product 
designer to use all of the facilities pro- 
vided by Visi On. 
This is the virtual machine? 
For product designers, this is the vir- 
tual machine. 

What's the relation to Visihost? 
It's much more extended than 
Visihost. The whole idea of this ar- 
chitecture is that of nested abstract 
machines. The concept originated 



with Edsger Dijkstra back in his THE 
(Technische Hochschule Eindhoven) 
operating system in the early 1960s. 
You have a low-level machine that 
implements all the very very basic 
functionality, and that's Visihost. 
That does the reading and writing of 
basic files. But the archive does a lot 
more — and that's in Visi On. It will 
do your basic device puts and 
gets— whatever it takes to read and 
write to a device — but it doesn't 
know anything about this whole vir- 
tual device interface above it. You 
have to have a driver that knows in 
between the two. 

So what you have is a very low- 
level machine that provides just bas- 
ically a virtual memory machine. 
That's very important. All these 
products run in the pseudovirtual 
memory that we developed in soft- 
ware. You have this low-level ma- 
chine, and above that is Visi On 
itself, which is much higher level ser- 
vices for products, and it's machine 
independent. We've nested the great- 
est amount of coding in the smallest 
possible area. 



The Visimachine spec is the specifi- 
cation for all of these high-level ser- 
vices: the Visi ops, the BITs, and all of 
the higher-level functions that Visi 
On provides through the services 
windows. For a product sitting on top 
of the Visimachine, it is as if the prod- 
uct is running all by itself in its own 
virtual machine, in its own virtual 
memory, so it has as much memory 
as it wants, and all the product is do- 
ing is communicating with Visi On. 

The theory of the interface comes 
from Brinch Hansen's concept of con- 
current processes, which he calls 
"communicating sequential pro- 
cesses." What it means to us is that as 
far as calls are concerned, the 
Visimachine and the activity interface 
look to each other like two big pro- 
grams with dual entry points. 

Every call that Visi On makes- 
remember, Visi On is the only thing 
that gets a keystroke or listens to the 
user — every time the user does some- 
thing that causes an input to the prod- 
uct, Visi On says to the product, 
"Here, do this," and then Visi On's 
blocked for I/O (input/output). 



Make your micro work like a mainframe. 



First, neatly tape the "370" label onto 
your IBM Personal Computer. 

Now slip a dBASE II™ disk into 
your main drive. 

That's it: your IBM PC is now ready to 
run a relational database system, the kind 
IBM put on their mainframes last year. 

And you're ready with more data 
handling power than you would have 
dreamed possible before dBASE II. 

With a word or two, you create data- 
bases, append new data, update, modify 
and replace fields, records and entire 
databases. Display any information, 
report months worth of data in minutes 
and zip through input screens and 
output forms. 

You can use it interactively for 
answers right now. Or save your instruc- 
tions and repeat everything with two 
words: do Manhours, do Project X, do 
whatever has to be done. 

To try dBASE II free for 30 days, 
drop by your local computer store. 
Or if they're sold out, call us at (213) 
204-5570. If you don't like it, you get 
your money back. 

But if you do that, you'll have to 
remove the label. Because nothing short 
of a mainframe works like dBASE II. 




^^^-i Ashton-Tate 

■^5^ «y ^^J» ^ J 1Q82 Ashton - Tatt ' 

^^•J «* ^SSS^ ; CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 




266 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 31 on Inquiry card. 



NEW TARBELL 5-INCH 
HARD DISK SYSTEMS 



TARBELL Q 




Tarbell now offers you a line of 5-inch hard disk 
systems with amazingly low cost per megabyte. 
The systems come in 5, 10 or 16 megabyte format- 
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Each system includes: 5-inch disk drive, 8-inch 
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Features include data transfer rate of 5 mega- 
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10 Mbyte hard disk subsystem $2265 

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The Empire series of computers are now available with 
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All Empire computers can be purchased as multi-user sys- 
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including 256K main memory. 



950 Dovlen Place, Suite B 
Carson, California 90746 
(213)538-4251 



Manufacturers of computers, components and software. 

BYTE June 1983 267 





CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 
Circle 372 on inquiry card. 



I " ' _ " ' — I 

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8510 . $469.00 

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F-10 (40 CPS, Letter Qual.) $1395.00 
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•IBM is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation 



•APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Computers. Inc 



*CP/M and CP/M86 are registered trademarks of Digital 
Research. Inc 



268 BYTE June 1983 



WE'VE MOVED 

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Circle 310 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 269 






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Sample screen displays of Visi On windows. 

270 June 1903 © BYTE Publications Inc 



You'll see the hour-glass come up; 
Visi On can't do anything. The prod- 
uct will execute whatever processing 
it has to do and will say to Visi On, 
"Here, here's your response." Then 
Visi On will come to life, and the 
product is blocked. That's the com- 
municating sequential processor. 

The real idea of making this into a 
concurrent process is that as far as 
Visi On is concerned, it has a lot of 
those products or processes going on, 
and in its tightest inner loop, Visi On 
is also keeping track of the mouse and 
keeping this background printer 
printing or whatever happens to be 
going on. 

The Programs under Visi On 

At the top end, you have the ap- 
plications activities themselves. 
They're programs that have been de- 
veloped for this high-level operating 
system, running in their own 
memory, using these very high level 
calls. When these programs are com- 
piled, they have this large header file 
that you have to include at compile 
time. This header has all the defini- 
tions of all those calls and all the 
definitions of all the data types and so 
on, so that now all you have to do is 
develop your routines underneath 
that. It's a fairly complex architec- 
ture. 

You're doing this all in C, you say, or 
two-thirds in C? 

VOS is about 100K bytes of C, plus 
about 20K bytes of data. . . 
It's compiled C, 100K bytes? 
Yes, this is really 100K bytes of object 
code, but it's from C. Plus about 20K 
bytes of data space. Visi On itself and 
the products are all in virtual 
memory, so only a part of that has to 
be resident at any one time. 
Visi On requires 256K bytes of RAM? 
256K minimum. With MS-DOS 2.0, 
that only leaves us about 230K bytes 
to use, and we're going to need 
between 128K and 150K bytes to 
efficiently run multiple activities. In 
reality, our concept of virtual 
memory means you could run in less 
memory, but not with high perfor- 
mance, and if the system isn't very in- 
teractive, you lose everything. We 
did a lot of testing when we were go- 
ing through our prototyping phase, 



Microsoft languages 

connect your software to 

more 16-bit systems. 



The largest market for 16-bit software. Over 
95% of all 16-bit microcomputers run Microsoft* 
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systems. The IBM* PC, and systems from Wang, 
Zenith, DEC, Victor, Altos, Texas Instruments 
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working with Microsoft operating systems and 
languages, youll find that it's far easier to trans- 
port software between systems. 
A full range of languages. The versatile MS 
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Microsoft Business BASIC and MS-COBOL for 
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compiler specifically designed for microprocessor 
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A total programming environment. Compatible 
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to write software that sells 
Leadership in micros. 
Microsoft wrote the 
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for the 



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plus the MS™-DOS and XENIX™ operating systems. 
What's more, we are constantly enhancing both 
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That means Microsoft programming languages are 
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More information? See your Microsoft dealer 
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Microsoft is a registered trademark, 
and MS. XENIX and the Microsoft logo are 
trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. 



and there is a threshold under which, 
if the system doesn't respond fast 
enough, you just may as well not 
have the system at all. 
It doesn't look as if having a lot of 
memory will be a problem in most 
systems for much longer. 
That's one of our hopes. A significant 
part of this system is the virtual 
memory, which is quite a bit of work 
for us to implement. The virtual 
memory requires that, at least early 
on, all of the programming develop- 
ment will have to be done in C. We 
have to use our linker because we've 
created a concept of segments of 
memory that can be paged in and out. 
It's obviously not real virtual 
memory because we don't have hard- 
ware support to do virtual pages. But 
a segment looks like a virtual object 
page in Smalltalk with what they're 
trying to do, which says that a seg- 
ment is more like an overlay than it is 
a page. It includes a whole bunch of 
objects that should be run together. 
As far as we're concerned, a segment 
can be of adjustable size. You can 
have both code segments and data 
segments. Data can be swapped in 
and out and paged as well. 
Everything will be in virtual memory, 
of course, but only so much will be 
resident at any one time. The whole 
memory manager is down in 
Visihost. 

Complicating this, of course, is the 
need for all the code to be position in- 
dependent. That's one of the things 
we had to do with our linker. Every- 
thing can be relocated to any posi- 
tion. Another complication in this ar- 
chitecture is that we have to contend 
with the segmented architecture of 
the 8086 family and those chips' idea 
of long calls (outside a 64K-byte seg- 
ment) and short calls (within a 
64K-byte segment). We have to 
straighten up all of those calls at load 
time and at run time. But the memory 
management does work rather effi- 
ciently. 



Porting Visi On 

You wanted to talk about how we 
port the system. The concept is a two- 
phase porta tion, where we actually 
do the portation of Visi On to any 



new architecture. To us, a new ar- 
chitecture is a combination of any 
change in operating system or any 
change in the central processing unit. 
That's the major portation, when the 
Visihost has to be rewritten. Visihost 
is actually assembly language. So we 
will have different versions of it. In- 
itially we have one for the 8086/8088, 
80186 family with MS-DOS. The new 
one we're intending is a 68000 ver- 
sion, probably with Unix, maybe 
with MS-DOS as well, but we will ex- 
tend those versions. That's number 
one. We'll do that work in-house. 

Let me back up. The second part of 
the portation is the target conversion, 
where we actually take the adapta- 
tion for one processor and one 
operating system and put it on a 
specific target machine. We configure 
it to the bit map of the screen, to any 
calls that are different for the key- 
board, any changes in how they han- 
dle fonts, and so on. We do allow 
loadable fonts. 

What we do on the second part of 
the portation is sort of like doing 
your BIOS (basic input/output 
system) for CP/M, but we're going to 
provide to the OEM (original equip- 
ment manufacturer) the source for the 
Visihost, a specification, and a test 
program to assure that all the calls 
work. And the idea is that the OEM 
would do that part of the conversion. 
It could target to its machine. There 
will be small changes. If its mouse is 
different from our mouse, it will have 
to change a driver to take advantage 
of that, and so on. 
You've talked about MS-DOS so far, 
and not CP/M-86. Your announce- 
ment said you were going to do Visi 
On for that as well. 
We do intend to do it for CP/M-86. 
But not until the second version. 
What about CP/M-68K or the other 
Digital Research operating systems? 
We do intend to do it across CP/M 
lines. The number one objective is to 
get one version out late this summer. 
We have announced on DEC, we 
have announced on TI, and there'll be 
other announcements coming. 



More on Applications Programs 
Can you talk a little more about the 



applications programs themselves? 
Are they being managed as a separate 
project? 

Well, they're all managed as separate 
projects, but they're all under my 
group. Right now, we intend to 
release all five — one product for each 
of the five applications that we con- 
sider major: spreadsheet, word pro- 
cessing, business graphics, database, 
and communications. Most of those 
five programs will be released right at 
ship time or within a few weeks of the 
Visi On system itself. 

They're being developed totally in- 
dependently. I mean they'll be 
developed as independent projects, 
from scratch. They're being designed 
to take full advantage of the system 
and all the utilities provided by the 
system. And they are significantly 
upgraded in features and functions 
above our stand-alone product line. 
We hope we've learned quite a bit 
about what our competition has 
taught us and what the marketplace 
has taught us. 

I will tell you that one of the major 
things we're trying to do is adapt to 
our conception of human factors- 
context, guidedness, the principle of 
direct manipulation where users 
directly manage the data and receive 
immediate responses to their actions. 
We think that's very important. 
Visicalc was the first product out that 
let users do that. They could build 
very complex models by building 
them one number at a time and seeing 
that something was right or wrong 
and changing it and actually not have 
to go through a series of steps to 
rebuild it. We think that's important 
throughout all the products. Users 
don't want to have to learn some 
pseudoprogramming technique to get 
to an ending, to go through lots of 
steps and not necessarily see if 
something is right or wrong. So we're 
making a heavy effort on that. 

As a matter of fact, we not only 
have this Visimachine specification 
and a lot of tools to go with it, but 
our human factors project — the Nova 
project, which still has resources 
devoted to it — produced a manual we 
call the Designers Guide to Well- 
Behaved Products. That not only 
details the whys and wherefores of 



272 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



MdW** 



bloc" 



printed 




To put your 

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printing terms 

The Facit 4510 Low Cost 80-column 
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Versatility comes from industry compatible inter- 
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Block graphics and pin graphics secure 
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Emphasizing multifont and high resolution 
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Fan fold tractor feed, single sheet and 
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Circle 150 on inquiry card. 



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our product model and our user 
model and all the principles of design, 
but goes through all the usages and all 
the BITs. It also explains all of the 
functionality of Visi On, how to use it 
and why to use it, and the preferable 
and less preferable things to do with 
it. We're designing right to that guide. 
It's been an evolutionary document 
over two years. 

There could be a trade-off between 
consistency in the user interface and 
tailoring each program to a specific 
application. How have you resolved 
that? 

There absolutely is a conflict, and 
resolving it is an ongoing process. We 
have an evaluation lab set up and we 
try to mock up and evaluate things. 
Each product has a working team that 
includes marketing, technical writing, 
and development that works out the 
issues. Then we have a weekly meet- 
ing of what we call the Quasar prod- 
uct working group— Quasar was our 
original name for this product. There 
we actually confront issues as they 
become problems and attempt to 
come up with some solutions. Any- 
thing that can't be done at that level 
comes up to my level, and we work it 
out between the director of product 
marketing and me. And as I said, it is 
not something that is easy. Where 
you might find 80 percent of the 
things easy, the last 20 percent affect 
the other 80 percent anyway, so you 
end up having to revise it and revise 
it. And you have to have voices that 
speak all sides of the problem, and 
you have to be able to interact with 
that and evaluate it. 
So it's case by case. . . there's no 
other way? 

At this point it is. We set up our 
overall principles of design and we 
actually held hard and fast from 
January 1982 until the end of that 
year, trying to design as well as we 
could without any violations of the 
principles. We made one mid-course 
correction, an update of the guide in 
the fall of last year, and now that 
we're in the end throes of trying to in- 
teract with these products, to get 
them up, we're finding things that are 
bothersome, and so now we're at the 
point where it really is a case-by-case 
basis. 



Are you trying this out on naive 
users? How do you test it? 

Internally so far. 

On people you've hired? 

People we hire, but we brought in 
some naive users from the outside, 
and beyond that we do intend to do a 
significant beta testing of it, but that 
will be later on. We don't want to do 
it until enough things are stable that 
people can really. . . if the system 
gets in the way of using it, it doesn't 
matter whether it gets in the way 
because it's not complete or it has a 
bug or it isn't good. 
Can you say more about installing 
applications? 

As far as users are concerned, all 
they'll do is use this services window 
and select the Install button. This is 
how we install them today in our 
development environment. The win- 
dow will prompt users to insert the 
floppy disk. Once users have done 
that and confirmed it, the code will 
actually be read onto the Winchester 
disk itself. 

Basically, the loader will set up all 
the appropriate addresses in each seg- 



ment. So all the segments are initial- 
ized and loaded on the disk. Then all 
of the appropriate indexes and over- 
view pages are updated. An item is 
added to the services window in- 
dicating that this product is now in- 
stalled; there is an overview table for 
what is available in the help files. The 
help files are loaded from this disk in- 
to the Winchester disk. The help win- 
dow's overview will show that there's 
a new series of things here. 
Copy Protection in the Mouse 

Finally, the serial number of the 
machine is appropriately encrypted 
and stored on the floppy disk itself, 
so at that point you can use that pro- 
gram. You can load it on the Win- 
chester disk as many times as you 
want or on as many Winchesters as 
you want. The program will run only 
for the appropriate serial number, 
which for us happens to be in the 
mouse. Anywhere you take your 
mouse, you can run that program. 
How will you adapt Visi On to run 
with different printers? How much of 
that are you going to do? Or will you 
let the computer manufacturers do 







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lune 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 275 



— — --■— — — ^— ^^^— 



Coleman on the Future of Microcomputer Software 



Looking at the next generation of soft- 
ware beyond Visi On, and I know 
that's very far to look ahead, when do 
you think voice will become a factor in 
the user interface? When do you expect 
to have to deal with that? 
Voice input . . . in some ways J guess 
you can consider it a factor today. 
Because of TTs announcement of the 
Professional Computer? 
Well, because there are several things 
that can take very limited amounts of 
voice but not a general function. I 
think were going to see much further 
integration over the next 10 years. 
Where will the integration increase? 
In the underlying data structures, so 
that you really do have common data. 
Each program understands all the con- 
text at some level or another of every 
other programs data. 
What stands in the way of that now? 
Basically a definition of the underlying 
data base. Its a broad subject, not just 
to understand that something is of a 
certain type, numeric and alpha and so 
on, but also to understand all the 
semantics and all the metadata that go 
with that type, that say, for example, 
that this program is a spreadsheet and 
therefore it has the following kinds of 
information as far as formulas and 
recalculation orders; or the program is 
a word processor and therefore it 
understands all the semantics about 
justification and margining and the 
rest. 

If you look ahead somehow, if you 
could develop an underlying context 
that understood all of that, there's no 
reason why the tools that go on top of 
it cant be— boy, am I talking ahead — 
much smarter than such took are to- 
day. Therefore you really can do what 
the 1-2-3$ and Context MBAs are try- 
ing to do: make one product that does 
everything. What MBA and 1-2-3 do is 
integrate some functions very prob- 



lematically and nonextensibly. But if 
you had something that could under- 
stand all of this kind of structure then, 
you really would approach Smalltalk's 
objective. You would have lots of 
classes and subclasses of data that 
understand all the manipulations that 
are done on them, and all you would 
have to do would be little processes to 
change that. Therefore you really 
could be just typing along and in the 
middle of your text have a spreadsheet, 
which will recalculate any time and 
will understand any time you make a 
change in this model over here that this 
document must be updated the next 
time you look at it or print it out. 
Those things are obviously an exten- 
sion of where we are trying to go with 
Visi On, but they aren't here now. 

Voice input and the next levels 
above that could be much more highly 
interactive. The problem with voice in- 
put is that you've got to deal with the 
office, and in many offices you can't 
do a lot of talking. The real technical 
problem, of course, is just getting the 
computer to understand voice. 

That's sort of coupled with knowl- 
edge-based systems as well. If you start 
looking at the concepts of artificial in- 
telligence, somewhere along the way 
we're going to start seeing voice input 
in inference processing, and use of ar- 
tificial intelligence will work its way in- 
to these systems. But I see a highly 
usable system like that as about 10 
years away. You are going to see 
special cases of that all the way along. 
After all, we've seen special cases of 
windowing systems for 15 years. 
When do you think the features of ex- 
pert systems will begin to appear? 
You're just asking my personal opi- 
nion? 
Yes. 

In the next couple of years, you're go- 
ing to see people coming out with ex- 



pert systems that have some utility. I 
don't think you're going to see the 
Visicalc of expert systems for five to 
seven years — that is, an expert system 
that is so conceptually easy to use that 
it will be generally adapted by a large 
group of people. The expert systems 
that come out sooner will be special- 
purpose, will involve special training, 
and will do a very small segment of a 
problem. But we aren't close enough 
there in the technology. That's just my 
opinion. 

What about progress in languages? Do 
you think that we're going to see 
languages that incorporate features 
like the new applications? Is Smalltalk 
going to become popular? Do you 
think people will ever program with 
languages? Will languages reach the 
necessary stage of ease of use, or do 
you think that's just fantasy? 
/ don't think that people will generally 
write programs in the sense we're talk- 
ing about writing programs today 
because I don't think many people easi- 
ly think at the level of logic it takes to 
do a program. Even concepts of itera- 
tion are hard for people to understand. 
I do think that people will be able to 
develop programs by interacting with 
systems that are being developed now, 
maybe inference processing systems. 

But I don't think people will sit 
down and learn languages even as sim- 
ple as BASIC or Smalltalk to do much 
programming on a general basis. The 
potential world market for the com- 
puter/personal computer/desktop 
workstation is an inverted pyramid — 
this is an Apple model, by the way— 
and we've seen only the first couple of 
percent of the tip of that pyramid. To 
get farther into the pyramid, you have 
to get farther and farther from the ac- 
tual need for people to understand 
computers and programming. 



that for the printers they sell? 

The manufacturers can do them, and 
well have at least 10 printer drivers 
available when we first ship Visi On. 
You see, to develop a driver with 
enough capability to handle the GKS, 
we're talking about drivers that are 
about 8K to 15K bytes. The first year 



well support probably three to four 
plotters and a whole line of printers. 
But the idea is that these drivers are 
very sophisticated, because they have 
to interpret calls in context to what 
kind of device is attached to the other 
end and make the appropriate trade- 
off. If the device doesn't allow super- 



scripting or subscripting, the driver 
won't do it. But we will be providing 
a lot of drivers and there will definite- 
ly be information to write drivers. 
Fortunately, it turns out that a lot of 
the manufacturers are already signing 
up to develop or have developed and 
will provide GKS drivers. Digital 



276 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 





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Research is already part of that. 

One of the concepts of Visi On is to 
get people, cnce they've learned to 
use the system — which is very easy to 
learn to use — to a state of no longer 
having to pay attention to the use of 
the software tool, but only to solving 
the problem. The system should not 
distract people from the problem. No 
one is turning on the system in order 
to run Visi On or to run a spreadsheet 
under Visi On, or a word processor, 
graphics, whatever. People will turn 
the system on because they have a 
goal to get something done by the end 
of the day. Visi On is nothing more 
than a toolkit. We want to make sure 
that users can learn how to use it, not 
be afraid of it, get in and work quick, 
and get out. Users should not be con- 
cerned about where they're getting 
their data from. It should be possible 
in the future for users just to ask for 
some data and not worry about 
whether the data comes from a re- 
mote system over a telephone line, or 
from a local system, or from their 
buddy's personal computer. 

The scripts capability is another 
important aspect of ease of use. It's a 
learn mode. It has a window that you 
can interact with. You can stop that 
learn mode at any time and tell the 
system to accept a variable. You open 
a scripts window and say, "learn." 
Then the system prompts you for a 
name, you type in the name, and that 
will be the name of a script. Maybe 
you go through a consolidation of 
three model* and you combine data 
and you're loading models, etc. As 
you're going through that, you might 
tell the system — by reaching up and 
pointing into the middle of the scripts 
window— that something there is a 
variable. 

When you replay that script, let's 
say once a month, you want to con- 
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a month you can call up the script 
and go through it and it will stop at 
different points and you can type in 
specific items, and then the system 
will use the script to do the rest all by 
itself and print it out. The system has 
learned from you, and it has let you 
do what amounts to a form of rudi- 
mentary programming. ■ 



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Product Description 



NEC PC-8201 Portable Computer 

A new contender with Tandy's Model 100 



Stan Wszola 
Technical Editor 



With its PC-8201, Nippon Electric Company has in- 
troduced another contender in the fight for a place in the 
executive briefcase. Scheduled to be released in the U.S. 
this summer, the PC-8201 (see photo 1) is expected to 
compete directly with Tandy's new Model 100. Among 
other similarities, both machines use the 80C85 micro- 
processor, a low-power CMOS (complementary metal- 
oxide semiconductor) version of the 8085 running at 
2.4576 MHz. But, and this is an important difference, the 
PC-8201's 16K bytes of CMOS RAM (random-access 
read/write memory) can be expanded to 64K bytes inter- 
nally. And the machine can accept an optional 32K-byte 
CMOS RAM cartridge. The list price converted into U.S 
dollars is about $675 at the time of this writing. 

The 8201's 32K bytes of CMOS ROM (read-only 
memory) contain the operating system, Microsoft 
BASIC, a simple text-editing program, and a telecom- 
munications program. As with the RAM, the internal 
ROM can be expanded to 64K bytes, and NEC provides 
an optional 64K-byte ROM cartridge. 

Looking at the rear of this machine (see photo 2), you 
can see that NEC tried to include connections for all 
necessary options. An interface for a cassette tape 
recorder, a Centronics-type parallel printer port, an RS- 
232C serial port, an interface for an optional bar-code 
reader, and connectors for as yet unannounced RAM 
modules and a floppy-disk drive are all there. Additional- 
ly, the reset switch, the memory-protection switch, and 
power input jack were squeezed in. On the right side of 
the case, you'll find the power on/off switch and an ad- 
justment for the display's viewing angle. 

Battery-powered and light (about 3.8 pounds), the 
8201 uses four alkaline AA batteries, a rechargeable 
nickel-cadmium battery pack, or an AC adapter. It's 
housed in a red, white, or silver case that's 11.8 inches 
wide by 8.4 inches deep by 1.3 to 2.4 inches high, just 
slightly larger and approximately three times as thick as 
the copy of BYTE you're now holding. 




Photo 1: The NEC PC-8201 Portable Computer features a 
40-character by 8-line LCD, software in ROM, and your choice 
of a red, white, or silver case. 



Display 

The liquid-crystal display (LCD) has 8 lines of 40 
characters with each character comprising a 6 by 8 matrix 
(see photo 1). The 8201 can display the full 128-character 
set of the American National Standard Code for Informa- 
tion Interchange (ASCII), the Japanese katakana 
character set, and 61 user-definable characters. 

The 8201 display is the minimum practical size; 
anything smaller (e.g., Epson HX-20) becomes too dif- 
ficult to work with. Even in the simplest writing task, you 
need to see a certain amount of text. This amount may 
vary, according to individual preferences or the type of 
material you are working on. While the 8 by 40 display is 
adequate for writing or programming, it is too small for 
use with tabular information or spreadsheet programs. 

The display, suffering from the same faults that plague 
all devices using LCDs, is visible only at an ideal viewing 
angle of about 60 degrees. A bright light or sunlight 
obscures the display because of the reflections on the 



282 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




Photo 2: Rear view of the NEC PC-8201. From left to right are the AC power input jack, memory-protection switch, reset switch, and 
connectors for the floppy-disk controller (not yet released), memory-expansion modules, and bar-code reader. The Centronics-type 
parallel printer port is located above the RS-232C serial port, which is next to the cassette tape input/output port. An optional RAM 
cartridge is shown plugged into the side of the computer. 



cover. LCDs can't be easily used in low-light conditions 
because they function by reflecting ambient light rather 
than by producing a lighted display as does a standard 
video monitor. For most office use, however, the 8201's 
display is effective and poses no problems when used 
under average lighting conditions. If necessary, the con- 
trast can be adjusted using a control on the right side of 
the case. 

Keyboard 

Surprisingly, the 8201 has a very usable keyboard for 
such a small package. It has 55 keys in the popular 
Selectric-style layout (see photo 3) and five program- 
mable function keys, initially defined for use with the 
text-editing and telecommunications programs. The four 
triangular-shaped cursor-control keys form a square on 
the right side of the keyboard, an excellent arrangement. 

Two special keys, Paste /Insert and Delete /Backspace, 
provide text-editing functions. As its name implies, the 
first inserts characters in text or a program. A Shift-Paste 
inserts the contents of a Paste buffer (more on this later) 
into the text or program at the cursor location. The 
Delete key deletes the previously entered character and 
Shift-Delete deletes a character indicated by the cursor. A 
third special key, Stop, generates a Control-C and halts 
program operation. 

Admittedly, the keyboard is a little cramped for my 
fingers, but the tactile response is fine. The only an- 
noyance was with the confusing combination of 
English/katakana legends on the keytops. The American 
version of the computer will have only the English letters 
on the keytops. 

Memory 

NEC provided the 8201 with an impressive capacity for 
memory expansion. The evaluation unit had 32K bytes of 
ROM (standard) and 32K bytes of RAM, both of which 
could be expanded with optional memory modules. With 



the addition of both internal and external RAM, the 8201 
gives you a total of 96K bytes. The ROM can also be in- 
creased internally to 64K bytes and, with plug-in car- 
tridges, to 128K bytes. 

Managing that amount of memory presents an in- 
teresting problem, which NEC solved by giving the 8201 
a BANK command. A programmer can specify which 
32K bank of both RAM and ROM the processor must 
look at. This method enables the 8201 to store very large 
programs in memory with enough memory left over to 
use other programs. 

The plug-in cartridges offer you an alternative to pro- 
gram storage on floppy disks. Because the cartridges in- 
clude battery power for the CMOS RAM, you could load 
a program into a cartridge, remove the cartridge, and 
plug in a different cartridge in order to use or store other 
programs. This is hardly an inexpensive solution, but it is 
convenient and portable. 

Although the 8201 manual does not mention what pro- 
grams will be available to fill 128K bytes of ROM, the 
needs of the market suggest a simple electronic spread- 
sheet and executive software such as a daily appointment 
record and phone /address records. Software developers 
have the opportunity to develop custom ROM cartridge 
programs. 

Software 

A characteristic feature of most microcomputers is the 
required loading of software through cassette recorders 
and floppy -disk drives. The NEC PC-8201 is a true por- 
table because it eliminates this dependence on peripherals 
by having programs in ROM or saved in RAM. 

When the 8201 switches on, the operating system's 
main menu appears, showing the date, the time, a direc- 
tory of all programs in memory, and which bank of 
memory is being accessed. In the directory, extensions in- 
dicate the type of information in the file. Text files use the 
extension DO for document, BASIC programs have the 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 283 




Photo 3: Screen display and keyboard layout of the PC-8201. 
Note that the key top legends show both English characters and 
Japanese katakana characters, The special-function keys are 
labeled by the last line of the display. 

BA extension, and machine-language files use CO. You 
can identify applications programs such as BASIC, TEXT, 
and TELCOM by the lack of an extension. The bottom 
line of this initial display presents labels for the special- 
function keys and indicates the amount of free memory. 
(The similarity between the display of the 8201 in photo 3 
and the Tandy Model 100's shouldn't be surprising 
because Microsoft designed the software for both 
systems.) 

The user interface makes ease of use as strong an asset 
as portability with this computer. To choose a program 
to run or a file to edit, you simply position the cursor 
over the file name and press the return key. With a BA 
file extension, the system enters BASIC, and with DO, 
the text editor is invoked. Even machine-language pro- 
grams with a specific execution address run automatically 
if selected from the menu. Another simplifying feature is 
available when you finish any application program or 
file. Just by typing "MENU," you close the files and 



At a Glance 




Name 


Dimensions 


NEC PC-8201 Portable 


1 1 .8 inches wide by 8.4 


Computer 


inches deep by 1 .3 to 2.4 




inches high 


Use 




Portable general-purpose 


Weight 


computer 


3.8 pounds 


Manufacturer 


Software 


NEC Home Electronics 


Microsoft BASIC, telecom- 


(U.S.A.) Inc. 


munications program, and 


Personal Computer Division 


text-editing program in ROM 


1401 Estes Ave. 




Elk Grove, IL 60007 


Audience 


(312)228-5900 


Anyone needing a portable 




computer for telecommunica- 


Price 


tions, word processing, and 


Approximately $675 (de- 


general-purpose applications ' 


pending on exchange rates) 





return to the menu display. 

One bundled application, TEXT, is a simple editing 
program for text or BASIC files and will probably be the 
most used program. To invoke the TEXT program, you 
choose the program from the main menu, select a docu- 
ment file that automatically invokes the editor, or use 
the EDIT command while in BASIC to edit a program. 

The special-function keys make the TEXT program 
especially easy to use. For example, you search for text 
strings with FIND, locate the next occurrence of the string 
with NEXT, select text to be cut or copied with SELECT, 
and transfer copy to a Paste buffer with either CUT or 
COPY. 

A safety feature prevents you from typing over 
previously entered copy. Whenever you want to insert 
text, you must first press the Insert key. The Paste buffer 
lets you put all or part of your text into a buffer with the 
COPY or CUT commands. Then, with the PASTE com- 
mand, you reinsert that copy elsewhere in the text. An 



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added benefit of the Paste buffer is that it saves any 
entered text. With a little bit of effort, you can combine 
this benefit with the FIND and NEXT commands to per- 
form operations similar to search and replace operations 
found in more powerful text-editing programs. 

The same easy-to-use features of TEXT are in the 
TELCOM program, a fairly simple telecommunications 
program. Designed primarily to access online databases 
or information services (The Source, CompuServe, Dow 
Jones, etc.) or to exchange programs between two com- 
puters, it uses the special-function keys and Escape/ 
character key sequences to control the program's 
operation. A two-page memory buffer, totaling 16 lines, 
lets you halt the display in order to refer to previously 
received information. You can set the program for half- 
or full-duplex operation and "echo" the screen display to 
a printer. 

The UPLOAD and DOWNLOAD commands transfer 
files through the RS-232C port. The telecommunications 
program asks for the name of the file to send or receive, 
performs the operation, indicates the task's completion, 
and finally asks if you want to disconnect. With the 
STAT command, the 8201 provides a simple method of 
setting the data rate, parity, bit length, stop bits, and 
XON/XOFF sequence. 

BASIC 

The implementation of Microsoft's BASIC ensures an 
easy transference of programs to the 8201 without costly 
translation. Additionally, this interpreted BASIC in- 
cludes the statements and functions needed to write 
almost any type of program. By integrating BASIC with 
the TEXT program, you get two editing methods— a line- 
oriented program or the character-oriented TEXT pro- 
gram. 

Peripherals 

Several related peripherals are due to be released with 
the computer. Of most interest are the floppy-disk con- 
troller (PC -8233) and disk drives. Apparently, the con- 
troller regulates several different types of drives (PC- 
8031-1W, PC-8031-2W, and PC-80S31), one of which is 
probably some version of the 3V2-inch microfloppy. 
Another useful peripheral is the PC-8240 video monitor 
adapter, which enables you to connect the 8201 to a 
video monitor. 

Peripherals in the planning stage include an intelligent 
telephone, an acoustic coupler modem, and a bar-code 
reader. 

Summary 

With the portable computer market becoming crowded 
with contenders, more functions are being squeezed into 
smaller packages. The 8201 takes its place as a transition 
machine designed to determine just what features people 
want in a portable computer. 

Overall, it looks as if NEC has developed an effective 
integrated package of hardware and software useful to 
anyone with a need for a computer to go. ■ 



286 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 383 on inquiry card. 



LET THE "ANGEL? DO THE 
WAITING 



Two RS-232C Connectors for serial in 
put and output 



6 Leds to indicate power, transmission 
and reception status, buffer activities, 
page number, etc. 

SKIP and REPRINT provide independant 
page controls to reprint portions of 
documentation, 

40 Pin Expansion Bus available for 
future expansion 



COPY provides convenient one key opera- 
tion for single copy or multi-copy of text 

3 externally accessible Dip Switches for 
baudrate, device type, and parallel and 
serial selections. Selections can be made 
without losing buffer 



Connect an "ANGEL" between your com- 
puter and your printer, and let the "ANGEL" 
do the waiting .... 

Your valuable computer spends 95% of its 
time waiting for the printer to catch up... and 
while the computer waits, the payroll con- 
tinues. 

The computer sends data to the "ANGEL" 
at speeds up to 19.2K baud. The "ANGEL" 
stores data and sends it to the printer at a 
speed the printer can handle, and your com- 
puter is free to continue working without in- 
terruption. 
A USER WRITES: 
"1 tried the "ANGEL" with my Altos 
system connected to an Epson MX- 100, 
both set at 9600 baud. Without the 
"ANGEL" it takes 30 minutes to print 210 
doctors' requisition forms, with the 
"ANGEL" installed, my computer is free 
after 90 seconds." 
With "ANGEL'S" self diagnostics and 
memory test, the entire system thoroughly 
checks itself every time you power up. 
PAGE REPRINT is another unique feature. 
EXAMPLE: You are printing a 32 page 
report, and the paper jams at page 1 1 . 
Reset the printer to the top of the form, 
press PAGE REPRINT, and resume printing 
at the top of page 1 1 . Want to restart two 
pages back? Press PAGE REPRINT twice, 
and you resume at page 10. 






Function keys extend the useful com- 
mands to more than 10, including; hex- 
dump, memory test, remote loading, etc. 

Independant PAUSE and HOLD con 
trols to suspend transmission and recep 



8 easy-to-operate membrane key switches. 



Two 20 Pin Edge Connectors for parallel 
input and output 



"ANGEL" is compatible with almost all Micro-Computers, including IBM, Apple, TRS-80, Vector Graphic, NorthStar, Altos, 
Xerox, Heath, Zenith, NEC, DEC, etc., with RS-232 serial, Hardware Handshaking, or Centronics compatible parallel interface. 
The manufacturer reserves the right to change the product specification. 



...And think of these other possibilities: 
HEX DUMP. Display or printout every bit 
of data your computer sends out to the 
printer in an easy-to-read Hexidecimal and 
ASCII format. A must for your programmer. 
Pause and Hold for real time programs. 
Page skip for selective printing. What a 
waste to print the entire documentation if 
you only need part of it. 
Simple external switch settings, let the 
"ANGEL" accept either RS-232 serial or 
Centronics parallel data and can output 
either/or in any combination, 
(S*S,S-P,P-S,P-P). The "ANGEL" is com- 
patible with almost all Micro-Computers, 
and can be installed by anyone in minutes. 
Switches are clearly marked for ease of 
operation, and a concise, GSER FRIENDLY 
operator reference card is included with 
each unit. 
The "ANGEL" has a fuO one year limited warranty. 



THE "ANGEL* 
WATTING! 



WILL NEVER KEEP YOG 




ANGEL, The Intelligent Buffer, features: 

■ 64K Byte Memory Size 

- Four Interface Modes in one unit: 

- Serial to Serial 

- Parallel to Parallel 

- Serial to Parallel 

- Parallel to Serial 

- Serial Baudrate from 1 10 to 19.2K Baud 

■ Single, Multiple and Continuous Copy 
• Clear/Reset 

■ Pause/Hold 

- Page Skip 

- Page Re-print 

- Page-Pause 

- Hex-Dump 

- Self-Diagnostics 

- Space Compression to extend the effec- 
tive buffer size to more than 1 28K 

- Price - $295.00 



r TO ORDER: 

CALL TOLL FREE 1 -800-323-3304 

OR SEND CHECK OR MONEY 

ORDER TO L1GO RESEARCH 

Please rush me ( ) "ANGELAS)" @ 

$295.00 each 

Sub total 

il onl°y S Add 6% US. sales tax 



PAGE REPRINT HEX DUMP 

LigO Research, Inc. • 396 E. 159th St. • Harvey, IL 60426 • 1-312-331-8797 • In Canada 1-416-859-0370 

Circle 218 on inquiry card. 



Delivery charge 
TOTAL 



$4.00 



Charge my ( ) VISA ( ) MASTERCARD 

MY ACCT. # IS 

EXPIRATION DATE 



BYTE June 1983 287 



Hardware Review 



HMS3264 EPROM Programmer 



Marvin L. De Jong 

Department of Mathematics-Physics 

The School of the Ozarks 

Point Lookout, MO 65726 



Photo 1: The HMS3264 programmer card for the Apple IL 



The HMS3264 EPROM 
(erasable programmable 
read-only memory) pro- 
grammer package lets an 
Apple II computer handle 
the programming tasks for 
a broad range of software- 
development tasks. The 
Hollister Microsystems 
product (see photo 1) in- 
cludes the peripheral card, a 
DOS 3.3 disk with the 
necessary software to pro- 
gram an EPROM, and a 
manual. This peripheral 
package lets you program 
Intel-compatible EPROMs, 
including the 2716, 2732, 
2732A, 2764, and 27128. 

(Note that the Texas Instruments' TMS2716 is not com- 
patible with the Intel 2716, whereas the TMS2516 is com- 
patible with the Intel 2716.) 

The Hardware 

Mounted on the HMS3264 EPROM programmer card 
are three Textool ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets with 
gold-plated contacts. Each socket, marked to indicate the 
type of EPROM device it is designed to hold, contains a 
lever that removes the force of its contacts on the pins of 
the installed EPROM, allowing an EPROM to be inserted 
in the socket with no effort. You push the lever down to 
hold the EPROM in place during programming. When 
you raise the lever, the EPROM can be easily removed 
without prying or damage to its pins. 

Many EPROM programmers use plug-in 'personality 
modules" to handle a variety of EPROM types, but the 
HMS3264 card has all the programming sockets on 
board. Software is used to identify the EPROM type and 
modify the programming parameters when necessary. 
These features eliminate the need for jumper wires and 
personality modules, which are easily misplaced or lost. 




EPROMs can be inserted 
or removed from the 
EPROM programmer while 
the HMS3264 card is in- 
stalled in an Apple II 
peripheral-card slot and 
power to the Apple II is 
turned on. Two switches on 
the card control power to 
the Textool sockets. One 
switch controls the 5-V 
(volt) power supply that is 
required to read an 
EPROM. The other switch 
controls the programming 
voltage that is applied to 
the EPROM during the pro- 
gramming process. Setting 
the latter switch, called the 
write switch, in its off or "protect" position prevents the 
occurrence of an undesirable Write. A red LED (light- 
emitting diode) indicates the status of the EPROM power 
switch; a yellow LED indicates a programming voltage 
being applied to an EPROM. Two on-board DC-to-DC 
converters provide the 21 V and 25 V required to pro- 
gram the EPROMs. 

In order to insert or remove EPROMs, you must first 
remove the cover of the Apple II. Moreover, to prevent 
harm to your fingers, other circuit boards in the Apple II, 
or both, you must isolate the HMS3264 card with empty 
peripheral-card slots. 

I found it convenient to install the EPROM program- 
mer card in slot 3, leaving one blank slot on the left next 
to the printer-interface card and two blank slots between 
the EPROM programmer card and the disk-drive con- 
troller. Furthermore, be aware that a small but finite 
probability exists that you will drop an EPROM chip 
while attempting to insert or remove it from the EPROM 
programmer. In addition, a corresponding probability 
exists, guaranteed by Murphy's Law, that the EPROM 
will fall and produce a short circuit, smoke, and perhaps 



288 June 1983 © BYTE Publications fee 



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Call Toll- Free: 1-800-523-9511 In Pennsylvania: 1-215-868-8219 



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Circle 121 on inquiry card. 




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DEVELOPMENT HARDWARE/SOFTWARE 
GTEK MODEL 7128 EPROM PROGRAMMER 




Microprocessor based intelligence for ease of 
use and interface. You send the data, the 
7128 takes care of the rest. 
RS-232 interface and ASCII data formats 
make the 7128 compatible with virtually 
any computer with an RS-232 serial inter- 
face port. 

Auto-select baud rate. 
Use with or without handshaking. 
Bidirectional Xon/Xoff supported. 
CTS/DTR supported. 
Devices supported as of DEC 82. 
NMOS IMMOS CMOS 6 EPROM 
2758 2508 27C16 5213 
2716 2516 27C32 521 3H 
2732 2532 C6716 X2816 
2732A 2564 27C64 48016 
2764 68766 I2816A 

27128 8755 
27256 

Read pin compatible ROMS also. 
Automatic use of proper program 
based on type selected. 
Menu driven eprom type selection, no per- 
sonality modules required. 

(40 pin devices require adapter) 
INTEL, Motorola and MCS-86, Hex formats. 
Split facility for 16 bit data-paths. Read, pro- 
gram, and formatted list commands also. 
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verify real time while sending data. 
Program single byte, block, or whole eprom. 
Intelligent diagnostics discern between 
eprom which is bad and one which merely 
needs erasing. 



MPU'S 

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8749 

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8751 



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MODEL 7128-L1 for 2716 only $179.00 
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Post Office Box 289 

Waveland, Mississippi 39576 

(601)467-8048 



At a Glance 




Name 


Software 


HMS3264 EPROM pro- 


Single DOS 3.3 copyable 


grammer for the Apple II 


disk handles ail EPROM pro- 


computer 


gramming tasks, including 




editing, saving, and moving [ 


Manufacturer 


binary files before they are 


Hollister Microsystems Inc. 


burned in the EPROM 


1 455 Airport Blvd. 




San Jose, CA951I0 


Documentation 


j (408) 293-3900 


A 25-page manual includes 




detailed instructions for using 


Price 


both the hardware and the 


S395 


software 


Computer 


Audience 


I Apple ll or Apple II Pius with 


Apple II owners who use 


Applesoft BASIC, 48K bytes 


their computer as a develop- 


of user memory, and Apple 


ment system, manufacturers 


\t disk drive and controller 


of controllers who require a i 




production EPROM program- 


Hardware 


mer, and hobbyists who 


Single-circuit board for 


wish to program their own 


i peripheral-card slots I 


EPROMs 


through 7; no other circuits 




or personality modules are 




required; it programs Intel- 




compatible 27 1 6, 2732, 




2732A, 2764, and 27 1 28 




i EPROMs 





damage to components on the main logic board of the 
Apple II. However, a reasonably alert person can avoid 
these difficulties. 

A third switch on the HMS3264 board is called the 
CFFF switch. The EPROM programmer uses the hexa- 
decimal C800 through CFFF block of memory that the 
Apple II reserves for expansion ROM. The Apple II 
Reference Manual suggests that each peripheral card 
using this space should contain a flip-flop that disables its 
on-board ROM whenever location hexadecimal CFFF is 
referenced. This component prevents several ROMs from 
competing for the data bus with uncertain and 
undesirable side effects. 

With the CFFF switch in its Norm position, the 
HMS3264 board becomes disabled when location hexa- 
decimal CFFF is referenced with a read or write instruc- 
tion. However, if you want to program all the locations 
in a 2716, you need to disable this feature in order to pro- 
gram location hexadecimal CFFF. In that case, place the 
CFFF switch in its Write position. Then make sure that 
other cards are not competing for control of the data bus 
by removing the cards that use the hexadecimal C800 
through CFFF ROM space. 

Of course, these details are mentioned in the manual. 
The intent here is to describe various aspects of the 
HMS3264 EPROM programmer so that you get a feeling 
for its features and qualities. For example, it is likely that 
an inexpensive programmer board would omit the CFFF 
feature. The HMS3264 is not an inexpensive board, and 
no shortcuts were taken in its design. All its ICs (in- 



290 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 165 on inquiry card. 



Will this yearfc 
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And, in addition to compatibility with 
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and MP/M-86™ FREE. 




PRICELESS INFORMATION FOR 
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regarding all the other advantages of 
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MP/M 8-16 is a proprietary implementation of 
MP/M-86 and was configured for CompuPro by 
Gifford Computer Systems. CP/M and MP/M are 
registered trademarks of Digital Research. Super- 
Calc is a trademark of Sorcim. dBase II is a trade- 
mark of Ashton-Tate. CompuPro is a trademark 
of Godbout Electronics. Prices and specifications 
subject to change. 



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Circle 160 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 291 



********* HMS3264 EPROM SYSTEM *****V0.2 

(C) COPYRIGHT 1982 
HOLLISTER MICROSYSTEMS — AMW 
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 

..NOW LOADING HMS3264 BINARY PROGRAM.. 

********* HMS3264 EPROM SYSTEM *****V0.2 
EPROM TYPE.. UNDEFINED 
EPROM START. 0000 
EPROM END. ..???? 
WORK START. .0000 

SLOT . . . 

= = = := = = = = = = := = := SELECT SLOT = = = "" = = = = = = 



ENTER SLOT NUMBER (1-7) 



============== EPROM TYPE ==== 

ENTER EPROM TYPE ( 1-5 ) 

1) 2716 SINGLE VOLTAGE ONLY 

2) 2732 INTEL COMPATIBLE 

3) 27 32A INTEL COMPATIBLE 

4) 2764 INTEL COMPATIBLE 

5) 27128 INTEL COMPATIBLE 



2716 SINGLE VOLTAGE ONLY 

Figure 1: Printed output from the software supplied with the 
HMS3264. 



********* HMS3264 EPROM SYSTEM *****V0.2 
EPROM TYPE.. 2716 SINGLE VOLTAGE ONLY 
EPROM START. 0000 
EPROM END. . .07FF 
WORK START. .0000 

SLOT ... 3 



0. 
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 

8. 

A. 
C. 



LOAD & BURN SINGLE BINARY FILE 
BURN FROM WORKSPACE TO EPROM 
LOAD BINARY FILE TO WORKSPACE 
SAVE WORKSPACE TO FILE 
COPY EPROM TO WORKSPACE 
COMPUTE WORKSPACE CHECKSUM 
COMPARE WORKSPACE TO EPROM. 
DISPLAY EPROM/WORKSPACE 



EDIT WORKSPACE 9. 

EPROM TYPE B. 

CALIBRATE D. 
SELECT — 



EXIT 

SELECT SLOT 
CLEAR WORKSPACE 



Figure 2: The main software menu of the HMS3264. 



tegrated circuits) are socketed; you do not have to ruin 
the board in order to replace an IC. 

The lack of unusual components in the analog cir- 
cuitry, namely the DC-to-DC converters, means that a 
failure here is easy to correct. Each of the 11 74LS-series 
ICs has its own bypass capacitor. Obviously, careful at- 
tention was paid to the location of the power bus, ensur- 
ing noise-free and consistent operation. You are even 
provided with a location for a spare 16-pin DIP (dual- 
inline pin) socket, which might be used with jumper wires 
to program a special EPROM. 

The Software 

The floppy disk provided with the HMS3264 contains 
software, partly in BASIC and partly in machine code, 
for performing the various functions. To illustrate some 
of the software, the output of the program was directed 
to a printer, and the results are reproduced in figure 1. 
Note that the first task is to select the slot number. Any 
peripheral-card slot number except is acceptable. Next, 
you choose the type of EPROM you intend to program. 
In this application, I chose to program a 2716. The soft- 
ware confirms the choice, as shown in the last line of 
figure 1. After selecting the EPROM, you are presented 
with the main menu, as illustrated in figure 2. 

The software uses a block of memory in the Apple II, 
called the workspace, to load, store, and edit the binary 
files that will be read from, or burned in, the EPROM. 

The workspace starts at location hexadecimal 4000 in 
the RAM (random-access read/write memory) address 
space of the Apple II and extends upward as far as 
necessary for the particular EPROM being programmed. 
For instance, a type-2716 EPROM requires 2K bytes of 
RAM extending from location hexadecimal 4000 through 
47FF; a type-27128 EPROM requires 16K bytes of mem- 
ory extending from location 4000 through 7FFF. But to 
ease the translation to the EPROM, the workspace is 
identified by addresses hexadecimal 0000 and upward, 
even though the binary information is stored in locations 
4000 and upward. For example, if you are dealing with a 
type-2716 EPROM, its 2K bytes of memory are identified 
both in the EPROM and in the workspace by addresses 
0000 through 07FF. At the other extreme, the memory 
locations in a type-27128 EPROM are identified in the 
EPROM and in the workspace by addresses 0000 through 
3FFF. Because a programmed type-2716 EPROM was 
available, I placed it in the 2716's socket on the EPROM 
programmer card and selected option four from the menu 
(copy EPROM to workspace). 

After selecting an option, you are given a chance to 
return to the main menu before proceeding. The software 
then asks you to identify the starting address, default 
value = 0000, and the ending address, default value = 
07FF, of the portion of the EPROM you wish to copy into 
the workspace. (I selected the default values because I 
wanted to copy the entire EPROM into the workspace.) 
You are next asked to identify the address in the work- 
space where you wish to begin copying the EPROM's 
contents. (I chose the default value, which is hexadecimal 



292 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



0000.) The software then prompts you to turn on the 
EPROM power switch. 

Upon switch activation, the EPROM's contents were 
copied into the workspace, but I received an error 
message. The software calculates a checksum for both the 
EPROM and the workspace to make sure that the copy 
program executed successfully. The error message puz- 
zled me until I realized that the CFFF switch was in its 
Norm position; in this switch position, the software does 
not copy location hexadecimal CFFF in the EPROM into 
location hexadecimal 07FF in the workspace. Placing the 
CFFF switch in the Write position (no pun intended) 
allowed all the EPROM's contents to copy correctly into 
the workspace. 

This procedure was the only one where a note in the 
documentation might have prevented a problem. Other- 
wise, the documentation is excellent. Each program in the 
menu is carefully explained in the manual, and the 
prompts on the video monitor make operation of the 
various programs idiot-proof. 

After copying an EPROM to familiarize myself with 
the style of the software, I decided to do some program- 
ming. First, I selected item number two in the main menu. 
This program allows reading a binary file from a disk and 
storing the file anywhere in the workspace. You input the 
address in the workspace where you want the binary file 
to begin. After the file is loaded, you return to the main 
menu. 

Next, I selected item number one in the menu. Here, 
you are asked to enter the EPROM addresses where you 
want to start and end programming. These addresses 
have default values, but you would probably want to 
enter the appropriate values for the binary file you are 
burning into the EPROM. You also input the workspace 
address where the binary file starts. This address would 
have a default value corresponding to the binary file just 
loaded into the workspace. Having done this, I was 
almost ready to operate. 

Before starting, the Apple II will query whether you 
wish to suppress audio. During programming, the soft- 
ware causes the speaker to emit a series of audible clicks 
that can be eliminated by a positive response to this ques- 
tion. You are also reminded to set the switches properly. 
Finally, you have a last chance to abort and return to the 
main menu or to go ahead. 

To keep going, you press the * key. An estimate of the 
time needed to accomplish the task next appears on the 
screen, and then programming begins. Each EPROM 
address appears on the screen as the programming con- 
tinues. After each byte is programmed, it is compared 
with the corresponding byte in the workspace. Program- 
ming stops if this test fails; otherwise, it proceeds until 
the entire binary file has been burned into the EPROM. 
Finally, programming returns to the main menu. 

Item number zero in the menu is a combination of item 
numbers one and two. The other items in the menu are 
not covered in this discussion. Their functions are ob- 
vious from their names, and the manual describes the 
operation of each program in detail. With the exception 

Circle 15 on inquiry card. — ^ 



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A practical approach to constructing 
an operational compiler... 

Engineering a 
Compiler: 
VAX-11 Code 
Generation and 
Optimization 

by Patricia Anklam, David Cutler, Roger Heinen, jr., 
and M. Donald MacLaren, all of Digital Equipment 
Corporation 

With an emphasis on authentic engineering pro 
cesses, this book offers a step-by-step description of 
the development of a production-quality compiler 
with a code generator capable of highly optimized 
object code for multiple source languages. Specifically, 
it details the practical experiences of the programming 
team that developed a PL/I General Purpose subset 
compiler for Digital Equipment Corporation's VAX 
machines. 

Engineering a Compiler focuses primarily on the 
lesser known aspect of compiler design-the back end 
code generation phases. More than half the book is 
devoted to optimization-global optimization, tree re- 
ductions, register allocation, and peephole optimiz- 
ation. The programming team's solutions to common 
problems of compiler design provide useful informa- 
tion to anyone undertaking a similar venture with 
other equipment. 

The book begins by providing background informa- 
tion on the VAX code generator, the PL/I compiler, 
and the design team's approach to bootstrapping an 
existing PL/I compiler to produce code for VAX ma- 
chines. Following chapters discuss specific aspects of 
the compiler design, such as the requirements for con- 
structing Table-Building Language source programs, 
the symbol table and the structure of the trees, the In- 
termediate Language, Write Tree, the engineering and 
evolution of the optimizer, examples of VAX code gen- 
eration, and the software engineering tools the team 
found most useful. Numerous PL/I and C program ex- 
amples, a glossary, and over 80 figures and tables are 
included. 

Return to: Digital Tress Order Fulfillment 
Digital Equipment Corporation 
12- A Esquire Road, Bilferica, MA 01862 

Please send me copies of Engineering a Compiler *($24.00). Postage and 

handling free when your order is prepaid by check or charge card. Ten percent 
discount when ordering two or more copies. Prices subject to change without no- 
tice. Make checks payable to Digital Equipment Corporation. 



□ Check included. 
Tl MastprCrird 

hargeCard Acc't No. 

xpiration Date. 



D VISA. 

□ Purchase Order (attach P.O.). 



Telephone 



Authorized Signature 



Name 



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City . __._ 



State 



Zip 



of item number nine (Exit), the successful completion of 
each routine returns you to the main menu. Program- 
ming an EPROM thus becomes a smooth operation with 
minimal chance for error. In fact, the software permits 
novice computer users to easily handle the EPROM pro- 
gramming tasks on a production-line basis. 

You can tell from this review that I am favorably im- 
pressed with the hardware, software, and manual. I 
recommend this package to anyone who is programming 
EPROMs. If you want to change any features, you can 
easily modify the BASIC software for your own purposes 
by making a listing. The machine-language subroutine 
might be more difficult to modify, but it can be located, 
disassembled, studied, and modified if you wish. The 
EPROMs that can be programmed are all 5-V devices; 
that is, they can be used as ROM when powered by one 
5-V supply. (The 2716 EPROM provides 16K bits of 
memory in a 2K by 8-bit format; that is, it has 2K bytes 
of memory. The 2732 stores 4K bytes of information, the 
2764 stores 8K bytes, and the 27128 stores 16K bytes.) 

One important criticism of the documentation is that it 
does not include a circuit diagram. For example, if you 
want to use the card as an EPROM card in the Apple IFs 
hexadecimal C800 through CFFF ROM space, it might be 
possible to discover how the type-2716 EPROM is 
switched into this part of the address space. Also, it 
would be useful to know the bank-switching techniques 
used to access larger EPROMs. With additional docu- 
mentation, the card could perform a secondary function 
as a regular EPROM card. However, this deficiency in 
the documentation should not be regarded as serious. ■ 

About the Author 

Marvin L. De Jong is the author of two microcomputer books, Pro- 
gramming and Interfacing the 6502 and Apple II Assembly Language. 
He teaches mathematics and physics at The School of the Ozarks in 
Point Lookout, Missouri. 



BYTE's Bits 



New York to Host 

World Computer 

Chess Championship 

New York will be the host 
city for the Fourth World 
Computer Chess Champion- 
ship. This match, held during 
the annual conference of the 
Association for Computing 
Machinery (ACM), will pit 
the reigning champion, Belle, 
against challengers from 
England, Germany, the So- 
viet Union, and the United 
States. Belle will square off 
against Cray Blitz, Nuchess, 
and Chaos, which finished 
second, third, and fourth in 



performance rating versus 
opponent's strength behind 
Belle last October at the 
ACM's Thirteenth North 
American Chess Champion- 
ship, Play in this five-round 
tournament is expected to ap- 
proach the master level. 

The ACM's annual confer- 
ence will be held in the 
Sheraton Center on October 
22 to 25. Anyone interested 
in further information may 
write to Professor Monroe 
Newborn, School of Com- 
puter Science, McGill Univer- 
sity, 805 Sherbrooke St. W, 
Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, 
Canada. ■ 



294 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 125 on inquiry card. 



Circle 159 on inquiry card,- 



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CEOiE COMPUTER CORPORATION 

31131 Via Colinas#607«Westlake Village, CA91362*(213)991-6210«TLX 658233 (GENIE USA) 



"ADD UP TO 512K RAM, ASYNC AND 
SYNC COMMUNICATIONS, A CLOCK 
AND PRINTER SUPPORT- UP TO FOUR 
I/O PORTS IN JUSTONE SLOT?" 



f 







"YOU CAN WITH PERSYST." 



The Persyst Time Spectrum. 
It's the most powerful and 
expandable multi-function 
PC board you can buy. 

A Persyst Time Spectrum™ 
multi-function board can make 
any personal computer work 
better. 

Whether you own an IBM PC or 
XT. Or the IBM compatible 
Compaq or Columbia. 

There's even a Time Spectrum 
board for the Texas Instruments 
PC. 

With Time Spectrum, you can 
combine up to six powerful 
functions— plus two advanced 
software programs— on just one 
board. And get performance and 
features like nothing else. 

For the IBM PC, Compaq and 
Columbia, maximum capability 
in minimum space. 

For example, Time Spectrum is 
the only multi-function board that 
lets you expand your IBM PC from 
64Kupto512KRAM.Adda 
calendar clock. Add as many as 
two RS-232 asynchronous 
communications ports, or two 
synchronous and one 
asynchronous communications 
port. Plus print spooling and as 
much as 320K of RAM disk 
memory. 

Up to four I/O ports— in just 
one slot. 

How did we do it? 



With the Gliffhanger™ A unique, 
RFI-shielded connector system 
that solves the problem of 
tying two or more I/O ports to 
peripheral equipment like a 
printer or modem, without 
consuming two or more slots. 

And only Persyst has it. 



mum" 


F>ER 


SVST 


- , _ 







The Time Spectrum Gliffhanger" 
So ingenious, it's patented. 

What's more, expansion 
functions can be plugged right 
onto the Time Spectrum board. 
Or added with Versapak™ 
piggyback modules. So you can 
add exactly the capability you 
need, when you need it. 

Extra flexible expansion for the 
IBM XT. 

For the IBM XT, Time Spectrum 
not only delivers exceptional one- 
board expansion capability, but 
extra flexibility, too. 

First, we designed Time 
Spectrum so you can add the 
RAM you want without having to 
fill the memory rows on the XT 
mother board. 



And with Time Spectrum plug- 
in expandability, you can continue 
to add functions as you add 
requirements. 

Start with basic memory and a 
calendar clock. Then add another 
asynchronous communications 
port. Parallel printer port. 
Additional memory. Or any 
combination of functions. 

With Persyst, the choice is 
yours. 

And now, one-slot capability for 
your Texas Instruments PC. 

Now there's even a Time 
Spectrum multi-function board for 
your Tl PC. With it, you can add 
up to 512K RAM, two serial ports, 
calendar clock and light pen 
port— capability to handle even 
the most complex and difficult 
computing functions. 

And still only consume one slot. 

The Persyst Time Spectrum 
board. 

Maximum expandability now 
And quality and versatility so you 
can keep on expanding later. 

See your IBM or Tl PC dealer 
and insist on Persyst. 



Persyst Products, Personal 
Systems Technology Inc., 
15801 Rockfield Blvd., Suite A, 
Irvine, CA 92714. Telephone: 
(714) 859-8871. TWX: 467864. 
Circle 300 on inquiry card. 



Expandability from 64K 
up to512K RAM enables 
your PC to handle the 
most complex tasks. 



RAM and communications 
expansion modules are 
easily snapped onto the 
Time Spectrum. 



rnmmrv- 






^MJi^^MtiH^i M 



Optional features are Double-face wipe sockets 

socketed on the board, for with beryllium copper 

maximum flexibility in contacts hold component 

expansion leads firmly in place. 




Serial and parallel I/O 
ports permit interface with 
virtually any printer. 



Calendar clock It comes 
with a five year, 
rechargeable battery. 



m -".J., 



luany any primer * 



nmnummmnmuvmn 



Connect a modem 
through a serial 
communications port 
and you can link your 
PC to the world of 
telecommunications. 



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THE TIME SPECTRUM BY PERSYST 



Hardware Review 



Electrohome Supercolor Board 
and Color Monitor 



Jon N. Swanson 
Drafting Editor 



Electrohome's Supercolor Board is a video interface 
that enables the Apple II to drive a professional color 
video monitor. The board sends three separate signals 
that directly control the amount of red, green, and blue 
seen on the monitor's screen. Without the board, the 
three signals would be combined with several others into 
a single composite video signal that a TV receiver must 
decode. The Supercolor Board eliminates these combin- 




Photo 1: The Electrohome high-resolution monitor and Super- 
color Board. 



ing and decoding steps, thus producing an extremely 
clean high-resolution display. 

Background 

The normal video signal output by the Apple II, re- 
ferred to as composite video, is a mixture of image and 
"sync" (synchronization) signals. This signal is designed 
for use with a normal television set via an RF (radio- 
frequency) modulator (a device that converts the signal 
so that it may be received on a television channel) or with 
a composite-video monitor. Unfortunately, some signal 
components and resolution are lost in this process. 

A conventional digital RGB (red-green-blue) video in- 
terface, which turns any or all of the three color guns in 
the monitor's picture tube fully on or fully off, offers 
some improvement over composite video. Only eight col- 
ors can be produced by a digital interface, however, 
because tints and shades require intermediate levels of the 
three colors. An analog interface like the Supercolor 
Board, on the other hand, can turn on the guns at varying 
intensities and produce many different colors. 

Hardware 

The Supercolor Board uses 22 ICs (integrated circuits) 
that draw 365 mA from the Apple's + 5-V power supply. 
All ICs are socketed on the double-sided, glass-epoxy cir- 
cuit board, and the edge connector is gold-plated. Two 
cables are provided, one to connect to an RGB monitor, 



298 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



INTRODUCING 1-2$ 

ITLL HAVE TOUR IBM/PC 

JUMPING THROUGH HOOPS. 




















Meet 1-2-3 - the remarkable new 
software package that puts more raw 
power at your finger tips than anything 
yet created for the IBM PC. 1-2-3 actually 
combines information management, 
spreadsheet, and graphing in one pro- 
gram that can perform all three functions 
interchangeably and instantly at the 
touch of a key That's power 

To explain: since 
1-2-3 is information 
management, 
spreadsheet and 
graphing func- 
tions reside in 
memory simul- 
taneously you can 
go from retrieval to spread- 
sheet calculation to graphing 
instantly, just by pressing a 
few keys. So now you can 
experiment and recalculate 
and look at data in an endless 
variety of ways. As fast as your 
mind can think up new possi- 
bilities. There's no lag between 
you and the computer. And 
that's a new kind of power - power that's 
greater than the sum of its programs. 
The spreadsheet function. 

If 1-2-3 were just a spreadsheet, 
you'd want it because it has the largest 
workspace on the market (2048 rows by 
256 columns). To give you a quick idea of 
1-2-3 s spreadsheet capabilities: VisiCalc's 
spreadsheet for the IBM PC offers 15 
arithmetic, logical and relational opera- 
tors, 28 functions and 32 spreadsheet- 
related commands. 1-2-3 has 15 operators, 



A\ 



41 functions and 66 commands. And if 
you include data base and graphing com- 
mands, it actually has 110! 

In addition, 1-2-3 is up to 50 times as 
fast as established spreadsheets. With all 
the features you've ever seen on spread- 
sheets. 1-2-3 also gives you the capability 
to develop customized applications (with 
26 macro keys) and lets you perform 
'~* v v -_^~-^ repetitive tasks automat- 



ic* 

-c=» — - 



oV./ „ 



I 



(6 



info 



ically with one key- 
stroke. If 1-2-3 were 
just a spreadsheet, it 
would be a very pow- 
erful tool But its much, 
much more. 
The information manage- 
ment function. 

Add to 1-2-3 s spread- 
sheet a selective information 
management function, and 
the power curve rises at an 
awesome rate. Particularly 
since 1-2-3 s information 
^ management capability 
reads files from other 
motion management aii-in-ime. programs such as Word- 
Star, VisiCalc and dBase II. So you can 
accumulate information on a limitless 
variety of topics and extract all or pieces 
of it for instant spreadsheet analysis. 
Unheard of before. Specific 1-2-3 infor- 
mation management features include 
sorting with primary and secondary 
keys. Retrieval using up to 32 criteria. 
1-2-3 performs statistical functions such 
as mean, count, standard deviation and 
variance. It can produce histograms on 
part or all of the data base. 1-2-3 also 



Spreadsheet, graphing, 



allows for the maintenance of multiple 
data bases and multiple criteria. 
The graphing function. 

1-2-3 enables you to create graphs 
of up to six variables using information 
already on the spreadsheet. And have it 
on screen in less than two seconds! Once 
you've made a graph, three keystrokes 
will display it in a different form. If data 
on the spreadsheet changes, you can dis- 
play a revised graph with one keystroke. 
This instant relationship of one format to 
another opens up a whole new applica- 
tion area. For the first time graphics can 
be used as a "what if" thinking tool! 

For a full demonstration of 1-2-3 s 
remarkable power, visit your nearby 1-2-3 
dealer. For his name and address, call 
1-800-343-5414 (in Mass. call 617-492-7171). 

Lotus Development Corporation, 
55 Wheeler Street, Cambridge, MA 02138. 




1-2-3 and Lotus are trademarks of Lotus 
Development Corporation. All rights reserved. 
WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro Inc. 
VisiCalc is a registered trademark ofVisiCorp. 
dBase H is a registered trademark ofAshton-Tate. 



Circle 222 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 299 



Circle 5 on inquiry card. 




NEW COMPUTER VIDEO TERMINALS! 

Hazeltine 1420 

Li st: $12O0 

Our Price: $450.00 

(Dealer Inquires Welcome) 



80 x 24 High Resolution Screen 

Upper/Lower Case Characters 

Reverse Video (Blink or Blank) 

Numeric Keypad with 9 Programmable Function Keys and Cursor 

Control Pad. 

On Screen Editing with Wrap Around 

75-9600 Baud Rate 

STD RS-232 Connector 

Ughtweight/Compact/Stngle Unit 

TWO Year Factory Warranty ,M 



CENTRONICS HIGH SPEED DOT MATRIX PRINTERS 

List: S4800 

Our Price: $199.00 

• 165 Characters per second (1920 words per minute) 
Features * 2" to 15" Adjustable Tractor Feed 

• 132 Columns Expanded Print & Multistrike Highlighting 

• 9 x 7 Matrix with "End of Line" Seeking Carriage Return. 

• Commercial Quality Heavy Duty Steel Construction 

• 30 Day Money Back Guarantee 

• Optional Lower Case Character Sets with Graphics Available 

• Compatible with Centronics Parallel Outputs: (TRS-80. Apple, 
IBM-PC. Franklin Ace, Osborne. Atari. TI-99, Commodore 64. 
Vic-20, and More) 

• Refurbished Units with all Electfomcs Aligned. 

C. Itoh Prowriter (120 Cps, Corresp Mode, Graphics) . $439.00 
C Itoh Starwriter F-10 (40 Cps Letter Quality) - $1 299.00 
Seiko Dot Matrix Printers (80 Columns, 2" 1 0" Width Graphics) - $239.00 
Franklin Ace 1 200 ( 1 28K, Disk Drive. 80 Columns, CP/M) - $ 1 699.00 

Write For Free Price List. 

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(215)348-8250 • 867-5066 

MC - ADD 3% 




BYTEK's SECOND GENERATION 

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PROGRAMMER— SYSTEM 15 



Features: 

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► Gang option - programs eight at once. 

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COMPUTER SYSTEMS CORP 



(305) 272-2051 



At a Glance 

Name 

Electrohome Supercolor Board and high-resolution RGB monitor 

Use 

RGB color monitor interface for the Apple II 



Manufacturer 

Electrohome Limited 

809 Wellington St. 

Kitchener, Ontario N2G 4J6 

Canada 

(5 1 9) 744-7 1 I I 



Tech Plus Inc. 
35 Marsh Rd. 
Needham, MA 02 1 92 



Price 

Low-resolution monitor, S550; high-resolution, $950; Supercolor 
Board, $249 

Dimensions 

Supercolor Board: 7 3 A by 2 3 A inches; ECM Monitor: 18 by 13 by 
151/2 inches deep; screen: 13 inches (diagonal measure) 

Features 

Apple hardware board, RGB analog monitor, connecting cables, 
software contained on a 5/4 -inch disk, users manual 

Capabilities 

Display of 256 colors or pure white text with color, compatible 
with existing and future Apple II software 

Hardware Required 

Apple II with 48K bytes of memory; must use slot 7 

Audience 

Any Apple II owner 

Warranty 

One year, limited, for board and monitor 



the other to obtain two signals from other parts of the 
Apple via a four-pin Molex plug and a component clip. 
The board must be installed in slot 7 on the Apple II 
motherboard because that is the only slot that provides 
the sync signal from the Apple's video circuitry. 

Unlike some other video boards that use extra memory 
in the Apple, the Supercolor Board uses only the memory 
assigned to slot 7 and thus does not interfere with normal 
Apple II functions. The board adds 16 new memory loca- 
tions to the Apple II, from decimal 50944 through 50959. 
The contents of these locations determine the values of 
low-resolution graphics colors through 15 and high-res- 
olution colors through 7. These contents can be altered 
by using the Colorset program provided in the software 
package. 

The Supercolor Board was developed in Canada by 
Electrohome. (Tech Plus Inc. is now licensed to sell Elec- 
trohome products in the United States.) The board comes 
with a seven-pin male DIN-type connector wired for use 
with Electrohome RGB analog monitors. Although the 
board will work with any RGB monitor, it offers 256 col- 
ors only on analog-input RGB monitors. 

The Electrohome ECM 1302-2 high-resolution RGB 
monitor has a 13-inch black-matrix color CRT (cathode- 



300 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 49 on inquiry card. 



Smallware 




Our software is making a name for itself. 



Smallware. Thafs what we've named our unique soft- 
ware designed for microcomputers. Smallware offers 
much more than ordinary software: high quality, custom- 
er support and a complete product line. You can buy 
software anywhere. But for the special features of 
Smallware, The Small Computer Company is your one 
and only source. 

The Small Computer Company is known to many as the 
company who developed the filing system software 
Profile® II, Profile Plus and Profile III Plus for Radio 
Shack; and filePro™ our CP/M® version. 

Now, whether you're a microcomputer end-user, dealer 
or manufacturer, you can order our Smallware directly 
from us. 

Here are just some of the enhancements we offer to 
Model III users: 

PROSORT: If you need to select records for a report by more 
than two criteria (income, zip code, purchases, etc.) Prosort lets 
you use up to sixteen. Once selected, the records can be sorted 
by up to five criteria (zip code, within state, by last name). 
Prosort also offers substantially greater sorting capacity. . . $150 



FORMS: If you prepare forms that require several lines of data, 
from invoices to shipping instructions, Forms is invaluable. It 
allows you to print individual forms (up to 13" x 11") with 
graphics, trademarks, logos, underlining, subscript and 
superscript functions $125 

ARCHIVE: Lets you maintain up-to-the-minute, clean files by 
removing inactive records and transferring them to a pre-deter- 
mined list or file; split an existing data base into any number of 
specialized files; free substantial disk storage space $150 

PROPACK™A tool that lets BASIC programmers more easily 
customize Profile systems. The resulting programs are shorter, 
easier to write and faster running. Propack also gives the BASIC 
program indexed access to Profile data $75 

For Model II, 12 and 16 users, there's Quikback™with Format, 
Display, Transfer, 8 Line Reports With Math, Math Upgrade for 
Profile Forms, Math 64, Propack and more. 

The Small Computer Company does more than create 

award-winning Smallware. Our commitment to the 

customer extends to custom design as well as system 

consultation. 

For further information, call (212) 398-9290. To order, ask 

for Ms. Price. 




Circle 351 on inquiry card. 



The Small Computer Company, Inc. 

230 West 41st Street, Suite 1200, New York, New York 10036 

Smallware, Propack, Quikback and filePro are trademarks of The Small Computer Company, inc. 
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Profile is a registered trademark of Radio Shack. 




Just plug it into your 

and RUN YOUR BUSINESS! 



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includes: 

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WORD PROCESSOR - WORDSTAR 7 



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PROJECT MANAGER™-Time Based Project Scheduler 

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The best and most complete business program package 
on the market . . . providing all the software and storage 
you ever wanted. 

* All software pre-installed on 10MB or 15MB hard disk and 
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* Self-explanatory . . . easy to use 

* All software and hardware fully guaranteed and supported 



CP, 

AP 
VERS. 
AVAILABLE 
SOON 



Dealer 

nquiries 

Invited 



Contact your 
local dealer 



ttieBi in 



'•r 



1420 E. Edinger Ave., Suite 115; Santa Ana, CA 92705 

(714)836-3569 



Circle 46 on inquiry card. 



f IBM Corp. Apple is a Re* 
croPro International. Rep 



of Apple Computers, CP/M is a Re 
is a Reg. trademark of Datamensi 



j. trademark of Dig 
>n Corp. Prices and 




Photo 2: Red, green, and blue shades created with the Boardtest 
program. 




Photo 3: Pure white high-resolution text. 

ray tube), RGB analog input at TTL (transistor-transistor 
logic) levels, 10 MHz bandwidth, 580- by 235-pixel reso- 
lution, and separate connectors that allow direct connec- 
tion to the Supercolor Board or the Apple III computer 
(which has built-in provisions for digital RGB output). 
The monitor's Apple III input port is a 15-pin sub- 
miniature "D" connector that accepts RGB data. In 
another version (the ECM 1302-1 low-resolution moni- 
tor) Electrohome provides a bandwidth of 6 MHz and 
370- by 235-pixel resolution. A 120/240 line voltage op- 
tion is available for both versions, as well as a module 
that enables the monitor to accept composite video 
signals. 

Software 

A 5V4-inch floppy disk with demonstration, testing, 
and color-programming software is included with the 
Supercolor Board. Because the disk is not copy-pro- 
tected, the software is easily customized by the user. Of 
particular interest is the Colorset program. By blending 
varying amounts of red, green, and blue, this program 



allows you to create with simple keystrokes a palette 
composed of any 16 of the 256 possible low-resolution 
colors or any 8 of the 256 possible high-resolution colors. 
Any set of colors you create can be stored on disk and ac- 
cessed from a program. 

A PROM (programmable read-only memory) on the 
Supercolor Board contains color settings for normal 
Apple II operation (default mode) and for an enhanced 
mode that offers pure white text in high-resolution mode. 
When creating text in high-resolution mode without the 
aid of the board, the locations on the screen where the six 
available colors can appear are restricted by whether an 
adjacent dot is on or off, whether the dot is in an odd or 
even column, and which color is selected. Any two adja- 
cent dots produce white, but most letters require single, 
isolated dots. This is why text constructed dot-by-dot us- 
ing high-resolution graphics is tinged with color. 

When the enhanced PROM color set is entered, the 
Supercolor Board rewrites the tinged colors as white, 
producing pure white text. However, two of the six high- 
resolution colors are lost in this mode, so you may 
choose to put up with "confetti" text. Six-color mode is 
available with pure white text if you can fit all of your 
text into the four-line text window at the bottom of the 
screen. Letters in this window are always pure white, as is 
all text in TEXT mode. 

Installation 

The Supercolor Board is advertised as being compati- 
ble with any version of the Apple II to date, but I could 
get it to work only on Apples that have the auxiliary 
four-pin connector between locations B and C on the 
motherboard. You should check with your Apple dealer 
to make sure the board will work with your version. The 
instructions are very straightforward and installation 
takes only about 15 minutes, reading included. One cau- 
tionary note— the board must be installed in slot 7 right 
next to the disk-drive interface, and it's a pretty tight fit 
for all of the various cables. Route your cables neatly, be- 
ing careful not to puncture the disk-interface cable's in- 
sulation with the back of the circuit board. Inserting a 
thin piece of cardboard between the boards lessens this 
danger. 

Conclusions 

My only complaint is the lack of a user-accessible con- 
trast control on the monitor. When using high-resolution 
graphics, increased contrast is needed at times to brighten 
some of the thinner lines in the display. A spokesman for 
Electrohome said the firm will be adding a contrast con- 
trol on its next model. 

The hardware and software of the Supercolor Board 
and Electrohome RGB monitor are excellent, with all 
operations fully supported and documented. 

The color output is very clean, and pure white text is 
definitely easier on the eyes than the rainbow-edged char- 
acters commonly seen on Apple lis. 

No modification to your Apple II is required, making 
this truly a "plug-and-go" interface. ■ 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 303 



s? j K''' 



1 i "tm'l f; 



liif/Z 



M 



1/ 



A 



&&£; 



iV 



<&♦ 



WHAIGOOBISAGOMPUTER 

THAFS FASTERTHAN EINSTEIN 

IF YOURFORMS SUPPUERB 

SLOWERTHAN GUTENBURG? 



If you need computer checks, invoices, statements— or word 
processing stationery— you need Deluxe. 

Because only Deluxe gives you 3-day in-plant turnaround on 
standard computer forms (or 5 days on customized forms.) 

Even on quantities as small as 500. Our major competitors 
can take up to 45 days, but still charge you just as much. 

And we can match all popular software formats. 

\Cfell customize them for your own programs and you can 
choose from lots of ink colors and logo illustrations. 

As the name implies, Deluxe quality is unsurpassed. 

Its also guaranteed In fact, if you're not completely satisfied 
with any Deluxe form, for any reason, return it within 30 days 
and your money will be promptly refunded. 

Which leads us to think you cant get better computer forms 
anywhere. Or any faster, r f^compu^'^^onery." " 

For our free catalog 
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mail the coupon, see your 
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fin Minnesota: 612-483-7300.) 



Circle 117 on inquiry card. 



The User Goes to the Faire 

Our redoubtable critic journeys from Chaos Manor to the 
Eighth West Coast Computer Faire. 



Jerry Pournelle 

c/o BYTE Publications 

POB 372 

Hancock, NH 03449 



This year's Faire report is different: 
I was there both as observer and par- 
ticipant. I'm afraid I can't separate the 
experiences . . . 

The West Coast Computer Faire re- 
mains my personal favorite of the 
computer shows. There was a time 
when it was the most important show 
in the microcomputer industry, but I 
think that's no longer true. In the old 



days many companies announced 
new products at the Faire; now that 
tends to happen more at Comdex and 
NCC. For users, though, the Faire re- 
mains one of the best shows of the 
year, and a lot of exciting things still 
happen there. You just have to dig for 
them. 

For example: at this year's Faire 
you could (at last!) buy a copy of 



WRITE, the text editor I'm using to 
write this report. I also saw the 
precursor to what I believe will 
replace both WRITE and my own 
computer. 

I played with a copy of Niklaus 
Wirth's personal computer. 

There's an APL interpreter for the 
Z80 microcomputer. 

If that isn't enough of a teaser, I 




The main floor of the show — it was one of three floors the exhibitors occupied. 

306 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Heart 



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Circle 384 on inquiry card. 



also saw the first computer with ven- 
tricles. Read on . . . 

It's nearly impossible to write a 
brief overview of the West Coast 
Computer Faire. There's just too 
much going on. That in itself is 
significant; it means that the micro- 
computer field has gotten too big 
even for someone as frantically deter- 
mined as I am to keep up. It used to 
be that I could follow the main- 
stream. Now, I'm not even sure there 
is a mainstream. That probably won't 



last. Improved communications will 
bring the branches together again, 
but a lot of mistakes are going to be 
made first. Meanwhile, fair warning: 
given the number of panels, talks, 
and exhibits, no one could cover the 
whole Faire. 

Second warning. I can't pretend 
total objectivity. My son and one of 
my closest friends had a booth at the 
Faire. They not only sold programs 
I've written, but also WRITE, which 
I've been using (and talking about) 



ALL 




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D YES. Send complete information for my review. Please include a 
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for several years. While I have no 
financial interest in Workman and 
Associates, I can't divest myself of 
my friends and relations— nor would 
I if I could. Thus, this is the Faire as I 
saw it. Others probably saw a show 
that only partially overlaps mine. 

First, let's set the scene. The Eighth 
West Coast Computer Faire was held 
the weekend of 18 through 20 March 
in the San Francisco Exposition 
Center. In previous years booths 
were set up on Wednesday, so that on 
Thursday the exhibitors had a chance 
to see each other's wares before the 
public arrived Friday morning. For 
some reason that didn't happen this 
year, and Thursday was setup day. 

I had planned to fly up Thursday at 
noon and get a good night's sleep. It 
didn't work out that way. Wednes- 
day afternoon there were big rain- 
storms. My son Alex and his friends 
had planned to use Barry Workman's 
Ford Escort to tow an overloaded 
trailer filled with computer equip- 
ment and Workman and Associates 
catalogs from Hollywood to San 
Francisco. The storms got worse. The 
weather reports got worse. Next thing 
I knew, I'd volunteered to drive with 
them in my International Harvester 
truck, and we were leaving well after 
midnight Wednesday. 

Dante's Ninth Circle 

We arrived Thursday afternoon. It 
was raining in San Francisco. The Ex- 
position Center was surrounded by 
cars, trucks, trailers, pushcarts, and 
every other conceivable means of 
transporting computer equipment. 
Dealers everywhere were bent on get- 
ting their stuff inside out of the rain. 

Trailer unloading ought to be an 
Olympic event. Two men and one 
woman seemed to be the average 
team makeup. Some of the big com- 
panies cheated with professional 
help. 

As the afternoon went on, the en- 
tire Exposition Center was covered 
with piles of rugs, boxes, boards, 
disassembled furniture, signs, com- 
puter components, and angry dealers 
trying to find out what happened to 
their electric power. Compute! 
magazine sponsored a very nice party 
in the exhibitors' lounge Thursday 



308 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 179 on inquiry card. 



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INTEGRATION : Prices listed are for new equipment In factory sealed boxes wlrh manufacturer's 
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ORDERING: MAIL ORDER ONLY. Prices listed ore for cash. No C.O.D/s. We sell on a net 20 
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afternoon, and I much enjoyed the 
hospitality. The party was largely at- 
tended by the press and the lucky few 
exhibitors who'd gotten their booths 
set up. Most hadn't, and when I left 
the Center Thursday evening, the 
scene resembled one of the less pleas- 
ant circles of Dante's Inferno. 

Somehow by the time the show 
opened Friday morning, everything 
looked organized. Most of the dealers 
were exhausted, having worked all 
night under trying circumstances. 
That's not a big problem for large 
outfits with professional staffs, but it 
can be pretty serious for firms of 
owner and spouse, who have to work 
like donkeys all night and be charm- 
ing the next day. 

Friday morning the crowds came. 
Eventually there were 50,000 at- 
tendees. At least 25,000 were there 
Friday morning when I took my tape 
recorder and went racing past the ex- 
hibits while dictating notes. I always 
do this; the idea is to locate everyone. 
(I'm tempted to bring my roller 
skates. Jim Warren, who founded the 
Faire, always wears his.) 



There were an astounding number 
of booths. Last year, the meeting 
rooms to each side of the main hall 
were devoted to convention con- 
ferences. This year they had become 
the Apple and IBM PC halls respec- 
tively. In addition, every corridor 
was jammed with booths. In past 
years booths have filled the corridor 
outside the rest rooms, but this year 
they extended into the chair storage 
area, a place more like the Black Hole 
of Calcutta than a computer exhibit 
site. 

As usual, the halls are filled with 6 
by 6 microbooths and the downstairs 
area contains innumerable 8 by 10 
minibooths. You can't ignore them. 
They often have the most exciting 
stuff in the show. 

I Have Seen the Future . . . 

One wants to be careful about 
bandwagons. In 1919, Lincoln Stef- 
fens, American writer and social 
critic, went to the newly created 
Soviet Union, and after a brief visit to 
what was then called Petrograd, 
cabled: "I have been over into the 



future, and it works." He might have 
a different view today. 

Similarly, at the tiny Logitech 
booth I saw Lilith, the computer used 
by Niklaus Wirth. This is a rather 
powerful machine capable of concur- 
rent processing. That means that it 
can run a number of programs, or 
more important, a number of parts of 
the same program, at the same time. 
Lilith was operated by Brigham 
Young University professor Richard 
Ohran, who was there as one of the 
principals of the nonprofit Modula 
Research Institute, as well as vice- 
president of the commercial firm 
Diser Inc. 

I saw graphics better than arcade 
games. There was a game of billiards, 
in which you could use a mouse to 
move the cue around. The balls had 
spin after being hit, and not only 
showed it by visibly "spinning" as 
they moved, but behaved accordingly 
as they bounced off each other and 
the "table." 

More interesting, though, was a 
text editor that would format almost 
anything you wanted onto the screen, 

Continued on page 315 




Compufidd 



Corp. 



ORDER TOLL FREE: 

(800) 531-5475 (If Outside Of Texas) 

(512)250-1523 (In Texas) 

13010 Research Blvd., No. 101 

Austin, Texas 78750 



310 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 73 on inquiry card. 



DISCOVER THE DYSAN DIFFERENCE 



Dysan m 

Software Duplication: 



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Isn't it time you discovered the 
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Circle 133 on inquiry card. 



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More seat 
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TWA is better for business. 

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You 11 find Ambassador Class on every wide- 
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You know a great deal when you see one. 
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So call your travel agent, corporate travel 
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It's a more comfortable 
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You're going to like us 




312 



BYTE June 1983 



APPLE • ALTOS • ATARI • MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • ADDS 



MICRO 



TO ORDER OR INFORMATION LINE 

(213) 704-6895 




?TO SPECIAL OF THJb MON 1'H IT3B1 



DISK DRIVES FOR THE PC AND PC COMPATIBLES 
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$525.00 price $199.00 




APPLE II 
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PLUG-COMPATIBLE DRIVES 
RANA ELITF I 

W/CONTROLLER W/OUT CONTROLLER 
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MICRO-SCI A2 

W/CONTROLLER W/OUT CONTROLLER 

MSL OUR PRICE I MSL OUR PRICE 
519.00 379.00 1 409.00 299.00 A 




PERSONAL 
COMPUTER 

INCLUDES: 

2 Drives DS/DD 
Color Graphic Board 
64K Memory 

MONITOR 
NOT INCLUDED 

MSL OUR PRICE s*# 
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•Subject to availability 



EXPAND YOUR IBM PC MEMORY: 

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54K plus 
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Microsoft Softcard with CP/M 345.00 

Microsoft Premium Pak 695.00 

Microsoft 16K Card 99.95 

PCP Appl I Card (4 MHZ version) 445.00 

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Corvus Winchester 5MB 
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Saturn Systems 32K 
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Kays Micromodem II 
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Deadline by Infocom 49.95 

Apple Panie by Broderband 29.95 

Master Type by Lightning 39.95 

Typing Tator II by Microsoft 24.95 

Story Machine by Spinnaker 34.95 
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SOFTWARE 

Zork I by Infocom 

Zork II by Infocom 

Zork III by Infocom 

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Deadline by Infocom 

Flight Simulator by Microsoft 

Starcross by Infocom 

Story Machine by Spinnaker 

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Wordstar by Micropro 
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putting it in nearly any typeface and 
size you could imagine. It was also 
controlled by a mouse, and worked 
something like Apple's Lisa, but 
much faster. 

The editor was coupled to the com- 
piler and a debugger. A program 
could be written with the editor, com- 
piled, and executed in the debugger. 
While the program was running, 
Ohran halted it. Then, using the 
mouse, he displayed the segment of 
source code corresponding to what 
the machine was doing when halted. 
Code could be altered quickly, and 
the program module could then be 
recompiled. (Modula uses very 
modular compilation, so you seldom 
need to recompile large parts of a pro- 
gram.) 

I was impressed. This is the first 
editor I've seen that's probably better 
for text creation than WRITE, as well 
as certainly better for program 
writing. Moreover, it's written in a 
language I understand, or at least 
could understand, meaning that it can 
be changed, altered, and customized 
to fit my idiosyncrasies. 

This whole system of editor, 
debugger, and compiler was written 
in Modula-2, Niklaus Wirth's new 
language. Modula-2 is sometimes 
described as "grown-up Pascal," and 
I'll be reporting on it frequently. I 
already have a version running on my 
Sage. The exciting news is that 
Logitech has a version of Modula-2 
that compiles to 8086 native code. 

This means that programmers can 
soon have Modula-2 for the IBM PC 
(and its work-alikes such as the Eagle 
and Victor), as well as for CP/M-86 
machines such as the 8085/8088 dual 
processor and the new 10-MHz 8086 
card Compupro had at the Faire. 

There's even better news for PC 
owners. The Logitech mouse will plug 
into the IBM PC keyboard. It should 
also work with the Eagle and any 
other PC work-alike whose keyboard 
can be plugged unchanged into the 
IBM PC. 

You can see why I was tempted to 
use Lincoln Steffens' line. This does 
look like the future, and it seems to 
work. 

Alas, there may be more to the 
story. 

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You've heard the good news. The 
not so good is that it's just not certain 
how much of this will work properly 
on the 8086-chip machines. Possibly a 
lot. Possibly not. Pierluigi Zappa- 
costa, vice-president and spokesman 
for Logitech, didn't want to commit 
himself. Although Modula-2 is a 
transportable language — consider- 
ably more so than Pascal — there are 
some machine-dependent features of 
the editor /compiler /debugger system 
Ohran was demonstrating, and while 
Lilith isn't that much more powerful 
than the 8086 machines, it does have 
some unusual features. 

According to Ohran, there are only 
about 75 copies of the Lilith machine 
in the world. You can buy the com- 
puter for something like $15,000. 
And the laser printer needed to take 
advantage of the fancy graphics, 
print formats, and character fonts 
Lilith can generate costs another 
$12-15,000. 

We may not soon see those graph- 
ics and print formats on any existing 
PC or work-alike. They just don't 
have large bit-mapped screen systems 
like that. Lilith's display uses half a 
million bits of memory for screen 
mapping. I have seen similar bit- 
mapped graphics on the LISP 
machine at MIT, and Lisa has about 
two-thirds the resolution of the Lilith 
machine. 

Zappacosta was a great deal more 
optimistic about transferring the 
debugger and many of the editing fea- 
tures to the IBM PC. The PC's 8086 
chip can do concurrent processing, so 
the only real uncertainty is speed. 
Even that's not likely to be a problem 
for my 10-MHz Compupro 8086 
board. 

Beyond the 8086 is the 2-86, which 
most of us agree is as powerful as 
Lilith (although Ohran would argue 
the point). The 2-86 will accept 8086 
instructions, meaning that the 
Modula-2 compiler will work instant- 
ly and can then be used to write a bet- 
ter compiler making more use of the 
2-86's capabilities. 

Meanwhile, a number of advanced 
firms, including Compupro, are look- 
ing at designs for the memory- 
mapped graphics board we'd need for 
that billiards game. Dennis Hunter of 



the Swiss-backed firm Diser Inc. tells 
me that a commercial version of Lilith 
itself will be at the Atlanta Comdex 
show. That machine, complete with 
graphics and the software I've de- 
scribed, will be available as a package 
deal for around $22,000. 

There are some problems with 
Modula-2; it lacks features I'd have 
thought it should have. Even so, I 
know you can write nifty programs 
and operating systems with it, 
because I've seen them running. I 
guess the bottom line is that I've seen, 
if not the future, then a future I like, 
and I think I know how to make it 
work. 

APL 

More good news. There's an APL 
for the Z80 machines. For those who 
don't know, APL (A Programming 
Language) is very strange. It makes 
use of about a zillion little special 
symbols, such as a "T" lying on its 
side, and squashed boxes, and 
diamonds, and stuff like that. Each 
symbol stands for something in- 
teresting, such as "take the natural 
logarithm" or "raise to a power." It's 
interpreted, like MB ASIC, and works 
much like BASIC; and it has all the 
commands that a top-quality desk 
calculator has, including logs, trig, 
factorials, inverses, etc. In addition, 
there are matrix operations. 

In fact, if the various APL keys had 
names like "Absolute value of Y" and 
"Pi times Y" instead of the symbols | Y 
and 0Y, APL probably wouldn't scare 
so many people because it works a lot 
like a fancy scientific desk calculator. 

At least that's what my readers tell 
me. I don't get a lot of mail from APL 
enthusiasts, but every month there's 
one or two letters. The interesting 
part is that whereas enthusiasts of 
some languages are hostile, APL peo- 
ple know most people think their 
language is weird; instead of 
threatening, APL enthusiasts plead. 
"Just try it," they say. 

Until now that's been irrelevant, 
because I had no machine on which I 
could try it. Now, though, Easi APL 
Systems Inc. has a real live APL run- 
ning on Z80 machines. I saw it 
operate on an Osborne and a Victor. 
It is said to work with any CP/M 



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Z80, but there's the problem of 
generating and displaying those 
strange APL symbols. According to 
David Saunders of Easi, I'll have this 
running on my Osborne in a few 
days, because they already have a 
ROM (read-only memory) chip that 
can plug directly into the Osborne to 
reprogram its keyboard and displays. 
I know almost nothing about APL, 
but I confess I was impressed with 
Saunders' demonstration. He set up a 
10 by 10 matrix with about three 
commands, inverted it with a single 



command, and multiplied it by its in- 
verse with one more. This took only a 
few seconds. Saunders thought that 
inverting a 50 by 50 matrix might 
take half an hour. When I get APL in- 
stalled on one of my machines, I'll try 
the matrix multiplication benchmark 
I invented. 

Meanwhile, I can't imagine writing 
large programs in APL, but as a quick 
calculator it has some really wonder- 
ful potential. If I could just learn it, 
and get it on the Osborne or the 
Otrona, I'd have a portable machine 



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with really powerful capabilities. I'll 
bet that within the year at least one 
portable machine will offer APL as a 
standard option. 

Ada, Now and Later 

The booth next to Barry 
Workman's was run by R&R Soft- 
ware. They're the people who have 
implemented both 8080 and 8086 ver- 
sions of Ada. They're honest to a 
fault, so they call their language 
Janus; but it's more nearly Ada than 
any other microcomputer implemen- 
tation I know of. 

The Department of Defense hopes 
Ada will save the government a lot of 
money. At the moment, though, 
there's no full Ada compiler for any 
machine in the world, and the "of- 
ficial" system compiles at tortuously 
slow rates. The R&R version com- 
piles quite rapidly. 

It's not a full Ada; but as Randy 
Brukhardt, one of the Rs in R&R, told 
me, it's certainly complete enough to 
write practical programs in. He 
knows, because it compiles itself. I 
watched some of the demonstrations, 
and it works. As I've said before: if 
you want an assured income, learn 
Ada. You don't have to like the 
language to profit from it, and the 
government will be hiring Ada pro- 
grammers for a long time. 

On that score, I can recommend a 
new book, Narain Gehani's Ada: An 
Advanced Introduction. It's just out 
in the Prentice-Hall Software series. I 
read part of it on the plane home (at 
least I didn't have to drive back). As 
the title says, it's an advanced in- 
troduction, meaning that it assumes 
the reader has some familiarity with 
computers and programs. It's fairly 
complete, and the writing isn't too 
obscure, although I have found 
myself reading some paragraphs 
more than once. 

Down with the Prices! 

There were a number of bargains at 
the Faire. Priority One had 16-mega- 
byte Morrow hard-disk drives, with 
S-100 bus controller, for $1595; the 
same disk drive without controller 
could be had for $1295. 

There were so many exhibits at the 
Faire that Priority One, along with 



318 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 114 on inquiry card. 






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BYTE June 19*3 319 



Eagle Computers and Micropro, 
found themselves beyond the main 
building doors in a basement area 
that used to be a garbage collection 
area. It took Bill Godbout an hour to 
find the Priority One booth. When he 
finally did, he announced that his 
new Disk Three Controller will work 
with the Morrow hard-disk drive. 

One hundred dollars a megabyte is 
a low price. 

Meanwhile, down in the Black 
Hole of Calcutta, Micromate offered 
a full CP/M single-board system, 
with Z80 processor, disk controller, 
64K bytes of memory, two input/out- 
put ports, and a single 8-inch disk 
drive, for $695. Before you could use 
it you'd need a terminal, of course. 

Lobo offers its Max-80 with key- 
board but no screen — and no disk 
drives — for $800. Matchless Systems, 
whose owner Mike Connor is a real 
disk whiz (a couple of years ago he 
solved several of the problems we had 
with our TRS-80 disk drives), has a 
two-drive full Z80 CP/M single- 
board system at a reasonable price, as 



well as reliable add-on drives in 
single-sided and double-sided con- 
figurations. 

Priority One will sell you a floppy- 
disk drive for $255. 

George Morrow's Decision One 
system was going for bargain prices. 

These are just things I noticed. 
There are lots of others. Good CP/M 
components and full systems, capable 
of business-quality work, are now 
competitive with similarly configured 
''home computers." You still have to 
shop around, and note that this is a 
show report, not an evaluation col- 
umn; except for Barry Workman's 
Lobo Max-80 (which he still loves 
after six weeks), I've had little to no 
experience with any of those systems. 

Furthermore, I still recommend 
S-100 bus systems to those who can 
afford them: it remains true that 
"Iron is expensive, but silicon is 
cheap." You can update an S-100 bus 
system at reasonable costs. For the 
budget-minded though, there are 
some real bargains if you're careful. 
More on this in future issues. 



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Ventricles in the Frammistan! 

The Jonos computer is by all 
reports a good little machine. It 
makes use of the Sony-format vest- 
pocket (3V4-inch) disks. The Jonos is 
very portable, employs the STD bus, 
and has about the nicest keyboard 
I've seen on any portable computer. 
I've never worked with one myself, 
but people I respect who have them 
report great satisfaction, and I have 
no negative information about the 
machine itself. 

I do wonder about the people 
demonstrating it. 

When I first saw the Jonos last fall 
at the Mini /Micro show, Amos 
Jones, the company's owner, sat in a 
tiny booth personally explaining his 
machine. He answered all my ques- 
tions patiently and sensibly. 

I'm told he was present at the Faire, 
but I never saw him. When I went by 
the booth, there was a chap in a 
three-piece suit who seemed eager to 
answer questions. The Jonos has a 
key outboard of the Shift and below 
Control, which is in my judgment a 
terrible place for a key because it's so 
easy to strike it accidentally. On the 
Jonos it's inscribed "Funct," and I 
wanted to know what it does. 

I asked the demonstrator. I should 
have waited for Amos Jones. 

I don't mind when people don't 
know the answer to a question. I 
mind a lot when they give me an 
answer anyway. In this case I got a 
shine job about how wonderful that 
key was for programmers. 

"Yes, but what does it do?" I asked 
patiently. There came more jargon. It 
made no sense to me. I asked a third 
time. I was told that the key sent 
special signals useful to program- 
mers. Hmm, thought I. Could this be 
the equivalent of the "meta" key on 
some advanced machines? That really 
would be interesting. 

"Does it set the eighth bit?" I asked. 

"Yes, yes, these are 8-bit 
machines," came the answer. 

Never mind if that makes no sense 
to you; it shouldn't. It makes no sense 
to anyone. 

At this point I understood. I was 
going to get an answer to any ques- 
tion I asked, regardless of whether or 
not the question was rational. I must 



320 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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have been tired, for a wicked scheme 
came unwanted into my head. 

"I've noticed/' I said in my most 
puzzled voice, "that some of the com- 
petition has ventricles. Do you have 
them?" 

"Yes, yes, we have the most fea- 
tures of any portable machine on the 
market." 

"But," I continued, "do you have 
them in the frammistan where they 
belong?" 

"Yes, yes," he began. Sudden com- 
prehension flashed across his face. He 
realized he'd been had. The fram- 
mistan was just too much. 

Please, Fellows . . . 

The moral of the story has nothing 
to do with Jonos computers, which 
remain good machines. (I've since 
learned what the Funct key does, and 
indeed it is very useful for program- 
mers, because it allows you easily and 
simply to reprogram the special- 
function keys; this is a highly 
desirable feature.) 

The moral of the story is, if you're 



selling computers, make all your 
salespeople learn the words "I don't 
know." I'm told it's "good sales 
technique" for salespeople to act as if 
they know more than they do. Cer- 
tainly it will work quite a bit of the 
time because the public doesn't know 
an awful lot about computers. Sooner 
or later, though, there'll come along 
someone like me. 

I may never again catch anyone 
with ventricles in his frammistan, but 
I'll bet I can think of something equal- 
ly absurd and not quite so obvious. 

Comes the Epson 

Barry Workman's booth probably 
had as much new and different equip- 
ment and software as anyone at the 
show. One of his attractions was the 
Epson QX-10. If he'd been an Epson 
dealer, he could have sold a dozen of 
them. Everyone stopped to look at it. 

What he had (with Epson's permis- 
sion) was my beta-test machine. 
What made it really unusual was that 
Chris Rutkowski and Roger Amidon, 
respectively the president and soft- 



ware development manager of Rising 
Star Industries, came by and updated 
our Epson software. 

Rising Star is in charge of the Epson 
QX-10 software, and a couple of days 
before Faire time I called Roger 
Amidon for a quick conference on 
problems I was having with the test 
software. Roger worked on it over- 
night and brought the update to the 
Faire. That's service, 

Alas, he didn't have the documen- 
tation completed in time, so I can't 
really report on the Epson QX-10. We 
did run some of the graphics package, 
and it's both very nice and quite easy 
to use. Some of the visitors to Barry's 
booth tried the Epson text editor and 
liked it, and a couple of them 
wouldn't accept that the machine 
wasn't for sale until Barry himself 
confirmed it. It wouldn't be fair to 
say more until I have the final version 
of the Epson software. 

It was pleasant to meet Chris and 
Roger, but I didn't have long to talk 
with them, because they came just 
before my big speech. 



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The Pascal Project 

Some time ago, weary of the limits 
of Pascal, I conceived a bright idea: if 
all the compiler writers would get 
together, maybe they could agree on 
a standard set of extensions to the 
language. That would make it much 
more useful. 

Thus was born what I rather 
pretentiously labeled 'The Pascal 
Prime Project." Since I hate to waste 
good ideas, I immediately telephoned 
a number of compiler people. "We all 
go to the West Coast Computer 
Faire," I said. "Let's get together and 
see what we can agree on." Most of 
those invited said they'd show up at 
the meeting, although few (other than 
me) thought there'd be much ac- 
complished. 

They were right, of course. 
Nothing specific was accomplished. 
On the other hand, we all agreed that 
the meeting had been worthwhile. 
Certainly I thought so. I learned a lot, 
most of which will have to be 
reported in another place. 

The meeting was chaired by Carl 
Helmers, former editorial director of 
BYTE. Present were Bob Wallace, the 
Microsoft Pascal designer, Al Irvine 
of Softech Microsystems, Mike 
Lehman of Digital Research, James 
Tyson of JRT Systems, and Mike 
Haggarty, chairman of the IEEE 
Pascal Standards Committee. Con- 
spicuously absent was Paul Mc- 
Questen of Sorcim. Everyone agreed 
that Pascal needs extensions, and 
there ought to be agreement on which 
ones and how to implement them. 

McQuesten wasn't there because 
Sorcim didn't want to be committed 
to revisions; its resources are going 
into other work at the moment. He 
needn't have worried. 

All the major companies except 
JRT stated their intention to imple- 
ment "standard Pascal." There the 
agreement ended, and there, I fear, it 
will remain ended. 

A Ray of Hope 

For a while I saw hope loom. Mike 
Haggarty announced publication of 
the IEEE Pascal Standard, and when I 
asked, plaintively, just what I should 
write programs in if I wanted some 
hope of both convenience and pro- 



gram portability, he held up his stan- 
dards book to universal laughter and 
applause. 

Unfortunately, that was a better 
gesture than advice. No one uses 
"standard Pascal." You have to have 
some extensions or you'll never get 
any practical programs done. 

Then Haggarty read the "proposed 
extensions" that have been "almost 
accepted" by the IEEE committee. 
They sounded like the answer to a 
prayer. An "otherwise" exception to 
the case statement. An exponentia- 
tion operator. An "open file" state- 
ment. Nonnumeric labels. Structured 
function results, with functions able 
to return any reasonable type. A 
whole mess of other stuff, all 
desirable. 

There was also a list of proposed 
features that had been rejected, either 
because there was no agreement 
among the committee on how to ac- 
complish them, or because a majority 
of the committee felt they weren't 
desirable anyway. Two of the re- 
jected proposals, strings and separate 
compilations, were pretty important. 
Others weren't. 

The list of "agreed" extensions was 
longer and far more important than 
the list of "rejected" ones. 

Terrific, I thought. There is pro- 
gress, and by the people who are sup- 
posed to be making it, I have 
foolishly set myself a task that I need 
not have begun. 

Then I had to ask: have these "stan- 
dards" been published? No. They 
haven't even been adopted. They're 
merely proposed, "agreed" by some 
subset of the committee. Most of the 
compiler people present had im- 
plemented several of them, but no 
one had added all of them— and there 
had been no consultation about how 
they were implemented, either. 

We're as far from portability as 
ever. 

During the course of the discus- 
sion, I argued that Modula-2 will 
replace Pascal (and have a go at the C 
programming language as well). I 
may or may not believe that, but it 
did seem an interesting thing to say to 
a room full of Pascal enthusiasts. As 
expected, my view wasn't accepted 
by the panelists. Al Irvine of Softech 



324 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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326 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



was particularly lucid in his objec- 
tions: too many people know Pascal, 
and there's too much invested in 
existing Pascal programs. 

He's probably right. Still, 
Modula-2 does seem to offer some 
clear advantages, and it's very easy 
for Pascal programmers to learn it. It 
all depends really on just how good 
an implementation of Modula-2 we 
get, and when. Meanwhile, Pascal is 
alive, and if not well, at least not 
critically ill. 

Fun and Games 

The most spectacular display at the 
show was Perfect Software's laser 
light show. It was in a room of un- 
discernible size. After you entered a 
black maw on a ramp, you were 
guided by lines of flashing lights on 
either side, with TV monitors at inter- 
vals. A breathless voice spoke in 
hushed tones about the future. 

Once inside there was a Future- 
world atmosphere. Green laser beams 
flashed overhead. (I'm told it was one 
laser and lots of mirrors.) 

As marketing hype it was awe- 
some, at least to me. Alex's friend 
Jenny says it wasn't as effective as I 
thought: she went into the display 
and returned not knowing what it 
was Perfect Software sold. 

Meanwhile, all over the Faire were 
arcade-style games. There weren't too 
many creatures eating dots, because 
Atari's lawyer was there to 
discourage that; he told H.A.L. Labs 
president Greg Autry that its game 
Taxman violates Atari trademarks. It 
seems that H.A.L. Labs uses a circle 
with a slice cut out of it, even though 
its Taxman creature doesn't eat dots. 
(It eats dollar signs and leaves a trail 
of cent signs.) 

I wonder if this trade protection 
stuff hasn't gone too far. Eating dots 
was awfully popular last year, but I'd 
think the market is nearly saturated 
now. I certainly wouldn't want to be 
Atari's lawyer against H.A.L. Labs, 
which consists of a bunch of teenaged 
computer whizzes working out of 
their garage. Its games are nice, with 
excellent graphics. My kids prefer the 
Apple versions of Taxman to any of 
the other chase-in-a-maze games we 
have at the moment. I suspect any 



jury would begin with considerable 
sympathy for H.A.L. Labs; I know I 
do, but then you must realize they're 
all science-fiction fans and like my 
books. 

According to patent law, you can't 
patent an idea. Literary copyright law 
is a little more tricky. I served as an 
expert witness in the suit between 
Star Wars and Battlestar Galactica, 
and was given a fairly extensive brief- 
ing; but neither I nor anyone else 
could write a definitive statement of 
just what combination of common- 
knowledge elements constitutes an 
idea worthy of protection by the 
public authorities. Take any element: 
mazes, eating dots, creatures chang- 
ing character after eating something 
special, and you can find many past 
precedents. How many must be put 
together before you can justify hav- 
ing the taxpayers pay the police and 
judges to protect your exclusive 
rights? 

H.A.L. Labs has already had one 
bout with Atari, and as a result it 
changed its maze, changed dots to 
dollar signs, and made other changes 
in graphics. It's now being told that 
Atari has exclusive right to a circle 
with a wedge cut out. 

Gosh, I'd swear CornNuts used to 
use circles with a slice cut out . . . 

Don't Lean on Shirley 

For months now I've heard rumors 
that Compupro was going to build a 
machine that didn't use the S-100 bus. 
Compupro gave it the code name 
"Shirley." 

A model of Shirley was on display 
at the Compupro booth. It's certainly 
smaller than the usual Compupro ma- 
chines: a low-profile box about the 
size of the electronics part of an IBM 
PC. It holds two half-height Sy^inch 
floppies and a 5-inch Winchester 
hard-disk drive; the rumor is that 
there'll be about 20 formatted mega- 
bytes on the Winchester. Given that 
Bill Godbout started in this business 
by selling memory boards, and that 
he had hanging on his wall the new 
64K-byte memory chips, you can ex- 
pect plenty of memory aboard 
Shirley. 

The display model was only a 
plastic case with drives in it. The real 



POtaxi 



micRosvsTems 




The Universal Operating System! 
Finally once and for all. 



The UCSD p-System* from SofTech Microsystems 
isn't like any other operating system youVe ever used. 

Why? 

Because the p-System is the only truly portable, 
universal operating system ever developed, that's why 
It's equally at home with all popular personal computers. 
Such as an IBM PC or Displaywriter, an Apple, a 
DEC, an HI? an Osborne, a Philips, a Sage, a Tkndy, 
a TI, you name it. It lets you develop applications 
that are portable to 8-bit as well as 16-bit micros. 

And we don't mean portable just at the 
source code level, either. 

We mean you can develop your program on virtually 
any micro, compile to object code, and it's totally trans- 
portable. So you can design programs once, and you've 
designed for the entire market. 

The p-System then actually broadens your 
potential customer base. With no significant 
reinvestment in programming time. 
You can reuse program components 



Finally, 



Once and for All. 



from one application to another, and even create your 
own library of utilities. What's more, the p-System's 
universality allows you to get your software up and 
running on new hardware as soon as it hits the market. 

It's about time. 

At SofTlech Microsystems, we saw an industry-wide 
need for an efficient OS that could honestly call itself 
universal. So, in 1979, we delivered just that. The UCSD 
p-System. And we've been delivering ever since. 

As an applications developer, we think you owe 
yourself an OS that lets you broaden your market base 
and develop higher quality applications faster, less 
expensively, more dependably and more efficiently than 
ever before. 

All at the same time. All on one micro. 
Thanks to the p-System, finally, once is enough. 
Fbr product information or information on 
how to get a copy of the p-System Applica- 
tion Catalog, call or write to us 
at SofTech Microsystems. 



SofTech Microsystems • 16885 West Bernardo Drive • San Diego, Calif. 92127 • (714) 451-1230 

'Universal Operating System is a trademark of Soflech Microsystems Inc., UCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California 

Circle 354 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1983 327 



IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU WANT. . . 



EDIX/WORDIX 

$149 (ea.) 

CROSSTALK 

$119 



IBM PC 

Advanced Operating List Now 

Systems 

The Progiammef 200 150 

American Training Inter- 
national. Inc. 

ATI-Power for PC 

DOS 75 56 

Applied Software Technology 

Versaform ' 389 288 

AshtonTate 

dBase II [4] 700 429 

Aspen Software 

Grammatik 75 56 

Proofreader 50 38 

Byrom Software 
BSTAM (Micro to micro 

comm.) 200 149 

BSTMS (Micro to main- 
frame comm ) 200 149 

Comshare 

Master Planner 325 253 

Condor Computer Corp. 

Condor 1 195 147 

Condor 3 650 488 

Continental Software 
Home Accountant 

Plus 150 112 

1st Class Mail 125 98 

CP Aids 

Master Tax 16951371 

Standard Tax 595 446 

Data Most 

Write On 130 94 

Real Estate Investment 

Program 130 95 

Denver Software 

EASy (Executive Acctg. 

System) 750 562 

Digital Research 

CBASIC 86 200 150 

CIS COBOL 86 800 600 

Concurrent CP/M-86 ... 350 294 

Level 2 COBOL 86 16001200 

Pascal MT+86/w SSP . . 600 468 

SID86 150 94 

SPP86 200 168 

Eagle Software 

Money Decisions 199 149 

Emerging Technology 

Edix 195 149 

Wordix 195 149 

Howard 

Real Estate Analyzer 

II 250 187 

Innovative Soltware 

T.I. M. Ill 495 357 

Fast Graphs 295 221 

ISM 

MatheMagic 100 75 

Graphmagic 90 65 

Combo Pack 160 120 

IUS 

Easy Speller II 225 159 

Easy Filer 400 281 

Easywriter II 350 259 

Easy Planner 250 188 



SUPERCALC 

$185 

EASYWRITER II 

$259 

AR/AP/GL(ea) 600 450 

Financial Management 
Series (all 3) 14951121 

Lexisoft 

Spellbinder 495 281 

Lifeboat 

Lattice C Compiler 500 415 

Lifetree 

Volkswriter 195 147 

Lightning 

Master type 50 38 

Mark of the Unicorn 

Mince 175 153 

Final Word 300 223 

Metasoff 

Benchmark Word 
Processor* 500 367 

Benchmark Mail list ... 175 154 

Microfocus 

CIS COBOL 8086 850 637 

Micro Lab 

The Tax Manager 250 188 

MicroPro 

Infostar [5] 495 327 

Report Star 350 231 

Wordstar [4] 495 327 

Spellstar 250 165 

Mailmerge 250 165 

Wordstar/ 
Mailmerge [4] 695 426 

Microsoft 

Flight Simulator 50 38 

Multiplan 212 

MicroStuf 

CrossTalk 195 119 

North American Business Systems 

The Answer 250 188 

Northwest Analytical 

Statpak 495 369 

OASIS 

The Word Plus 150 112 

Organic Software 

Datebook 395 331 

Milestone (CP/M86) ... 395 331 
Textwriter III (Text 

formatter) 125 97 

PBL Corporation 
Personal Investor 

(128K) 145 105 

Peachtree 

Series 4 Peachpak 

(GL/AR/AP) [5] 595 359 

Ryan-McFarlanrJ 
RM/COBOL 

•Full Dev. System 950 713 

• Runtime only 250 188 

Scrlpps Oata 

Job Cost Systems 495 371 

Select Information Systems 
Select with SuperSpell 

(Word Proc.) 595 369 

Software Publishing 

PFS File 109 

PFS Report 99 

Sorcim 

Spellguard 195 146 

Supercalc 295 185 

Superwriter 395 296 



dBASE Comer 

• dBASE II (relational 

DBMS) $429 

• User's Guide .... $29 

• Both $449 

• Quickcode (program 
generator) $195 

• dUTIL (programmer's 

utilities) ........ $59 

• ABSTAT (statistics 

package) $359 

• D B Plus (short utility) . $95 

Technical questions, M-F/9-5 (415)324-0311 



CONDOR 3 

$488 

PEACHPAK 

$359 

Southeastern 

Data Capture 120 90 

Star 

Legal Timekeeping. 

Billing. & Accts 950 771 

Structured Systems 
GL. AR. AP. Payroll. 

Inventory, 0E (ea.) . . , 1250 790 

Analyst 250 188 

Letteright 200 150 

NAD 100 75 

QS0RT 100 75 

Supersoft 

Optimizer 200 149 

Personal Data Base .... 125 93 
Synergistic 

Data Reporter 250 188 

Versa Computing 
Graphics Hardcopy 

System 25 19 

VisiCorp 

VisiCalc (256K) 250 169 

Desktop Plan I 300 229 

VisiTrend/Plot 300 215 

Visidex 250 189 

VisiFile 300 229 

Visischedule 300 234 

Business Forecasting 

Models 100 78 

Woolf Software Systems 

Move It 150 99 

IBM PC HARDWARE 

Kraft List Now 

Joystick 70 52 

Microsoft 

RAM Card 64K 350 253 

RAM Card 128K 525 381 

RAM Card 192K 700 508 

RAM Card 256K 875 634 

QUADRAfVt 

Quadboard 64K 595 428 

• 256K 995 670 

TG Products 

Joystick 59 43 

Versa Computing 
VersaWriter Graphics 

Tablet 299 249 

CP/M 

8" standard SSSD and Apple 5W. 
Please call to confirm price & avail- 
ability for other formats, available 
as special orders. 

Adventure International List Now 

Adventures (#1-12) 129 97 

American Training Inter- 
national, Inc. 

ATI-Power for CP/M .... 75 54 

Anderson-Bell 

ABSTAT 359 

Artificial Intelligence 

(Requires CBASIC 2) 

Medical 995 749 

Dental 995 749 

Ashton Tate 

dBase II [4] 700 429 

Aspen Software 

Grammatik 75 56 

Proofreader 50 38 

Balcones 

The Boss: Financial Ac- 
counting System ....24951496 

Byrom Software 

BSTAM (Micro to 
micro comm.) 200 144 

BSTMS (Micro to 
mainframe comm.) . . . 200 144 

Caxton 

Cardbox 245 177 

Centa Systems 

CP/M Northstar 
(Horizon only) 179 150 

CP/M Micropolis 189 156 

Computer Control 

FABS (B-TREE file 
access) 195 146 

Ultrasort II 195 146 



VOLKSWRITER 

$147 

FINAL WORD 

$223 

Computer Development. Inc. 

Image 495 356 

Comshare Target Software 

Plannercalc 50 38 

Masterplanner 325 263 

Condor Computer Corp. 

Condor 1 195 147 

Condor 3 650 488 

Designer Software 

Palantir 425 319 

Dietronics 

Random House Elec- 
tronic Thesaurus .... 150 113 
Digital Research 

Access Manager 300 225 

MAC (macro as- 
sembler) 90 75 

SID (symbolic debugger 

for 8080) 75 63 

ZSID 100 88 

CBASIC (language) .... 150 94 

CB80 500 395 

CIS COBOL 800 595 

Display Manager 400 295 

Pascal Mt+ w/SPP 500 395 

DJR Associates 

FMS 80 995 625 

FMS80-1 495 312 

FMS 80-2 495 312 

Ecosoft 
MicroStat (stat 

package) 295 248 

Epic Computer Corp. 

Supervyz 150 94 

Faircom 

MICRO B+ (Keyed file accessing) 

For CBASIC 2 260 211 

For MBASIC, COBOL. 
PL1/80. FORTRAN. 
Pascal MT+. CB 80 ... 260 211 
Fox and Geller 

dGRAPH 295 195 

Quickscreen 149 125 

Quickcode 295 195 

dUTIL 99 59 

FYI 

Superfile 195 129 

Infocom 

Deadline 60 43 

Zork L Jl. Ill (ea.) 50 38 

Star Cross 50 38 

Human Soft 

D B Plus 125 95 

ISM 

Mathemagic 99 72 

Lexisoft 

Spellbinder 495 281 

Lifeboat 

T-Maker II 275 215 

Mark of the Unicorn 

Mince (text editor) 200 136 

Final Word 300 229 

Micro Pro 

Infostar [5] 495 327 

Report Star 350 231 

Wordstar [4] 495 327 

MailMerge 250 165 

Wordstar/Mail- 
Merge [4] 695 426 

Spellstar [4] 250 165 

Wordstai /Spell- 
star [4) 695 426 

Word/Spell/Mail ... 14] 845 558 

Calcstar 145 96 

Datastar 295 195 

Microsoft 

BASIC 80 350 252 

BASIC Compiler 395 284 

FORTRAN 80 500 360 

COBOL 80 750 540 

MACRO 80 200 156 

EDIT 80 120 94 

M Math/ M Simp 250 194 

m LISP/m Star 200 156 

M-Sort 195 151 

Multiplan 275 179 

Microstuf 

CrossTalk 195 119 

Northwest Analytical 



VISICALC 

$169 

DB MASTER 

$148 

Statpak 495 369 

OASIS 

The Word Plus 150 112 

Organic Software 

Datebook 295 229 

Milestone 295 229 

Peachtree 

Series 4 Peach Pak 
(GLAR.AP) 595 359 

Pearlsoft 

Personal Pearl 295 184 

Pickles and Trout 

CP/M TRS 80 Mod II .... 185 169 

Select Information Systems 

Select with Super- 
spell 595 369 

Software Dimensions 

Accounting Pius™ 

GL. AR. AP. Inv each .... 645 402 

All four 25801435 

Sorcim 

Pascal/M(Z80or 
8080) 395 284 

Pascal /M (8086. 
8088) 495 356 

ACT 80 (Z80. 8080,8085). 175 126 

ACT 86/88 (8086. 
8088) 175 126 

TRANS 86 125 90 

Spellguard 195 146 

SuperCalc 295 185 

Superwriter 395 249 

Supersoft 

C Compiler 250 188 

Ada Compiler 300 225 

Woolf Software Systems 

Move it 100 66 

Formats for CPM 8". Apple 5% & 
others. Price the same in most 
cases. 



HARDWARE 

Corona List Now 

5MB Hard Disk ... [6] 2495 1895 
Daisywriter 

Printer [10] 1395 1235 

Hayes Microcomputer Products 

Datacom Pascal 
Package 50 36 

Hayes Stack Chrono- 
graph (RS-232) ... [4] 249 199 

Hayes Stack Smart- 
Modem (RS-232) 
300 Baud ........ [4] 279 209 

Hayes Stack Smart- 
Modem (RS-232) 
1200 Baud [4] 699 509 

NEC 

12" Green Hi-Res 
CRT [10] 285 167 

7710 Printer [10] 3085 2295 

3530 Printer ..... [10] 2290 1735 

8023 Printer ..... [10] 795 520 

Novation 

J-Cat [4] 149 119 

Smart-Cat 103 [4] 259 207 

Smart-Cat 

103/212 [4] 595 476 

® ^Manufacturer's trademark. 



APPLE DOS 

Applied Software List Now 

Technology 

Versa Form: 

VS-1 Apple II/64K 389 249 

VH-1 (Corvus) 495 360 

VP-1 Versaform Pascal/ 

Interface 245 180 

ARTSCI (Softape) 
Magic Window II 

(40/70/80} 150 109 

Magic Window 100 75 

Magic Mailer 70 49 

Magic Words 70 49 

Magic Pack Combo 

(Contains all 3) 225 156 



328 BYTE June 1983 



Avant Garde Creations 




Ultra Plot/D.I.F./Data 




Graph 


. 99 71 


Beagle Brothers 




Alpha Plot 


40 28 


DOS Boss 


. 24 17 


Utility City 


. 30 22 


Apple Mechanic 


, 30 22 


Broderbund Software 




General Ledger 




(with A/P) 


495 305 


Payroll 


395 275 


Computer Station 




Combined Enhanced 




Graphics Software . . . 


55 40 


Station Master 


175 136 


Comshare Target Software 




Image Maker 


175 126 


Continental 




Home Accountant ..... 


75 52 


1st Class Mail 


75 54 


CPA #1 - GL 


250 159 


CPA#2-AR 


250 159 


CPA#3-AP 


250 159 


CPA U - PR 


250 159 


All four [51 Mf 


CPA #5 -Property 




Management 


495 352 


Crane Software 




Menu Generator 


40 29 


Creative Curriculum. Inc. 




Speed Reading 




Courseware 


99 75 


Dakin 5/Level 10 




Depreciation Planner . ,. 


395 299 


Budget Planner 


150 112 


Business Bookkeeping 




System 


395 299 


Datamost 




Write On II 


130 90 


Real Estate Analysis 




Program 


130 90 


Tax Beater 


130 90 


Datasoft. Inc. 




Micropamter (ASK) 


35 25 


BASIC Compiler (32K) .. 


. 100 75 


LISP Interpreter 


125 94 


Decision Support 




The Accountant 


129 97 


•with DBCalc 


149 107 


Delta Software 




Bookkeeper Master 




Program 


90 68 


Bookkeeper Check 




Writer 


40 29 


Denver Software 




Pascal Tutor 


125 97 


Pascal Programmer .... 


296 223 


Financial Partner 


250 188 


Eastside 




Wildcard 


130 109 


Eduware 




Compu-Read 


30 22 


Statistics 


30 22 


Spelling Bee with 




Reading Primer 


40 30 


Compu-Math/ 




Fractions 


40 30 


Compu-Math/ 




Decimals 


40 30 


Compu-Math/ Arithmetic 




Skills 


50 37 


Algebra 1 


40 30 


Fractions 




(New version) 


49 37 


Decimals 




(New version) 


49 37 


Algebra 2 


40 30 


Counting Bee 


30 22 


Compu-Spell/System . . . 


30 22 


Compu-Speil/Data Disk 




Levels 4 thru 8 (ea). , . 


20 15 



Metri-Vert 16 12 

Uni-Solve 25 19 

PSAT Word Attack 

Skills 49 37 

SAT Word Attack 49 37 

Hayden Software 

Pie Writer/Standard ... 150 108 

•Double Vision 150 108 

• Multi 80-col 150 108 

(for Smarterm, Videoterm, & 
Superterm) 
Hayes 

Terminal Pgm 100 75 

Highlands Computer Services 

E-Z Ledger 60 37 

Howard Software 
Creative Financing 

1983 195 149 

Real Estate Analyzer 

II 195 146 

Information Unlimited 

Software (lUSj 

Datadex 150 108 

Datadex/Hard Disk .... 300 216 
Professional 

Easywriter ......... 175 126 

Professional 

Easymailer 150 

Easy Mover 100 

Tellstar Level f 40 

Tellstar Level II 80 

FORTH Development 

System 140 

Insoft 

GraFORTH II 75 

Electric Duet 30 

TransFORTH II 125 

ALD System II 75 

International Software Marketing 
Mathemagic (Advanced 

programmable calcula- 
tor package) 90 65 

Graphmagic 90 65 

Kensington Microware Ltd. 

Format II 250 169 

Lightning Software 

Mastertype 40 30 

Link Systems 

Datafax 199 149 

Datalink 100 75 

Link Index 195 149 

Link Video 55 41 

Link Disk 70 51 

LJK Enterprises 

Letter Perfect with Mail 

Merge 150 112 

Data Perfect 100 78 

Lower Case Character Generator 

(accessory) 25 19 

Lotus 

Executive Briefing 

System 199 149 

Micro Lab 

The invoice Factory ... 200 144 

The Merger 50 37 

The Learning System ... 150 108 

Painter Power 40 30 

US Constitution Tutor ... 30 22 

English SAT #1 30 22 

VisiBlend 50 37 

VisiFactory 75 54 

The Asset Manager 200 144 

The Tax Manager 180 129 

Data Factory 5.0 300 216 

Wall Streeter 300 216 

Payroll Manager 300 216 

Microsoft 

TASC (Applesoft 

compiler) 175 119 

Typing Tutor II 25 19 

Time Manager 150 116 

.. 125 97 



108 
75 
30 
58 

101 

56 
23 
94 
56 



Adios M Math-80 

TELEPHONE ORDERS 

Outside Calif.: (800) 222-8811 
Inside Calif.: (415) 324-3730 

Order lines are manned 6:30 - 6 Monday thru Friday 
and 9 - 5 Saturday. Other lines are open 9- 5 Monday 
thru Friday 



135. 



Adios pfilath/fiSimp ... 250 194 

M-Sort 195 151 

jiLisp/pStar 200 156 

Multiplan 275 179 

MUSE 

Supertext 40/56/70 .... 125 79 

Supertext 40/80 175 126 

Form Letter Module 

48K 100 72 

Data Plot 48K" 60 43 

The Voice 48K 40 29 

"Requires Applesoft. ROM or 

Apple II Plus 
Omega 

Locksmith 100 75 

Inspector 60 49 

On-Line Systems 
The General 

Manager 230 

Screenwriter II 130 

The Dictionary 100 

Expeditor IK (Applesoft 

compiler) 

LISA 

EPFIV (Extended 

Programming Facility 

IV) 

LISA Educational 

Package 120 

Optimized Systems Software. Inc 

Speed Read Plus 60 

Peachtree 

Series 40 GL. AR. AP. 

Inventory, Payroll 

(ea) 400 239 

Penguin Software 
Complete Graphics 

System 70 

Special Effects 40 

Graphics Magician .... 60 
Additional Fonts and 

Character Sets 20 

Complete Graphics 

System II 

(Apple Tab Ver.) 120 

Special Effects 

(Apple Tab Ver ) 70 

Program Design, Inc. 
The New Step-by- 

Step 80 

Quality Software 
GBS-DB Apple Dev. 

Prog 700 504 

Sensible Software 
Super Disk Copy III .... 30 
Multi Disk Catalog III ... 25 
Disk Recovery (The 

Scanner ") 30 

Applesoft Plus Struc- 
tured BASIC 25 

Disk Organizer II 30 

DOS Plus 25 

Quickloader 25 

Image Printer-Letter 

Quality 40 

Image Printer-Epson ... 40 
Image Printer-NEC Dot 

Matrix 40 

The Bug 50 

Build Using 30 

Edit Soft 30 

Quadrant 6112 35 

Sensible Speller 125 

•for Supertext 125 

•for Apple CP/M 125 

• Pascal 125 

BEST (Applesoft Pro- 
gram Optimizer) 40 

Select Information Systems 
Select (with Super- 
spell) 595 356 

Silicon Valley 



80 56 

83 



43 



50 
30 

45 

15 



50 



58 



23 
19 

23 

19 
23 

19 
19 

30 
30 

30 

37 
23 
23 
26 
94 
94 
94 
94 

30 



99 
79 
99 

45 



65 



99 
59 



89 



Word Handler 199 145 

List Handler 90 68 

Dictionary 125 94 

Sirius 

Pascal Graphics Editor 
(48KII/II+) 100 69 

Sof/Sys. Inc. 

Executive Secretary ... 250 169 

Executive Speller 75 56 

Softech Microsystems 

UCSD P-System Soft- 
ware Set [4] 625 450 

BASIC Compiler and 
Runtime Package .... 225 169 

Xenofile 50 39 

Softeach 125 90 

Software Dimensions 

Accounting Plus™ 

GL. AR. AP. Inv ea 395 239 

All four 1250 699 

Software Publishing 

PFSFile 140 

PFS:Report 125 

PFS:Graph 140 

Southeastern Software 

Data Capture 4 65 

Data Capture 4.0/Videx. 
Smarterm, Super- 
term 90 

Southwestern Data 

2-Term Profes- 
sional 150 

ASCII Express 80 

ASCII Express 
Professional 130 

STC 

Professional Time and 
Billing 395 284 

Language Reading 
Development Pro- 
gram 175 126 

Apartment Manager ... 325 234 

Stoneware 

DBMaster 229 148 

Utility Pak #1 99 65 

Utility Pak #2 99 65 

DBMaster/Hard Disk ... 499 359 

Stat Pac 99 71 

Micro Memo 40 30 

Electronic Price 
Sheet 100 72 

Compucube 30 22 

Graphics Processing 
System (Standard) 

Graphics Processing 
System (Profes- 
sional) 

Synergistic Software 

The Linguist 

The Directory 
Manager 25 

The Star Gazer's 
Guide 30 

Higher Graphics II 35 

Mailing List Data- 
Base . 50 

Program Line Editor . , . 40 

Modifiable DataBase ... 80 

The Data Reporter 220 

Integer BASIC Com- 
piler 150 108 

Global Program Line 
Editor 65 49 

Data Reporter— Hard 
Disk 220 158 

Versa Computing 

VersaWriter Expansion 
Pac-I 40 30 

VersaWriter Expansion 
Pac-ll 40 30 

VersaWriter Graphics 
Tablet (accessory) ... 299 252 



60 45 



179 129 
40 30 



19 

22 
26 

37 
30 
59 
158 



VisiCorp [Personal Software) 

VisiCalc 250 169 

VisiFile 250 169 

VisiLink , . 250 169 

Desktop Plan II 250 194 

VisiPlot , , 200 156 

VisiTrend/Plot 300 234 

VisiDex 250 194 

VisiTerm 100 65 

VisiSchedule 300 234 

Business Forecasting Model 
(req VisiCalc) 100 78 

APPLE HARDWARE 

Hayes 

Micromodem II [4] 379 259 

• with terminal pgm . . 409 289 
Kensington 

System Saver (Fan) ... 90 65 
Micro-Sci 
A2 35T Disk 

Drive [5] 479 329 

Microsoft 
RAMcard (memory 

board) 100 69 

Softcard (CP/M 

board) 345 219 

Premium System: Soft- 
card. 16K RAMcard. 

Videx Videoterm 80 

col, Card. Softswitch, 

CP/M User 

Guide [5] 695 489 

Personal Computer 

Appli-Card (6MHz) 595 429 

Videx 

Keyboard Enhancer II . . . 149 99 

Videoterm w/Soft- 

Switch 375 239 



APPLE III 



List* 



94 

56 

146 

42 
45 
187 
112 



Applied Software 
Technology 

Versa Form VS-3 495 371 

DataMost 

Write On 130 99 

Denver Software 
EASy (Executive Ac- 
counting System) ... 725 562 
Insoft 

TransForth /// 125 

ALD System /// 75 

Link Systems 

Link Index 195 

Link Video 55 

Link Sampler I 60 

Datafax 249 

Datalink 149 

Micro Lab 

Data Manager /// 750 562 

Software Publishing Corp. 

PFS: File 175 120 

PFS: Report 125 86 

PFS Graph 175 120 

VisiCorp 

Desktop Plan /// 300 234 

Visischedule /// 300 234 

Visicalc Advanced III ... 400 312 
Business Forecasting 

Model 100 78 

APPLE ile 
Most Apple II products also run on 
the lie (call for details). Products 
below are specially designed for 
the lie 
Software Publishing 

PFS File 125 99 

PFS Report 125 99 

PFS Graph 125 99 

VisiCorp 

Visicalc Enhanced 202 



Technical Support 
Order Status 
Sales Manager 

MORE CP/M", APPLE*, 



(415) 324-0311 
(415) 324-0306 
(415) 324-0305 

IBM PC", UNIX", UCSD 



PROGRAMMING 

INTERNATIONAL 

505 Hamilton Ave. • Suite 107 
Palo Alto, CA 94301 



p-System" 1 software, hardware, etc; call for quote. 



TERMS: All prices subject to change without notice 
and availability. Cashier's check/MO/bank transfer. 
Allow time for company or personal checks to clear. 
Prices reflect cash prepaid discount. VISA/MASTER- 
CARD/COD/PO's + 3%. CA residents add sales tax. 
AM sates final for games & special orders. 
SHIPPING: $2 per item for UPS surface ($6 for Blue 
Label) within continental USA, except where ship- 
ping cost is specified in square brackets. 
RETURNS: Must have authorization number, ob- 
tained at 415-324-0305. Unauthorized returns will be 
refused; damaged goods will be refused. All returns 
subject to 15% restocktng fee. No return after 30 
days. 



WHY PAY MORE? 



Circle 315 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 329 



Products Mentioned 








Caxton 


Cardbox 


Logitech Corporation 


Modula-2 compiler 


10-14 Bedford St. 




165 University Ave. 




Covent Garden 




Palo Alto, CA 94301 




London WC2E 9HE, England 




(415) 326-3885 




01-379-6502 












Matchless Systems Add- 


on disks and small computers 


Compupro Systems 


Shirley 


18444 South Broadway 




Oakland Airport, CA 94614-0355 




Gardena, CA 90248 




(415) 562-0636 




(213) 327-1010 




Diser Inc. 


Lilith 


Micro Peripherals Inc. 


Print-Mate 99 


POB 70 




4426 South Century Dr. 




Orem, UT 84057 




Salt Lake City, UT 84107 




(801) 224-7444 




(801) 263-3081 




Eagle Computers 


Eagle 


Rising Star Industries 


Epson QX-10 


983 University Ave. 




24050 Madison St. §113 




Los Gatos, CA 95030 




Torrance, CA 90505 




(408) 395-5005 




(213) 378-3994 




Easi APL Systems Inc. 


APLforZ80 


R&R Software 


Ada for 8085 and 8086 


10 Jackson St. #115 




POB 1512 




Los Gatos, CA 95030 




Madison, WI 53701 




(408) 354-3274 




(608) 244-6436 




H.A.L. Labs 


Apple and Atari games 


Sorcim 


Superwriter and Supercalc 


Suite 23 




2310 Lundy Ave. 




4074 Midland Rd. 




San Jose, CA 95131 




Riverside, CA 92505 




(408) 942-1727 




(714) 359-8480 












Workman and Associates 


WRITE 


Heath Company 


Heath/ Zenith Hero robot 


112 Marion Ave. 




Benton Harbor, MI 49022 




Pasadena, CA 91106 




(616) 982-3200 




(213) 796-4401 





thing will be solid metal. It was amus- 
ing to watch the Compupro people 
nervously asking Faire-goers not to 
lean on the display model. They don't 
much care if you stand on the real 
machines. 

They weren't saying much on the 
record about what Shirley's innards 
would be. Bill Godbout did tell me 
that it would have at least five CPU 
(central processing unit, or brain) 
chips for four users. Given that the 
Compupro team invented the dual 
processor and MPM-8/16, it's a good 
guess that it will have both 8- and 
16-bit capabilities and will be able to 
take advantage of most existing soft- 
ware. 

While I was at the Faire, I intro- 
duced Logitech's Pierluigi Zappacosta 
to Bill Godbout and Mark Garetz, his 
chief of research. Maybe something 



will come of that, and they'll have 
some hardware to take advantage of 
Modula-2. I sure hope so. 

All they'd tell me about Shirley, 
though, was that they've taken what 
amounts to an S-100 bus system and 
squashed out the bus idiosyncrasies, 
making the whole thing faster and 
more reliable. Given Bill Godbout's 
reputation for advancing the state of 
the art, I won't be the only one look- 
ing forward to Shirley. 

WRITE 

On the Monday before the Faire, 
Tony Pietsch, my engineering genius 
friend who constructs and maintains 
my computers, made arrangements to 
release WRITE and have Workman 
sell copies at the Faire. I'm not certain 
precisely how that works, but 
Ashton-Tate isn't going to be selling 



this version of WRITE. Tony will be, 
through Workman. I've written at 
least enough about this editor in the 
past, and I don't intend a full review 
here. 

What's relevant is that I'd promised 
Tony I'd do the front end of his 
manual if he ever released WRITE. 
That hadn't been done. On Tuesday 
morning I was told about this. Tues- 
day afternoon was eaten by locusts: 
telephone calls, answering mail, and 
such like. Tuesday evening I sat down 
to write a manual. 

Wednesday dawn saw 11,000 new 
words done and edited. There had 
already existed a "reference manual" 
about 10,000 words long; we went 
over that quickly and stuck it on the 
back end of what I'd done. By 
Wednesday noon there was an 
analytical table of contents. We for- 



330 June 1983 © BYTE Publkationi Inc 



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332 June W&3 © BYTE Publications inc Circle 241 on inquiry card. 



matted the whole mess and printed it 
on my NEC 7710. To salvage my 
pride, we stuck in a notice saying this 
was done in haste and guaranteeing a 
free copy of the revised version. Then 
it was off to the printer. 

There's not enough money to have 
hired me to do that much work in so 
short a time. The interesting thing is 
that it was possible; that's probably 
the best testimonial WRITE will ever 
have. 

Alas, WRITE was not well demon- 
strated at the Faire. One of the 
machines Barry Workman had with 
him was my Z-100; it has that big 
screen, making it an eye-catcher. 
They put it on a stand in front of the 
Workman booth. 

That was a mistake. We didn't 
have a version of WRITE configured 
for the Z-100. We did have a version 
installed on the Z-19 terminal, and 
that worked on the Z-100, but just 
barely. For example, the special- 
function keys weren't implemented. 
These keys are one of the joys of 
WRITE, making it at least as power- 
ful as any dedicated word processor 
I've seen. The editor will work 
without them — my first keyboard 
didn't have any — but if there are such 
keys and they don't do what they say 
they will, users tend to be confused. 

The Z-100 when run in 8085 mode 
has stow disk access; at least it's slow 
compared to what I'm used to. We 
should have hooked up some 8-inch 
double-density disks to the machine, 
but there wasn't room, and Workman 
hadn't taken any extra drives along. 
Most of all, though, we should have 
configured WRITE for the machine it 
was running on. 

Finally, I'd intended to put some 
text — say the WRITE manual itself — 
into the machine, so that people 
would have something to play with. I 
didn't do that, and in the frantic pace 
of the show it never got done. Thus, 
those who stopped to look at WRITE 
saw only a pale shadow. My fault, 
and my apologies to those who came 
by. 

One last point: I have no financial 
stake in WRITE. The editor was 
originally written to suit Larry Niven 
and myself. Tony added a number of 
nifty features. Some new editorial 



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Circle 459 on inquiry card. 



i 



features that Larry and I want will go 
into the next revision. 

I've written my part of the WRITE 
document as 'payment" for getting 
the text editor I want. I will do at least 
one more revision of that manual; 
probably two. I will not be paid for 
doing them. You couldn't pay me 
enough to do that much work, 
especially now when I'm up to my 
clavicle in assignments and contracts. 

If I were marketing the program, 
I'd cut the price a lot. I understand 
there are some legal complications 
arising from the previous contract, 
and at the moment the price can't be 
cut. Anyone who buys the current 
version of WRITE will receive at least 
one free revision of both manual and 
program as part of the price. They'll 
also get an Install program that's 
already written, but which wasn't 
documented for the show. It should 
have been. 

In other words, they weren't ready 
to sell WRITE, and I probably should 
have been more adamant about that. 

Still in all: when, as, or if I find an 



editor I like better for what I 
do— which is creative writing— I'll 
use it, and I'll tell my readers. Sol 
Libes tells me that there are better 
text-formatting editors. I believe him. 
Sol is one of the good guys. However, 
WRITE is the best thing I know (in- 
cluding dedicated word processors) 
for getting a lot of text written, 
edited, and polished, and it's pretty 
darned good for printing it, as I 
discovered when we formatted and 
printed the WRITE manual. 

Moving Right Along 

There were more than 600 booths 
at the Faire. If I'd stopped 5 minutes 
at each one, it would have taken me 
more than 50 hours (and I'd have 
been even more of a nervous wreck 
than I was), I can only give quick im- 
pressions. 

There are many good text editors. 
I'm fond of the Sorcim Superwriter, 
and I may change over to it for pro- 
gramming; but it has competition 
from Vedit, which was also on dis- 
play here and there at the Faire (in- 




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eluding on my own 2-100). I've re- 
gained contact with Micropro, and 
Charles Stevenson, its chief research 
and development programmer, tells 
me it's doing a lot of interesting 
things, both with text editors and 
data management. 

Micropro was out in the garbage 
area along with Priority One and 
Eagle. The Eagle computer looks very 
nice. It's a super-fast IBM PC work- 
alike, with (in my judgment) a better 
keyboard. 

Texas Instruments was out in force, 
with some really excellent graphics. 
Its people were always busy with 
Faire-goers, so I'll have to find out 
details later. 

John Matlock had a new small 
printer, the MPI Print-Mate 99, 
which we liked a lot. He handed one 
to Barry Workman for evaluation, 
and Barry's very happy with it. 
Everything I've seen of the MPI line is 
good stuff. 

Matlock and MPI were in the 
Heath/Zenith area, as was Walt 
Bilofsky and his Software Tool- 
works. Zenith was drawing attention 
with the Z-100 and its dramatic color 
graphics, but its most spectacular ex- 
hibit was the Hero robot. Carl 
Helmers has a kit model; if Zenith 
wants an evaluation from me (and I 
hope it does), it will have to send a 
fully assembled and tested model. My 
kit-building days are long gone. I was 
quite impressed with the Hero dem- 
onstrations. I'd be even more in- 
terested in what my brilliant friend 
John McCarthy (of Stanford's Ar- 
tificial Intelligence Laboratories) 
thinks. Maybe I'll know soon. 

Caxton, a British firm, had a nice 
program called Cardbox, which im- 
pressed both Alex and Jennifer as well 
as me. It's what amounts to a com- 
puterized box of 3 by 5 cards . 
Caxton's sending me a copy, and 
we'll have more on it in an upcoming 
column. 

The bottom line is that there's more 
to see at a Faire than any one person 
can manage. I'm happy, though: 
every week there's another interesting 
development in microcomputerland, 
and the big outfits haven't yet sewed 
up the market. I hope they never 

will.i 



334 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 386 on Inquiry card. 



Recognizing all the advantages 
of a personal computer-controlled 80 channel logic analyzer 

isn't too difficult. 

It simply takes great >$jsion 



If we could fully describe 
its features and functional 
advantages in 200 words or 
less, believe us, we would. 

But what do you do when a 
product is this revolutionary? When 
it's the first logic analyzer con- 
trolled by a cost-effective Apple II 
personal computer. A system 
specifically designed to deal with 




Symbols are used to define the 15 available states in the 
TRIGGER-STORE menu. 



modern software intensive micro- 
processor designs. Configurable 
from 16-80 channels. Priced from 
$2,500 to $6,500. 

All you can do is rely on your 
readers' visionary nature and visual^ 
acuity. 

A FEW VITAL STATISTIC 
Residing in the /-tAnalyst^ 

Personal Instrument Maij 

Northwest Instrumi 



Real-time programmable outputs. 
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All of which combine to create 
a system that is a true analysis sys- 
tem, Not merely a powerful data 
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FIFTEEN 
INDEPENDENT 

STATES FOR 
TRIGGER I STORE 

CONTROL. 
The Interactive 
State Analyzer elimi- 
nates much of the 
time spent defining 
your measurement 
task in the language 
of the logic analyzer. 
Fifteen independent 
states, each with a 
powerful set of word 
recognizers, are used 
to ensure that only 
the data you're really 
interested in is stored 
in memory. Symbols are used not 
only to define word recognizer 
values, but the states themselves, 
thus avoiding much of the 

urce code to 




Analyzer offers 16-80 input chan- 
nels, each with a 1024 or 4096 
memory depth. Five Sample clocks 
create a master clock able to cap- 
ture data from 8 and 16 bit micro- 
processors without special 
personality probes. 

Additional key characteristics 
include: 60 word recognizers. Sym- 
bolic word recognizer definition. 
State labels for software trace. 

Circle 284 on inquiry card. 



trigger conditions. Svm- 
olic IF-THEN-ELSE menus 
can be used to detect two-way soft- 
ware branches. This makes it 
easier to trace the procedures and 
subroutines used in structured pro- 
gramming. Since the states don't 
have to be sequentially linked, any 
state can jump to any other state. 

THIRTYSTORAGE 
QUALIFIERS. 
Storage qualifiers filter out 
unwanted data, avoiding the 
time-consuming search through 



irrelevant data. Two stf 
words, programmed uf 
symbols from the systJ 
test, are available in e^ ! 
permitting local, rathe 
control. Plus you can l 
the words for added fle| 
to store all but very spec 
at an I/O port. 



compute r-controli 
digital instruments* 
problem from two * 

First, because tf 
computer peripto 
eliminate much 
microprocessor 
NW1S insmi! 
set a new g 
dard of 



Vmalog and 

pdresses this 

jes. 
are personal 

'and therefore 
^ndant 
'uitry, 



ts 



>rage qualifier 
sing familiar 
iem under 
jch state, 

than global. 
^ Dor OR 
^iiity, e.g. 
activity 

MULTIPLE PREVIE 
ACQUISITION. 
Often you may wish to store only 
a very specific event, such as a spe- 
cial subroutine or procedure, so you 
qualify on the first address of that 
routine. This is the "effect" of 
interest, but not the "cause," the 
instruction that called the routine. 
The Model 2100, using Multiple 
Preview Acquisition mode, stores 
up to seven unqualified cycles prior 
to every qualified one, thus storing 
the cause. With a 4096 memory 
depth, this gives 512 sets of 
"cause-effect" pairs. 

TRUE LOGIC ANALYSIS. 

Tightly coupling a 
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value then format them 
in a histogram or other 
type of display. Co-resident programs are used to format acquired data 

graphically. 



effectiveness. Ana 
second, because thl 
were designed from : 
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system, NWIS personal 
instruments offer far greaH! 
ease and range of user- 
configurability. 

All of which means engineers! 
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machines can't do. Developing 
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For more information, including 
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EASY TO LEARN, 

EFFICIENT TO USE. 

The Interactive State Analyzer 
combines the best features of a 
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HOW PERSONAL 

INSTRUMENTS 

BRING YOU CLOSER. 

Engineers today face a serious 
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Persona] instrumentation, 
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NWIS representative in vour area: 
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PERSONAL INSTRUMENTS. 
BRINGING YOU CLOSER. 



oS 



NORTHWEST 
INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS, INC. 

P. O. Box 1309, Beavcrton, Oregon 97075 
(503) 297-1434 

BYTE June 1983 335 



I 



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BYTE June 1983 337 




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Design Philosophy Behind 
Motorola's MC68000 

Part 3: Advanced instructions 



Last month (May BYTE, page 342), 
I discussed the data-movement, 
arithmetic, and logic instructions of 
Motorola's MC68000 family of 
microprocessors (sometimes referred 
to as MACSS— Motorola's Advanced 
Computer System on Silicon). I ex- 
amined a useful set of instructions 
based on a philosophy of or- 
thogonality, which eliminates 
duplication of effort by similar in- 
structions (thus making the micropro- 
cessor easier to understand and use). 
In this final part of the series, I will 
discuss branching, jumping, error- 
trapping, supervisor-mode, and other 
advanced instructions of the 
MC68000. 

Branching and Jumping 

Data-movement, arithmetic, and 
logic instructions do most of the com- 
putational work in programs, but 
computers would be little more than 
adding machines without program- 
control instructions. These instruc- 
tions give computers the capability to 
make decisions by executing nonse- 
quential areas of code based on con- 
ditions tested at the time of execution. 
Branch instructions enable the 
microprocessor to transfer control to 
portions of code relative to the in- 
struction being executed — that is, to 
transfer control to the effective ad- 
dress, which is the sum of the current 



Thomas W. Starnes 

Motorola Inc., Microprocessor Division 

3501 Ed Bluestein Blvd. 

Austin, TX 78721 

contents of the program counter and 
a given offset. You use branch in- 
structions extensively when writing 
position-independent code. Jump in- 
structions differ from branch instruc- 
tions in that the jump instructions 
transfer control to absolute locations 
in memory, are unconditional, and 
can use any of the MC68000 ad- 
dressing modes to specify the destina- 
tion. 

The MC68000 has a flexible condi- 
tional branching instruction, referred 
to as a Bcc instruction, in which the 
letters cc denote a variety of condi- 
tions that can be specified. There are 
14 different conditions, including 
such things as greater than (BGT), 
less than or equal to (BLE), equal 
(BEQ), overflow (BVS), and low or 
same (BLS); a complete list is given in 
table 1. The BRA instruction is not 
conditional but always forces the 
branch to occur. 

You cause branching by the addi- 
tion of some value to the program 
counter (PC). Branch instructions in- 
clude an 8- or 16-bit signed displace- 
ment value that you add to the pro- 
gram counter. Because the displace- 
ment is a signed number, it can cause 
either a forward or backward branch. 
If the condition being tested evaluates 
to "true," the MC68000 will take the 
branch; if it is not, it will execute the 
next instruction in sequence. 



Even though all MC68000 instruc- 
tions are multiples of 16 bits and must 
be aligned on word boundaries (i.e., 
start on even addresses), the 
MC68000 interprets the displacement 
in all branching operations to be a 
byte count, not a word count. This is 
done to give the machine maximum 
flexibility, while still providing the 
most opportunity for future growth. 
Limiting the machine to word offsets 
would have prevented any future 
MC68000-family processor from hav- 
ing instructions that could be mis- 
aligned (i.e., did not start on a word 
boundary) or be multiples of 8 bits. 
Since the flexibility to have mis- 
aligned instructions still exists, it 
makes sense to follow the natural 
byte-oriented addressing of the 
MC68000. A 16-bit offset gives an ad- 
dressing range of —32,768 bytes to 
+ 32,767 bytes, not the puny 8-bit 
computer range of —128 to +127 
bytes. 

Versions of the jump and branch 
instructions also exist for subroutine 
calls. You can branch to a subroutine 
(BSR) with a displacement value, or 
you can jump to the subroutine (JSR) 
by specifying the absolute address. 
Subroutine calls save the return ad- 
dress (the current value of the pro- 
gram counter) on the system stack 
before transferring control to the 
subroutine; the return address is 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 339 



Mnemonic 


Condition Description 


Flags Tested 


T 


true 


1 


F 


false 





HI 


high 


CaZ 


LS 


low or same 


C + Z 


CC 


carry clear 


c 


CS 


carry set 


c 


NE 


not equal 


z 


EQ 


equal 


z 


VC 


overflow clear 


V 


vs 


overflow set 


V 


PL 


plus 


N 


Ml 


minus 


N 


GE 


greater or equal 


(N A V) v (N A V) 


LT 


less than 


(N A V) V (N A V) 


GT 


greater than 


(N A V A Z) V (N A V A Z) 


LE 


less or equal 


Z V (N A V) V (N A V) 



Table 1: Conditional tests for the Bcc and DBcc groups of instructions. By 
substituting the letters in the first column for the letters cc, you can construct as 
many as 16 Bcc (branch on condition) and DBcc (test condition, decrement, and 
branch) instructions; for example, BHI branches if both the carry and zero bits in the 
status register are cleared. The third column indicates that the branch will take place 
if the expression evaluates to "true"; "A" indicates a logical AND operation, while 
"V" indicates a logical OR operation. The same conditions are available to another 
instruction group, See, which sets or clears all the bits of a given byte based on the 
condition being evaluated. 



removed from the stack and restored 
to the program counter when the 
MC68000 executes the RTS (return- 
from-subroutine) instruction. 

Sometimes you will want to save 
and restore the condition codes that 
existed just before the subroutine was 
called. This is easy enough to do with 
the MOVE SR,-(A7) instruction, 
which pushes the status register onto 
the system stack (pointed to by 
register A7), You can also save 
selected registers with a single 
MOVEM instruction (discussed last 
month). At the close of the 
subroutine, you can use a MOVEM 
instruction to restore the saved 
registers and then use an RTR instruc- 
tion (return and restore condition 
codes) to return and restore the saved 
condition codes in one operation. 

Looping and String Constructs 

Many times, a backward branch is 
used to create a programming loop, 
which is a very important part of pro- 
gramming because it allows opera- 
tions to be repeated until a desired 



state or condition is reached. 
Although the looping constructs that 
most people are familiar with provide 
for a loop that ends with a given con- 
dition or one that ends after a certain 
number of iterations, a loop that can 
end by either means is often very 
useful. The double condition allows a 
loop to be performed until a given 
condition is met while ensuring that 
the loop does not process invalid data 
(in the case of, say, a string operation 
that reaches the end of the data 
without meeting the condition) or run 
forever (in the case of a numerical 
analysis algorithm that never con- 
verges to a given minimum 
tolerance). 

The MC68000 has just the instruc- 
tion for this kind of loop. The 
decrement- count er-and-branch- 
conditionally instruction (DBcc) uses 
any data register as a counter and 
branches based on both the evaluated 
condition and the data-register value. 
A DBcc instruction causes the follow- 
ing sequence of events. First, the 
MC68000 checks to see if the stated 



condition is met; if so, execution con- 
tinues with the next instruction, thus 
ending the loop. If the condition is 
not met, the specified register is 
decremented by 1. If the resulting 
value is —1, the loop is again ended 
by having the execution continue 
with the next intruction; otherwise, 
the branch to the top of the loop oc- 
curs. 

Note that the DBcc instruction tests 
the register for a value of —1. At 
first, this might seem odd, but there is 
a very good reason for it. Most loop- 
ing constructs require extra steps to 
ensure that the loop can execute zero 
times when needed and that the loop 
tests for the desired condition before 
executing a given iteration. By having 
the loop entered just before the DBcc 
instruction (at the end of the loop) 
and by designing the DBcc instruc- 
tions so that they end the loop on a 
value of —1 instead of 0, you create a 
loop that meets both of the above 
conditions without being burdened 
by an explicit second test. As an add- 
ed bonus, a simple conditional 
branch instruction (using the same 
condition as the DBcc instruction) 
enables you to determine whether the 
program exited the loop because of 
the iteration counter or the condition. 

The DBcc instruction provides a 
huge set of string operations, 
especially in conjunction with the 
predecrement and postincrement ad- 
dressing modes. By using the ap- 
propriate MOVE instruction, for ex- 
ample: 

MOVE Dn,(An) + ; 
MOVE (An) + ,(An) + ; 
MOVE -(An), -(An); 
or MOVE (An) + ,-(An) 

followed by a DBRA instruction, you 
can have the MC68000 fill a block of 
memory, copy strings, and reverse 
strings. CMPM —(An), — (An) with 
DBNE compares two strings, while 
CMP Dn, -(An) with DBEQ searches 
a string for a pattern match. (See part 
2, May BYTE, page 342, for an ex- 
planation of this address mode nota- 
tion.) Multi-instruction loops can 
make very powerful string operations 
quite simple. 

You can see the real beauty of the 



340 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Listing 1: A string translation program that uses the DBEQ instruction to end a loop 
based on either of two conditions: end of string (as determined by the string length, 
given in register D3) or discovery of a termination character (stored in register D4). This 
program translates a string character by character according to the character values 
stored in TABLE. For a given character, its value (stored in register DO) is used as an in- 
dex into TABLE (pointed to by register A2); the actual translation takes place at LOOP. 



MOVEQ 


#$13, D4 


load termination character into register 


MOVE 


#COUNT,D3 


load string length 


MOVE.L 


#STRING,A1 


load string beginning 


LEA 


*+ TABLE, A2 


offset to conversion table 


CLR 


DO 


prepare index for word 


BRA 


POOL 


start translation 


LOOP MOVE.B 


0(A2,D0),(A1) + 


translate and store result 


POOL MOVE.B 


(A1),D0 


load next character 


CMP.B 


D4,D0 


termination character found? 


DBEQ 


D3,LOOP 


if not and not end of string, branch 


Execution time where n bytes are translated: 


72 + (40 * n) clocks 


= 649 (is for 128 bytes at 8 MHz 



DBcc instruction in the assembly- 
language program of listing 1, which 
translates a string of characters until a 
terminating character shows up or the 
end of the string is reached. Register 
D3 has the string length in it, while 
register D4 contains the terminating 
character you're looking for. Register 
Al points to the string, while the 
translation table (which is found 
some distance from this code) has its 
location placed in register A2. The 
routine in listing 1 runs very quickly 
and demonstrates the power that 
results from a combination of ver- 
satile instructions and various ad- 
dressing modes. 

High-Level Language Aids 

Many high-level languages, such as 
Pascal, use sophisticated program- 
ming concepts that can be enhanced 
by the use of reentrant and recursive 
programming and subroutines with 
local variable areas. The MC68000 
has the facilities to support these 
techniques. 

You can enter reentrant code at any 
time by several execution processes, 
and it will return correct results to all 
of them. This is very important for 
interrupt routines that may interrupt 
themselves before completion. Only 
reentrant code will correctly execute 
the interrupt routine the second time, 
then return to its interrupted version 
and correctly execute it. The 
MC68000 instruction set makes reen- 
trant programming easy. 

Recursive programs are those that 



can call themselves. An example of 
such a program might draw a straight 
line between two points by repeatedly 
plotting the midpoint of the line, then 
calling itself to operate on the two 
line segments created by the new 
point. Recursive programs are 
created to solve complex algorithms 
with relatively small amounts of 
code. Their disadvantages include 
slow execution and heavy use of the 
stack (or some other area) for storing 
each level's set of temporary 
variables. Of course, the MC68000 
designers included special instruc- 
tions to make this task easier, LINK 
and UNLK (unlink). 

LINK and UNLK allow subroutines 
to allocate part of the stack for the 
storage of local variables quickly and 
easily. Often, a programmer needing 
to refer to variables associated with a 
given subroutine call will decrement 
the stack pointer to reserve an area of 
memory for such use ("decrement" 
because stacks usually "grow" 
downward in memory) and save the 
address of the top edge of this area as 
a reference point; this address is 
called a frame pointer (FP) and is a 
value that, on the MC68000, is stored 
in one of the seven address registers 
A0 through A6. The stack pointer, of 
course, will move up and down dur- 
ing the execution of a subroutine as 
stack operations are performed. The 
stable frame pointer always gives a 
good reference point to the variables, 
while the stack pointer would give a 
wildly varying reference to those 



same variables. Now let's look at a 
good method for going into a new 
routine. 

To show how the LINK and UNLK 
instructions help give the program- 
mer access to local variable areas, 
let's look at the example of figure 1. 
(Remember that the frame pointer is 
actually an address register that is 
designated by the programmer for 
this use.) Assume that you are in 
subroutine A, which has its own local 
variable area, pointed to by the frame 
pointer. Before subroutine A calls 
subroutine B, it first places 
parameters on top of the stack; see 
figure la. After the subroutine call to 
B, the return address to A is pushed 
onto the stack (figure lb). The LINK 
instruction contains the name of an 
address register that is to be taken as 
the frame register and a displacement 
that indicates the amount of memory 
to be saved for local variables. When 
it is executed, three things happen 
(figures lc-le): the contents of the 
frame pointer (pointing to a stack 
location containing the previous 
frame pointer) are pushed onto the 
stack, the frame pointer itself is made 
identical to the stack pointer, and the 
stack pointer is changed by the 
displacement given in the instruction. 
(The displacement is a signed value 
and must be negative to save local 
variable space — if it is positive, you 
will lose information from the stack.) 
As shown in figure le, the stack 
pointer points to the top of the stack, 
and the frame pointer points to one 
word below the subroutine B local 
variable area. When the UNLK in- 
struction is executed, the process is 
reversed (figure If), leaving 
subroutine B ready to execute an RTS 
instruction and return control to 
subroutine A. 

Address Calculation in Hardware 

Most microprocessor operations 
deal either with data or program con- 
trol. Most also use memory addresses 
and, in the case of the MC68000, 
have some rather sophisticated means 
of generating those addresses. But the 
addresses are used by the instruction 
only to get to the data or program 
location; the address itself is never 
available to the programmer and is 



342 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE June 1W3 343 



(A) 

BEFORE 

EXECUTION 
OF JSR B 



(B) 

AFTER 

EXECUTION 
OF JSR B 



(C) 

AFTER 
STEP 1 
OF LINK 
INSTRUCTION 



(D) 

AFTER 
STEP 2 
OF LINK 
INSTRUCTION 



<E) 

AFTER 
STEP 3 
OF LINK 
INSTRUCTION 



(F) 

AFTER 

UNLK 



SP 



PARAMETERS FOR 
SUBROUTINE B 



SPACE FOR 
SUBROUTINE A 
LOCAL 
VARIABLES 



n 

FP 



PREVIOUS FP 



SP 



FP 



RETURN ADDRESS 
TO SUBROUTINE A 



SP 



POINTER TO 
SUBROUTINE A FP 



RETURN ADDRESS 
TO SUBROUTINE A 



SP 

r 

FP 



POINTER TO 
SUBROUTINE A FP 



RETURN ADDRESS 
TO SUBROUTINE A 



SP 

Ul 



; SPACE FOR 
SUBROUTINE 

;i LOCAL 
VARIABLES 



POINTER TO 
SUBROUTINE A FP 



RETURN ADDRESS 
TO SUBROUTINE A 



SP 



J 



RETURN ADDRESS 
TO SUBROUTINE A 



Figure 1: Use of the LINK and UNLK (unlink) instructions, both of which help the assembly-language programmer manage memory 
areas to be used for local variables in subroutines. See text for details. 



often lost by the end of the instruc- 
tion. However, it is sometimes the ad- 
dress itself that you need in your pro- 
gram. The MC68000 has two instruc- 
tions that help you to get just the ad- 
dress, without using it to fetch any 
data. By having the MC68000 
calculate the address itself (instead of 
writing a sequence of assembly- 
language instructions to do the same), 
you can do the calculation much 
faster without tying up either 
memory or registers. 

The load-effective-address (LEA) 
and push-effective-address (PEA) in- 
structions calculate a given effective 
address and place it either in any ad- 
dress register (LEA) or on the stack 
(PEA). You can calculate the effective 
address by using any available ad- 
dressing mode with any of the ap- 
propriate registers. The LEA and PEA 
instructions can be useful when you 
are running position-independent 
code. Sometimes to take advantage of 
an addressing mode that runs more 
quickly than, say, the program- 
counter-relative addressing mode, 



you may want to calculate the ad- 
dress using LEA and access that area 
of memory by addressing indirectly 
through the address register in which 
the LEA instruction left the calculated 
address. PEA and LEA are also useful 
for passing pointers of data to other 
routines or placing them in memory. 
Sometimes, it's helpful to verify that 
an effective address is correct or at 
least in range. Without these two in- 
structions, it would be extremely dif- 
ficult to use processor-generated ad- 
dresses. 

Instructions for Shared Resources 

Systems with more than one micro- 
processor running at a time are often 
designed to share some resources, 
e.g., memory, buffers, I/O, tasks, 
and so on. For this to happen, the 
programs running on the micropro- 
cessors must have a secure method of 
determining which processor has 
rights to a certain part of memory, a 
buffer, I/O, or a task. The MC68000 
has an instruction, TAS (test and set), 
that makes such allocation of 



resources between multiprocessors 
simple and secure. 

The key to this instruction is that it 
is indivisible, i.e., it can lock out all 
accesses to the designated addressing 
location until work on the location is 
complete. The test-and-set instruction 
tests a given byte, sets the negative 
(N) and zero (Z) status register bits 
accordingly, and then sets the most 
significant bit of the byte to 1. 

In most cases, the microprocessor 
uses the TAS instruction as follows: It 
chooses a given byte to represent the 
status of a shared resource (this byte 
is often called a semaphore). If the 
TAS instruction shows the byte to be 
negative (if its most significant bit is 
1), the querying microprocessor 
knows that the resource is in use. The 
processor can then either re test the 
semaphore byte until it shows the 
resource is available, or it can go 
about some other task. If the TAS in- 
struction shows the byte to be 
positive (most significant bit is 0), the 
microprocessor knows the resource is 
free. Because the TAS instruction im- 



344 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE June 1983 345 



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mediately sets the most significant bit 
to 1 (and because the instruction can- 
not be interrupted before 
completion), all the microprocessors 
with access to the semaphore byte 
have correct information about the 
shared resource. The microprocessor 
that has access to the shared resource 
has the responsibility of clearing the 
most significant bit when it is 
finished. 

The only reason this process can 
work effectively is that the indivisible 
read-modify-write bus cycle (a special 
bus cycle) that accompanies the TAS 
instruction prevents, with hardware 
signals, any other device from access- 
ing the semaphore byte between the 
time the TAS reads it and the time it 
is through setting the bit in it. This 
means that no two processors can 
read a semaphore byte and both be 
told that the resource is available. 
Thus, a secure way exists for software 
to determine the availability of 
shared resources in a multiprocessor 
MC68000 system. 

Supervisor and User Modes 

The MC68000 executes instructions 
at one of two operating or privilege 
levels. The upper level, called the 
supervisor level, provides a protected 
environment for the operating system 
to run in, isolating it and its resources 
from the less trustworthy user code. 
After a reset operation, the MC68000 
begins running in the supervisor 
mode, in which the operating system 
and all interrupt routines are also 
running. The lower level, called the 
user level, is where most application 
programs execute and, therefore, 
where the processor usually spends 
most of its time. 

The only controlled way to get 
from the supervisor level to the user 
level is by changing the S/U (super- 
visor/user) status bit (bit 13) in the 
processor status register. This is how 
the operating system switches to 
begin a user-level program. Should 
an interrupt be handled in the middle 
of a user-level routine, the interrupt 
routine will run at the supervisor 
level, but upon return to the inter- 
rupted routine, the MC68000 will 
return to the user level. 

User-level programs are guaranteed 



to go to the operating system only 
through one of the 16 TRAP number 
n instructions. You can view these in- 
structions as supervisor calls; they 
immediately transfer control to a 
specific routine. Upon completion of 
the TRAP routine, the processor will 
usually return to the original user- 
level routine to continue. Thus, there 
are 16 different supervisor trap in- 
structions, which, along with other 
types of trap instructions, are listed in 
table 2. 

Many other means of getting to the 
supervisor level of execution exist, 
but they are either conditional (like 
error traps) or asynchronous (like in- 
terrupts). Regardless, all traps are 
handled similarly by the supervisor. 
Any trap causes the processor to save 
the old program counter and status 
register on the supervisor stack. Then 
it will go to its external vector table 
and get a value, appropriate for the 
cause of the trap, to load into the pro- 
gram counter. This allows each type 
of trap to have a separate handling 
routine to correct the problem caus- 
ing the trap and return to the original 
program. 

Some of these other trap forms are 
intentionally conditional. Depending 
upon whether the overflow (V) condi- 
tion bit is set, one instruction, 
TRAPV, either does nothing or 
causes a trap to occur, which forces 
the MC68000 into the supervisor 
state. This enables the program to 
handle all overflow conditions 
uniformly in a single operating-sys- 
tem-level routine. Another such in- 
struction is the check (CHK) instruc- 
tion, which verifies that the contents 
of any data register is greater than 
but less than a specified bound. If it is 
within the limits, then nothing hap- 
pens and the next instruction is run. If 
it is outside the bounds, then program 
control jumps indirectly through the 
vector table to a certain trap routine 
for handling. This gives the program- 
mer an easy way to check whether an 
array index is within the proper 
bounds for that array. In addition, at- 
tempts to divide by and access 
misaligned data (words or long words 
in memory on odd-byte addresses) 
will cause trap routines to be ex- 
ecuted. 



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June 1983 © BYTE PubUcations Inc 347 



Type of Trap 


Cause 


address error 


word or long-word access to an odd address 


illegal instruction 


no valid instruction exists for this op code (op codes starting 




with "1010 . . ." and "1111 . . ." generate other traps; 




see below) 


zero divide 


attempt to divide by zero 


CHK instruction 


CHK instruction failed (operand out of bounds) 


TRAPV instruction 


overflow has occurred (V bit set) 


privilege violation 


attempt to execute a privileged instruction while in the user 




mode 


trace 


an instruction has just ended and the T status register bit is 

set 
attempt to execute an op code that starts with "1010" 


line 1010 emulator 


line 1111 emulator 


attempt to execute an op code that starts with "1111" 


TRAP n instruction 


TRAP n instruction executed (n = 0,1 , . . . ,15) 


I Table 2: Supervisor 


trap types and their causes. 



STOP 

RESET 

RTE 

MOVE (when moving a word to the 

status register) 
MOVE USP 
AND, EOR, or OR (when combining an 

immediate value with the status 

register) 



Table 3: Privileged instructions in the 
MC68000. 



Handling Illegal and 
Unimplemented Op Codes 

To allow room for future expan- 
sion of the MC68000, designers did 
not use all of the possible bit patterns 
of the 16-bit op codes. Other micro- 
processors try to execute undefined 
op codes, often with disastrous 
results that cause you to lose control 



of the computer or even lose valuable 
work. To assure a completely 
foolproof system in the face of 
undefined op codes, the MC68000 
refuses to execute any illegal instruc- 
tion and, instead, executes a specified 
trap routine for corrective action. 

To enable programmers to add 
whole blocks of new instructions to 
MC68000 processors, designers left 
two subgroups of possible op codes 
unimplemented. Any 16-bit op code 
beginning with binary 1010 or 1111 
was left without definition in the 
MC68000. Attempts to execute either 
of these categories of op codes, even 
though they could be considered il- 
legal instructions, are trapped 
separately. They cause either a line- 
1010-emulator or a line-1111- 
emulator trap routine to execute, 
enabling the programmer to emulate 
in software functions that are not im- 
plemented in the processor chip of the 



system. Currently, the 1111 op codes 
are defined mostly as floating-point 
instructions and so could be emulated 
on the MC68000. The 1010 op codes 
are still reserved for use in processors 
beyond the MC68020. 

Privileged Instructions 

Privileged instructions have a 
special characteristic — they can be ex- 
ecuted only while the processor is 
running at the supervisor level. At- 
tempts to run them at the user level 
force privilege-violation traps to oc- 
cur, allowing the supervisor to take 
whatever action it thinks suitable. 

The privileged instructions are 
listed in table 3 and are mostly self- 
explanatory. These instructions are 
restricted because they modify or 
control resources or services that 
must be under the control of the 
operating system. Many of these in- 
structions modify the upper portion 
of the status register (SR), which con- 
tains the S/U supervisor bit, the inter- 
rupt mask, and a trace-mode switch. 
Such resources are not meant to be in 
the hands of the users, but main- 
tained by the supervisor; this is why 
they are restricted. 

Another supervisor-privileged 
resource is the supervisor stack 
pointer (SSP). This pointer is visible 
(as address register A7) only when the 
MC68000 is running at the supervisor 
level, just as the user stack pointer 
(USP) is visible (as register A7) only 
when the MC68000 is running at the 
user mode. However, when the 
operating system is ready to pull in a 
new user-level task, it needs to be 




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348 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 212 on inquiry card. 



able to access the hidden USP to ini- 
tialize it. This is done with a special, 
privileged MOVE USP instruction. 

The STOP instruction halts pro- 
cessor execution of further instruc- 
tions, while waiting for an interrupt, 
a trace exception, or a reset to initiate 
new activity. The instruction also 
loads the status register with an im- 
mediate 16-bit value, allowing the 
programmer to enable certain inter- 
rupts before stopping the 
microprocessor. Only the supervisor 
can initiate this type of operation 
because, in a user s hands, the opera- 
tion might throw off all sorts of 
operating-system timing integrity 
(such as time-slice clock signals) and 
generally brings the system to an ir- 
recoverable halt. Also, the instruc- 
tion must be restricted because it af- 
fects the entire status register. 

The RESET instruction is a unique 
and powerful operation. Its execution 
pulses the reset line on the MC68000 
without resetting the processor itself. 
You use this instruction typically 
after a catastrophic failure, from 
which the operating system is trying 
to recover on its own. It enables the 
operating system to initialize its exter- 
nal environment (i.e., reset the entire 
system except for the microprocessor) 
without forcing itself into a complete 
restart. Obviously, this instruction's 
power makes it inappropriate for the 
user level. 

One final privileged instruction is 
the RTE (return-from-exception) in- 
struction. An exception is anything 
that causes the microprocessor to per- 
form an operation other than the next 



normal instruction. Interrupts and 
traps, then, are exceptions. The RTE 
is similar to the return-from-interrupt 
instruction of most microprocessors. 
It basically reloads both the program 
counter and the status register with 
the values from the top of the stack. 
Because all exceptions force the pro- 
cessor to execution in the supervisor 
mode, the RTE instruction will be ex- 
ecuted only in that mode; this makes 
it a privileged instruction. 

Note, once again, that privileged 
instructions can be executed from 
only the supervisor level of opera- 
tion, where the operating system 
usually resides. The two different 
levels of privilege and the restricted 
use of privileged instructions allow 
you to build systems that prevent 
user-level application programs from, 
inadvertantly or otherwise, running 
rampant through operating-system 
code and data. 

Conclusion 

As you have seen in previous in- 
stallments of this article, the 
MC68000 architecture is really 
designed with the programmer in 
mind. The MC68000 branch and 
jump instructions give you complete 
control over program flow and 
simplify often-used looping and 
string-movement constructs. The link 
and unlink instructions make it easier 
for you to create modular programs 
that use local variables. Other in- 
structions carry out complex address 
calculations quickly, help mediate the 
use of shared resources, provide for 
the data integrity of the operating 



system, and allow recovery from er- 
rors under program control. In addi- 
tion, planners designed the architec- 
ture and instruction set with far 
greater things in mind and made the 
set easy to expand to more powerful 
and more comprehensive functions. 
And all this has been done with a pro- 
cessor for which performance was a 
primary criterion. 

Once you learn a few general con- 
cepts of programming the MC68000, 
coding an application comes easily. 
Pick up an MC68000 user's manual 
and a similar guide for any other 
16-bit microprocessor. Then spend an 
hour or two learning each. Code a 
short program or two, and compare 
just how easy the MC68000 is to 
work with. And if you choose to 
write code for a larger program, you 
will find your task to be simple 
regardless of program size. 

The MC68000 was designed to be a 
programmer's instrument through 
which programmers and system 
designers could use their creativity to 
engineer a system to fit the applica- 
tion instead of having to figure out 
some trick to get the microprocessor 
to perform the needed task. We at 
Motorola believe that using the right 
tool gets a job done faster with fewer 
mistakes, and the MC68000 is such a 
tool.B 



About the Author 

Thomas S tames is an electrical engineer who 
has spent the last five years helping to plan the 
direction of the MC68000 family of processor 
products for Motorola. 



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June 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 349 



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1541 Single Disk Drive $339.00 

I BOO VIC Modem $95 OO 

1610 VIC Term 40 $49. OO 

1650 AD/AA Modem $159.00 

1701 14' Color Monitor.. $26900 

1 31 1 Joysticks (each) $5.99 

1 31 2 Paddles $1199 

II 10 VIC 8K $4 2 OO 

1111 VIC 16K $69 OO 

iOii RS232 Interface $42.00 

1211 Super Expander $53. OO 

1 BOB Super Alien $23. OO 

1 91 Radar Rat Race $23.00 

1 91 7 VooDoo Cattle $29 OO 

1 922 Cosmic Cruncher $35.00 

1923Gorf $29. OO 

1 924 Omega Race $30.00 

110 VIC 20 Reference Guide.. $15.00 
CBM 64 Reference Guide... $16. 00 

EASY BUSINESS 

SERIES 84 

Eaay FMe $79. OO 

Easy Finance $39. OO 

Eaay Mail $39. OO 

Eaay Script $79. OO 

Word Machine/Name Machine. . . $23.00 
PROGRAMMER 

SERIES B4 

Assembler $39.00 

Logo $79. OO 

Pilot $79, OO 

Pet Emulator $25.00 

Screen Editor $25. OO 

Video/Muaic Support $39.00 

ART AND MUSIC 

SERIES 84 

Music Machine $25.00 

Music Composer $25, OO 

Meta Music I $79.00 

COMMERCIAL DATA 

Motor Mouse/20 $23.00 

Centipode/20 $23. OO 

Froggee/20 $2 3 OO 

Froggee/64 $23.00 

CREATIVE SOFTWARE 

Astro Blitz $32.00 

Black Hole $32,00 

Traahman $32. OO 

Home Finance $27 00 

Home Inventory $1 3 00 

UMI 

Amok $30. OO 

Meteor Run $40. OO 

Allen Blitz $30.00 

Vlterm A $1 6.00 

The Alien $16. OO 




OBIN/l 64 
5333 

VIC 2D 



4084 $569.00 

12840 $849. OO 

12880 $749. OO 

8032 $1039.00 

4032 $739. OO 

8096 Upgrade Kit $369.00 

90O0 $1499.00 

2031 $449. OO 

4040 $949. OO 

8050 $1 279.00 

8250 81639.00 

9O60 (5 Meg. MD) $1 999. OO 

9090(7.5 Meg. HD) $2199.00 

4022 $389.00 

8023 $589.00 

6400 Letter Quality Printer .... CALL 

Spell Master $99. OO 

Z Ram eddaCP/M' $ 64K .... $549 OO 

Silicon Office $749.00 

Calc Result $1 59. OO 

The Manager $209.00 

The Soft Rom $1 29.00 

Jinsam ......CALL 

ADA1600CBMtoParl.lnt. $89 OO 
ADA 1 450CBM to Serial Int. . $99.00 

PROFESSIONAL 

SOFTWARE 

Power $79.00 

Info Pro $219.00 

Word Pro 2 Plus $1 59.00 

Word Pro 3 Plus $1 99.00 

Word Pro 4 Plus $299. OO 

Word Pro 5 Plus $299. OO 

Administator $379.00 

Word Pro 64 $79.95 

CARDCO 
VIC «0/CBM 64 

Light Pen $32 OO 

Cassette Interface $29.00 

Parallel Printer Interlace $84 OO 

3Siot Expens.lnlerleoe(20 only). $32.00 
eStot Exparvs lnterfece<20onry) $79.00 



Shamus(ROM) $29. OO 

Protector (ROM) $32.00 

Robot Panic (ROM) $ 29 OO 

Pirates (ROM). $29. OO 

HES Writer (ROM) S 29 OO 

Call on our Large Selection of 
VIC 20 & CBM 64 Software, such as: 

EPYX, Microspec and Kansas City 

Software. 





POCKET COMPUTE 

$169. 
PC1850 S89.C 



CE150 Printer, Plotter and 
Cassette Interface Unit .....$172.00 
CE1 52 Caasette Recorder . . . $82.00 
CE1 558K Ram Expens. Mod. . . . $94.00 
CE1 25 Printer/Micro Caas. . . $1 29.0O 
Statistics Pack $49 OO 



computer mail order west 

800-648-331 1 

IN PA. CALL (71 -7)327-0870 

□ept. son, **77 e. third bt., will iain/i SPORT, pa 17701 Circle 83 on inquiry card. 

No risk, no deposit on C.O.D. orders. Pre-paid orders receive free shipping within the UPS Continental United States with no waiting period for certified 
checks or money orders. Add 3% (minimum S3 00) shipping and handling on all COD. and credit card orders. Larger shipments may require additional 
charges. NVand PA residentsadd sales tax. All itemssubjectto availability and pricechange. NOTE: We stock manufacturer sandthird party software for 
most all computers on the market. Call today for our new catalog. 



computer mail order 




Call for price and information 

on the NEW FRANKLIN 

Computers! 

Disk Drives, Software and 

System Specials 

ALSO AVAILABLE! 



MICRO-8CI 

DISK DRIVES FOR 
APPLE & FRANKIN 

A2 .....$249 00 

A40 $349 OO 

A70 $459.00 

C2 Controller $79.00 

C47 Controller $89 OO 

RAIMA DISK DRIVES 

Elite 1 plue (Apple/Franklin)... CALL 
1000 (Atari) CALL 



8Y8COM 

4BK Color Computir 
APPLE COMPATIBLE 



VISICORP 
forApplt.lBM & Franklin 

Viaide« $189.00 

Vislflle .$189.00 

Vis, plot $1f9.00 

Vlsiterm $89 OO 

Visitrend/Plot $229. 00 

VielSchedule $229. OO 

Desktop Plan $ 1 89 OO 

V(.ic*lc(Appk>il,CBM.IBM> . $1 79 OO 
Vrstcorp price* for IBM may vary slightly 

BRODEPBUND 

Appla Panic $23. OO 

David's Magic $27 00 

Star Blszer $25.00 

Arcade Machine $34. OO 

Choplifter $27. OO 

Serpentina $27 OO 

INFOCOM 
Deedline(AppleJBM, Atari). . $35.00 

Star Cross $29. OO 

Zork I, II or III $29. OO 

MPC 
Bubdisk (1 28K Non Volttare) . $849. OO 

AXLON 
Apple/ Franklin 1 28K Ram $399.00 
Apple/Franklin Ram Disk $999 OO 

KRAFT 
Appla Joystick $44. OO 

CONTINENTAL 

SOFTWARE 

Tax Ad vantage (Appla/ Atari). .$45. OO 

Home Accnt. (Apple/Atari). . $59. OO 

1 st CI. Mail/Form Letter! Apple) . . . $79.00 

Tha Book of Apple $1 4.95 

The Book of Atari $14.95 

Tha Book of Apple Graphics . $14.95 




DISK DRIVES FOR ATARI 

AT88-S1 $399. OO 

ATB8-AT $299. OO 

AT88-S2 $649.00 

HFO 40-S1 $549. OO 

RFD 40-A1 $349 OO 

RFD 40-S2 $889.00 

RFD 44-S1 $679 OO 

RFD 44-S2 $999. OO 

FLOPPY DISKS 

MAXELL 

MD ({Box ot 1 01 $32 OO 

MD ll( Bo* of 10) $44. OO 

FD I (8") $40 OO 

FD II (8" DO) $50.00 

VERBATUM 

5V«" SS DD $26. OO 

5V." DS DO $36. OO 

ELEPHANT 

5V." SS SO .$19.99 

5V«" SS DD $24.99 

5V«" DS DD $29.99 

HEAD 
Disk Head Cleaner $1 4.95 

SIRIUS 

Bandits (Apple) $28.00 

Beer Run (Apple) $24. OO 

Frae Fall (Apple) $24 OO 

Sneakers (Appla) $24.00 

Snake Byte (Appla) $24. OO 

Fast Eddie (Atari) $21 OO 

Turmoil (Atari) $21 .OO 

Deadly Duck (VIC) $21 OO 



INTERFACES & 
ACCESSORIES 

80 Column Appla Card $1 59.00 

Appla Paral. Printer interface $89.00 
Atari BSO to Paml. Printer Cable ... $29.00 

RS232 RS232 Cables $29. OO 

Centronics Paral.-Parai.Cebiea. $29.00 
Call on IBM, Osborne, Daisywriter, 
Atari, Commodore, Apple and Franklin 
I ntarface Cards , Cables and Accessories 



HEWLETT 
PACKARD 




IP75...S749. 

HP 41 C $1 49. OO 

HP 10C $59.00 

HP 1 1C $72.00 

HP 12C $99. OO 

HP 1 5C $99. OO 

HP 1 6C $99. OO 

For HP41/41CV 

HPIL Module $99.00 

HPIL Cassette or Printer. ... $359. OO 

Card Reader $1 44 OO 

Extended Functions Module. $64 OO 

Time Module $64. OO 

Mathmetica Pec $26. SO 

Reel Estate Pac $40. OO 



Jll HOM 

ATARI o 

ATARI 800 

IK 



Reflects $100.00 ATARI Rebate? 



ATARI 600-16K | w W*$*f^ 


SI 99. 


ATARI 12QO-64K 
NOW IN STOCK! 






810 Disk Drive $429.00 

Inhome Keyboard/Atari 4O0. . . $89.00 

1010 Program Recorder $74. OO 

1 02O4O Column Print/ Plot . . . $269.00 
1 025 80 Column Printer .... $469 OO 
1 027 Letter Quality Printer . . . $299.00 
1 050 Double Density Drive . . . $379.00 

830 Acoustic Modem $1 59.00 

850 Interface Module ...... $1 69.00 

CX40 Pair Joysticks $1 6.00 

CX41 6 Home Manager Kit . . . $69.00 

CX419 Bookkeeper Kit $195.00 

CX482 Educator Kit $129 OO 

CX483 Programmer Kit $54. OO 

CX488 Communicator Kit . . . $229.00 

CX7101 Entertainer Kit $69.00 

invitation to Programming I ... $1 8 OO 
Invitation to Programming II . . $20.00 
Invitation to Programming ill . . . $20.00 

4002 Basic Language $42. OO 

4003 Assembler Editor $47 OO 

81 2 1 Micro Assembler 969. OO 

81 26 Micro So« $69.00 

405 Pilot (Edu.) $105.00 

4018 Pilot (Home) $72. OO 

8036 Atari Writer $79.00 

404 Word Processor $11 9 OO 

5059 Visicalc $ 1 59 OO 

ATARI 

Pacman $33.00 

Centipede $33.00 

Defender $33 00 

Galaxian $33.00 

Missile Command $29.00 

Star Raiders $33.00 

Caverns of Mars $32 OO 

Dig Dug $33. 00 

Donkey Kong CALL 

E.T Phone Home $39.00 

Eastern Front (1 941 ) $39 00 

QIX $33.00 

Superman III $39.00 

Star Trux $33. OO 

Asteroids $29. OO 

Basketball $29. OO 

Computer Chess $29 OO 

Juggles House .. $23. OO 

My First Alphabet $29. OO 

APX 

Text Formatter $1 8.50 

Family Budgeter $18.50 

Eastern Front $24.00 

Family Cash , $18.50 

Jukebox $13 50 

Downhill $18.50 

Outlaw $18.50 

Holy Grail $24. OO 

Player Piano $1 8.50 

Keyboard Organ $1 8.50 

Number Blast $1 3. 50 

Frogmastar $18. SO 

747 Land Simulate* $1 8.50 

Bumper Pool $1 3.50 



ON-LINE 

Jawbreaker $27. OO 

Softporn ,$27.00 

Wizard and Princess $29 00 

The Next Step $34. OO 

Mission Asteroid $22.00 

Mouskattack $31 OO 

Frogger $31 OO 

Cross Fire (ROM) $36. OO 

Some ON-LINE Products are also 
available for Apple A IBM. 
Call for information! 
SYNAPSE 

File Manager 800 plus $69 OO 

Chicken (ROM) $34 00 

Picnic Paranoia (ROM) $34 OO 

Claim Jumper (ROM) $34. OO 

Slime (ROM) $34. OO 

Shamus (ROM) $34. OO 

Protector (ROM) $34. OO 

Dodge Racer (C/D) $28. OO 

Nautilus (C/D) $26. OO 

Shadow World (C/0) $26. OO 

Survivor (C/D) $26. OO 

Orelbs (C/D) $28. OO 

Necromancer (C/D) $26 OO 

Pherohs Curse (C/D) $26. OO 

Fort Apocolypse (C/D) $28.00 

Page 8 $19 OO 

Assembler . $30 OO 

Disk Manager $24 00 

DATABOFT 

Pacific Coast Highway $25. OO 

Canyon Climber $25.00 

Tumble Bugs $25 OO 

Shooting Arcade $25. OO 

Clowns and Balloons $25. OO 

Graphic Master $30.00 

Graphic Generator $1 3.00 

Micro Painter $25. OO 

Text Wizard $79. OO 

Spell Wizard $64. OO 

Bishop's Square $25.00 

Sands of Egypt $25. OO 

Moon Shuttle $25. OO 

Zaxxon $29. OO 

ALIEN 

Atari Voice Box $11 9.00 

Apple Voice Box $149.00 

MEMORY 

Axlon 32K Ram $89 OO 

Axion 46K Ram $1 39. OO 

Axlon 12SK Ram $399. OO 

Intec 32K Board $74. OO 

Intec 48K Board $99.00 

Intec 64K Board (4O0 only)... $149. OO 
WICO 

Joystick $24. 95 

Famous Red Ball $26.95 

Apple Trackball $59 OO 

Atari/Vie Trackball $55. OO 

Apple Adaptor $1 8.O0 



ATARI 4QQ 

1BK CALL 

3EK CALL ** 

48K CALL 

8**K. .... CALL 

'^ Non-Atari Ram 

CBS 

K-razy Shoot Out $32. OO 

K-razy Kritters $32. OO 

K-razy Antics $32. OO 

K-star Patrol $32. OO 

Stick Stand $5.99 

EPYX 
Crush, Crumble A Chomp . . . $24.00 

Crypt of the Undeed $24. OO 

Curse of Ra $1 6.O0 

Datestones A Ryn $1 6.00 

Invasion Orion $1 9.00 

King Arthur's Hair $24.00 

Morloc's Tower $1 6.00 

Rescue at fligel $24 OO 

Ricochet $18.00 

Star Warrior $29. OO 

Temple of Apshei $29 00 

Upper Reaches of Apshei .... $1 6.00 

SPINNAKER 

Snooper Troops * 1 $34 OO 

Snooper Troops « 2 $34. OO 

Face Maker $24.00 

Story Machine $24. OO 

Delta Drawing $45.00 

Rhymes end Riddles $21 00 

Ktndercomp $21 00 

ROKLAN 

Wizard Of War (ROM) $34.00 

Deluxe Invader (ROM) $29. OO 

Gort (ROM) $34.00 

FIRST STAR 

Astro Chase $25. OO 

BIB S 
Miner 49er $35 OO 

BAMEBTAR 

Baja Buggies $24.95 

Football $24.95 

BUDOECO 

Raster Blaster $24.95 

L.J.K. 
Letter Perfect 40/80 Col. Disk- ., $1 09.00 
Letter Perfect 40 Col. ROM ... $1 79. OO 
Letter Perfect BO Col ROM . $179 OO 
Data Perfect 4O/80 Col. Disk . . . $99.00 

Mail Merge $21.95 

CALL FOR APPLE/LJK PRODUCTS 

bit a 

SO Col. Card for Atari BOO. . . $279.00 
INTEC 

Real Time Clock $39 00 

We also stock software by: 
Adventure International, 
Eduware, Creative Soft- 
ware, Dorsett Educational, 
IDSI, Romox and Artworx. 
Call for details and prices 



computer mail order east; 



ViSA* 



IN IMV. CALL (70BJ588-5854 
DEPT. SOI , P.O. BOX 8889, BTATELINE, NV. 89449 Circ,e 83 on '"-P"'*/ car± 

international ORDERS: All shipments outside the Continental United States must be pre-paid by certified check only.lnclude 3% (minimum 
$3. 00) shipping and handling, ed UCATIONALDIBCOUNTB: Additional discounts are available from both Computer Mail Order locations to qualified 
Educational Institutions, apo & fpo: Add minimum $5.00 shipping and handling. 



The Bazeries Cylinder 

A Cryptographic Challenge 



Rinaldo F. Prisco 
RD #7 Edgebrook 
Oswego, NY 13126 



In 1618, a French mathematician named Antoine Rossignol deciphered a secret message for the 
forces of the King of France, It enabled the Kings forces to capture the city of Realmont without 
resorting to battle. This feat was the beginning of Rossignol's long and outstanding career as 
court cryptanalyst to Louis XIII and later to Louis XIV. During his tenure, Rossignol created a 
complicated cipher system for the exclusive use of the King. When Louis XIV died in 1715, he left 
behind messages written in the Great Cipher — but not the process to decipher them. For more 
than a century, the Great Cipher stood against all assaults at its secrets. It was finally broken by 
Commandant Bazeries of the Black Chamber, the French Army's cryptographic department. 
Bazeries went on to create the cylindrical cipher system that became the de facto standard used 
throughout the world. 



The principles used in many of to- 
day's sophisticated cryptographic 
systems are based on the Bazeries 
cylinder. This article describes the 
cylinder, analyzes the security of the 
ciphertext produced, and illustrates 
its use with a computer simulation. 

It is hoped that readers who must 
exchange private information over 
public facilities will find such a sys- 
tem useful. Needless to say, the 
Bazeries cylinder has survived the 
testing of several decades; during that 
time, it has been used worldwide by 
many security agencies. 

The Rubber Stamp Model 

The easiest way to think of a 
Bazeries cylinder is to recall the 
familiar date stamp, where month, 
day, and year bands are separately 
rotated to set the correct date. The 
Bazeries cylinder uses the same prin- 
ciple. It consists of 20 sections, or 
disks, each of which can be separately 



rotated. Each disk contains a per- 
mutation of letters on its rim. By 
rotating the disks, you can align any 
sequence of 20 letters, just as you set 
the date stamp to any date. 

Figure 1 depicts how the Bazeries 
cylinder would look if it were slit 
lengthwise and laid flat. Note the 
alignment of the plaintext sequence 
SPEAKTOTHELADYINBLUE in the 
bottom row. Twenty-five other se- 
quences are above it. Any one of 
them, say the top row, can be used as 
the corresponding ciphertext. To 
decipher text, simply align the 
scrambled disks of a cylinder to the 
ciphertext; the plaintext will set in 
one of its rows. If the text contains 
more than 20 characters, simply pro- 
cess it in blocks of 20. 

For further security, the order in 
which the 20 disks are to be loaded in 
the cylinder can be specified by a key. 
For example, you can load the disks 
in the order 



4-17-1-19-11-2-6-9-12-15-8-20-10-16- 
14-5-18-13-7-3 

The key for this sequence is the 
phrase 

BEWARETHEIDESOFMARCH 

The numbers correspond to the posi- 
tion of the phrase's letters in 
alphabetical order. 

Analysis of Security 

Each disk of the cylinder is the 
equivalent of a 26-cycIe substitution 
cipher on 26 characters. More than 
1.55 X 10 25 (i.e., 155 followed by 23 
zeros) possible settings exist. That 
works out to about 7.75 X 10 15 set- 
tings for every man, woman, and 
child in the country! A 20-disk 
cylinder can thus be configured in ap- 
proximately 6.5 X 10 503 ways, an im- 
mensely large number. For example, 
the combined memory capacities, 



352 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Ill 




The Inmac Plus fl< 
is totally reliable, guaranteed for life, 
and you can get one free. 



A.l you have to do is ask, and we'll send you 
three Inmac Plus premium diskettes. 

One — up to a $9.90 value — is free. 

The other two are for you to use for 45 days 
at no obligation. Test them out. Compare them 
to the diskettes you're now using. 

We're convinced that once you try Inmac 
Plus, you'll buy Inmac Plus. And nothing else. 

But if you're not completely satisfied, sim- 
ply return the two diskettes and keep the third 
one with our compliments. 

Inmac Plus quality 
for error-free performance. 

Do your floppy disks work the first time, every 
time you put them in your drive? 

Ours will, and we're not just saying that. We 
back every Inmac Plus diskette with the stron- 
gest guarantee in the industry — a lifetime 
guarantee. 

For as long as you own an Inmac Plus disk- 
ette it will read and write flawlessly. It will pro- 
tect your data. It will perform to perfection — or 
we'll replace it free.* 




With Inmac Plus diskettes, you're guaranteed 
100% read/write accuracy and lifetime data 
protection. 

The problem with ordinary floppy disks is 
that they gradually wear down under the every- 
day stress of drive heads and pressure pads. 
This can result in everything from annoying read/ 
write errors to complete data loss. 

Inmac Plus diskettes don't have this prob- 
lem. They're made with a durable oxide coating 
that "gives" not flakes as hard-coated disks do. 
So you don't wind up gambling with your data 
or wasting hours of valuable programming 
time. 

Inmac Plus diskettes excel on all types of 

'Understandably, we cannot guarantee damage resulting 
from neglect or abuse. Nor do we assume responsibility 
for any consequential damages. 




Inmac Plus diskettes surpass every applicable 
performance standard in the industry. Trust 
them with your most critical programs and data. 

drives, even finicky ones. One reason for this is 
a special reinforced hub ring that protects against 
a major cause of data loss — warps, dents, and 
tears resulting from the drive's clamping hub. 

In all, Inmac Plus diskettes go through 32 
separate quality tests. And each is given an in- 
dividual registration number to help us maintain 
the highest quality standards possible. 

Due to this stringent quality assurance 
program, they surpass every applicable perfor- 
mance standard in the industry. You can trust 
them with your most critical programs and data. 

Nothing compares- 
at any price. 

Add it all up. 

Inmac Plus diskettes give you total reliabil- 
ity. 100% read/write accuracy. Lifetime protec- 
tion for your data. 

That's why they're your best buy — at any 
price. 

This exclusive Trial Offer 
ends August 31, 1983. 

Here's how it works. 

Simply mail the attached card or phone our 
toll-free number by August 31 , and we'll send 
you three Inmac Plus diskettes — one of which 
is yours to keep, no matter what. 

The other two are 
yours to use for 45 days 
at no obligation. Return 
them if not completely 
satisfied. 

But we're ex- 
pecting just the 
opposite. We think 
you'll be so utterly im- 
pressed, you'll want to 
keep the two diskettes. 

That's why we're en- 
closing an invoice with 



your order, so that by the end of the trial period, 
you can mail it back to us, along with your check 
or money order. Or if you prefer, use your credit 
card — whichever is most convenient for you. 

Remember, send no money now. We want 
you to try Inmac Plus before you buy Inmac Plus, 
and we'll ship your diskettes within 24 hours so 
that you can get started as soon as possible. 

Offer limited to one free diskette per cus- 
tomer. Offer void in Alaska and Hawaii. 

Get three diskettes 
for the price of two. 

To be sure of getting the Inmac Plus disk- 
ette that's right for your system, specify its make 
and model . Below are some of the most popular 
systems and the corresponding Inmac Plus 
diskette. If yours is not listed, call us for assis- 
tance and pricing information. 



System 


Inmac Plus 


Price for 3 


description 


diskettes 


Apple ILil Plus, ill; IBM PC 


5V4"SSDD 


$11.80 


(single side); Osborne PC; 


Soft 


(save 


Radio Shack TRS80-1 or 3 


Sector 


$5.90} 


AB Dick Magna Writer; 


5y/DSDD 


$16.80 


CromemcoZ2H; 


Soft 


(save 


HP85/$eries9826A9836; 


Sector 


$8.40] 


IBM PC (Dual Side] 






DEC RX01; IBM System 32 


8"SSDD 


$15.80 


37373740,3730,3741,3600, 


Soft 


(save 


3601,3790,3791 


Sector 
IBM|format 
2305830 


$790) 


CDC 9406; HP3000 Series 


8"DSDD 


$19,80 


33; IBM Series I, diskette 2 


Soft 


(save 


IBM System 34, diskette 1 


Sector 


$9.90) 




Double density diskettes can be used in single density 
applications. 

Send attached [ 
card or phone toll- 

1(800)547-5444 

[1 (800) 547-5447 in California.] 

When you call, ask for a free Inmac cata- 
log. Inmac Plus diskettes are available only 
through the Inmac catalog or through special 
offers such as this. 



World's leading source of computer 
supplies and accessories. 

Circle 189 on inquiry card. 107121 



Circle 438 on inquiry card. 



S-1 00 Boards from S. C. Digital 




FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER 

features: Model FOCI 

• Single or Double density, sides, in any combination of up 
to four 8" or 5.25" drives. • Digital phase locked loop. 

• DMA data transfer with cross 64K boundaries, 24B 
address, DMA arbitation. • Monitor/boot EPROM accomo- 
dating two different processors. • CPM Bios programs. 

• Serial port to 19.2K baud. 

Z80B CPU BOARD 

features: Model Z80 CPU 

• 2, 4 or 6 mhz clock. • 22 bit Address by Memory 
Mapping in 16K blocks. • 2 or 4Kbyte EPROM (not 
supplied) with Phantom generation. • Jump on Reset. • 
Provision to run two different CPU's on the same bus, such 
as forth coming 8086. 




tytW 256K DYNAMIC RAM 

features: Model 256KZ 

• 8/168 Data, 24B Address. • Parity bit per Byte • 
Transparent refresh • Unlimited DMA • 1 SOnsec Access 
time • Will run 8086, 8088, 68000 to 8mhz, Z80, Z8000 
to 6mhz without wait states. 




«t* 



64K STATIC RAM 



features: Model 64 KS 

• 8/1 6B Data 24B Address • Disable in 2K increments • 
180nsec Access Time (with 64KB) from address on, runs 
8086, 68000 to lOmhz, 280, Z8000 to 8 mhz without wait 
states • Battery back up capable. 

Board Sets: For Limited Time Only! 

• Z80B CPU, DMA Floppy Controller, CP/M 2.2, 64KB 
Static Ram S 1,000 

• Z80B CPU, DMA Floppy Controller, CP/M 2.2, 250KB 
Ram $1,250 

• For CP/M Plus instead of 2.2 add $50 
Please call for latest prices. 

All boards conform to IEEE696/S100 specifications, fully 
socketed, screened legends, masks, Gold contacts. Guaranteed 
One Full Year. 





New Prices Effective May 1, 1983 


Modal 


Prices with 


FOCI 


S395 Monitor EPROM 


Z80 CPU 


S325 Memory Mapping, 6mhz 


256KZ 


S695 256KB, Panty 


256KZ-128 


$595 428KB, Parity 


64KS 


S425 64KB, CMOS 


32KUSM 


S295 32KB, CMOS 


3SPC 


$259 3 serial. 1 parallel, cassette 


CP/M 2,2 


S55 Purchased with FOCI 


CP/M Plus 


SI 05 Purchased with FDC1 


Z80 Monitor 


$55 2K in EPROM, source code, for 35 PC 



All Boards come assembled and tested. 

Delivery is within 3 to 5 working days. MC, Visa or COD 
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Figure 1: The Bazeries cylinder if it were slit lengthwise and laid flat. 



whether disks, tapes, or RAMs, of all 
the computers in the world would not 
come close to it; neither would the 
number of electrons in the universe. 

Furthermore, if one 20-character 
message were enciphered, using each 
of the possible cylindrical configura- 
tions, every 3 seconds, it would take 
2.3 X 10 9 centuries to do them all. 
Clearly, such a cryptographic system 
provides a great deal of security in 
sheer numbers alone. 

However, the real world of crypt- 
analysis contains circumstances 
under which the best of cipher sys- 
tems might be broken. To do this, an 
expert cryptanalyst would accumu- 
late as much information about the 
cipher-system correspondence as pos- 
sible, including prior plaintext 
messages. Analysis is also made using 
various frequency tables. Knowledge 
about the cipher system is another 
useful insight. The larger the body of 
ciphertext, the better the chances it 
can be deciphered. Two other impor- 
tant factors are doggedness and luck. 



No matter how good the crypt- 
analyst, no matter how much com- 
puter power is used, no matter how 
much time is spent — in some situa- 
tions the messages cannot be 
deciphered. Such systems are said to 
be unconditionally secure. 

Even if a system is not uncondi- 
tionally secure, it might still be effec- 
tively secure. Although such systems 
might possibly be broken, they usual- 
ly entail such great expenditures of 
resources as to make them not worth 
the effort. Or even if worth the effort, 
it might require so much time to 
decipher them that their informa- 
tional content is no longer of any 
value. In the seventeenth century, 
Rossignol put it more succinctly with 
his Law of Secret Writing: "A secret 
message must be safe enough so that 
by the time an enemy gets to solve it, 
it is too late to be of aid to him." 

A Bazeries system is unconditional- 
ly secure in most instances over the 
short run. Even over the longer run, it 
can be made effectively secure if com- 



354 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. ©Ashton-Tate 1983. 



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Challenge to the Reader 



Challenge #1 

To illustrate the security of the ciphertext produced by the 
Bazeries cylinder, the reader is invited to try to decipher the 
text below. To make it feasible, the text is enciphered using 
the program in listing 1 without any changes in the DATA 
statements. The use of the correct key when running this pro- 
gram will decipher the text. 

, A check for $10 for a bottle of French wine will be sent to 
the person who sends the correct plaintext with the earliest 
postmark. Address correspondence to R. F. Prisco, RD §7 
Edgebrook, Oswego, NY 13126. 

OSUZKMTKLZYFYVTMDHKTQWWIBDMZJA 

NZNTWDBVBHWGPDDHBPZCRJMDSWNZTH 

FPBOVMVERUA TTHCIYLNTYXSDOYZKXU 

YPSWBUHZXJKRYVYHANNGQZVLMCRHI] 

VBZOIHBVCEFPMCCOPISCXMBLCZMCTO 

XTWDGYECVUUWYIQQFYHWMDZPKAUURT 

KSNZOCSSDZJBPMNDBPPWSCFFBLADXK 

DPHOADEEBAGKNBGLELNDfBAZMOJUDO 



Challenge #2 

A much more secure ciphertext is offered below. It is also 
enciphered by the program in listing 1. However, in this case, 
a completely new set of DATA statements are used, making 
the text effectively secure. No reward is specified for the cor- 
responding plaintext in this case because it is anticipated that 
there will not be any need for one. 

OJIJPJMPUDAHDJXTUXNJUEDLGYQSIL 

NUOESXFHUXJGODFBOTAOJZDLFHNNYC 

KS]IXIKRUJECXGZBIQXMYF]IXU]MMQ 

GZLYJOMRMMFSLTNAEHGBYUCODERP 

QPEOIFYGZ5AB1NADR5ERUXURAQJAWQ 

MRBEWKKSYKCTELIXFSHMUZRFVOSAKU 

JOBNBEGVTAGYHZKAUQXGGXZAXQHKJG 

RFHSCKCRWLJFXLZEFIGLQNDDDTSBIP 



mon techniques of security are used. 
These techniques include frequent 
changes of the key and the set of 
disks. 

For historical reasons, 26/20 
Bazeries systems, consisting of 
26-character disks and 20-disk 
cylinders, have been used as ex- 
amples. With the computer power of 
today, however, 64/64 Bazeries sys- 
tems are feasible. Such systems are 
much more secure than those pre- 
viously discussed. In fact, a one-shot 
64/64 Bazeries system could be used 
to send a 4032-character message 
with unconditional security as op- 
posed to 500 characters for a 26/20 
system. In addition, 64-character 
disks would be capable of including 



numerals, punctuation marks, 
spaces, and control characters. 

Program Description 

Listing 1 is a faithful simulation of 
the historic 26/20 Bazeries cylinder. 
(A run of this program is shown in 
listing 2.) Care has been taken to 
document it with the foregoing ter- 
minology. 

It is written in the most commonly 
used dialect of BASIC. The only func- 
tion that might not be allowed in 
some of the other common BASICs 
appears in line 1460. The instring 
function INSTR(n,A$,B$) returns the 
first position of the string B$ in the 
string A$ beyond the (n — l)st char- 
acter of A$. This function can be re- 



placed by a loop in those BASICs that 
do not have it. 

The program also uses specific 
rows of the cylinder when transform- 
ing text. The first row used is speci- 
fied by the first character in the key 
(lines 1140 and 1390). Subsequent 
rows are used in cyclical numerical 
order where the direction depends on 
whether the text is to be enciphered or 
deciphered (line 1510). 

The simple bubble sort (lines 1210- 
1320), which is used to load the 
cylinder as specified by the key, is not 
very fast but does load the cylinder as 
described above. The Shell-Metzner 
sort, although faster, is not consistent 
when the key contains several in- 
stances of the same character. 





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June 1983 © BYTE PubUcatioM Inc 357 



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Extensions 

As noted earlier, a 26-character 
disk is equivalent to a 26-cycle sub- 
stitution cipher on 26 characters. 
Such ciphers contain only 1/26 of the 
substitution ciphers on 26 characters. 
For example, such ciphers do not in- 
clude any that substitute B for A, C 
for B, and A for C. With virtually no 
additional overhead, general sub- 
stitution ciphers can be used in place 
of the disk substitution ciphers. 

If the disk ciphers are retained, the 
method of choosing the rows for the 
transformation of text could be speci- 
fied by some permutation contained 



in a DATA statement or key. Pat- 
terns should be avoided for added 
security. 

Finally, routines for mass-storage 
devices can be added to buffer exten- 
sive amounts of text for future pro- 
cessing.* 

About the Author 

Rinaldo Prisco is an associate professor of 
mathematics at the State University of New 
York, College at Oswego. His interests include 
combinatorial group theory, discrete mathe- 
matics, and mathematical applications to com- 
puting. He has written several articles on 
microcomputing and is currently working on a 
mathematics text for computer programmers. 



Listing 1: This program is a simulation of the 26/20 Bazeries cylinder. 



1000 
1010 
1020 
1030 
1040 
1050 
1060 
1070 
1080 
1090 
1100 
1110 
1120 
1130 
1140 
1150 
1160 
1170 
1180 
1190 
1200 
1210 
1220 
1230 
1240 
1250 
1260 
1270 
1280 
1290 
1300 
1310 
1320 
1330 
1340 
1350 
1360 
1370 
1380 
1390 
1400 
1410 
1420 
1430 
1440 
1450 
1460 
1470 
1480 
1490 
1500 
1510 



BAZERIES CRYPTOSYSTEM 
i 

1 Copyright (c) 8/1/81 

i 

1 Rinaldo F. Prisco 

1 Department of Mathematics 

' SUNY at Oswego 

' Oswego, NY 13126 

t 

CLEAR 1500 

DEFINT I,J,F,L,R,P,K,N 

DIM D$(20) ,P(20) 

FOR 1=1 TO 20: READ D$ (I) :NEXT I 

PRINT "ENTER KEY: ";:LINE INPUT K$ 

K=ASC<K$) 

1 ELIMINATE SPACES IF ANY 

S$=K$:GOSUB 1700 :K$=S$:PRINT 

1 RESTRICT KEY TO LENGTH <= 20 

IF LEN(K$)>20 THEN K$=LEFT$ (K$ , 20) 

1 USE SORT ON KEY TO PERMUTE DISKS 

PRINT "Loading cylinder, ready shortly ..." 

FOR J=LEN(K$)-1 TO 2 STEP -1 

F=0 

FOR 1=1 TO J 
L=I+1 
IF MID$ (K$,I,1)<=MID$ (K$,L,1) THEN 1300 

T$=MID$ (K$ , I , 1 ) :MID$ (K$ , I , 1 ) =MID$ (K$ , L, 1 ) 

MID$(K$,L,1)=T$ 

T$=D$(I) :D$(I)=D$(L) :D$(L)=T$ 

F=1 

NEXT I 

IF F=0 THEN 1330 
NEXT J 

1 CYLINDER IS NOW LOADED 
PRINT 

PRINT "ENTER TEXT: ";:LINE INPUT T$ 
PRINT 

INPUT "<E>ncode or <D>ecode" ;Y$: Y$=Y$+" " 
IF LEFT$ (Y$,1)="D" THEN F=1 ELSE F=0 
N=K-65 

1 ELIMINATE SPACES FROM T$ 
S$=T$:GOSUB 1700 :T$=S$ :PRINT:PRINT T$ 
1 PROCESS AT MOST 20 CHARACTERS AT A TIME 
L=LEN(T$):IF L>20 THEN L=20 
' ORIENT THE DISKS TO THE TEXT 
FOR 1=1 TO L 

P (I)=INSTR(1 ,D$(I) ,MID$ (T$,I, 1) ) 

NEXT I 

1 SET R TO PROPER ROW NUMBER 

N=N+1 :R=N-2.0*INT(N/20) 

IF R=0 THEN R=1 

IF F=1 THEN R=26~R _. . 

Listing 1 continued on page 360 



358 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



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CALL FOR OUR SPECIAL PRICE. 




#Condorll $475 

#NWA Statpack §350 

#tim $350 

ttlnfostar Call 

WORD-PROCESSING PACKAGES 
#Wordstar, Mail Merge, Spellstar . $445 

^Wordstar $265 

#Mail Merge $1 25 

#Wordstar, Mail Merge $345 

#SpellStar $145 

#Lexisoft Spellbinder 
#Aspen Spellchecker 
#Metasoft Benchmark 
IBM PC Volkswriter 
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Peachtree Magic Wand, Spell 
Check, Mail List 
SPREADSHEETS 

ftCalcstar 

#Supercalc 

#Microsoft Multiplan 
ACCOUNTING 

#TCS Equivalent Of Peachtree Specially 
Augmented By Warehouse Software Cus- 
tomized For Your IBM Terminal And Printer- 

GL AR, PA, AP Each Module $75 

For All Four. $275 
#TCS Total Accounting Call 

#CYMA Call 

#Peachtree GL, AR, AP . $375 

Sail CP/M For North Star $ 1 50 

LANGUAGES ^^^ 

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CB-80 $395 

Microsoft Basic 80 $250 

Microsoft Basic Compiler $3 1 5 

TRANSFER PROGRAMS 

Move-It >i^®§ 

IBM PC Move-It $110 

FOR THE IBM PC 



$325 

$95 

§185 
185 



Five Function Board— Includes Async Adapt- 
er, Parallel Adapter, Clock With Battery 
Back-Up And Software, Game Port, 64K 
Memory Expandable To 512K. 1 year 
warranty Call 



$235 

Cc 



Floppy Disk Controller 

Tandon 100-2 Drives Call 

256K Ram Board W/ Async Port . . $365 

Hayes Smart-Modem 300B $2 1 

Hayes Smart-Modem 1200B $525 

Hayes Smartcom Program $49 

PC DOS 

PCM Copy Program §34 

Datamost Write-On $94 

Real Estate Investment Prog $94 

Microsoft Flight Simulator $38 

Howard Real Estate Analyzer 1 1 ... $ 1 85 
IBMCP/M-86 

CBasic86 §145 

CISCobol86 $595 

Pascal MT+86 W/Spp $450 

TERMS: Prices include 3% cash discount. Add 3% 
for charge orders. Shipping on most items 
$5.00. AZ orders + 5% sales tax. 

ft UflREHOUSE JOPTUUflRE 

=4935 West Glendale Ave., Suite 12 
Gfendale AZ. 85301 
(602) 842-1133 Technical Information 
1-800-421-3135 Toll Free Order Line 



Listing 1 continued: 

1520 ' SET POINTERS TO ROW R 

1530 FOR 1=1 TO L 

1540 P(I)=P(I)+R 

1550 IF P(I)>26 THEN P(I)=P(I)-26 

1560 NEXT I 

1570 ' PRINT NEW TEXT 

1580 FOR 1=1 TO L 

1590 PRINT MID$ (D$ (I) ,P(I) ,1) ; 

1600 NEXT I 

1610 ■ IS THERE ANY MORE TEXT TO PROCESS? 

1620 IF L=LEN(T$) THEN 1640 

1630 T$=RIGHT$ (T$ ,LEN (T$) -L) :GOTO 1430 

16 40 PRINT 

1650 PRINT 

1660 INPUT "FURTHER TEXT" ; Y$ : Y$=Y$+" " 

1670 PRINT 

1680 IF LEFT$ (Y$ / 1)="Y" THEN 1350 

1690 END 

1700 " REMOVES BLANKS FROM S$ 

1710 S$=" "+S$ 

1720 FOR 1=2 TO LEN(S$)-2 

1730 IF MID$(S$ f I,1)O n " THEN 1750 

1740 S$=MID$ (S$ f 1 ,1-1 )+RIGHT$ (S$ ,LEN (S$) -I) 

1750 NEXT I 

1760 S$=RIGHT$ (S$,LEN(S$)-1) 

1770 RETURN 

1780 DATA FNWADLZJKMQSCXHVPTGIBOEYRU 

1790 DATA ETXQPVJCBNRADSKHIYOGULMZFW 

1800 DATA LEVQXYGCDOZWTPJRHIBKAMSUNF 

1810 DATA XYCVQWEITHNPLKSAOGRJBUZDFM 

1820 DATA ODTZCRFHENBYUMQXAWVGLJSIKP 

18 30 DATA VKUNYEWFMICOJLHGAPTZRXSVQD 

1840 DATA JMPHVOXRIFKBECUQDZTALGNSWY 

1850 DATA RGJYZBNQHCFAMTILOWVEPUXSKD 

1860 DATA ZQJKOIBRMFHVTNWXEGSCUPYADL 

1870 DATA UAXTORVWKHPZNLIMVQCJFGEYSD 

1880 DATA MGHXLETYFKZSRABNOUPCQWDIJV 

1890 DATA PGNBRTFVOWSCZXDLMIKUJAHYEQ 

1900 DATA ZEDIPGUOSMFBRXJCYWNVQKTALH 

1910 DATA FDPSMLYKXZWJONCBUVEIRTHAQG 

1920 DATA MIGHUOSLYCDJVQXfeTREFKWNPAZ 

1930 DATA GPZLTABUNEJSFVKRWMIHCXDQYO 

194 DATA XIDLETVZYHUBQNWAGMSKCROJPF 

1950 DATA WHMFSGUZEYXRVICOLQKPBDANJT 

1960 DATA IKLMATHNCZXWUOGSVYBQFPJDER 

1970 DATA JVOHKYZCLUXESFWTRPQDBMAGNI 

Ok 



Listing 2: A run of the program in listing 1, 

RUN 

ENTER KEY: BEWARE THE IDES OF MARCH 

Loading cylinder, ready shortly ... 

ENTER TEXT: ANTICIPATE MERGER IN TWO WEEKS STOP PURCHASE SHARES 

<E>ncode or <D>ecode? E 

ANTICIPATEMERGERINTWOWEEKSSTOPPURCHASESHARES 
GAILWOZLVKIFWZRHOQLPJMUKRIDXCMSSKQGGZPJKJFFQ 

FURTHER TEXT? Y 

ENTER TEXT: GAILWOZLVKIFWZRHOQLPJMUKRIDXCMSWKQGGZPJKJFFQ 

<E>ncode or <D>ecode? D 

GAILWOZLVKIFWZRHOQLPJMUKRIDXCMSWKQGGZPJKJFFQ 
ANTICIPATEMERGERINTWOWEEKSSTOPPURCHASESHARES 

FURTHER TEXT? N 

Ok 



360 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




GOmPUTER WAREHOUSE 



CALL TOLL FREE 



ATARI 

Special 800 System 

800 w/48K, recorder, Pac Man or 
Star Raiders, joysticks Call 

1200 Call 

800 (48K) Call 

400 $225 

810 Disk Drive $440 

850 Interface $1 70 

410 Recorder $75 

830 Modem $155 

COMMODORE 

64 $395 

AXLON 

Rampower 48 for Atari $1 40 

Rampower 128 for Atari $355 

Ramdisk 128 for Apple $355 

Ramdisk 320 for Apple $1035 

Data Link $300 

PRINTERS 

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9620A $1445 

C-ltoh 

F-10-Parallel $1165 

F-10-Serial $1165 

55 CPS-Series Call 

8510 Parallel (Prowriter) Call 

Computer International 

Daisywriter 2000 w/16K Call 

Daisywriter 2000 w/48K .... Call 

Comrex 

CR-1-S $675 

CR-1-P $770 

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DS180 $11 70 

Diablo 

620 RO wo/Tractors $920 

630 RO wo/Tractors $1 730 

IDS 
Microprism 480 $5 1 5 

Epson 
All models .Call 

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PC-8023A $399 

3510 $1375 

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7710 .$2050 

7720 $2425 

2050 Call 

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All models Call 

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Tally 

1805/1802 $1455 

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MT180 Call 

Texas Instruments 

810 Basic $1260 

850 $650 

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DISK DRIVES 

Percom 

Atari S/SS/D 1st Drive . 

Atari S/SS/D 2nd Drive 

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Atari S/S D/D 2nd Drive 
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VIDEO TERMINALS 

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920 

925 

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Above w/2 Drives Call 

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Syscom II is an Apple 

look-alike with upper 

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z-110 $3025 

DISKETTES 

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$250 
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COLOR 

MONITOR 

SPE CIALS 

m • BMC 

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fc^J M. M l mm I UI^A 1 3" Color Composite with Sound, 

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VVvl • MODEMS 

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Micromodem II (Apple II) 289.00 

Micromodem II With Terminal 
Program 315.00 

And we back every one with (1) expert technical SSISS mm 
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J-CAT 139.00 

/VSW1 Smart CAT 103 205.00 

\^J)}}i /^\ Smart CAT 103/212 499.00 

' * ' ' Apple CAT II 299.00 

212 Apple CAT 609.00 

Expansion Module 35.00 






I 
1400/C 

14 Color esitiposlla 
280x300 lines. Ust $399 NOW- 

$29900 

12" RGB Color Monitor. 690 dots 
horizontal resolution for IBM PC, 

M%%m .how- 

$57500 

SANYO 

9" Hi Res. Green 159.00 

12" Green Screen 135.00 

12" Hi Res. Green 209.00 

13" Color 419.00 

13" Hi Res. Color 899.00 

U.S.I. 

9" Green Screen 119.00 

9" Amber Screen 155.00 

12" Green Screen 155.00 

12" Amber Screen 175.00 

Color Composite 335,00 

RJWj 

AMERICAN 
INNOVATIONS 

Computer Stand 65.00 

Monitor Stand 25.00 

Printer Stand 40.00 

Super Printer Stand 75.00 

BMC 

Monitor Stand 25.00 

GUSDORF 

Printer Table .120.00 

Hutch 149.00 

Desk 205.00 

Expander 413S 49.00 

Expander 414S 75.00 




Many items are not listed. Please call our 800 number if 
you don't see what you're looking for. 

CALL FOR OUR FREE CATALOG! 



APPLE 



HARDWARE 



ALS 2 Card 235.00 

ALS CP/M Card 379.00 

ALS CP/M Card with SuperCalc 595.00 

Apple II Plus CALL 

CCS IEEE Card 175.00 

CCS Analog/Digital Card 105.00 

Computer Peripherals 

Octopus 16K Buffer 165.00 

CPS Multifunction Card 179.00 

Echo II Speech Synthesizer 125.00 

EPD AC Surge Protector 49.00 

EPD EMI-RFI Filter 39.00 

Expandaport-6 Ports With Speaker 55.00 

Hayes Micromodem II 299.00 

Microbuffer II 16K 219.00 

Microbuffer II 32K 245.00 

Microsoft Z80 Softcard with CP/M 265.00 

Microtek 16K Ram Card 79.00 

Microtek Parallel Printer Card 69.00 



Microtek Magnum 80-Column Card 209.00 
Mountain Computer Romwriter . . 145.00 
Mountain Computer Ramplus (32K) 179.00 

MPC Serial Printer Card 89.00 

M & R Super Fan 40.00 

Nikrom Master Diagnostics 45.00 

Nikrom Master Diagnostics Plus . . ,65.00 

Novation Apple Cat 299.00 

Novation Expansion Module 35.00 

Novation J-Cat 119.00 

Novation Handset 27.00 

Numeric Key Pad 150.00 

Paymar Lower Case Adapters: 

Old (Rev. 1-6) 29.00 

New (Rev. 7) 19.00 

PCPI Z80A Appli-card, 4MHz . .249.00 

PCPI 280B Appli-card 6MHz 319.00 

PCPI Appli-card 4MHz, 64K RAM Extender, 
Appli-disc Software 335.00 



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Computer Peripherals 64K Ram . 199.00 
Computer Peripherals 128K Ram 375.00 
Computer Peripherals I/O Printer 

Interface (4 Ports) 159.00 

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Memory Card 295.00 

Computer Peripherals Octopus 

Printer Buffer 165.00 

Computer Peripherals 

64K Memory Card 199.00 

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128K Memory Card 375.00 

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192K Memory Card .499.00 

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256K Memory Card 635.00 

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64K Ram Kit, 9 chips 119.00 
Tech Adam & Eve Paddles 29.00 



M & R SuperMod/5 59.00 

Micro Buffer In Line, (32K) 259.00 

Micro Buffer In Line (64K) 295.00 

Micro Buffer In Line 64K Module .150.00 

MPI 320K Drive 299.00 

PGS Hi-Res RGB 12" Monitor . . .759.00 

PMC Disk Drive 199.00 

Quadram 64K Quad Board 395.00 

Quadram 256K Quad Board 595.00 

Super 5 Disk Drive, Thin-line, 

Bare (DS, DD) 289.00 

Raytronics RAM Plus Quad Board 64K 

389.00 

Raytronics RAM Plus Quad Board 128K 

455.00 

Raytronics RAM Plus Quad Board 192K 

525.00 

Raytronics RAM Plus Quad Board 256K 

589.00 



BMC 

BM/PB101 Daisywheel, Parallel 825.00 

FACIT 

4510 635.00 

COMPUTER 
PERIPHERALS 

Thermal Printer, 40 column/ 

160 CPS 125.00 

EPSON 

Microbuffer- 16K Parallel 139.00 

Microbuffer-8K Serial 139.00 

SMITH CORONA 

TP-I 599.00 

TEC 

PMC 8510 Parallel 465.00 

PMC 8510 Serial 585.00 

ITOH 8510-A Parallel 469.00 

ITOH 8510-A Serial 619.00 

ITOH 1550 Parallel 750.00 

ITOH 1550 Serial 789.00 

ITOH F-10-40 1395.00 

ITOH F-10-55 1795.00 



NOVELL 

Image 800 999.00 

OLYMPIA 

COMPACT Serial Interface 849.00 

ES 100 KRO 949.00 

ES 100 699.00 

Serial/Parallel Interface 250.00 

CCS Apple Serial Card 135.00 

STAR MICRONICS 

Gemini 10 CALL 

Gemini 15 CALL 

Thermal Printer CALL 

OKIDATA 

Microline 82-A 489.00 

Microline 83-A 689.00 

Microline 84-S 1199.00 

Microline 84-P 1059.00 

Microline 92-P 549,00 

Microline 92 2K Serial interface . 139.00 

Microline 93-P 949.00 

Microline 93 2K Serial Interface 139.00 

2K Parallel Interface 129.00 

Forms Tractor (82-A) 55.00 




PERSONAL COMPUTERS 

OSBORNE 

Osborne I Portable, Includes $200 

Extras 1795.00 

With Double Density Drives .1995.00 

SANYO 

MB1000 1795.00 

TELEVIDEO 

TS 802 3119.00 

TS 806 5735.00 

TS 816 10365.00 

XEROX 

820 with CP/M, Wordstar , 1995.00 

ALTOS 

ACS 8000-2 3199.00 

ACS 8000-15 . . .4399.00 

APPLE 

Apple II Plus CALL 

Disk II D.O.S. 3 CALL 

Disk II CALL 

108-0003 (64K) CALL IBE^ " " * r * '"'""' " %k T 

108-0004 (128 K} CALL "*.r \ 

MORROW h — ~ — ~--~~~~- ^ ,_^ 

Micro Decision with 1 Drive (SS) . .CALL 

Micro Decision with Terminal & FRANKLIN 

1 Drive (SS) CALL ACE 1000 (64K) CALL 

Micro Decision with 2 Drives (SS) CALL ACE 10, Disk Drive ... CALL 

DISK DRIVES 

Corona 5MB Winchester CALL Rana Controller 109.00 

Corona 10MB Winchester CALL Super 5 for Apple II. SS Thin-line (TEAC) 

Disk II With Controller Card CALL 275.00 

Media Distributing 11 Mb Winchester Super 5 for Apple II, SS Thin-line (ALPS) 

Subsystem 2595.00 249.00 

Media Distributing 22 Mb Winchester Super 5W for Apple II, DS Thin-line 405.00 

Subsystem 3495.00 Super 5 for IBM, DS/DD Thin-line, Bare 

Media Distributing 44 Mb Winchester 289.00 

Subsystem 4270.00 Super 5 Controller card for Apple II, SS 

Microsci A35 With Controller Card 375.00 59.00 

Microsci Controller Card 99.00 Super 5 Controller card for Apple II, DS 

Rana Disk Drive 319.00 69.00 



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ORDER TOIL-FREE! Call 

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PALOMAR 



Circle 295 on inquiry card. 



COMPUTER PRODUCTS 



BYTE June 1983 $63 



Circle 296 on inquiry card. 



RadioShackTRS-80's 



Full Line 




1 




YOU CAN SAVE money when you buy Radio Shack TRS-80 Com- 
puters from Pan American Electronics. Pan American Elec- 
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Phone: 512/581-2766 
Telex Number 767339 

tm — Trademark of Tandy corporation 



For Quality And Reliability 
Buy 

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Or 
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PRICES 
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Mail order to NEW TECH ASSOCIATES P.O. BOX 2175 UPPER DARBY 
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and Handling add 5.00 Per Case or partial Case of 100 Diskettes. NOTE: 
If you Order 1 Box of 10 Diskettes or 1 Head Cleaning Kit Shipping and 
Handling charges will be only 2.00. Pa. Residents add 6% for state tax. 



Programming Quickies 



Novel Methods 

of Integer 

Multiplication 

and Division 



G. Reichborn-Kjennerud 

Tandberg Data A/S 

POB 9, Korsvoll, Oslo 8 

Norway 

You may be familiar with the method of multiplica- 
tion, variously alleged to be of Kenyan, Russian, or even 
Himalayan origin, in which you repeatedly halve the 
multiplicand and double the multiplier until the multipli- 
cand becomes 1. Then the sum of those multipliers that 
have a multiplicand counterpart of odd value becomes 
the product. This sounds complicated, but it's really not; 
table 1 shows an example. 



Procedure: Repeatedly halve the multiplicand (discarding re- 
mainders) and double the multiplier until the former is 1 . For every 
odd multiplicand, add the respective multiplier. 



Example: 44 x 


51 




Column (c) 
Expressed 
in Terms of 


Remainder 

of Division 






Partial 


Original 


of Column 


Multiplicand 


Multiplier 


Sum 


Multiplier 


(a) by 2 


(a) 


(b) 


(c) 


(d) 


(e) 


44 


51 











22 


102 


— 


— 





11 


204 


204 


4X51 


1 


5 


408 


408 


8x51 


1 


2 


816 


— . 


— 





1 


1632 


1632 


32X51 


1 




Total 


2244 


44X51 


t 




44 X 51 = 2244 


I 



Table 1: An example of the Kenyan double-and-halve 
■algorithm for integer multiplication, 



364 June 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 



Circle 279 on inquiry card. 




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■Distinguishing Features 

The SD85M, a superhigh-speed floppy disk duplicator, reads all the data 
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i) Extremely high data transfer rate can be obtained since the memo- 
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ii) Multiple disks on destination disk drives can be written from the 
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iii) Less deterioration of the source disk may be expected because 

duplicating requires only one reading, 
iv) High reliability is realized since data are transferred via the memo- 
ry. A parity check feature is provided in the memory. 

■Throughput 

The above processing can be performed on four disk drives at the same 
time. Individual disk drive can be managed using a CRT display. 



Size 


Type 


Initialize 


INI &DUP 


Duplicate 


Verify 




Diskette 1 


380 


284 


568 


568 


8 Inch 


Diskette 2 


188 


140 


284 


380 




Diskette 2D 


188 


140 


284 


380 




Mini Disk 1D 48 


600 


448 


896 


1792 


5 Inch 


Mini Disk 2D 48 


300 


224 


448 


896 




Mini Disk 2DD 96 


149 


112 


224 


448 



The SD85M can accommodate any special or customized format and 
also a precompensation initializing 

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12-15, KOBUNACHO NIHONBASHI, CHUO-KU TOKYO 103, JAPAN 
TEL.(03)665-3431 TELEX NR. NAGASE J26480 



Programming Quickies < 



This algorithm readily lends itself to coding, as ex- 
emplified by the sequence in 8080 code shown in listing 1. 
Halving is done by shifting to the right, and the odd /even 
test is performed by checking the carry. Doubling is done 
by adding to itself using the DAD instruction, which is 
also used for summing up the output terms. 

Repeated halving of a number and then noting the 
odd/even results is a nice way of finding the binary form 
of the number (the last bit found being the most signifi- 
cant one). It also tells something of the binary nature of 
the Kenyan method. 

Some time ago I became intrigued by the possibility of 
finding a procedure for division that was similar to the 
Kenyan method of multiplication. I came up with the 



Procedure 


Double the divisor until it is just less than the divi- 


dend. Then try to subtract the doubled divisors, starting with the 


largest, from the dividend. Note a 


1 if the subtraction is 


possible; 


otherwise, 


note a zero and do not perform the subtraction. 


The 1s and Os constitute the binary form of the quotient. To ob- 


tain the decimal form, 


multiply the latter digits with the corre- 


sponding terms in a power of 2 series, arranged in reverse order. 


The quotient is the sum 


of the resultant terms. 




To obtain 


decimal accuracy, multiply the dividend initially by an 


Nth power 


of 10. Then, 


after the division is complete, 


divide the 


quotient by the same power of 10 (moving the decimal point N 


places). 










Example: 2246/51 
















Counter 


Double: 


51 
102 
204 
408 
816 
1632 







1 

2 
3 
4 
5 


Subtract: 


2246 

-1632 










614 


1 


X 32 = 32 


5 




-816 















X 16 ■ 


4 




614 










-408 










206 


1 


X 8 = 8 


3 




-204 










2 


1 


X 4 = 4 


2 




-102 










2 

-51 





X 2 = 


1 

















x 1 = 





Remainder: 


2 








Quotient: 






= 44 
101100 = 44 
(binary) (decimal) 




Table 2: A 


n example < 


-yf a new 


method of integer 


division 


suitable foi 


- implementation on 


microprocessors without a 


divide instruction. 









366 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Programming Quickies . 



following scheme: The divisor is repeatedly doubled until 
just less than the dividend, then successively subtracted 
from the dividend. Every time the subtraction operation 
gives a positive result, a 1 is noted; otherwise a is 
recorded. Remarkably enough, the resultant sequence of 
Os and Is constitutes the quotient directly in binary form, 
as shown in table 2. 



Notice that the procedure is quite mechanical, with 
none of the trial-and-error search for the next correct 
quotient digit that is characteristic of the conventional 
method. Furthermore, it lends itself beautifully to coding 
(see listing 2). There need be no 8-bit restrictions on any 
of the numbers; the dividend, divisor, quotient, and re- 
mainder can all be entered as 16-bit numbers. 



Procedure: 


Input multiplicand in both HL and DE register pairs. Constant K is the 


multiplier. Then perform a series of DAD D and DAD H in- 


structions in the order g 


ven 


by the sequence of Ds and Hs under the 


given value of K. The final product will be in the HL register pair. If every 


DAD instruction is followed by a test of carry (JC or RC), carry will be set in case 


of overflow. 




K = 2 


3 


4 5 6 


7 


8 9 10 


11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 


19 


20 21 22 


23 


24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 


32 


DAD H 


H 


H H H 


H 


H H H 


HHHHHHHH 


H 


H H H 


H 


HHHHHHHH 


H 


DAD 


D 


H H D 


D 


H H H 


HDDDDHHH 


H 


H H H 


D 


DDDDDDDH 


H 


DAD 




D H 


H 


H H D 


DHHHHHHH 


H 


D D D 


D 


HHHHHHHH 


H 


DAD 






D 


D H 


HHHDDHHD 


D 


H H H 


H 


HHHHDDDD 


H ! 


DAD 










D D H H D H 


H 


H H D 


D 


HHDDHHHH 


h i 


DAD 










D 


D 


D H 


H 


D H H H H D D 




DAD 
















D 


D D H H 




DAD 


















D 




Table 3: 


At 


n algorithm for integer multiplication for 8080 microprocessors. 









Listing 1: An implementation of the Kenyan algorithm for integer multiplication for the 8080 microprocessor. 



s mu 1 tip I ic at ion p r oqr am MULT 



s i n p u t in u 1 1 i p 1 .1. c a t i a n fact a r s i n 
;necessarily be an 8-bit numbers 
5 output product in DE, carry set 



HL and DE, one of which must 

if not, carry is set 
if overflow,. 



s ********************** 



MULT: 


x r a 


a 




or a 


d 




j£ 


found 




xra 


a 




or a 


h 




stc 






mz 






xchg 




found :; 


mov 


a,e 


*********************** 




Ixi 


d,0 




ana 


a 


next s 


r ar 






jnc 


even 




xchg 






dad 


d 




re 






xchg 




evens 


ana 
rz 


a 




dad 


h 




jnc 


next 




ret 





Initial test to find 8— bit factor 
s clear A 
5 is D zero? 
5 yes, DE number 



xs 

5 no, DE number was 
sis H zero then? 



8-bit 
not 8- 



f actor 
bit factor 



sno, return with carry set 
syes, place 8-bit factor in 
s transfer multiplicand to A 



DE 



Multiplication starts in earnest 
sclear DE to receive output terms 
58-bit factor now in As clear came 
s halve the multiplicands result odd? 

sno, don y t add multiplier term 

5 yes, therefore , 

3 add multiplier (now in DE) to output- 

3 over flow, carry set on return 

s put multiplier back in HL 

5 already reached 1 by halving? 

syes, return with result, carry 

:no, double the multiplier and 

5 continue the process- 

s over flow, carry 



cleared 



set on return 



368 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 






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Programming Quickies . 



To handle 16-bit numbers, the add-to-itself DAD H in- 
struction is used for doubling the divisor, and the 
necessary comparison with the dividend is accomplished 
by reverse -polarity addition, using the negative value of 
the dividend (in the DE register pair) and testing on the 
carry. Care is taken to restore the divisor before the next 
doubling by adding back the positive value (in the BC 
register pair). The doubled divisors are put in temporary 
storage by pushing them to the stack. 

For the necessary subtraction of the doubled divisors 
from the dividend, reverse-polarity addition is used 
again. Luckily, the dividend is already present in negative 
form (in the DE register pair), and the divisors can be 
used in their existing positive form as they are popped 
from the stack for subtraction. The carry is then in- 
dicative of a positive or negative result, and for every 
subtraction, it is shifted into a register pair to form the 
final quotient. A counter sees to it that there are no more 
subtractions than there were doubling operations. The 
contents of the DE register pair constitute the remainder 
(in complemented form). 

As we have seen, odd ways of multiplying and dividing 
can lead to useful code algorithms. But the reverse can 
also be true. Machine-code algorithms can lead to odd 
but perhaps not so useful manual methods. 

First, consider a table used for multiplying by a fixed 



Procedure: Repeatedly halve the multiplier (discarding re- 
mainders) until you reach 1. Ignore the 1 and arrange the resul- 
tant halved multipliers vertically in reverse order. For each halved 
multiplier, double the multiplicand. Add also the initial multiplicand 
if the halved multiplier is an odd number. 

Example: 44 x 51 

Repeatedly halve the multiplier: 51 25 12 6 3 1 



Double the multiplicand 

by adding to itself 
Add initial multiplicand 



Resultant 


44 


odd/even halved 


44 


multipliers: 3 


+ 44 




132 




132 


6 


+ 




264 




264 


12 


+ 




528 




528 


25 


+ 44 




1100 




1100 


51 


+ 44 



Don't add initial multiplicand 



Final product: 



2244 



Table 4: An example of manual implementation of the 
algorithm of table 3. 



Listing 2: An implementation of the author's integer-division algorithm for the 8080 microprocessor. 

; division program DIVIDE 

; input dividend in BC and input divisor in HL. 

; output quotient in HL and output remainder in DE« 

; carry set if division by zero 



DIVIDE: 



mov 

or a 

stc 

rz 

mov 

cma 

mov 

mov 

cma 

mov 

inx 
xra 
sta 
sta 



a,h 
1 



a„b 

d f q 
a,c 

b 

a 

quot 

quot+t 

double 



Test for division by zero and prepare 
; for reverse polarity subtraction 

division by zero; abort operation; carry set 
put 2's complement of BC +1 into DE for 
purposes of subtraction. (BC will be 
incremented to enable subtraction when minuend 
and subtrahend are having equal values) - 

dividend in negative form now in DE 
BC +1; dividend incremented 
reset counter A and 
clear the quotient buffer 
(high-order part of quotient buffer) 
start the division in earnest 



;**************«»*»***«* First phase: Doubling the divisor 



restore; 

double: 



dad b 

inr a 

push h 

dad h 

jc change 



• Circle 171 on Inquiry card. 



;add back 

; increment counter 

;save divisor 

; double it r but go to second phase if 

;HL now is larger than dividend in BC 

Listing 2 continued on page 372 
June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 371 



Programming Quickies . 



Listing 2 continued: 

dad 
jnc 



d 5 comparison with dividend by subtraction 
restore ;keep doubling unless HL now is larger than BC 



shiftc: 



changes mav 
subtrct s pop 
dad 
jc 
xchg 

CMC 

Ida 

ral 

sta 

Ida 

ral 

sta 

dcr 

jira 

Ihld 

mav 

cma 

MOV 
MOV 

cma 
mov 
ret 

quot: ds 



by a 
h 

d 
shiftc 



quot 

quot 
quot+1 

quat+1 

b 

subtrct 

quot 

a,e 

e-a 



a v d 

d f a 



Second phases Subtracting from the dividend 

and accumulating quotient bits. 
5 transfer count to new counter 
5 fetch halved divisor as positive subtrahend 
5 subtract by using negative dividend as minuend 
5 the carry bit becomes the quotient bit 
; equivalent of adding back if subtraction fails 
5 invert quotient bit from reverse polarity 
; shift quotient bits 

;and place into temporary storage 



;; count-down finished? 

;no, continue process 

?yes, place output quotient in HL. 

5 change remainder in DE into proper polarity 



; division operation completed 
; buffer for evolving quotient 



Listing 3: An implementation in 8080 assembly language of the integer-multiplication algorithm given in tables 3 and 4. 



multiplication program DADDY 

; input multiplicand in DE and input multiplier in A 
; output product in HL, carry set if overflow 



DADDY s 


lxi 


h,0 




mvi 


b,8+l 




ana 


a 




fjj 




skips 


dcr 
ral 


b 




jnc 


skip 




dad 


d 


; ********************** 


next s 


dcr 
rz 


b 




dad 


h 




re 






ral 






jwc 


next 




dad 


d 




*mc 


next 



ret 



Test for zero and leading zeroes , (8-bit 

factor already determined and placed in A) 

clear output product register 

set bit counter 

is multiplier in A zero? (carry cleared) 

yes, skip multiplication operation p in HL 

check multiplier bit 

leading zero? 

yes, ignore it and check next bit 

no, load HL with multiplicand in DE; carry 

; cleared 
Multiplication starts in earnest 
more multiplier bits? 
no, return with result in HL 
yes, do a DAD H, doubling the multiplicand 

overflow, carry set on return 
is the multiplier bit a 1? 

no, check the next bit 

yes, do a DAD D too, adding the initial 

check the next bit multiplicand 

overflow, carry set on return 



372 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Programming Quickies* 



number K, based on using the 8080 DAD instruction (see 
table 3). The multiplicand is loaded into two register 
pairs (HL and DE), and the product is obtained by ex- 
ecuting a sequence of DAD H and DAD D commands in 
the order given beneath each value of K (operand se- 
quences for K=2 to K = 32 have been included). DAD H 
doubles the accumulated multiplicand in the HL pair, and 
DAD D adds the original multiplicand to the HL pair. 

It seems natural to look for a general algorithm based 
on DAD Hs and DAD Ds. If you look hard at table 3, 
you 11 see a familiar pattern emerge: the Hs and Ds 
actually represent K in binary form. The 0s are 
represented by H, whereas the Is are represented by H 
and D as a group. True, the most significant bit is miss- 
ing, but that will always be a 1 anyway. As an example, 



consider K = 19. The sequence is H H (H D) (H D), 
which translates into (1) 1 1. 

Thus, we can multiply by shifting the multiplier and 
examining the carry. When carry is cleared, we perform a 
DAD H operation, and when it is set, we do both a DAD 
H and a DAD D. This gives us the code in listing 3. 

Now for the manual method that can be derived from 
this: Repeatedly halve the multipler until it becomes 1 (in 
order to find the binary form). Reverse the sequence of 
halved multipliers and ignore the 1. Repeatedly double 
the multiplicand. Whenever the corresponding halved 
multiplier is odd, add also the original multiplicand to the 
accumulated doubled multiplicands; table 4 gives us an 
example of this method. Oh well, not everything is prog- 
ress. But then, progress isn't everything.* 




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374 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Technical Forum 



Random Numbers from an 
All-Digital Generator 

You don't need a complex and expensive analog generator 
to produce fast random numbers. 



A hardware source of random 
numbers, as discussed by Terry 
Mayhugh in the May 1981 BYTE 
Technical Forum column (page 452), 
is a useful addition to any computing 
system performing tasks that require 
a truly random selection of the values 
of some quantity. In some applica- 
tions, the compelling attraction of 
hardware random-number generators 
over software routines is speed; when 
you simply cannot wait for the out- 
put of a software routine, a fast hard- 
ware source of random numbers 
becomes essential. 

Such a requirement for high-speed 
random-number generation occurs in 
visual-perception experiments carried 
out at the University of Alberta. In 
this work, a minicomputer presents 
visual stimuli that consist of arrays of 
dots plotted rapidly on an oscillo- 
scope screen. In some versions of 
these experiments the dot coordinates 
are chosen at random, and for max- 
imum plotting speed, a new random 
coordinate must be available about 
every 3 microseconds (fis). No soft- 
ware technique can provide this de- 
manding performance, so an analog- 
based random-number generator, 
very much like the one described by 
Mr. Mayhugh, has been used in these 



Gary Finley 

Department of Psychology 

Biological Sciences Building 

University of Alberta 

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 

experiments for a number of years. 

Recently, however, we have re- 
placed this analog generator with a 
much simpler all-digital device, and 
the lower cost and reduced assembly 
time inherent in this design make it 
useful to microcomputer users who 
need fast random-number generation. 
As a result of the success of our first 
version, installed in a PDP-11 /34 
computer for laboratory experiments, 
we have since built several similar 
generators having clock speeds and 
word lengths suited to microcom- 
puter applications. Two of these 
devices have been installed in por- 
table video-display point plotters 
based on the Rockwell AIM-65 com- 
puter. We use these plotters in vision 
research studies conducted away 
from the laboratory. 

Compared with traditional analog 
versions, the digital generator offers 
decreased sensitivity to external noise 
(which can induce periodic com- 
ponents into the output of analog 
designs) and decreased production of 
noise that may interfere with the host 
computer. An additional benefit of 
the digital generator is complete 
freedom from the logical asymmetry 
often found in analog generator out- 
puts. Without very careful adjust- 



ments made with the help of calibra- 
tion programs, analog-based 
random-number generators tend to 
produce unequal totals of logic Is and 
Os — in a large sample of random 
binary outputs these totals should be 
exactly equal. Although careful 
calibration allows you to obtain 
equal 1 and totals with analog- 
based generators, the Is-to-Os ratio 
tends to wander with time, requiring 
the periodic recalibration typical of 
any sensitive open-loop analog 
device. 

Shift-Register-Based Circuit 

The digital random-number gener- 
ator (see figure 1, page 382) is a shift- 
register-based circuit more properly 
called a pseudorandom sequencer. 
This device, discussed by Don Lan- 
caster in his excellent hobbyist 
reference TTL Cookbook (Howard 
W. Sams & Co., 1974), is essentially 
just a long shift register combined 
with additional logic circuitry. The 
outputs from two or more stages near 
the end of the register serve as the in- 
puts to the logic circuit, which pro- 
duces a bit that in turn feeds back to 
the register's first stage. This 
modified-ring shift register cycles 
through a number of states, each con- 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 379 



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sisting of a unique combination of 
binary bits present on the register 
outputs. The device assumes a new 
state each time a clock circuit causes 
the register to shift. When all possible 
states have appeared at the outputs, 
the first state reappears, and the cycle 
begins again. 

As the device runs through its cycle 
of states, the outputs of eight ar- 
bitrarily chosen register stages can be 
used as the bits of a data byte. New 
bytes can be produced as rapidly as 
the register can be made to shift. For a 
register built from LSTTL (low-power 
Schottky transistor-transistor logic), 
this circuit can generate about 40 
million random bytes per second, a 
rate far faster than that at which any 
microprocessor or minicomputer can 
operate on data. 

This method of random-number 
generation is a close hardware 
equivalent of the multiplication and 
truncation technique used by many 
software random-number routines. 
Each register shift is equivalent to a 
multiplication by two, and the selec- 
tion of 8 bits of the result as a data 
byte corresponds to the digit-trunca- 
tion process. 

The numerical values represented 
by the data bytes do not change at 
random; a precise logical function 
relates the value of each byte pro- 
duced to the values preceding it. In 
the case of a single shift, the value of 
the new data is at most 1 bit different 
from one-half or twice the preceding 
value, depending on the direction of 
shift. The 1-bit variation arises from 
the way that the logical feedback cir- 
cuit affects the bits of the current 
data. However, as successive shifts 
take place, the function relating the 
value of each new data byte to the 
starting value becomes extremely 
complex, and data bytes separated by 
a few shifts of the register have 
numerical values that appear to be 
completely unrelated, closely approx- 
imating the behavior of truly random 
values. 

To avoid having any recognizable 
function relating one value of the 
data to the next, you need only to 
operate the circuit rapidly enough so 
that several shifts of the register take 
place between successive acquisitions 



of the output data by the computer. 

In our microcomputer applica- 
tions, we use 6502-based computers 
that have a 1-MHz clock frequency. 
These machines can acquire a latched 
byte of data from the pseudorandom 
sequencer and store it in memory (us- 
ing indexed addressing) in about 
15jts. The 500-kHz clock frequency of 
the circuit in figure 1 results in seven 
shifts of the register separating the 
computer-acquired data bytes, and 
the resulting stored data approx- 
imates random data extremely well. 

For use with faster computers you 
can sample the pseudorandom data 
more frequently (with some loss of 
"randomness"), or you can speed up 
the device by decreasing the value of 
the capacitor that controls the fre- 
quency of its clock (Cl in figure 1). 

The Number Series 

At first glance, the finite size of the 
series of numbers produced by the 
pseudorandom sequencer may seem 
to be a serious drawback to this form 
of random-number generation, but a 
detailed look at the device shows why 
this is usually not so. 

The length of the cycle of possible 
states in a shift register depends on 
the number of stages in the register 
and on the form of the logical feed- 
back function used. For certain forms 
of this function, you can make the 
number of states as large as one less 
than the theoretical maximum of 2" 
states, where n is the number of 
stages in the register. The complexity 
of the feedback function required to 
give maximum cycle length depends 
on the number of stages involved. A 
register with 31 stages runs through a 
maximum-length cycle when the feed- 
back is a simple two-input exclusive 
NOR function that takes its inputs 
from the outputs of register stages 28 
and 31. A 31-stage shift register can 
be made with only four 74LS164 
eight-stage TTL packages. With the 
addition of another package (74LS86) 
containing exclusive OR gates and a 
final one (74LS04) to act as the system 
clock, we can build a sequencer with 
2 31 -1, or 2,147,483,647, discrete 
output states. The circuit shown in 
figure 1 uses only six logic packages 
and a handful of resistors and 



330 June 1963 © BYTE Publications lnc 



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BYTE June 1983 381 



RESET 
FROM 
COMPUTER 




RESET PULSE 
GENERATOR 



1C2 IC1 

74LS86 c2 74LS04 

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IC2 
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SEQUENCER OUTPUTS 

(CHOOSE ANY 8 FOR DATA OUTPUT TO COMPUTER) 

IC3, 4,5 - PINS 3,4,5,6,10, 11,12,13 
IC6 - PINS 3,4,5, 6,10, 11, 12 

N.C. «NO CONNECTION 



Number 


Type 


+ 5VGND 


IC1 


74LS04 


14 7 


IC2 


74LS86 


14 7 


IC3 


74LS164 


14 7 


IC4 


74LS164 


14 7 


IC5 


74LS164 


14 7 


IC6 


74LS164 


14 7 



Figure 1: Six TTL packages form a random-number generator capable of producing 
2,147,483,647 discrete output states. 



capacitors, yet it produces a con- 
tinuous stream of bytes of pseudo- 
random data at the rate of 500,000 
bytes per second for more than an 
hour. 

In applications not requiring such 
speeds, you could slow the clock 
enough to stretch the cycle time of the 
sequencer to several hours. However, 
in many applications the repetition of 
number sequences is extremely un- 
likely even if the generator cycles 
many times during a single computer- 



program execution. This charac- 
teristic is due to the sequencer being 
clocked by its own oscillator, which 
is not synchronized to the clock of the 
computer. In most applications, the 
computer selects a number or set of 
numbers from the rapid continuous 
stream of numbers (half a million per 
second in this case) produced by the 
sequencer. The program then per- 
forms some calculations or manipula- 
tions using these numbers before 
reading in a new set of numbers for 



the next series of operations. Fre- 
quently, these operations are sepa- 
rated by delays of several seconds 
during which the computer waits 
from some input, such as a keyboard 
entry. 

If a small set of random numbers is 
read in once every few seconds on the 
average, then the chances of obtain- 
ing identical data during successive 
sequencer cycles is on the order of 
one in a million. Thus, in many cases, 
you will see no evidence of the cyclic 
nature of the device and can treat the 
pseudorandom sequencer as the 
source of a virtually infinite stream of 
random numbers. 

Demon State 

I should clarify a few points con- 
cerning this design. First, sequencers 
of the form discussed here have one 
"demon state" that can trap them and 
halt operation. If all 31 stages of the 
register contain Is, then no 0s can be 
produced by the feedback circuit, and 
the sequencer remains in this one 
state indefinitely. Fortunately, this 
state is not produced as a part of the 
cycle of usual sequencer outputs, but 
a remote danger exists that it may oc- 
cur when the power is applied or 
through the chance action of some ex- 
ternal event such as a glitch in the 
power-supply voltage. This frozen 
state can be escaped if you reset some 
or all of the stages of the shift register 
to by applying a low pulse to the 
reset pins of one or more of the shift 
register packages. 

In the figure 1 circuit, an unused in- 
verter from ICl is connected as a half- 
monostable circuit, which produces a 
suitable reset pulse in response to a 
positive transition at its input. A 
spare exclusive OR gate allows this 
reset transition to come from either a 
signal generated by the computer or 
the push of a button by the operator. 

Interfacing 

The random data produced by the 
digital device described here is useful 
only if it can be accessed through the 
data bus of the computer on demand. 
You can most easily accomplish this 
by using an 8-bit parallel-input port 
that is able to latch its inputs on the 
transition of an external signal. 



382 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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STAGE N+ 2 
































STAGE N + 1 






















STAGE N 






















CLOCK 


1. 




1 




I 




i 




i 



3 4 5 6 

TIME (MICROSECONDS) 



Figure 2: As illustrated in this timing diagram showing the figure 1 circuit's clock signal 
and three register-stage outputs, sequencer data remains stable for about 1.5 fis follow- 
ing a negative-going clock transition. 



Figure 2 shows the relationship be- 
tween the waveform produced by the 
sequencer clock and the contents of a 
few stages of the shift register. The 
register shifts on every positive tran- 
sition of the clock waveform. The 
positive pulses produced by the clock 
in figure 1 occur every 2/xs and have a 
duty cycle of about 25 percent. Thus, 



the data from the sequencer is stable 
for about 1.5/is following the clock 
pulse's negative transition. You use 
this transition as the signal that 
causes the latches in the input port to 
hold the current data. When the com- 
puter is finished with the byte of ran- 
dom data, the latches can be cleared 
in preparation for the latching of the 



next available random byte upon the 
clock waveform's next negative tran- 
sition. 

Conclusion 

We have interfaced the output of 
the sequencer described here with a 
Rockwell AIM-65 microcomputer us- 
ing one of the latchable ports in the 
6522 VIA (versatile interface adapter) 
provided for user applications on the 
AIM-65 board. Frequency counts of 
the 256 possible outputs of the 
pseudorandom sequencer compiled 
with this computer showed a rec- 
tangular frequency distribution 
indicating that each of the possible 
numbers has equal probability of 
occurrence. No discernible patterns 
appeared in the frequency counts, 
even when the set of numbers tested 
reached 200 million samples. ■ 



About the Author 

Gary Finley designs custom peripheral hard- 
ware and assembly -language software for com- 
puters used as laboratory controllers in the 
academic research conducted at the University 
of Alberta psychology department. 




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AVL Trees 

Introducing a Russian-developed scheme 
for searching and updating sorted data efficiently 



In most sciences, Russian contribu- 
tions are well known and respected. 
Russians, for example, invented the 
tokamak fusion reactor. Advances in 
computer science sometimes seem 
almost exclusively Western, but even 
in this field the Russians have made 
significant contributions. One is the 
so-called AVL tree, a data structure 
that allows sorted data to be handled 
efficiently. 

Sorting data in alphabetic or 
numeric order allows a unit of data to 
be found quickly via a binary or 
logarithmic search (see figure 1). The 
computer compares the key to ele- 
ment x, the desired item, with the key 
to element y, an item located halfway 
between the beginning and end of the 
table. If the x key is larger than the y 
key, x is in the second half of the 
table; otherwise, jc is in the first half 
of the table. In either case, the search 
space has been cut in half. Ultimately, 
this procedure narrows the search 
space down to two items. The total 
number of comparisons required to 
search a table containing n items is 
log 2 (n) + 1. Searching a table con- 
taining 1000 items, for example, re- 
quires at most 11 steps. 



W. D. Maurer 

Department of Electrical Engineering 

& Computer Science 

George Washington University 

Washington, DC 20052 



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THAN Y) 


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(SMALLER 
THAN Y) 






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(LARGER 
THAN Y) 


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THAN Y) 








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Figure 1: A simple comparison reduces the 
problem of searching for x in a sorted 
array (left) to searching for x in a sorted 
array half the size of the original (right). 



The trouble with sorted tables 
comes when they have to be updated. 
On the average, inserting a new item 
in a table containing n elements re- 
quires shifting n/2 elements. (It might 
take more or fewer steps, depending 
on where the newly inserted element 
fits in the table.) 

Many programs that have to search 
and update large tables quickly use a 
hash function to assign table loca- 
tions to items based on their keys. 
This technique allows both efficient 
searching and insertion. But it has a 



drawback: data is scattered randomly 
around the table. This means that the 
data has to be sorted before it can be 
printed, a time-consuming process. 
Many applications require fast per- 
formance of three tasks: printing out 
data in sorted order, finding data, 
and adding new data. Neither a 
sorted array nor a hash table will suf- 
fice in such a case. 

Enter the Russians — specifically, 
two Russians named G. M. Adelson- 
Velskii and Y. M. Landis. Writing in 
a mathematical journal called 
Doklady Akademii Nauk (Reports of 
the Academy of Sciences), they 
outlined a tree structure (figure 2) 
that permits these three operations to 
be carried out efficiently. The struc- 
ture became known as an Adelson- 
Velskii-Landis tree, or an AVL tree 
for short. 

A tree structure is a scheme for 
storing data in memory. It consists of 
interlinked nodes, each of which con- 
tains data plus one or more pointers 
to other nodes. A node that is not 
pointed to by any other node is called 
a root node; nodes that do not point 
to any other nodes are called leaf 
nodes. Each node occupies one or 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 387 




Figure 2: An AVL tree represents sorted data as interlinked nodes. 




v..©...-- •--©--" 



s®,. 



Figure 3: To print an AVL tree in sorted order the computer traverses the tree along the 
path shown. The circled numbers indicate points at which elements are printed. 







Figure 4: Inserting a new entry into a tree creates a new level. 



more consecutive memory locations. 
A pointer is simply the memory ad- 
dress of a node. 

An AVL tree represents the path 
taken by a computer through a sorted 
table during a binary search. The root 
node contains the middle item in the 
table and also contains two pointers, 
one to a subtree representing the 
lower half of the table and the other 
to a subtree representing the upper 
half. Each subtree similarly divides its 
half of the table into further subtree 
nodes. Searching the tree involves 
tracing through the branches from the 
root node to the leaves, comparing 
the key of the desired item to the con- 
tents of the nodes. 

For example, to find item 19 in the 
AVL tree in figure 2, the computer 
would start with the root node. 
Because 19 is less than its contents, 
the computer would search the sub- 
tree pointed to by the left pointer. It 
would continue this process until it 
reached node 19, which happens to be 
a leaf node. The computer never 
searches the same level twice; 
therefore, the number of search steps 
is equal to the number of levels: 
1 + log 2 n where n is the number of 
items in the tree. Thus, searching an 
AVL tree is as efficient as searching a 
sorted table. 

Printing out the tree elements in 
order may be accomplished by trac- 
ing through the tree in the pattern 
shown in figure 3. This scheme entails 
visiting some nodes twice before 
printing them out. Hence, printing an 
AVL tree in order requires more 
operations than printing out a sorted 
table. However, it is more efficient 
than printing out a hash table. 

Adding new elements to an AVL 
tree presents the problem of keeping 
the tree in balance — that is, with 
about the same number of levels in 
the left as the right branch of the tree. 
A balanced tree has a minimum 
number of levels and hence is the 
most quickly searched. A simple pro- 
cedure would be to tack a new node 
immediately beneath two adjacent 
leaf nodes that are smaller and greater 
than the new node, respectively 
(figure 4). But this procedure quickly 
leads to a badly unbalanced tree 
(figure 5). 



388 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Fortunately, trees do not need to be 
perfectly balanced, as in figure 2; 
restoring a tree to perfect balance can 
require a large amount of time. The 
basic contribution of Adelson-Velskii 
and Landis was to devise a relaxed 
definition of a balanced tree that 
allows efficient rebalancing whenever 
a new element is added. 

They defined a balanced tree as one 
in which the two subtrees governed 
by any node never differ in height by 
more than one level. Specifically, the 
subtrees may either be equal in 
height, or the left subtree may be one 
level higher than the right, or vice 
versa. In an AVL tree, each node is 
marked as to which case holds (see 
figure 6): 

L = left subtree higher 

E = equal heights 

R = right subtree higher 

Only two bits are required at each 
node to hold this balance factor. 

To insert a new piece of data into 
an AVL tree in such a way that it re- 
mains balanced, the computer first 
determines where to put the new 
datum. This is done by searching the 
tree for the two adjacent leaf nodes 
between which the new node fits in 
sorted order. The new node is then 
tacked onto the left leaf node, 
creating a new level, and the balance 
factors are adjusted appropriately 
(figure 7). 

If the insertion violates the balance 
criterion, the computer must perform 
a balancing operation. There are six 
possible balancing operations, 
depending on the sequence of balance 
factors from the unbalanced node to 
the new node: LL, LRL, LRR, RLL, 
RLR, and RR (figure 8). For example, 
the insertion in figure 7 requires an 
RLR. In two cases, two node positions 
and three pointers are changed; in the 
other cases, three node positions and 
five pointers are changed. When a 
node position is changed, its balance 
factor is also changed. Once the 
balancing operation is completed, the 
insertion algorithm is finished. 

How much time does this insertion 
algorithm take? It requires 1 4- log 2 n 
steps to find the place to insert the 




36 










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37 






1 \ 






\ 


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38 









Figure 5: Insertion of new items can lead to an unbalanced tree, increasing the length of 
a search path. 




Figure 6: An AVL tree includes factors that enable re-balancing the tree when a new ele- 
ment is added. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 389 



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2 


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12 











Figure 7: Inserting a new element in a tree (left) requires changing the balance factors. 




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ti T 5 




Tj A T 2 B Y 






T, T 9 




Tj B YC T 2 AT 3 





Tj B T 2 CYAT, 




T l T 2 T 3 




T x A Y C T 2 B T 3 





tj A T 2 C Y B Tj 




Figure 8: Six possible balancing operations exist, depending on the sequence of balance 
factors from the unbalanced node to the new node: LL, LRL, LRR, RLL, RLR, and RR. 



new item plus a constant amount of 
time for the balancing operation, if 
necessary. 

This is by no means the end of the 
study of balanced binary trees. The 
complete insertion algorithm for AVL 
trees is given in a high-level language 
in Fundamentals of Data Structures 
by Ellis Horowitz and Sartaj Sahni 
(Computer Science Press, 1976). 
There is a deletion algorithm for AVL 
trees, which allows one to take data 
out of an AVL tree in an amount of 
time that is also proportional to log 2 



n. Then there are bounded-balanced 
trees, B-trees, 2-3-trees, neighbor 
trees, Jc-trees, and brother trees; a 
guide to all this forestry is given in the 
bibliography of "Right Brother Trees" 
by Th. Ottmann, H. W. Six, and D. 
Wood, in the September 1978 issue of 
the Communications of the ACM. ■ 

About the Author 

W. D, Maurer is a professor of computer 
science. His latest book, Apple Assembly Lan- 
guage, is soon to be published by Computer 
Science Press of Rockville, Maryland. 



390 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



UNLIKE MOST PERSONAL COMPUTERS, 

THE OLIVETTI M20 
HASN'T FORGOTTEN THAT THE MIND 

HASA 




• 1 



^k/I. 



The Olivetti M20 personal 
computer is designed to meet 
the most demanding needs of 
your business. It's also intelli- 
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needs of your body as well. 

Begin with the problem of 
eyestrain. The M20 offers 
extraordinarily high- 
resolution screens, both in 
color and black and white. 
Not only are the graphics 
more exacting, but the 
characters in word pro- 
cessing are more sharply 
defined. 

The display screen can 
be tilted, swiveled or 
even removed and placed 
nearby So the M20 
accommodates itself to 
your height, posture and 
work habits. 

Even the keyboard is eco- 
nomically designed to have 
the optimum slant. And it's in 
the same configuration as your 
typewriter, so you need not 
readjust to it. 

Or consider die simple 
matter of time. Waiting for a 
program to run can be vexing. 
So Olivetti designed the M20 
to be a true 16-bit computer, 

What's more, the M20's 
single- key programming feature 
can shorten the task of writing 
software by hours. 

But of all the senses the 
M20 appeals to, it appeals 




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most strongly to your business 
sense. To begin with, it offers 
the flexibility you need in 
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It has 128K RAM, enough 
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What's more, the M20 is 
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j Evaluate DRl's forecast 
)( % of government spending. 



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Track monthly pattern 
• in oil wells drilled. 








Analyze price indexes 
for key insurance costs. 



85. 




mmm 



ncal 
line. 









•2 <~) Project next quarter's 
31* . costs for your business. 






113 



Forecast sales in 21 
'• basic industries. 



©Copyright 1983 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. 



McGRAWHILL PUBLICATIONS CO. 

McGRAWHILL BOOK CO. 

McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL BOOK CO. 

McGRAW-HILL BROADCASTING CO. 

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For more details regarding the 
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6 Compare your business 
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Evaluate arbitrage 
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Analyze inflation 
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8 Analyze DRI's forecast 
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7C Track weekly rail ship- 
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Build a Simple Light Pen 
for the Apple II 

Avoid complex hardware with the strategic use of software. 



David J. Lilja 
243 Acalanes Dr., #3 
Sunnyvale, CA 94086 



You can use an inexpensive light 
pen instead of keyboard entry or an 
expensive digitizing tablet to control 
the Apple II's extensive graphics 
capabilities. In this article, you'll find 
a light pen design that relies on soft- 
ware to do most of the work, keeping 
the hardware simple. 

The light pen in this design consists 
of a photodetector that senses light 
emitted from the video display 
screen. The hardware provides a 
logic-level input to the computer™ an 
input at one level when no light is 
detected and another level when it is. 
To determine the location on the 
screen to which the light pen is 
pointed, the computer plots a bright 
block at a known location on an 
otherwise black screen. It then checks 
the light-pen input to see whether the 
pen detected the light. If it did, the 
computer then knows the pen's loca- 
tion (the location of the block). If the 
pen did not detect the block of light, 
the computer moves the block on to 
another location and checks again. It 
continues in this fashion until it finds 
the pen or has searched the entire 
screen. 

Uses of the Light Pen 

The light pen serves two main pur- 
poses. The first is simple menu selec- 
tion. When the display presents a list 
of possible alternatives, the user can 
merely point at one with the light pen 
rather than type in a choice. This 
capability eases selection for the inex- 



perienced computer user and pro- 
vides fewer opportunities for error 
than do other methods. 

The second, and perhaps more im- 
portant, task for the light pen is to in- 
put graphic information to the com- 
puter. The user can merely draw a 
figure on the screen to be stored in the 
computer's memory. This method is 
much easier than trying to define a 
complex figure by specifying coor- 
dinates via the keyboard. 

Operation of the Apple II 

You must understand the way the 
Apple II displays graphics to success- 
fully use the light pen. The system has 
two graphics modes: high resolution 
(high-res) and low resolution (low- 
res). Both are bit-mapped, generating 
video information from data in 
specific locations in memory. The 
low-res display shares IK bytes of 
memory (from hexadecimal 400 to 
7FF) with the standard text display. 
This configuration provides a 40 by 
40 array of blocks with four lines of 
text at the bottom. The high-res 
display occupies an 8K-byte block of 
memory (from 2000 to 3FFF), which 
provides a display of 44,800 dots in a 
280 by 160 dot array. A program can 
move between these two modes by 
referencing a certain memory loca- 
tion. When the light pen is used, the 
main display is the high-res screen, 
but the search for the light pen is done 
on the low-res screen. 

The computer must search the en- 



tire screen each time it looks for the 
light pen. This method allows you to 
place the pen at any point on the 
screen at any time as well as move the 
pen away from the screen without 
causing the computer to lose track of 
where the pen is pointed. 

A program I wrote in Applesoft 
BASIC that can accomplish this entire 
screen search proved extremely slow, 
taking 10 to 15 seconds to locate the 
pen in the worst case — much too slow 
to be useful. 

To speed up the search, I tried re- 
writing the program in 6502 assembly 
language. At first, the resulting pro- 
gram ran too fast. It would write data 
for a block to a memory location in 
the low-res buffer area, check the pen 
input, determine that it had not 
detected the block's light, and then 
erase the block and move on to the 
next location. The video display's up- 
date rate, nominally 1/60 of a second 
(16.7 milliseconds), proved to be the 
problem. The computer, running 
very fast, would write the block data, 
check the pen, and erase the block 
before it could be incorporated into 
the video stream and be actually dis- 
played on the screen. The solution 
was to insert a delay between plotting 
the block and checking the pen to 
allow time for the block to be dis- 
played. Unfortunately, the shortest 
delay time that seemed to work was 
about 4 ms, and therefore scanning 
the entire display took about 6 sec- 
onds. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 395 



+ 5V 




TO 

GAME 
I/O 
PORT 



PHOTOTRANSISTOR 



100K 



500K 

try — 7h 



IC2 
74121 



Figure 1: The circuit in the light pen's design uses a phototransistor, which serves as the 
device's sensing element. 



Listing 1: The PEN subroutine. 



PRESS A 


Mt 


\L T 


I COM] IN'UE 








dUiJk C£ 


* XL 


£ • 


:i E N 2 








0000 i 






i fSueRou 


TINE 


TQ FIND l 


ICHI'PEN IN 


0000 i 






2 t SMALL SQUARE 




next 


o&. 


j'ECT FILE NAME 13 


PEN2.0BJ(. 




03001 






3 


ORG 


$300 




0300 :4C 


09 


03 


4 FINDPEN 


JMP 


START 




03031 






5 ^********#*******3K****** ****** 


0303: 






6 * DEFINE ST 


ORAGE 




0303* 






7 ************ 


********* 


********* 


3 3 : 






3 VERT 


DFB 


Q 


JHORIZ POSITION 


0304:00 






9 HORIZ 


DFB 





fVERT POSITION 


0305: 00 






10 SAUEA 


DFB 





JTEMP STORAGE FOR ACC 


0306100 






11 HEND 


DFB 





t HORIZ END OF BLOCK 


0307: 00 






12 VEND 


DFB 





JVERT END OF BLOCK 


0303:00 






13 H3TART 


DFB 





i HORIZ START OF BLOCK 


0309: 






14 ; 








0309: 






15 i DEFINE 


EQUATES 




03091 






16 ; 








0002: 






17 OFFSET 


EQU 


j*j 


?"SIZE" OF SEARCH 


ooof: 






18 WHITE 


EQU 


15 


jCQLGR WHITE 


0000 I 






19 BLACK 


EQU 





f COLOR BLACK 


fsoo: 






20 PLOT 


EQU 


*F800 


J PLOT SUBROUTINE 


F364: 






21 SETCOL 


EQU 


$F364 


J SET COLOR SUB. 


FCA3: 






22 WAIT 


EQU 


*FCA3 


r DELAY SUBROUTINE 


0023: 






23 DELAY 


EQU 


40 


r LENGTH OP DELAY 


C063: 






24 PEN 


EQU 


SCO 63 


r ADDRESS OF PEN 


C056: 






25 LORES 


EQU 


$C056 


J30FT SWITCHES 


C057 : 






26 HIRES 


EQU 


SCO 57 




coz+: 






27 PAGE1 


EQU 


$CG 54 




c o 5 o : 






23 GRAPHIC 


EQU 


$€050 




F336 i 






29 CLRSCR 


EQU 


$F336 


f CLEAR SCREEN 


0309: 






30 t 








0309: 






31 ******************************** 


0309: 






32 * MAIN 


PROGRAM 




0309: 






33 ******************************** 


03091 






34 i 








0309 : 20 


36 


F3 


35 START 


J3R 


CLRSCR 


t CLEAR THE SCREEN 


030C: AD 


5^ 


CO 


36 


LDA 


PAGE1 


J SET LD-RESr P. 1 


030 f I 






37 i 








030F : 






38 riNtt VARIABLES WITH 


LIMIT CHECKS 


030F: 






39 t 








030FJ18 






40 


CLC 




?HEND=HORIZ 4 OFFSET 


03101 AD 


04 


03 


41 


LDA 


HORIZ 




0313:o9 


02 




42 


ADC 


♦OFFSET 




0315IC9 


23 




43 


CMP 


*40 


i A<40? 


0317190 


02 




44 


BCC 


HOK 


JYES 


0319: A9 


27 




45 


LDA 


♦ 39 


,*N0> LIMIT TO 39 


031B:3D 


66 


03 


46 HOK 


ST A 


HEND 




031EU3 






47 


CLC 




fUEND-'v'ERT * OFFSET 


031FIAD 


03 


03 


43 


LDA 


VERT 




0322to9 


02 




49 


ADC 


♦OFFSET 




0324 :C9 


23 




50 


CMP 


♦ 40 


i A<40? 


0326 : 90 


02 




51 


BCC 


'v'OK 


?YES 


0323 :A9 


27 




-> 2 


LDA 


♦ 39 


;UOf LIMIT TQ 39 


032a:sd 


07 


03 


53 OQK 


STA 


OEND 





Listing 1 continued on page 398 



To overcome the problem caused 
by this slow search time, I changed 
the program so that the computer in- 
stead scanned only a small portion of 
the screen, an area of 25 blocks in a 5 
by 5 array centered at the last-known 
position of the pen. Because the com- 
puter then must scan only 25 loca- 
tions instead of 1600, search time 
decreases from about 6 seconds to less 
than 100 ms. This rate causes notice- 
able flicker on the display; however, 
it is not objectionable. This drastic 
reduction in search time requires a 
trade-off with ease of use, however. 
When the computer is searching only 
a 25-block area, you must slide the 
pen across the screen so that the com- 
puter does not lose track of it. If the 
pen is not detected in this small area, 
the computer assumes that the pen is 
not pointing at the screen and that 
nothing is changed. The increase in 
speed outweighs the minor inconve- 
nience of having to slide the pen. 

Hardware 

The light pen communicates with 
the Apple using a TTL-level (tran- 
sistor-transistor logic) signal to the 
Apple's game I/O (input/output) 
port, the port through which the 
game paddles are connected to the 
machine. To keep hardware require- 
ments to a minimum, the pen's signal 
is linked through the push-button 2 
input (PB2), which connects directly 
to a 74LS251 data selector. The signal 
is checked by examining the most 
significant bit of location hexadeci- 
mal C063. 

A phototransistor serves as the 
light pen's basic sensing element. The 
emitter is grounded, the collector is 
pulled up to +5V (volts) with a re- 
sistor, and light input is used as the 
base drive. The phototransistor alone 
doesn't provide the necessary logic 
levels to drive the input, however; 
nor is the light from the screen suffici- 
ently bright to completely saturate 
the transistor and create a solid logic 
0. 

The complete circuitry needed to 
make the pen work is shown in figure 
1; it can be installed in any ap- 
propriate cylindrical housing. The 
phototransistor's collector is pulled 
up to +5 V through the 47 k-ohm 



396 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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IBM Personal Computer is a registered trademark of IBM. 



Circle 111 on inquiry card. 






BYTE June 1983 397 



Listing 1 


continued: 










0Z2L13B 




54 




SEC 




fY=HORIZ - OFFSET 


032E:A£i 


04 03 


55 




LDA 


HORIZ 




0331tE? 


02 


56 




SBC 


♦OFFSET 




0333110 


02 


57 




BPL 


H20K 


£l>=o? YES 


0335 : A9 


00 


53 




LDA 


*0 


fHUf LIMIT TO 


0337J8D 


08 03 


59 


H20K 


STA 


HSTART 




033A:A8 




60 




TAY 






033BI38 




61 




SEC 




fA = VERT - OFFSET 


033C: AD 


03 03 


62 




LDA 


VERT 




033FIE? 


02 


63 




SBC 


♦OFFSET 




0341 : 10 


02 


64 




BPL 


V20K 


?A>=0? YES 


Q343;a? 


00 


65 




LDA 


♦ 


iHQt SET TO 


0345 :8D 


05 03 


66 


V20K 


STA 


SAVEA 




0348: 




67 


| 








0343: 




68 


fFlND 


LIGHTPEN 




0348: 




69 


t 








0348:AD 


56 CO 


70 


AGAIN 


LDA 


LORES 


J PLOT ON LO-RES SCREEN 


034b:a? 


OF 


71 




LDA 


♦WHITE 


J SET COLOR 


0340 : 20 


64 F8 


72 




JSR 


SETCOL 




0350 : AD 


05 03 


73 




LDA 


SAVEA 


J PLOT POINT 


0353:20 


00 FS 


74 




JSR 


PLOT 




0356JA9 


28 


75 




LDA 


♦DELAY 


? PAUSE 


0353:20 


AS FC 


76 




JSR 


UAIT 




035B:AD 


63 CO 


77 




LDA 


PEN 


J READ FEN < BIT"-/ ? 


035E:i0 


29 


78 




BPL 


FOUND 


?LOW = > FOUND 


0360:A? 


00 


79 




LDA 


♦BLACK 


fSET COLOR 


0362120 


64 F3 


80 




JSR 


SETCOL 




0365: AD 


05 03 


31 




LDA 


SAUEA 


J ERASE POINT 


0368120 


00 F3 


82 




JSR 


PLOT ■ 




036b:ad 


57 CO 


33 




LDA 


HIRES 


iSET TO HI -RES SCREEN 


QS&E I C3 




34 




INY 




J NEXT HORIZ 


036F:CC 


06 03 


35 




CPY 


HEND 


r Y>HEND? 


0372 :?o 


§4 


36 




BCC 


AGAIN 


fUQr 


0374 :fo 


D2 


37 




BEQ 


AGAIN 


J DO IT AGAIN 


0376J AC 


08 03 


83 




LDY 


HSTART 


iYESt RESET Y 


037? :ee 


05 03 


89 




INC 


SAYEA 


fNEXT VERT POSITION 


037CIAD 


05 03 


90 




LDA 


SAVEA 




037F : Cl\ 


07 03 


91 




CMP 


VEND 


?A>VEND? 


0382:90 


C4 


92 




BCC 


AGAIN 


rNO» DO IT 


0384:F0 


C2 


93 




BEQ 


AGAIN 


> AGAIN 


038o;4C 


VA 03 


^4 




J MP 


DONE 


i FINISHED, NOT FOUND 


0339:A9 


00 


95 


FOUND 


LDA 


♦BLACK 


?S£t COLOR 


033BI2O 


64 F3 


96 




JSR 


SETCOL 




033EJAD 


05 OS 


97 




LDA 


SAVEA 


J SAVE NEW HORIZ 


0391 ;8D 


OS 03 


?'8 




STA 


VERT 




0394 ;8C 


04 03 


99 




ST? 


HORIZ 


5SAVE NEW VERT 


0397:20 


00 F3 


100 




JSR 


PLOT 


i ERASE POINT 


039a:ad 


57 CO 


101 


DUNE 


LDA 


HIRES 


JRESET HI-RES 


059D:oO 




102 




HIS 




JRETURN 


*** SUCCESSFUL 


ASSLhlU.Y: 


NO ERRORS 





resistor. This large resistor was used 
so that relatively small base currents 
would bring V CE sufficiently low to 
trip the comparator. The comparator 
is linked (with hysteresis) to the 
500 k-ohm potentiometer allowing 
adjustment of the overall sensitivity. 
The comparator turns off too soon 
when the light pen is positioned on 
the edge of a block however, and the 
block drifts slightly on the screen, 
perhaps as a result of electromagnetic 
interference. When the block moves, 
the phototransistor is no longer 
saturated and thus turns off the com- 
parator prematurely. To prevent the 
phototransistor from turning off too 
early, the comparator's output is con- 
nected to a monostable multivibrator 
that furnishes the actual signal out- 
put. The circuit provides a normally 
high signal on the PB2 input, but goes 
low for approximately 5 ms when the 



phototransistor detects light. The 
computer detects this negative-going 
pulse. 

The PEN Subroutine 

The PEN subroutine (listing 1) per- 
forms the search for the light pen on 
the screen. To ensure that the routine 
operates as quickly as possible, it is 
written in 6502 assembly language. 
The operating system resident in the 
Apple leaves page 3 of memory free 
from system use and available for 
user machine-language routines. For 
this reason, the subroutine was as- 
sembled at location hexadecimal 300 
and is entered by a subroutine call to 
that location. As written, the routine 
is not relocatable object code. (Table 
1 lists variables for the PEN 
subroutine.) 

The routine does not require any 
parameters to be passed to it and 



VERT 


— the pen's last-known 




vertical coordinate 


HORIZ 


— the pen's last-known hori- 




zontal coordinate 


SAVEA 


— temporary storage loca- 




tion for the accomolator 


HEND 


— the horizontal coordinate of 




the end of the search block 


VEND 


— the vertical coordinate of 




the end of the search block 


HSTART 


— the horizontal coordinate of 




the start of the search 




block 


OFFSET 


— the plus and minus offset 




that determines the search 




block's size 


Table 1: 


Variables for the PEN 


subroutine 





returns with the horizontal and ver- 
tical coordinates stored in memory. 
Both of these coordinates are in the 
range to 39; (0,0) is the upper-left 
corner of the screen and (39,39) is the 
lower-right corner. The vertical coor- 
dinate is returned in memory location 
hexadecimal 303; the horizontal, in 
location 304. If the light pen is not 
pointing to the screen when the sub- 
routine is called, the subroutine will 
return with the pen's last-known posi- 
tion, thus leaving these two locations 
unchanged. 

The PEN subroutine limits its 
search to a small area around the 
pen's last-known position, a 5 by 5 
square that corresponds to an offset 
of ±2 blocks in both the horizontal 
and vertical directions. In figure 2, 
you see that the subroutine first cal- 
culates the limits using an offset of 2. 
The limits are within a 0-to-39 range 
so that the search for the pen does not 
extend off the screen. As the program 
progresses, the current horizontal 
position is in the Y register, and the 
vertical position is in the ac- 
cumulator, A. 

After this initialization, the sub- 
routine switches the display to the 
low-res mode by referencing memory 
location C056. It then plots the first 
block of the search square using a 
subroutine in the Apple's monitor 
(PLOT). After a delay of about 4 ms, 
the subroutine checks the light-pen 
input. If the pen has sensed the block, 
the program erases it, updates the 
horizontal- and vertical-position 
parameters to the new position, and 



398 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 




Ill 



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C PEN ) 






HEND = HORIZ ♦ OFFSET 



VEND^VERT+OFFSET 



ALL VARIABLES . 
ARE LIMITED TO \ 
VALUES BETWEEN 
AND 39 



HSTART= HORIZ -OFFSET 



Y=HSTART 



A=VERT-OFFSET 



SET SCREEN TO 
LOW-RES GRAPHICS 



I 




Figure 2: This flowchart plots the course of the PEN subroutine, which uses the top portion of the low-res display. 



then returns to the calling program. If 
the pen does not sense the block, the 
program erases it and moves right to 
the next horizontal position, continu- 
ing until it reaches the end of the first 
line in the square. It then moves to 
the next line in the square and starts 
again. This process repeats until the 
pen is found or the entire square has 
been searched. The result of the pro- 
cess is a series of flashing blocks that 
seem to follow the pen around the 
screen. When the pen is not on the 
screen, the blocks remain stationary. 
The PEN subroutine is very general 
and can be built into application pro- 
grams to find the light pen's position 
on the screen. Note, however, that 



the subroutine uses the top portion of 
the low-res display, the same display 
used by the normal text mode. Thus, 
a program that must use more than 
the bottom four lines of text will re- 
quire modifications to use this 
subroutine. 

The LINES Program 

The LINES program (listing 2), 
written in BASIC, enables you to 
draw shapes on the screen through 
the PEN subroutine. You move the 
flashing square, termed the cursor, 
anywhere on the top portion of the 
screen. Error messages appear in the 
bottom four lines of text. You can 
mark the current position of the cur- 



sor by pushing the space bar, which 
places a small cross on the screen and 
stores that point's location in an ar- 
ray. After marking a few points in 
this way, you can connect the points 
with lines by pushing another key 
and then move on to draw another 
figure. You can thus draw relatively 
complex figures simply by marking 
the vertices and using straight lines to 
connect them. 

The first step the LINES program 
takes is to initialize all the variables 
(figure 3, page 405). This step in- 
cludes loading a file from the disk 
that contains the PEN subroutine ob- 
ject code. The program then calls this 
subroutine to locate the light pen. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 403 



Listing 2: The LINES program. 

jPR!*l 

JLOAD LINES.REM 

JLIOSTST 

100 REM ********************* 

110 REM 

120 REh PROGRAM TO DRAW 

130 REh WITH LIGHT-PEN 

1+0 REH 

150 REM ******************** 

160 REM 

1/0 PRINT CHR$ (4)?"BL0AD PEN2 . 

OB JO" 
180 NMAX = 50 

190 DIM PXC NMAX )?PY( NMAX) 
200 GOSUB 390: REM INITIALIZE 
210 GOSUB 610! REM FIND PEN? S 

ET SCfY 
220 KEY * PEEK (KB): REM READ K 

EYBOARD 
230 IF KEY < 128 GOTO 210 
240 HOME 
250 r = PEEK CK3)I REM CLEAR ST 

ROBE 
260 IF KEY = SPACE THEN GOSUB 7 

io: GOTO 210 
270 KEY = KEY - 192 
280 IF KEY < 1 OR KEY > 17 THEN 

GOSUB 2060: GOTO 210 
290 ON KEY GOSUB 2060? 2060? 1400 f 
360 1 2060 f 2060 < 2060 , 1S40 » 2060 
r 2060 - 2060 ? 1240 r 2060 f 1600 » 20 
60*1090* 1690 
300 T = PEEK (GK REM GRAPHICS 

MODE 
310 GOTO 210 
320 REM 

330 REM ***************** 
340 REM 

350 REM INITIALIZE 
360 REM 

370 REM ****************** 
380 REM 

390 S ,\B = 49152: KS = 49168 
400 PEN = 768 

410 HZ = PEN + 4 t VERT = PEN + 3 
420 CL = 3 

430 SPACE = 160 ;G = 49232 
440 N = 

450 POKE HZ»20t POKE VERT? 20 
460 TEXT : HOME : NORMAL t SPEED- 

255 
470 VTAB (12)i PRINT TAB( 7)?"* 

** WELCOME TO LINES ***" 
480 PRINT J PRINT TABC 10)? r 'DQ 

YOU WANT A MENU?" « 
490 GET Y$ 
500 IF Y* = *'r« THEN GOSUB 1340 

510 T * PEEK ( KS) 

520 HGR : HCOLOR= CL 

530 RETURN 

540 REM 

550 REM ****************** 

560 REM 

570 REM FIND PEN, SET XiY 

580 REM 

590 REM ****************** 

600 REM 

610 CALL PEN 

620 X * 7 * PEEK (HZKY = 4 * PEEK 

( VERT ) 
630 RETURN 
640 REM 

650 REfl ******************** 
660 REM 

670 REM "SPACE" — MARK POINT 
680 REM 

o90 REM ******************** 
700 REM 

710 IF N < NMAX GOTO 750 
720 GOSUB 2260 
730 PRINT TAB-; 3>J"TQ0 MANY FOX 

NTS*" 
740 RETURN 
750 N = N + 1 
7o0 PXC N ) - XtPYC N > = Y 
770 GOSUB 2160 t REM DRAW CROSS 
780 RETURN 
790 REM 



800 REM ******************* 

810 REM 

820 REM "D"~ DELETE POINT 

830 REM 

840 REM ******************* 

350 REM 

860 I m 1 

37u If PX< I ) m X AND PYC I > * Y GOTO 

930 
860 I = I t 1 
890 if I < = N GOTO 370 
900 GOSUB 22&0 
9i0 PRINT iABC 3)? "NO POINT TO 

DELETE 1 ' 
920 RETURN 

930 if I = N GOTO 970 
940 FOR Z = I TO N - 1 
950 PM2; = PX(Z f DIPYtZ) = PY( 

Z r x y 

960 NEai l 

970 N m H - 1 

980 HCGLOk= 

990 GOSUB 2ls0 

1000 iiCOLUK = CL 

1010 RETURN 

1 2 R £ M 

1030 R£rt ********************* 

1040 REM 

1050 REM u ?" — MAKE A POLYGON 

1060 REM 

1070 REM ********************* 

1030 REM 

1090 IF N > = 3 GOTO 1130 

1100 GOSUB 2260 

1110 PRINT TAB( 3)? "NEED AT LEA 

ST 3 POINTS" 
1120 RETURN 
1130 HPLOT PX(N)fPY'N) TO PX(l)r 

PY( 1 ) 
1140 GOSUB 1240 
1150 N = 
1160 RETURN 
1170 REM 

1180 REM ******************** 
1190 REM 

1200 REM "L"— DRAW LINES 
1210 REM 

1220 REM ******************** 
1230 REM 

1240 IF N > = 2 GOTO 1280 
1250 GOSUB 2260 
1260 PRINT TAB< 3>?"NEED AT LEA 

ST 2 POINTS," 
1270 RETURN 

1230 FOR I = 1 TO N - 1 
1290 HPLOT PXCI)?PYCI) TO PXC I + 

1 )>PY< I + 1 ) 
1300 NEXT I 
1310 N = 
1320 RETURN 
1330 REM 

1340 REM ******************* 
1350 REM 

1360 REM "C" — CHANGE COLOR 
1370 REM 

1380 REM ******************* 
1390 REM 
1400 TEXT I HOME 
1410 VTAB (3); PRINT "THE POSSIB 

LE COLORS ARE: 11 



1420 


print : 

CK" 


PRINT " 





k BLA 


1430 


PRINT : 
EN" 


PRINT " 


1 


* GRE 


1440 


PRINT : 


PRINT ,! 


9 


= BLU 


1450 


PRINT : 
TE" 


PRINT " 


3 


= WHI 


1460 


PRINT : 
CK" 


PRINT " 


4 


■ BLA 


1470 


PRINT 1 
LOW" 


PRINT * 


5 


= YEL 


1480 


PRINT : 
E" 
PRINT 


PRINT " 


6 


» BLU 


1490 


PRINT : 


INPUT 


"WHAT 




COLOR ( 


0-6 )? ? ; 


:l 




1500 


IF CL < 
90 


OR CL 


> 6 G 


OTO 14 


1510 


HCOLOR= 


• CL 






1520 


RETURN 








1530 


REM 









1540 REM ******************** 

1550 REM 

1560 REM "N"— NEW! CLEAR SCRN 

1570 REM 

1580 REM ******************** 

1590 REM 

1600 N = 0: HGR 

1610 RETURN 

1620 REM 

1630 REM ******************** 

1640 REM 

1650 REM "Q"— QUIT 

1660 REM 

1670 REM ******************** 

1680 REM 

1690 VTAB (23)t PRINT U D0 YOU WA 

NT TO SAVE THIS? ■ 
1700 GET Y$ 

1710 IF Y$ < > "Y" GOTO 1740 
1720 INPUT "NAME OF FILE? %*Y$ 
1730 PRINT CHR* (4H"BSAVE "JY$ 

f" ♦PICfA8l92?L8192" 
1740 TEXT : HOME I NORMAL 
1750 POP 
1760 END 
1770 REM 

1780 REM ******************** 
1790 REM 

1800 REM "H"— HELP (MENU) 
1310 REM 

1320 REM ******************** 
1830 REM 

1840 TEXT : HOME t NORMAL 
1850 PRINT : PRINT "HERE'S WHAT 

YOU CAN DO—" 
1360 PRINT : PRINT t PRINT 
1870 PRINT : PRINT TAB< 2)?"SPA 

CE--MARN CURRENT POINT 11 
1380 PRINT I PRINT TAB( 6)j"D — 

DELETE CURRENT POINT" 
1890 PRINT I PRINT TAB( 6>f"P — 

CONNECT AS A POLYGON" 
1900 PRINT : PRINT TABC 6H"L — 

CONNECT FIRST TO LAST POINTS 

1910 PRINT : PRINT TABC 6K"C — 

CHANGE COLOR" 
1920 PRINT : PRINT TABC 6)r"N — 

new: CLEAR SCREEN" 
1930 PRINT I PRINT TABC 6)J U Q — 

QUIT" 
1940 PRINT t PRINT TABC 6>;"H — 

HELP! ! ! " 
1950 PRINT : PRINT J PRINT TABC 

6 )i "PRESS ANY KEY TO CQNTlNU 

E ♦ ♦ • " 
1960 GET Y* 
1970 T = PEEK (KS) 
1980 RETURN 
1990 REM 

2000 REM ********************* 
2010 REM 

2020 REM COMMAND ERROR 
2030 REM 

2040 REM ********************* 
2050 REM 
2060 GOSUB 2260 
2070 PRINT TABC 3 ) \ "UNRECOGNIZE 

D COMMAND" 
2080 RETURN 
2090 REM 

2100 REM ******************** 
2110 REM 

2120 REM PLOT CROSS 
2130 REM 

2140 REM ****************** 
2150 REM 
2160 HPLOT X-1>Y-1T0X+1» 

Y + 1 

2170 HPLOT X - 1?Y + 1 TO X + lr 

Y - 1 
2130 RETURN 
2190 REM 

2200 REM ****************** 

2210 REM 

2220 REM ERROR MESSAGE 

2230 REM 

2240 REM ******************* 

2250 REM 

2260 VTAB (24): FLASH \ PRINT " i 
RROR iN": NORMAL \ RETURN 



404 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 






COMPUTED 
GOSUB 



( MAIN J 














INITIALIZE 




ir - 








(PEN) 
NO 






READ PEN 
SET X,Y 






READ KEY- 
BOARD (KEY) 


^^<ey\. 

<^ PRESSED y 

Tyes 


YES 




*3i 

»» 


CLEAR 
STROBE 


/key-Nv 






<C SPACE ^ 


YES 






[no 


STORE AND 
MARK POINT 


KEY=KEY 

-192 






/^<EY<l\ 






h 


\ OR>17 2 








Tno 


ERROR 


EXECUTE 
COMMAND 










•s 







Figure 3: Outlining the course of the LINES program, this flowchart lists the steps you 
take to use the light pen to draw figures on the screen. 



The LINES program plots in the high- 
res mode; the subroutine searches for 
the pen in the low-res mode. The 
value returned by PEN must, there- 
fore, be scaled for the high-res screen. 
The horizontal position is thus multi- 
plied by 7 and the vertical position by 
4 in order to put these coordinates in 
the appropriate range to fit on the 280 
by 160 dot high -res screen. 

The program then reads the key- 
board. If no key has been pressed, it 
goes to the top of the program to 
search again for the pen. If the space 
bar has been pushed, the program 
marks the point and saves the current 
pen position. If another key has been 
pressed, the program identifies it by 
first reducing the ASCII (American 
National Standard Code for Informa- 



tion Interchange) value to the l-to-17 
range. If it cannot recognize the func- 
tion, an error message is printed and 
the program returns to the beginning. 

Recognized functions are called 
through an ON. . .GOSUB state- 
ment. Then the appropriate com- 
mand is executed via a subroutine. As 
a result, you can continuously move 
the cursor around the screen. Any 
command is immediately executed 
when you press the appropriate key. 
(See table 2 for an annotated variable 
list for the LINES program.) 

The following list describes the 
valid commands and explains their 
operation. 

• Space: mark and save the current 
point. Pushing the space bar marks 



X,Y 


— current position of the 




cursor 


KEY 


— value read from the key- 




board 


KB 


— address of the keyboard 


KS 


— address of the keyboard 




strobe 


T 


— temporary ("dummy") use 


PEN 


—address of the PEN subrou- 




tine 


N 


— number of points marked 




thus far 


NMAX 


— maximum number of points 




possible 


PX(),PY< 


— arrays of X,Y coordinates 




marked thus far 


1 


— index counter used in 




loops 


Z 


— index counter used in 




loops. 


Y$ 


— yes/no input variable 


CL 


— selected color 


HZ 


—address of horizontal coor- 




dinate parameter returned 




by PEN 


VERT 


— address of vertical coor- 




dinate parameter returned 




by PEN 


SPACE 


— value read from the key- 




board if the space bar has 




been pressed ( = 160) 


G 


— address of the soft switch 




to turn on the graphics 




mode 


Table 2: 


Variables for the LINES pro- 


gram. 





the cursor's current position with a 
small cross and saves the coordinates 
of that point. The x and y coordinates 
are saved, in order, in separate ar- 
rays. You can subsequently scan 
these arrays to connect the points 
with lines. If you try to mark too 
many points, however, an error 
message is printed and the command 
is ignored. The maximum number, 
NMAX, is initialized in line 180. 
•D: delete the current point. This 
command causes the cross at the cur- 
sor's current position to be erased and 
the point to be removed from the ar- 
rays. You can delete points from the 
screen in any order; the arrays will be 
adjusted accordingly. If you don't ac- 
curately position the cursor over a 
point, however, an error message is 
printed and the command is ignored. 
• P: connect the currently marked 
points as a polygon. When this com- 
mand is executed, the program con- 
nects the last point in the array to the 
first one. To connect the rest of the 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 405 



points with lines, it then calls the sub- 
routine for the L command. The ar- 
ray is then cleared (actually, the point 
counter, N, is set to zero), and you 
can begin defining a new figure. If 
you do not define at least three 
points, an error message is printed 
and the command is ignored. 

• L: connect all of the points with 
lines. This command is the same as 
the P (Polygon) command except that 
the first point is not connected to the 
last one. It thus allows you to draw 
lines between points without making 
a closed figure. An error message is 
printed and the command is ignored, 
however, if you do not mark at least 
two points. 

• C: change color. A menu of seven 
possible colors for subsequent lines is 
displayed with this command. It 
doesn't affect any of the old lines. The 
choice of colors is black, green, blue, 
white, black2, yellow, and blue2. 
These colors can appear different, de- 
pending on the adjustments made on 
your television set or monitor and the 
Apple's color-trim potentiometer. 



• N: new, or clear the screen. Use this 
command to clear the screen to black 
and reset the number of elements in 
the arrays to zero. You can then start 
again without rerunning the pro- 
gram. 

• Q: quit. An orderly exit from the 
program is implemented with this 
command. It also offers the option of 
saving the contents of the high-res 
display on the disk. The POP instruc- 
tion in line 1750 of listing 2 is needed 
to clean up the stack because the 
return from the subroutine is other- 
wise never completed by the Q com- 
mand. 

• H: help, or print a menu. Press H to 
display a list of all the commands. 

Conclusion 

The light pen design presented in 
this article requires simple hardware 
and costs relatively little to imple- 
ment because most of the processing 
is done in software rather than hard- 
ware. By limiting the search for the 
pen to a relatively small area, search 
time is kept short without much 



sacrifice in performance. The light 
pen provides a convenient, efficient 
method to input graphics information 
to the Apple II and thus complements 
the computer's excellent graphics dis- 
play capabilities. ■ 



About the Author 

David Lilja is a hardware design engineer for 
a computer manufacturer in Cupertino, CA. 



References 

1. Advanced Micro Devices. Linear and In- 
terface Data Book. 1979. 

2. Apple Computer Inc. Applesoft II Basic 
Program Reference Manual. Cupertino, 
CA, 1978. 

3. Apple Computer Inc. Apple II Reference 
Manual. Cupertino, CA, 1979. 

4. Apple Computer Inc. Apple 6502 
Assembler/Editor. Cupertino, CA, 1980. 

5. Camp, R. C, T. A. Smay, C. J. Triska. 
Microprocessor Systems Engineering. 
Portland, OR: Matrix Publishers, 1979. 

6. Mims, Forrest M. "Experimenting with a 
Lightpen." Popular Electronics, 
December 1980 and January 1981. 



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User's Column 



Zenith Z-100, Epson QX-10, 

Software Licensing, and the 

Software Piracy Problem 

Our intrepid columnist shoots from the hip and takes a little flak. 



Jerry Pournelle 

c/o BYTE Publications 

POB 372 

Hancock, NH 03449 



The newest machine here at Chaos 
Manor is the Zenith Z-100. It's very 
colorful, so naturally it became 
known as Zorro. 

The Z-100 has very nice features, 
and the best color graphics I've seen 
in a small machine. It's a dual- 
processor computer, with an 8-bit 
8085 and a 16-bit 8088. In addition, 
there's a dedicated microprocessor 
chip that runs the elaborate key- 
board. My system contains 128K 
bytes of memory, which is standard. 
There are sockets for more memory 
chips to bring it up to 192K bytes. 

It's easy to add still more memory, 
because the Z-100 contains an 
IEEE-696 standard bus with five slots. 
This is better known as the S-100 bus. 
Thus you can add Zenith memory, or 
Compupro, or any other S-100 mem- 
ory board you might have as long as 
it's bank selectable and can operate in 
a 5-MHz environment. 

You can also add almost anything 
else you like. The Z-100 specification 
sheets specifically mention Compu- 
pro memory and I/O (input /output) 
boards, the Data Technology hard- 
disk controller, and the Tarbell disk 



controller as being compatible; they 
also say that just about any IEEE-696 
board (except CPU [central process- 
ing unit] boards, of course) should 
work fine. 

There's an awful lot of good stuff 
made for the S-100 bus, and it's near- 
ly all available to the Z-100. 

Because the Z-100 has both 8085 
(8-bit) and 8088 (16-bit) CPUs, it's 
very flexible regarding software. The 
Z-100 uses ZDOS (the Zenith disk 
operating system), which is opera- 
tionally identical to the IBM PC- 
DOS; most programs for the IBM 
Personal Computer will run just fine 
on the Z-100. For example, IBM's 
Pascal native-code compiler and 8086 
assembler run just as they come from 
the box. The Z-100 will not run soft- 
ware that contains graphics written 
for the IBM PC or that makes use of 
the ROM (read-only memory) moni- 
tor in the IBM. 

The other operating system for the 
Z-100 is CP/M-85, which is Zenith's 
name for standard CP/M-80 version 
2.2. The result is that not only can the 
Z-100 run programs written for the 
IBM PC, but also most of the soft- 



ware written for 8-bit CP/M ma- 
chines. Transfer of programs is no 
problem, either. The Z-100 comes 
with two built-in double-sided 
double-density 5 x /4-inch disk drives, 
but it also has a cable connector on 
the back for 8-inch disk drives. The 
nice part is that the Z-100 system ex- 
pects the 8-inch disk drives to be 
jumpered as and 1, meaning that I 
was able to plug my Compupro 
(Qume) disks from Zeke II (a Compu- 
pro Z80 computer) into the Z-100 and 
read disks as drives C and D im- 
mediately. I didn't have to change 
anything in either the Z-100 or in my 
Compupro disk drives. Just plug in 
the cable. 

It won't read double-sided 8-inch 
disks unless I do something to the 
jumpers; but it reads single-sided 
double-density disks formatted by the 
Compupro Disk 1 controller just fine. 
That includes formats of 256, 512, 
and 1024 bytes/sector. I've just used 
PIP to copy XD.COM (an extended 
directory utility) from an 8-inch disk 
to Zorro's SVi-inch disk, and it 
works. I was able to send over all 
kinds of stuff: a disk utility program 



June 1983 © BVTE Publications Inc 411 



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called UNERASE, the program that 
checks for bad sectors (some outfits 
call it BADLIM), and SWEEP, which 
is a nifty utility that lets you go 
through a disk and copy, erase, 
rename, and otherwise muck about 
with the disk directory. All these pro- 
grams, incidentally, are available 
from Workman and Associates for 
$32.50 a disk. Most are in the public 
domain. 

The best news is that WRITE, my 
favorite text editor, works fine. I used 
the old version I had for the Z-19 ter- 
minal. Tony Pietsch had set things up 
to use the Z-19's special-function 
keys, and also to make the Z-19 nu- 
meric keypad into a block of cursor- 
control keys. That all works exactly 
as it should on the Z-100. I conclude 
that although the Z-100 makes use of 
memory-mapped video, it thinks it's 
talking to a Z-19 terminal when it's 
running under CP/M-80 2.2. If 
WRITE, with all its special calls and 
scrolling and cursor controls, will 
work without modification — and it 
does — then it's fair to conclude that 
anything configured for the Z-19 ter- 
minal will work. That's good news. 

I've also been playing about with 
ZDOS, which is Zeniths work-alike 
for the IBM PC-DOS. It's a bit cum- 
bersome; I think I'd prefer CP/M-86. 
That may just be a matter of getting 
used to MS-DOS, of course. (One 
might as well call it MS-DOS, mean- 
ing Microsoft disk operating system; 
PC-DOS and ZDOS are simply ver- 
sions of MS-DOS set up for their par- 
ticular machines.) 

My Z-100 has some of the most 
spectacular color graphics I've ever 
seen. The screen consists of a field of 
225 (vertical) by 640 (horizontal) in- 
dividual pixels (dots), each of which 
can take on any one of eight colors. 
This high resolution compares 
favorably to the IBM PC's 640- by 
200-dot high-resolution mode with 
white on black only. A character-set 
generator makes nicely formed letters 
that are very easy to read on the big 
monitor screen. 

A demonstration disk comes with 
the Z-100. The disk has BASIC rou- 
tines to make all kinds of pretty pic- 
tures. There are also programs to do 
scads of business graphics: pie charts, 



bar charts, wavy lines, etc., all in 
vivid color. 

The only problem is that I have 
precious little applications software 
that runs under PC-DOS — and at the 
moment, the only language I have 
available (other than 8086 assembler, 
which I'm not ready to learn) is 
Zenith's version of Microsoft BASIC, 
ZBASIC. The color programs are all 
written in that. Microsoft has added a 
bunch of special commands, such as 
CIRCLE, LINE, and PAINT, to let 
you control the color. 

I wanted to play with the color, 
and I didn't want to do any really se- 
rious work. Then I remembered that 
Epyx published the source code for 
Invasion Orion. This is a naval action 
game (well, it's supposed to take place 
in space, but it's rather two- 
dimensional, so that it's a lot like a 
wet navy battle). You have one fleet, 
and the computer has another, and 
the computer is a pretty good player. 
I liked that game on the Apple and 
the TRS-80; the only problem was 
that it was pretty slow. The Z-100 is a 
much faster machine, so that 
shouldn't be a problem. While I was 
at it, I modified the graphics to make 
use of the Z-100's color capabilities. 

Alas, I never finished. I'd forgotten 
just how awful BASIC programs used 
to be. I've gotten used to CB-80, the 
CBASIC-II compiler, with its multi- 
ple line functions, and no line 
numbers, and local variables, and 
top-down structured code. After 
about three hours of trying to plow 
through a tangle of GOTO state- 
ments, and six or eight statements per 
line, and single-letter variables, I gave 
up. 

I haven't given up completely, 
though; IBM Pascal works fine on the 
Z-100. Now all I have to do is figure 
out how to use the color graphics in 
something other than BASIC, and I 
can write my own space-war game. I 
have in mind The Moat Around Mur- 
cheson's Eye, in which the Moties are 
trying to escape. As the ships take 
more hits they change color, from red 
up the spectrum to violet (after which 
they explode). 

Games, Games . . . 

While I'm on the subject of games, I 



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notice that whenever the boys play 
games on their Apple II, the games 
tend to be one or another by Epyx. 
They particularly like Rescue at 
Rigel, and they've nearly worn out 
the Dungeons of Aphsai. The Epyx 
games tend to be intellectual. Because 
I have terrible eye-hand coordina- 
tion, I greatly prefer that kind to the 
arcade games (I always get killed in 
arcade games). I'm particularly par- 
tial to Crush, Crumble, and Chomp, 
in which I get to play my favorite 
movie monster rampaging through 
Washington and burning down the 
Pentagon. 

We also play Zork, the super 
adventure developed by the Gang of 
Four Implementers at MIT. If you 
liked Adventure and wanted more 
after you solved the Colossal Cave, I 
guarantee youll love Zork. The peo- 
ple who wrote it also bring you 
Deadline, a very popular and fun 
game of detective logic complete with 
documentary evidence; and Star- 
cross. This latter is a Zork-like game 
of exploring a large alien starship. I'm 
not as fond of it as I am of Zork, but a 



number of science-fiction fans like it 
very much. 

Meanwhile, Back to Zorro 

I'm still testing the Z-100. There's a 
lot to like about it. For one thing, I 
really like the keyboard, which is a 
dead ringer for the IBM Selectric. It's 
completely sculpted, with the home 
keys formed in such a way that you 
can find them easily. The keyboard 
feels good, with just the right amount 
of tactual feedback. All the keys are 
there, including arrows, numeric key- 
pad, and a row of 15 user-program- 
mable special-function keys across 
the top. The only thing missing is that 
shifted comma and period make < 
and > , which is standard enough, 
but I'm spoiled by my Archive 
keyboard. 

The keyboard is completely repro- 
grammable, though, and there are 
complete documents on what it does 
and how it does it. I can, if I like, 
change the period and comma so that 
they put out the same characters 
shifted as unshifted. If Zorro becomes 
the system master here, 111 probably 



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do that. 

The Z-100 is professional-quality 
equipment. I once said the real prob- 
lems with the IBM PC were its non- 
standard bus and that awful key- 
board. The Z-100 has fixed both 
those problems, and with its ability to 
run both CP/M-80 2.2 and MS-DOS, 
plus the spectacular color capability, 
it's going to be a strong contender for 
both business and development appli- 
cations. 

The machine has a couple of 
drawbacks. One, it's big. The key- 
board, two disk drives, and the com- 
puter itself are all built into one box. 
(In some models, there's also a green 
screen built on top; that's really big.) 
In order to use the Z-100 properly, 
I'm going to have to build a special 
table that will get the keyboard low 
enough and have a place for the big 
15-inch color monitor. 

Most applications software avail- 
able for the Z-100 is 8-bit stuff run- 
ning under CP/M-80 2.2. That 
should change as more machines ap- 
pear and people begin to take advan- 
tage of the 16-bit processor's 
capabilities. Meanwhile, there is an 
awful lot of CP/M-80 2.2 software. 
The Z-100 is a very good transition 
machine to go between 8-bit CP/M 
and 16-bit MS-DOS; and with the 
S-100 bus, it won't become obsolete 
for years. 

A final problem is Zenith's docu- 
ments. They range between good and 
excellent, but there are strange 
lacunae, and the indexes are just plain 
terrible. For example: the Z-100 has 
excellent tactile feel to the keyboard. 
There's no need for a key click, and 
certainly no need for the annoying 
squeak that Zenith has installed. 
Alas, the only index entry for 
"keyclick" refers you to the formal 
specifications for the machine, where 
it says, "Keyclick may be turned off." 
There's no hint as to how to turn it 
off. 

I expect some of you are now won- 
dering why I don't read through the 
entire set of documents, but if you 
could see them, you'd wonder no 
longer. The Zenith documents cer- 
tainly look impressive: I have about 
five feet of them. They come in 
massive loose-leaf binders; two 



414 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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INTRODUCING THE UNIX 
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book helps you over the initial hur- 
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have never used the Unix system or 
penetrated any of its literature. 
450/013 $18.95 

OPERATING SYSTEMS By H 

Lorin & H. M. Dietel 

582354-3 $20.95 

MICROCOMPUTER GRAPH- 
ICS AND PROGRAMMING 
TECHNIQUES. By H. Katzan, Jr. 
240 pp., 100 illus. and tables. Here's 
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MINICOMPUTER AND MI- 
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illus. and tables. Unless you are 
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of interfacing provided so bril- 
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addition to discussing the logical 
design of interfaces assembled from 
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book gives you a lucid picture of the 
interface packages designed for mi- 
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in which they are used. 
582585-6B $27.50 

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ASSEMBLERS, COMPILERS, 
AND PROGRAM TRANSLA- 
TION By P. Calingaert 
582110-9 $22.95 

THE SCIENCE OF PROGRAM- 
MING By D. Gries 
582452-3 $19.80 



PROGRAMMING WITH ADA: 

An Introduction By Means of 

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789/24X $17.95 

AN INTRODUCTION TO VISI- 
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PLE® AND IBM®. By H. Anbar- 
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Enables you to use VisiCalc ma- 
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use almost immediately. It de- 
scribes the actual process of devel- 
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tions as expense vouchers, price/ 
earnings ratios, payrolls, stock 
portfolios, and more. 
016/054 $22.95 



SOFTWARE ENGINEERING: A 
Practitioner's Approach. By R. 

S. Pressman. 576 pp., 180 illus. Gives 
you a concise but complete picture 
of each step in the software engi- 
neering process — a set of tech- 
niques that deal with software as 
an engineered product. Each step 
is discussed and illustrated — from 
planning, analysts, and design to 
implementation, testing, and main- 
tenance . 

507/813B $32.95 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 

NETWORK SYSTEMS. By R. L. 

Sharma, P. J. T. deSousa, and A. D. 
Ingle. 321 pp., illus. Here is the first 
book to describe — concisely and 
comprehensively — all current stored 
program-controlled (SPC) telecom- 
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use integrated modeling, analysis, 
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582557-OB $29.95 

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BIT-SLICE MICROPROCES- 
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the crucial information you've been 
needing about the 2900 family of 
bit-slice microprocessor compo- 
nents. This remarkable "first" de- 
signs right before your eyes not just 
one but two complete 16-bit ma- 
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417/814B $29.50 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 

MICROPROCESSOR APPLI- 
CATIONS HANDBOOK. Ed- 
ited by D. F. Stout. 472 pp., 284 il- 
lus. This BIG book on SMALL chips 
will help you make your systems 
timely, versatile, and cost-effec- 
tive. The 16 expert contributors 
provide in-depth treatments of both 
hardware and software so you can 
completely analyze, design, con- 
struct, and program. 
617/988B $35.00 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 

416 BYTE June 1983 



COMPUTER PERIPHERALS 
FOR MINICOMPUTERS, MI- 
CROPROCESSORS, AND PER- 
SONAL COMPUTERS By C. L. 

Hohenstein 

294/518 $23.95 

THE SMALL COMPUTER 
CONNECTION: Networks for 
the Home and Office. By N. L. 

Shapiro. 256 pp. Shows you how to 
use existing hardware and soft- 
ware to link your small computer to 
other computers — large and small — 
and to a vast universe of databases. 
564/124 $16.95 

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS' 
HANDBOOK, 2/e By D. G. Fink 
& D. Christiansen 

209/812A $75.00 

(Counts as 3 of your 3 books) 

STRUCTURED PROGRAM- 

MING: Theory and Practice By R . 

C. Linger, H. D. Mills & B. I. Witt 
788/537 $22.95 



MICROPROCESSOR DEVEL- 
OPMENT AND DEVELOP- 
MENT SYSTEMS. Edited by V. 
Tseng. 170 pp., 90 illus. A panel of 
experts provides an overview of the 
development process, displays the 
different approaches taken by lead- 
ing firms in the field, and covers ex- 
isting systems and tools. You'll gain 
a better understanding of what is 
involved in microprocessor appli- 
cation development . . . and you'll 
be able to identify and decide what 
is important for you. 
653/801 B $29.95 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 

Z80 USERS MANUAL. By J. 

Carr. 326 pp., with diagrams, charts, 
and tables. Takes you through every 
opportunity the ZAP can offer! It 
covers Z80 pin definitions, CPU 
control signals, support chips, in- 
terfacing peripherals, and much 
more. 
582336-5 $21.95 



DATABASE DESIGN 2/e. By 

G. Wiederhold. 704 pp. This ex- 
panded new edition offers 2 major 
sections: 1). a description and anal- 
ysis of file systems and 2). a de- 
scription and analysis of database 
systems. Plus additional updated 
information. 

701/326B $32.00 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 

SOFTWARE DEBUGGING FOR 
MICROCOMPUTERS By R. Bruce 
582075-7 $18.95 

ELECTRONICS DICTIONARY, 

4/e By J. Markus 

404/31 3B $32.95 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 

MICROPROCESSOR DATA 
BOOK. By S. A. Money. 350 pp., 
220 illus. A truly awesome collec- 
tion of data about virtually every 
chip available today! 
427/062B $38.00 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 



ANNOUNCING: The Most Important Computer Handbook 



Ever Published! 




The McGRAW-HlLl COMPUTER HANDBOOK. 
992 pp., 475 illus., edited by Harry L. Helms, with 
over 24 world-reknown contributors, is by far the 
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with easy to get at information, ranging from 
design concepts to programming techniques, 
from data bases to interfacing, networking, 
speech synthesis and recognition to mention just 
a few of hundreds of entries, this one volume 
reference does it all — in language and 
presentation everyone can understand. 
Invaluable for home, office, and school use, The 
Computer Handbook "can be helpful to users in 
solving many mysteries, while opening new doors 
for exploration and serving as a continuing 
reference," writes Thomas C. Bartee of Harvard 
University. 

279/721A $79.50 

(Counts as 3 of your 3 books) 



* If you join now for a trial period and agree to purchase three more books — at 
handsome discounts — during your first year of membership. (Publishers' prices shown) 



PRINCIPLES OF INTERAC- 
TIVE COMPUTER GRAPH- 
ICS. By W. M, Newman and R. 
Sproull. 2nd Ed., 544 pp., illus. Now 
in a revised, updated Second Edi- 
tion, this volume has long been THE 
standard source of information for 
designers! Now, as before, it is ut- 
terly comprehensive and up to the 
minute in its coverage. 
463/387B $35.95 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 

MICROPROCESSORS/ 
MICROCOMPUTERS / SYSTEM 

DESIGN By Texas Instruments, Inc. 
637/58XB $29.95 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 

16-BIT MICROPROCESSOR 
SYSTEMS. By the Engineering 
Staff of Texas Instruments. Inc. 576 
pp., illus. This broad-based guide 
presents a comprehensive over- 
view, from basic concepts to ad- 
vanced design principles. Includes 
valuable discussions of program- 
ming methods, instruction sets, 
software features, high-level lan- 
guage programming, I/O design, 
and more. 

637/601B $45.00 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 

WORD PROCESSING BUY- 
ER'S GUIDE. By A. Naiman. 340 
pp. illus. Here is a personal guide 
that leads you out of the jungle of 
competing word processors. Which 
one is best for you? Find out BE- 
FORE you buy! 
458/693 $15.95 



INTRODUCTION TO WORD- 
STAR'". By A Naiman. 202 pp., 
with illus. and command displays. 
Get your hands on this guide to the 
most powerful word-processing 
program available. Well organized 
and clearly written, it surpasses the 
dry WordStar reference manual. 
You'll learn to edit copy • create and 
merge files • format on-screen • cre- 
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form letters • and more! 
582594-5 $21.95 

APPLE MACHINE LANGUAGE 

By D. Inman & K. Inman 

582398-5 $19.95 

THE ADA PROGRAMMING 
LANGUAGE. By 1. C. Pyle. 293 
pp., illus., softbound. Written pri- 
marily for practicing programmers 
of embedded computer systems, 
this book provides a full presenta- 
tion of the power of ADA. It will 
also prove of great interest to other 
programmers as well as to man- 
agers of programming projects. 
582447-7 $15.95 

APPLE PASCAL: A Hands-On 
Approach. By A. Luehrmann and H. 
Peckham, 426 pp., spiralbound. Fi- 
nally- — a how-to-use-PASCAL book 
for Apple computer users that 
makes a complete language as easy 
as (forgive us!) applesauce. Takes 
you from "total ignorance" all the 
way up to a very impressive com- 
petence in the use of that rather 
complex language, PASCAL. 
491/712 $18.95 



THE C PRIMER. By L. Hancock 
& M. Kreider. 256 pp., 25 illus., soft- 
bound. This is the only book on the 
market that describes the C lan- 
guage clearly and simply from the 
novice's point of view. 
259/81X $14.95 

THE PASCAL HANDBOOK By J. 

Tiberghien 

582365-9B $35.00 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 



MICROCOMPUTER INTERFAC- 
ING By B. Artwick 
789/436B $28.00 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 

CONVERSION OF COMPU- 
TER SOFTWARE. By J. R. Wol- 
berg. 250 pp. illus. This book gives 
you practical and reassuring in- 
sights into the fundamental con- 
cepts of software conversion. 
582588-0 $19.95 



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MICROCOMPUTER OP- 
ERATING SYSTEMS By M 

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TRSBO GRAPHICS FOR 

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MODEL 111 By D. Kater & S. 

Thomas 

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THREADED INTERPRE- 
TIVE LANGUAGES By R. G. 

Loeliger 

383/60X $20.75 

THE BRAINS OF MEN 
AND MACHINES By E. W. 

Kent 

341/230 $20.95 

BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUB- 
ROUTINES, Vol. II By Dr. 

F. R. Ruckdeschel 

542/023B $26.50 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 



CIARCIA'S CIRCUIT CEL- 
LAR, Vol. 2 By S. Ciarcia 
109/63X $14.75 

BYTE BOOK OF PASCAL 

By B. W. Liffick 

789/673B $25.00 

(Counts as 2 of your 3 books) 

BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUB- 
ROUTINES, Vol. 1 By Dr. F 

R. Ruckdeschel 

542/015 $24.50 

CIARCIA'S CIRCUIT CEL- 
LAR, Vol. Ill By S. Ciarcia 
109/656 $12.95 

MICROCOMPUTER DISK 
TECHNIQUES By P. Swan- 
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625/824 $15.00 

BUILD YOUR OWN Z-80 
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109/621 $17.95 



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• Best and newest books from ALL publishers! Books are se- 
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BYTE June 1983 417 



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Circle 225 on inquiry card. 



volumes for CP/M-85, two volumes 
for ZDOS, two for ZBASIC, and one 
users manual for the machine. In 
addition, there are two enormous 
volumes of a service manual that 
Zenith was kind enough to send me 
(the technical manuals are not avail- 
able now, although they will be by 
the time you read this). 

The result is more than you can 
read; indeed, more than you can find 
room for. It just isn't practical to hunt 
through page after page of stuff, and 
the table of contents is informative 
only to those who know what they're 
looking for. 

Example: when you load ZBASIC, 
the program automagically con- 
figures the 13 special-function keys. 
One becomes LOAD, another SAVE, 
another is GOSUB, etc. If you do 
PRINT CHR$(20) or type Control-T, 
a special twenty-fifth line on the 
screen lights up to show you what 
each function key does. However, 
once you Ve done that, it's not simple 
to turn off that twenty-fifth line, even 
if you want it for a program. You can 
write a program to put spaces on that 
line, but every time you clear the 
screen, there's that status line back 
again. 

I searched through the ZBASIC in- 
dex for some mention of the special- 
function keys. Nothing. Try user 
keys. Nothing. Now what? Eventual- 
ly I stumbled across a command, KEY 
ON, and another, KEY OFF, that in 
fact turn on and off the status line; 
but unless you're reading alphabeti- 
cally through every BASIC com- 
mand, you're not likely to figure that 
one out. 

There's other stuff like that. I 
strongly urge Zenith to get to work 
on its index and table of contents. 
The documentation is very clear, 
with lots of examples and good ex- 
planations; but the organization isn't 
optimum, and there's too much for 
anyone simply to read through. They 
need a better summary, and better in- 
dexes and tables of contents. 

On the other hand, what Zenith 
has done, it has done well. Walt 
Bilofsky of the Software Toolworks 
told me he'd tried reading the IBM 
MS-DOS documents and eventually 
gave up. When he got the Zenith 



ZDOS documents, though, he read 
through the section on using macros 
and discovered he could use them 
after all. 

Heath designs good machines (and 
offers the H-100, a Heathkit version 
of the Z-100 for $1000 less). It will be 
interesting to see whether Zenith 
knows how to market them. 

Dots . . . 

I never had a dot-matrix printer 
before. Now we have the Print-Mate 
150 from Micro Peripherals Inc., 
which is a highly sophisticated printer 
that does graphics. It will even do a 
screen dump from the Z-100. It even 
substitutes gray shades for color. 
Otherwise, it prints exactly what you 
see. 

The Print-Mate 150 has an im- 
pressive array of features, most of 
which I don't suppose 111 ever use. 
However, Mrs. Pournelle is getting 
interested, since someone told her 
there are programs that will cause the 
printer to produce musical scores. I 
don't have any such programs yet, 
but I'm looking, and tips would be 
appreciated. I don't write music 
myself, but I can see how this could 
make life a lot easier for a composer. 

The Print-Mate 150 has a lot of 
other impressive features. It comes 
with a keypad to let you program it, 
and some pretty fair documents on 
setting it up. The print quality isn't 
bad, and it's very fast. For 
manuscripts 111 stick to my NEC 
Spinwriter, but the 150 is plenty good 
enough for listings and other stuff I 
want in a hurry, and it can do fancy 
graphics that letter-quality printers 
can't touch. 

The Epson QX-10 

I have a couple of good friends who 
believe in "synchronicity," which is a 
fancy way of saying that they don't 
believe there's such a thing as coin- 
cidence. If things happen together, 
there's a reason, and probably a 
lesson as well. 

I don't have to believe that, but 
there are times when I wonder, as for 
instance a couple of weeks ago. Mar- 
vin Minsky, who cofounded the Mas- 
sachusetts Institute of Technology's 
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and 

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invented the LISP machine, was in 
town, and we'd made a dinner ap- 
pointment. Marvin finished his con- 
ference early and came directly here 
to Chaos Manor. There are always a 
lot of small computers here, and we 
discussed what he ought to get for a 
home computer. 

"What do you think of this new Ep- 
son QX-10?" he asked. He then 
showed me the eight-page advertise- 
ment Epson had in the January BYTE. 
I hadn't seen it yet. 



At that exact moment, the doorbell 
rang. It was Federal Express with 
three big boxes. Prominently on the 
outside was stenciled "Epson 
America." 

Unfortunately for synchronicity, 
that's the best part of the story. What 
had arrived was a beta-test machine. 
We had no trouble getting it set up, 
but the software and manuals were 
sent from a different place, and I 
didn't get them until Marvin had gone 
back to Boston. The software and 



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manuals that finally did arrive were 
incomplete — this is, after all, a sys- 
tem under development, and one 
reason they send these machines to 
people is to get their comments and 
reactions while there's still time to 
make changes. 

The QX-10 is a very handsome and 
extremely well constructed single- 
board Z80 computer. Although the 
machine is single-board, there is a 
small (nonstandard; sigh) bus with 
five empty slots inside. I've no hint as 
to what Epson intends to put in there, 
but I'd bet a lot that by the time this is 
in print it will have a modem. 

Physically this is an excellent 
machine. It comes with double-sided 
SVi-inch thin drives, both parallel 
and serial ports, and a connector for a 
light pen. The computer itself is in 
one small box. There's a separate 
9-inch (12-inch diagonal) green screen 
with a very pleasant character set, 
which, at the touch of a key, turns in- 
to italic and/or boldface right on the 
screen. That's impressive. There are 
also excellent monochrome graphics 
given the 640- by 400-dot resolution 
of the screen. 

The detached keyboard is thin and 
sculpted, with a really nice key lay- 
out. That is, the layout is nice for 
those who intend to use the Epson for 
creating English text. Programmers 
might not care so much for it. It's 
missing a whack of a lot of keys — no 
tilde (~), no accent grave ( v ), no curly 
braces ({})— but it's said to be com- 
pletely under software control, so 
that I presume it's possible to set it so 
that Control-Shift square bracket 
would be braces, and such like. To 
compensate for the missing keys, the 
Epson has one of my favorite fea- 
tures; the period and comma are 
doubled, so that you get them 
whether or not the key is shifted. 

The QX-10 has a special pad of ar- 
row keys placed conveniently be- 
tween the Selectric-style letter keys 
and the number pad. There's also a 
row of special-function keys across 
the top. These latter have labels like 
Help, Index, Menu, Store, Retrieve, 
etc., all of which functions are tied in- 
to the Epson special software pack- 
age, VALDOCS (short for valuable 
documents). Much of that works on 



420 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE June 1983 421 



this early version I have, but it 
wouldn't be fair to write any kind of 
evaluation until I have the production 
version. 

There's no Escape key on the Ep- 
son. I suspect that one of the top row 
of special-function keys — probably 
Undo — makes the Escape character, 
but I don't know this, because I don't 
yet have the documents. The operat- 
ing system that came with the Epson 
is TPM-II, which is a lot like CP/M, 
but not quite; unlike CP/M, TPM-II 



doesn't display control and other 
strange characters when in monitor 
mode. I could write a program that 
would do that, but this seems 
pointless because Epson promises 
complete technical documents for the 
machine. 

I can't do a complete evaluation, 
but I am sufficiently impressed with 
the Epson to say this: before you buy 
an 8-bit small computer, be sure to 
look at the Epson QX-10. If its soft- 
ware ever gets done — it has been a 



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while since it was announced — and 
it's anywhere near as good as the 
hardware, this machine could be a 
real contender. 

The Love Affair Continues 

I've had a Modula-2 compiler for 
more than a month now, and I'm still 
in love. Ill make a flat prediction: this 
language is going to be one of the 
most important of this century. It 
compiles tight, efficient code, code as 
compact as the C programming lan- 
guage, and was designed to be used 
for operating systems; but it's as easy 
to read and understand as Pascal. 

At the moment I still don't have 
Modula-2 running on anything but 
the Sage 68000-based computer with 
the UCSD p-System (Pascal) operat- 
ing system. That's been no problem, 
since the Sage remains a joy to use. I 
received a software update package 
that removes several minor an- 
noyances, and I'm finally getting used 
to the UCSD p-System. The Sage 
with Modula-2 is a formidable com- 
bination for a development system. 
Compilations are very fast. 

What's really exciting is Modula-2 
itself, which is everything we hoped 
Pascal would be. I can't say Modula-2 
doesn't have faults. I would have 
done a number of things differently 
than Niklaus Wirth. For example, in 
Modula-2 every loop is terminated by 
an END statement. This means 
WHILE loops and FOR loops as well 
as loops that start with BEGIN. In my 
judgment that makes the programs 
much harder to read. 

Of course you can always fix that 
with comments, and I do. That is, 
when I write a Modula-2 program, I 
tend to do 

WHILE n < N DO 

FORI -1TOSDO 
WriteString ('Too") 

END (* NEXT I *); 

WriteStringCfiddle"); 

DEC(N); 
END (* WEND *); 

I think it is clearer if the FOR loop 
ends with NEXT, and the WHILE 
ends with WEND. Note the statement 
DEC(N), which decrements; there is a 
corresponding INC that will incre- 



422 June 1983 © BYTE Publications inc 







The Well-Tempered Cross-Assembler 



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BYTE June 1983 423 



ment a variable by 1. (You can also 
do INC(x,n), which will produce the 
result x := x + n.) These are standard 
procedures that come with Modula-2. 
Despite my quibbles, though, I 
have not seen a language I was more 
instantly attracted to than Modula-2. 
The only thing stopping it is getting 
implementations on enough ma- 
chines. I would dearly love to have 
Modula-2 for the Z-100, with those 
magnificent color graphics. I'd like it 
for CP/M-86 and my big Compupro. 
What will really be interesting, 
though, is if Modula-2 catches on and 
they begin to write operating systems 
in it for, say, the 16032 systems that 
ought to be running on the S-100 bus 
in the next year or so. That could 
really produce a revolution. 

Again, the Piracy Problem 

First a small apology. In the April 
column I reviewed a database-man- 
agement program called Superfile 
from FYI Inc. There were a number of 
things to like about the program, as 
well as a few I thought needed im- 



provement. As a courtesy, I sent a 
copy of my text to FYI. 

In addition to my comments on 
Superfile itself, I used the review as a 
jump-off point for a complaint about 
user-threatening licensing agree- 
ments. This wasn't unfair; FYI's 

I wish software 
publishers would 
change their licensing 
agreements, because I 
hate 90 percent of the 
agreements I've seen. 

agreement really is bad. On the other 
hand, it's no worse than a lot of 
others, including agreement forms 
used by some of the biggest software 
publishers around. 

Back came a letter from FYI. It 
didn't much care for the review, but 
since FYI didn't show where I was 
wrong, or tell me something I hadn't 
known (other than to quote some 
people who really liked the program, 



and heck, I'd said I like it myself), 
there seemed nothing to respond to, 
except one sentence: was it fair for me 
to condemn it for its licensing agree- 
ment, which was no worse than a lot 
of others? 

I thought about that, and had just 
about concluded FYI was right, when 
the phone rang — a call from its 
lawyer. He, too, asked the same ques- 
tion, also in a reasonable manner. 
Okay, I thought. Maybe I should do 
something. Alas, he couldn't let well 
enough alone. There came a letter, on 
expensive legal stationery, from the 
lawyer, which began, "At the request 
of our clients we have been asked to 
review portions of your proposed col- 
umn scheduled for publication " 

I've been a journalist for some 
years, and I know a lot of other jour- 
nalists, and we all seem to share one 
trait: if there's anything that will 
make a journalist see red, it's hinting 
at censorship. I may be a bit more ir- 
rational than some of my colleagues 
in what I see as a hint; but I do not at 
all care for lawyers informing me that 



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424 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE June 1983 425 



they are reviewing what I have writ- 
ten. I particularly don't like it when 
they're doing it prior to publication. 
Thus my immediate reaction was an 
explosion heard throughout much of 
Hollywood. 

My own lawyer friends tell me that 
the letter I received wasn't a threat or 
even a hint, and that lawyers talk that 
way to impress their clients. I 
wouldn't know, but I have calmed 
down, although it took me past last 
month's deadline. 

So much for the explanation. Now 
for the apology. 

Superfile is a decent program, as I 
said in the April review. It needs 
some improvements, but it is certain- 
ly a useful addition to our software 
library and will probably be used 
here. Although the documents led me 
to expect that it did things in a man- 
ner rather different from what it 
really does, it wasn't hard to learn to 
use it. 

Moreover, FYI is to be com- 
mended: unlike most software pub- 
lishers, FYI will let you use Superfile 
for 30 days, and if you don't like it, it 
will give you your money back. This 
isn't a unique policy, but it's both 
commendable and rare, and I should 
have made a point of saying so. 

Finally, FYI has a particularly 
lousy licensing agreement. It's nearly 
impossible to read, it's full of legalese 
terms, and it's printed in blue ink in 
tiny letters. I really did have to use 
the magnifying glass from my tran- 
sistorized Oxford English Dictionary 
in order to read it. For all that, it is 
not the worst licensing agreement I've 
ever seen, and the company's policy 
of giving your money back makes up 
for a lot. 

I wish FYI would change its licens- 
ing agreement, but then I hate 90 per- 
cent of the agreements I've seen. 

So What Should 
Agreements Look Like? 

Mr. James Gallion, President of En- 
gineering Technologies in North 
Carolina, asks a reasonable question: 
What kind of agreement is accept- 
able? He says, "Our licensing agree- 
ment is attached; unfortunately, it 
contains much of the Levitical docu- 
mentation and fine print you would 



like to eliminate. I would like to 
eliminate it, too, but . . ." 

He continues, "Bear in mind your 
license agreement covers an easily 

Copyright law has 

some features, 

including "public 

interest" provisions, 

that may surprise you. 

copied program selling for a hundred 
dollars or more, and your agreement 
must 

Protect the supplier against outright 
piracy of the program for resale and 
profit. 

Protect the supplier against the 
"generous fellow" who runs copies for 
his mother, brother, and users group. 

Protect against the unqualified user 
who misuses the program and loses 
thousands of dollars' worth of time and 
information. 

Apply equally for a one-person 
garage operation or a thousand-person 
corporation. 

Stand up in a court of law. 

That's a reasonable statement of 
the publisher's wants. Unlike most 
publishers, Mr. Gallion goes on to 
look at the publisher's obligations: 

The software supplier has an obliga- 
tion to provide bug-free programs, and 
to provide updates and corrections 
automatically to all his program users. 
We adhere to this and it is a part of our 
licensing agreement. But we also 
recognize that the user holds all the 
cards when he has our program — he 
can easily make copies for money, or 
for his friends; or he can just as easily 
sue us when the program gives him bad 
information from his bad input. The 
license agreement is our only protec- 
tion. 

That is an excellent statement of 
the problem; and I presume that most 
ethical software publishers would 
agree with it. What, then, shall we 
do? 

First, I will never agree with the FYI 
approach, which is to fill a sheet of 
paper with legalese. I'm not very 
happy with the approach used by 
Digital Research Inc., which puts out 
documents with a copyright notice, 
then adds at the bottom of each page: 
"All Information Presented Herein Is 



Proprietary to Digital Research"; but 
at least DRI puts its agreement in legi- 
ble print. 

The DRI agreement in essence says 
that if you sell or give away this pro- 
gram you're in trouble, and you 
know that. It also tries to restrict the 
user to "a single computer"; if you're 
going to use its software on more 
than one machine, you're supposed to 
buy more than one copy. 

Finally, DRI isn't obligated to do 
much. If it thinks you got a defective 
disk, it might replace it; and if it 
makes updates or fixes bugs, it will 
probably tell you how you can get 
your revisions. Otherwise, DRI is not 
liable for anything at all, and the 
company doesn't warrant that its 
product is useful, merchantable, or 
good for anything, unless state law 
forbids that kind of language, in 
which case DRI still doesn't claim its 
product is good for anything, and the 
most it will do is give you your 
money back. 

You agree that you haven't bought 
"consumer goods," and that what you 
have isn't warranted. 

It doesn't look like you get much 
for your money, does it? Here you're 
going to shell out a couple of hundred 
dollars, and in return you get the 
right to use a program on a single 
computer; if your computer dies, you 
should, strictly speaking, turn in your 
software, pay a transfer fee, and get a 
new license. 

And that's silly. I doubt that has 
ever been done in the history of the 
microcomputer. No one does it, and 
no one expects it to be done. 

Next, DRI seems a bit confused as 
to what's a trade secret, what's pro- 
prietary information, and what's pro- 
tected by copyright. As a writer and 
officer of writers' associations, I've 
had to become reasonably familiar 
with copyright law. Writers associa- 
tions get involved in lobbying for 
copyright law changes. Sometimes 
we work with publishers. Sometimes 
we don't, because the interests of 
writers and publishers don't always 
coincide. 

Copyright law has some interesting 
features. If you rely on copyright to 
protect your software, you can't 
possibly enforce the provision about 



426 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



These career 
opportunities 
are already 
yesterday's news. 



Now there's a source of employment infor- 
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not transferring a program from one 
computer to another. Not only is it 
legal for you to lend copyrighted 
material to your friends, but the law 
requires authors to support public in- 
stitutions whose business is to lend 
out their books. I refer, of course, to 
public libraries. 

There are also copyright law provi- 
sions dealing with "fair use," use by 
the blind and handicapped, and use 
by nonprofit educational institutions 
and public radio and television: in a 



word, there are "public interest" ex- 
ceptions to the authors' and pub- 
lishers' rights. Not all authors like all 
those exceptions; but they are part of 
the law. 

Under copyright law, you cannot 
sell or give away copies of copy- 
righted material without permission 
of the copyright owner. Thus, if we 
stayed with copyright law, a fair 
interpretation might be that you 
couldn't run a program on more than 
one computer at the same time, and if 



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you wanted to lend, sell, or give 
away a program, you'd have to fork 
over the original copy. 

This seems pretty fair to me. After 
all, I don't expect the FBI to go close 
down used book stores and libraries, 
even though both theoretically cost 
me money. If you lend my book to 
your friends, that's legal; if you make 
a copy for your mother, that isn't. In 
practice I'm not likely to do much 
about that, but if you make 100 
copies and start selling them, my pub- 
lisher and I are likely to cry "Foul!" 
and run to the police. 

If we can agree that's what we 
mean, somebody ought to be able to 
put that into legal language that 
would stand up. I shouldn't think it 
would take more than a few 
sentences, and there needn't be a 
"whereas" or "witnesseth" anywhere 
in them. 

Now for the other side of the ques- 
tion: the obligations of the publisher. 

First, I sure don't see why pub- 
lishers shouldn't have to replace 
defective media. In order to cut down 
on returns, Barry Workman dis- 
tributes all his software on Dysan 
disks. It costs more to begin with, but 
saves in the long run, or so he says. 
Even so, once in a while hell get a 
disk returned as unreadable. He 
replaces it. Why shouldn't he? If I buy 
a defective tape recorder by mail, I'm 
entitled to a replacement or my 
money back, and the electronics 
places I deal with don't argue. They 
even pay to have UPS come pick up 
my defective equipment. 

Why should software publishers 
escape from the consumer protection 
laws7 Why are they so bloody 
special? 

On the other hand, if I buy a tele- 
phone from JS&A and use it to make 
threatening and obscene phone calls, 
JS&A isn't responsible and shouldn't 
be. Ill go further: if I buy a phone, ex- 
pecting it to work, and when it 
doesn't I find I've missed an important 
call to my broker so that I've lost a lot 
of money, I can't see why JS&A 
should be liable. It's my own silly 
fault for not being more prudent. 

Thus I can agree with publishers 
stating in big letters that they're not 
liable for secondary, incidental, in- 



42a June 1 983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Si E 



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BYTE June 1983 429 



direct, special, or consequential 
damages, You buy and use this at 
your own risk; if it doesn't do what 
you thought it would do, so that you 
lose all the time you've invested in 
keying in data, you've a right to tell 
the world that the software's no good, 
but I doubt you've much ethical 
standing to sue the publisher. Cer- 
tainly you don't if you've been 
warned. 

On the other hand, if the program's 
useless, or doesn't do what the 
manual says it will, why should the 
buyer be stuck for the price? Yet 
DRI's "agreement" says that it cannot 
be altered by advertising, meaning, 
presumably, that DRI could take out 
an ad promising that its software 
would find you gold and silver, and 
when it didn't, it wouldn't have to re- 
fund your money. 

And yes, I know Digital Research 
wouldn't do that. Indeed, I'm using 
DRI as my example here precisely 
because they are good guys. I know 
for a fact that DRI spends a lot of 
time and money keeping its cus- 
tomers happy even when the cus- 
tomer makes quite unreasonable 
demands. Thus I wouldn't want any- 
one to think I dislike Digital Research 
or that I'm trying to lose it customers. 

And yet, here's this agreement that 
says that if I buy a CB-80 compiler for 
Ezekial and later update to another 
computer, I'm in violation of the 
agreement and should destroy all 
copies of my software. Here's 
another, which says on the one hand 
that it's copyrighted software, and 
thus supposed to be published and 
made public (under the restrictions of 
the copyright law), while at the bot- 
tom of every page is the silly notation 
that everything in the book is propri- 
etary. Yet I doubt anyone has 
brought suit against Rodnay Zaks or 
Thorn Hogan for publishing books on 
how to use CP/M, even though their 
books are just crammed with that 
"proprietary" information . 

When I carefully read my licensing 
agreement, I find that I'm supposed to 
put the serial number and copyright 
notice on all my work disks. I pre- 
sume that's every darned one that has 
CP/M on it. Of course many work 
disks have a lot of copyrighted pro- 



grams, from many different pub- 
lishers, on them; after all, I can keep 
1.2 megabytes on each floppy. There 
isn't room for all those copyright 
notices and serial numbers! And 
where, oh where, am I to put them on 
my hard disk7 

Come on, fellows. No one expects 
those agreements to be kept, just as 
no one believes all that information is 
"proprietary," or that the customers 
will act as if it were. 

I've seen no evidence 

to show that Levitical 

agreements— full of 

Thou Shalt Nots '- 

have any effect on 

piracy. 

In fact, that's my point. In practice, 
many companies tend to act about 
the way I think they should. They re- 
fund people's money, they provide 
support, they don't get unduly excited 
when Aunt Minnie snaffles up a copy 
on the sly, and they fix bugs. Why, 
then, do they insist on making their 
customers sign "agreements" that the 
customer has no intention of keeping, 
and which the company knows won't 
be kept? Is it to give work to lawyers, 
is it pure inertia, or are we in the com- 
puter business sailing under a curse? 

Must we continue making hypo- 
crites out of both publishers and cus- 
tomers? 

They Don't All Do It, You Know 

Although most publishers, includ- 
ing big ones like Microsoft and 
Digital Research, have legalistic li- 
censing agreements, not all do. Walt 
Bilofsky's Software Toolworks places 
a copyright notice on its products, 
and reminds people in simple English 
that it tries to deal fairly with its cus- 
tomers, and "if you agree that we are 
dealing fairly with you, I hope you 
will be fair to us by respecting our 
copyrights on our material and not 
making copies for others." 

I had much the same problem. 
When I began this column, I men- 
tioned some programs I had written. 
There was an instant flood of mail re- 
questing them. I'm not in the publish- 
ing business, nor can I afford the time 



or the money to give away hundreds 
of copies of programs. 

Eventually I solved the problem by 
asking Barry Workman to handle it. 
My agreement with Barry is simple. 
"If you get rich off these, 1 want some- 
thing." So far he hasn't. Meanwhile, 
we had to face the problem of licens- 
ing agreements. We solved it by not 
having any. Like Software Tool- 
works, Workman and Associates 
prints a disclaimer of liability. Then 
there's a copyright notice. Workman 
invites customers to make as many 
backup copies as might be needed, 
and reminds them that they're not 
supposed to use more than one copy 
at a time. Workman also points out 
that distribution of copies by loan, 
sale, or gift is a violation of federal 
law. 

Bilofsky and Workman are still in 
business. Indeed, some of Workman's 
customers are so conscientious that 
they buy multiple copies of his pub- 
lic-domain utilities, even though they 
know they're ethically and legally en- 
titled to give away copies. "I know 
that," one customer said in a letter. 
"But I want to encourage you to keep 
collecting the best utilities possible." 
Walt Bilofsky has had similar ex- 
periences. 

On the other hand, we all know 
there's piracy and theft going on in 
microcomputerland. (As I use the 
terms, piracy is selling someone else's 
property on a large scale. Giving 
away copies of copyrighted programs 
is theft. Selling one or two is petty 
theft.) We know that it costs pub- 
lishers money. 

We don't know what the real effect 
is. How many stolen copies represent 
lost sales, and how many went to 
someone who wouldn't, or couldn't, 
have bought it anyway? 

The question is complex. For exam- 
ple: suppose you have a program that 
you sell for $200. Suppose you know 
that for every program you sell, one 
is stolen. Suppose further that you 
are absolutely certain that if you 
dropped the price to $100, you would 
sell precisely twice as many programs 
and there'd be no theft at all. 

Query: would you cut the price? 

You probably wouldn't. You'd 
have twice as many legal customers. 



430 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE June 1983 431 



You'd have to provide twice as much 
support. 

Carry it further. How many copies 
of $500 programs are stolen? At what 
price would that drop to half? A 
quarter? 

I've seen no evidence to show that 
what my mad friend, Dan MacLean, 
used to call Levitical agreements — full 
of 'Thou Shalt Nots" — have any ef- 
fect on piracy. The evidence may ex- 
ist, mind you; I just haven't seen any. 
It may be that people rip off Walt 
Bilofsky more than they do Digital 
Research, but I'd have to see it 
proved. 

The bottom line, I think, is that we 
need to give a lot more thought to the 
whole problem. I can well understand 
software publishers' desire to keep 
software prices high. As a user, 
though, I've no desire to help them do 
it. I certainly won't concede their 
ethical right to discourage competi- 
tion, nor will I cooperate in goofy 
schemes designed to protect pub- 
lishers' rights to sell worthless junk 
and not refund the buyer's money. 

There must be a fair way to "pro- 



mote the progress of science and use- 
ful arts, by securing for limited times 
to authors and inventors the exclusive 
right to their respective writings and 
discoveries" — which is the only Con- 
stitutional authority for granting 
monopolies through copyright or pa- 
tent. The one thing I'm certain of, 
though, is that it does no good to en- 
courage disrespect for the law by hav- 
ing people sign agreements no one 
believes they'll keep. 

Snapshot 

One thing that used to really 
enrage my mad friend was "un- 
copyable" software. He could con- 
cede that it made sense for games to 
be copy protected, but anything 
useful should be backed up. It's a sen- 
timent I thoroughly agree with, and 
except for games I generally won't 
review software that has been copy 
protected. 

However, for every ingenious copy 
protection scheme, there's an even 
more ingenious way to defeat it. It's 
probably impossible to make a disk 
thoroughly uncopyable, although 



some publishers have come pretty 
close. 

CP/M doesn't lend itself to copy 
protection. In fact, you can't even 
lock up BASIC programs; most ex- 
perienced programmers know how to 
unlock execute-only BASIC programs 
so that you can get at their sources. 
CP/M users thus haven't been too 
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Apple users, though, have always 
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40 CPS daisywheel {parallel) $CALL 
Tractor for F-10 $225 

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Amount of memory installed on card 64K 128K 192K 256K 

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MegaPlus Cards — 

Amount of memory installed on card - 64K 12BK 192K 256K 

w/ standard features of serial port No. 1 & clock. $289 $339 $389 $439 

w/ either parallel or additional serial port No. 2 - $324 $374 $424 $474 

w) both parallel and additional serial port No. 2 • $359 $409 $459 $509 

MegaPak - expends a fully populated MegaPlus card to 512K . . . . $335 

I/O Plus Cards 

Standard card w/one serial port (SI ) and clock/calendar $129 

with ONE additional option. game{G) or pardllel(P) or serial 2(S2} port $165 

with TWO additional options (GP, GS2, or PS2) $199 

with all THREE additional options (GPS2) $232 



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HERCULES GRAPHICS CARD 

This card will give high resolution 
bit mapped graphics (720H x348V) 
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Complete with parallel printer port. 
Both text 3nd graphics can be dis- 
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high resolution graphics commands, 
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HARD DISKS 

DATAMAC "Add-in" Winchester 
Disk System includes hard disk,, 
disk controller card, cable, soft- 
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All hard disks will fit neatly into 
the righthand slot of the IBM PC. 
6 MB (5 MB formatted) . . $1,549 
12 MB (10 MB formatted) $1,949 
19MB (15MB formatted). $2,649 




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auto unit & sign 
indication. Full 
auto ranging on 
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range. 

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Above features 
plus beeper for 
continuity tests, 
overload warning. 
Zero adj, cancels 
resistance value 
of test leads for 
more accurate 
measurements. 
.Model SK-6330 
Special $129.50 



EASTERN ENTERPRISES, INC. 




BMC BM-AU9191MU, 13" RGB 

color, w/ cabinet style to match 
IBM (as shown above) . , $649 



n/ 

Prinwton HX-12, 12" RGB color, 

690 dots. 80 char x 25 lines. 
Identical IBM cabinet. Most 
pleasing & best price performan- 
ce monitor for your IBM PC. 
List 795 .. . Best buy $CALL 




Dynax GM-120, 12" green, 600 line. 
20 MHz. Made by JVC. Excellent! 
List $200.00. . . .Sale $109.00 



Taxan KG-12N. 12" green 800-dot, 
List $199.00 $149.99 

Zenith ZVM121, 12" green, 15MH* 
List $139.00 $119.00 



Dynax AM121 , 12" umber, 600<Jot 
20MHz.Made by JVC. Excellent! 
List $250.00 $149.00 

Taxen KA12N, 12" amber, 800-dot, 
List $205.00 $150.00 




IBM Personal Computers 



The new XT Model available now. 
Call for prices & configurations 



EaaBaaama 



1-2-3 (Req. DS drive). .$495 CALL 

dBASE II $700 $469 

TKISolver . .$249 

T.I.M. Ill $495 $349 

WordStar $495 $339 

MailMerge $250 $189 

SpellStar . .$$250 SI 79 

VisiCalc/256K $250 $179 

VisiFile $300 $219 

VisiDex $250 $199 

Spellguard $195 $149 

Versaform $389 $259 

PeachPak (GL/AR/AP) .$595 $395 
The Tax Manager . . . .$250 $179 
Home Accountant Plus. $150 $109 
1st Class Mat! $125 $99 




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L E Y (800)392-7081 



432 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



Circle 137 on inquiry card. 



THE FORTH SOURCE™ 



MVP-FORTH - A Public Domain Product 

MVP Forth is fig-FORTH updated to the FORTH-79 Standard Required 
Word Set. The source is public domain. Included are an editor, FORTH 
assembler, tools and utilities, making it compatible with the instructional 
book, Starting FORTH. Except for hardware dependencies, all high level 
FORTH is transportable between all systems. Modifications and exten- 
sions can be simplified through the use of MVP-FORTH Programming 
Aids and Meta and Cross Compilers. 

MVP FORTH Books - A Series 

□ Volume 1, All about FORTH by Haydon. MVP-FORTH 
glossary with cross references to fig-FORTH, Starting FORTH 
and FORTH-79 Standard. 2 nd Ed. $25 

□ Volume 2, MVP-FORTH Assembly Source Code. Includes 
CP/M? !BM-PC* , and APPLE® listing for kernel $20 

□ Volume 3, MVP-FORTH Math & Floating Point Extensions by 
Koopman. $25 
MORE COMING! 

MVP-FORTH Software - A Transportable FORTH 

□ MVP-FORTH Programmer's Kit including disk, documen- 
tation, Volumes 1 & 2 of MVP-FORTH Series (All About 
FORTH, 2 nd Ed. & Assembly Source Code), and Starting 
FORTH. Specify CP/M, IBM-PC, TRS-80/1® or 3, TRS Color 
Computer or APPLE. $150 

D MVP-FORTH Cross Compiler for CP/M Programmer's Kit. 
Can also generate headerless code for ROM or target 
CPU $300 



D MVP-FORTH Meta Compiler for CP/M Programmer's kit. Use 
for applicatons on CP/M based computer. Includes public 
domain source $1 50 

□ MVP-FORTH Fast Floating Point for APPLE Programmer's 
Kit. Includes 951 1 math chip on board with disk and 
documentation. $400 

□ MVP-FORTH Programming Aids for CP/M, IBM or APPLE 

Programmer's Kit. Extremely useful tool for decompiling, 
callfinding, and translating. $150 

□ MVP-FORTH by ECS Software for IBM-PC or ATARI® 
400/800. Standalone with screen editor. License required. 
Upgradeable $1 00 

D MVP-FORTH by ECS Software for IBM-PC or ATARI 400/800. 
Enhanced with color animation, multitasking sound, utilities, 
and unlimited run time license. $175 

□ MVP-FORTH Professional Application Development System 
(PADS) for CP/M, IBM-PC, or APPLE. A three level integrated 
system with complete documentation. Complete system for 
IBM, CP/M, or APPLE Includes 3 below $400 

□ MVP-FORTH PADS enhanced virtual system $1 50 
D MVP-FORTH PADS Programming Aids $1 50 



□ MVP-FORTH PADS Meta Compiler 



$150 



• •• MVP-FORTH operates under a variety of CPU's, computers, and 
operating systems. CP/M® disks can be supplied 8", SS/SD, 3740 
format or 5 1 A for Osborne® Northstar® Micro Decisions® Kaypro® or 
H89/Z89® . Specify your computer and operating system. ••• 



FORTH DISKS 

FORTH with editor, assembler, and manual. 



FORTH MANUALS, GUIDES & DOCUMENTS 



D APPLE by MM $1 00 

□ APPLE by Kuntze $90 

□ ATARI® valFORTH $60 
[.] CP/M® by MM $100 

□ HP-85 by Lange $90 

□ IBM-PC® by LM $100 



Lj NOVA by CCI $1 50 

□ TRS-80/I® by NS $90 

G Z80 by LM $50 

D 8086/88 by LM $1 00 

D VIC FORTH byHES. VIC20 
cartridge $60 



Enhanced FORTH with: F-Floating Point, G-Graphics, T-Tutorial, 
S-Stand Alone, M-Math Chip Support, MT-Multi-Tasking, X-Other 
Extras, 79-FORTH-79. 

□ APPLE by MM, 
F, G, & 79 $1 40 

□ ATARI by PNS, F,G, & X. $90 

□ CP/M by MM, F & 79 $140 
D Apple, GraFORTH by 

Insoft $75 

□ IBM-PC, PolyFORTH by F I 
F, G, S, M, MT, & X $300 

□ Multi-Tasking FORTH by SL, 
CP/M, X & 79 $395 

□ TRS-80/I or III by MMS 
F, X,&79 $130 

□ Timex ZX81 & TS1000 by 
FD, G,X, & 79 $45 



□ 



TUTORIAL by L & H, 

includes Starting FORTH $95 
Extensions for LM IBM.Z80, 
and 8086 

□ Software Floating 
Point $1 00 

□ 8087 Support 
(IBM-PC or 8086) $100 

D 951 1 Support 

(Z80 or 8086) $1 00 

G Color Graphics 

(IBM-PC) $100 

D Data Base 

Management $200 

Requires LM FORTH disk, 
specify IBM, Z80, or 8086 
Victor by DE, G,X $150 



D ALL ABOUT FORTH by 

Haydon. See above. $25 

□ FORTH Encyclopedia by 
Derick & Baker. A complete 
programmer's manual to fig- 
FORTH with FORTH-79 
references. Flow charted, 2 nd 
Ed, $25 

LJ FORTH Encyclopedia 

Pocket Guide $7 

□ And So FORTH by Huang A 
college level text. $25 

□ FORTH Programming by 
Scanlon $1 7 

□ FORTH on the ATARI by E 
Floegel $8 

□ Starting FORTH by Brodie. 
Best instructional manual 
available, (soft cover) $18 

□ Starting FORTH (hard 
cover) $22 

□ 1980 FORML Proc. $25 

□ 1981 FORML Proc 2 Vol $40 

□ 1982 FORML Proc. $25 
1981 Rochester FORTH 

Proc. $25 



D 1982 Rochester FORTH 
Proc. $25 

□ A FORTH Primer $25 
D Threaded Interpretive 

Languages 
D AIM FORTH User Man 
D APPLE User's Manual 

MicroMotion 

□ METAFORTH by Cassady. 
Meta compiler in 8080 
code $30 

Q Systems Guide to fig- 
FORTH $25 
Caltech FORTH Manual $1 2 



$21 
$12 



$20 



Invitation to FORTH $20 

PDP-1 1 User Man. $20 
CP/M User's Manual, 

MicroMotion $20 

□ FORTH-79 Standard $1 5 
D FORTH-79 Standard 

Conversion $10 

D Tiny Pascal fig-FORTH $1 

□ NOVA fig-FORTH CCI $15 

Q Installation Manual 

fig-FORTH, $1 5 



CROSS COMPILERS Allow extending, modifying and compiling for 
speed and memory savings, can also produce ROMable code. 
•Requires FORTH disk. 

□ CP/M $300 □ IBM* $300 

□ TRS-80/I $300 □ Z80» $300 

□ Northstar® $300 D Apple ll/ll + $300 

□ 8086* $300 

□ fig-FORTH Programming Aids for decompiling, callfinding, 
and translating. Specify CP/M, IBM-PC, Z80, or Apple 



Key to vendors: 
Fl FORTH Inc. 
DE Dai-E Systems 
FD Forth Dimension 
L & H Laxen and Harris 

Jupiter Ace Computer - Z80 FORTH micro code 



$150 
LM Laboratory Microsystems 
MM MicroMotion 

MMS Miller Microcomputer Services 
NS Nautilus Systems 
SL Shaw Labs 



$150 



Source Listings of fig-FORTH, for specific CPU's and computers. The 
Installation Manual is required for implementation. Each $15 

□ 1802 □ 6502 □ 6800 □ AlphaMicro 
D 8080 D 8086/88 Q 9900 D APPLE II 

□ PACE □ 6809 D NOVA D PDP-1 1 /LSI-1 1 

□ 68000 □ Eclipse □ VAX □ Z80 

Ordering Information: Check, Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, 
INC.), VISA, MasterCard or COD's accepted. No billing or unpaid PCs, California 
residents add sales tax. Shipping costs in US included in price. Foreign orders, pay 
in US funds on US bank, include for handling and shipping by Air; $5 for each item 
under $25, $1 for each item between $25 and $99 and $20 for each item over 
$1 00. Minimum order $1 0. All prices and products subject to change or withdrawal 
without notice. Single system and/or single user license agreement required on 
some products. 
DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED 



MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC. 

PO BOX 4656 MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 (415) 961-4103 



Circle 271 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 433 



as well as to make it harder to analyze 
the protection scheme. 

I'm not sure who's ahead just now, 
protectors or unlockers. It doesn't 
really matter, because there's another 
and better approach to making 
copies. 

Snapshot doesn't bother analyzing 
the disk. Instead, Snapshot is a hard- 
ware addition to the Apple II; 
through Snapshot you can interrupt 
the program and write out an exact 
copy of memory to disk. If you later 
load that image back to memory, the 
program has no way of knowing that 
it was ever interrupted. Thus Snap- 
shot is a kind of ultimate "unlock" 
system. 

It can't copy everything, of course. 
Programs that have to access the disk 
for information can't be copied that 
way, since Snapshot can get only 
what's currently in memory. On the 
other hand, often the data files can be 
copied, so that Snapshot plus trans- 
ferring data files will do the job. 

Snapshot is easy to install and sim- 
ple to document. We don't use it 
much, because nearly all our Apple 



programs are games, and I don't 
make backup copies of games. It does 
work, though, and there's a fallout 
benefit, since some games don't have 
a way for you to stop and save the 
game while you go have dinner. 
Snapshot makes that a cinch. 

Snapshot requires an Apple II or II 
Plus with 48K bytes, one disk drive, 
and a 16K-byte memory card or lan- 
guage card. It is also said to work 
with the Franklin Ace computer. It's 
easy to install: a 16-year-old did ours 
from the Snapshot instructions. 

Softlock 

Another truly horrible scheme that 
has surfaced recently is Softlock. This 
is a system for rendering software 
more or less useless until you enter a 
secret password. 

The idea is that you go to the soft- 
ware store and look over the pro- 
grams. You select a program that 
costs, say $250, but you pay only 
$49.95. You take the program home 
and play with it. It runs, but some 
crucial aspect of the program won't 
work. If it's a database, it won't ac- 



cess more than five records. Some- 
thing like that. 

You send in your licensing agree- 
ment and the balance of the money, 
and when that's been received, you 
get the secret password that will 
"unlock" the program. 

So far, so good; but what if you 
don't like the software? Suppose 
you've tried it and found it wanting? 

Ah, well, you're out $49.95. 

You're supposed to be grateful. 
After all, you could have been stuck 
for $250 before finding out that you 
don't like the program. 

The big advantage of this scheme is 
that dealers like it. The Softlock peo- 
ple have set it up so that the dealer's 
inventory cost is based on the $49.95, 
rather than the full $250 nominal 
value of the program; but when the 
dealer makes the sale, he gets the full 
$250, less what Softlock takes for 
providing its service. 

People who publish their software 
through outfits using Softlock tell me 
that dealers love this scheme, but 
"there's been considerable customer 
resistance." I'd hope to kiss a duck 



Microrubble 



How long could your business survive if your computer were 
suddenly reduced to a smoldering pile of microrubble? If it were 
stolen? Or tampered with? 

For as little as $35/yr SAFEWARE provides for lull 
replacement of all hardware, media and purchased software after 
a low $50 deductible. 

You're covered against fire, theft, accidental damage, 
earthquakes, and damage in transit. SAFEWARE even covers 
power surges, the second leading destroyer of microsystems. And, 
in the event of a claim, you'll get fast replacement. So you can 
be back in business almost before the smoke clears. 

To find out more, or to obtain immediate coverage, call 
the toll free number Or write: Columbia National General 
Agency, 88 E. Broad Street, Columbus, OH 43215. 

1-800-848-3469 

(In Ohio mil toll free 1-800-848-2112) 




i_ 




434 June 1903 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 67 on inquiry card. 



Mft> FORMULA INTERNATIONAL INC. «^ 

fcfc^ - *dk 12603 Crenshaw Blvd., Dept. B. Hawthorne. CA 90250 

For information (213) 973-1921 • Orders Only (outside Calif.) (800) 672-8758 




FORMULA II 



TM 



The Alternatives The Compatible! 
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• Fully compatible with Apple® II + * Built in 2-watt amplifier for realistic 

• Singleboard for easy assembly sound effect with volume control 

• Popular 6502 MPU for large * 8 on board peripheral connectors 
amount of software for expansion 

• Game paddle connector on both * 14 key numeric key-pad 
sides of case * 5-amp switching power supply 

Easy to assemble! AH components are clearly silk-screened on the high quality double-sided 
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power supply and the professional high impact plastic case are included. 



(please add 5% shipping and handling) 



5V4" DISC DRIVE FROM <§U€QTli 

100% Made In USA 100% Apple and Pineapple" Compatible 
50% Faster Seeking Time Than Apple Disk II Drive! 

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• Color and Shape same as the 
Disk II Drive 

Disk Drive $285.00 

Controller Card $ 75.00 

C ontroller Card with 13 Sector, 16 Sector Auto Select $ 85 . 00 




The APPLE II LOOKALIKE COMPUTER CASE 

Made with high impact plastic. ^ " _ 

Color and shape are ^ -_ 

compatible with.trje APPLE II 




Keyboard not included with this price! 




Model: APII 



6502 CPU MOTHER BOARD 

• 48K on board RAM (41 1 6) 

• 1 2K on board ROM (2716) 

• Upper/ lower case 

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• Size: 14 1 A" x 8%" 

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GUARANTEED TO WORK! BUILD IT IN 2 HOURS! 




m mm Big Savings On Peripheral Cards m m m 

Buy them in kit form. 
All cards APPLE II and PINEAPPLE compatible. 

80 column card kit $1 20.00 EPROM writer card assembled 

Z80 CP/M card kit $1 10.00 (** 2708,2716,2732,2764,2532) $89.50 

1 6K RAM card kit $49.50 Printer interface card kit (For Epson or Oki) $69.50 

Disk controller card kit $59.50 New disk controller card kit 

RS232 Interface card kit ... . $95.00 R* ft auto select) $69.50 

16K RAM card (cable-less) kit $59.50 PAL Color Encoder card (assembled) $88.50 



HEAVY DUTY SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY 
for Apple II, AP-II™ and Pineapple™ Computers 

+5Vat5.0Amp 
+12Vat2.5Amp 

-5V at 0.5 Amp 
-12V at 0.5 Amp 
Size and mounting holes are same 
as the ones used in the Apple II 




Model: THB-43H 



$145.00 ea. 



APPLE II+ COMPATIBLE KEYBOARD 



• LSI keyboard decoder 

• Upper/ lower case function 



• Full ASCII code output 

• N-key rollover function 

• LED ON/OFF indicator 




LKB-3600-N Keyboard Case 

Keyboard Only $99.00 EA. Plastic Case $35.00 EA, 



5W DISKETTE SALE 

All diskettes soft sector single-side double density with hub rings. 

10 pes. 100 pes. 

wabash #M43A $21.50 $195.00 

\ferbatinr #ms25-oi $26.50 $240.00 

Sentinel #744d $26.50 $240.00 

ATHANA #475001 $19.50 $175.00 



STORE HOURS 

MON-FRI-10-7 

SAT— 10-6 



rademark of APPLE COMPUTERS. INC. 



there'd be resistance. I hope the 
resistance looks like a boycott. I 
guarantee 111 never buy a program 
protected that way. Anyone else 
want to take the pledge? 

Nice Mice 

One feature of Apples new Lisa 
computer is a "mouse," a hand-held 
cursor controller. I'm pleased to say 
there is a mouse for the IBM Personal 
Computer. It is supposed to work 
with the IBM-compatible Zenith 
Z-100. 

In fact, our mouse would work 
with just about any computer that 
has an RS-232C serial port; it's just 
that I don't have software for any 
machine other than the IBM PC. 

The M-l Optical Mouse from 
Mouse Systems Corporation is a 
pleasant-sized hand-fitting object 
with three buttons on it. Pressing a 
button from one to three times lets 
you use each button like three func- 
tion keys. My friend Marvin Minsky 
tells me there's great controversy in 
the artificial intelligence community 



over how many buttons a mouse 
ought to have. 

This mouse sits on a specially 
scribed metal board. The board is 
thin and will sit on any table. The 
mouse has to be on this board, 
because it sees the myriad of lines on 
the board. When you move the 
mouse about, it knows how many 
lines it has crossed, and at what 
angle, and therefore is able to tell this 
to the computer. Proper software will 
make the computer cursor do 
whatever you have done with the 
mouse and the buttcns act like func- 
tion keys. 

At MIT I have seen programs that 
use a mouse to "paint" the screen, not 
only with colors, but with strange 
patterns. You move the cursor to a set 
of "brush sizes," put the cursor over 
the size you want, and hit a mouse 
button. The cursor is now that size. 
Take the "brush" and move it to a "pot 
of paint," i.e., a pattern at the edge of 
the screen, and push the button 
again. Now, move the mouse about 
the screen; push a button to leave 



dBASE IP Power from WordTfech's 
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE 

GENERAL APPLICATIONS 

• SALES SUPPORT SYSTEM with high power stand alone order entry, invoicing, A/R, $1 69 
and shipping label printing. 

9 MAILING LIST SYSTEM allows entry and maintenance with totally flexible sorting $ 49 

and label formating capabilities. The last word in selective mailings. 
9 CALENDAR SYSTEM controls important dates and appointments, lets you print re- $39 

minders sorted by date, person and location. 

LAW OFFICE APPLICATIONS 

• DOCUMENT FILJNG l AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM allowscross indexing of thousands $129 
of documents with instantaneous reporting on location based on numerous search 
criterion. Keeps tabs on exactly where pertinent information is located. 

• MASTER CALENDAR SYSTEM accepts dates up to 48 months in advance. Reports $ 89 
show upcoming appointments, depositions, hearings, and trials sorted by date, time, 
person, place and event. 

• CENTRAL MESSAGE SYSTEM tracks messages foryour entire office. Offers instan- $ 79 
taneous and/or summary printout with excellent on line access to message records 
based on past dates, caller, subject, and person called. 

CALIFORNIA LANDLORD FORMS 

• CALIFORNIA LANDLORD LEGAL FORMS provides commercial and residential $ 89 
leases, rental agreements, unlawful detainers, actions and notice forms. Simply insert 
pertinent information then print out with your word processor. 

All packages include complete documentation. You can use these programs even if you don't have 
dBASE II* Phone for details. 

WbrdlbchSyStemS 953 Mountain View Drive Lafayette, CA 94549 

(415) 254-7747 dbaseit ashton-tate 



"paint" on the screen, let go to 'lift the 
brush. " You can paint rather nice pic- 
tures that way. 

I haven't seen any programs like 
that for microcomputers, but I'm sure 
it's only a question of time. If you like 
playing about with computers, you'll 
probably like having a mouse. I've 
noticed that almost all MIT hackers 
become addicted. 

New Kaypro II Software 

The Kaypro II continues to im- 
prove. It now has the Perfect line of 
software. I certainly would prefer 
Perfect Writer to Select, which used 
to come with the Kaypro . There's also 
the speller, filer, and calculator from 
the Perfect line, plus another spread- 
sheet that has always come with the 
Kaypro. If all that isn't enough, you 
also get my favorite spelling checker, 
Wayne Holder's The Word Plus. 

There's even more. You also get 
Microsoft BASIC with the Kaypro as 
well as S-BASIC, and the S-BASIC 
manual has been rewritten. 

That's just as well. If I had to give 
an award for the most unreadable 
computer document I've ever seen, 
the original S-BASIC manual would 
win hands down. The new one has 
been worked over by Kaypro and is 
a great deal more sensible. 

S-BASIC itself is quite nice. It's a 
structured and compiled BASIC that 
rivals CB-80. I'm more familiar with 
CB-80 than S-BASIC, but all my ex- 
periences with S-BASIC have been 
relatively pleasant. I suspect that 
those who buy the Kaypro machine 
will begin by using Microsoft 
MBASIC, then start translating their 
programs into S-BASIC and learn 
more about structured programming. 

Meanwhile, our Kaypro II has been 
out on loan to a collaborator, Dr. 
Alan Trimpi. He's been using it most- 
ly as a word processor, and he loves 
it. All other reports I've heard from 
Kaypro users have been positive, too, 
except for that awful squeaky key- 
click that is even worse than the 
2-100 s. Fortunately, it can be turned 
off. 

The Kaypro II is a very good ma- 
chine for those somewhat familiar 
with computers, and the company 
keeps upgrading the documents that 



436 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 419 on Inquiry card. 



Actually, we're being modest. 

The truth is we won. Because 74% of consumers inter- 
viewed by Nationwide Consumer Testing Institute said the 
copies produced by the EP 300 were clearly superior to 
those from the Xerox® and IBM® copiers. 

So, while the Xerox and IBM certainly do bigger 
jobs, they don't do better jobs than the compact Minolta 
EP 300 when it comes to copy quality. 

The EP 300 has Minolta's exclusive micro-toning system 
for crisp, clear copies with blacker blacks. From top to bot- 
tom and edge to edge. On virtually any paper up to 10 x 14" 

You also get an electronic troubleshooter to warn you of 
problems. And Minolta's world-renowned dependability. 

And there's the new Minolta EP 300RE. Superb 
Minolta copy quality plus enlarged and reduced copies. 
So now you can enlarge fine details in the original for 
greater legibility. Or reduce ledger, legal and computer 
printout-size originals to convenient letter-size copies. 
With all this extra versatility, the EP 300RE costs just $3,295 

If you'd like the test results, send us the coupon. 

If you'd like the name of your nearest authorized Minolta 
dealer, look under our trademark in the Yellow Pages. Or 
call toll-free 800-526-5256. In N.J., 201-797-7808. 

The Minolta EP 300 Series. The small copiers that prove 
size isn't everything. 

The Minolta EP 300. 

At up to 10 times the price, we'd still look good. 



In a side-by-side-by-side test 
for crisp, clear 

we tied. 





IBM Series III 
Model M) $22,635 



Minolta EP300 
$2,195 




Xerox 

$16,095 



MINOLTA 



©1982 Minolta Corporation. Product appearance, prices and/or specifications subject to 
change without notice Copiers tested were the Xerox 5400, the IBM Series Ml Model 10, 
and the Minolta EP 300 Xerox and IBM prices are those in effect as of 7/1/82. 
Xerox® and IBM® are registered trademarks of Xerox Corporation and International 
Business Machines Corporation, respectively. 

Circle 268 on inquiry card. 



by - mI 
G Please send me the copy test results. 
□ I'd like more information. Please have my 
local dealer contact me. 



Name- 
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Mail to Minolta Corporation. Business Equipment Division 
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BYTE June 1983 437 



come with it. If you don't need true 
portability — the Kaypro II can be car- 
ried on an airplane, for I've done it, 
but it's pretty big and painfully 
heavy — then you ought to look at the 
Kaypro line. That's a very impressive 
list of software that comes with the 
machine; the list prices add up to 
more than the $1795 charged for the 
Kaypro. Incidentally, by the time this 
is in print there will also be the Kay- 
pro 10, which will have a 10-mega- 
byte hard disk and sell for less than 
$3000. That sounds like an excellent 
package. 

Magic Keyboard 

Regular readers of this column 
know that I've no love for the IBM 
PC's crazy European keyboard with 
its extra key between the "Z" and the 
Shift key, and the nearly unreachable 
Return key. I sympathize with the 
Europeans, who must have keys to 
make letters we don't have in English. 
People saddled with umlauts deserve 
sympathy. Sympathy or no, I don't 
intend to learn to type all over again; 



let the Europeans learn, or, better yet, 
sell them one kind of keyboard and 
sell Americans another. 

IBM, however, chose to try to ram 
its keyboard down U.S. throats, and 
indeed it appears to have been suc- 
cessful. A lot of people are buying the 
PC. 

A lot of them are cursing their key- 
boards, too, if my mail is any sample. 

Comes now Jim Baen with a solu- 
tion. Jim Baen is arguably one of the 
best science-fiction editors in the 
world. Certainly Larry Niven and I 
regard him among the top two or 
three we've ever worked with. 

I recall when I first got Ezekial, my 
poor late friend who happened to be a 
Cromemco Z-2, I began to tell Jim 
Baen about the joys of writing with a 
computer. He began to listen. One 
day he decided to do something about 
it. He went out to buy one. 

What he got was an IBM PC. He 
hadn't noticed the keyboard until he 
got it home . . . 

It nearly drove him crazy. More- 
over, many of his authors refused to 



work with that keyboard, so he 
wasn't getting one of the main advan- 
tages of having a computer, namely 
having manuscripts in a format read- 
able by his computer. Something had 
to be done. 

While others, including me, cursed, 
Jim did something. He got a program- 
mer to write Magic Keyboard. Being 
an editor, Jim published it. 

Magic Keyboard is a program that 
you run on your IBM PC. It im- 
mediately and invisibly reassigns the 
misplaced keys. The key between the 
"Z" and Shift becomes another Shift 
key. The key over there by Return 
becomes Return. And so forth. You 
can still get the characters those keys 
used to make: simply hit the Alt key 
and the changed key simultaneously. 

Now that I have Magic Keyboard I 
wouldn't mind having an IBM PC, 
although now that we have Zorro I 
may not need one. 

Incidentally, the Z-100 comes with 
what amounts to Magic Keyboard. 
That is, when you buy the machine 
and operating system, you get alter- 




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BYTE June 1983 439 



nate French, German, Danish, 
Swedish, English, and graphics char- 
acter sets, plus a couple more. Any of 
those can be made the "standard" 
character set and keyboard layout; 
or, if you like, you can create your 
own. 

I don't know why IBM didn't do 
something like that. Fortunately, Jim 
Baen has corrected IBM's deficiency. I 
cannot imagine anyone with a PC not 
wanting to have Magic Keyboard. 
Neither could Barry Workman, who 
distributes it. 

Hate Mail 

Jeffrey Wade, of Liberty Mutual In- 
surance Company, writes to inform 
me that my 'little diatribe against 
COBOL is pure poppycock," and he 
"thinks my readers ought to know it." 

Mr. Wade calls as evidence the fact 
that "a recent estimate puts the inven- 
tory of COBOL programs in the 
world today at $200 billion. In my 
shop alone, there are 20,000 active 
COBOL programs. Do you honestly 
think theyll go away in five years? In 



your lifetime? In your son's?" 

Moreover, COBOL is being up- 
dated. It will soon have, according to 
Wade, "structured programming con- 
structs, Boolean operators, etc." He 
concludes, "If you're doing business 
applications which require lots of file 
processing, youll be hard pressed to 
find a better language than my old 
friend, COBOL." 

Perhaps Mr. Wade is right. It's 
almost certain that COBOL will be 
around for a while. The question is, is 
that a positive good or a regrettable 
evil? 

If you want to write self -modifying 
code, COBOL has a statement that 
will do that for you. Whether you, 
and more importantly your succes- 
sor, can understand what you've 
done is another matter entirely. 
Meanwhile, structured programming 
constructs and Boolean operators are 
coming Real Soon Now. 

Perhaps, if what you need to do is 
process inputs from hundreds of ter- 
minals—say from a chain of depart- 
ment stores — or you must work with 



tens of thousands of insurance 
policies, COBOL is the language of 
choice. I wouldn't have thought so, 
but I'm willing to be persuaded. 

The one thing you won't persuade 
me of is that you've much chance of 
handling the records of 100,000 
policy holders on any kind of micro- 
computer I'm going to see in the next 
few years. 

To put the record straight: BYTE 
calls itself 'The Small Systems Jour- 
nal." I write the User's Column. 
Within that context, I cannot and do 
not recommend COBOL. For larger 
systems and larger businesses I would 
have thought there were better lan- 
guages, but perhaps I'm wrong. 

As to the $200 billion value of all 
those COBOL programs, I'm re- 
minded of the difference between 
price and value — or effort and work. 

My other hate mail comes from Dr. 
Clyde Holsapple, whose brief intro- 
duction to database management I 
found incomprehensible. 

Alas, I remain unrepentant. Dr. 
Holsapple informs me that I'm 



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Circle 441 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1983 441 



Items Reviewed 




Epson QX-10 Computer 


with 64K-byte RAM $2495 


Epson America Inc. 


with 128K-byte RAM $2995 


Computer Products Division 




3415 Kashiwa St. 




Torrance, CA 90505 




(213) 539-9140 




Invasion Orion 


$24.95 


Crush, Crumble, and Chomp 


$29.95 


Epyx Automated Simulations Inc. 




1043 Kiel Court 




Sunnyvale, CA 94086 




(408) 745-0700 




Kaypro II Computer 


$1795 


Non-Linear Systems Inc. 




533 Stevens Ave. 




Solana Beach, CA 92075 




(619) 755-1134 




M-l Optical Mouse 


$312 


Mouse Systems Corporation 




2336-H Walsh Ave. 




Santa Clara, CA 95051 




(408) 988-0211 




Magic Keyboard 


$32.50 


Utility Disk 4 


$32.50 


Workman and Associates 




112 Marion Ave. 




Pasadena, CA 91106 




(213) 796^401 




Modula-2 Compiler 


for UCSD p-System $495 


Volition Systems Inc. 




POB 1236 




Del Mar, CA 92014 




(619) 481-2286 




Print-Mate 150 Printer 


Al $1125 


Micro Peripherals Inc. 


Bl $995 


4426 South Century Dr. 




Salt Lake City, UT 84107 




(800) 821-8848 or (801) 263-3081 




Snapshot 


$109.95 


Dark Star Systems 




POB 140 




Amherst, MA 01004 




(413) 584-7600 




Superfile 


$195 


FYI Inc. 




Suite 204 




4202 Spicewood Springs Rd. 




Austin, TX 78759 




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Zenith Z-100 Computer 


low-profile with two drives, color $3999 


Zenith Data Systems 


low-profile with one drive, monochrome $3249 


1000 Milwaukee Ave, 


all-in-one with two drives and monitor $4099 


Glenview, IL 60025 


RGB monitor $799 


(312) 391-7000 


monochrome green monitor $139 


Zork or Starcross 


8-inch disk for CP/M $49.95 


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thoroughly ignorant of the basic prin- 
ciples of database management. He's 
demonstrably right, although I plead 
that I did try to learn from his docu- 
ment. 

My sin, I find, is that I have con- 
fused hierarchical database schemes 
with the more formally structured 
CODASYL systems. These aren't the 
same at all, and according to Dr. 
Holsapple, "It is unlikely that even a 
database dilettante would make such 
a glaring error." 

Moreover, according to him, 
MDBS "is neither CODASYL nor 
hierarchical, but embodies much 
more powerful and flexible data 
modeling of a posthierarchical vari- 
ety. For readers who are interested in 
genuine database management, as op- 
posed to mere file management, these 
fundamental distinctions are impor- 
tant." 

I'm sure they are. Moreover, since 
Dr. Holsapple's primer, which I 
found difficult to read, is apparently 
ideal for teaching (he uses it in his 
courses), I can only conclude that his 
primer, and MDBS, are able to tell 
me more about database management 
than I really wanted to know. 

To be fair: I did consult with peo- 
ple who used MDBS for military ap- 
plications in Portugal. I think I was 
fair when I said that MDBS is a tool 
for professional programmers and 
unlikely to be useful to users. 

Those of you who wish to know 
more about database manage- 
ment—as opposed to mere file 
management — are invited to read Dr. 
Holsapple's primer. Of your charity, 
you might then explain to me what it 
says. I cheerfully admit that I am not 
a database-management expert; and I 
am apparently unable to become one 
by study. It seems to be one of my 
many failings, and 111 just have to live 
with it.B 



Jerry Pournelle welcomes readers' 
comments and opinions. Send a self- 
addressed stamped envelope to Jerry 
Pournelle, c/o BYTE Publications, 
POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449. Please 
put your address on the letter as well as 
on the envelope. Due to the high 
volume of letters, Jerry cannot 
guarantee a personal reply. 



442 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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BYTE June 1983 443 



Book Reviews 



6502 Assembly 

Language 

Subroutines 

Lance Leventhal 

and Winthrop Saville 

Osborne/McGraw-Hill 

Berkeley, CA, 1982 

550 pages 

sof trover, 515.95 

Reviewed by 
Paul E. Hoffman 
2109 Shattuck Ave. 
Berkeley, CA 94704 



The title of this excellent 
book is misleading because it 
covers almost anything that a 
programmer would want to 
know about 6502 assembly 
language, not just sub- 
routines. It does contain 
more than 50 well-docu- 
mented subroutines that can 



be used in many applications, 
but the 150 pages of program- 
ming methods, hints, and 
common errors alone are 
worth the price of the book. 

The authors have written a 
book that both experienced 
programmers and relative 
novices can use. The sub- 
routines they present are 
clear, concise, and filled with 
excellent comments. Those 
who own a computer that 
runs the 6502 chip (such as 
the Atari, Apple II, or PET) 
and an assembler program 
should find the book par- 
ticularly valuable. 

Leventhal and Saville make 
learning the 6502 fairly easy, 
especially for people who are 
familiar with assembly lan- 
guage on other computers. 
After describing all of the ad- 
dressing modes and registers 
of the 6502, the authors offer 




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quick ways to implement 
common features that are 
found on many other chips. 
For instance, they present 
many three- and four-step ex- 
amples of how to manipulate 
the registers in a manner 
similar to that used by many 
other machines. The discus- 
sion of I/O (input/ output) 
handling is one of the best 
around, and it is relevant to 
many of the subroutines pre- 
sented in the second part of 
the book. 

The chapter on common 
programming errors in par- 
ticular should be read by pro- 
fessional assembly-language 
programmers whether or not 
they use the 6502. The 
authors' comments on im- 
proper use of the bit flags, 
especially the carry bit, are 
particularly relevant to 6502 
programmers because the 
6502 handles flags differently 
than most processors. 

Other interesting features 
of the first section of the 
book (we haven't even gotten 
to the subroutines!) are the 
discussion of stack handling 
and the clearest explanation 
of peripheral chips you're 
likely to find. The logical 
structure of the material and 
the profusion of hints make 
this section as relevant to ex- 
perienced programmers as it 
is to novices. 

The second section of the 
book presents subroutines 
that are useful whether 
you're writing a business sys- 
tem or a graphics-based 
game. Most of the common 
math functions, such as 
16-bit multiplication and 
division, are covered, and all 
are supplemented by many 
multiple-precision routines. 
All of the standard bit 
manipulations and byte shifts 
are also shown. 

The authors cover arrays 
in depth with some very 
easy-to-understand code. 
The subroutines they present, 
such as those for n-dimen- 



sional indexing and total- 
array summation, could save 
a programmer hours of cod- 
ing and testing. Like most of 
the subroutines, the one for 
array handling is given in 
both 8-bit and 16-bit ver- 
sions. 

Assembly-language pro- 
gramming books that deal 
with string handling are hard 
to find. 6502 Assembly Lan- 
guage Subroutines contains 
six examples of string han- 
dling, all of which are general 
enough to cover many ap- 
plications. Through ex- 
amples, the authors stress 
ways to handle strings con- 
sistently; they do not fall into 
the usual trap of treating 
strings as grouped numbers. 

Because many of the 6502 
computers currently avail- 
able were designed years ago, 
their I/O processing and in- 
terrupt handlers are often 
confusing and sometimes un- 
wieldy. Once you get past the 
operating system, the ability 
to handle your own I/O is 
important. Leventhal and 
Saville offer many good ex- 
amples of how to program 
using your own I/O han- 
dling. 

The authors cover each 
subroutine extensively. Even 
though the code is well docu- 
mented, the book also pro- 
vides enough information for 
most programmers to modify 
any of the routines to suit 
their particular programs. 

Before discussing each sub- 
routine at length, the authors 
explain its purpose and how 
it accomplishes its goal — in 
plain English. In addition, 
they offer suggestions about 
other areas in which the sub- 
routine might be useful and 
the type of data for which it 
was intended. 

A wealth of other informa- 
tion is given along with the 
subroutines. The technical 
considerations that an ex- 
perienced programmer might 
have — such as which registers 



444 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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Book Reviews . 



are used — are covered con- 
cisely. These considerations 
include the size of the sub- 
routine and the amount of 
data RAM needed. 

The authors should be 
commended for their decision 
to include precise calculations 
for the execution times for 
each subroutine. Even 
though assembly-language 
programs on the 6502 are 
quite fast, programmers often 
forget that frequently called 
subroutines can slow a sys- 
tem down considerably. The 
authors give equations for 
determining the number of 
cycles for all of the given sub- 
routines. 

Most of the subroutines 
presented take all of their 
arguments from the stack, 
which makes the calling pro- 
cedure much more general. 
An English description of the 
entry and exit conditions pre- 
cedes the code. The authors 
also discuss special cases that 
you might encounter so that 
you can test for them before 
the subroutine is called. 

In addition to offering 
thorough descriptions of 
everything in the code that 
they wrote, the authors 
documented the code com- 
pletely. Variable names are 
surprisingly consistent 
throughout the book, and 
standard names for memory 
locations are used whenever 
possible. 

The assembly pseudo- 
operations the authors use 
resemble those used on main- 
frame computers, so pro- 
grammers shifting down to 
the microcomputer will feel 
at home. The authors define 
the variables on the first page 
of RAM memory at the be- 
ginning of the subroutine but 
wait until the end of the code 
to define the position- 
independent variables. 

The authors stress good 
documentation for all of their 
code but also conserve space 
whenever possible. For ex- 
ample, the array-handling 



programs do not attempt to 
make row and column com- 
putations if others are more 
appropriate. The emphasis is 
on clean code that is easy to 
understand. 

The heavy use of the stack, 
both for passing the para- 
meters of the subroutine and 
for processing, makes many 
of the subroutines easier to 
understand . Although the 
6502's stack is underused by 
many programmers, the 
authors' structured style em- 
phasizes saving memory and 
machine cycles by pushing 
and popping short-lived vari- 
ables on the stack. 

When handling strings, the 
authors assume that the pro- 
grammer knows the length of 
the string before the sub- 
routine is called. This is often 
true when you're writing 
assembly-language programs 
that interface with BASIC, 
but it may not always be true 
otherwise. The lack of 
routines for handling float- 
ing-point numbers is also un- 
fortunate because most 
BASIC languages deal almost 
exclusively with them. Still, 
the general nature of the sub- 
routines that are given lets 
programmers preformat the 
data that is being passed. 

6502 Assembly Language 
Subroutines is exceptionally 
complete in its presentation 
of subroutines and should be 
an indispensable reference for 
programmers. The explana- 
tions that go along with the 
subroutines are clearly writ- 
ten and contain almost all of 
the information that could be 
relevant to modifying the 
authors' code to fit a par- 
ticular need. 

The first part of the book is 
one of the best references 
about the 6502 on the mar- 
ket. It shows how to easily 
overcome most of the weak- 
nesses in assembly language 
and how to prevent program- 
ming mistakes. Together, the 
two sections form a superior 
programming manual. ■ 



446 Jun« 1963 © BYTE Publsc^icr-: Ir.c 



Circle 273 on Inquiry card, 



We said we wouldn't say "We Have It" until we have it. 

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precision floating point arithmetic. These features give the 
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In addition, the NS16032 instruction set archi- 
tecture is symmetrical making the processor ideally suited to 
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*UNITY is a Trademark of Human Computing Researchers Corp.. UNIX is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories 

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Victor has delivered more advanced 

16-bit microcomputers than any 

other manufacturer save one. 

Here's why: 
Unsurpassed price/ 
performance value. 



One look at the prices and capacities of these three popular 
Victor 9000 configurations and you'll understand why the 
Victor has quickly become the world's 2nd most popular ad- 
vanced 16-bit microcomputer. 

The Victor 9000 quite simply offers the best price/perform- 
ance combination available on the market today. 



The powerful memory and storage capacities of the Victor 
9000 are only part of the Victor performance story. 

Designed to be a hardworking, hands-on computer, the 
Victor 9000 gives new meaning to the term "user-friendly." 
From the human size, detached keyboard to the tilting, turning, 
high resolution display screen, the Victor 9000 makes complex 
business computing easy. And with scores of proven business 
application software packages available right now, plus net- 
working, complete communications capabilities, and a com- 
plete line of high performance peripherals, the Victor 9000 is 
the class of its class. 

To get the complete story on the powerful, friendly and very 
affordable Victor 9000, just call the Victor office nearest you or 
call 1-800-VIC-9000. 




$3,995.00 

The 16-bit Victor 9000 
Personal Business 
Computer with two 
single-sided floppy disks. 

Includes two single-sided floppy 
disks providing 1.2 megabytes 
storage; central processing unit, 
CRT and detached keyboard; 
communications and networking 
capabilities. 



The 16-bit Victor 9000 
Personal Business 
Computer with two 
double-sided floppy disks. 

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disks with 2,4 megabyte storage; 
central processing unit, CRT and 
detached keyboard; communications 
and networking capabilities. 



$4,745.00 




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$5,995.00 

The 16-bit Victor 9000 
Personal Business 
Computer with internal 
hard disk. 

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device featuring 10.6 megabyte fixed/ 
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central processing unit, CRT and 
detached keyboard; communications 
and networking capabilities. 



VICTOR 

Victor Technologies, Inc. P.O. Box 1135 Glenview, 111. 6(3025 
1-.W-VIC-9000 



Victor has delivered more advanced 

16-bit microcomputers than any 

other manufacturer save one. 



Here's how: Unsurpassed 
local distribution, support 
and service nationwide. 

The Victor 9000 personal business computer sys- 
tem has the hardware and the software you need. But, 
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new network of 8 districts, 50 branch offices and over 
650 highly trained Victor dealers guarantees you 
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where you need it, when you need it. Which is what 
you should expect from a company with 66 years of 
experience in solving business application problems. 
Here's how the Victor service/ support network 
works for you. As you can see, there's a Victor dealer 
near you. 



•DISTRICT 1: ATLANTA 
District Office 
330 Research Court 
Technology Park 
Norcross. GA 30092 
(404) 449-7950 

Includes 7 branches and 
70 dealers in 5 states. 

Branch Offices 
Alabama 

601 S. 37th Street 
Birmingham 35222 
(205) 252-2176 

Florida 

5228 Beach Boulevard 
lacksonville 32207 
(904) 396-7751 

3000 W. Hallandale Bch. Blvd. 

Hallandale 33009 (Miami) 

(305) 458-3356 

(305) 949-4246 (Miami) 

(305) 421-8583 (Deerfield Bch.) 

649 W. Vassar Street 
Orlando 32804 
(305) 841-9251 

Georgia 

5801 Peachtree-Dun woody Rd. 
Suite 102 
Atlanta 30342 
(404) 256-1044 

Tennessee 

169 Racine Street, P.O. Box 11898 
Memphis 38111 
(901) 324-5554 

702 Melpark Drive, 
P.O. Box 40644 
Nashville 37204-0644 
(615) 383-9151 

•DISTRICT 2; CHICAGO 
District Office 

3 O'Hare Tower 
8420 W. Bryn Mawr Ave. 
Chicago. IL 60631 
(312) 399-1500 

Includes 6 branches and 
93 dealers in 7 states. 

Branch Offices 
Illinois 

59 W. Grand Avenue 
Chicago 60610 (Central) 
(312) 527-0800 

1331 Brummel 
Flk Grove Village 
(312) 956-8190 



60007 (North) 



Indiana 

1401 E. Riverside Drive 
Indianapolis 46202 
(317) 63 5-13 3 6 

Minnesota 

790 S. Plaza Dr.. Mendota Hghts. 
55120-1572 (Minneapolis) 
(612) 454-8600 

Missouri 

200 N. Leffingwell at Pine 
St. Louis 63103-2295 
(314) 53 5-9900 

Wisconsin 

8028 W. Gapitol Drive 
Milwaukee 53222 
(414) 438-0305 

•DISTRICT 3: CLEVELAND 
District Office 

6133 Rockside Road, Suite 302 
Independence. OH 44134 

(216) 447-8890 

Includes 7 branches and 
95 dealers in 5 states. 

Branch Offices 
Kentucky 

2460 Bardstown Road 
Louisville 40205 
(502) 458-5381 

Michigan 

23200 Telegraph Road 
P.O. Box 2166 (48037) 
Southfield 48034 (Detroit) 
(313) 355-5330 

New York 

3435 Harlem Road 
Gheektowaga 14225 (Buffalo) 
(716) 838-5100 

Ohio 

5621 Creek Road 
Blue Ash Industrial Park 
Cincinnati 45242 
(513) 984-1060 

3201 E. Royalton Road 
Broadview Hghts. 44147 (Gleve.) 
(216) 526-0200 

3972 Indianola Avenue 
P.O. Box 14465 
Columbus 43214 
(614) 263-8806 

Pennsylvania 
(Includes W. Virginia) 
108 Rosslyn Road 
Carnegie 15106 (Pittsburgh) 
(412) 279-5300 



•DISTRICT 4: DALLAS 
District Office 

1404 Walnut Hill Lane 
Irving, TX 75062 

(214) 258-5000 

Includes 7 branches and 
102 dealers in 7 states. 

Branch Offices 

Arkansas 
1900 W. 3rd Street 
Little Rock 72205 
(501) 376-0505 

Missouri (Includes Nebraska) 

153 5 Broadway 
Kansas City 64108 
(816) 842-7966 

Louisiana 

1805 Dallas Drive 
Baton Rouge 70806 
(504) 92 7-4180 

3230 Interstate 10 Service Rd. 
Metairie 70001 (New Orleans) 
(504) 831-2601 

Texas 

3019 Diamond Park Drive 
P.O. Box 47746 Dallas 75247 
(214) 631-5430 

5918 Southwest Freeway 
Houston 77057 

(713) 782-8964 

2201 Gee Gee Street 

San Antonio 78217 
(512) 828-6471 

•DISTRICT 5: 
LOS ANGELES 
District Office 

17744 Skypark Circle 

Suite 274 

Irvine. GA 92 714 

(714) 850-9944 

Includes 4 branches and 
61 dealers in 4 states. 

Branch Offices 

Arizona (Includes New Mexico) 

8126 N. 23rd Avenue 
Suite D Phoenix 85021 
(602) 249-4897 

California (Includes 

Nevada) 

1202 Olympic Boulevard 

Santa Monica 90404 (L.A.) 

(213) 450-1559 



17241 Murphy Avenue 
P.O. Box 18528 

Irvine 92713 (Orange County) 
(714) 660-0363 

3661 Camino Del Rio S. 
San Diego 92108 

(714) 283-7001 

"•DISTRICT 6: NEW YORK 
District Office 

2005 Rt. 22 
P.O. Box 1463 
Union. NJ 07083 
(201) 687-4700 

Includes 7 branches and 
95 dealers in 8 states. 

Branch Offices 
Connecticut 

West Hill Center 
21 New Britain Avenue 
Rocky Hill 06067 
(203) 563-5388 

581 VV. Putnam Avenue 
Greenwich 06830 
(203) 629-9091 

Massachusetts (Includes Maine, 
Vermont. New Hampshire) 

335 Bear Hill Road 
Waltham 02154 (Boston) 
(617) 890-3800 



New Jersey 

2005 Route 22, P.O. Box 1463 

Union 07083 

(201) 687-4 700 



Branch Offices 

Maryland (Includes Delaware) 

1031 Cromwell Bridge Road 
Towson 21204 (Baltimore) 
(301) 821-6710 
North Carolina 
(Includes So. Carolina) 
1611 E. Seventh Street 
P.O. Box 9546 (28299) 
Charlotte 28204 
(704) 375-7708 
Pennsylvania 

3559 Meadow Lane. P.O. Box 548 
Bensalem 19020 (Philadelphia) 
(215) 639-9510 

Virginia (Includes Wash. D.C.) 
2116 Dabney Road, P.O. Box 6815 
" Richmond 23230 
(804) 359-4091 
7635 Sewells Point Road 
Norfolk 23513 
(804) 583-4511 
8112 Gatehouse Road 
Falls Church 22042 
(703) 573-0550 
•DISTRICT 8: 
SAN FRANCISCO 
District Office 
101 California St. 
San Francisco. CA 94111 
(415) 392-1991 

Includes 6 branches and 
87 dealers in 9 states. 



Branch Offices 
California 

2718 ) Street 

Sacramento 95816 
(916) 441-3156 

5 Dorman Avenue 
San Francisco 94124 
(415) 826-8876 

Colorado (Includes Nebraska 
Montana, Wyoming) 

Watervleit Business Park 
7100 N. Broadway, Bldg. 4A 
Denver 80221 
(303) 426-4950 
Oregon (Includes Idaho) 
14215 N.W. Science Park Dr. 
Portland 97229 
(503) 646-0535 
•DISTRICT 7: WASHINGTON Utah (Includes Idaho) 

District Office 

8260 Greensboro Drive 

Suite 510. McLean. VA 22102 

(703) 448-1185 



New York 

(Includes Rhode Island) 

Three Corporate Plaza 
Washington Ave. Extension 
Albany 12203 
(518) 869-8446 

99 Jericho Turnpike 

Jericho 11753 (Long Island) 

(516) 334-7715 

355 Lexington Avenue 
New York City 10017 
|212) 697-8900 



Includes 6 branches and 

88 dealers in 7 states 

and the District of Columbia. 



537 R. Third, South 
Salt Lake City 84102 
(801) 363-0535 

Washington (Includes Montana. 
Hawaii, and Alaska) 

13400 Northrup Way 
Bellevue 98005 (Seattle) 
(206) 624-7980 



To get the complete story on the powerful, friendly and very affordable 
Victor 9000, just call the Victor office nearest you or call 1-800- VIC-9000. 

VICTOR 

Victor Technologies, Inc.. P.O. Box 1135, Glenview, 111. 60025 1-800-VIC-9000 



BYTE June 1983 449 



The 8086 — An Architecture 
for the Future 

Part 1: Introduction and Glossary 

The advanced 8086 microprocessor overcomes 
the limitations of previous designs. 



Stephen A. Hey wood 

Intel Corporation 

27 Industrial Ave. 

Chelmsford, MA 01824 



When the second-generation 8-bit 
microprocessors, such as the 8080, hit 
the market in the early 1970s, they 
were designed to meet the existing 
needs of the industry. Expensive 
memory made 64K bytes seem ade- 
quate. 

In addition, the minicomputer ar- 
chitectures of the early 1970s favored 
assembly language with register- 
based data and linear-address pro- 
gramming. The second-generation 
microprocessors were also designed 
with this in mind. 

As prices steadily dropped, how- 
ever, microprocessors found their 
way into many applications they 
were not originally designed for. As a 
result, new performance demands re- 
vealed limitations that had to be 
sidestepped. For example: 

•Overlays emerged as applications 
became increasingly memory-depen- 
dent and required more than 64K 
bytes of memory. 

•Data types of greater than 8 bits 
proved difficult to manipulate and 
had to be divided into 8-bit parts, 
therefore increasing execution time. 
•Programmers finding assembly lan- 



guage cumbersome for large projects 
shifted program development to high- 
level languages, which use data in 
memory instead of in registers. Com- 
piled code was inefficient because the 
microprocessor's architecture did not 
contain the complex addressing struc- 
ture needed. 

The 8086 can 

address 1 megabyte 

of memory and can 

process both 1 6-bit and 

8-blt data, 

•Linear-address programming gave 
way to modular programming 
because large projects were frequent- 
ly allocated among several program- 
mers. Second-generation micropro- 
cessors found this type of program 
development difficult. 

• Software routines for multiplication 
and division evolved because multi- 
ply and divide instructions weren't 
provided in the microprocessor's 
hardware. 

• System applications incorporated 
multiple processors to perform speci- 
fied functions. But the second-genera- 



tion microprocessors were not de- 
signed to cooperate with other pro- 
cessors. 

An advanced processor was needed 
to overcome these limitations. There- 
fore, Intel Corporation designed and 
produced the 8086, a 16-bit third- 
generation microprocessor. 

This series of three articles takes a 
close look at how the 8086 meets the 
foregoing needs. Part 1 describes the 
architecture of the 8086, the program- 
ming model, the concept and use of 
segmentation, and the addressing 
modes. A glossary of terms associat- 
ed with the 8086 is also included. 
Parts 2 and 3 will cover an introduc- 
tion to the instruction set, advanced 
instructions, procedures, interrupt 
handling, modular programming, 
multiprocessing, coprocessing, and 
programming conventions. 

Let's look first at how the 8086 's 
physical architecture helps to satisfy 
users' requirements. 

8086 Architecture 

The 8086 register set consists of 
general registers, the instruction 
pointer, flags, and segment registers, 



450 June 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 



as shown in figure 1. These registers 
are used to generate addresses, hold 
intermediate results, indicate the 
status of the machine, and fetch in- 
structions. 

Physically, the 8086 has 20 address 
lines that enable it to address 
1,048,576 bytes (or 1 megabyte) of 
memory, or more than 16 times the 
memory capacity of an 8-bit micro- 
processor. Its internal and external 
data paths are 16 bits wide, giving the 
8086 the ability to access and process 
both 16-bit (word) and 8-bit data. 
Support for multiprocessing (several 
processors using common resources 
over a common bus) and coprocess- 
ing (an extension that enhances the 
hardware capabilities of the pro- 
cessor) is also provided by the 8086 
and its family of products. 

To increase its speed of execution, 
the 8086 uses an instruction prefetch 
queue. While the 8086 executes an in- 
struction, additional instructions are 
prefetched into the microprocessor 
and wait in line for execution. This 
method practically eliminates the 
fetch phase from the fetch, decode, 
and execute cycle of previous micro- 
processor designs. 

To accommodate the wide range of 
available 8-bit devices, the 8086 has a 
close relative, the 8088 microproces- 
sor. The 8088 possesses an 8-bit exter- 
nal data bus that interfaces with 8-bit 
devices. Internally, it's identical to 
the 8086 (same instructions, registers, 
etc.) but makes word (16-bit) trans- 
fers as two separate byte transfers in- 
stead of a one-word transfer as does 
the 8086, 

General Registers 

The general registers encompass 
the data group and the pointer and in- 
dex group . These registers contain the 
source and /or the destination oper- 
ands for most operations, and the BX 
(Base), SP (Stack Pointer), BP (Base 
Pointer), SI (Source Index), and DI 
(Destination Index) registers can ad- 
dress memory. However, a few oper- 
ations require the use of specific regis- 
ters, as shown in table 1. 

Because most programmers usually 
give certain registers fixed duties in a 
program, they will not mind 8086 in- 



structions that do the same thing. For 
example, a programmer can dedicate 
one register as a counter, another 
register as a pointer into the stack, 
and still another register as a pointer 
to a string. In this way, the program- 
mer can keep track of the values in 
the registers. Dedicating certain 
registers also makes the instruction 
set more compact, which decreases 
program size. For example, instead of 
several multibyte string instructions 
with operands specified in the instruc- 
tions, the programmer inserts a few 
1-byte instructions with implied 
operands. 

The data group contains four 16-bit 
word registers: AX (Accumulator), 
BX (Base), CX (Count), and DX 
(Data). Alternately, the high half 
(AH, BH, CH, or DH) or the low half 
(AL, BL, CL, or DL) of each of these 
registers can be individually ad- 
dressed for byte operations. The 
data-group registers are also so 
named because of their dedicated use. 
These registers hold operands or in- 
termediate results to reduce memory- 
access times. 

The pointer and index group of 
16-bit general registers normally ac- 
cesses memory operands. These regis- 
ters, as well as the registers in the data 
group, can also handle arithmetic and 
logical instructions. 

The BP and SP registers normally 
point to the stack. SP is obviously 
employed for stack operations, such 
as saving the return address when 
calling a subroutine; it is similar to 
the stack pointer in 8-bit machines. 
BP is not designated for its named 
purpose, but is used instead as an 
additional pointer into the stack. This 
register allows a convenient method 
for accessing parameters passed to 
subroutines on the stack. Reentrant 
procedures, subroutines that can be 
invoked while already in execution or 
that can invoke themselves, can thus 
set aside space in the stack for their 
variables. These subroutines can 
receive information (parameters) on 
the stack at each invocation using the 
BP register to access them. (I'll pro- 
vide more information on this process 
when I later introduce the subject of 
procedures.) 



GENERAL REGISTERS 

DATA GROUP 
017 



AX 
BX 
CX 
DX 



AH 


AL 


BH 


BL 


CH 


CL 


DH 


DL 



ACCUMULATOR 

BASE 

COUNT 

DATA 



POINTER AND INDEX 
GROUP 
15 



SP 
BP 
St 

DI 



STACK POINTER 
BASE POINTER 
SOURCE INDEX 
DESTINATION 
INDEX 

INSTRUCTION 

POINTER 

FLAGS 



SEGMENT REGISTERS 
15 



CS 
DS 
SS 
ES 



CODE SEGMENT 
DATA SEGMENT 
STACK SEGMENT 
EXTRA SEGMENT 



Figure 1: The register set of the 8086 is 
used to generate addresses, hold in- 
termediate results, indicate status, and 
fetch instructions. 



Register 


Operations 


AX 


Word multiply, word divide, 




word I/O 


AL 


Byte multiply, byte divide, 




byte I/O, translate, decimal 




arithmetic 


AH 


Byte multiply, byte divide 


BX 


Translate 


CX 


String operations, loops 


CL 


Variable shift and rotate 


DX 


Word multiply, word divide, 




indirect I/O 


SP 


Stack operations 


SI 


String operations 


DI 


String operations 


Table 1: 


General registers with 


dedicated 


uses. Some instructions re- 


quire that 


specific registers be used. 



The SI and DI registers access in- 
formation in the normal data area of 
memory. Their names come from 
their explicit use in string instruc- 
tions. But they can accomplish other 
tasks as well, such as accessing 
elements of an array. The full capa- 
bilities of these registers will become 
clear when I later present the subject 
of addressing modes. 

To fetch instructions, the 8086 uses 
a 16-bit IP (Instruction Pointer) 
register, which is similar to the pro- 
gram counter installed in 8-bit 



June 1983 © BYTE PubUcations Inc 451 



n 



] 8080 FLAGS 

| OF | DF | I F | TF 1 SF | z7]~ | A F | | PF ] | C F \ 



T 



-CARRY 

-PARITY 

AUXILIARY 
"CARRY 

-ZERO 

-SIGN 

-TRAP 

INTERRUPT 
"ENABLE 

-DIRECTION 
-OVERFLOW - 



STATUS 
FLAGS 



CONTROL 
FLAGS 



STATUS 











cs 






CODE 




1 * 


DS 












SS 








DATA 






ES 
















15 








STACK 










. 




EXTRA 













00000H 



Figure 3: The four segment registers con- 
tain the base address, or beginning loca- 
tion, of the current code, data, stack, and 
extra data segments. 



Figure 2: The 8086 has six 1-bit status flags and three control flags in a 16-bit word 
register, with its low byte identical to the 8080 flag register. 



Flags 

The 8086 has six 1-bit status flags 
and three control flags configured in a 
16-bit register, as shown in figure 2. 
The lower byte of the flag register is a 
bit-for-bit copy of the 8080 flag 
register to accommodate conversion 
of 8080 programs to the 8086. 

Microprocessor decisions are based 
on the condition of certain flags that 
indicate the status of an arithmetic or 
logical operation's result. The 
8080-type status flags are the carry 
flag, CF, which indicates a carry out 
of, or a borrow into, the high-order 
bit of the result; the parity flag, PF, 
which is set if an even number of Is 
are in the result; the auxiliary carry 
flag, AF, which is used by the 
decimal-adjustment instructions; the 
zero flag, ZF, which is set if the result 
is 0; and the sign flag, SF, which is set 
if the result is negative. The status 
flag added to the 8086 is the overflow 
flag, OF, which indicates that an 
operation incorrectly changed the 
sign bit of the result. An example is 
adding two positive numbers with the 
result being negative, i.e., +127 (7F 
hexadecimal) + 2 (02 hexadecimal) 
= —127 (81 hexadecimal) and an 
overflow for a byte arithmetic opera- 
tion. 

The control flags direct 8086 opera- 
tions. These flags are the direction 
flag, DF, which is used to control the 
direction of string operations; the 
interrupt-enable flag, IF, which, if 
set, enables an external maskable in- 
terrupt; and the trap flag, TF, which 
places the 8086 in the single-step 



CS | F000 | - 
D S I E 8 9 F I- 



ES | E 89F \ - 
SS | D89F | - 



CODE 



DATA 



STACK 



F0000H 
E89F0H 



D89F0H 



Figure 4: The segment registers contain 
the most significant 16 bits of the 20-bit 
address, with the 4 least significant bits 
supplied by the 8086 equal to 0. Segments 
can be fully overlapped, partially over- 
lapped, adjacent, or disjoint. 

machines. Basically, it points to the 
next instruction to be fetched in order 
to fill the prefetch queue. The IP 
register cannot be directly accessed 
by the programmer, but can be 
manipulated by program jumps. 



mode for debugging purposes. 

Later I will further explain the flags 
and their operations. 

Segmentation 

The last four registers are the seg- 
ment registers, CS (Code Segment), 
DS (Data Segment), SS (Stack Seg- 
ment), and ES (Extra Segment), 
which are the basic building blocks 
for forming addresses in the 8086. 

Memory stores three types of infor- 
mation: the code, or instructions, to 
inform the microprocessor what to 
do; data, numbers, and characters to 
be operated on; and the stack for sav- 
ing return addresses. These three 
types normally reside in their own 
area of memory to avoid confusion. 
Otherwise, they would result in prob- 
lems, such as the stack overwriting 
the code, data being executed as in- 
structions, etc. 

The 8086 views its memory as be- 
ing divided into a group of logical 
units called segments. Each physical 
segment can be up to 64K bytes long. 
The processor has direct access to 
four segments at a time through the 
segment registers. The four segment 
registers contain the base address, or 
the beginning location, of each seg- 
ment, as shown in figure 3. The CS 
register contains the base address of 
the current code segment; DS, the 
current data segment; SS, the current 
stack segment; and ES, the current ex- 
tra or global data segment. 

Only one restriction confines seg- 
ment locations, A segment must 
begin on a memory boundary that is 
divisible by 16 (called a paragraph). 
The least significant 4 bits of the 
8086's 20-bit address must thus all be 
0s to fall on this paragraph boundary. 
For example, the first paragraph 
starts at address 00000 hexadecimal; 
the second paragraph, at address 
00010 hexadecimal; the next one, at 
address 00020 hexadecimal; etc. 

The 16-bit segment registers store 
the most significant 16 bits of the 
20-bit address. The all-zero least 
significant 4 bits are appended to the 
end of the segment register to derive 
the full 20-bit address base. For exam- 
ple, figure 4 shows the SS register 
pointing to the segment of memory 
beginning at address D89F0 hexa- 



452 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



decimal, which contains the value 
D89F hexadecimal. This figure also 
indicates that segment registers can be 
fully overlapped (as pointed to by ES 
and DS), partially overlapped (as 
shown by the code and the data 
segments), and adjacent (as displayed 
by the stack and the data segments). 
The segments might also be disjoint, 
as shown in figure 3. 

To access a particular byte or word 
in a segment, the 8086 employs an 
offset, which is the distance in bytes 
from the beginning of a segment. The 
actual 20-bit physical address results 
from adding a segment register, with 
the zeroed least significant 4 bits ap- 
pended, and a 16-bit offset, as shown 
in figure 5. Note that the segment 
register contains E89F hexadecimal 
and that the offset is 0003. The seg- 
ment register is therefore pointing at 
address E89F0 hexadecimal. To this 
value, we add 0003 to obtain the final 
physical address, E89F3 hexadecimal. 

Earlier, I mentioned that some 8086 
registers can address data in memory. 
However, because they are 16-bit 
registers, they actually contain the 
offset and thus require a segment 
register to access this data. The seg- 
ment register and the source of the 
offset depend on the type of memory 
reference the 8086 has to make, as 
shown in table 2. Instructions are 
always fetched using the contents of 
CS as the segment register and the 
contents of IP as the offset. Similarly, 
a stack operation always uses SS as 
the segment register and SP as the off- 
set to the top of the stack. Variable 
data is typically accessed by the DS 
register, with the addressing modes 
supplying the offset. Note from table 
2 that this condition can be overrid- 
den to exercise another segment 
register for most instructions. Excep- 
tions are the string instruction's 
destination, which always employs 
the ES register as the base and the DI 
register as the offset, and the string 
source, which must use the SI register 
for the offset. 

Notice that BP defaults to SS as its 
segment register. As I mentioned 
earlier, having BP default to the SS 
register yields an extra pointer into 
the stack. We will see later how to use 
this to advantage. 





OFFSET 








15 ^^-" 


\J 







CS 




0000 






SS 




0000 


SEGMENT 


OS 




0000 


BASE 


ES 




0000 


1 


* 


1 E89 F | 
















LE89F0 | 






0003 | 










1 










OFFSET 


V 


/ 






ADDER V 


/ 


1 E89F3 | 




/ 








19 


^Z 







PHYSICAL 
ADDRESS 





Figure 5: The 20-bit physical address is the result of the sum of a segment register, with 
appended zeros, plus an offset. 







Default 


Alternate 




Type of Memory Reference 




Segment 
Base 


Segment 
Base 


Offset 


Instruction fetch 




CS 


None 


IP 


Stack operation 




SS 


None 


SP 


Variable (except the following) 




DS 


CS.ES.SS 


Effective address 


String source 




DS 


CS.ES.SS 


SI 


String destination 




ES 


None 


DI 


BP used as base register 




SS 


CS,ES,SS 


Effective address 


Table 2: Explicit segment and offset 


use. For access 


of different 


types of data items, 


most variables can be accessed 


using any segment register. 





Allowing variable data to be ac- 
cessed by any segment register per- 
mits the accessing of constants in the 
code area, the passing of parameters 
in the stack area, and the sharing of 
data between several programs in the 
extra data area. Figure 6 shows ex- 
amples of segment and offset use. 

Addressing Modes 

High-level languages utilize vari- 
ables in memory as opposed to regis- 
ters. These variables can be simple or 
complex, such as arrays and records. 
The 8086 addressing modes can ac- 
cess these variables by supplying the 
offset portion of the physical address. 

As recorded in table 3, several 
methods exist for accessing variable 
data. The immediate and register ad- 
dressing modes are listed with their 
instructions. These two addressing 
modes do not access operands in the 
data area of memory. 

The direct addressing mode sup- 
plies the offset in the instruction itself 
as a 16-bit quantity. It can access sim- 
ple variables. 



The remaining addressing modes 
that can generate the offset use a base 
or an index (or the sum of both) with 
an optional displacement added. The 
register indirect addressing mode 
employs a base or index register's 
contents (BX, BP, SI, or DI) as the 
offset. Because these registers can be 
manipulated by arithmetic and logic 
instructions, they can be used to ac- 
cess buffers and blocks of data. 

The based or indexed addressing 
mode utilizes the contents of either a 
base register, BX or BP, or an index 
register, SI or DI, with a displacement 
to generate the offset. These modes 
can support the array and record data 
types found in high-level languages. 

In figure 7, the displacement field 
of the instruction points to the begin- 
ning of the array. The contents of the 
index register are then added to access 
the element needed. Furthermore, the 
index register can be manipulated to 
do operations such as adding a 
specific value to each element of the 
array. 

A record is made up of dissimilar 



June 1983 © BYTE PubUcations Inc 453 



Mode Location of Data 

Immediate Within instruction 
Register In register 
Direct At memory location pointed 

to by offset contained in in- 
struction 
Register At memory location pointed 
indirect to by offset contained in 

register 
Indexed or At memory location pointed 
based to by sum of index or base 

register contents and 
displacement in instruction 
Based and Memory address is sum of 
indexed base register contents and 
with index register contents and 

displace- displacement 
ment 

Table 3: 8086 addressing modes. To 
access variables for instructions, the 
8086 uses its addressing modes to 
generate the offset for memory 
variables. The full address for memory 
variables consists of the contents of a 
segment register as modified by the ad- 
dressing mode. 



DISPLACEMENT [--♦ 
+ 2 I 
BX - -I- -J 



NEXT INSTRUCTION? 
IP? 

cs * 

TOP OF STACK — 



SS 

DATA ITEM- 



DS- 



£ 



HIGH MEMORY 



LOW MEMORY 



Figure 6: The segment register used and 
the source of the offset depend on the type 
of memory reference. 



DISPLACEMENT 











r~* 




i 




SI 


*. 








. 













ARRAY (5) 
ARRAY14) 
ARRAY (3) 
ARRAY (2 ) 
ARRAY U) 
ARRAY (0) 



Figure 7: To access an array, the displace- 
ment points to the beginning of the array 
with the index register pointing to the ele- 
ment needed. 



items, as opposed to an array, which 
is made up of similar items. In figure 
8, the BX register points to the begin- 
ning of the record. The displacement 
can be added to this value to obtain 
the item from the record. What's 
more, the same item in a different 



DISPLACEMENT 

+ 2 

BX 



PAY 
AGE 
EMPLOYEE* 



PAY 
AGE 
EMPLOYEE # 



Figure 8: A record of dissimilar items uses 
a base register to point to the beginning of 
the record, with the displacement pointing 
to the item needed. The base can be re- 
adjusted to point to the base of a new 
record with the same displacement to ac- 
cess an item in the same position. 



record can be accessed by changing 
BX to point to the beginning of the 
new record and by using the same 
displacement to obtain the item as 
shown. 

The based and indexed addressing 
mode is the sum of a base register, an 
index register, and a displacement. 
This powerful addressing mode can 
access an array in a record, as shown 
in figure 9. Note that the base register 
points to the beginning of the record, 
the displacement is added to point to 
the beginning of the array, and, last- 
ly, the index is added to point to the 
element in the array. 

The power of the addressing modes 
is revealed further when we introduce 
the instruction set. 

Advantages of Segmentation 

Accessing memory using a seg- 
mented architecture holds many ad- 
vantages over the earlier linear- 
addressing method. 

Linear addressing must supply the 
entire address in one entity, as op- 
posed to the 8086 two-part structure 
of segment and offset. For a register 
to hold a linear address, it must be at 
least 20 bits wide. In addition, in- 
structions would have to supply a 
20-bit address for direct addressing of 
operands. Moreover, arithmetic func- 
tions must be extended to 20 bits for 
manipulating registers containing ad- 
dresses. Any future expansion in 
linear addressing would involve 
enlarging these capabilities (including 
arithmetic functions to manipulate in- 
dexing) to generate addresses. 



+ DI 
DISPLACEMENT 
BX — 



ENGINE (0J 
MILES FLOWN 
AIRCRAFT # 
ENGINE (3) 
ENGINE (2) 
ENGINE (1) 
ENGINE (0) 
MILES FLOWN 
AIRCRAFT # 
ENGINE (3) 
ENGINE (2) 



Figure 9: The base register points to the 
beginning of the record containing the ar- 
ray, the displacement points to the begin- 
ning of the array, and the index points to 
the item needed. 



Because the 8086 is designed for 
word accesses and word arithmetic, 
linear addressing is not an advantage. 
A 16-bit offset allows word registers 
to hold addresses and word arithme- 
tic to manipulate these registers. In- 
structions have only to provide the 
offset, thereby minimizing their 
length. To expand these capabilities 
in future microprocessor designs for 
increasing the memory, only the base 
or segment registers need to be 
lengthened. And because only the off- 
sets are manipulated, this would not 
involve any drastic changes to the 
16-bit design. 

Because all 8086 instructions are 
accessed as an offset from the code 
segment register, dynamic-code 
relocation is possible. Code and data 
can be loaded into a free memory 
area, with the CS and DS registers ad- 
justed to point to the new base. This 
setup allows programs to be con- 
structed without prior knowledge of 
their memory location. Additionally, 
multiple programs (or tasks) can also 
take advantage of this setup. When a 
task is not needed, it can be saved on 
disk, and a new task can be loaded in 
its place. When the original task is 
needed again, it can be loaded into 
whatever memory area is available. 

This setup also encourages modu- 
lar program development. Programs 
can be developed in small manage- 
able pieces (modules) instead of one 
large one. Individual modules can 
then be debugged or updated as need- 
ed. Program libraries can be 
employed containing often-used utili- 



454 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



ties such as terminal handling, disk 
accesses, and other such programs. 
Programs can be reconfigured for dif- 
ferent hardware by changing to the 
modules for that particular machine. 

Segmentation can easily be used for 
memory management and protection. 
For example, a program might be in- 
volved with handling employee 
records from several different depart- 
ments. By changing the data segment 
register, the program can easily 
manage a different group of employ- 
ees. It could also protect one depart- 
ment from looking at records from 
another department and changing 
those records. Future designs of 
microprocessors can take this seg- 
mentation one step further to include 
descriptor tables containing range 
checking and access rights without 
changing the architecture. 

Being able to program in multitask- 
ing environments, using modular 
programming, and protecting and 
managing memory easily, segmenta- 
tion takes away the heavy overhead 
previously needed with linear ad- 
dressing. It also provides the base for 
future architectural growth in 
microprocessor development. 

This article demonstrates how the 
8086 handles the limitations that had 
arisen with earlier microprocessors. 
In sum, the 8086 addresses 1 mega- 
byte of memory for increased 
memory capabilities and uses seg- 
mentation to generate addresses. The 
side benefits of segmentation fit in 
well with demands for modular pro- 
gramming, memory protection, 
memory management, multitasking, 
and future needs of programmers. 
The 8086 addressing modes support 
the high-level-language variable 
needs in memory. The 16-bit internal 
and external architectures and 
registers work well with the larger 
data types needed, but are still flex- 
ible enough to work with byte types. 

Part 2 explores how the 8086's in- 
struction set aids high-level compilers 
in their task. ■ 



About the Author 

Stephen Hey wood is an instructor with Intel 
Customer Training and is the course manager 
for the 8086 course. 



Glossary 



addressing mode; the method used to 
access instruction operands, either 
from calculating the offset for 
variables in memory (using the 8086 
segment and offset addressing), from 
the contents of a register, or from the 
instruction itself. The final memory 
address is called the effective address. 
assembler: a program that 
takes a source file containing 
assembly-language instructions, which 
are symbolic representations of the 
machine language, and translates it to 
an object file consisting of machine 
code. 

compiler: a program that converts 
high-level-language statements, such 
as those written in Pascal, to a se- 
quence of machine instructions. 
coprocessor: an extension of the pro- 
cessor that enhances the hardware 
capabilities. It does this by performing 
only the instructions pertaining to the 
coprocessor, while the processor ig- 
nores these same instructions. For ex- 
ample, the 8087, a coprocessor for the 
8086, performs floating-point-math in- 
structions. 

displacement: the distance in bytes 
from a byte (or word) to another byte 
(or word) in memory. 
link: a process that combines object 
files, consisting of machine code, from 
various sources, such as assemblers 
and compilers, into one final object 
file. Used in modular program devel- 
opment. 

modular programming: a method of 
program development that allows a 
large programming task to be broken 
up into several small programs called 
modules. These modules can be 
assembled or compiled separately and 
then linked together. Updates and cor- 
rections are made only to the par- 
ticular module instead of to the entire 
program. 

multiprocessing: two or more coor- 
dinated processors in a system. Each 
processor performs its own program 
and shares system memory and I/O 
devices through a common bus with 
the other processors. 
offset: the distance in bytes from the 
beginning of a segment. Used for 
calculating a memory address, which is 
the sum of a segment register with four 
0s appended plus a 16-bit offset. 
overflow: an indication that an 



arithmetic result using signed numbers 
is out of range. It most often occurs 
when adding two positive numbers 
with a negative result or adding two 
negative numbers with a positive 
result. 

paragraph: a byte address that is divisi- 
ble by 16 (least significant 4 bits equal 
to 0). 

parameters: data items passed to a pro- 
cedure to be operated on. For example, 
a character being passed to a procedure 
that outputs it to a video display is a 
parameter. 

procedure: another name for a subrou- 
tine. 

reentrant: an attribute of a procedure 
that can be called upon while already 
in execution from a previous invoca- 
tion. This action can occur if the pro- 
cedure calls itself, the procedure in- 
vokes another procedure, which in 
turn invokes the original procedure, or 
the procedure is interrupted and the in- 
terrupted procedure invokes the 
original procedure. 

relocatable: machine code that can be 
placed anywhere in memory and ex- 
ecuted from that point. 
segment: method for partitioning 
memory. In the 8086, each segment 
can be up to 64K bytes long, but must 
start on a paragraph boundary. A seg- 
ment register contains the base ad- 
dress, and an offset accesses the infor- 
mation in the segment. 
stack frame: an area of the stack con- 
taining the parameters and the return 
address given to a procedure. The pro- 
cedure can then access its parameters 
from the stack frame, but it has to 
discard the entire stack frame when the 
procedure exits. 

string: a set of sequential bytes or 
words in memory. An example is text 
data in ASCII (American National 
Standard Code for Information Inter- 
change). 

word: a 16-bit data type (2 consecutive 
bytes) used in the 8086. 
word aligned: an alignment in 
memory. To be word aligned, a word 
must begin in an even memory loca- 
tion. The 8086 can thus access them in 
one memory transfer. It would need 
two memory transfers if the words 
were not aligned (i.e., started on an 
odd address). 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 455 




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COBOL Users Group, 5536 
Colbert Trail, Norcross, GA 
30092, or call Bob Blum at 
(404) 449-8948. 



Keep Up 
with Technology 

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(800) 538-8450; in Massachu- 
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Update Your Records 

The new address of the 
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is POB 9419, Fountain Val- 
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770-0372. (For a description 
of the club's activities, see the 



458 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



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START YOUR OWN 
COMPUTER CO. 



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TRS-80 MOD III Disk Controller Incl. Disk Controller Power 
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Clubs and Newsletters . 



June 1982 BYTE, page 479.) 

The new address of the 
Woodfield Area Computerist 
Organization (WACO) is 
POB 94781, Schaumburg, IL 
60194 (July 1982 BYTE, page 
417). 

Superneios, a quarterly 
newsletter produced by Sor- 
cim Corp., has moved to 
2310 Lundy Ave., San Jose, 
CA 95131 (December 1982 
BYTE, page 505). 

The new name and address 
of the VIC-20 Users Group of 
Wichita is the Commodore 
Users Group of Wichita, 
Route 1, Box 115, Viola, KS 
67149 (December 1982 BYTE, 
page 505). 



Little Rock 
Club Formed 

The Arkansas Computer 
Club meets on the second 
Saturday of each month in 
Little Rock. Inquiries are 
welcome. Write to Clarence 
Karr, The Arkansas Com- 
puter Club, 5 McGovern Dr., 
Little Rock, AR 72205. 



Newsletter 
Seeks Manuscripts 

The Micro Users Support 
Network, the monthly news- 
letter of the Connecticut/ 
Westchester Computer Soci- 
ety, contains meeting notes, 
reports on product demon- 
strations, and a calendar of 
events. Articles are welcome. 
For details, write to the Con- 
necticut/Westchester Com- 
puter Society, POB 1717, 
Darien, CT 06820. 



NEC Group 
In Redondo Beach 

An independent newsletter 
for NEC PC-8001A owners 
can be obtained by sending a 
self -addressed, stamped enve- 
lope to the NEC 8000 News- 
letter, POB 7000-309, Redon- 
do Beach, CA 90277. 



For IBM PC Users 

The Personal Computer 
Update, an independent 
newsletter produced each 
month by Texasoft of Dallas, 
Texas, for users of the IBM 
Personal Computer, contains 
information about Versatext 
and other Texasoft products. 
Address further inquiries to 
Texasoft, 3415 Westminster, 
Dallas, TX 75225. 



Scanning 
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Telescan, the digest of the 
Center for Learning and Tele- 
communications, reports on 
how telecommunications sys- 
tems are used in adult educa- 
tion, training, and profes- 
sional development. The 
Center is affiliated with the 
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For AAHE members, an an- 
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costs $40; for nonmembers, 
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460 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



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(NY residents please add sales tax.) 

Satisfaction guaranteed. 

Dealer Inquiries invited. 



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June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 461 



Ask BYTE 



Conducted by Steve Ciarcia 



Comm-80 Adapted 
to ZX80 

Dear Steve, 

I read with interest your 
article on the Comm-80 Ex- 
pansion interface for the 
TRS-80. (See "I/O Expansion 
for the Radio Shack TRS-80/' 
Part 1, May 1980 BYTE, page 
22; Part 2, June 1980 BYTE, 
page 42.) You mentioned that 
the Comm-80 could be 
adapted for other Z80-based 
computers. I would like to 
try it on my Sinclair ZX80 
computer. Can you tell me 
what modifications I should 
make or refer me to other 
sources of information that I 
should have before I attempt 
this7 

V. P. Subramanian 
Temple, TX 

The Comm-80 Expansion 
Interface for the TRS-80 can 
be easily adapted for use with 
the Sinclair ZX80. The only 



signals that are not com- 
patible are the MEMWR , 
MEM RD, IORD and 
IOWR required by the 
Comm-80. Their definitions 
are as follows: 



MREQ Memory Request. 
Whenever a transaction oc- 
curs between the central pro- 



cessor^ and memory, the 
MREQ line goes to a logic 0. 
IORQ Input/Output Re- 
quest. Whenver a transaction 
occurs between the central 
processor and either an input 
port or an output port, the 
IOR Q line goes to a logic 0. 
RD Read Request. When- 
ever the central processor 



_&: 



MREQ E>- 
WR O- 



RD O- 



I0RQ O- 



ll 



2| 



4| 



51 



10| 



9| 



13] 



12 I 






i 



-o 



-o 



-o 



IOWR 



IORD 

-o ~i_r 



Figure 1 



J 



reads input data from either 
mem ory or an input port, the 

RD line goes to a logic 0. 
WR Write Request. When- 
ever the central processor is 
writing data to either mem- 
ory o r to an output port, the 

WR line goes to a logic 0. 

To differentiate between 
input and output ports dur- 
ing I/ O instructions, IORQ, 

RD, and WR are gated 
together as shown in figure 1. 
In a s imilar manner, MREQ, 

RD , and WR are gated 
during memory transfers. 

The resulting decoded 
strobes define the operations 
of Input Port Read (IORD) , 
Output Port Writ e (IOWR) , 
Memory Read (MEMRD), 
and Memory Write 
(MEMWR). 

So you see, all that it takes 
is one chip to interface the 
Comm-80 to the ZX80. 
. . . Steve 






Monitor Buffer Has 
Simple Solution 

Dear Steve, 

I have a Sinclair ZX81 with 
a Sanyo video monitor at- 
tached. The Syntax Newslet- 
ter suggested that the Sanyo 
could be hooked to the ZX81, 
but the monitor's 75-ohm in- 
put impedance doesn't match 
the ZX81's output. I'm told 
that I need to add a buffer. 
Can you tell me what circuits 
to use and how to build 
them? Any help would be ap- 
preciated. 
Bruce Schalamon 
Manchester, CT 



The buffer you need re- 
quires source follower or 
emitter follower circuits, 
which are transistor circuits 
that are used to transform a 



high impedance to a low im- 
pedance. The source follower 
is used with field-effect tran- 
sistors, while the emitter 
follower circuit is used with 
bipolar transistors. 

Figure 2 is a simple circuit 
for an emitter follower that 
uses readily available parts 



and will match your ZX81 to 
your Sanyo monitor. The cir- 
cuit can be constructed on a 
small piece of perforated 
board and the required 5 
volts and ground can be ob- 
tained from the expansion 
connector on the Sinclair. 
. . . Steve 



+ 5V 




GROUND 

TO SINCLAIR 

EXPANSION 

CONNECTOR 



/£" 



Figure 2 



TO 
-O MONITOR 
GROUND 



Multiple Screens 
for Classrooms 

Dear Steve, 

We have several North 
Star systems with Zenith 
Z-19 terminals that we use in 
our microcomputer lab. Our 
problem is simple: we need 
some way for up to 50 
students to see what is hap- 
pening on the terminal 
screen. Using a computer to 
support teaching is rather 
useless if only a few students 
in the front row can see the 
screen; and even then, the in- 
structor must have his or her 
back to the class. 

We want to equip at least 
one classroom with display 
facilities, although a portable 
projection system would be 
better. We are not aware of 
any commercial equipment to 



462 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 138 on inquiry card. 




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$25.00 (credited towards purchase). If you need baZic, add 
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a Apple II, II Plus or II Plus E (min 48k) w/disk 

□ IBM Personal Computer (min 64k) w/disk 

D Osborne I (min 64k) w/disk 

Name 

Address 

City 

Apple, IBM and Osborne are registered trademarks of Apple Computer inc.. 
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June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 463 



Ask BYTE. 



do this, and no one has yet to 
suggest an acceptable setup. 
Ideally, the solution would 
require little, if any, hard- 
ware or software modifica- 
tion. Any ideas? 
J. Burdeane Q rris 
Butler University 
Indianapolis, IN 

Yours is a classic problem. 
At various computer show 
demonstrations, I've seen 
multiple monitors placed 
around the room to provide 
visibility. This seems relative- 
ly effective and reminds me 
of the technique used to 
display camera shots to a live 
television audience. 

I have used a Pioneer pro- 
jection TV for displaying 
color graphics because it has 
a built-in video input jack. 
This works very well and 
would provide greater visibil- 
ity because it has a 50-inch 
screen. Properly positioned, 
two of these units would be 
adequate for a 50-student 
class. 

It should only be necessary 
to parallel the video inputs to 
provide the proper signal for 
the projection TVs. If the 
distances are excessive, or the 
drive signal is weak, an inline 
video amplifier can be used to 
boost the signal. This method 
offers three advantages: it's a 
relatively inexpensive way to 
provide the necessary visibili- 
ty, no modifications to the 
computer are required, and it 
will allow the viewing of 
video tapes or TV programs 
as well 

At a recent convention, I 
saw an Electrohome Projec- 
tion CRT that may do what 
you want. Contact Electro- 
home Ltd., 809 Wellington 
St. N, Kitchener, Ontario 
N2G 4J6, Canada, (519) 
744-7111. . . . Steve 



Guide's Contents 
Outlined 

Dear Steve, 

Can you supply a list of the 



periodicals covered in the 
Periodical Guide for Com- 
puteristsl What's its expected 
frequency of publication? 

Thank you. 
David Ingham 
Edina, MN 

The Guide is published an- 
nually by Applegate Com- 
puter Enterprises, POB 288, 
Applegate, OR 97530. Here is 
a list of the periodicals it 
covers: 

"68" Micro Journal 

80 Microcomputing 

80 U. S. Journal 

BYTE 

Call-A. P. P. L. E. 

Compute 

Creative Computing 

Dr. Dobb's Journal 

Digital Design 

Infoworld 

Interface Age 

Kilobaud Microcomputing 

Lifelines 

Mechanix Illustrated 

Mini-Micro Systems 

onComputing 

Personal Computing 

Popular Computing 

Popular Electronics 

Popular Mechanics 

Popular Science 

Radio Electronics 

Recreational Computing 

S-100 Microsystems 

Softalk 

Another guide that appears 
to be more comprehensive 
and includes abstracts of all 
articles it references is the 
Micro Computer Index. It's a 
quarterly publication avail- 
able from Microcomputer In- 
formation Services, Suite 
247, 2464 El Camino Real 
Santa Clara, CA 95051. 
. . . Steve 



Bell Rings for 

ASCII-to-Vldeo Board 

Converter 

Dear Steve, 

Having read your Ask 
BYTE column, your books, 
and your Circuit Cellar ar- 



ticles, I respect your ability to 
come up with answers. I hope 
that you can come up with 
one for me. 

I have been asked to pro- 
vide remote displays (ap- 
proximately 20) of the screen 
from a Motorola 6800-based, 
multiplexed computer system 
that uses a serial port and 
Hazeltine 1500 as a console. 
Because this system is U. L. 
(Underwriters' Laboratories) 
listed, I do not want to enter 
it in any way that would void 
that status. 

What I am looking for is an 
ASCII-to-video converter 
that would operate from the 
existing RS-232C port. The 
output of this converter 
would then be amplified and 
distributed to the required 
number of video monitors us- 
ing commercially available 
video equipment. The key to 
the whole concept is the 
ASCII-to-video converter. I 
would appreciate any infor- 
mation you could furnish 
about a source. 
J era Id Miskovsky 
Farmingdale, NY 

The ASCII-to-video con- 
verter that you are seeking is 
typical of the many computer 
video boards that are com- 
mercially available. In the 
early days of personal com- 
puting these devices were 
known as TV Typewriters, 
because they could display 
the output of an ASCII-en- 
coded keyboard on the screen 
of a television. They usually 
were uppercase only and 
capable of only 32 or 64 
characters per line. 

With today 's LSI (large- 
scale integration) integrated 
circuits, an entire TV Type- 
writer (now called a video- 
display controller) can be 
produced on one chip. This 
has led to very sophisticated 
video boards that are no 
longer stand-alone devices. 
They are designed to plug 
directly into the microcom- 
puter bus. 

One unit that will answer 



your requirements is a video 
terminal board from John 
Bell Engineering, catalog 
number 82-018. It is available 
for $199.95 assembled and 
tested, or for $89. 95 as a bare 
board (this may allow you to 
custom package it for your 
systems). The address is John 
Bell Engineering Inc., 1014 
Center St., San Carlos, CA 
94070, (415) 592-8411. 
. . . Steve 



On 68000s and 
Operating Systems 

Dear Steve, 

I am currently putting 
together a 68000 system 
based on the IEEE-696 (S-100) 
bus. The 68000 uses memory- 
mapped I/O (which personal- 
ly I detest but will tolerate for 
the sake of all the other 68000 
features). Is there any stan- 
dard location for the I/O 
ports in the address space? 
Would I be better off in- 
cluding a Z80 (or some other) 
coprocessor to handle I/O? 

Also, what DOS should I 
use? Unix is very inviting, but 
much too expensive. Could I 
rewrite CP/M in 68000 code, 
or maybe use a Z80 to handle 
unmodified CP/M? I haven't 
seen much 68000 software 
around, but I want to choose 
a disk format and operating 
system that will give me ac- 
cess to software still to be 
written. Any suggestions 
would be greatly appreciated. 
Greg Trice 

Scarborough, Ontario, 
Canada 

The Motorola 68000 
microprocessor is relatively 
new in the microcomputer 
field, and memory-mapping 
standards have not been sug- 
gested. Upon a reset, the 
microprocessor jumps to 
location 00000 and vectors to 
the initialization program 
called at this location. Hence, 
there should be some ROM 
(read-only memory) in low 
memory to accomplish this. 



464 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



The I/O ports do not have a 
standard location; they are a 
function of how the memory 
is configured. A iK-byte 
block could be set aside to 
handle I/O, so it's not 
necessary to use a coproces- 
sor for the task (I detect by 
your comments that you are 
a seasoned Z80 user). Mem- 
ory-mapping I/O is conve- 
nient, fast, and easy to use. 

The reason you haven't 
seen much 68000 software 
around is that the chip is just 
beginning to get popular. 
However, a listing of small- 
business computers in the 
June 1982 issue of Mini-Micro 
Systems, "Small-Business 
Systems Solve Big 
Problems," by David Simp- 
son (page 201), indicated a 
preference for Unix or Unix- 
like operating systems (such 
as Microsoft's Xenix). 

The thought of writing 
your own operating system is 
ambitious, and compatibility 
with other software is impor- 
tant. You might want to con- 
sider Digital Research's ver- 
sion of CP/M for the 68000. 
Most of this software is for 
the business and industrial 
markets and is quite expen- 
sive. . . . Steve 



Quick Printer 
Interface 

Dear Steve, 

I would like to interface a 
Radio Shack Quick Printer II 
to an Atari 400. I would ap- 
preciate any help that you 
could give me. 

Thank you. 
Gary Greaser 
Silverdale, WA 

The Radio Shack Quick 
Printer II requires serial data 
input at 600 bps (bits per sec- 
ond). It has a built-in micro- 
processor to convert the in- 
coming data to a 7-bit ASCII 
code. Only three lines are 
needed: Data, Ground, and a 
Clear-to-Send signal for 
handshaking. 



The interface to the Atari 
400 is a little more difficult. 
While the Atari 400 does pro- 
duce serial data, it is at a high 
rate (i.e., in excess of 19,000 
bps), and it's not RS-232C- 
compatible. It is conceivable 
that you could build an 
adapter specifically for this 
project, but it is far more 
reasonable to buy Atari's 
Model 850 expansion box. 
This unit adds one parallel 
port and four serial ports to 
an Atari 400/800. It costs 
about $150. . . . Steve 



Printer Drops 
Characters 

Dear Steve, 

I have an Explorer 85 com- 
puter and the Heath H14 
printer. When I Run or List a 
program, the printer loses 
characters after several lines. 
Do you have a circuit of a 
printing buffer that would 
hold several K bytes' worth 
of characters and let the 
printer catch up with the flow 
of data? 

I purchased a surplus mem- 
ory board with sixty-four 
2102-type static memories; 
could it be used in the circuit? 
Leroy W. Marshall 
Schaumburg, IL 

If your printer loses data 
after printing several lines, it 
is an indication that hand- 
shaking between the printer 
and the computer is not oc- 
curring. Handshaking is the 
means of telling the computer 
to send data only when the 
printer is ready to accept it. 
Adding a buffer will only 
postpone the problem, since 
data loss will occur after the 
buffer is full. 

The solution is to check the 
handshaking signals between 
the computer and the printer. 
For a serial port, the signals 
are Request-to-Send (RTS) 
and Clear-to-Send (CTS). For 
a parallel port, the signals are 
Acknowledge (ACK), Data 
Accepted, or something 



similar. When these are 
properly connected, the flow 
of data from the computer 
will stop until the printer can 
catch up. This method is also 
much simpler than adding a 
buffer to the printer. For an 
idea of how RS-232C inter- 
faces work, you may want to 
refer to Ian H. Witten s 
"Welcome to the Standards 
Jungle" (February 1983 
BYTE, page 146) Steve 



Parts Located 

Dear Steve, 

I want to build my own 
personal computer (perhaps 
several) from the ground up 
so that I can learn about com- 
puters. I have a book by 
Charles Adams that gives 
plans for a computer, but I 
cannot find two parts that he 
specifies: 7093-type inte- 
grated circuits and an SVz- 
by 16-inch Vector board. Do 
you know where I can find 
them? 

R. C. Coakley 
Flandreau, SD 

The 7093 chips referred to 
in Charles Adams's book, 
How to Build Your Own 
Working Computer (Blue 
Ridge Summit, PA: Tab 
Books, 1979), are known as 
Tri-State (three-state) Quad 
Buffers and are made by Na- 
tional Semiconductor. They 
are equivalent to the DM8093 
or the more common 
74LS125. The latter is a pin- 
compatible replacement and 
is available from any of the 
mail-order houses that adver- 
tise in BYTE, such as Ad- 
vanced Computer Products, 
Jade Computer Products, and 
Jameco Electronics. 

The Vector board is made 
by Vector Electronic Com- 
pany (12460 Gladstone Ave., 
Sylmar, CA 91342) and is 
available in a variety of styles 
and materials (I prefer the 
epoxy glass). It consists of 
holes spaced at intervals of y i0 
inch on center in both direc- 



tions. The model number for 
the 8V2- by 17-inch board is 
169P84. Vector boards can 
usually be obtained from the 
above mail-order sources. 
. . . Steve 



Information on 
NASA's Videodiscs 

Dear Steve, 

I am most interested in 
your article "Build an 
Interactive-Videodisc Con- 
troller" (June 1982 BYTE, 
page 60). The text box ac- 
companying it mentioned 
that NASA was producing 
videodiscs for distribution 
sometime in the near future. 
Do you have any further in- 
formation? 

Thank you. 
R. Teakes 
Toronto, Ontario, Canada 

For further information, 
write to the Jet Propulsion 
Laboratory, Planetary Image 
Facility, 4800 Oak Grove 
Dr., Pasadena, CA 91103, 
Attn: Mr. Michael Martin, 
Planetary Data Management 
Team. . . . Steve ■ 



In "Ask BYTE," Steve Gar- 
cia answers questions on any 



most representative ques- 
tions received each month 
will be answered and pub- 
lished. Do you have a nag- 
ging problem? Send your in- 
quiry to: 

Ask BYTE 

c/o Steve Garcia 

POB 582 

Glastonbury CT 06033 
If you are a subscriber to 
The Source, chat with Steve 
(TEC3I7) directly. Due to the 
high volume of inquiries, per- 
sonal replies cannot be 
given. Be sure to include 
"Ask BYTE" in the address. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 465 



Software Received 



Apple 

Concentrated Chemical Con- 
cepts. This introductory 
chemistry course for high 
school students is available as 
a whole or in parts: general, 
organic, and biological chem- 
istry. For the Apple II; floppy 
disk, $550. Wiley Educa- 
tional Software, John Wiley 
& Sons, 605 Third Ave., New 
York, NY 10158. 

Correlated Samples, an edu- 
cational program designed to 
teach difficult concepts in 
elementary statistics to high 
school and undergraduate 
students. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $75. HMS Soft- 
ware, POB 49186, Austin, 
TX 78765. 

Dow Jones News and Quotes 
Reporter, a database infor- 
mation service. You can ac- 
cess the Dow Jones online 
database to receive current 
information on stocks and se- 
curities from The Wall Street 
Journal Barron's, and the 
Dow Jones News/Retrieval 
Service . For the Apple II 
Plus; floppy disk, $135. 
Apple Computer Inc., 20525 
Mariani Ave., Cupertino, 
CA 95014. 

Econalysys. This economic- 
forecaster program helps you 
determine the best of several 
possible investments by com- 
paring the costs of any 
energy- or maintenance- 
intensive purchase in six 
ways. For the Apple lie; flop- 
py disk, $100. Energy Soft- 
ware, 1403 South 7th Ave., 
Kelso, WA 98626. 

Family Roots 1.2, a set of 

programs that assist you in 
your search for family 
historical information. You 
can edit, search, file, chart, 
print, and further organize 
family data. For the Apple 
lie; floppy disk, $185. 



Quinsept Inc., POB 216, Lex- 
ington, MA 02173. 

Health-Aide, a nutritional, 
diet, and personal data sys- 
tem designed to provide a 
comprehensive analysis of 
your health. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $79.95. Knossos 
Inc., 422 Redwood Ave., 
Corte Madera, CA 94925. 

Laser Bounce, an arcade-type 
game. You must destroy ene- 
my energy modules by 
bouncing laser beams off 
moving satellites and defend 
your own modules from the 
same attack. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $34.95. Hay den 
Software Co., 600 Suffolk 
St., Lowell, MA 01853. 

Old Ironsides, a naval-battle 
game. As animated ships fire 
at each other, two players 
can either shoot out each 
other's ammunition or hide in 
the fog and contend with the 
wind. For the Apple II; flop- 
py disk, $39.95. Xerox Edu- 
cation Publications, Compu- 
ter Software Division, 245 
Long Hill Rd., Middletown, 
CT 06457. 

Pick That Tune, a musical- 
identification game. See if 
you can identify a song after 
hearing only a few notes. 
One to ten players can move 
through sixteen levels of dif- 
ficulty. For the Apple II; flop- 
py disk, $29.95. Swearingen 
Software, Suite 197, 6312 
West Little York, Houston, 
TX 77088. 

Pinball Construction Set, a 

video-construction set. You 
can design and build your 
own high-resolution pinball 
games using video tools and 
parts to make borders and 
obstacles. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $39.95. Budge 
Co. Inc., 428 Pala Ave., 
Piedmont, CA 94611. 

Stickybear ABC, an educa- 



tional program. Colorful ani- 
mations help children be- 
tween the ages of 3 and 6 to 
learn each letter of the 
alphabet. For the Apple II; 
floppy disk, $39.95. Xerox 
Education Publications (see 
address above). 

Stickybear Bop, a game for 
the whole family. In this 
animated shooting gallery see 
if you can knock ducks, 
planets, balloons, and 
Stickybears off the screen. 
For the Apple II; floppy disk, 
$39.95. Xerox Education 
Publications (see address 
above). 

Stickybear Numbers, an edu- 
cational program. Colorful 
objects that move across the 
screen help children learn 
numbers and counting skills. 
For the Apple II; floppy disk, 
$39.95. Xerox Education 
Publications (see address 
above). 

Zipscript, a word-processing 
system. This line-oriented 
text editor provides more 
than 65 editing and format- 
ting commands. It is suitable 
for building data files and 
editing BASIC programs. For 
the Apple II Plus; floppy 
disk, $49.95. Carter-mation, 
3245 Pursell Dr., Pensacola, 
FL 32506. 



Atari 

Jumbo Jet Pilot, a flight-simu- 
lation game. Put yourself in 
the pilot's seat, maneuver 
your way through the clouds 
to a safe landing, and receive 
a performance rating. Ten 
game variations; requires a 
joystick. For the Atari 
400/800; cartridge, $49.95. 
Thorn EMI, 1370 Avenue of 
the Americas, New York, NY 
10019. 

The Magic Melody Box. This 
educational program lets you 



learn to create music simply 
by drawing a line. See and 
hear the computer harmonize 
your rhythm and melody in a 
song. Requires a joystick. For 
the Atari 400/800; floppy 
disk, $15.95. Atari Program 
Exchange, 3281 Scott Blvd., 
POB 3705, Santa Clara, CA 
95055. 

Soccer, a soccer-animation 
game. Try to score a goal as 
you dribble the ball down the 
field. Features include goals, 
lines, a time clock, and 200 
variations. Requires one to 
four joysticks. For the Atari 
400/800; cartridge, $49.95. 
Thorn EMI (see address 
above). 

Submarine Commander, a 

submarine-patrol game, Your 
submarine must attack and 
destroy the enemy merchant- 
shipping boats in the Medi- 
terranean. Requires one 
joystick. For the Atari 
400/800; cartridge, $49.95. 
Thorn EMI (see address 
above). 

CP/M 

TCS Simple. This 

information-filing system 
allows you to store, query, 
and generate reports from 
database files. It can also 
create record types for logical 
organization of data. This 
utility package is designed to 
be used in conjunction with 
the TCS Total Accounting 
System. For CP/M 2.2-based 
systems, floppy disk. Price 
not available. TSC Software, 
3209 Fondren Rd., Houston, 
TX 77063. 

Z80 DIS. This disassembler 
package for Z80-based CP/M 
systems takes binary infor- 
mation from a disk file and 
converts it to either a source 
file or a listing file. For 
CP/M-based systems; floppy 
disk, $69.95. SLR Systems, 



466 June 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc 



200 Homewood Dr., Butler, 
PA 16001. 

Commodore 

Arcadia, an arcade-type 
game. Defend your planet 
from multicolored aliens as 
they peel out of formation 
and attack your base. Eight 
skill levels; requires one joy- 
stick. For the Commodore 
VIC-20; cassette, $24.95. 
Startech Inc., Suite 204, 
13900 Northwest Passage, 
Marina del Rey, CA 90291. 

Bunny, an arcade-type game. 
Guide the bunny across a 
crowded highway, dodging 
speeding rars and trucks, and 
finally cross a river to safety. 
Requires a joystick. For the 
Commodore VIC-20; cas- 
sette, $24.95. Startech Inc. 
(see address above). 

Mailfile, a mailing-list pro- 
gram. You can save up to 200 
names and addresses per file. 
For the Commodore 64 and 
VIC-20; cassette, $14.95. 
Step Industries, POB 52605, 
Houston, TX 77052. 

Ski-Run, an arcade-type 
game. Three skiing-simula- 
tion games in one: slalom, 
downhill, and giant slalom. 
Each game has nine skill 
levels. For the Commodore 
VIC-20; cassette, $24.95. 
Startech Inc. (see address 
above). 

Super 64 Music Maker, a 

musical program that plays, 
saves, loads, and modifies 
music digitally with the Com- 
modore Datasette. For the 
Commodore 64; cassette, 
$19.95. Seyau-Kaun Loke, 
1021-H West Bishop, Santa 
Ana, CA 92703, 

IBM 

Personal Computer 

APL*Plus/PC, a utility pack- 
age that is an implementation 



of the APL computer pro- 
gramming language. For the 
IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $495. STSC Inc., 
2115 East Jefferson St., 
Rockville, MD 20852. 

The Apartment House Man- 
ager, a user-friendly accoun- 
ting program that keeps track 
of accounts related to manag- 
ing an apartment house: 
tenants, leases, deposits, 
payments, and expenses. For 
the IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $395. User- 
Friendly Software Inc., POB 
1192, Melville, NY 11747. 

Basic Programming Tools. 

These five utility tools make 
programming in BASIC easy 
and efficient. For the IBM 
Personal Computer; floppy 
disk, $120. Synergistic Soft- 
ware, Suite 201, 830 North 
Riverside Dr., Renton, WA 
98055. 

The Chrome Ranger, an 

arcade-type game. Score 
points by collecting gold nug- 
gets, grabbing energy tablets, 
and capturing the bandits in 
the maze. For the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer; floppy disk, 
$29.95. Omniware, 8972 East 
Hampden Ave., POB 32, 
Denver, CO 80231. 

Disk Magic. An easy-to-use 
utility program that allows 
you to access data on a disk 
at the sector level. Handy for 
locating control characters or 
repairing a damaged disk. For 
the IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $49.95. Norell 
Data Systems Corp., 3400 
Wilshire Blvd., POB 70127, 
Los Angeles, CA 90010. 



EZ*Maillabel, a mailing-list 
and label program. Records 
can be sorted by any field or 
fields with up to 64 total 
characters. For the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer; floppy disk, 
$85. Data Consulting Group, 
877 Bounty Dr. #EE203, 
Foster City, CA 94404. 



EZ* Retail Plus. This sales 
and inventory-control pro- 
gram is a comprehensive 
method to control low-to- 
medium-volume retail or dis- 
count sales. For the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer; floppy disk, 
$245. Data Consulting Group 
(see address above). 

EZ*Screenaid. This screen - 
design generator works 
quickly and codes for data in- 
put efficiently. For the IBM 
Personal Computer; floppy 
disk, $35. Data Consulting 
Group (see address above). 

E-Z — Tax. This user-friendly 
program makes tax-prepara- 
tion easy to do on a home 
computer with prompts. It 
automatically computes your 
lowest tax. For the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer; floppy disk, 
$69.95. E-Z— Tax, 2444 
Moorpark Ave., San Jose, 
CA 95128. 

EZ* Utilities, basic program- 
mer aids. You can improve 
your productivity in data 
processing by eliminating 
time-consuming tasks. For 
the IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $65. Data Con- 
sulting Group (see address 
above). 

Easycalc. This easy-to-use 
spreadsheet-calculator pro- 
gram computes budgets, pro- 
jects investment returns, and 
figures taxes. For the IBM 
Personal Computer; floppy 
disk, $99.95. Norell Data 
Systems Corp. (see address 
above). 

Easytext. This utility pro- 
gram formats documents that 
are well-spaced, clearly 
typed, and indexed according 
to your specifications. For the 
IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $79.95. Norell 
Data Systems Corp. (see 
address above). 

Eliza, an educational game. 
Carry on a typed, two-way 
conversation with your com- 



puter using this recreation of 
the artificial intelligence pro- 
gram developed at MIT. For 
the IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $24.95. Norell 
Data Systems Corp. (see 
address above). 

Flip-ello, a video game simi- 
lar to the board game Othello 
that flips the pieces, keeps 
score, and offers advice and 
remarks. For one or two 
players. For the IBM Personal 
Computer; floppy disk, 
$12.50. Resuba Digital Sys- 
tems, POB 440, Department 
7, Blackwood, NJ 08012. 

Fluid pa k, an engineering pro- 
gram that contains sub- 
routines to compute data on 
fluids-handling equipment 
such as turbines, compres- 
sors, fans, and cyclones. For 
the IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $225. Physical 
Sciences Inc., Research Park, 
Andover, MA 01810. 

Graph 'n' Calc. A utility pro- 
gram that lets you quickly 
prepare a variety of stacked 
and side-by-side bar, line, 
and pie charts in high- 
resolution color graphics. For 
the IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $199. Desktop 
Computer Software Inc., 303 
Potrero St., 29/303, Santa 
Cruz, CA 95060. 

HXpak, an engineering pro- 
gram that provides analytical 
information on heat-exchang- 
ers: their general organiza- 
tion and the use of three 
modules used to model them. 
For the IBM Personal Com- 
puter; floppy disk, $275. 
Physical Sciences Inc. (see 
address above). 

Hoser, an interactive color 
game. Try to prevent a 
thirsty hose, seeking a faucet 
in a yard filled with obsta- 
cles, from turning against 
you. For the IBM Personal 
Computer; floppy disk, 
$29.95. PC Connection, Mill 
St., Marlow, NH 03456. 



June 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc 467 



Circle 305 on inquiry card. 




Personal Communications 



BRICKER ASSOCIATES 1982 



$ 3595. 

Xerox 820 - 



Enhance Your Computer 
Add A SVt" Winchester Subsystem 

IMI 10MB formatted subsystem 2 yr. warranty 1995 

AMPEX 20MB formatted subsystem 1 yr. warranty ..... $ 2695 

AMPEX 44MB formatted subsystem 1 yr. warranty . . 
Compatible with: Apple with CP/M - IBM - PC - Northstar 
TRS 80-Model II - Televideo 802 - Digital Group - Godbout Z80 CPU - 
Heath/Zenith - Kay Pro - Vectorgraphic - Any Z80, S-100 System. 
FUJITSU 21MB formatted for 8" Compupro-CP/M, CP/M86, 
MPM 8-16. Hard disk sub system, (requires Disk II) $2895. 

Add Memory to Your IBM-PC New Lower Prices 

AST RESEARCH Mega-Plus II, with 64K clock 

(1) serial $349. 256K clock (1) serial $569. 

Add $50. for add'l options. SEATTLE RAM & 192K 

(1) serial $299. Baby blue $499. 

PERSYT - STB - MONTE CARLO - QUADRAM 

PRINCETON color monitor - or - TAXAN 

RGB Vision III $529 

Software: 

Spellbinder . . . .$249. d Base II . . . .$449. Supercalc . . . .$169. 

LOTUS 1-2-3 - DIGITAL RESEARCH - MICROPRO 

MICROSOFT 

Printer: 

Epson FX 80 ,. .$549. MX 80 . . .$349. C. Itoh 8510A . . .$399. 
Starwriter parallel or serial $1225. Ribbons at discounts 

Special department for universities and user groups. We accept purchase 
orders. All prices FOB El Toro, CA. and subject to change. If you don't see 
what you want. . .call. . .we carry most systems and all software. 

In Europe contact McNeill, 138 University St., Belfast, Northern 
Ireland BT7 1 JH Telex 74351 . 



MBK, 



Suite #186 • 25422 TrobucoRd.,#10S 
€1 Toro. Cfi 92650 • (714) 768-8114 




Software Received. 

Kaleida. This interactive ka- 
leidoscope generator is de- 
signed purely to provide a 
relaxing visual experience. 
For the IBM Personal Com- 
puter; floppy disk, $12. Once 
Begun Computations, Sears- 
port, ME 04974. 

Mathpak, a set of subroutines 
for solving engineering equa- 
tions, algorithms, matrices, 
and more. For the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer; floppy disk, 
$75. Physical Sciences Inc. 
(see address above). 

Mechanical Engineering 
TKISolver Pack, a mechani- 
cal-engineering program 
designed to run in conjunc- 
tion with TKlSolver. For the 
IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $100. Software 
Arts Inc., 27 Mica Lane, 
Wellesley, MA 02181. 

Munchkin, an arcade-type 
game. As you move your 
Munchkin through the maze 
eating dots, you must avoid 
getting eaten yourself. For the 
IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $24.95. Norell 
Data Systems Corp. (see 
address above). 

1-2-3, a program that inte- 
grates information manage- 
ment, spreadsheet, and 
graphing functions. For the 
IBM Personal Computer 
(Compaq Portable Compu- 
ter-compatible), floppy disk, 
$495. Lotus Development 
Corp., 55 Wheeler St., Cam- 
bridge, MA 02138. 

The Original Adventure, an 

adventure-type game. In 
your exploration of Colossal 
Cave you can find a fortune 
in treasure and gold, solve 
puzzles, and become a wiz- 
ard. For the IBM Personal 
Computer; floppy disk, 
$24.95. Norell Data Systems 
Corp. (see address above). 

The Phantom's Revenge, an 

adventure-type game. In this 
classic adventure game you 



explore above and below 
ground for the treasure while 
avoiding danger. For the IBM 
Personal Computer; floppy 
disk, $24.95, Norell Data 
Systems (see address above). 

S3Epak, an engineering pro- 
gram for steady-state systems 
that includes a tutorial on 
power-plant and chemical- 
system analyses as well as in- 
formation on a fuel-cell 
power plant. For the IBM 
Personal Computer; floppy 
disk, $50. Physical Sciences 
Inc. (see address above). 

TEiOO-FT, a utility package. 
This easy-to-use extension 
program allows your compu- 
ter to function as a Digital 
Equipment Corporation 
VT100 series terminal emula- 
tor with ASCII file transfer. 
For the IBM Personal Com- 
puter; floppy disk, $150. Per- 
soft Inc., 2186 U.S. Highway 
51, Stoughton, WI 53589. 

TKlSolver, a program that 
allows you to solve simple or 
complicated equations with- 
out knowing how to pro- 
gram. Just enter the equations 
you need, supply the known 
values, and press a key. For 
the IBM Personal Computer; 
floppy disk, $299. Software 
Arts Inc. (see address above). 

A TRS-80 to IBM Tape 
Loader/Converter. This utili- 
ty program will convert a 
TRS-80 BASIC program to 
run on an IBM Personal 
Computer. For the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer; floppy disk, 
$25. T. R. Coxon, 33 Park- 
land Dr. , Elton, Chester, 
England. 

Thermopak, an engineering 
program to calculate en- 
thalpy, temperature, vapor 
pressure, thermal conductivi- 
ty, and equilibrium constants 
for pure and mixed chemical 
turbines. For the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer; floppy disk, 
$100. Physical Sciences Inc. 
(see address above). 



468 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 238 on inquiry card. 



Thermo3pak, a high-pre- 
cision version of Thermopak 
for dealing with water or am- 
monia in the evaluation of 
steam turbines. For the IBM 
Personal Computer; floppy 
disk, $200. Physical Sciences 
Inc. (see address above). 

TRS-80 

Autogrammer, a utility 
package. This automatic 
program-generation tool is 
for people who need to write 
customized microcomputer- 
based programs, but do not 
know programming lan- 
guages. For the TRS-80 
Model II; floppy disk, 
$299.95. Roklan Corp., 3335 
North Arlington Heights Rd., 
Arlington Heights, IL 60004. 

Copyart II, a utility package. 
A word-graphics processor 
that allows you to edit, for- 
mat, print, fix crashed disks, 
write mailing lists, and more. 
For the TRS-80 Model I and 
III; floppy disk, $150. 
Simutek Computer Products 
Inc., 4897 East Speedway 
Blvd., Tucson, A2 85712. 

Maxi Mail, a utility package. 
This database-management 
system allows you to manage 
an extensive mailing list, 
generate labels and reports 
quickly, and merge text with 
most word processors. For 
the TRS-80 Model III; floppy 
disk, $99.95. The Business 
Division, POB 3435, 
Longwood, FL 32750. 



Power Driver, a utility pro- 
gram for use with Super- 
Scripsit that allows you to 
use the special features of the 
Epson MX80/100 printers 
such as superscripts, sub- 
scripts, underlining, and pro- 
portional modes. For the 
TRS-80 Models I and III; 
floppy disk, $29.95. Power- 
soft, Suite 125, 11500 Stem- 
mons Expressway, Dallas, 
TX 75229. 



Profile III Plus, a database- 
management program that 
allows you to organize files 
and manipulate data through 
storage and retrieval. It also 
performs math functions. For 
the TRS-80 Model III, floppy 
disk, $199. Radio Shack, One 
Tandy Center, Fort Worth, 
TX 76102. 

64K Disk Utility Package, 

three utility programs: 
Romcrack, Software Print 
Spooler, and a 40K relocator. 
For the TRS-80 Color Com- 
uter; floppy disk, $23.95. 
Spectrum Projects, 93-15 
86th Dr., Woodhaven, NY 
11421. 

Speak Up! a voice-synthe- 
sizer program that lets you 
type in words and sentences 
to be spoken or add speech 
statements to BASIC pro- 
grams. For the TRS-80 Color 
Computer; cassette, $29.95. 
Classical Computing Inc., 
POB 12247, Lexington, KY 
40582. 

SuperScripsit, a program 
that simplifies word pro- 
cessing by eliminating the 
need for retyping. It allows 
you to type, proofread, 
revise, and print letters for- 
matted to your specifications. 
For the TRS-80 Model III; 
floppy disk, $199. Radio 
Shack (see address above). 



Other Computers 

Datatree, a utility package. A 
database-management sys- 
tem designed for use with 
mailing lists, student/teacher 
records, bibliographies, busi- 
ness accounts, and a variety 
of other applications. For the 
Sage II; floppy disk, $150. 
Arizona Computer Systems 
Group Inc., POB 40878, Tuc- 
son, AZ 85717. 

Pedigree Manager. This 
pedigree-documentation pro- 
gram is for breeders of pedi- 



greed animal* to keep records 
on the lineage of animals up 
to three or four generations. 
For the Heath/Zenith 
H-/Z-89 or Z-90, floppy disk, 
$25. RCK Associates, 640 
Trephanny Lane, Wayne, PA 
19087. 

Xtal BASIC 3.1, a utility 



package. This updated ver- 
sion of the Xtal BASIC 2.2 
enables you to write sub- 
routines and insert owner- 
defined words in an auxiliary 
word table. For the Osborne 
1; floppy disk, Price not 
available. Crystal Research 
Ltd., 40 Magdalene Rd., Tor- 
quay, Devon, England. ■ 



This is a list of software packages that have been received by 
BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the 
best of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full description 
of the product or the forms in which the product is available. In 
particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in 
both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is 
the version received by BYTE Publications. 

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality 
or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot 
review every software package we receive. Instead, this list is 
meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and 
the companies that sent them. All software received is considered 
to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a 
set period of time. Companies sending software packages should 
be sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appro- 
priate) the alternate forms in which they are available. 










X Mdrsjtori 









Circle 19 on inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 469 



Event Queue 



June 1983 



June 

Continuing Engineering Edu- 
cation Courses, George 
Washington University, 
Washington, DC, Among the 
courses available are "Com- 
puter Communications Sys- 
tems and Networks/' "A 
Phased Approach to Soft- 
ware Conversion/' and "Mi- 
crocomputer Applications 
Workshop." Course fees 
range from $625 to $855. For 
information, contact Douglas 
Green, Continuing Engi- 
neering Education, George 
Washington University, 
Washington, DC 20052, (800) 
424-9773; in the District of 
Columbia, (202) 676-8512. 

June 

Courses from Ken Orr and 
Associates, various sites 
throughout the U.S. Among 
the courses being offered are 
"Structured Requirements 
Definition" and "Structured 
Systems Design/Structured 
Program Design." Further de- 
tails are available from Gayle 
Giesecke, Ken Orr and Asso- 
ciates Inc., 1725 Gage Blvd., 
Topeka, KS 66604, (800) 
255-2459; in Kansas, (913) 
273-0653. 

June 

Courses from Q.E.D. Infor- 
mation Sciences, various sites 
throughout the U.S. Some of 
the courses listed are "Sys- 
tems Analysis Workshop," 
"Project Management and 
Control," and "Data Analy- 
sis." Address inquiries to 
Priscilla Goudreault, Q.E.D. 
Information Sciences Inc., 
Q.E.D. Plaza, POB 181, 
Wellesley, MA 02181, (800) 
343-4848; in Massachusetts, 
(617) 237-5656. 

June 

Data Processing Courses, 

Hartford Graduate Center, 



Hartford, CT. Among the. 
courses being offered are 
"ANS COBOL Programming 
Workshop 1" and "CICS/VS 
Macro Level Coding Work- 
shop." These data-processing 
courses are available for on- 
site presentation. For details, 
contact Don Florek, The 
Hartford Graduate Center, 
275 Windsor St., Hartford, 
CT 06120, (203) 549-3600, 
ext. 252, 253, or 254. 

June 

Intel Microcomputer Work- 
shops, various sites through- 
out the U.S. Among the 
workshops to be held are "In- 
troduction to Microproces- 
sors" and "iAPX 86, 88 f 186 
Microprocessors." Intel Cus- 
tomer Training courses are 
available for on-site presenta- 
tion. For details, contact Intel 
Corp., Mail Stop SV3-1, 3065 
Bowers Ave., Santa Clara, 
CA 95051. 

June 

Intensive Seminars of Interest 
to Data Processing Profes- 
sionals, Boston metropolitan 
area. Among the two- to five- 
day seminars offered are 
"Project Management" and 
"Creative Problem Solving." 
Registration fees range from 
$495 to $975. For a seminar 
bulletin, contact Ms. Ginny 
Bazarian, Office of Con- 
tinuing Education, Higgins 
House, Worcester Polytech- 
nic Institute, Worcester, MA 
01609, (617) 793-5517. 

June 

Management Development 
Programs, Providence, RI, 
Boston, MA, and Hartford, 
CT. The Center for Manage- 
ment Development offers 
seminars on a variety of 
topics, including communica- 
tions, industrial relations, 
and electronic data process- 
ing. Many of the Center's 
programs can be conducted 
on location for your organi- 



zation. For details, contact 
The Center for Management 
Development, Bryant Col- 
lege, Smithfield, RI 02917, 
(401) 231-1200, ext. 314. 

June 

Microprocessor Seminars, 

Rochester Institute of Tech- 
nology, Rochester, NY. Five 
one-week seminars are of- 
fered: "Basic 8085," "Ad- 
vanced 8085," "Basic 6800," 
"Advanced 6800," and "Ad- 
vanced Digital Electronics." 
Hands-on experience is pro- 
vided. The fee is $480. Con- 
tact Jeanne Berry or Stacy 
Jordan, Rochester Institute of 
Technology, Rochester, NY 
14627, (716) 475-2915, 

June 

Office Automation: Tee to 
Green, various sites through- 
out the U.S. This three-day 
seminar for administrative 
and information-systems pro- 
fessionals addresses produc- 
tivity issues and opportuni- 
ties presented by automating 
the office workplace. Semi- 
nar objectives include estab- 
lishing long-range office sys- 
tems plans and developing in- 
tegrated communications sys- 
tems. The fee is $385 for 
members of the Data Pro- 
cessing Management Associa- 
tion Education Foundation 
(DPMA/EF) or $410 for non- 
members. For registration in- 
formation, contact DPMA/ 
EF Conferences, D. L. Hiller 
& Associates, 14536 Island 
Dr., Sterling Heights, MI 
48078, (313) 247-8444. 

June 

Professional Development 
Seminars, various sites 
throughout the U.S. Data 
communications, database 
management, software and 
systems, and computer-aided 
design/manufacturing are 
some of the a/eas investigated 
in seminars offered by the In- 
stitute for Advanced Tech- 



nology. For a catalog, con- 
tact the Registrar, Institute 
for Advanced Technology, 
Control Data Corp., 6003 
Executive Blvd . , Rockville, 
MD 20852, (800) 638-6590; in 
Maryland, (301) 468-8576. 

June 

Seminars in Simulation, 
Management, Statistics, and 
Computer Science, various 
sites throughout the U.S. 
"Simulation Modeling for 
Decision Making," "Database 
Design," and "Systems 
Analysis and Design" are 
some of the topics to be pre- 
sented. For information, con- 
tact The Institute for Profes- 
sional Education, POB 756, 
Arlington, VA 22216, (703) 
527-8700. 

June-July 

Courses from Integrated 

Computer Systems, various 

sites throughout the U.S. 
Course titles include "Com- 
puter Graphics," "Hands-On 
Pascal Workshop," "Defining 
Software Requirements, 
Specifications, and Tests," 
and "Computerized Robots." 
Fees range from $695 to $845. 
For information, contact 
Ruth Dordick, Integrated 
Computer Systems, 3304 
Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa 
Monica, CA 90405, or call 
(213) 450-2060. 

June- July 

Productivity '83, various sites 
throughout the U.S. and 
Canada. Hewlett-Packard's 
hands-on showcase of more 
than 32 computer products 
and 17 seminars is designed 
for both professionals and 
novices and aims to provide 
solutions to problems con- 
fronting the data processing 
industry. For details, call 
(800) 453-9500. 

June-July 

Software Workshops in 
MMSFORTH, Boston metro- 



470 June 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 



Circle 88 on inquiry card. 



politan area. These work- 
shops are public versions of 
the professional training 
Miller Microcomputer Ser- 
vices (MMS) offers client 
companies in support of its 
MMSFORTH product line. A 
variety of topics and skill 
levels are covered. Full details 
are available from Miller 
Microcomputer Services, 61 
Lake Shore Rd., Natick, MA 
01760, (617) 653-6136. 

June-July 

Technical Courses from 
Zilog, Campbell CA. A wide 
variety of such courses as 
"Advanced Peripherals/' "C 
Programming," and "ZEUS/ 
System 8000 User Course" 
are offered. Fees range from 
$175 to $875. For a complete 
schedule, contact Zilog Inc., 
Training and Education De- 
partment, 1315 Dell Ave., 
Campbell, CA 95008, (408) 
370-8092. 

June-August 

Courses in C Language and 
Unix, various sites through- 
out the U.S. Three 5-day 
courses are offered by Plum 
Hall Inc. The "C Program- 
ming Workshop" is a hands- 
on course that covers all 
aspects of the C language for 
individuals able to program 
in another language. The 
"Advanced C Topics Semi- 
nar" covers efficiency, port- 
ability, readability, de- 
bugging, packaging, and in- 
terfacing. The "Unix Work- 
shop" is an introductory 
course that focuses on soft- 
ware development. For fur- 
ther details, contact Joan 
Hall, Plum Hall Inc., 1 
Spruce Ave., Cardiff, NJ 
08232, (609) 927-3770. 

June- August 

Engineering Summer Confer- 
ences, Chrysler Center for 
Continuing Engineering Edu- 
cation, North Campus, Uni- 
versity of Michigan, Ann Ar- 
bor. More than 25 courses are 
offered in aerospace, chemi- 



cal, civil, environmental, 
electrical, fluid, computer, 
information, and control en- 
gineering. One-week course 
fees range from $500 to $775; 
two-week courses are $875. 
For course outlines and regi- 
stration details, contact Engi- 
neering Summer Confer- 
ences, 200 Chrysler Center, 
North Campus, University of 
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 
48109, (313) 764-8490. 

June-October 

Courses from the AMA, 

various sites throughout the 
U.S. The American Manage- 
ment Associations (AMA) of- 
fers an on-going series of 
seminars in such areas as 
human resources, informa- 
tion systems, and manufac- 
turing and technology man- 
agement. In-house develop- 
ment and training seminars 
can be arranged. For infor- 
mation on AMA membership 
or seminar particulars, con- 
tact the American Manage- 
ment Associations, 135 West 
50th St., New York, NY 
10020, (212) 586-8100. 



June-December 

IEEE Conferences and 
Meetings, various sites 
around the world. The In- 
stitute for Electrical and Elec- 
tronics Engineers (IEEE) 
sponsors conferences, meet- 
ings, and workshops cover- 
ing high-technology issues. 
For details, contact the IEEE 
Computer Society, Suite 300, 
1109 Spring St., Silver Spring, 
MD 20910, (301) 589-8142. 

June-December 

Intensive Two-Day Seminars 
for Professional Develop- 
ment, Worcester Polytechnic 
Institute, Boston metropoli- 
tan area and Hartford and 
Stamford, CT. Among the 
seminars being offered are 
"The Engineer as Manager," 
"Inventory Control: Using 
Computers/' and "Funda- 
mentals of Data Processing." 
For in-house seminar infor- 



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June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 471 



Event Queue, 



mation, call Robert J. Hall at 
(617) 793-5574. For a seminar 
bulletin and registration 
details, contact Ms. Ginny 
Bazarian, Office of Con- 
tinuing Education, Higgins 
House, Worcester Polytech- 
nic Institute, Worcester, MA 
01609, (617) 793-5517. 



June-December 

Systems Development Docu- 
mentation: Forms Method, 

various sites throughout the 
U.S. and Canada. This one- 
day seminar is designed for 
data-processing managers, 
project leaders, program- 
mers, and technical writers. 
Topics to be covered include 
system design documenta- 
tion, format and style guide- 
lines, and options for end- 
document publication. The 
course fee is $155, which in- 
cludes all materials. In-com- 
pany presentations are avail- 
able for groups of 10 or more. 
For details, contact Technical 
Communications Associates 
Inc., 1250 Oakmead Park- 
way #210, Sunnyvale, CA 
94086, (800) 227-3800, ext. 
977; in California, (800) 
792-0990, ext. 977, or (408) 
737-2665. 

June 10-12 

International Conference on 
Databases in the Humanities 
and Social Sciences 
ICDBHSS/83, Douglass Col- 
lege, Rutgers University, 
New Brunswick, NJ. Speak- 
ers from 24 countries will pre- 
sent papers on the structure, 
accessibility, and uses of 
databases in fields that in- 
clude archaeology, religion, 
music, and law. The confer- 
ence language is English. 
Registration fees are $80. For 
information, contact Dr. 
Robert Allen, Bishop House, 
Room 306A, Rutgers Univer- 
sity, New Brunswick, NJ 
08903, (201) 932-7335 or 
(201) 932-7505. 

June 11-12 

NJ-NY-CT Microcomputer 
Show and Flea Market, 



Meadowlands Hilton Hotel, 
New Jersey Sports Complex, 
East Rutherford, NJ. More 
than 75 commercial exhibi- 
tors and 200 flea-market 
booths will feature hardware, 
software, magazines, and ac- 
cessories for all popular com- 
puting systems ranging from 
Apple to Zenith. Registration 
is $5 for adults and $2 for 
children under 12. Contact 
Kengore Corp., POB 13, 
Franklin Park, NJ 08823, 
(201) 297-2526. 



June 13-15 

Analysis and Design- 
Oriented Techniques, Los 

Angeles, CA. For details on 
this power-electronics course, 
contact Teslaco, Suite 6, 490 
South Rosemead Blvd., Pasa- 
dena, CA 91107, (213) 
795-1699. 



June 13-15 

The Sixteenth Annual Asso- 
ciation of Small Computer 
Users in Education Confer- 
ence, Taylor University, Up- 
land, IN, This conference will 
feature formal papers and de- 
monstrations of both the aca- 
demic and administrative 
uses of computers. Topics on 
the agenda include "Artificial 
Intelligence in the Small Col- 
lege" and "How to Manage 
the Microkids." A one-day 
seminar on data communica- 
tions will be held. Further in- 
formation is available from 
Dr. Wally Roth, Department 
of Information Science, 
Taylor University, Upland, 
IN 46989, (317) 998-2751, 
ext. 269. 

June 13-15 

Systematic Software Mainte- 
nance, Chicago, IL. Topics to 
be addressed include struc- 
tured methodologies, solu- 
tions for effective testing, 
resource allocation, and sta- 
tus determination. Full details 
are available from Eduteach 
Inc., Suite 907, 162 North 
State St., Chicago, IL 60601, 
(312) 641-1370. 



June 14-16 

Introduction to Microproces- 
sors, University of Texas, 
Austin. This course will stress 
basic concepts with hands-on 
experience. Participants will 
write and run simple pro- 
grams on a Z80-based Micro- 
Professor training system. 
Contact the College of Engi- 
neering, University of Texas, 
Austin, TX 78712, (512) 
471-3396. 



June 14-16 

Ohmcon/83, High Technol- 
ogy Electronics Exhibition 
and Convention, Cobo Hall, 
Detroit, MI. For details, con- 
tact Electronic Conventions 
Inc., 999 North Sepulveda 
Blvd., El Segundo, CA 
90245, (800) 421-6816; in Cal- 
ifornia, (213) 772-2965. 



June 14-16 

Technology Opportunity 
Conference, Washington, 
DC. This conference will fo- 
cus on the convergence of 
optical-storage, videodisc, 
and computer technologies. 
For full details, contact Tech- 
nology Opportunity Confer- 
ence, POB 14817, San Fran- 
cisco, CA 94114, (415) 
626-1133. 



June 14-18 

Tectronica, Earls Court Exhi- 
bition Centre, London, Eng- 
land. This exhibition on 
laboratory technology aims 
to show the latest in instru- 
mentation, equipment, and 
services for life and physical 
sciences. For details, contact 
Good Relations Ltd., 15 Ade- 
line Place, London WClB 
3AJ, England; tel: (01) 
636-6561; Telex: 265903. 



June 15-17 

Basics of Power Electronics, 

Los Angeles, CA. For infor- 
mation on this course, con- 
tact Teslaco, Suite 6, 490 
South Rosemead Blvd., Pasa- 
dena, CA 91107, (213) 
795-1699. 



June 15-17 

The Twenty-first Annual 
Meeting of the Association 
for Computational Linguis- 
tics, Massachusetts Institute 
of Technology, Cambridge, 
MA. Papers to be presented 
will address syntax, the re- 
presentation of knowledge, 
machine and machine-aided 
translation, and other linguis- 
tically and computationally 
significant topics. Informa- 
tion is available from Don 
Walker, Artificial Intelligence 
Center, SRI International 
EJ278, Menlo Park, CA 
94025, (415) 859-3071. 

June 16-17 

Clinical Laboratory Com- 
puters: Symposium 1983, 

Towsley Center for Con- 
tinuing Medical Education, 
Ann Arbor, MI. Course 
credit will be offered. Con- 
tact the Office of Continuing 
Medical Education, Towsley 
Center Box 057, University of 
Michigan Medical School, 
Ann Arbor, MI 48109, (313) 
763-1400. 

June 16-18 

Personal Computer Inter- 
facing and Scientific Instru- 
ment Automation, Reston, 
VA. This workshop provides 
each participant with hands- 
on experience in wiring and 
testing interfaces. The fee is 
$395. Call or write Dr. Linda 
Leffel, C.E.C., Virginia Poly- 
technic Institute and State 
University, Blacksburg, VA 
24061, (703) 961-4848. 

June 17-19 

PC '83/West, Brooks Hall/ 
Civic Center Complex, San 
Francisco, CA. This show 
will bring together users, de- 
velopers, distributors, and re- 
tailers of products that are 
compatible with the IBM Per- 
sonal Computer. Seminars, 
workshops, demonstrations, 
and a conference program 
will aim to educate users on 
product features and capabil- 
ities. Further details are avail- 
able from Northeast Exposi- 
tions, 826 Boylston St., 



472 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, 
(800) 841-7000; in Massachu- 
setts, (617) 739-2000. 

June 19-23 

Conference on Computer 
Vision and Pattern Recog- 
nition-CVPR '83, Crystal 
City Hyatt, Arlington, VA. 
This program, at one time 
called the Pattern Recog- 
nition and Image Processing 
Conference, provides a fo- 
rum for the presentation of 
papers on vision, pattern re- 
cognition, and image process- 
ing. For full details, write to 
CVPR '83, POB 639, Silver 
Spring, MD 20901. 

June 19-24 

Problem Solving Leadership, 

Washington, DC. This work- 
shop, designed to help man- 
agers and technical leaders 
enhance their problem- 
solving effectiveness, is spon- 
sored by the Data Processing 
Management Association Ed- 



ucation Foundation. Further 
information is available from 
Judy Cook, Weinberg & 
Weinberg, R R #2, Lincoln, 
NE 68505, (402) 781-2542. 

June 20-24 

Physical Data Analysis, Co- 
lumbia Inn, Columbia, MD. 
For details, contact the Con- 
tinuing Education Institute, 
Oliver's Carriage House, 
5410 Leaf Treader Way, Co- 
lumbia, MD 21044, (301) 
596-0111; on the West Coast, 
(213) 824-9545. 

June 20-July 15 

Computers in Education 
'83— CE '83, Rutgers Univer- 
sity, New Brunswick, NJ. 
The theme of this conference 
is "Necessary Direction for 
Computer Education: Navi- 
gational Aids for the 80s." 
The focus will be on the im- 
pact of microcomputers on 
elementary, secondary, and 
college-level education. Con- 



ference highlights include 
presentations, special-interest 
sessions, a software ex- 
change, film festival, and a 
variety of exhibits. The fee 
for the conference is $145. 

Running concurrently with 
CE '83, the Summer Institute 
for educators offers 40 short 
courses, ranging in length 
from one to twelve days. 
Topics include "The Turtle is 
the Teacher: An Introduction 
to Logo," "Using Computers 
in the Elementary School," 
and "Algorithm Design." 
These courses are $95 per 
day; preregistration is re- 
quired. For additional infor- 
mation, contact Dr. Mitchell 
E. Batoff, Director CE '83, In- 
stitute for Professional Devel- 
opment, Suite D, 245 Nassau 
St., Princeton, NJ 08540, 
(609) 924-8333. 

June 21-23 

The Engineer as a Manager, 

Quail Lodge, Carmel, CA. 



For details, contact the Con- 
tinuing Education Institute, 
Oliver's Carriage House, 
5410 Leaf Treader Way, Co- 
lumbia, MD 21044, (301) 
596-0111; on the West Coast, 
(213) 824-9545. 

June 22-24 

Machine Vision /Image Un- 
derstanding, Los Angeles, 
CA. For details, contact the 
Continuing Education Insti- 
tute, Oliver's Carriage 
House, 5410 Leaf Treader 
Way, Columbia, MD 21044, 
(301) 596-0111; on the West 
Coast, (213) 824-9545. 

June 23 

The Twenty-second Annual 
Technical Symposium of the 
Washington DC Chapter of 
the Association for Comput- 
ing Machinery, National Bu- 
reau of Standards, Gaithers- 
burg, MD. The theme for this 
event is "Microcomputer Sys- 
tems: Tools or Toys?" Topics 



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(312)620-8566 





S-100 (IEEE-696) 

Disk controller with 4 ports; supports SVa" and 8* drives 

{floppy and/or Winchester) on same cable. 

Z80 CPU 4 or 6 MHz, 64KRAAA, 2 serial I/O, 1 parallel, CTC 

Supports SAAB Amlyn floppy. CP/AA® and BIOS included. 

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May be purchased separately. Winchester and floppy drives available. 



SIGEN Corporation 



1800 Wyatt Dr., #6, Santa Clara, CA 95054 
408/988-2527 

CP/M is o trademark of Digttat Research. 



-T- 



MBMMi 



Circle 27 on inquiry card. 



Circle 348 on inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 473 



Event Queue > 



of interest include systems 
software, human factors, and 
office systems. For further de- 
tails, contact Howard Weeks 
Associates, 15201 Shady 
Grove Rd., Rockville, MD 
20850. 



June 23-24 

Computer Graphics in De- 
sign, Chicago, IL. This semi- 
nar begins with the historical 
development of computer im- 
ages and an introduction to 
graphics programming. It 
ends with participants using a 
digital-art system to create 
charts, graphs, and free-form 
art. It's sponsored by the 
Dynamic Graphics Educa- 
tional Foundation (DGEF). 
For a catalog and registration 
details, contact DGEF, De- 
partment R, 6000 North 
Forest Park Dr., POB 1901, 
Peoria, IL 61656, (309) 
688-8866, ext. 505. 



June 23-24 

Shared Information Manage- 
ment Seminar, Hyatt Re- 
gency, Chicago, IL. This 
seminar is designed for de- 
partment heads, information- 
center managers, senior ap- 
plications personnel, and 
data-processing support co- 
ordinators. It strives to ex- 
plain how to manage the de- 
velopment of new systems 
with reduced risk and how to 
introduce new flexibility into 
data processing. The fee is 
$455. Group discounts are 
available. For further infor- 
mation, contact Bob Mishler, 
Boeing Computer Services 
Co., Education and Training 
Division, POB 24346, Mail 
Stop 9A-90, Seattle, WA 
98124, (800) 342-7700; in 
Washington, call collect, 
(206) 575-7700. 

June 23-25 

The Executive Microcom- 
puter Conference & Exposi- 



tion, Sheraton Centre, New 
York, NY. The main confer- 
ence program will offer ses- 
sions ranging from how to 
buy a personal computer to 
new and future trends in per- 
sonal computing. A special 
seminar for educators and ad- 
ministrators, "Microcom- 
puters in Education," will 
highlight issues in education- 
al computing. For details, 
contact CW Communications 
Inc., 375 Cochituate Rd., 
POB 880, Framingham, MA 
01701, (800) 225-4698; in 
Massachusetts, (617) 879- 
0700. 

June 27-28 

Computer Literacy for Law- 
yers, San Francisco, CA. This 
seminar is intended to intro- 
duce attorneys to basic com- 
puter concepts and their ap- 
plication to the practice of 
law. Topics will include the 
specific uses, costs, and bene- 
fits of using computers in 



legal practice. The fee is $550, 
which includes reference 
materials. Group discounts 
are available. For further in- 
formation, contact Kathryn 
Mann, Center for Legal 
Studies, 1926 Arch St., Phila- 
delphia, PA 19103, (215) 
732-6999. 



June 27-30 

The World of CAD/CAM, 

Marriott Resort, Newport 
Beach, CA. This seminar pro- 
vides an overview of how 
manufacturing will change as 
the automated factory be- 
comes a reality. It will consist 
of four one-day presentations 
in computer-aided engineer- 
ing, design, manufacturing, 
and computer-integrated 
manufacturing. For a bro- 
chure, write or call the Center 
for Manufacturing Technol- 
ogy, 4170 Crossgate Dr., 
Cincinnati, OH 45236, (513) 
791-8801. 




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474 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 231 on inquiry card. 



Circle 301 on inquiry card. 



June 27 -July 1 

Auditing Integrity Controls 
in the Contemporary Com- 
puter Environment, San 

Diego, CA. This program is 
designed to provide an over- 
view of the computer en- 
vironment, its controls, and 
its interrelationships. It com- 
bines theoretical and prac- 
tical approaches for elec- 
tronic data-processing audit- 
ing, with an emphasis on in- 
tegrity controls and related 
operational concerns. Further 
details are available from 
Marge Umlor, EDP Auditors 
Foundation, 373 South 
Schmale Rd., Carol Stream, 
IL 60187, (312) 682-1200. 

June 27 -July 1 

Managing the Development 
and Introduction of New 
Products, University of Wis- 
consin, Madison. The fee for 
this course is $595. Contact 
William C. Dries, University 
of Wisconsin-Extension, De- 
partment of Engineering and 
Applied Science, 432 North 
Lake St., Madison, WI ' 
53706, (608) 262-2061. 

June 27-July 1 

Physical Data Analysis, 

Miramar-Sheraton Hotel, 
Santa Monica, CA. For de- 
tails, contact the Continuing 
Education Institute, Oliver's 
Carriage House, 5410 Leaf 
Treader Way, Columbia, 
MD 21044, (301) 596-0111; 
on the West Coast, (213) 
824-9545. 

June 28-30 

National Educational Com- 
puter Conference, New York 
Statler Hotel, New York, 
NY. The theme of this con- 
ference is "Higher Instruc- 
tional Techniques in Educa- 
tion." Seminars, exhibits, 
hands-on demonstrations, 
and workshops will highlight 
this event. Additional in- 
formation is available from 
the National Educational 
Computer Library, POB 293, 
New Milford, CT 06776, 
(203) 354-7760. 



June 29-July 1 

Microcomputers, Electronic 
Toys, and Genius Machines 
in Early Childhood Educa- 
tion, Teachers College, Co- 
lumbia University, New 
York, NY. This conference 
will examine the growing use 
of new technology in the 
entertainment and education 
of children. Events will in- 
clude panel discussions, 
workshops, a computer fair, 
and a film festival. Par- 
ticipants can attend on a non- 
credit basis for $125 or for 
graduate credit at $240 per 
point. For further informa- 
tion, contact the Program in 
Early Childhood Education, 
Box 9, Teachers College, Co- 
lumbia University, New 
York, NY 10027, (212) 
678-3971. 

June 29-July 1 

Tertiary Education for the 

Age of Communications, 

Royal Melbourne Institute 
of Technology, Melbourne, 
Australia. Formal presenta- 
tions will focus on the educa- 
tional implications of new 
technologies on the needs of 
industry and the require- 
ments of curriculum develop- 
ment. Areas of interest in- 
clude telecommunications, 
engineering, and computer 
and information sciences. For 
details, contact the Inter- 
national Conference on Com- 
munications, Royal Mel- 
bourne Institute of Technol- 
ogy, G.P.O. Box 2476V, 
Melbourne, Victoria 3001, 
Australia; tel: 3452822; 
Telex: AA36406. 



July 1983 



July 

Continuing Engineering Edu- 
cation Courses, George 
Washington University, 
Washington, DC. Among the 
courses offered are "Hands- 
On Pascal Computer Pro- 
gramming," "Reliability of 
Computer Software and 



■I 111 I 








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The inexpensive word processing applications 
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making your essential day-to-day correspondence appear 
more businesslike and professional than ever. 

LetterBANK is no ordinary form letter package. It's 
a sophisticated piece of applications software with over 
200 professionally written letters you can use as is, 
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Circle 423 on inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 475 



Event Queue. 



Computing Networks," and 
"Computer Memory Sys- 
tems." Fees range from $625 
to $855. For details, contact 
Douglas Green, Continuing 
Engineering Education, 
George Washington Univer- 
sity, Washington, DC 20052, 
(800) 424-9773; in the District 
of Columbia, (202) 676-8512. 

July-October 

Repair of Microcomputer- 
based Equipment, various 
sites throughout the U.S. and 
Canada. This seminar de- 
scribes general servicing prac- 
tices that are applied to the 
subsystems of any micropro- 
cessor family. This lecture/ 
laboratory sequence is in- 
tended for field-service per- 
sonnel, engineers, and tech- 
nical writers. For details, con- 
tact the Registrar, Testek 
Consultants Inc., 1000 North 
Patton St., Arlington 
Heights, IL 60004, (312) 
577-2134. 

July 5-7 

Technology Opportunity 
Conference, London, Eng- 
land. For details, see June 
14-16. 

July 5- August 4 

Laboratory Use of Micro- 
computers, Brandeis Univer- 
sity, Waltham, MA. This is 
an introductory, hands-on 
course in data-acquisition by 
microcomputer. Topics of in- 
terest include the use of the 
IEEE-488 parallel interface 
bus, handshaking, analog-to- 
digital and digital-to-analog 
conversion, and vectored in- 
terrupts. Participants will be 
expected to produce execu- 
table programs for each 
method. Some knowledge of 
BASIC is required. Tuition is 
$495 and the course fee is 
$15. For details, contact the 
Summer School Office, 
Brandeis University, 

Waltham, MA 02254. 



July 8-10 

Computerfest '83: The Eighth 
Annual Midwest Affiliation 



of Computer Clubs Compu- 
terfest, Harbourfront, Tor- 
onto, Ontario, Canada. Sem- 
inars, exhibits, drawings, a 
computer flea market, and an 
auction will cover a broad 
range of topics, including 
computer languages and ap- 
plications for the disabled. 
Carl Helmers, editor of 
Robotics Age magazine, is 
the featured speaker. Further 
information is available from 
the Toronto Region Associa- 
tion of Computer Enthusi- 
asts, POB 6922, Toronto, 
Ontario M5W 1X6, Canada. 



July 10-11 

The Role of Microcomputers 
in Music Education, Triton 
College, River Grove, IL. 

Seminars, workshops, de- 
monstrations, and manufac- 
turer displays will highlight 
this event. Topics of interest 
include ear training, improvi- 
sation, computer basics for 
the teacher, choosing the 
right computer, and using 
computers in music for the 
disabled. The fee is $25 a day; 
$40 for both days. For de- 
tails, contact Michael Ferrelli, 
Triton College, 2000 Fifth 
Ave., River Grove, IL 60171. 

July 11-13 

The 1983 Summer Computer 
Simulation Conference, 

Hyatt Regency, Vancouver, 
British Columbia, Canada. 
Full details are available from 
the Society for Computer 
Simulation, POB 2228, La 
Jolla, CA 92038, (714) 
459-3888. 

July 11-15 

Technology Opportunity 
Conference, Los Angeles, 
CA. For details, see June 
14-16. 

July 12-14 

Audio -Visual America, 

Hyatt Regency Hotel, Chica- 
go, IL. The second annual 
Audio-Visual America will 
feature hardware and soft- 
ware exhibits, screenings of 
shows, and approximately 60 



workshops on planning, pro- 
duction, and management. 
For more information, con- 
tact A-V America, IF Asso- 
ciates, 3150 Spring St., Fair- 
fax, VA 22031, (703) 
273-8272. 

July 14-15 

Computer Graphics in De- 
sign, Seattle, WA. For de- 
tails, see June 23-24. 

July 14-16 

Personal Computer Inter- 
facing and Scientific Instru- 
ment Automation, Charles- 
ton, SC. For details, see June 
16-18. 

July 18-28 

Microcomputer-based Instru- 
mentation for Schools, Mid- 
dletown, OH. This workshop 
is designed for science and 
mathematics teachers in both 
secondary and undergraduate 
levels. Participants will learn 
how to construct and use 
simple, low-cost analog-to- 
digital and digital-to-analog 
converters for monitoring 
and controlling physical 
phenomena in classrooms 
and laboratories. Contact Bill 
Rouse, 301E McGuffey Hall, 
Miami University, Oxford, 
OH 45056, (513) 529-2141. 

July 20-21 

Token-based Local Net- 
works, Washington, DC. 
This program is the second of 
four parts in the Architecture 
Technology Corporation's 
1983 Forum Series. The series 
will bring together manufac- 
turers and users of local net- 
work schemes to exchange in- 
formation in an informal set- 
ting. The format includes pre- 
sentations, panel discussions, 
and a technological sum- 
mary. The fee is $395 per per- 
son. For details, contact the 
Architecture Technology 
Corp., POB 24344, Minnea- 
polis, MN 55424, (612) 
935-2035. 

July 21-22 

Shared Information Manage- 
ment Seminar, Hyatt Re- 



gency, Cambridge, MA. For 
details, see June 23-24. 

July 25-28 

The World of CAD/CAM, 

Dunfey's Resort, Hyannis, 
MA. For details, see June 
27-30. 

July 25-29 

Robot Manipulators, Com- 
puter Vision, and Automated 
Assembly, Artificial Intelli- 
gence Laboratory, Massachu- 
setts Institute of Technology, 
Cambridge, MA. The empha- 
sis of this short course will be 
on developing strategies for 
the solution of problems that 
will arise in advanced auto- 
mation: sensing, spatial rea- 
soning, and manipulation. 
The use of current industrial 
robots and binary vision sys- 
tems will be covered. For de- 
tails, contact the Director of 
the Summer Session, Room 
E19-356, Massachusetts Insti- 
tute of Technology, Cam- 
bridge, MA 02139. 

July 25-29 

SIGGRAPH '83, Detroit, MI. 
This is the tenth annual con- 
ference on computer graphics 
and interactive techniques 
sponsored by the Special- 
Interest Group on Computer 
Graphics of the Association 
for Computing Machinery 
(SIGGRAPH ACM). This 
show features tutorials, films 
and video tapes, exhibits of 
computing equipment, and a 
formal technical program. 
For full details, contact the 
SIGGRAPH '83 Conference 
Office, 111 East Wacker Dr., 
Chicago, IL 60601, (312) 
644-6610. 



August 1983 



August 2-4 

Microprocessor Background 
for Management Personnel, 

University of California, 
Berkeley. The fee for this 
course is $565. Full details are 
available from Continuing 



476 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Education in Engineering, 
Department 532N, University 
of California Extension, 2223 
Fulton St., Berkeley, CA 
94720, (415) 642-4151. 

August 8-10 

The 1983 International Com- 
puter in Engineering Confer- 
ence and Exhibit, Chicago 
Marriott Hotel, Chicago, IL. 
The exhibit portion of this 
event is tailored for the me- 
chanical engineer involved in 
computer applications and 
technology. In the conference 
portion, more than 60 tech- 
nical sessions covering com- 
puter-aided design, engineer- 
ing software and hardware, 
and robotics and automation 
are planned. Contact the 
American Society of Me- 
chanical Engineers, 345 East 
47th St., New York, NY 
10017, (212) 705-7100 for ex- 
hibit information and (212) 
705-7795 for conference in- 
formation. 



August 8-12 

The Eighth International 
Joint Conference on Artificial 
Intelligence-IJCAI, 

Karlsruhe, West Germany. 
This conference seeks to pro- 
mote scientific interchange 
within and among all sub- 
fields of artificial intelligence 
research. Papers will address 
such topics as automatic pro- 
gramming, expert systems, 
knowledge representation, 
planning and search, and sys- 
tem support. Contact Saul 
Amarel, Computer Science 
Department, Hill Center, 
Busch Campus, Rutgers Uni- 
versity, New Brunswick, NJ 
08903, (201) 932-3546. In 
West Germany, contact Joerg 
Siekmann, Institut fuer Infor- 
matik, Universitaet Karls- 
ruhe, Postfach 6380, D-7500 
Karlsruhe 1, West Germany; 
tel: (49-721) 608-3977. 

August 9-13 

Individualized Language 



Teaching through Microcom- 
puter-assisted Instruction, 

Boston, MA. This seminar 
will provide the theoretical 
background and hands-on 
experience necessary to 
enable participants to make 
practical use of microcom- 
puter-assisted language in- 
struction. Contact Ms. Anita 
Mires, American Language 
Academy, Suite 200, 11426 
Rockville Pike, Rockville, 
MD 20852, (301) 984-3400. 

August 10-12 

Microcomputers and High 
Technology in Vocational 
Education Conference, Con- 
course Hotel, Madison, WI. 
Beginning and advanced 
classes on microcomputers, 
presentations on vocational 
education programs, and 
software exhibits will be fea- 
tured. For details, contact 
Judy Rodenstein or Roger 
Lambert, Vocational Studies 
Center, 964 Educational 



Sciences Building, University 
of Wisconsin, 1025 West 
Johnson St., Madison, WI 
53706, (608) 263-4367 or 
(608) 263-2704. 

August 11-13 

Personal Computer Inter- 
facing and Scientific Instru- 
ment Automation, Williams- 
burg, VA. For details, see 
June 16-18. 

August 16-19 

Landsat: Sensor Design & 
Operation, University of 
California, Santa Barbara. 
This course is intended for 
users of remote-sensor data, 
including geographers, geo- 
logists, and engineers. It 
covers such topics as sensor 
requirements and user needs, 
sensor-design principles and 
tradeoffs, and applications 
and limitations. It's co- 
sponsored by the Santa Bar- 
bara Research Center and the 
National Oceanic and Atmo- 



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June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 477 



Circle 325 on inquiry card. 



n PB0« ■f 




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S3AIU0 XSIQ S3AIWO MSIQ S3AIUQ XSIQ S3AldO NSIQ S3AIUQ XSKJ SSAltiO MSIO S3AIHQ XSIQ S3AldQ JHSIO 



spheric Administration. The 
fee is $450. For a brochure, 
contact J. Weisman, Univer- 
sity of California Extension, 
Santa Barbara, CA 93106, 
(805) 961-3697. 



August 18-19 

Computer Literacy for Law- 
yers, Denver, CO. For de- 
tails, see June 27-28. 

August 21-26 

The Fourth World Congress 
on Medical Informatics- 
MEDINFO 83, RAI Interna- 
tional Congress and Exhibi- 
tion Centre, Amsterdam, The 
Netherlands. This event com- 
bines scientific, technical, 
and social programs. Ap- 
proximately 300 scientific 
papers will be presented on 
health and hospital systems, 
clinical laboratory systems, 
imaging, nursing applica- 
tions, and preventive and oc- 
cupational care. Demonstra- 
tions, product exhibits, film 
and video sessions, tours, 
workshops, and special-inter- 
est meetings will be held. The 
language throughout the con- 
ference will be English. Fur- 
ther details are available from 
the MEDINFO 83 Congress 
Office, Enschedepad 41-43, 
NL-1324 GB Almere-Stad, 
The Netherlands. 

August 22-26 

The National Conference on 
Artificial Intelligence- 
AAAI-83, Washington Hil- 
ton Hotel, Washington, DC. 
This conference is sponsored 
by the American Association 
for Artificial Intelligence 
(AAAI). Displays of compu- 
ter hardware and software, 
formal presentations, and the 
Fredkin Chess Prize Competi- 
tion highlight this conference. 
Contact Claudia Mazzetti, 
AAAI, 445 Burgess Dr., 
Menlo Park, CA 94025, (415) 
328-3123. 

August 23-24 

Indycon '83, Convention 

Center, Indianapolis, IN. 



This show features more than 
35 technical sessions and 300 
exhibition booths devoted to 
microcomputers and elec- 
tronic components. Contact 
Indycon '83, POB 40312, In- 
dianapolis, IN 46260, (317) 
875-7711. 



August 26-28 

The First IBM PC Faire, Civic 
Auditorium and Brooks Hall, 
San Francisco, CA. The focus 
of this fair will be on hard- 
ware, software, and applica- 
tions for the IBM Personal 
Computer. Technical confer- 
ences, formal papers, product 
expositions, and special-in- 
terest group meetings will be 
held. For details, contact IBM 
PC Faire, 345 Swett Rd., 
Woodside, CA 94062, (415) 
851-7077. 



August 26-September 3 

The International Telecom- 
munications, Scientific, and 
Technical Expoconference- 
Telexpo China 1983, Foreign 
Trade Center, Guangzhou 
(Canton), Jiangxi Province, 
People's Republic of China. 
The theme of this large show 
of communications equip- 
ment is "An Integrated Tele- 
communications System for 
China." Displays will include 
aerospace equipment, com- 
puters, and peripherals. Ad- 
ditional information is avail- 
able from AVP Expositions 
Co. Ltd., Suite 13, 13/F, 
Block A, Wahkai Industrial 
Center, 221 Texaco Rd., NT 
Hong Kong; tel: 0-239003; 
Telex: 40725 AVPEX HX. 



August 29-31 

DBMS-M 4 Systems, Wash- 
ington, DC. For details, con- 
tact the Continuing Educa- 
tion Institute, Oliver's Car- 
riage House, 5410 Leaf 
Treader Way, Columbia, 
MD 21044, (301) 596-0111; 
on the West Coast, (213) 
824-9545. ■ 



478 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 357 on inquiry card. 



Books Received 



All About Chess and Com- 
puters, David Levy and Mon- 
roe Newborn. Rockville, MD: 
Computer Science Press, 
1982; 150 pages, 14 by 22 cm, 
hardcover, ISBN 0- 
914894-75-7, $19.95. 

Assembly Language Graph- 
ics for the TRS-80 Color Com- 
puter, Don Inman and Kurt 
Inman. Reston, VA: Reston 
Publishing Co., 1983; 280 
pages, 37 by 51 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-8359-0318-4, 
$19.95. 

Celestial BASIC, Eric Bur- 
gess. Berkeley, CA: Sybex, 
1982; 300 pages, 42 by 54 cm, 
softcover, ISBN 0- 
89588-087-3, $13.95. 

The Computer-The Busi- 
ness-The Staff, Jack Bender. 
Princeton, NJ: Petrocelli 
Books, 1982; 123 pages, 16 by 
24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 
089433-196-5, $17.50. 

Computer Peripherals That 
You Can Build, Gordon W. 
Wolfe. Blue Ridge Summit, 
PA: Tab Books, 1982; 272 
pages, 46.6 by 51 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-8306-1449-4, 
$13.95. 

Controlling Software Proj- 
ects: Management, Measure- 
ment & Estimation, Tom De- 
Marco. New York: Yourdon 
Press, 1982; 296 pages, 42 by 
58 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-917072-32-4, $28.50. 

Crunchers: 21 Simple 
Games for the Timex/ Sinclair 
1000 2K, Yin Chiu and Henry 
Mullish. New York: McGraw- 
Hill, 1983; 137 pages, 33 by 49 
cm, softcover, ISBN 0-07- 
010831-5, $8.95. 

Digital Computer Structure 
and Design, 2nd ed., R. 
Townsend. Woburn, MA: 
Butterworths, 1982; 252 
pages, 32 by 51 cm, softcover, 
ISBN 0-408-01155-6, $24.95. 

Discrete Structures of Com- 
puter Science, Leon S. Levy. 
New York: John Wiley & 
Sons, 1980; 310 pages, 40 by 
55 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0- 
471-03208-5, $25.95. 

Electrical Power Systems: 



Design and Analysis, Moha- 
med E. El-Hawary. Reston, 
VA: Reston Publishing Co., 
1983; 785 pages, 44 by 58 cm, 
hardcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
1627-8, $29.95. 

iAPX 88 Book. Santa Clara, 
CA: Intel Corp., 1981; 80 
pages, 42 by 54 cm, softcover, 
ISBN 0-8359-3016-5, $12.95. 

Instructional Computing 
. . . Ten Case Studies, Carol 
Hargan and Beverly Hunter. 
Arlington, VA: ERIC Docu- 
ment Reproduction Service 
(POB 190), 1978; 225 pages, 
18 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 
none, $17.90. 

Interactive Computer 
Graphics Systems, William C. 
House, ed. Princeton, NJ: 
Petrocelli Books, 1982; 185 
pages, 38 by 56 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 089433-188-4, 
$25. 

Interfacing to Microproces- 
sors and Microcomputers, 
Owen Bishop. Woburn, MA: 
Butterworths, 1982; 147 
pages, 33 by 51 cm, softcover, 
ISBN 0-408-01129-7, $12.50. 

Introduction to Digital 
Logic Techniques and Sys- 
tems, Matthew Mandl. Res- 
ton, VA: Reston Publishing 
Co., 1983; 201 pages, 37 by 51 
cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
3175-7, $23.95. 

Japanese Manufacturing 
Techniques: Nine Hidden Les- 
sons in Simplicity, Richard J. 
Schonberger. New York: The 
Free Press/Macmillan Pub- 
lishing Co., 1982; 244 pages, 
15.8 by 24 cm, hardcover, 
ISBN 0-02-929100-3, $14.95. 

Logic Circuits and Micro- 
computer Systems, Claude A. 
Wiatrowski and Charles H. 
House. New York: McGraw- 
Hill, 1980; 413 pages, 41 by 57 
cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07- 
070090-7, $33.95. 

Machine Language Disk 
I/O & Other Mysteries, 
Michael J. Wagner. Upland, 
CA: IJG Inc., 1982; 272 pages, 
21 by 27.5 cm, softcover, 
ISBN 0-936200-06-5, $29.95. 



Making Money with your 
Microcomputer, Robert J. 
Traister and Rich Ingram. 
Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab 
Books, 1982; 160 pages, 31 by 
50 cm, softcover, ISBN 0- 
8306-1506-7, $7.95. 

Mathematical Problem- 
Solving with the Microcom- 
puter, Stephen L. Snover and 
Mark A. Spikell. Englewood 
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 
190 pages, 41 by 55 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-13-561811-8, 
$8.95. 

Microprocessors and Logic 
Design, Ronald L. Krutz. New 
York: John Wiley & Sons, 
1980; 467 pages, 40 by 56 cm, 
hardcover, ISBN 0-471- 
02083-4, $34.95. 

Microprocessors for Indus- 
try, J.N.W. Baldwin. Wo- 
burn, MA: Butterworths, 
1982; 149 pages, 33 by 52 cm, 
hardcover, ISBN 0-408- 
00517-3, $19.95. 



Personal Graphics for Profit 
and Pleasure on the Apple II 
Plus Computer, Michael P. 
Barnett and Graham K. Bar- 
nett. Boston, MA: Little, 
Brown and Co., 1983; 192 
pages, 21.5 by 27.8 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-316-08164-7, 
$14.50. 

The Physician's Guide to 
Desktop Computers, Mark 
Harrison Spohr, M.D. Res- 
ton, VA: Reston Publishing 
Co., 1983; 222 pages, 37 by 51 
cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359- 
5548-6, $21.95. 

A Practical Guide to Com- 
puter Communications and 
Networking, Richard Deas- 
ington. New York: John 
Wiley & Sons, 1982; 132 
pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-470-27545-6, 
$39.95. 

Professional Programming 
Techniques — Starting with 
the Basics, Richard Galbraith. 



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Erases ill UV EPR0MS (2716, 2732, 2516, 2532, etc.) 



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LOGICAL DEVICES INC. 

781 W. OAKLAND PARK BLVD. • FT. LAUDERDALE, FL 33311 

Phone Orders (305) 974-0967 • TWX: 510-955-9496 



Circle 220 on inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 479 



Books Received. 



Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab 
Books, 1982; 308 pages, 31 by 
50 cm, softcover, ISBN 0- 
8306-0128-7, $10.95. 

Programming the PL/ 1 
Way, Dan Smedley. Blue 
Ridge Summit, PA: Tab 
Books, 1982; 300 pages, 31 by 
50 cm, softcover, ISBN 0- 
8306-1414-1, $9.95. 

Quick Pascal, David L. Ma- 
tuszek. New York: John 
Wiley & Sons, 1982; 179 
pages, 15 by 23 cm, softcover, 
ISBN 0-471-86644-X, $11.95. 

Raising Venture Capital, 
Deloitte Haskins & Sells. New 
York: Entrepreneurs' Financial 
Advisory Group (1114 Ave- 
nue of the Americas), 1982; 
104 pages, 14 by 23 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN-none, $5. 

A 60-Minute Guide to 
Microcomputers, Lew Holler- 
bach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 
Prentice-Hall, 1982, 137 
pages, 33 by 48 cm, softcover, 
ISBN 0-13-811422-6, $6.95. 



So You Think You Need 
Your Own Business Compu- 
ter, William E. Perry. New 
York: John Wiley & Sons, 
1982; 201 pages, 41 by 50 cm, 
softcover, ISBN 0-471-86196- 
0, $14.95. 

Some Common BASIC 
Programs: IBM Personal 
Computer Edition, Lon Poole, 
Mary Borchers, and Peter M. 
Burke. Berkeley, CA: Os- 
borne /McGraw-Hill, 1982; 
195 pages, 50 by 65 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-9311988-83-7, 
$14.99. 

Successful Software for 
Small Computers, Graham 
Beech. New York: John Wiley 
& Sons, 1982; 182 pages, 17 
by 25.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 
0-471-87458-2, $14.95. 

TRS-80 Microcomputer 
Sourcebook for Educators. 
Fort Worth, TX: Radio Shack 
Education Division, 1980; 27 
pages, 18.5 by 24.3 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN-none, $1. 




OUR ISOLATORS 
FOR YOUR 
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Commercial Grade Isolators 

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The Telidon Book, David 
Godfrey and Ernest Chang. 
Reston, VA: Reston Publish- 
ing Co., 1981; 309 pages, 38 
by 55 cm, hardcover, ISBN 
0-8359-7548-7, $39.95. 

Understaning APL, Susan 
M. Bryson. Sherman Oaks, 
CA: Alfred Publishing Co. 
Inc. (POB 5964), 1982; 45 
pages, 25.6 by 66 cm, soft- 
cover, ISBN 0-88284-220-X, 
$2.95. 

Understanding Artificial In- 
telligence, Paul Y. Gloess. 
Sherman Oaks, CA: Alfred 
Publishing Co. Inc. (POB 
5964), 1981; 47 pages, 25.6 by 
66 cm, softcover, ISBN 0- 
88284-150-5, $2.95. 

Understanding Atari 
Graphics, Michael Boom. 
Sherman Oaks, CA: Alfred 
Publishing Co. Inc. (POB 
5964), 1982; 48 pages, 10.8 by 
28 cm, softcover, ISBN 0- 
88284-224-2, $2.95. 

Understanding LISP, Paul 
Y. Gloess. Sherman Oaks, 
CA: Alfred Publishing Co. 
Inc. (POB 5964), 1982; 64 
pages, 25.6 by 66 cm, soft- 



cover, ISBN 0-88284-219-6, 
$2.95. 

User's Handbook to the 
IBM Personal Computer, Jef- 
frey R. Weber. Cleveland, 
OH: Weber Systems Inc. 
(8437 Mayfield Rd.), 1982; 
294 pages, 14 by 21.5 cm, 
softcover, ISBN 0-938862-13- 
8, $13.95. 

Visicalc Book for the IBM 
Personal Computer, Donald 
H. Beil. Reston, VA: Reston 
Publishing Co., 1983; 335 
pages, 18 by 24 cm, hard- 
cover, ISBN 0-8359-8396-X, 
$20. 

What's Where in the Apple, 
William F. Luebbert. Chelms- 
ford, MA: Micro Ink (POB 
6502), 1982; 256 pages, 22 by 
28 cm, spiral bound, ISBN 0- 
938222-09-0, $24.95. 

Word Processing Simula- 
tions for Text Editors, Infor- 
mation Processors and Per- 
sonal Computers, Carol Ann 
Wheeler and Marie Dalton. 
New York: John Wiley & 
Sons, 1983; 224 pages, 21.5 by 
28 cm, looseleaf, ISBN 0-471- 
08159-0, $12.95. ■ 



This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this 
past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its 
purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles 
in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot 
review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is 
meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the 
publishers who sent them. 



BYTE's Bits 



Call for Papers 

Topic: A Journal of the 
Liberal Arts seeks papers con- 
cerning the use of computers 
in education or research in 
the liberal arts. Two formats 
will be considered for publi- 
cation: 1000-word papers de- 
scribing specific experiments 
in the use of computers in 
collegiate instruction or re- 
search and 2500-word papers 



on the educational value of 
computers and the philo- 
sophical issues involved in in- 
troducing the computer into 
the liberal arts environment. 
Preference will be given to 
those reports concerning 
fields not traditionally in- 
volved with computers. Con- 
tact Dr. Thomas W. Hart and 
Dr. Joseph Levenstein, Wash- 
ington and Jefferson College, 
Washington, PA 15301. ■ 



480 June 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Circle 141 on inquiry card, 



BYTE's Bits 



Personal Instruments Might Transform Labs 



Today's sophisticated stand-alone 
laboratory equipment from industry 
giants such as Hewlett-Packard and 
Philips incorporates preprogrammed 
microprocessor systems. GPIB (general- 
purpose interface bus) controller boards 
or intelligent terminals make these devices 
user-programmable. Although this string- 
ing together of stand-alone equipment 
works well enough, it is an expensive ap- 
proach and oftens results in tasks being 
tailored to the tools at hand. 

The two dozen employees of the Ore- 
gon-based Northwest Instrument Systems 
(NWIS) are out to change all that. Here's 
the idea: create a line of high-performance 
test instruments, make them peripherals 
for the Apple II/IIe rather than stand- 
alone units so that costly processors and 
displays can be omitted, and pass the sav- 
ings on to your customers. It's a fetching 
idea, especially when company spokes- 
men point out that a complete waveform 
stimulus/acquisition system made up of 
an Apple He, video monitor, disk drive, a 
programmable oscilloscope, and a func- 
tion or waveform generator can be pur- 
chased for less than $4000. 

The Personal Instruments Approach 

NWIS builds its products around a con- 
cept known as personal instruments. Per- 
sonal instruments are easy-to-use, gener- 
al-purpose computer peripherals that per- 
mit customized control over the instru- 
ment, analysis, and displayed results. 
Their architecture provides direct access 
to a computer, which enhances produc- 
tivity because combinations of commands 
can be initiated with standard menu- 
driven software coupled with user-written 
programs. The overall system cost is said 
to be three to five times less than conven- 
tional units because of the elimination of 
redundant memories and other hardware 
that force prices skyward. 



The Product Line 

Introduced early in 1982, the Model 85 
aScope turns any Apple II into a fully pro- 
grammable digital-memory oscilloscope. 
It features signal averaging, 50-MHz dual- 
channel configuration, and hard-copy 
capabilities. The Model 85 comes with 
disk-based oscilloscope setups and offers 
menu-driven commands, keyboard-con- 
trolled functions, and the ability to per- 
form as a waveform digital voltmeter. 

This past April, NWIS unveiled its 
Model 65 aGen Programmable Function 
Generator and the Model 75 aSource Ar- 
bitrary Waveform Generator. Both de- 
vices operate as programmable waveform 
generators and can be combined with the 
aScope and an Apple for a complete pro- 
grammable waveform, stimulus /acquisi- 
tion system. Generated signals can be 
automatically changed as a function of the 
acquired waveform via analysis per- 
formed by a program resident in the 
Apple. 

The aGen generates sine, square, tri- 
angle, ramp, and pulse waveforms at fre- 
quencies ranging from 0.5 Hz (hertz) to 5 
MHz (megahertz) and at amplitudes to 20 
V (volts) peak-to-peak into an open cir- 
cuit or 10 V peak-to-peak into 50 ohms. It 
operates in continuous, triggered, gated, 
or N-burst modes and has AM/FM inputs 
and self -prompting menus. 

The aSource features a waveform editor 
that lets you define complex waveforms 
with mathematical expressions or con- 
struct waveforms from previously stored 
waveform segments. The editor also pro- 
vides for file management, insertion and 
deletion of segments, and interpretation 
of mathematical equations. Waveform 
resolution is 12 bits. An enhanced ver- 
sion, the Model 76 aSource, offers wave- 
form record lengths of up to 4K bytes. 
Both units operate in continuous, trig- 
gered, or arm modes. Triggered signals 



can be initiated from the keyboard, soft- 
ware, or an external input. 

The Model 2100 ISA (Interactive State 
Analyzer) offers 16 to 80 configurable 
channels of data input and memory 
depths of up to 4K bytes for each channel. 
It resides in the ^Analyst Personal Instru- 
ment Mainframe, which holds the probes 
and memory cards. ISA can operate in 15 
independent trigger /strobe states, with an 
event counter and word recognizers avail- 
able in each state. ISA can label each 
state, store qualifiers for local control 
over data, and provide real-time pro- 
grammable outputs. Its symbol control 
lets you define all the word recognizers in 
the trigger/ strobe menu. Hexadecimal, 
octal, binary, or ASCII values are as- 
signed in a symbol-table menu. 

Pricing 

All NWIS's products are available 
factory-direct. The Model 85 aScope costs 
$995, including manual and software. The 
aGen is priced at $850. With the 
waveform editor, the Model 75 and 
Model 76 aSource generators are available 
for $895 and $995, respectively. The basic 
iK-byte 16-channel Model 2100 with the 
/^Analyst mainframe costs $2495. With 
4K-bytes of memory, it's $2695. Probes 
are available optionally, and additional 
16-channel memory cards can be pur- 
chased for the ISA. 

NWIS, a venture-capital-funded firm, 
organized in mid-1981 by former 
Tektronix employees Jon Brick and Rick 
Cordray, plans to go public with a stock 
offering some time in the future. In addi- 
tion to the Apple II and He, it plans to 
support other computers as laboratory ac- 
ceptance grows. For complete details on 
this company and its products, contact 
Northwest Instrument Systems at POB 
1309, Beaverton, OR 97075, (800) 
547-4445; in Oregon, (503) 297-1434. ■ 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 481 



What's New? 



16-BIT COMPUTERS 




1 6-Bit CEC8000S Suitable 
for Multitasking 



Compac's 16-bit Model 
CEC8000S microcomputer 
is suitable for multiuser/ 
multitasking environments. 
It's based on Zilog's 1800} 
chip, which provides a 4- 
MHz clock, a 16-bit data 
bus, and a 24-bit address 
bus. The CEC8000S comes 
with 5I2K bytes of RAM 
(random-access read/write 
memory), a 20-megabyte 
Winchester drive, a 
20-megabyte cartridge- 
tape unit, a parallel port, 
six serial ports, an MMU 
(memory-management 
unit), and Unix. Each of 
the CEC8000S's I/O con- 
trollers has a dedicated 
microprocessor, reducing 
central-processor over- 
head. Language support 
for program development 
includes the native C com- 



piler, FORTRAN-77, 
COBOL, and BASIC. 

Expansion options in- 
clude up to 7.5 megabytes 
of RAM, a floating-point 
processor that combines 
8086 and 8087 processors 
with up to 128K bytes of 
memory, as much as 160 
megabytes of Winchester 
disk storage, one or two 
1 -megabyte floppy-disk 
drives, a 9-track tape drive, 
and up to eight additional 
serial ports. In OEM [ori- 
ginal equipment manufac- 
turer) quantities, the stan- 
dard CEC8000S costs less 
than SI 1,000. Contact 
Compac Microelectronics 
Inc., 3561 Ryder St., Santa 
Clara, CA 95051, (408) 
773-0444. 
Circle 550 on inquiry card. 




IBM PC-Compatible 

Corona Data Systems 
markets a line of 16-bit 
microcomputers that are 
compatible with the IBM 
Personal Computer. Avail- 
able in both portable and 
desktop units, the Corona 
PC comes with a 320K- 
byte half-height floppy- 
disk drive, high-resolution 
green-phosphor monitor, 
128K bytes of RAM (ran- 
dom-access read/write 
memory), serial and paral- 
lel ports, and high-resolu- 
tion graphics capabilities. 
System software includes 
Microsoft's MS-DOS opera- 
ting system, a version of 
BASIC with added graph- 
ics commands, CP/M-86, 
and Digital Research's GSX 
graphics package for 
CP/M. Both machines are 
built on Intel's 8088 micro- 
processor and can be 
equipped for 8087 
floating-point mathematics 
coprocessor operation. 
The keyboard is fully de- 
tached and comes with a 
6-foot cable. The standard 
monitor is a high-resolu- 
tion, high-contrast mono- 
chrome display offering a 
resolution of 640 by 325 
pixels and built-in graph- 
ics. Graphics can be inter- 
mingled with text on the 
screen. Characters have a 



16-Bit Computers 

16- by 13-dot resolution. 

These computers can be 
expanded with any IBM 
PC-compatible card. User 
memory can be increased 
to 5 1 2K bytes without the 
use of an expansion slot. 
Both systems have full-size 
card expansion slots and 
can carry a second half- 
height floppy-disk drive, 
and a 10-megabyte hard 
disk. In the portable unit, 
the hard disk is a separate 
attachment. 

The desktop Corona PC 
costs $2595, or $2995 
with a second disk drive. 
A unit with an internal 
1 0-megabyte hard-disk 
drive and a single floppy- 
disk drive is available for 
$4495. The base price for 
the portable PC is $2395. 
With dual disk drives, it's 
$2795. The 10-megabyte 
expansion unit for the por- 
table computer costs 
$2695. Both machines 
come with additional ap- 
plications software. For 
complete information, 
contact Corona Data Sys- 
tems Inc., Suite 1 10, 
3 1 324 Via Coiinas, West- 
lake Village, CA 91361, 
{800} 621-6746; in Califor- 
nia, (213) 991-1 144. 
Circle 551 on inquiry card. 



482 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



What's New? 




16-Bit Series 1000 
Supports Large Software Library 



Micro Five Corporation's 
16-bit Series 1000 desktop 
computer supports a large 
library of applications soft- 
ware, including specialized 
programs for retail florists, 
beverage distributors, and 
insurance brokerages, and 
such operating systems as 
CP/M, MP/M, and MS-DOS, 
with the StarDOS opera- 
ting system for multiuser 
applications provided as 
standard. 

Series 1 000 hardware 
features an 8-MHz 8088 
microprocessor with no 
wait states and I6K bytes 
of onboard PROM (pro- 
grammable read-only mem- 
ory) containing self-test 
diagnostics for floppy- and 
hard-disk loaders, various 
utilities, and initialization 
bootstrap procedures. For 
local-area networking, the 
Series 1 000 is equipped 
with multiprotocol serial 
chips for controlling asyn- 
chronous, byte-synchro- 
nous, or bit-synchronous 
communications. The 
Series ]000 can be con- 
figured with two to six I/O 
ports, which can be inde- 
pendently programmed 
for communications 
modes up to ] 9,200 bps 
(bits per second). 

The Series 1000 is avail- 



able in four standard con- 
figurations offering 1 28K 
bytes of RAM (random-ac- 
cess read/write memory), 
expandable to 5 1 2K bytes, 
up to 2 megabytes of 
floppy-disk storage, and 
two 5/4 -inch Winchester 
hard-disk drives. Basic sys- 
tem prices range from 
$4995 to S8995. For com- 
plete details, contact Micro 
Five Corp., 17791 Sky Park 
Circle, Irvine, CA 92714, 
(714) 957-1517. 
Circle 552 on inquiry card. 




Utf.W^ 



*bPim 



Ralr 
Business Computer 

The Rair Business Com- 
puter is a multiuser desk- 
top system. The BC, cap- 
able of supporting four 
workstations, has 19 
megabytes of integral 
Winchester storage, up to 
1 megabyte of RAM (ran- 
dom-access read/write 



memory), and 8- and 
16-bit microprocessors. Its 
multitasking operating sys- 
tem is compatible with PC- 
DOS and 8- and 16-bit ver- 
sions of CP/M and MP/M. 
An electronic spreadsheet, 
word processing, data- 
base management, and 
communications packages 
are supported, as are 
16-bit implementations of 
BASIC, Pascal, and 
COBOL. 

User workstations fea- 
ture a high-resolution col- 
or monitor and an 83-key 
keyboard. The video dis- 
play offers independent 
split-screen scrolling, fore- 
ground and background 
blink, and a display of 80 
by 25 (each character can 
be displayed in one of 
eight colors). The key- 
board connects to the 
monitor by means of a 
6-foot coiled cable and has 
a 10-key numeric/editing 
keypad, shift and number 
locks, and 10 program- 
mable function keys. 

An entry-level, single- 
user system, configured 
with a 19-megabyte Win- 
chester drive, 1 -megabyte 
of floppy-disk storage, and 
256K bytes of RAM (ran- 
dom-access read/write 
memory), costs $8500. 
Memory upgrades in 
256K-byte increments are 
$ 1 500. User workstations 
are priced at $ 1 500. Addi- 
tional 19-megabyte Win- 
chester drives are $3500; 
workstation printers cost 
$950. For OEM (original 
equipment manufacturer) 
prices or more informa- 
tion, contact Rair Com- 
puter Corp., 4101 Burton 
Dr., Santa Clara, CA 
95050, (408) 988-1790. 
Circle 553 on inquiry card. 




Low-Profile Sage 

Sage Computer Tech- 
nology has incorporated 
half-height floppy-disk 
drives into its Sage If 1 6-bit 
microcomputer, reducing 
its dimensions to 3.9 in- 
ches high by 12.5 inches 
wide by 16.7 inches deep. 
The low-profile Sage II uses 
the 8-MHz Motorola 680O0 
microprocessor, which 
operates without wait 
states and is capable of ex- 
ecuting 2 million instruc- 
tions per second. The 
basic Sage 11 comes with 
1 28K bytes of RAM [ran- 
dom-access read/write 
memory), a half-height 
640K-byte floppy-disk 
drive, two RS-232C serial 
ports, a Centronics-type 
parallel port, an IEEE-488 
port, and the Pascal p-Sys- 
tem. When running CP/M, 
the Sage II supports the C 
language. Other lan- 
guages available include 
FORTRAN, FORTH, APL, 
and Modula-2. 

One or two floppy-disk 
drives, one- or two-user 
capabilities with multi- 
tasking, and up to 512K 
bytes of RAM are among 
the hardware options for 
the Sage 11. Suggested retail 
prices range from $3600 
to $5150. For more infor- 
mation, contact Sage 
Computer Technology, 
Suite 4,' 35 North Edison 
Way, Reno, NV 89502, 
(702) 322-6868. 
Circle 554 on inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 483 



What's New? 



FOREIGN 




T 6-Blt Advance 
Compatible with IBM PC 



For portability, the Ad- 
vance 86 's keyboard can 
tuck into the main com- 
puter unit. This 16-bit 
microcomputer, compat- 
ible with the IBM Personal 
Computer and running 
under MS-DOS, has 1 28K 
bytes of RAM (random-ac- 
cess read/write memory), 
16K bytes of dedicated 
video memory, and 40K 
bytes of ROM (read-only 
memory) with diagnostics, 
BASIC, and a cassette 
operating system. The 
keyboard features 84 tac- 
tile keys and \0 program- 
mable function keys. The 
Advanced 86 will support 
standard television, RGB 
(red/green/blue), compo- 
site color, or monochrome 
monitors while providing 
full-screen handling and 
resolutions of 40 or 80 by 
25 (text) and 320 or 640 
by 200 (graphics). Other 
video attributes include up 
to 16 colors, scroll, and 
reverse image. Built-in in- 



terfaces for a cassette 
deck, light pen, control 
stick, and Centronics-type 
parallel printers are stan- 
dard. It uses the 8086 
microprocessor operating 
at 4.77 MHz. 

Shugart 320K-byte Sc- 
inch floppy-disk drives and 
a 10-megabyte Winches- 
ter-disk drive are available 
as options. The Advance 
86 Model A costs $599.95. 
With two floppy-disk 
drives and spreadsheet 
and word-processing soft- 
ware, the Model B costs 
$1799.95. For $3299.95, 
the Model B10W comes 
with the 10-megabyte 
Winchester hard-disk 
drive, one floppy-disk 
drive, and the software. 
Full details are available 
from Advance Products 
(U. K.) Ltd., 8a Hornsey 
St., London N7 8HR, 
England; tel: 01-609 0061; 
Telex 296701 JACK G. 
Circle 555 on inquiry card. 



After-Sales Service 
Center for Hire 

Ferranti Computer Sys- 
tems Ltd. is offering the 
services of its U. K. Elec- 
tronic Support Centre to 
American companies seek- 
ing after-sales support for 
products sold in Europe. 
The Centre, located in 
Oldham, Lancashire, can 
provide a range of en- 
gineering resources for 
maintaining and servicing 
electronic equipment. 
Among the technologies 
supported are digital and 
analog circuitry, printed- 
circuit boards including 
multilayer, LSI- (large-scale 
integration) and micropro- 
cessor-based equipment, 
and germanium and sili- 
con discrete component 
circuitry. 

A descriptive brochure 
and information about 
available services can be 
obtained from Allan Eng- 
land or Stan Atkins, Elec- 
tronics Support Centre, 
Ferranti Computer Systems 
Ltd., Waterhead, Oldham, 
Lancashire OL4 3JA, Eng- 
land; tel: 011 44 61 624 
0281; Telex: 667645. 
Circle 556 on inquiry card. 



French Accounting 
Software Guide 

The Practical Guide to 
Accounting Software 
Packages, written by Ber- 
nard Laur and Claude 
Salzman, contains up-to- 
date information on 
French computerized ac- 
counting systems and soft- 
ware. Designed for ac- 
countants and data-pro- 
cessing professionals, the 



data in this book, based 
on a survey conducted last 
year, covers 188 account- 
ing packages used in 5558 
installations on microcom- 
puters, minicomputers, 
and mainframes. Statistical 
analyses of the packages' 
characteristics and a com- 
parative chart spanning 
125 categories from price 
to hardware specifications 
are provided. A complete 
index classifies packages 
by supplier and computer. 
Other features include an 
overview of accounting 
software based on the AF- 
NOR (the French associa- 
tion for standardization) 
workshop specifications 
and a buying guide. 

This 382-page book 
costs 450 francs, plus 50 
francs postage. It's avail- 
able from MLI-Editions 
D'lnformatique, 54, rue de 
Bourgogne, 75007, Paris, 
France. 
Circle 557 on inquiry card. 



Uninterruptible 
Power Supplies 

The KD 1-6 line of stand- 
ard-range uninterruptible 
power-supply units are de- 
signed to protect elec- 
tronic equipment. Pro- 
duced by Avel-Lindberg 
Ltd., these devices are 
suitable for most environ- 
ments where continuous 
spike- and transient-free 
stabilized power sources 
are essential, such as in 
computer and communi- 
cation networks. They can 
be supplied in single units 
of 1 , 2, or 3 kVA and in 
double units of 5 and 6 
kVA. Standard hardware 



484 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



What's New? 



includes a ferroresonant 
inverter, rectifier/battery 
charger, static or electro- 
mechanical transfer 
switches, and system- 
status monitoring alarm 
and control equipment. 

With these power sup- 
plies, the degree of protec- 
tion afforded to a power 
supply can be varied ac- 
cording to your level of 
priority by including a 
number of options. Battery 



alternatives include 
lead/acid tubular cells, 
nickel cadmium, and main- 
tenance-free cells. De- 
pending on rated capacity, 
the cells can be installed in 
one or two lockable steel 
cabinets. Contact Avel- 
Lindberg Ltd., South 
Ockendon, Essex RM 1 5 
5TD, England; tel: 070 
885 3444; Telex: 897106. 
Circle 558 on inquiry card. 



SOFTWARE 




Real Estate Package for Osborne 



The Real Estate Investor 
Calcaid may be the first 
Supercalc spreadsheet en- 
hancement for the Os- 
borne computer. This 
package, configured by 
Simple Soft Inc., is mar- 
keted through authorized 
Osborne dealers. (Simple 
Soft's Real Estate Investor, 
parent program of Os- 
borne Calcaid, runs on 
Xerox, IBM, and Apple 
computers.) 

The Calcaid package for 
the Osborne provides in- 
depth financial analyses of 
both individual residences 
and income property pur- 
chases and sales. De- 
signed for the novice, this 
program addresses com- 



plex real-estate problems 
such as variable-rate mort- 
gages, expense schedules, 
cash flows, tax benefits, 
and internal rate of return. 
Hard-copy reports can be 
produced. 

For sales-support. Simple 
Soft is offering a video- 
taped presentation for 
dealers carrying the prod- 
uct. It's available in Beta or 
VHS formats for $50. The 
Real Estate Investor Calc- 
aid costs $129.95. For 
complete details, contact 
Simple Soft Inc., Suite 101, 
480 Eagle Dr., Elk Grove 
Village, IL 60007, (312) 
364-0752. 
Circle 559 on inquiry card. 



Free Classroom 
Programs 

The Educational Com- 
puting Network has a 
number of free programs 
available for English and 
Social Studies teachers. For 
the English classroom, 
topics include vocabulary 
building and review, 
poetry, and the parts of 
speech. Social Studies 
teachers can pick from drill 
and review programs, sim- 
ulations, and testing pro- 
grams. All the programs 
are designed for the Apple 
\\ Plus. For more informa- 
tion, send a self-addressed, 
stamped envelope to Edu- 
cational Computing Net- 
work, 1 2680 Hollyglen, 
Riverside, CA 92503. 



Spreadsheet Has 
New Features 

Zencalc 3.0, an en- 
hanced version of the Zen- 
calc spreadsheet program 
for Heath/Zenith com- 
puters, is available from 
The Software Toolworks 
for $49.95. Zencalc 3.0 
features a new table look- 
up function, a numeric- 
keypad mode for rapid 
data entry, and a loan- 
amortization spreadsheet 
that automatically com- 
putes mortgage payments 
and schedules. Zencalc 
will run on Z-89 com- 
puters as well as Z-100 
systems using the Z-89- 
compatible function keys. 

Zencalc 3.0 comes on 
5/4 -inch hard and soft-sec- 
tored disks for Heath/Zenith 



CP/M- and HDOS-based 
systems and on an 8-inch 
CP/M disk for Z-19 ter- 
minals. Registered Zencalc 
owners may purchase it as 
an update for $ 10, plus $2 
shipping. It's available at 
Heathkit Electronic Cen- 
ters, Zenith Data Systems 
dealers, or factory-direct 
from The Software Tool- 
works, Suite 1 118, 15233 
Ventura Blvd., Sherman 
Oaks, CA 91403, (213) 
986-4885. 
Circle 560 on inquiry card. 



Low-Cost Graph 
Printing Program 

West Bay Co. has un- 
veiled a multipurpose 
graph program for the 
Radio Shack Color Com- 
puter. Kwikgraf works 
with the Color Computer 
and the Epson MX-80 
printer to produce camera- 
ready bar graphs in ap- 
proximately three minutes. 
This program, modular in 
nature, provides screened 
instructions and permits 
rapid keyboard changes of 
data and design. The pro- 
gram listing can be modi- 
fied for printers other than 
Epson, and a screen print 
program is not required. 

Kwikgraf requires Ex- 
tended BASIC and 4K 
bytes of memory. It costs 
$12.50, postage paid. For 
a sample graph produced 
with Kwikgraf, send a self- 
addressed, stamped envel- 
ope to West Bay, Route 1 , 
Box 666, White Stone, VA 
22578. 
Circle 561 on inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 485 



What's New? 




Peek 'n Poke Around Your IBM 



Peeks 'n Pokes for the 
IBM Personal Computer, a 
collection of programming 
techniques and programs, 
is distributed by Data Base 
Decisions. Made up of a 
floppy disk and a 38-page 
manual, this package 
shows you how to use 
BASIC PEEK, POKE, INP, 
and OUT functions to ac- 
cess and modify system in- 
formation. General-pur- 
pose assembler routines 
that perform DOS and BIOS 
function calls, read the file 
directory, and determine 
the space used and re- 
maining are provided. For 
Pascal programmers, as- 
sembly-language routines 
that perform the same 
operations are included. 

The Peeks 'n Poke disk 



contains more than 50 
BASIC and Pascal pro- 
grams that show you how 
to access the system's con- 
figuration, read and change 
the keyboard status, ac- 
cess the printer status, and 
generate sounds through 
the speaker. Also included 
are eight utility programs 
covering such functions as 
clearing the screen and 
swapping monitors. 

Minimum system re- 
quirements are PC-DOS, 
48K bytes of memory, a 
disk drive, and an 80-col- 
umn monitor. It costs $30, 
plus $2.50 shipping, and is 
available from Data Base 
Decisions, 14 Bonnie 
Lane, Atlanta, GA 30328, 
(404) 256-3860. 
Circle 562 on inquiry card. 



Terminal Program 
Wafts for You 

The intelligent Terminal 
System-80 lets you operate 
your Apple ll/lle computer 
in a smart-terminal mode 
or in a dumb-terminal 
mode. ITS-80 is a menu- 
driven program that pro- 
vides such full-screen cap- 
abilities as left and right 
cursor movements, clear- 
to-end-of-line or screen, 
and character insert and 
delete. When a typing er- 
ror is made while in its 
smart-terminal mode, you 
merely go back and cor- 
rect the error because 
ITS-80 will not transmit 
blocks and lines of charac- 
ters until the Return key is 
pressed. Other features in- 
clude an 1 8K-byte charac- 
ter buffer, text file send 
and receive, simultaneous 
printing with user-defined 
formats, and predefined 
configurations for the sys- 
tem being called. 

ITS-80 requires an 
80-column card, the Apple 
Pascal language, and the 
D. C. Hayes Micromodem 
II. It costs $49.95. Contact 
Unisoft, 5520 1 2th Ave. S, 
Minneapolis, MN 55420, 
(612)824-4131. 
Circle 563 on inquiry card. 



Bids Generated for 
Contractors 

Scripps Data Systems' 
Estimating System for the 
IBM Personal Computer 
rapidly and accurately 
generates bids for building 
contractors. This system, 
written in BASIC and run- 
ning under MS-DOS 1 . 1 , 
features a user-maintained 



cost item database, with a 
retrieval time purported to 
be less than 1 second to 
any cost item. Major files 
are in ISAM (indexed se- 
quential-access method) 
format, and all files are 
dynamically allocated. 
Estimates are structured by 
division, subdivision, sub- 
contract bids, and cost 
items. Burden rates for ma- 
terials, labor, and other 
costs can be maintained 
by division for each esti- 
mate. Any cost item 
change on an estimate im- 
mediately updates all divi- 
sion and estimate totals. 
Reports can be generated 
in detail or summarized by 
subdivision or division. 
Summary information can 
be automatically inter- 
faced to other Scripps 
products for greater ac- 
curacy. 

Minimum hardware re- 
quirements for the Estimat- 
ing System are 64K bytes 
of memory, two single- 
sided disk drives, and a 
1 32-column printer. The 
suggested retail price is 
$425. An Apple version is 
available. For full details, 
contact Scripps Data Sys- 
tems Inc., Suite 202G, 
9747 Businesspark Ave., 
San Diego, CA 92131, 
(619) 695-1540. 
Circle 564 on inquiry card. 



Graphics Interpreter 
for Matrix Printers 

Printer Graphist is a 
high-resolution graphics 
interpreter for dot-address- 
able matrix printers. This 
program, an extension of 
your Radio Shack TRS-80's 



486 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



What's New? 



BASIC interpreter, provides 
14 simple high-resolution 
graphics commands. It lets 
you define the physical 
size and location of the 
plot area (up to 32 feet 
wide by 32 feet long, us- 
ing multiple sheets of 
paper), and you can de- 
fine which type of logical 
scaling (linear or log- 
arithmic at any base) must 
be used for both axes and 
their logical ranges. Other 
commands connect two 
pairs of points together 
with up to six line styles 
and eight colors, initiate 
and halt chaining pro- 
cesses, grid and graduate 
the x- or y-axis, and label 



your plot in different char- 
acter sets and colors. 

Printer Graphist, avail- 
able for the TRS-80 Models 
I and III, works with such 
printers as the IDS Prism 
132, Epson MX-80 with 
Graftrax, Okidata with Oki- 
graph, and Star Micronics. 
The price is approximately 
S250. Contact Printer 
Graphist Ltd., FOB 603, 
Newport, VT 05855. 
When ordering, please 
enclose complete informa- 
tion on your system, in- 
cluding processor number, 
disk-drive specifications, 
DOS, and printer. 
Circle 565 on inquiry card. 



SYSTEMS 




P 



Convert Terminal 

The Micromate converts 
any standard dumb or in- 
telligent terminal into a 
CP/M-compatible com- 
puter. Produced by Per- 



to CP/M Computer 

sonal Micro Computers, 
this portable computer, 
small enough to fit into a 
briefcase, has 390K bytes 
of disk storage and 1 28K 



bytes of RAM (random-ac- 
cess read/write memory) 
with bank-switching un- 
der CP/M Plus control. 
Built-in hardware is made 
up of two serial ports, an 
8-bit parallel port suitable 
for Winchester-disk drives, 
a Centronics-compatible 
parallel printer port, and a 
connector for up to three 
external 5 ] A -inch floppy- 
disk drives for a total 
storage capacity of 1.5 
megabytes. 

System software comes 
in the form of a fully in- 
tegrated package known 
as T/Maker III. This pack- 
age provides spreadsheet, 
word processing, text 
editing, list processing, file 
management, and data 
transfer applications pro- 
grams. It also has the abili- 
ty to create bar charts from 
tabular data in the files. 

A complete Micromate 
with a terminal, CP/M 3.0, 
and T/Maker costs $ 1495. 
Without the terminal, the 
price is $995. Dealer in- 
quiries are invited. Contact 
Personal Micro Computers 
Inc., 475 Ellis St., Moun- 
tain View, CA 94043, 
(415) 962-0220. 
Circle 566 on inquiry card. 



Cyzern 7000 Grows 
with Your Needs 

The Cyzern System 
7000 can grow with your 
computing needs. This 
modular J6K-byte micro- 
computer features a 
53-key keyboard with cur- 
sor-control keys, VHF/RF 
modulator and composite- 
video connectors, and an 
uppercase/lowercase char- 
acter generator with block 



and vector graphics capa- 
bilities. When used with 
an ordinary television set, 
it offers a 16-line by 32- or 
64-character display for- 
mat. The System 7000 
uses the Zilog Z80 micro- 
processor and comes with 
an interactive BASIC inter- 
preter, called IBI, which 
lets you load and run 
Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 
I and III programs. A stan- 
dard cassette recorder is 
used for storage. 

Options for this system 
include an internal expan- 
sion interface for a double- 
density floppy-disk con- 
troller, a parallel printer 
port, a real-time clock, and 
an RS-232C serial inter- 
face. A 5/4 -inch floppy- 
disk drive, the CY-770, can 
store up to 160K bytes of 
data per disk; a total of 
four drives can be used 
with the 7000. Operating 
systems available include 
NEWDOS, NEWDOS 80 
version 2.0, and TRSDOS. 
Languages such as BASIC, 
COBOL, FORTH, and 
Pascal are offered. Among 
the other options for the 
System 7000 are a music/ 
speech synthesizer, a 
speech-recognition unit, 8- 
and 12-bit tracking A/D 
(analog-to-digital) con- 
verters, and a 16K-byte 
EPROM (erasable program- 
mable read-only memory) 
firmware interface. 

In kit form, the System 
7000 costs $199.95. A 
completely assembled 
64K-byte unit is S499. Op- 
tions range in price from 
S8.95 to S599.95. For full 
details, contact Design Sol- 
ution Inc., POB 1225, Fay- 
etteville, AR 72701, (501) 
521-0281. 
Circle 567 on inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 487 



What's New? 




Single-Board 

The Hart-09 single- 
board, stand-alone com- 
puter is built on Motorola's 
6809 microprocessor. It's 
designed for dedicated 
OEM {original equipment 
manufacturer) applications 
in data processing, instru- 
mentation, and industrial 
automation. The Hart-09 
carries an RS-232C port, 
five 16-bit timer/counters, 
an 8-bit D/A (digital-to- 
analog) converter, IK bits 
of nonvolatile RAM (ran- 
dom-access read/write 
memory), 64K bytes of 
EPROM {erasable pro- 
grammable read-only 
memory) and CMOS 
(complementary metal- 
oxide semiconductor) 
static RAM memory, hexa- 
decimal keypad interface, 
and a general-purpose 
parallel port. The OS-9 
multitasking operating sys- 
tem is standard, as is the 
BASIC 09 language. The 
serial RS-232C I/O channel 
permits data communica- 
tion at programmable 
rates ranging from 110 to 
4800 bits per second. 

Hart Scientific offers full 
applications support for 
the Hart-09, as well as 
power supplies and dis- 



6809 Computer 

plays. Prices range from 
$800 to $1200. For com- 
plete details, contact Hart 
Scientific, 54 North 400 
W, Provo, UT 84601. 
Circle 568 on inquiry card. 



8- and 1 6-Bit 
S-100 Board 

An IEEE S-100 standard 
central-processor board 
based on the Intel 80286/ 
10 microprocessor and 
featuring code compatibil- 
ity with 8- and 16-bit soft- 
ware, Compupro's CPU 
286 has addressing capa- 
city for multiuser/multitask- 
ing applications. Standard 
equipment includes sock- 
ets for an 80287 mathe- 
matics coprocessor and for 
up to 1 6K bytes of EPROM 
(erasable programmable 
read-only memory). The 
clock rate is 8 MHz, and a 
clock-switching circuit per- 
mits 8- or 1 6-bit slave pro- 
cessors to run on the same 
bus at various clock rates 
without timing conflicts. 
With a 24-bit address and 
16-bit data bus, the CPU 
286 can access as much as 



16 megabytes of online 
system memory without 
segmentation. Its onboard 
logic can read or write 2 
bytes serially to simulate 
1 6-bit operation in the pre- 
sence of 8-bit memory or 
I/O, A memory-manage- 
ment unit is incorporated 
into the CPU 286. 



In single units, the CPU 
286 costs $1595. A 10-MHz 
high-reliability version is 
also available. For more in- 
formation, contact Com- 
pupro, Oakland Airport, 
Oakland, CA 946 14, (415) 
562-0636. 
Circle 569 on inquiry card. 



PUBLICATIONS 






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Market Directory 

The information provided 
includes the company 
name and address, tele- 
phone numbers, number 
of employees, number of 
products produced or dis- 
tributed, and the names of 
key executives in mar- 
keting, editorial, finance, 
and administration. Also 



1 983 Computer 

The 1 983 Microcom- 
puter Market Place was 

compiled from a question- 
naire survey of the indus- 
try. It covers software pub- 
lishers and distributors, 
hardware manufacturers, 
suppliers, magazines, 
newsletters, software de- 
velopers, and associations. 



488 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



What's New? 



provided are 1 3 indices 
with information on 1 1 
microcomputer systems, 
16 supply categories, 35 
special-interest categories, 
games and applications for 
business, home, educa- 
tion, and utilities. 

The 1983 Microcom- 
puter Market Place is 
available for S75 from 
Dekotek Inc., POB 1863, 
Grand Central Station, 
New York, NY 10163, 
(212) 799-6602. 
Circle 570 on inquiry card. 



Telecommunications, 

Speech Synthesis 

Probed 

Talking Computers and 
Telecommunications by 
John A. Kuecken exa- 
mines this rapidly growing 
field. It deals with the use 
of talking-computer tech- 
nology in telecommunica- 
tions and provides a prac- 
tical approach to the en- 
gineering problems en- 
countered when comput- 
er speech is used in tele- 
phone systems. It dis- 
cusses the concurrent soci- 
al, economic, and tech- 
nological forces that have 
produced the need for 
more advanced communi- 
cations systems. The prob- 
lems with such systems 
are explained and solu- 
tions are offered. Other 
features of this book in- 
clude a rundown of the 
basic aspects of telephony 
and descriptions of pneu- 
matic and mechanical 
vehicles for the production 
of sound. More than 100 
illustrations are provided. 

This 256-page hard- 



cover book costs $26.50. 
It's available from Van 
Nostrand Reinhold Co. 
Inc., 135 West 50th St., 
New York, NY 10020, 
\2\2) 265-8700. 
Circle 571 on inquiry card. 



Visicalc Applications 

T. G. Lewis's 32 Visi- 
calc Worksheets, a collec- 
tion of ready-to-enter Visi- 
calc programs, can be or- 
dered from the Dilithium 
Press. The programs in- 
clude games, business and 
household applications, 
and statistical analyses. 
Photographs of the pro- 
grams as they appear on 
the computer screen are 
provided. 

All the programs in this 
book are available on 
5/4 -inch floppy disks for- 
matted for Apple or IBM 
Personal Computers. The 
book alone is $19.95. 
With the disk, it's $29.95. 
Contact the Dilithium 
Press, Suite E, I 1000 
Southwest 1 1th St., 
Beaverton, OR 97005, 
(503) 646-2713. 
Circle 572 on inquiry card. 



Modula-2 Manual 

Has Tutorials, 
Library Definitions 

A 264-page Modula-2 
User's Manual from Voli- 
tion Systems is said to pro- 
vide a complete descrip- 
tion of the company's im- 
plementation of Modula-2. 
Written by Richard Gleaves, 
this manual is designed to 
be used with Niklaus 



Wirth's 48-page mono- 
graph that defines Mod- 
ula-2; the monograph is 
provided. A tutorial for 
Pascal programmers and 
standard library definitions 
highlight this work. It's 
divided into six sections 
that range from a system 
document that describes 
the implementation of 
Modula-2 for UCSD Pascal 
to a machine-specific im- 
plementation guide that 
has information on library 
modules, interrupt han- 
dling, and machine-level 
data representation. 

The Modula-2 User's 
Manual costs $35. It can 
be ordered directly from 
Volition Systems, POB 
1236, Del Mar, CA 92014. 
Circle 573 on inquiry card. 



Ada Style Guide 

A free six-page guide for 
Ada applications program- 
mers is available from Intel- 
limac. This guide illustrates 
proven techniques for effi- 
cient program structuring 
and provides examples of 
preferred methods for in- 
house standardization of 
program syntax. Style rules 
that help to enhance pro- 
gram maintainability and 
decrease software life- 
cycle costs are presented. 
The methods outlined in 
this guide were derived 
from more than 100,000 
lines of Ada code devel- 
oped and delivered over a 
22-month period. For a 
copy, contact Intellimac 
Inc., 6001 Montrose Rd., 
Rockville, MD 20852. 
Circle 574 on inquiry card. 



Journal Covers 
Pascal and Ada 

The Journal of Pascal 
and Ada features pro- 
grams, algorithms, and 
procedures for many dif- 
ferent applications. Pro- 
duced bimonthly, this 
magazine covers the role 
of Pascal and Ada through 
articles, book and soft- 
ware reviews, reports on 
new developments, and a 
question-and-answer col- 
umn. All the software 
published in the Journal is 
available to subscribers 
over the telephone. 

Annual subscriptions to 
the Journal of Pascal and 
Ada are $ 14. Foreign sub- 
scriptions are $21. Single 
issues cost $3 in the U.S. 
and $4 elsewhere. For 
more details, write to the 
Journal of Pascal and 
Ada, POB 383, Orem, UT 
84057. 
Circle 575 on inquiry card. 



Access Your 
Computer 

Access: The Journal of 
Microcomputer Applica- 
tions is devoted to helping 
you make maximum use 
of your personal com- 
puter. It contains informa- 
tion on how to use your 
computer to solve tradi- 
tional engineering and 
scientific problems and 
write reports, as well as 
giving you tips on how to 
keep track of technical 
papers and manage your 
time. Other topics of inter- 
est include mathematical 
modeling, process design, 
and economic and numer- 
ical analysis. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 489 



What's New? 



A year's subscription to 
Access costs $ 1 6 (six 
issues). Foreign rates are 
$2\ in Canada and Mex- 
ico; $34 elsewhere. Con- 



tact Access, Leds Publish- 
ing Co. Inc., POB 12847, 
Research Triangle Park, 
NC 27709. 
Circle 576 on inquiry card. 



PERIPHERALS 




VT-100 

The Ergo 301 from 
Micro-Term fully emulates 
the VT-100, including its 
advanced v\deo t 132-col- 
umn display, and printer 
port features. The Ergo 
301 has a detached key- 
board with a coiled cable 
and seven LEDs (light- 
emitting diodes) to show 
terminal status. The moni- 
tor tilts 10 degrees and has 
a green nonglare display 
and a front panel on/off 
switch; it is equipped to 
accept up to four boards 
for expansion purposes. 
Standard features include 
two pages of memory, 
English-language setups, 
programmable function 
keys, transparency mode, 
and Xoff indication. 

Options for the Ergo 
301 include an amber 
screen and Plot 10/Regis- 
compatible graphics. The 



Emulator 

Ergo 301 costs $895. With 
the Plot 10 graphics op- 
tion installed, it lists for 
$ 1 790. An add-on graph- 
ics capability costs $ 1095. 
Nationwide service is 
available through more 
than 450 Western Union 
locations. For full details, 
contact Micro-Term Inc., 
1314 Hanley Industrial 
Court, St. Louis, MO 
63144, (314) 968-8151. 
Circle 577 on inquiry card. 



Videodisc Interface 

Matrox Electronic Sys- 
tems' VDI-1 videodisc 
graphics and data interface 
Is a three-board, Multibus- 
compatible set designed for 
applications using NTSC 
(National Television Stan- 
dard Code) laser video- 



discs, including computer- 
aided instruction, mapping, 
simulation, and electronic 
publishing. The VDI-1 pro- 
vides four operating modes 
that let you display a high- 
resolution image by com- 
bining a number of stan- 
dard-resolution NTSC 
frames, retrieve large 
amounts of digital informa- 
tion, play an audio sound 
track while displaying a 
single television frame, and 
overlay computer graphics 
and alphanumerics on top 
of a video picture. This 
product allows four NTSC 
frames to be simultaneous- 
ly stored in picture mem- 
ory. For alphanumerics 
and graphics overlays, the 
system's central processor 
can read or write to any 
pixel or any bit of a pixel in 
the picture-memory space. 
The VDI-1 costs $7900 
per set, which includes 
demonstration software. 
Contact Matrox Electronics 
Systems Ltd., 5800 An- 
dover Ave., Town of 
Mount Royal Quebec H4T 
1H4, Canada, (5 14) 
735-1182. 
Circle 578 on inquiry card. 



Swi tchable Memory 

for VIC Has 

Dual Connectors 

RAMAX, a 28K-byte 
switchable memory and 
dual connector expander 
for the Commodore VIC- 
20, is available factory-di- 
rect from Apropos Tech- 
nology. RAMAX has two 
extension connectors that 
are identical to the VIC's 
memory-expansion con- 
nector, except that the 
game cartridge signal, BLK 



5, can be enabled or dis- 
abled. The memory is 
switchable in or out of use 
in one 3K- and three 8K- 
byte sections. Standard 
features include a Reset 
switch, a safety fuse, self- 
test program, and a dis- 
play case. 

RAMAX costs $169, 
which includes an opera- 
ting manual and shipping 
fees. A 19K-byte version, 
RAMAX Jr., costs $139. 
Dealer inquiries are in- 
vited. Contact Apropos 
Technology, Suite 821, 
350 Lantana Ave., Cama- 
rillo, CA 93010, (805) 
482-3228. 
Circle 579 on inquiry card. 



Sweet-P Plots 
Colorful Graphics 

The Sweet-P Personal 
Plotter from Enter Com- 
puter draws hard-copy 
graphics such as colorful 
bar charts and illustrations. 
Sweet-P lets you create, 
edit, and store color 
graphics that can be re- 
called and instantly plotted 
in any scale. Graphics and 
engineering symbols may 
be programmed in mem- 
ory and recalled with a 
single keystroke. Standard 
features include 19 pro- 
gramming commands, a 
plotting area of 7 V2 by 1 1 8 
inches, a step size of 0.004 
inch (i.e., 250 line seg- 
ments per inch), and a pro- 
grammable plotting speed 
of up to 6 inches per sec- 
ond. Alphanumeric char- 
acter sizes can be as small 
as % inch or as large as 20 
inches. Sweet-P draws on 
overhead transparency 
film or 81/2-inch-wide 



490 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



What's New? 



paper up to 120 inches 
long using specially made 
or commercial pens. 

Optional accessories in- 
clude an acetate-compat- 
ible pen set, advanced 
analytical and business 
graphics, and interface 
cables for Apple, Radio 
Shack TRS-80, IBM Per- 
sonal Computer, and 
other popular microcom- 
puters. Sweet-P costs 
$795, which includes 
basic analytical engineer- 



ing and business graphics 
software, a pen adapter, a 
pen set made up of red, 
green, blue, and black 
fiber-tip pens, plotting 
paper, and an operation 
manual with maintenance 
tips and programming in- 
structions. It's available 
from Enter Computer Inc., 
6867 Nancy Ridge Dr., 
San Diego, CA 92121, 
(619) 450-0601. 
Circle 580 on inquiry card. 




248 Preprogrammed Keys 
Possible with Keywiz 



An auxiliary keyboard 
with 3 1 user-program- 
mable function keys, the 
Keywiz VIP is manufac- 
tured by Creative Com- 
puter Peripherals. Each 
programmable key can be 
set for as many as eight 
characters and repro- 
grammed once again us- 
ing the shift key for a total 
of 62 user-defined keys. 
The Keywiz comes with 
four easy-to-access key- 
board layouts in memory, 
which makes 248 prepro- 
grammed keys available at 
any time. A 7-segment 
LED (light-emitting diode) 



displays which keyboard 
mode you're using. Indi- 
vidual keys can be pro- 
grammed any number of 
times, even while you're 
running a program. 

The Keywiz VIP is soft- 
ware-independent and 
can be ordered for Apple II 
Plus, Apple lle t Franklin 
Ace, and Radio Shack 
TRS-80 Model III systems. 
Contact Creative Com- 
puter Peripherals Inc., 
Aztec Environmental Cen- 
ter, 1044 Lacey Rd., Forked 
River, NJ 08731, (609) 
693-0002. 
Circle 581 on inquiry card. 




XT Memory 

Microdisk has unveiled a 
memory-system upgrade 
kit for the new IBM Per- 
sonal Computer XT. With 
this kit, IBM dealers can ex- 
pand the XT's integral 
Winchester hard-disk stor- 
age from 1 2 megabytes to 
20, 27, or 54 megabytes 
(unformatted). The kit in- 
cludes a new DOS with 
print spooling and a 
higher-capacity Winches- 



Expansion 

ter disk. Also available is 
the 1DOS operating sys- 
tem, which allows your 
XT to run CP/M-80 and 
CP/M-86 applications soft- 
ware under native PC- 
DOS. For the name of 
your nearest IBM dealer, 
contact Microdisk Inc., 
1422 Industrial Way, POB 
1377, Gardnerville, NV 
89410, (702) 782-8105. 
Circle 582 on inquiry card. 



Add an Apple to IBM 



Quadlink, a malfunc- 
tion board designed to 
allow Apple software to 
be used with IBM PC and 
XT computers, is produced 
and marketed by Quad- 
ram Corporation. Quad- 
link is a simulated Apple 
computer on a single 
board that provides a 
means for translating DOS 
3.3 software for use on an 
IBM. It works with most 
programs designed for the 
Apple II, 11 Plus, and He and 
permits the use of such 
IBM enhancements as 
printers and buffers while 
running Apple software. 



Entering and exiting the 
Apple mode is accomplish- 
ed with a single com- 
mand. Disks do not re- 
quire reformatting or con- 
verting. Quadlink con- 
nects to one IBM expan- 
sion slot. 

Quadlink comes with 
64K bytes of memory and 
game, parallel, and serial 
ports. The suggested retail 
price is $680. Full informa- 
tion is available from 
Quadram Corp., 4357 
Park Dr., Norcross, GA 
30093, (404) 923-6666. 
Circle 583 on inquiry card. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc 491 



What's New? 



MISCELLANEOUS 




s 



Software Modules 
Tailor Keyboard for Tasks 



Executive Peripheral 
Systems markets a detach- 
able keyboard upgrade for 
Apple 11/11 Plus computers 
that features plug-in 
PROM (programmable 
read-only memory) mod- 
ules to configure it for pop- 
ular software packages. 
When used with EPS 
PROMware modules, the 
board's 12 special function 
keys provide up to 48 
commands tailored for the 
software package. Each 
module comes with a label 
strip identifying the com- 
mands programmed into 
the function keys. Current 
modules include Word- 
star, Screenwriter ll t 
Visicalc, and Apple Writer 
II. 

The EPS keyboard con- 
nects directly to the 
Apple's keyboard socket. It 
has a complete word-pro- 
cessing layout with full- 
travel key switches, multi- 
function edit keys, shift 
and shift-lock keys, and 
cursor-control keys. Most 
keys are equipped with 
automatic repeat capabil- 
ities. A built-in 21 -key 
numeric keypad, full ASCII 
characters, parallel output, 
and a 6-foot cord are stan- 
dard. 



The suggested retail 
price is $399.95, which in- 
cludes BASIC and DOS 
modules and an interface 
card. Additional PROM- 
ware modules cost S32.95. 
This keyboard can be or- 
dered from Executive Peri- 
pheral Systems Inc., 800 
San Antonio Rd., Palo 
Alto, CA 94303, (415) 
856-2822. 
Circle 591 on inquiry card. 



1 6-Bit Upgrade 

Upholds 8-Bit 

Software 

Octagon Computer Sys- 
tems' Board 8/16 lets you 
upgrade to a 1 6-bit system 
without making your 8-bit 
software obsolete. This 
board features IEEE-696 
(S- 1 00) compatibility, an 
8-MHz, 16-bit 8088 pro- 
cessor, and an NSC-800 
chip that operates at 4 
MHz and executes the full 
Z80 instruction set. A built- 
in Intel 8272 floppy-disk 
controller provides 24-bit 
DMA (direct memory ac- 
cess), can handle four 5/4- 
or 8-inch floppy-disk drives, 
and allows file transfers 
between drives. The 
Board 8/16 has an 8K-byte 



PROM (programmable 
read-only memory) moni- 
tor that boots the operat- 
ing system and comes 
with such debugging fea- 
tures as memory test, 
dump, and search. Also 
standard are two serial 
ports with software-select- 
able data rates of up to 
1 9,200 bits per second, an 
interrupt controller with 
eight vectored interrupts, 
and a fixed-frequency real- 
time clock interrupt for 
multiuser dispatching. 

Options include an 
8087 mathematics copro- 
cessor and Concurrent 
CP/M-86 or MP/M-86 
operating systems. The 
Board 8/16 costs $895. 
Concurrent CP/M-86 and 
MP/M-86, sold only with 
the board, are $ 1 95 and 
$495, respectively. Fuli de- 
tails are available from Oc- 
tagon Computer Systems, 
Suite 5, 151 Bernal Ave., 
San Jose, CA 951 19, (408) 
225-2700. 
Circle 592 on inquiry card. 



Nonvolatile 
Memory Module 

The NVRD64, a 64K- 
byte nonvolatile memory 
module, can be used as all 
the memory in a conven- 
tional 8-bit system. Pro- 
duced by the British firm 
Greenwich Instruments 
Ltd., this 4- by 2- by 
1-inch plug-in unit can be 
paged into memory and 
used as data RAM (ran- 
dom-access read/write 
memory), emulating a 
high-speed disk. It features 
internal buffering, 150- 
nanosecond access time, 
10-year data retention, an 
unlimited number of read/ 



write cycles without wait 
states or additional hard- 
ware, and 5-voft opera- 
tion. Up to eight 
NVRD64s will fit on an 
S-100 card; four on a 
Eurocard. As a replace- 
ment for a ROM (read-only 
memory), this device per- 
mits immediate reconfigur- 
ation at any time while re- 
taining the convenience of 
a ROM-based system. 

The NVRD64 uses an 
industry-standard connec- 
tor that's compatible with 
vertical- or horizontal- 
mount printed-circuit 
boards, backplanes, and 
IDC connectors. The 
NVRD64 costs $875. It's 
distributed by LMS Elec- 
tronics, 3401 Monroe Rd., 
Charlotte, NC 28205 t 
(704) 376-7805. 
Circle 593 on inquiry card. 



Where Do New 

Products Items 

Come From? 

The information printed in 
the new products pages of 
BYTE is obtained from "new 
product" or "press release" 
copy sent by the promoters 
of new products. If in our 
judgment the information 
might be of interest to the 
personal computing ex- 
perimenters and home- 
brewers who read BYTE, we 
print it in some form. We 
openly solicit releases and 



pnuiub irurn mdnuidLiurer i 
and suppliers to this 
marketplace. The informa- 
tion is printed more or less 
as a first-in first-out queue, 
subject to occasional priority 
modifications. While we 
would not knowingly print 
untrue or inaccurate data, 
or data from unreliable com- 
panies, our capacity to 
evaluate the products and 
companies appearing in the 
"What's New?" feature is 
necessarily limited. We 



492 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



AIL ORDER PRICE 



Thousands of items to choose from. Call 800-752-1341 



DISK DRIVES 

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A70 with Controller 

A35 without Controller 

PRINTERS 

OKIDATA 

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12" Hi Res Green 

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TELEVIDEO 

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MicrobufferM16K Apple II ... 

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Easyfiler 


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Easywriterfl 


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The Home Accountant Plus .... 


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Typing Tutor II 


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Adventure 


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Fortran 


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Basic Compiler 


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mu/Math/mu/SIMP80 


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Multiplan 


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Tl 810 Superb 1,395 

OKIDATA ML 83A 650 

84 parallel 995 

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C.IT0H Starwritaf F 10 40 cpa , 1,330 

NEC 7710, 7730. 2.250 

3510 1,500 

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Z-29 smart terminal, 9 function keys, 
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ZT-1 W/modem telecom 488 

ESPRIT III 22 function keys. 

Televideo 950 act-alike 748 

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assembled subsystem 1,130 

manual 25 

signal cable 50 

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Prices subject to change. American Express. Visa/ Master 
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for I.B.M $49.95 



EXTENDER CARDS 



for APPLE, 
for I.B.M... 



$16.95 

$19.95 



"Have You Kissed Your Computer Lately" 

Components Express, Inc. 

1 380 E. Edinger • Santa Ana, Calif. 92705 • 71 4/558-3972 KB 

Terms of Sale: Cash, Checks, Credit Cards, M.O., C.O.D. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. 15PBH 




494 BYTE June 1983 



Circle 72 on inquiry card. 



ORDER WITH CONFIDENCE FROM 

ONE OF THE NATION'S LARGEST 

CONSUMER ELECTRONIC PARTS DISTRIBUTORS 



APPLE COMPATIBLE 
KEYBOARD 



m.mmmmmm 

mmmmm 



I! 
1 % 



Heavy duty error free switches, 
switchable N key rollover, last 
key repeat, upper/ lower case 
capability, alpha lock. Complete 
with cable. 



ORDER NO. 

83-APL-KB-7 



$79.95 



ARCADE TYPE 
JOYSTICK 






Atari , 

Commodore, 

Sears compatible. 

Heavy duty leaf switches. Long life. 

ORDER NO. ^ 

83-ATR-JY-1 $15.00 



Unbelievable Discount! 

APPLE II® COMPATIBLE 
SLIM DISK DRIVE 

RUNS QUIETER THAN THE ORIGINAL! 

New - not surplus - guaranteed! Only 
6"w x 1-7/ 8" h x 10"d. Complete 
with a 3' cable. Runs 

with Apple controller ~ ;r .. : 0^ 

or our optional ^]!^ 

controller. jl ! ' r 



ORDER NO. 

83-APL-DD 




1 *299. 95 




CONTROLLER 
CARD 

ORDER NO. fylAQC 

83-APL-CTL-1 *45j. 5,a 



DAMI I Q Buy two disk drives and get a free 
PV^MUPQ controller card! 



REPLACEMENT 
POWER SUPPLY FOR 
APPLE II 




Fully Apple compatible. ^ 

5A heavy duty switcher.HOV or 
220V input, +5V/5A, +12V/3A, 
-5V -1 2V full load outputs. Fits in an 
Apple II case. AC cord included. 



ORDER NO 

83-APL-PS-51 



$79.95 



REPLACEMENT 
POWER SUPPLY FOR 
ATARI® 800 AND 400 
MODELS. 




ORDER NO. 

83-ATR-PS-800 



$17.00 



12" AMBER 
MONITORS. 

Call for details. 

orderno. 83-APL-MON-1 $140.00 




REPLACEMENT 
PADDLE SET 

FOR ATARI Jtk 

and OTHERS 



ORDER NO. 

83-ATR-PD-2 



$12.00 



REPLACEMENT 
RAM (C FOR ATARI 
2600 VCS 



ORDER NO. 

83-ATR-IC-3 



$11.95 



REPLACEMENT 
CPU IC FOR ATARI 
2600 VCS m 

$9.95 



ORDER NO. 

83-ATR-IC-2 



APPLE COMPATIBLE 
JOYSTICK 



Heavy duty. 



ORDERNO. A^«% l-*k 

83-APL-XY-10 $1 6.50 



8 



4b 



REPLACEMENT 
JOYSTICK 

Fits Atari, 
Commodore, 
Sears others.-' 
ORDER NO. 

83-ATR-XY 



CEMENT | 

r-4 $8.50 



REPLACEMENT 
AC ADAPTOR 

FOR ATARI 
2600 VCS 

9V 500mA. UL listed. 
ORDER NO. 

83-ATR-PS-5 $5.00 






REPLACEMENT R.F. 
MODULATOR FOR ATARI 
2600 VCS 

Also compatible with 
other video games. 

ORDER NO. 
83-ATR-RF-1 



$5.00 



JOYSTICK EXTENSION CORDS 

Works with Atari , Coleco, Commodore and other 9 pin 
plugs. Two popular lengths: 6' and 12'. 

ORDER NO. 

83-ATR-EX-6 $5.00 
83-ATR-EX-12 6.50 



! and other 9 pin 



REPLACEMENT 
APPLE JOYSTICK 
CABLE 

ORDER NO. 

83-APL-X-1 




REPLACEMENT 
ATARI JOYSTICK 
CABLE 



ORDER NO. 

83-ATR-X-1 



4J\ 



$3.00 



RF EXTENSION 
CORD 

15' RCA Male to 
RCA Female. 



ORDER NO. 

83-ATR-RG-15 



$5.00 



MINIMUM ORDER $25.00. VISA, MASTER CARD accepted. No surcharges. Exact UPS charges will be added. PREPAID: Certified 
checks and money orders, send exact amount. No shipping, handling or insurance charges in the continental USA. PERSONAL CHECKS: add 5% 
shipping charges, allow 3 weeks to clear. INTERNATIONAL BUYERS: US currency and 20% extra for shipping. CA Residents, add sales tax. OEM, 
DEALERS: send for special prices on your company letterhead. No purchase orders or open accounts-no exceptions. 



ELECTRONICS 

A DIVISION OF ALUANCE RESEARCH CORPORATION 

18215 PARTHENIA ST.* NORTHRIDGE, CA 91325 



Call toll free: (800) 423-5336 

In California: (800) 382-3663 

Local: (21 3) 701 -5848 

Telex 181011 ORAPARTS NTGE 



BYTE June 1983 495 



CB80* 

Language Utilities 

■f Directory display function, 
accepts CP/M* ambiguous 
file references 

*t Drive select error recovery 

-f Disk read/write error recovery 

•f Default drive finder function 

t All for only $99 

These professional utilities are 
powerful yet easy to use. Com- 
plete documentation with many 
examples on how to use them is 
included. Call or send for 
complete description. Visa, 
MasterCharge, C.O.D. accepted. 

Elite Software 



421 Hwy 30, Suite 121 
College Station, Texas 77840 409-696-3328 
-CP/M & CB80 TM of Digital Research 



TRANSMIT 






HEXMIT 

A file transfer utility 

• Error correction • Progress indication 
• Error count • Link quality measurement 

• Non-locking • Easy to modify 

• Auto receive • Self instructing 

HEXMIT for Micros $150.00 

Documentation $10.00 

M,K,S P.O. Box 09558 

Columbus, Ohio 43209-0558 

614-460-5251 




Electronic 

Circuit 

Analysis 



DC and AC analysis 

Very fast, machine language 

Infinite circuits on multiple passes 

Worst case, sensitivity analysis 

Dynamic modification 

64 Nodes, 127 branches 

Compare circuits 

Log or linear sweep 

Full file handling 

Frequency response, magnitude and phase 

Complete manual with examples 

TRS-80 (TRSDOS) $90.00 

CP/M $150.00 

Tatum Labs 
P.O. Box 722 
Hawleyville, CT 

06440 

(203) 426-2184 



Circle 142 on inquiry card. 



Circle 229 on inquiry card. 



Circle 373 on inquiry card. 



PERIPHERALS 




FOR APPLE/1 B M( PC) 




Quality Inexpensive 


Peripherals 


with a Full One Year Warranty 








BARE 




IBM/TAN00N DRIVE 160K 


EACH 
S189 


BOARD 


KIT 






320K 


CALL 






APPLE/SHUGART DRIVE |5'A") 


219 






THINLINE 


182 






DUALTHINLINE 


339 






DISK CONTROLLER (00S 3.2-3.3) 


69 


$ 21 


S 61 


80 COLUMN CARD 


149 


29 


13/ 


(VIDEX EQUIVALENT) 








Z80 S0FTCARD 


119 


29 


109 


(MICROSOFT EQUIVALENT) 








PRINTER INTERFACE WITH 16K 


139 


28 


129 


I BUFFERAND GRAPHICS 








(APPLE DUMPLING EQUIV} 








MULTI-FUNCTION CARD 


136 


29 


126 


i (PARALLEL, SERIAL, BSR, 








CLOCK) (VERSA CARD EQUIV) 








USI GREEN SCREEN 9" MONITOR 


99 






(90 DAY WARRANTY) 








APPLE Oe BARE BOARD 




175 




COLORADO COMPUTER PERIPHERALS 




R.R. 6, Box 7D 






Golden, Colorado 80401 






(303) 278-7172 







Y.E.S.,We have the BEST 
prices available on E.C/s. 



21 14 




200ns 


1.35 


41 16 




200ns 


1.25 


41 16 




150ns 


1.40 


4164 




200ns 


4.65 


4164 




150ns 


5.00 


61 16P-3 




150ns 


4.00 


6116LP-3 




1 50ns 


4.75 


2716 




450ns 


3.10 


2732 




4 50ns 


3.85 


2532 




450ns 


4.65 


2764 




250ns 


9.00 


280A CPU 


CTC, 


PIO 


3.30 


Z80A SIO, 


DMA 




1 1.50 


8251 A 






3.00 


8253-5 






3.35 


8255A-5 






3.00 



* MasterCard/VISA or UPS CASH COD. 

* Allow up to 3 weeks for personal checks 
to clear, please include phone no. 

* Prices subject to changes without notice. 

Yang Electronic Systems, Inc. 

307 Compton Ave., Laurel, MD 20707 

(301) 776-0076 



8 to 16 BIT UPGRADE % 

TRUE 16 BIT PROCESSING 

• Z8001 Microprocessor (upgradable to Z8003) 

• 2 Kx16 Eprom with Monitor Program 

(E J Rom optional) 

• 16 Vectored Interrupts 

• Full IEEE- 696 (S100) Compliance 

• All Z8001 Features available 

• Battery backup time of day clock 

• Requires ram capable of word transfers 

'Model M8000 CPU Board *425 00 

"Model M8000 EE optional E'Rom • 75°° 



To order 

Call 1-800-821-8858. in New Mexico 1-505-523-0975 

or write 
Micro Solutions Inc. 
Suite 191 B 



1608 El Paseo Rd. 
Las Cruces, NM 88001 



Include check or money order 
New Mexico residents add 
4 5% sales tax 

Visa and Master Card welcome 



Circle 64 on inquiry card, 



Circle 449 on inquiry card. 



Circle 254 on inquiry card. 



S-100 EPROM PROGRAMMER 



EPROM - 32 

• High quality S-100 board meets or exceeds IEEE 696 

• Programs IK through 32K (byte) EPROMs. 

■ Textool zero-insertion-force programming socket. 

• EPROM is programmed through I/O ports and can be verified 
through I/O ports or located in memory space for verification 

■ Programming voltage generated on-board 

• Personality Modules simplify adaptation of board to different 
EPROM types: 

PM-1 -2508.2758 PM-3-2732. 2732A PM-6 -68764 



2516.2716 PM-4-2564 
PM-2-2532 PM-5-2764 

• CP/M-compatible control software 
includes commands for programming, 
verification, disk I/O and editing 



PM-8-27128 

$269.95* 

(assembled 
& tested) 



MicroDynotnics 

Corporation 

Suite 105 • 6363 Poplar Avenue • Memphis, TN 38119 
(9013-755-0619 

*Price includes EPROM-32, documentation and two Personality 
Modules (specify i. Additional Modules -$7.95 Control software 
on 8" SSSD diskette -$9 95 Extension unit for EPROM and 
Personality Module -$49.95. UPS ground -$2 00. UPS air- 
$4.00 COD -$1.50. foreign add $15 00, TN add 6% sales tax 
VISA and MASTERCARD welcome. 



DISK DRIVES 



TANDON 

• TM 100-1 

Single Sided, 40 TRK. e«onnn 

Single Or Double Density *lfl9 uu 

*TM 100-2 FreeShippinB 

Double Sided, 40 TRK/Side e*»ennn 

Single Or Double Density »^OH uu 

Free Shipping 



• 9409 

Double Sided, 40 TRK/Side 
Single Or Double Density 



s2sgoo 

Free Shipping 

Order Toll-Free 

1 -800-531 -5475 (Outside Of Texas) 
(512) 250-1523 (in Texas) 

"If We Can't Ship The Next Working Day, 

We Won't Take The Order." 

MasterCard * VISA • Check 

Texas Residents Add 5% Sales Tax. 



jCompuAdd 



13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101 
Austin, Texas 78750 



Smith-Corona TP-1 Daisy Wheel Printer 

$43900 
UNBELIEVABLE! 

• fully-formed characters • serial or parallel interface 

• compatible with most • choice of 10 or I 2 CPI 
micro-computers models 

Also for your TP-1 letter quality printer — 
the Smith -Corona Tractor Feed 



$13495 




Circle 261 on inquiry card. 



Circle 74 on inquiry card. 



Circle 151 on inquiry card. 



Circle 24 on inquiry card. 




YOU'RE GONNA LOVE THESE 

ROCK BOTTOM PRICES! 



HSC1000 SYSTEM W/SFTWR I 
PHC20 COMPUTER 
PHC2S COMPUTER 

IVICOM II 



HARD DISKS 1 I I 

FOURTH DIMENSION DRIVE FOR APPLE 



3)Hayw smartcom ii rpK ibm 

SMAKTMODEM 300 
SHARTHOOEM 1200 



e|e Texas Instruments ***#*» computer 



APPLE EMULATOR 

:ORONA 128K IBM- COMPATIBLE 

0ESK-TOF W/ MONOCHROME MONITOR 
2-DS/DD/DRIVES, MSDOS , CP/M 86 

<A*PRO II WITH ALL SOFTWARE 



i SPREADSHEET 



:■—•—.« 8510AP PRINTER 
EPSON fX-80 PRINTER 
GEMINI 10/ IS PRINTERS 



$270 
S365 



|«BQCMl : 
Rana Systems ! 



OJALTWM 64K (PC rAMILY) 

MGRQSOFT 2-80 CARD FOR APPLE I 



1269 
»225 



»- 

otgDAt* i 



(COLOR PRINTER) 



AMDEK COLOR I MONITOR 
AMDEK AMBER (PC COMPATIBLE) 
AMDEK DUAL 3* DRIVES (IBM) 

1V£"C ECONO GBEEN SCREEN 

PRINCETON COLOR MONITOR (PC) 

USI 12" AMBER MONITOR 



FULL LINE OF BUSINESS SOFTWAJ«; 



, TI AMI) MANY MORE I 

ELEPHANT BRAND DISKETTES SS/SD (16.95 
(IN SEALED BOXES OF TEN) SS/DD (19.95 
(WITH LIFETIME WARRANT*) DS/DD (25.95 

ANDROBOTS I 

WK PRICE ALL OF OUR PRODUCTS 



ON PRODUCTS NARKED WITH "LOWL" 
THE MANUFACTURER WILL NOT ALLOW US 

TO ADVERTISE PRICES 

CALL US FOR THE LOWEST PRICES AROUND. 



FOR FASTEST DELIVERY: CASHIER'S CHECK OR VISA/MASTERCARD (NO EXTRA CHARGE FOR CARDS. INCLUDE NUMBER, EXPIRATION DATE, MAMS, ADDRESS & PHONE). PERSONAL CHECK 
ALLOW 2 WEEKS TO CLEAR. PURCHASE ORDER MUST INCLUDE CHECK. SHIPPING fc HANDLING: CONTINENTAL U.S. 5% ($5 MIN), U.P.S. STREET ADDRESS REQUIRED; APO FPO ALASKA 
HAWAII K, MONITORS 5% ($10 MIN); FOREIGN 15% ($15 MIN). INCLDDE PHONE NUMBER WITH ALL ORDERS. ALL ITEMS ARE NEW WITH MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY. APPLE COUNTRY, 
LTD. CANNOT GUARANTEE THE MERCHANTABILITY OF ANY PRODUCT. PRICES ARE SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY & CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. DUE TO OUR LOW PRICES, ALL SALES ARE 
FINAL. RETURNED MERCHANDISE IS SUBJECT TO A RESTOCKING FEE & MUST COME IN ORIGINAL UNDAMAGED CARTON WITH RMA NUMBER. NO SOFTWARE EXCHANGES. CALIFORNIA 
RESIDENTS ADD 6% TAX. SEND $1 FOR NEW FALL CATALOG (GOOD TOWARD FIRST PURCHASE). APPLE COUNTRY, LTD. IS A DISCOUNT NAIL ORDER HOUSE FOR THE MICROCOMPUTER 
INDUSTRY & IS A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION NOT AFFILIATED WITH APPLE COMPUTER INC. APPLE IS TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER INC. 6.1.83 

P.O. Box 1099, 



Call us... we can help! (619) 765-0239 



Julian, Calif. 92036 



Apple Country, Ltd is a DISCOUNT MAIL ORDER HOUSE for the micro computer industry 

and is a California corporation not affiliated with Apple Computer Inc. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. 



SUNNY 



LOW LOW COST 



POWER SUPPLIES 

(LINEAR & SWITCHING) 
FOR S-100, DISK DRIVES 




S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLIES 

ITEM + 5V OVP 

"5 — 



12 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 

(1 Floppy & 1 Hard Disk) 

6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 



5A 



NO. 806 & NO. 516 Mainframes Kit 1, 2 & 3 for S-100 F^Ftyor ^Drives (Floppy & Hard) 

OPEN FRAME, ASSY. & TESTED, 6 OUTPUTS, ADJU. & FUSES PROTECT. 

-5V +24V(OR + 12V) +8V ± 16V SIZE W x D x H PRICE 



-W 



5-7A PEAK 



13A 



3A 



10" x 6" x 5" 



102.95 



3 
S4 6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 4A 1A 4-5A PEAK 8A 3A 8 3 /s" x 5" x 4%*' 92.95 

D]SK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect. 

+24V (or + 12V) +8V Unreg. ± 12V SIZE W x D x H PRICE 



ITEM 



IDEAL FOR 




hSVOVP 



-5V 



Ro 

«1 
R 2 

R 3 



2x8" SLIMLINE 
2 x 8" or 2 x 5Va" DISK 



|"3 x 8" (or 5V4") FLOPPY] 
[or 1x I 



2.5A 
4A 
6A 
6A 



1A 

1A 
1A 



2A 



1A 



2.5A - 5A Peak 
3A - 5A Peak 
6A - 8A Peak 
; Floppy & 1x Hard] 6A 1A 6A - 8A Peak 

AC & DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR FOR 2 DRIVES 8.00 

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time) 

ITEM (IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V + 16V -16V +28V SIZE: WxDxH PRICE 



5"x4"x4" 

8" x 4" x 3%" 

10" x 4%" x 3%" 

9" x 6V4" x 43/8" 



49.95 
54.95 
69.95 
81.95 



S 3 S 4 forS-100&2Drives 



SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY: $5.50 IN CALIF; 
$8.00 IN OTHER STATES;$18.00 IN CANADA. 
FOR EA. TRANSFORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES; 



KIT1 
KIT 2 
KIT 3 



15 CARDS 

20 CARDS 

DISK SYSTEM 



15A 
25A 
15A 



1A 



2.5A 


2.5A 


3A 


3A 


3A 


3A 



5A 



12"x5"x4%" 

12" x 5" x 47/a" 

13V 2 " x 5" x 47/8" 



54.95 
61.95 
69.95 



6 SLOT MAINFRAME assy. & tested only $399.95 + shipping $18.00 

EACH MAINFRAME (ITEM NO. 806 OR 516) CONTAINS: EMI FILTER • FUSE HOLDER • AC POWER CORD • POWER SWITCH & INDICATOR • 
S, E III SW, TP H * 4V2 " COOLING FAN • S-100 BUS 6 SLOT CARD CAGE • (1 10/220 VAC, 50/60 HZ.) POWER SUPPLY FOR DISK DRIVES & S-100 
SLOTS • 2 EA. DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR AND MOUNTING HARDWARE FOR DISK DRIVES • 9 EA. CUT-OUTS 7 FOR DB25 
CONNECTOR. 1 FOR 50 PIN CONNECTOR & 1 FOR CENTRONICS • CUSTOM FINISH & LOGO-LESS • COMPACT SIZE • LIGHTWEIGHT 28 LBS 
ITEM #W6 FOR 2 EA. 8" THINLINE FLOPPY (TANDON TM848-1 & 848-2 OR EQUIV.), OR ONE HARD DISK, POWER SUPPLY: + 8V/8A, ± 16V/3A' 
+ 5V/5A OVP, 5V/1A & 24V/5A. SIZE: 12' (W) x 19.5 '(D) x 9.8"(H). 

ITCMJgl|FOR 2 EA SMT FLOPPY (TANDON TM-100 -1,2, 3, 4 OR EQUIV.), OR ONE $¥? FLOPPY & ONE S¥k" WINCHESTER HARD DISK 
(TANDON TM 600-2, 3 OR EQUIV), POWER SUPPLY: +8V~ 



$12.00 IN CANADA. CALIF. 



DEALER 
INQUIRIES 
INVITED 



RESIDENTS ADD 
6.5% SALES TAX. 



16V/3A OVP, +5V/6A OVP, + 12V/6A, 8A PEAK. SIZE: 13.75"m x 19.5"(D) x 7"(H). 



No. 
No. 



806 & 

516 Mainframes 



MAILING ADDRESS: 
P.O. BOX 4296 
TORRANCE, C A 90510 



SUNNY INTERNATIONAL 

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER 
(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6 



SHIPPING ADDRESS: 
22129% S. VERMONT AVE 
TORRANCE. CA 90502 



Circle 366 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 497 



Programmable 
Communications 
Translator 

The PCT-100 is a configurable in-line 

RS-232 PROTOCOL AND DATA TRANSLATOR. 
The PCT-100 CAN PROVIDE: 

* Terminal or printer emulation 

* DEC OR IBM system compatibility 

* Macro-function keys 

* "Type-ahead" and data buffering 

* Baud rate conversion 

* Handshake protocol translation 
(E.G. CTS/RTS, XON/XOFF) 

The PCT-100 is configured using a 
built-in Communications Translation 
Language. Programs can be easily 
entered & edited from any ascii device, 

PCT-100-PCB (PCB ONLY) $ 289 

PCT-100-ASM (PCB w/ CASEK.S 339 
PCT-512-M00 (power SUPPLY). $ 59 






*M<sa 



Method Systems Incorporated 

19751 South Lake shore Boulevard 

Euclid, Ohio VH19 

(216) 531-0W4 





Hayes Smartmodem 
1200BDRS232 $489. 




Rana Systems 
Elite One $265.00 
Elite Two $395.00 
Elite Three $495.00 
Rana Controller $ 75.00 




COMMUNICATIONS PAK SALE 

Micromodem II $259.00 
Source Subscription $ 69.95 
ASCII Express $ 49.95 
ALL THREE PI ECES $375.00 




Verbatim S'A" SSDD (10) 


$ 25.50 



oppfcr computer 



WE CARRY A FULL LINE OF APPLE//E 
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE 

GARDEN OF EDEN 

COMPUTERS 

13147 Cedar Street, Westminster, CA 92683 

714-894-9528 

24 Hours — 7 Days 

Ask for our, Price List! 



VISA' 



ONE KEYWORD PROCESSING 

onyourTELEVIDEO™ 

with WORDSTAR and . 





■ Nh Key" Automates the 36 most 
commonly used word processing functions 

■ Reduces learning time while increasing 
operator speed 

■ For beginners and Wordstar experts 

■ Comes complete with 1 4 new matching 
keycaps 

For your TELEVIDEO «0 TS-8O0.TS-B0O/V, andTS 802 
PLEASE SEND WORDSTAR SERIAL NUMBER TO: 

Business Solutions, Inc. 
91 W. Long Lake Rd., Suite 9 
Bloomfield Hills, Ml 48013 
(313) 540-3360 



Circle 246 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 1 58 on inquiry card. 



Circle 47 on inquiry card. 



M^ 



Cost Plus 10% 
OR LESS! 



^p We sell and lease ^^^ 

lompuPro 



D2A? 



D3A" 



DECISION 1 

$82§o 
$109*1 



\W/5 MEG HD & SW " SSSD & CP/M 1 
only. 60-month lease with investment 
credit available 

\WITH TERMINAL, 5 MEG HD & 
DSDD, CP/Mf Wordstar," Basic 80' I 
Correct-It; Logical©; Bazic-' Pilot" & Pearl 1 _ 
DBM" Shipment from factory with factory warranty. 

We sell and lease all Morrow products. 
Airport-to- Airport Board Swap (Extra charge) 
Ask about bonus offer. Payroll, GL, AR, AP, Fixed Assets, Raw & 
Finished Inventory, Mail List. Transendentai Pak, Loan Amortization, 
6 Function Compound Interest, CPM Utilities, Lesser C and StarTrek. 
PRINTERS: OKI, Cltoh, NEC, Diablo, MIT, etc. 
We cater to experienced users, state and federal agencies, 
corporate and small business customers. We have provisions for 
inexperienced users, 

TERMS: Cash with order ^^k j^^^I 

«£?„•"»«««■' UUoLrlub 
^1S8j«m COMPUTERS 

oa2 «in~ «2ic P.0- Bex 6114- Birmingham. AL 3525W1 1 4 
205 879-4735 Our bank is 1st National of Birmingham. (205) 325-5T20 



Circle 99 on inquiry card. 



rumoiii 

One of the finest Implementations of the FORTH language. 
Field tested and reliable, UNIFOfiTH is available for the IBM 
PC as well as most systems with 8" disks end the following 
processors: 

8OB0 PDP-11 

Z80 68000 

8086/8 1 6032 

As a task, UNI FORTH is compatible with and supports all 

features and file types of theCP/M, CDOS, MS-DOS and DEC 
operating systems. As an operating system, UN I FORTH will 
function "stand-alone" on most commercial microcomputers. 

The FOFtTH-79 Standard language has bean extended with 
over 500 new words that provide full-screen and line-oriented 
editors, array and string handling, enhanced disk and terminal 
I/O, and an excellent assembler. Detailed reference manuals 
supply complete documentation for programming and system 
operation, in an easy-to-undarstand, conversational style using 
numerous examples. 

Options/ features include an excellent floating-point package 
with all transcendental functions {logs, tangents, etc.), the 
MetaFORTH cross-compiler, printer plotting and CP/M file 
transfer utilities, astronomical and amateur radio applica- 
tions, word processing, etc. 

Compare these features with any other FOFtTH on the market: 



• Speed and efficiency 

• Variety of options 



• Ease of use 

• Oocumentatic 



i quality 

You'll find UNIFORTH is superior. 
Prices start at $35. Call or write for our free brochure. 

Unified Software Systems 

P.O. Box 2644, New Csrrollton, MD 20784, {301 1 552-1295 



Circle 400 on inquiry card. 



16 BIT S100 
SUPER MICRO 



*NpABlj_l-fY 

.OT S-100 




DISK 



8-TO-fl 
96 BOI 

&H 9520 



96 BORROS 



ERS 





FISCAL 



WILLIAM J. CLflFF 
(6171-235-9505 



Circle 59 on inquiry card. 



PROGRAMMABLE APPLE II 

INTERFACE 



The FLY BOARD is a digital interfac- 
ing system that is easily program- 
med through BASIC or assembly. 

Fly Board's Hardware: 
6522 VIA 2K bytes RAM 

•16 bidirectional I/O lines 'Accept PR# commands 

•4 control lines •Replaceable with an EPROM 

•2 - 16-bit timers •Not used by monitor, BASIC. 

•Interrupt ability or DOS 

2 - 36" DIP Jumper Cables 

•Connect to your projects 

Support Materials Included: 



User's Manual 
Summary Card 



• Engineer's Notebook 

• 6522 Data Sheet 



only SNAVE SYSTEMS 

$12995^,^648(319)966-4505 

READY TO USE Add $2 tor shipping • VISA. M.C. or check 



I WILL BEAT ANY COMPETITORS PRICE 
PROVIDED IT IS NOT BELOW MY COST 
TRY TO BEAT THESE 1C PRICES: 



DYNAMIC RAM 



200 ns 


$4.99 


150 ns 


5.09 


120 ns 


5.90 


200 ns 


1.35 


EPROM 




300 ns 


$7.25 


450 ns 


4.15 


450 ns 


3.20 


450 ns 


4.60 


[ATIC RAM 




150 ns 


$4.10 


150 ns 


4.40 


200 ns 


1.45 


OA FAMILY 




PIO 


$3.39 




8.25 




12.50 



s 



DMA or SIO/0 



MasterCard VISA or UPS CASH COD 
Factory New, Prime Parts 



B MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED 

1 24.000 South Peoria Ave. 

£ BEGGS. OK. 74421 

(918) 267-4961 

Prices subject to change. Call (or volume d rices Subieci to available quantities 
Shipping & Insurance extra Cash discount prices shown 



Circle 265 on inquiry card. 



^hCS 



IEEE-696 S-100 



IEEE-696 S-100 



MONOCHROME 



MONOCHROME / COLOR $995 



IEEE-696 S-100 eight color 



- 3 x 512 x 512 Pixi 

- 8 Color RGB 



MULTIBUS EIGHT COLOR 



- 3 x 1024 x 1024 Pixel 

- Eight color RGB 

- Single board system 

IBM-PC 

MONOCHROME - 1 x 612 x 612 Pixel $496 

- 1 x 1024 x 1024 Pixel $995 
COLOR - 3 x 512 x 512 $1295 

- 3 x I024» 1024 Pixel $1995 

FEATURES 

Software drivers, Hardware zoom. Programmable 
Display Resolution, Windowing, Multi-Controller 
Capability. NEC UP0722Q Graphic Controller 

ULTRA-RES Trademark CSD Incorporated Starting Prices 

MULTIBUS Trademark Intel Corporation 

C.S.D. Incorporated 

P.O. Box 253 Sudbury, Massachusetts 01776 
<6 17> 443-2750 



Circle 353 on inquiry card. 



Circle 52 on inquiry card. 



CHECK OUR NEW 
•LOW PRICES* 




SOQ95 

AFDC-1 Floppy Disk Drive Controller . . . %J& 
Runs DOS 3.3 with any standard Shugart com- 
patible 5V 4 " Disk Drive. (2 Drives Each Card) 

APPLE ADD-ON DISK 1 $00 A00 



AFDC-1, SA400, VDC-55S, Cables 

APPLE ADD-ON DISK 2 
AFDC-1, (2) SA400, VDC-55S, Cables 



$ 465 



00 




ASCII KEYBOARD A&T $99.00 

Plug in compatible with Apple II, has shiftlock, 

underscore, [ ] and back slash characters. 
ALS Z80 CPU Card w/CP/M & Manuals . . . .$135.00 

Z80 CPU A&T, No manual or CPM 95.00 

Z80 CPU Card Kit, Instr only, no CPM 85.00 

ALS 80 Column Video Card, A&T 

with manual 135.00 

80 Column Video Card, A&T w/o manual. 

Videx compatible 95.00 

80 Column Video Card, Kit w/o manual. 

Videx compatible 85.00 

16K RAM Card, A&T 44.00 

18K RAM Card, Kit 39.00 

API Apple Parallel Printer Interface Card, 

Centronics compatible, w/cable 45.00 

EPROM Programmer A&T, Programs 

2708-2764 w/o manuals 85.00 

EPROM Programmer Kit, programs 

2708-2764 w/o manuals 75.00 

SUN-722 Apple Prototype Board. 13.75 

Double Sided with gold contacts, holes drilled on 

.15" x .1" centers. 



Yu for IBM PC 



PCM1 64K Memory Card, Expand, to 256K 
with Parity Check. $199.00 

PCM2 256K Memory Card, Expand, to 51 2K 
with Parity Check 469.00 

PC-DUAL I/O (2) Serial RS232 Ports, {2) IBM 
PC Compatible Ports and Real Time 
Clock w/Batt. Backup 189.00 

•SPECIAL* 

PCM 1 -DUAL I/O Includes both PCM1 64K 
and PCM I/O Cards 359.00 



skcites and Storage Cases 




&1REL00 

64KSM A&T without RAM I 3%) 

64KSM A&T with 64k RAM (32-61 16's) 339.00 

S-100 Board Uses 6 MHz 61 16's. V2A max. power, 
Bank Select plus Extended Addressing allow for 
multi-memory board set-up. 4 independant 16K 
Blocks make easy use with multi-user systems. 
Any 2K RAM may be replaced by 2716 EPROM. 



256K/IM Bur 



R-V\1 



$ 



290 



00 



256KDM A&T without RAM. . . 

256KDM A&T with 64K RAM (8-41 64's) 340.00 

256KDM A&T W/256K RAM (32-41 64's) 489.00 

S-100 Board, 4 Banks uses either 64Kx1 or 256Kx1 
RAMs. Allows for 64K to I Mbyte RAM on just one 
S-100 card. 24 Bit Addressing, Phantom Mode, 
Error Trap Opt., Parity Check, 4MHz Transparent 
Refresh, Front Panel Operation. Optional M1 Wait 
for 6MHz Operation. 



MX] Computers & Monitor 



We are an Authorized NEC Service Center 

Call for Official Service Agreement 

PC8001 A Keyboard Computer $699.00 

PC8012 I/O Expansion Unit 499.00 

PC8031 Disk Drive Subsystem 899.00 

JC1203RGB 13" Color Monitor 666.00 

This Monitor is excellent for use with IBM PC 

JC1203 13" Composite Color Monitor 329.00 

NEC CP/M V2.2 with manuals 140.00 

Select Word Processing Sys with Teach 346.00 

NEC Report Mgr for Database Mgmt. 135.00 



\icln> Monitors 




5V4" SS/DD Wabash 40 track w/hub rings . .$24.00 

8" SS/DD Soft with Library Case 26.00 

8" DS/DD Soft Memorex, Box of 10 44.99 P/N 1-7 8 up 

BV*" Case for 40 Disks 24.99 2716 $3.95 $3.95 

8" Case for 40 Disks 36.99 2732 4.75 4.40 

•WT Case for 90 Disks 41.99 2532 7.65 5.95 

8" Case for 90 Disks 54.99 2764 9.95 9.95 

Jfc SUNTRONICS CO., mc. 

12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250 

STORE HOURS: MON.-FRI. 9:00am to 6:00pm 

SATURDAY 10:00am to 5:00pm 

Circle 368 on inquiry card. 



SAMWOO GREEN 9" 18MHz $121.00 

SAMWOO AMBER 9" 18MHz 125.00 

SAMWOO GREEN 12" 12MHz 130.00 

SAMWOO AMBER 12" 1 2MHz 134.00 

Composite video I/O. 750 lines resolution. 75/1 OK 

ohm impedance. 



;0*L /K AVIs/CPl s & Mi* 



P/N 


1-7 


8 up 


6116P-3 (150nS) 


$5.10 


$5.75 


2114L-2(200nS) 


1.62 


1.62 


4164 


6.25 


5.95 


Z80A CPU 


5.29 


5.29 



Products 



SBC-880 Z80A CPU, A&T $195.00 

SBC-880 Z80A CPU, Kit 175.00 

4MHz Z80A CPU boards with Serial/Parallel Ports 

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, A8iT 245.00 

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, Kit .225.00 

The UFDC-1 Floppy Controller uses the WD1795 

chipwhich runs either and/or 8"/5V4" Disk Drives. 

CLOCK CALENDAR A&T 115.00 

CLOCK CALENDAR Kit 95.00 

This S-100 Clock Calendar Board has 4 interrupts, 

Time, Day of Week and Battery Backup. 
SUN-721 S-100 Prototype Board 17.85 

Double Sided with gold contacts and holes drilled 

on .15" x .1" spacing. 



Computer Systems 



SYSTEM I $2459.00 

Z80A CPU with Serial/Parallel Ports, Floppy Disk 
Controller with Dual 8" SSDD Drives, 64K RAM, 
CPM, Clock and 1M Byte Storage. 

SYSTEM II 2659.00 

Z80A CPU with Serial/Parallel Ports, Floppy Disk 
Controller with Dual 8" DSDD Drives, 64K RAM, 
CPM, Clock and 2M Byte Storage. 



anies 6- 1 2 Slob 



DMF8800T 6 Slot, Dual Thin 8" Drives . .$699.00 
DMF8800 6 Slot, Dual Std. 8" Drives .... 699.00 
DMF5550 6 Slot, Up to 3-5V4" Drives . . . .679.00 

DMF2200 6, 8, 12, 18, 22 Slot MB Call 

All Mainframe Power Supplies rated at 8V @ 1 8A, 
± 16V @ 23A, 24V @ 5A, 12V @ 5A & 5V @ 5A. 
All cabinets made of strong steel with aluminum 
covers & inc EMI A/C power filter w/detachable 
power cord, quiet fan for pos. air pressure (blows 
dust out, not in), back panel has individual covers 
with (12) DB25 cutouts, (2) Centronics 36 pin cut- 
outs, (1) 34 pin & (1) 50 pin flat ribbon cutout, (2) 
A/C convenience outlets (1 switched & 1 un- 
switched), keyed power, lighted reset switches, & 
tan cover with black face match most decours. 



Mother Hoards & Card Canes 



SLOTS 


Bare Bd 


KIT 


A8tT 


w/CAGE 


6 


$12.00 


$34.00 


$49.00 


$74.00 


8 


16.00 


45.00 


70.00 


105.00 


12 


22.00 


65.00 


100.00 


140.00 



10MHz, No termination Required 




Prowriter C.ltoh, 120cps, Parallel $419.00 

Starwriter C. Itoh, 40cps, Ser/Par 1369.00 

Printmaster C. Itoh, Serial/Parallel 1529.00 

NEC Spinwriters 3500, 5500, 7700 Call 

TM100-1 Tandon BW SSDD, 40 track $209.00 

TM100-2 Tandon 5Va" DSDD, 40 track 259.00 

TM848-1 Tandon 8" Thin Line 375.00 

Mitsubishi 5W Thin DSDD, 40 track 285.00 

Mitsubishi SVa" Thin DSDD, 80 track 310.00 

Mitsubishi 8" Thin DSDD, 77 track 450.00 



Drive Subsystems 



VDC-55S Dual 5W' Cabinet 
w/5V @ 3A and 12V @ 3A Power 
Supply, and Fan 



100 



00 



c^o^213-644-1U9 

(for Tech info and Calif, orders) 



OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FREE 1 ~8(Kh421 S775 

(Order Desk Only) 



Mailorder— Minimum Order: $10. Send Check or Money Order to: P.O. BOX 1957 Dept B.HAWTHORNE. CA 90250. Visa or 
MasterCard (please include expiration date). Add $2.00 postage and handling for first 3 pounds plus .50 for each additional 
pound to your order. California residents add 6% sales tax. 

BYTE June 1983 499 



Maxell Floppy Disks 

The Mini-Disks 
with maximum quality. 





Dealer inquiries 
invited C.O.D's 
accepted. Call 
FREE (800) 235-4137. 

PACIFIC EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis 
San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 
In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or 

(805)543-1037. 







CDC 



DC 



3) 



m. 



Lew, direct prices • Fast, direct service 



2532-450 $4 75 

2716-450 3 69 

2732-450 3»9 

2764-250 979 

2764-350 8" 

4164-200 475 

6116-P3 4 30 

6116-LP-3 5 4 « 

Add S 2 95 shipping to all orders 

OEM ■ Quantity discounts available * PO.s on 
approval • COD. OK • Credit cards • FL residents 
add 5% tax * All new, no surplus, no seconds 
(Prices subject to change.) 

4920 Cypress St., Suite 100, Tampa, FL 33607 
In FL, and for info., call 81 3-875-0299 
FOR ORDERS ONLY, 800-237-891 

m 8AM-5PM EOT 



£Q 



TYCOMP 



PRINTERS 

Prowriter - 390."° Par 
Prownter - 600 ou Ser. 
Prowriter tl - 700. °° Par. 
Prownter li - 775. °° Ser. 
Epson FX-80 - Call! 1 
OKIDATA-ML92-570.°° 
OK I DATA -ML93 - 999.°" 
Star-Gemini 10 and 15 - Call 



CALL FOR APPLE II E 

ft IBM-PC 
LOW - LOW PRICES!!! 

MBI - MONTE CARLO 
CARD - CALL 

U.S. ROBOTICS - 
1200 BAUD MODEMS 
CALL! CALL) CALL! 



Plus a full line of letter 
quality and Dob Matrix 
Printers 

MONITORS 

Princeton Graphics - Call 
AMDEK 300.-179°° 
AMDEK Color I - 289 00 
AMDEK Color II - 675 °° 



A LARGE MAGAZINE AD 

DOES NOT ALWAYS INSURE 

YOU THE CUSTOMER WITH 

FAST SERVICE AND 

COMPETITIVE PRICING. 

WE OFFER LOW PRICES! 

SUPPORT! AND EFFICIENT 

FRIENDLY SERVICE!!! 



CALL (803) 877-2468 
ORDERS - CALL COLLECT 



TYCOMP 
700 W. Poinsett St. 
Greer, S.C. 29651 

WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG 



MASTERCARD AND 
VISA ACCEPTED 



m 



Circle 294 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 149 on inquiry card. 



Circle 394 on Inquiry card. 



WE LOVE TO PASS 
THE BUCK! 



We wfldoour 








best to beat any 




*wS3lAf 


jT^~ 


competilor's price 




^iPi? 


^"v ^V 








u^^y 


WE WANT YOUR BUSIK 




DYNAMIC RAM 


4164 


200ns 


$4.75 




4164 


150ns 


5.10 




4116 


200ns 


1.50 




4116 


150ns 


175 


STATIC RAM 


61 16P-3 


150ns 


$410 




S116LP-3 


150ns 


4.60 




58725 


150ns 


4.10 




2114L 


200ns 


1.60 


EPR0M 


2764 


300ns 


$7.50 




2764 


250ns 


8.00 




2732 


450ns 


4.10 




2732 


450ns 


4.50 




2716 


450ns 


3.30 




2716-1 


350ns 


4.00 




2532 


450ns 


4.60 


Z80 FAMILY 


Z80A 


CPU. CTC. PI0 


$3.00 






DART 


8.00 






DMA.SI0/0 


12.00 




Z80B 


CPU. CTC, PI0 


11.00 



NORTHWEST MICROCHIPS DISTRIBUTORS 
1317 So. woodlawn St./P.O. Sox 1221 Tacoma, Washington 98401 

(206) 565-9331 (call anytime) 
TERMS: $10.00 Minimum Order. Money Order, Cashiers Chech. UPS 
COD, Washington Residents add 7.8% tax. Shipping and Insurance 
extra. Quantity discounts available. Ask lor our catalog. 
PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE. 



Circle 285 on inquiry card. 



LSI C Compiler 

for 8080/Z80 

LSI C compiler is designed for programs with 

a small memory and a shorter CPU time. 
-A- The object code is compact and is faster than 

leading "C" compilers (Eratosthenes : 13.4sec) 
• typedet, static, cast and initializers are available 
*The compiler and the generated code run 

under CP M™ , but also can be burnt into 

PROMs. 

Rational BASIC 

a basic interpreter for Z80 CP M 

TEDDY 

a full screen editor for 8080 Z 80 CP M 

CP M is d trademark or Digital Research 

for pamphlet write: 
P.O.Box 508 STA. CRUZ 
CA. USA 95062 

for further information contact: 

LSI JAPAN CO., LTD. 

2-24-9 YOYOCI SHIBUYA-KU TOKYO (1 SI) PHONE (03)379-2427 



The ACCOUNTER 

for 

Apple II, 48K, One Disk Drive 

Double Entry, Menu-Driven 

GENERAL LEDGER 

• Cash Journal • Check Record • Revenues 

• Receivables • Payables • Payroll 

+- Flexible, simple to apply 

+> Sort, test, view, audit 

*• Current financial statement 

■»► User-friendly 

* Formatted printout 

+- 76 page manual 

*■ Many more features 



GREAT FOR NON-ACCOUNTANTS 



Limited-time special $149,00 
Q Add $9.69 tax in California 
Money-back guarantee 




CYCLONE SOFTWARE 

10395 Flora Vista Ave. 
Cupertino, CA 95014 



Circle 107 on inquiry card. 



RIBBON 
CARTRIDGES 

MX 70/80 

$5.25 « 

$60. CO W 




EPSON 



$6.50 EA 

PLUS OTHER MAJOR BRAND NAMES 
AVAILABLE 

DWICHT COMPANY, INC. 

15565 Northland Drive 
Suite 804 west 
Southfieid. mi 48075 
(313) 569-3218 



""""Heath 
Users 




Double Your 
5V' disk storage 
capacity without adding a drive. 

Get twice as much from your H88 or 
H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H 
floppy disk controller, in conjunction 
with your B l / A " drives, for example, 
expands memory capacity from 256 
bytes to 512 bytes per sector. 

And it handles single and double- 
sided, single and double-density, 8" and 
5 l / 4 " drives — simultaneously. 



Ol 

CD.R. Systems Inc. 



Controlled Data Recording Systems Inc. 

7210 Clairmont Mesa Blvd., San Diego, CA 92111 

(619) 560-1272 



Circle 55 on inquiry card. 




Peripherals a Generation Ahead 

Voice Coil Actuated 
Dual 8" Floppy Disk Drive 
» FAST 
» Apparent performance of a 

Hard Disc 
» Equivalent of two standard 

drives 

Model 299B (OS D0/SD) 
Model 270/277 (SS DD/SD) 

PerSci, Iimc. 



12624 Daphne Avenue 
Hawthorne, CA 90250 

(213) 777-7536 
TWX#91 0-321 -4448 




Circle 223 on inquiry card. 



Circle 131 on inquiry card. 



Circle 297 on inquiry card. 



Franklin 



ACE 1000 

$89900 

With Color $ 949 00 






I Novation l^ 



APPLE CAT II 


295.00 


APPLE CAT 212 


295.00 


J-CAT 


149.00 


AUTO CAT 212 


59900 


D-CAT MODEM 


179.00 


CAT 


169.00 


SMART CAT 103/212 


479.00 



~ : . 



BB^SB 



TWO DRIVES 
128K; 3.0 CP/M 

DIAGNOSTIC CONTROLLER 
CALL FOR LOWEST PRICES 



SOFTWARE 



[ ASCII EXPRESS II 


49.00 


AZTEC 


29.00 


BANK STREET WRITER 




(AP, AT) 


49 00 


BEAGLE BROS 


SCall 


BPI GL, AR. INV 


299 00 


CP/M 3 (Basis) 


189 00 


CYDEX 


49.00 


D BASE II 


489 00 


FACEMAKER (AP, IBM) 


25.00 


FLIGHT SIMULATOR (IBM) 3 


HOME ACCOUNTANT 




APPLE 
IBM 


49 00 

109 00 


INFOSTAR 


289 00 


LEARNING COMPANY 


SCall 


MAILMERGE (APPLE) 


99 00 


PEACHTREE 


SCall 


PASCAL/MT ♦ 86 (IBM) 


329.00 


PFS (AP. IBM) 


SCall 


SUPERCALC 


199 00 


ULTAMA II 


47 00 


VOLKSWRITER (IBM) 


149 00 


WORDHANDLER II 


129.00 


WORDSTAR 


279 00 I 



MONITORS 


BMC 12" Green AU 


88 00 


BMC 12" Green EU 


129.00 


BMC 9191 Color 


299 00 


Quadchrom 




Hi-Res RGB 


499 00 


Taxan 12" 




Amber or Green 


149 00 


Taxan RGB III 


549 00 


USI Pi-3 12" Amber 


1 69 00 


USI Pi-1 9" Green 


89 00 



P5 MOUNTAIN 

L— J COMPUTER 



PRINTERS 


BMC 


789 00 


C-1TOH 




Prownter 8510AP 


459 00 


DTC 380Z 


1195 00 


EPSON 


SCall 


GEMINI 10 


329 00 


GEMINI 15 


499 00 


OKIDATA 


SCall 


SEIKOSHA GP100 


239 00 




Wi&:€:2 



HARDWARE 



A/D - D A 


269 00 


CPS CARD 


159 00 


CABLES 


SCall 


CLOCK 


195 00 


FXPANSION CHASSIS 


5b9 00 


MUSIC SYSTEM 


299 00 


RAMPLUS 32K 


145 00 


ROMWRITER 


145 00 


SUPERTALKER 


149 00 



& ? 1 


80 COLUMN 
ENHANCER II 


199 00 
119 00 




FUNCTION STRIP 


59 00 


■ /:: :'::.: 


INVERSE VIDEO 


19 00 




ULTRATERM 


SCall 




PSIO 


SCati 




SOFTWARE 


SCall 



|§|§ 


APPLESURANCE 
DISPATCHER 


99 00 1 


; 


(SERIAL INTERFACE) 


119 00 




HAYES 






SMARTMODEM 1200 


529.00 


MICROMODEM II 


269 00 


LEGEND 64K 


299.00 




I EGEND 128K w Software 359 00 | 




MICROBUFFER II 16K 


329 00 




MICROSOFT 






16K RAM CARD 


59 00 




SOFTCARD 


239 00 




MX PLUS (Finger Print) 


45 00 




PAYMAR L CASE Rev 7 


20.00 




RIBBONS 






EPSON MX 80 


7 00 




EPSON MX 100 


11 00 


\ ;; : 


OKI 82 83 GEMIN! 


3 95 


111 


SMARTERM 11 


149.00 




SNAPSHOT 


99 00 




WIZARD BPO 16K 


149 00 




WILDCARD 


1 19 00 




Z-CARD II 


149 00 1 



- KENSINGTON 
1 MICROWARE 



yi Verbatim 16K RAM CARD GAME ,/0 




TG 




JOYSTICK MBMi 


45 00 


JOYSTICK 11'^ 


40 00 


JOYSTICK III 


45 00 


PADDLES 


29 00 


SELFCT A-PORT 


47 00 


TRACKBALL 


59 00 


KRAFT 




JOYSTICK 




(AP IBM TRSl 


47 00 


.JOYSTICK (AT COM) 


15 00 


i PADDLES 


35 00 


PARADISE PORT 


24 95 


PADDLE APPLE 


24 95 



LETTER QUALITY 
DAISY WHEEL 

5569 00 



QUADBOARD 64K 
MICROFAZER 
QUAD 512 * (64Ki 
QUADBOARD II 64K 



•mmm* 




» No Charge for Credit Cards §|§| 

► Mm $4.00 Shipping Charge 

Purchase Orders Welcome 
Call for Terms First 




COMPUTER 

DISCOUNT 

PRODUCTS 



&SUN 10AM-4PM 



MAIL ORDERS & RETAILSTORE 

860 S. Winchester Blvd. 
San Jose, CA 95128 

(408) 985-0400 



Circle 80 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 501 




350 Char/Sec Low Cost Loader 

Solid state photoelectronic components read 
all standard 5, 6, 7 or 8-level tapes. Smooth, 
quiet AC drive. Reliable high-speed paper 
tape data entry. Data amplifiers and "char- 
acter ready" output available for CMOS or 
TTL interfaces. Standard interface or to your 
interface specifications. Fanfold boxes avail- 
able. 

Addmaster Corporation, 416 Junipero Serra 
Drive, San Gabriel, CA 91776, Telephone* 
(213) 285-1121, Telex: 674770 Addmaster 
SGAB 



Circle 6 on inquiry card. 



ScreenGen 

FULL SCREEN CONTROL 



An assembler subprogram you call from your 
programs to handle screen input/output as 
IBM mainframes do. 
Define full screen format specifications 
outside your program, and call ScreenGen to 
retrieve the formats, and do all the I/O for you. 

• One command input/displays a full screen 

• Use all of your CRT video attributes 

• Define up to 24 function keys 

• Define templates for display and input 

• Validate input while keying. Insert and 
delete characters to correct fields 

• Tab fields forward and backward 

• Draw figures using vertical field displays 

• Save memory as only one format needs to 
be in memory at one time. Make the 
constants to display virtual, and they don't 
use any memory at all 

• Build help screens. Call them with one 
function key then return to where you were 

Available now for most popular - 

BASIC \ IBMPCandCP/M $99 

COBOL I Apple II CP/M $75 

FORTRAN [ Shipping $ 4 

PASCAL ; Source code included 
Dealer inquiries welcome 



IflTERPRTfl 



SYSTEMS INC. 

1051 Clinton Street, Buffalo, N.Y. 14206 Visa, M/C 
(416) 493-8675 (call collect to order) Am. Express 



Circle 198 on inquiry card. 



BASF 



DISKETTES 



BASF Diskettes at compe- 
titive price. Call TOLL FREE 
(800) 235-4137 for prices and 
information. Visa and Master 
Card accepted. 



PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd 
San Luis Obispo. CA 
93401 (InCal call 
(805) 543-1037 




DISKETTES 

3M Scotch BRAND 



AT SUPER LOW PRICES 

WE WILL SHIP YOUR 

ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS 

AND WE PAY THE 

SHIPPING CHARGES 



S3 



COD ACCEPTED 



DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 

CALL TOLL FREE 
800 922-8193 

IN CALIFORNIA 
800 468-1068 



Tayco Business Forms 

Computer Supplies 
Post Office Box 605 
Newbury Park, CA 91320 




Circle 376 on inquiry card. 



PBTHMIBBE 




tools for dBASEII 
application development 



mPAJJMX>D 
$29/32 



DEVELOPING APPLICATIONS FOR MICRO- 
COMPUTER DATABASES: Concepts, Tools 
and Techniques, by Steve Potchen 



The DATAWARE MENU SYSTEM for d BASED 

with development and backup utilities! 

Users manual and 6 SD diskette $65/69 



Look for our data dictionary systc 



• •••••••••••• 

»♦♦♦< DATAWARE SYSTEMS 
2 55 Chippewa 
Pontiac, Mich. 48053 
(313) 338-4358 



Circle 115 on inquiry card. 



SUPER-FAST! 

Z80 

DISASSEMBLER 

$69.95 



Uses Ei!og Mnemonics, allows user defined 
labels, strings, and data spaces. Source or 
listing-type output with Xref to any device. 
Available for 280 CP/M or TRS-80. 



SLR Systems 

200 Homewood Drive 

Butler, PA 16001 

(412) 282-0864 



Add $2.00 shipping. Specify format required. 
Check, money order, VISA, Master Card, C.O.D. 
PA residents add 6% sales tax. Dealer Inquiries 
Invited. CP/M, TRS-80 TM of Digital Research, 
Tandy Corp. 



ANALOG** DIGITAL 
DIGITAL*-* ANALOG 

CONVERSION MODULES 

SOFTWARE 
CAIN CONTROL 




For additional details about the ad-100-4 and other 
fine California Data Corporation 100% individually 
tested, high reliability products, circle the reader 
service card number below or for faster response 
write or call us. 

CALIFORNIA DATA 
CORPORATION 

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C-10 
Newbury Park, CA 91320 

(805) 498-3651 



Circle 53 on inquiry card. 



S'A" Floppy Disk Drives 

(Direct IBM® P!ug-in) 
TANDON Model TM 100-1 $189* ea. 
TANDON Model TM 100-2 $249* ea. 
12" Green Phospher Zenith Monitor $109* ea. 

IBM EXPANSION 
BOARDS 

64K Memory $275* ea. 

128K Memory $375* ea. 

192K Memory $450* ea. 

256K Memory $510* ea. 

Floppy Controller .;. $180* ea. 

16K System BD Memory . $ 25* ea. 
MC / VISA or COD. with certified check 
or money order. Arkansas residents add 
sales tax. 

For information or orders, call 

501-777-9859 

G-H Computer Systems, Inc. 

P.O. Box 871 * Hope, AR 71801 

* Plus Shipping 



Circle 1 57 on inquiry card. 



HlfeleVideo USERS! 

COGITATE Fast Dump/Restore System for TS 
802H, 806. 

• Back-up files twice as fast as PIP. 

• Double the storage, up to 700K/diskette, with 
multiple diskette capability $90.00 

COGNATE Type Ahead With Print Screen 

• Print key prints screen. 

• 64 character type ahead bufler $90.00 

TurboDOS 

• MULTIUSER $750.00 

• SEMINARS . $250.00 
CP/M® is registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. 
TurboOOS is a registered trademark of Software 2000, Inc. 

PLUS OTHER GOOD TELEVIDE0 STUFF! 



COGITATE, Inc. 

SPECIALISTS IN UNIQUE TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE 

24000 Telegraph Road, Southfield, Ml 48034 
(313)352-2345 

VISA/MASTER CARD Accepted 



Circle 294 on inquiry card. 



Circle 349 on inquiry card. 



Circle 62 on inquiry card. 



^J^ Alspa Computer, Inc. 



The price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 1 or 2 full 8" 
dnves (double density, double sided), 3 serial and 1 parallel 
port, and Winchester port. Prices start at less than $2000. Net- 
working Available. DEALER / OEM inquiries invited. 

SPECIALS oi INTREGATED CIRCUITS 



7.45 
5.15 
6.45 
7.90 



6502 

6520 PIA 

6522 VIA 

6532 

2114-L300 

2716EPROM 

2532 EPROM 

6116 2KX8 CMOS RAM 

4116 RAM 



10/6.95 
10/4.90 
10/6.10 
10/7.40 
1.95 
5.90 
6.90 



50/6.55 100/6.15 

50/4.45 100/4.15 

50/5.75 100/5.45 

50/7.00 100/6.60 

25/1.85 100/1.75 

5/5.75 10/5.35 

5/6.45 10/5.90 



5.90 5/5.45 10/5.10 



8 for 14 
Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket (Scantoe) 



2.00 



Hewlett Packard 

Write or call for prices. 

Anchor 

Automation 
Signalman 
Modems 

FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN 

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables 
to connect to your computer and to the telephone. Signalman 
Modems provide the best price-performance values, and start 
at less than $1 00. Dnlir lid OEM I iqvirlts Iwltid 




Mark I RS232 

Mark II for Atari 850 

Mark IV for CBM/PET with software 

Mark V for Osborne (software available) 

Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer 

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer 

Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer 



(99) 
(99) 
(169) 
(129) 
(250) 
(179) 
(399) 



79 

79 

99 

93 

180 

119 

319 



DC HAYES I 

DC Hayes Smartmodem 1200 



219 

545 



Emulator fir Commodore 64 
ScruMMkir 80 COLUMN CARD for C64 
FROGGER for C64 or VIC 
Solid Oik 2 Level Stud fir C64 or VIC 

C64/VIC Switch (networking) 

BACKUP VI. Upe copier for C64 or VIC 

CARDBOARD/6 Motherboard - VIC 
CARDAPTER/1 Atari VCS Adapter - VIC 
CARDPRINT Printer Interlace - C64/VIC 
CARDB0AR0/3s Motherboard - VIC 
CARDETTE/1 Cassette Interface - C64/VIC 
CARDRITER Lightpen - C64/VIC 
CARDRAM/16 RAM Expansion - VIC 



89 

149 

25 

29 

125 
20 

79 
69 
64 
32 
32 
32 
64 



We carry Apple 11+ 

from 

Bell & Howell 

Apple Emulator fir 



64 

16K RAM Cird for Apple 

Solid Oik 2 Level Stmd fir Apple 

Super Serial Card 

MPC RAM/80 column cirri fir HE 

Z80 Softcard and CP/M (Microsoft) 

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable 

Apple Dumpling (Microtek) Printer Interface 

Appli Oumpllni with 16K Buffer 

Grappler + Interlace 

TG Products for Apple in stock 

DC Mayes Micromodem II 

Videx 80 Column Card 

Hiydei Stttwiri fir Apple 20% OFF 

PIE Writer Wiri Pncewer 



89 
59 
29 

149 
139 
235 
79 
IIS 
160 
140 

299 
239 

120 



See us fir Personal, Business, and Educational 
requirements. Educational Discounts available, 



PETSCAN $245 base price 

Allows you to connect up to 30 CBM/PET Computers to 
shared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to the 
user. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con- 
figurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers. Addi- 
tional computer hookups_$1 00 each. 

CBC7 PET /C64 COMMUNICATIONS! 

COMPACK $115 

Intelligent Terminal Package 

ACIA Hardware / STCP Software 



VE-2 IEEE to Parallel Interface 110 

Includes case, power supply, full 8-bit transmission, and 
switch selectable character conversion to ASCII. 

VIDEO ENHANCER for Commodore 64 89 

Realize video quality equal or better than composite monitor 
using standard color TV. 

SCREEN MAKER 80 Column Adpater for C64 149 

Provides big screen capability for business applications. 



VIC 20 

BACKUP V1.0 20 

VIC RAM Cards in stock 
VIC SuperExpander 52 
VIC 16KRAM 
Tiem EMI Software 
HES Software 
VIC Omega Race 
Spiders of Mars (UMI) 
Programmers Aid 



95 



VICTORY Software 



Street Sweepers 
Night Rider 
Treasures of Bat Cave 
Games Pack I 
Victory Casino 
Adventure Pack II 



12 
11 
12 
12 
8 
12 



VIC Sargon II Chess 
VIC 60RF 
Meteor Run (UMI) 
VIC Radar Ratrace 
Amok (UMI) 
Snakman 
Rubik's Cube 
Programmers Reference 
FROGGER 

VIC Adventure Series 
fir VIC and C64 
Maze in 3-D 
Cosmic Debris 
Grave Robbers Advent. 
Games Pack II 
Adventure Pack I 
Trek 




Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide 16 

WicroChess for C64 or PET 19 

Computers First Book of PET/CBM 1 1 

C64 or VIC SWITCH 125 

POWER ROM Utilities for PET/CBM 78 

WordPro 3+/64 69 

WordPro 4+ - 8032, disk, printer 295 

SPELLMASTER spelling checker fir WordPro 1 70 

VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or Apple 1 89 

PETRAX PET ti Epson Graphics Software 40 

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 40 

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35 

CALC RESULT for C64 135 

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36 

COPYWRITER Word Processor for C64 69 

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40 

Dust Cover for PET, CBM, 4040, or 8050 8 
CmC Interlaces (ADA1800. A0A1450, SAOI in stick 

ZRAM - CBM 64K RAM, Z80, CP/M 550 

Programming the PET/CBM (Compute!) — R. Wist 20 

Compute! First Book of VIC 1 1 

Whole PET Catalog (Midnight Gazette) 8 

PET Fun and Games (Cursor) 1 1 

Color Chart Video Board for PET 1 25 



FlexFile for PET CBM, C64 $110 

Database, Report Writer with calculations, Mailing Lists. 

FORTH for PET full FIG model — Cargill/Riley 
Metacompiler for FORTH for independent object code 



$50 
30 

"is 

65 



KMMM PASCAL for PET/C8M 

EARL for PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER 

Super Graphics — BASIC Language Extensions 45 

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM 

4KS75 8K $90 



RAM/ROM for PET/CBM 



DISK ICU - Recovery System for PET/CBM 



40 



DISK 
SPECIALS 




Scotch (3M) 5" ss/dd 
Scotch (3M) 5" ds/dd 
Scotch (3M) 8" ss/sd 
Scotch (3M) 8" ss/dd 



10/2.25 50/2,10 100/2.05 

10/3.15 50/2.90 100/2.85 

10/2.40 50/2.20 100/2.15 

10/2.95 50/2.70 100/2.65 



We stock VERBATIM DISKS 

Write for Dealer and OEM prices. 

BASF 5" or 8" 10/2.00 20/1.95 100/1.85 

NEW BASF Qualimetric Disks also in stock 

Wabash 5"ss/sd 10/1.80 50/1.75 100/1.70 

Wabash 5" ss/dd 10/2.00 50/1.95 100/1.90 

Wabash 8" ss/sd 1 0/ 2.00 50/ 1 95 1 00/ 1 .90 

We stock MAXELL DISKS 

Write for dealer and OEM prices. 
Disk Storage Pages 10 for $5 Hub Rings 50 for $6 
Disk Library Cases 8"— 3.00 5"— 2.25 
Head Cleaning Kits 11 



CASSETTES— AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM 

C-10 10/61 50/58 100/50 

C-30 10/85 50/82 100/70 

OATASHIELD BACKUP POWER SOURCE 225 

Battery back up Uninterruptible Power Supply with surge and 
noise filtering. The answer to your power problems. 

Zenith ZVM-1 21 Green Phosphor Monitor 1 00 

BMC 1 2A 1 2" Green Monitor 80 

VOTRAX Personal Speech System 280 

VOTRAX Type-N-Talk 160 
VOICE BOX Speech Synthesizer (Apple or Atari) 

CompuServe Subscription (5 hours free) 32 

Prowrtter Parallel Printer 389 

USI CompuMOD 4 R F Modulator 39 

Daisywriter 2000 1 050 
Many printers available (Star, Brother, OKI, etc ) 
We Stock AMDEK Monitors 

AmdekDXY-1 00 Plotter 600 
A P Products 15% OFF 
Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 990 6-pen 1290 

ISOBAR 4 Outlet Surfe Suppressor/Noise Filter 49 
We stock Electrohome Monitors 

dBASE II (8" format) 325 

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED 



Panasonic TR-120M1P 12" Monitor (20 MHz) 
Panasonic CT-160 Dual Mode Color Monitor 



149 
285 



USI Video Monitors— Greon or AMBER 20 MHz hhrts. 
Ooilor ind OEM inquiries invited 

Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 189 

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349 

fk&irM I data 

I systems 

Z29 Terminal (new detached keyboard) 680 

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 369 
Z1 00 1 6-bit/8-bit Systems in stock CALL 

We stock entire Zenith line 




ATARr 

SPECIALS 
WE STOCK ENTIRE LINE— write for prices. 



Atari 1200 
Voice Box 
FROGGER 

Here EMI Software 
EdeFiR Software 



549 

100 
25 



m 

Anchor Modem — Atari 
Atari Graphics (Compute!) 
Bret Book of Atari 
APX Softwin 



215-822-7727 

252 Bethlehem Pike 
Colmar. PA 18915 



A B Computers 



WRITE FOR CATALOG. Add SI 5C 

We pay balance of UPS surface shipping c 
(add extra for mail APO/FPO air) Pn< 
Regular prices slightly higher Prices sub 



Circle 4 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 503 



maxell 

Floppy Discs 
CALL NOW -TOLL FREE 

1-800 -32 8- DISC 

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D.'s and 
charge cards accepted. 
All orders shipped from stock, 
within 24 hours. Call toll FREE. 

North Hills Corporation 

3564 Rolling View Dr. 

White Bear Lake, MN 55110 

1-800- 328- DISC 

MN Call Collect 1 -612-77O-048S 



Circle 280 on inquiry card. 




CP/M Z80-A 
SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER 

• On board video • Wide line and thin line graphics 

• 128K of RAM • Sasi interface • Floppy disk con- 
troller for up to four 5-V4 and four 8 inch drives, 
single/double density simultaneously • 4 serial 
ports • Full Centronics printer port • Expansion 
bus • Extended track buffer • 16K printer buffer 

• DMA • Compact size (8-1/4 x 12-1/4) 

$750.00 3-6 weeks delivery 

INSIGHT ENTERPRISES, CORPORATION 

373 N Western Ave.. Suite 12. //' c /~ 

Los Angeles, CA 90004 (213)461-3262 JlcL 

Deoler, OEM, International inquiries Welcome 



Circle 190 on inquiry card. 



REE! FREE! Free! free; fre J 

!-lf1 II- 

B THOUSAND NlCffi 

i 9 oOBO^O^ a , 90006 fi 



\_os 



/^o>es. 



Full Size Keyboard 
Conversion 




SUN KD-81 

Uu ^3PPW^^^ Easy To Install 

No Soldering - No Modifications 

41 Keys with Full Size Space Bar • Allows Touch Typing 

Same Key Layouts as Sinclair • Two Color Keytops 

Keyboard Case Holds Both Keyboard and Computer 

Commands and Graphics Spelled Out on Keytops 

16K Piggyback RAM Module p/n mx -ib $49.95 

_~_SUNTRONICS CO.. m. 

~* Ht In Catrf Call 213-644-1149 

■j j Outside Calif Call 1 -800-421 -5775 

wmm ZmH Qr send Check or MO to 



wawr^mT P-0. Box 1957 Hawthorne CA 90250 

"^BM*** Calif omia residents add 6%% sales tax 

Add S4 00 ship, handling VIS A/M aster card include expiration date 



Circle 367 on Inquiry card. 



S-100 

COLOR GRAPHICS 
$199 

256H-1 92V • IMAGER-I • 1 6 COLORS 



A 

P 

B P 

L 
S I 

1 c 
N A 
E T 
S I 

s 

N 
S 



• USES TMS 9918A FROM TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 

• 32 Prioritized planes for 3D simulation 

• 3 Graphic Modes 

• text mode 

• 32 Simultaneous fast moving SPRUES 

• SPRITE COINCIDENCE DETECTION 

• ON BOARD JOYSTICK & PUSHBUTTON LOGIC 

• COMPOSITE VIDEO OUTPUT (NTSC) 

• ON BOARD RF MOD CONVERSION INSTRUCTIONS 

• MEETS IEEE 696 SPECIFICATIONS 

• HIGH QUALITY PC CONSTRUCTION 

• SAMPLE PROGRAMS INCLUDED IN MANUAL 

USER MANUAL ONLY - SW 

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED - CHECK or MONEY ORDER or COD 

MASTERCARD VISA - ADD 4\"< - ADD S3 SHINING I HANDLING 

MASSACHUSETTS RESIDENTS PLEASE ADD 5 r < SALES UX 

3 CALL (800) 343-1 292 

MASS (BOO) 322-0453 

TechniGraphic Designs 

PO ESOX 239- GRAFTON, MASSACHUSETTS 01519 



Circle 378 on inquiry card. 



PConnection 

Three functions In one card slot— 
Modem, Calendar clock. Serial portl 

The PConnection is a premium telecom- 
munications card for the IBM PC with a 
direct connect Bell 103/113 modem, a real 
time clock, and a serial I/O port for ex- 
panded communications capabilities. The 
PConnection gives you all three functions 
in a single card slot! 

The PConnection has autodial (Touch Tone 
or pulse| and autoanswer, plus a built-in 
speaker for line status monitoring. Soft- 
ware selectable protocol and modes. 
The real time clock can be used to auto- 
dial predetermined phone numbers at pre- 
set times. Excellent for polling and remote 
monitoring applications 
PConnection (plug-in modem) - S275. En- 
hanced PConnection with real time clock 
and additional RS-232 - $375. Another 
quality modem from 

the micropenpheraf corporation 

2565 152nd Avenue N.E. 
Redmond. WA 98052 

(206) 881-7544 

IBM is a registered trademark of 
International Business Machine Corporation 



Bargain 
Boards" 

Best prices around on 
I CompuPro I 



boards. 




Include $5.00 per board for shipping and handling. 

6331 Fairmount Ave. #701 
El Cerrito, Ca. 94530 
(415) 524-8352 



DATA COMMUNICATIONS 

SPECIALISTS FOR 

IBM PC & SEATTLE 

COMPUTERS 

Teleprocessing software available for above 
computers to time-sharing host or between two 
users (send binary files, also). Version 2 
software, $60; Version 3. IBM PC $45, 
SEATTLE $160. Write for details or $4.00 for 
manuals. 

SEATTLE 8086 GAZELLE 

Computer system. 

SPECIAL PRICE for SEATTLE SYSTEM 
(desktop ) + 4-port serial board + cables. 

US ROBOTICS modems, TELEVIDEO 
BUSINESS SOFTWARE for IBM, SEATTLE. 
Write for literature and prices on above 
systems, or call for quote, 

■CSCSi 

COMPUTER fif STATISTICAL 
CONSULTING SERVICES 

P.O. Box 5351 

Terre Haute, IN 47805 

(812) 466-4111 



Circle 103 on inquiry card. 



APPLE® 

COMPATIBLE 
SYSTEM SALES 

A W/P Packam litel: 

APPLE® COMPATIBLE W/64K 

RANA ELITE ONE W/CNTR 

12" AMBER MONITOR 

SMITH/CORONA TP— I PRINTER 

WORD PROCESSING SOFT. 

ON SALE $1899 

AND MORE- Savings & Selection 

Apple tie CALL 

KayPro II $1499 

Franklin Ace 1000 . $ 929 

Cok mbia MPC $2295 

Syscom 2 $ 649 

IBM P/C On Sale 

Smith-Corona TP-I $ 559 

Gemini 10 Dot Matrix $ 329 

For Complete Selection and 
Lowest Prices — Free Catalog 

COMPUTERS 

and more 

2420 University Avt., Sultt 3, Sift Diego, Ca, 92104 
(619) 291-1442, Telex 697120, Datamax Attn: Dept 322 



Circle 13 on inquiry card. 



Circle 263 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 93 on inquiry card. 



Retail Sales 

123 East 200 South 
Salt Lake City, Utah 84102 



The Great Salt Lake 

Computer Company, Inc. 



Mail Orders ifc^j 

P.O. Box 26816 L ~- 
Salt Lake City, Utah 84126 



QT5V 4 MAINFRAME 



QT 8" THINLINE MAINFRAME 





• Provisions for any 2 - SV drives • 15 ea DB 25 cutout 

• 2 ea 50 pin • 2 ea 34 pin • 1 ea Centronic • EMI filter (fused) 

• 2 AC outlets • Avbl. with 6 - 8 or 12 slot motherbd • 
Power supply ( + BV 1 6A/ ± 1 6 V3A/ + 1 2 V5 A) 

QTC-MF + MD8 (8 slot MB) $720.00 

QTC-MF -MD12 (12 slot MB) $765.00 



QT 8" MAINFRAME 



• Provision for any 2 - 8" drives (hard or floppy) • 1 5 ea DB 25 
cutout • 2 ea 50 pin • 2 ea 34 pin • 1 ea Centronic • EMI filter 
(fused) • 2 AC outlets • Avbl with 6 - 8 or 12 slot motherbd 

• Power supply (+8V16A/+ 16V3A/+5V6A/-5V1 A/ 

+24V6A) 

Desk Top Version 

QTC-MF + DD8 $800.00 

QTC-MF 4 DD 12 $850.00 

Rack Mount Version 

QTC-RMF-DD8 $900.00 

QTC-RMF-DD12 $950.00 



QT STANDARD MAINFRAME 



• Provisions for any 2 - SW drives 

• 1 5 ea DB 25 cutout • 2 ea 50 pin 

• 2 ea 34 pin • 1 ea Centronic ^^^^K " ; v 

• EMI filter (fused* • 2 AC outlets H '• 

• Avbl with 6-8-12-18 or 22 slot MB 

• Power supply ( +8V16A+ 16V3A) 
Desk Top Version 

QTC-MF+ 12 $675.00 

QTC-MF +18 $720.00 

QTC-MF + 22 $800.00 

Rack Mount Version 

QTC-RMF+ 12 $775.00 

QTC-RMF +18 $820.00 

QTC-RMF + 22 $900.00 



QT S-1 00 CARD CAGES 



• Made of anodized steel • Card guides 
for ea. MB • 1 - Indicates w/MB 

• 2 - Indicates w/MB + 1 ea fan 

• 3 - Indicates w/MB * 2 ea fans 





QTC-CC4 


$20.00 
$75.00 
$25.00 
$90.00 


CC12 


$60.00 


CC4- 1 


CC12-1 . . . 


$165.00 


CC6 


CC12-2 


$200.00 


CC6- 1 


CC12-3 


$225.00 


CC6-2 


$115.00 

$35.00 

$100.00 


CC18 


$75.00 


CC8 


CC18-1 


$220.00 


CC8-1 


CC18-2 


$250.00 


CC8-1 ...... 


$135.00 


CC18-3 


$280.00 



QT S-100 MOTHERBOARDS 



• Silence Plus • Built in Termination • IEE696 • Terminal 
strip for easy power connection 



4 Slot Motherboards 
QTC-MB4BB $20.00 

QTC-MB4K $35.00 

QTC-MB4A $45.00 

8 Slot Motherboards 

QTC-MB8BB $35.00 

QTC-MB8K $65.00 

QTC-MB8A $95.00 

18 Slot Motherboards 
QTC-MB18BB $65.00 

QTC-MB18K $135.00 

QTC-MB18A $185.00 



6 Slot Motherboards 

QTC-MB6BB $30.00 

QTC-MB6K $50.00 

QTC-MB6A $65.00 

12 Slot Motherboards 
QTC-MB12BB $40.00 

QTC-MB12K $95.00 

QTC-MB12A . $135.00 

22 Slot Motherboards 
QTC-MB22BB $75.00 

QTC-MB22K $150.00 

QTC-MB22A $200.00 



In Continental U.S. 
(800) 545-2633 




• Provisions for 2 ea 8" thinline drives • 1 5 ea DB 25 cutout 

• 2 ea 50 pin • 2 ea 34 pin • \ ea Centronic 

• EMI filter (fused) • 2 AC outlets 

• Power supply (+8V16A/-5V/+24V6A+5V6A) 

Cadillac Version 

QTC-IMF + DD6C (6 slot MB) $500.00 

Ford Version 

QTC-IMF + DD6F (6 slot MB) ... , $389.00 



DISK DRIVES / DRIVE SUB ASSEMBLY 



8" Disk Drives 

801 R Shugart SS/DD $355.00 

851 R Shugart DS/DD $455.00 

DT8 (842) Oume DS/DD $465.00 

BEST M-2894-63 MIT DS/DD $409.00 

BUY (call for qty price) 

M-2896-63 MIT 8" thinline DS/DD $475.00 

5V4" Disk Drives 

TM100-1 orB-51 for IBM $200.00 

TM 100-2 or B-52 for IBM On stock) $270.00 

• Vertical or horizontal disk cabinet - 1 1 "h x 1 1 "w x 20"d 

5"h x 17"w x20'*d 

QTC-DDS+0 w/2 ea SS/DD Siemens drives ... $595.00 

QTC-DDS + Aw/1ea DS/DD MIT 2894-63 $695.00 

QTC-DDS + 2 w/2ea DS/DD MIT 2S94-63 $1150.00 

QTC-DDS + 3 w/2 ea SS/DD 801 Ft Shugart $975.00 

QTC-DDS +4 w/2 ea DS/DD 8" thinline drives $1 150.00 

OURSA^IESTDEALSg 



QT DISK DRIVE CABINETS 




"All in One" Vertical Disk Drive Cabinet 

For 1 ) 2 ea or 4 ea 8" thinline drive 

2) 2 ea standard 8" drives 

3) 1 ea hard disk + 1 ea standard 8" 

• Power supply ( + 5 V6A/ - 5 V 1 A/ + 24 V6 A) 

• Positive pressure fan w/filter » EMI filter 

• Power interface cable for any 8" drive 

QTC-DDC88V For 2 standard size 8" drives $325.00 

QTC-DDC88T For 2 thinline 8" drives $325.00 

QTC-DD8V For 1 ea 8" drive $275.00 

Horizontal Disk Drive Cabinet 
For 2 ea 8" standard size drives 

• Power supply ( + 5V6A/ - 5V1 A/ + 24V6A) 

• Interface cable for any 8" drive 

QTC-DDC88H $300.00 

Televideo 925C $700.00 

Televtdeo 970 $1095.00 

BMC12A(15MHZ) $80.00 

BMC Color #9191 $299.00 




TR1602B . ...S2.50M. TMS2716(5+ 12V) $3,95ea. 

21 14L2 $1.50 ea. TMS2732 $4.95 ea. 

TMS2532 .... $5.95 ea. TMS4164(200NS) 5.95 ea. 

2716 (5V) .... $3.95 ea. TMS61 16-4(200NS) $4.75 ea. 

MANY OTHERS IN STOCK 



SIERRA DATA S-100 BOARDS 



SDS-SBC- 1 00-Z80(4mhz) 

master 2 serial 2 par/floppy control ler /64k ram $655.00 
SDS-SBC- 100S-4mhz slave/2 serial 

2 par/64k ram $565.00 

SDS-ZSIO/4 - 4 serial port I/O bd $235.00 

SDS-MUX - RS232 multiplexer bd $235.00 

SDS-HDI-M - Hard disk bd for micropolis $129.00 

SDS-CPM/Bl05-cp/mforSBCl00w/BIOS $150.00 

SDS-Turbodos - Mufti-user for master & slaves . $645.00 



Star-Gemini 10 $335.00 

OK1-82A (120 cps) Serial + par $389.00 

OK1-83A (120 cps) Serial + par ;. $565.00 

OK1-84A (200 cps) Serial $1079.00 

OK1-92A (160 cps) $519.00 

OK1-93A (160 cps) $899.00 

NEC-8023A $475.00 



BOARD SETS 



Best Bare Board Set Available 

QTC-SBC 2/4 CPU 

QTC-EXP + III 256K Memory bd 

QTC-FDC 5/8 Floppy disk controller 

Bare Board Set $150.00 

1) Includes manuals & assembly instructions 

2) Parts available 3) Monitor & B 1 0S available 



QT CLOCK/CALENDAR 



S-100 or Apple* Time in hrs, mm, sec • AM/PM or Military 
Format • Date in Mo., Day, Yr, Day of Week & Leap Year 
recognition • 4 hard interrupts (1024 Hz, 1Hz, 1 rnin, 1 hr) 
• On board battery (will last 14 mos. w/no power on) 

QTC-CCS-BB (S-100) $60.00 

QTC-CCS-K (kit) for S-100 $100.00 

QTC-CCS-A (A + T) for S-100 $125.00 

QTC-CCA-BB (for Apple) $40.00 

QTC-CCA-A (for Apple) $125.00 

QTC-SBC 2/4 BB $50.00 

QTC-SBC 2/4 A A + T $265.00 

QTC-Z + 80 BB $28.00 

TeletekFDC-l A + T $595.00 

Teletek Systemaster A + T $695.00 

DYNAMIC (64K/256K or 1 MEG) 

QTC-EXP+III Bare Bd $65.00 

QTC-EXP+IN64KA + T $450.00 

STATIC 

S-RAM 64K BB , $60.00 

S-RAM 64A + T $349.00 

S-RAM 128K A + T (Fully IEEE696) $895.00 

QTC-i/O + BB 2 SER 3 PAR A + T $60.00 

QTC-I/O + A + T $340.00 

QTC-ADA ADA Converter A + T $375.00 

QTC-Dual GPIB-488 IEEE 488 Interface bd A + T . $475.00 



CPU BOARDS / MEMORY BOARDS / I/O 



APPLE CORNER / DISKETTES 



Micro-SCI Drive $259.00 

w/controller add $79.00 

Rana Elite I $299.00 

Rana Elite II $439.00 

Rana Elite III $569.00 

Rana Controller $99.00 

QT Apple Compatible Drive $235.00 

&W soft sector (for Apple) $19.00 for 10 

1 yr warranty - with hub ring 

SV*" soft sector DS/DD $28.00 for 10 

5W plastic library case $2.50 ea, $20.00 for 10 

Flip file storage case (stores 70 diskettes) $19.00 ea 



Inside Utah 
(801)363-3314 



wmrnmrnr^m 



\Nn HtjMfA r.rtvh r;hfy,k*> f.rwM r.ards or Puff.hase Orders from quailed fti 
prepaid order $15.00 f xpon ujsotmers outside me u S or Canada please add 1Q*'. to an prices Pncea 
and availability subject to change without notice Shipipuvj and handimq charges *«a UPS G'Ouna 
MJc/lo ijl",A.Fil(ifj/lb mmimum charge S3 00 rj „, ft 1ft , „ innilirurawi 



Circle 163 on inquiry card. 



NEW! M-MOOO 

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER 



iMm 



s : i i. 



nATUUSi 

16 Ml Motorola WMWO CPU ope™iin(4 16MHz, 20K byusof on board f.st italic RAM, 
16K bytes or an boird EPROM spuct, 7 Itvtls of prtoriticd *utov*clortd iiKerrupis. 
2 memory expansion buua (up lo 25SK>, 1 wrial communication pons IRS-I32C). 
16-bit bidirectional parallel port, WOO peripheral accomodation bui, Si 16-bit counter/ 
rimers with vectored interrupts, on board rial lime clock, software compatible with 
Motorola MEXMKDM board. 
PRICE; 

Bare board with documentation SW.95 

MEX6SKDM compatible monitor in 2T64 EPROM's S120.00 

M680OO CPU &. memory map PROM $115.00 

Shlppine and handling (Domestic) $3.00 

(Foreifn) $15.00 

I!*fJ19 ^nr""" r 714-553-0133 

fO BOX I6115 IRVINE, C A 92713*116 



TIMEXSIHCLAIR 

1000 




f 983 Directory 



* Where to find: Disk Drives, RAM Extensions, Print- 
ers, Modems, Keyboards, Game & Serious Soft- 
ware, Books, Periodicals, Programming Aids, and 
other Exciting Accessories! 

* Articles on: Special applications like Control Cir- 

cuitry, Enhanced Graphics, Voice Generation, Music 
Synthesis, Video inversion, Light Pens, Joysticks, 
etc. 

* Complete Descriptions: We'll tell you what it is, 
what it does, how much it costs, and where to 
buy it. 

* Jam-packed w/photographs: We knew you'd 
want to see what these products look like. So, we 
got pictures and put them in! 

Only $5.00 ... Postpaid! 

To Order; Send check, money order, or VISA/MC 
number and expiration date. MN residents add 6% 
sales tax. 

Dealer Inquiries Welcome. 

E. Arthur Brown Company 

Dept. BM-2 1 702 Oak Knoll Drive 

Alexandria, MN 56308 Ph: 612/762-8847 




INDUSTRIAL CONTROL 
MICROCOMPUTERS 

We have six single board computers, two 
video boards and 20 other control products. 
You can use our products for security 
systems, heat control, light control, auto- 
mated slide show, traffic lights, irrigation 
systems, home computer systems, auto- 
mated process control, and robot control just 
to name a few. OEM prices available. For 
catalog call or write to: 

JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. 

1014 CENTER STREET 

SAN CARLOS, CA. 94070 

(415)592-8411 



Circle 140 on inquiry card. 



Circle 134 on inquiry card. 



Circle 41 on Inquiry card. 



wabash 

When it comes to 

Flexible Disks, nobody 

does it better than 

Wabash. 

MasterCard, Visa Accepted. 
Call Free: (800)235-4137 



PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd 
San Luis Obispo, CA 
93401 (InCal. call 
(805)543-1037) 




Circle 294 on Inquiry card. 




TM 



PC/FORTH 

Complete FORTH program development systems 
for the IBM® Personal Computer. Packages 
include interpreter/ compiler with virtual memory 
management, line editor, custom screen editor, 
assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and record 
access modules, and many demonstration pro- 
grams. 150 page user manual $100.00 

Software floating point, Intel 8087 support, color 
graphics extensions, and target compiler avail- 
able at additional cost. 

Specify PC- DOS or CP/M-86® One disk drive 
and 48 kbytes RAM required. Software supplied 
on 5Va inch single sided soft sectored double 
density diskettes. 

Laboratory Microsystem* 

4147 Bwmovon StrMt 
lot AngvUs, CA 90066 
(213)306-7412 



Circle 215 on Inquiry card. 



ELIZA IS HERE! 



AT LAST! A FULL IMPLEMENTATION Of the original ELIZA 
program is now available to run on your microcomputer! 

Created at MIT in 1966, ELIZA has become the world's most 
celebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program. ELIZA is 
a non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement as 
you type it in and then responds with her own comment or question 
— and her remarks are often startling ly appropriate! 

Designed to run on a large mainframe, ELIZA has hitherto been 
unavailable to personal computer users except in greatly stripped 
down versions lacking the sophistication which made the original 
program so fascinating. 

Now, our new microcomputer version possessing the PULL power 
and range of expression of the original is being offered at the 
introductory price of only $25. And if you want to find out how she 
does it (or teach her to do more) we will include the complete 
Source Program for only $20 additional. 

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder how 
to respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let's see what this 
computer of yours can actually do!" 

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS: 

1. Standards inch single density (or all CP/M based computers 
$25 for ELIZA COM - add $20 for Microsoft BAStC-BO Source 

2. 5v, inch CP/M (or Appio II equipped with Z-80 SoftCard 

$25 for ELIZA.COM - aod $20 (or Microsoft BASIC-80 Source 

3. 57. inch for 4SK Apple II with Applesoft ROM and DOS 3.3 
$25 (or Protected File - add $20 for Applesoft Source 

4 5% inch for 

$25 for Protected F 
5. &fk inch forOsborn 

$25 for Protected f 

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP 

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE 

■■■1 LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90046 j/jjjtftk 

VR*' i (213) 656-7368 (213) 654-2214 BD 

' MC, VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED , .. 



Touch Tone 
Decoding Modem 

Convert Touch Tones to ASCII. 
The Touch Tone Decoder Modem 
offers a low cost solution to re- 
mote monitoring and data entry 
applications. It autoanswers and 
connects any host computer's 
asynchronous RS-232 port with 
the telephone system. Select 300, 
600, or 1200 baud data rate or 
optional external audio input. 
$500 single quantity. Touch Tone 
send/1200 baud receive terminal 
available. 

the micropenpheral corporation 

2565 ,52nd Avenue NE 
Redmond, WA 98052 

(206) 881-7544 



Circle 264 on inquiry card. 



SPECIAL OFFER! 




TURBO-MICRO COMPUTER 

Complete System With Networking Capability 

* 1 to 16 independent users 

* 20 to 80 MByte hard disk 

* CP/M orTurboDos Operating System 

* 100% CP/M Compatibie 

* S-100 BUS Structure, master/slave concept 

3.2 M.Byte Desk Top 

Turbo-Micro Computer, 

1 to 5 users $2995.00 

20 M.Byte Hard Disk Desk Top 

Turbo-Micro Computer, 

V to 5 users $4995.00 

20 M.Byte Hard Disk Stand-Alone 

Turbo-Micro Computer, 

1 to 16 users $6895.00 

Write or cail for complete information and price 
package. m _ _ 

C.D.S. 
SAN DIEGO, CA 92111 (619) 571-5916 



Circle .20 on inquiry card. 



Circle 29 oh inquiry card. 



Circle 9 on inquiry card. 



ULTRA. 

Diskettes 

Now... Diskettes you can 
swear by, not swear at. 

Lucky for you, the diskette buyer, there are many diskette 
brands to choose from. Some brands are good, some not 
as good, and some you wouldn't think of trusting with even 
one byte of your valuable data Sadly, some manufacturers 
have put their profit motive ahead of creating quality 
products. This has resulted in an abundance of low quality 
but rather expensive diskettes in the marketplace. 

A NEW COMPANY WAS NEEDED AND STARTED 

Fortunately, other people in the diskette industry recog- 
nized that making ultra-high quality diskettes required the 
best and newest manufacturing equipment as well as the 
best people to operate this equipment. Since most manu- 
facturers seemed satisfied to give you only the everyday 
quality now available, an assemblage of quality con- 
scious individuals decided to start a new company to give 
you a new and better diskette. They called this product the 
Ultra diskette, and you're going to love them. Now you 
have a product you can swear by, not swear at. 

HOW THEY MADE THE BEST DISKETTES EVEN BETTER 

The management of Ultra Magnetics then hired all the top 
brains in the diskette industry to make the Ultra product. 
Then these top bananas (sometimes called floppy freaks) 
created a new standard of diskette quality and reliability. 
To learn the "manufacturing secrets" of the top diskette 
makers, they've also hired the remaining"magnetic media 
moguls" from competitors such as Verbatim, Memorex, 
Dysan and many more. Then all these top-dollar engineers, 
physicists, research scientists and production experts (if 
they've missed you, send in your resume to Ultra) were 
given one directive.. .to pool all their manufacturing know- 
how and create a new, better diskette. 

HOW ULTRA DISKETTES ARE MANUFACTURED 

The Ultra Magnetics crew then assembled the newest, totally 
quality monitored, automated production line in the industry. 
We know that some of Ultra's competitors are still making 
magnetic media on equipment that is old enough to vote. 
Since all manufacturing equipment at Ultra is new, it's easy 
for Ultra to consistently make better diskettes. You can 
always be assured of ultra-tight tolerances and superb 
dependability when you use Ultra. If all this manufacturing 
mumbo-jumbo doesn't impress you, we're sure that at least 
one of these other benefits from using Ultra diskettes will: 

1 . TOTAL SURFACE TESTING - For maximum reliability, and to lessen the likelihood of 
disk errors, all diskettes must be totally surface tested. At Ultra, each diskette is 100% 
surface tested. Ultra is so picky in their testing, they even test the tracks that are in 
between the regular tracks. 

2. COMPLETE LINE OF PRODUCTS - For a diskette to be useful to you and your 
computer, it mustbecompatable physically. Ultra Magnetics has an entire line of 5 1 /»-inch 
and 8-inch diskettes. 

3. SPECIALLY LUBRICATED DISK - Ultra uses a special oxide lubricant which is added 
to the base media in the production of their diskettes. This gives you a better disk drive 
head to media contact and longer head and disk life. 

4. HIGH TEMPERATURE/LOW-MARRING JACKET- A unique high temperature and 
low-marring vinyl jacket allows use of their product where other diskettes won't work. This 
special jacket is more rigid than other diskettes and helps eliminate dust on the jacket. 

5. REINFORCED HUB RINGS - Standard on all Ultra mini-disks, to strengthen the center 
hub hole. This increases the life of the disk to save you money and increase overall 
diskette reliability. 

6. DISK DURABILITY- Ultra disks will beat ail industry standards for reliability at we Hover 
millions and millions of revolutions. They are compatible with all industry specif icationsas 
established by ANSI, ECMA, ISO and JIS. 

7. CUSTOMER ORIENTED PACKAGING - All Ultra disks are packaged 10 disks to a 
carton and 1 cartons to a case. The economy bulk pack is packaged 1 00 disks to a case 
without envelopes or labels. 

8. LIFETIME WARRANTY- If all else fails, remember, all disks made by Ultra Magnetics, 
(except bulk pack) have a lifetime warranty. If your Ultra disks fail to meet factory 
specifications, Ultra Magnetics will replace them under the terms of their warranty. 

9. SUPERB VALUE - With Ultra's automated production line, high-quality, error-free disks 
are yours without high cost. 

Circle 69 on inquiry cara 





V 





Part # 


CE quant. 
100 price 
per disc {$} 


81726 


1.99 


81701 


2.49 


82701 


3.19 


82708 


3.19 


50001 


1.79 


00153 


1.39 


50010 


1.79 


50016 


1.79 


51401 


1.89 


00096 


1.49 


51410 


1.89 


51416 


1.89 


52401 


2.79 


00140 


2.39 


52410 


2.79 


52416 


2.79 


51801 


2.49 


52801 


3.49 



SAVE ON ULTRA DISKETTES 

Product Description 

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) 

8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) 

8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted) 

8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors) 

5 1 A" SSSD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 

5 1 A" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope 

5 1 A" SSSD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

5%" SSSD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

5Y4" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 

5 1 A" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope 

5 1 /4" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

5W SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

6 1 A" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 

5 1 /T Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope 

5 1 /*" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

5Va" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 

5Va" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) 

5Y«" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI) 

SSSD - Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density; 

DSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided Quad Density; 

DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch. 

For less than 100 diskettes, add 10% to our quantity 100 price. 

For additional compatibility info call Ultra Magnetics at 408-728-7777. 

The Small Print 

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Ultra computer products, send or phone your 
order directly to our Computer Products Division. Be sure to calculate your price using the 
CE prices in this ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax or supply your tax I.D. 
number. Written purchase orders are accepted from approved government agencies and 
most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All sales are subject to 
availability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices, terms and speci- 
fications are subject to change without notice. All prices are in U.S. dollars. Out of stock 
items will be placed on back order automatically unless CE is instructed differently. Min- 
imum prepaid order $50.00. Minimum purchase order $200.00. International orders are 
invited with a $20.00 surcharge for special handling in addition to shipping charges. All 
shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified and foreign 
checks require bank clearance. 

For shipping charges add $8.00 per case or partial-case 
of 1 00 8-inch discs or $6.00 per case or partial-case of 1 00 
5 1 /4-inch mini-discsfor U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in 
the continental United States. 

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002, 
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a MasterCard 
or Visa card, you may call and place a credit card order. Order 
toll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521-441 4. In Canada, order toll- 
free by calling 800-265-4828. If you are outside the U.S. or in 
Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Telex 810-223-2422. Order 
your Ultra diskettes from Communications Electronics today. 
Copyright ®1983 Communications Electronics™ Ad #050583 





MARKETING ASSOCIATE* ^>^^ 



Order Toll- Free! ULTRA. 
800-521-4414 ^F 1 ^ 3 

In Michigan 313-994-4444 ClISKetteS 



COMMUNICATIONS 
ELECTRONICS" 

Computer Products Division 

854 Phoenix D Box 1002 D Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S. A. 
Call TOLL-FREE {800} 521 -4414 or outside U.S.A. (31 3) 994-4444 

BYTE June 1983 507 





ko m -Quality 

Printing for 

Your computer 



L^ Complete system with 
top-quality IBM 
Electronic typewriter 
is ready to plug into 
your computer. Or, you can 
convert your own IBM Electronic or Selectric®. 



E5 



• IBM approved since 1978. 

• For all popular computers. 

• No special software required. 

• Money back guarantee. 

MORE SUPER SPECIALSI 



Smmi-CoronaTM $629 Televideo925 $788 

Tetetek Systemaster $792 Anadex DP95O0A $1388 
Software, other products Call! Star Printers Calll 

call our professionals for best service and price. 
/{rS^ • We export to all countries. • 

IPEX INTERNATIONAL, INC. 



iPEX 



5115 Douglas Fir Road 
Caiabasas, CA 91302 U.S.A. 
TelCX/TWX 910-494-2100 



(213)710-1444 

IBM and SELECTRic are trademarks of IBM Corp. 



Th« Mega Super Computer 







Fr« Computmr wfth a PurctuM of a RAM Dim 

* Z80B Running at 5mhz, * Versatile CPM, # Math chip 951 1 or 
95 1 2 AMD. * 48 Plus Ports on Mega Expander BUS, * CTC, 
DMA, * 2 Parallel Ports— with hand shaking, * Serial 
Ports— with or without hand shaking runs 1 50 to 1 9K2 Baud. Runs 
most terminals, printers, and modems, 

* NOWI CPM 3 0. 

* Hard Disk Interface hooks directly to Priam Drives. 

* Floppy Disk Controller— Handles Single Density IBM compatible 
disks and Dual Density 1 or 2 sided supports. 8" or 5»A" in various 
combinations— 3 Drives equal over 4 Mega Bytes of Storage 
WD2797 

* 512K Bytes of 64X D-rams with parity configurable as a HIGH 
SPEED ELECTRONIC DISK or 8 banks of 64K for multi-user or 
countless other applications 

* All this on a state-of-the-art 4 layer card— with accurate 
documentation— 10" * IS". 

* Prices. Bare Board with Documentation 1399 

64K Base System A«T SB95 

5I2K Base System A &T S1595 

CPM 2.2 System A * T . S 125 

5I2K Base Kit... SI299 

Manual S2S 

MPM S325 

- MEGA CO. k 

2318 S Park Street. Madison, Wl 53713 (606)255-7400 



T L 



Relocatable 

Threaded 

Language 



$iso 



RTL is a new language which retains the 
speed and extensibility of Forth but adds many 
additional advantages as a result of its more 
structured dictionary. Names, code, and vari- 
ables are alt stored in separate areas for easy 
generation of headerless, romabfe code. All 
code is relocatable. RTL supports local vari- 
ables, multitasking, redirected I/O. and even 
allows definitions to be changed retroactively. 
All source code is included. Versions are cur- 
rently available or under development for 
68000, 6809, 8080, 280, 8086, 8088, and 
6502. 

RTL Programming Aids 

10844 DeerwoodSE 
Lowell, Ml 4933 1 
(616) 897-5672 



Circle 200 on inquiry card. 



Circle 243 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 335 on inquiry card. 



C LANGUAGE 
PROGRAMMERS 



Now with: 



csy stems 
C COMPILER 
c-window™ 



The first c language source level 

program testing and debugging tool. 

• Single step by c source line. 

• Set breakpoints at line numbers. 

• Display and alter variables by symbol 
name, using c expression syntax. 

• No more printf or assembler level 
debugging! 

c-window™ is a support package for 
the c-systems C COMPILER for 

8086/8088 based systems. 



Contact 
c-systeme 

P.O. Box 3253 



Fullerton, CA 92634 
714-637-5362 




WEAR IT WITH PRIDE! 
Computer Jewelry 

Be identified as a micro professional 

Lapel Pins • Tie Tacks • Stick Pins 

Available in Sterling Silver or 18K over sterling 

Size: Yt" square Silver $10 • Cold $12 

(Add $2 for S/H) • (CA add sales tax) 

Visa • Mastercard or check payable to MC/N, Inc. 

Money Back Guarantee 

Dealer & Corporate Discounts Available 

Allow 2-3 weeks for delivery 

MC/N, Inc. 

simms center/box 9393 

San Rafael, CA 94912 
{415)453-7033 




Scotch Diskettes 

Rely on Scotch* diskettes to keep your valu- 
able data safe. Dependable Scotch diskettes 
are tested and guaranteed error-free. The low 
abrasivity saves your read/write heads. 
They're compatible with most diskette drives. 




(800)235-4137 



Dealer Inquiries 
invited 




Ssn L uft f Kjispo CA 
*mi)l In Cal call 

.m>VJ2-VMS ,r 

KSIS4MIM7 



Circle 51 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 239 on inquiry card. 



Circle 294 on inquiry card. 



DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS 
SMITH-CORONA TP-1 




*529 



• BROTHER HR-1 5 (2 colors) $AVE 

• BROTHER HR-1 (16 cps) $749 

• KAY-PRO-10 $CALL 

• KAY-PRO 11 $CALL 

• C-ITOHF-1 0(40 cps) $1295 
•IBM PC $CALL 

• OSBORNE COMPUTER $CALL 

• SANYO MBC-1 000 (incl sftwre) $1595 

• GEMINI-10 $289 

• GEMINI-15 $445 

• FRANKLIN-ACE $899 

MICRO MART 

5375 Kearny Villa Rd »1 1 5. San Diego CA 921 23 
(619) 268-0169 



TOP QUALITY 

5 1 /4 DISKETTES 

SPECIFY SOFT. 10 or 16 SECTORS 



• wabash s/10 

SSDD<M13A411X) 23.45 

DSDD(M14A411X) 30.43 

• control data 

SSDD(CDC1242-00) 23.00 

DSDD (CDC 1 244 00) 32.00 

• verbatim 

SSDD(MD525-01-18158) 27 20 

DSDD (MD550-01 18188) 40.00 

• 3M scotch 

SSDD (3M 744D-0) 26.00 

DSDD <3M 745-0) 36.00 

• dysan 

SSDD {DYS 104-1 D) 40.40 

DSDD (DYS 104-2D) 47.30 



$/50 $/100 
112.00 218.00 

146.00 286.00 



112.00 215.00 
156.00 295.00 



134,00 265.00 
196.00 385.00 



125 00 233.00 
175.00 309.00 



188.00 361.00 
231.00 426.50 



J5 1 - 1 - 800-824-7888 

OPERATOR 906 



VISA MC ORDERS ONIV 



*mi 



itecl< 



• CHECKS MO VISA MC p Q BO j 3304 

ado SJOO shipping SARATOGA, CA 9S070 

(408) 252 4210 



cmitw&f 



'& 
& 



NEW REPLACEMENT 



RIBBON CARTRIDGES 

(7<MHJ R7S*a, 

D 10.75 ea, 

5 lease add $.75 ea. shipping/handling. 

WE HANDLE MOST POPULAR CARTRIDGES, 

SEND FOR PRICE LIST 




LABELS 

$12.00/5000 

STOCK #10350-1 15/16 "x3V 2 "x1 wide. 

White— pressure sensitive— pin feed— 

4 V carrier, packed 5000 per box. 
Add $2.50 per box handling/shipping. 
COMPLETE LINE OF OTHER LABELS 
AVAILABLE, SEND FOR PRICE LIST 



TERMS: MIN. ORDER $12.00. 

VISA & MC (add 4% ), check or money order 
COD s add $2.00 CA residents add SalesTax 

COMPUTER 
SUPPLY CO. 

25422 TRABUCO RD. SUITE #200 A 
EL TORO, CA. 92630 • (714) 768-0370 



*Hft 



Circle 250 on inquiry card. 



Circle 101 on inquiry card. 



Circle 336 on inquiry card. 



THE MOST VERSATILE MICROCOMPUTER 
YOU CAN BUY ISN'T SOLD IN ANY STORE. 



Before you start hunting from store to store 
for the ideal microcomputer, consider this: 
you won't find it. 

That's because the world's most versatile 
micro is available only from the manufactur- 
er It's Lobo's MAX-80™ And, dollar for dollar 
. . . feature for feature, there isn't another 
system that even comes close. Here's why. 

LOOK WHAT $945 BUYS! 

•128k RAM standard. 

• CP/M Plus included (CP/M 2.2 
compatible). As a low-cost option you can 
get LDOS, and run most TRS-80 Model III 
software. The MAX-80 with CP/M and 
LDOS gives you access to more software 
than any other system! 

• 5MHz Z-80B processor increases the 
speed of program execution by 250% over 
Model III or SoftCard/Apple. 

■ All disk interfaces built in. Plug in any 
combination of 5V floppies, 8" floppier, 
and Winchester disks. 

• Software-selectable 24 x 80 (under CP/M), 
16x64, and 16x32 (under LDOS) screen 
formats. For full compatibility with CP/M 
and TRS-80 applications. 

• Two RS-232C serial ports for modems, 
printers, or what-have-you. 

• Centronics-type parallel port. For any 
printer using this standard interface. 

• Extra-rugged construction with heavy-duty 
case and sculptured full-stroke keyboard. 

• Built-in numeric keypad with 4 
programmable function keys. 

• 1-year limited warranty on hardware. 

• Plus: all characters (both text and 
graphics) are software definable; built-in 
clock/calendar with battery backup; and 
buffered I/O expansion port. 

HOW TO GET ONE . . . FAST! 

At just $945, the MAX-80 could be 
everything you've been looking for in a 
computer. Order yours today by calling 
Lobo's toll-free number. And, while you're 
at it, check the great prices on Lobo's 
superb peripherals. 

Then, feel free to go window shopping 
again. You'll be amazed at how good you 
feel at having bought a MAX-80 in the 
first place. 



CPU and Accessories 






MAX-80 computer with 
CP/M Plus 


$ 


945 


300102 12" (diag.) high- 
resolution anti-glare green 
phosphor monitor 


$ 


175 


300104 12" (diag.) high- 
resolution anti-glare amber 
screen monitor 


$ 


195 


LDOS operating system 
(version 5) 


$ 


69 



Dual 5W Floppy Disk Systems 

0031 20 single-sided, 40 track; 

180kB per diskette $ 690 

003420 double-sided, 80 track; 

720kB per diskette $1,175 

Dual 8" Floppy Disk Systems 

NOTE: Lobo CP/M permits reading and 
writing standard single-sided, single density 
CP/M disks with either of these systems. 

Prices subiect to change without notice. 



004120 single-sided, double 

density; 577kB per diskette $1 ,1 85 

004220 double-sided, double 

density; 1 1 55kB per diskette $1 ,485 

Winchester Disk Systems 

005020 5W system: 4.8MB hard 

disk plus 720kB floppy (double 

density only) $2,405 

005520 8" system: 8MB hard 

disk plus 1 1 55kB floppy (double 

density only) $3,085 

©1983 Lobo Systems 

MAX-80 is a registered trademark of Lobo Systems 

Incorporated 

CP/M Plus and CP/M 2.2 trademarks of Digital Research 

Corp. 

TRS-80 Model III trademark of Tandy Corp. 

SoftCard trademark of Microsoft Corp. 

Apple trademark of Apple Computer 

LDOS trademark of Logical Systems Inc. 

ALL PRICES INCLUDE SHIPPING WITHIN THE U.S.A. 
California residents add 6% sales tax. 
Payable by credit card, check, money order, or 
certified C.O.D. 



The Lobo Warranty 

All Lobo hardware products carry a 
limited 1-year parts and labor warranty. 
Call or write for complete warranty 
statement. 



ORDER NUMBERS: 

(805) 683-1 576 (800) 235-1 245 

(800) 322-6103 (in Calif) 

Telex 658482 

Hours; 7AM-5PM Pacific Time 

LOBOk 

SYSTEMS INC. J^ 

Dept. B583 

358 S. FairviewAve., Goleta, CA 93117 




128k 
MAX-80 



Circle 219 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 509 



$73*0* 

Single Board Computer 




6800 MPU, serial I/O, parallel I/O. RAM, 
EROM, 44-pin AW' x 6V2" PCB 

EXPANSION MODULES 

RAM, ROM, CMOS RAM/ battery, analog 
I/O. serial I/O, parallel I/O, counter/ 
timer, 488 GPIB, EROM programmer, 
power fail detect/power on reset 



Circle 417 on inquiry card. 



I 




Become a quick change artist with a pair 
of these Light-weight, compact I 

RS-232 




m 


GENDER CHANGERS 




cs 


DOUBLE FEMALE DOUBLE MALE 


f< *m 


$19.95 each S35/pair 


K~rM 


• All 25 pins connected 




• Gold plated contacts 




• EMI shielded 




• Hardware included 


■ * • M 


• Assembled &tested 




• One year warranty 




Personal Check/Cashier's Check/ 




Money Order 




PREPAID includes shipping 




ID residents add sales tax. 




DATA CABLE CO., Inc. 




P.O. Box 7392 




BOISE, IDAHO 83707 






i 208-385-0096 



Get Smart! 




Get Your Computer An 
Automatic Port Selector 
(ASU-3) 

Our ASl-3 will connect your CPl or CRT to any one 
of 3 peripherals. Just enter a command from your 
keyboard and the desired peripheral is automat- 
ically connected. Also available for 5 and for 
7 peripherals. The baud rate is set automatically 
Many options are available. The only low cost. 
smart switch on the market. 

SWITCH TO GIITRONIX. 



tlJIBtfiraX. 



I UNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS 



970 Sin Antonio Rd„ Palo Alto, CA 94306. Call 14151 433 1300 



Circle 161 oh inquiry card. 



Verbatim® 
Diskettes 




Top-quality Verbatim® Diskettes 
from Tech* Data, your complete 
supply and peripheral wholesaler. 
Dealers only. 

Call Toll Free 

1-800-237-8931. 

In Florida, call 

813-577-2794. 



5 



Tech* Data Corporation 

3251 Tech Drive North 
St. Petersburg, FL 33702 



Circle 109 oh inquiry card. 



vt******* 




~. THE HEAL VrfORLO 



THE 



• BASE PR'C E 



£w^«Vte FOR I**- 

■SPr 



Circle 166 on inquiry card. 



m 



m» 



Wmm 



c Vu>P 



VAs 



££&S££S 






[vvs 



M^ aS 



Ae«*' 



$$&&* 



\ferbatim 

flexible disks 

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for 

prices and information. Dealer 
inquiries invited. C.O.D. and 
charge cards accepted. 

VISA' 




PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd. 
San Luis Obispo, CA 
93401. In Cal. call 
(800) 592-5935 or 
(805) 543-1037. 



Circle 294 on Inquiry card. 



DISK DRIVES 

(For PC, Mod I &III) 

TAN DON TM1 00-1 $189 

TANDON TM1 00-2 $249 

TANDON TM 1 00-4 .,......, $339 

Case and PS $ 45 

PC EXPANSIONS 

MAYNARD 

DISK CONTROLLER $1 55 

PP add $50 SP add $70 

QUADRAM 

Four Function 256K capacity 

with 64K installed $289 

AST 

ComboPlus: 
64K+SPC+SuperDnve 

+SuperSpool $2b9 

MegaPlus: 

64 K+SC+ Super Drive 

+SuperSpool » /by 

I/O plus(SQ $ 114 

User installed. 

2nd S or P or game , $ 35 

VLM Computer Electronics 

10 Park, Place • Morristown, NJ 07960 
(201) 267-3268 Visa, MC, Check or COD. 



Circle 242 on inquiry card. 




Scotch* 



DISKETTES 



Call Toll-Free 
1-800-328-DISC for prices and infor- 
mation. Dealer inquiries invited. 
C.O.D. and charge cards accepted. 
All orders shipped from stock, within 24 
hours. Call toll FREE 




m 



North Hills Corporation 

3564 Rolling View Dr. 

White Bear Lake, MN 55110 

1-800-328-DISC 

MN Call Collect 1-612-770-0485 



Circle 377 on inquiry card. 



Circle 104 on inquiry card. 



Circle 281 on inquiry card. 



True MAIL ORDER Prices 






With so many so-called Mail Order establishments using "toll free" lines, and grandiose advertising, how can you, the customer, expect to 
receive true mail order savings? We have done away with large ads, and free phone lines to offer comparable service passing on the savings to 
you. Our reputation for low prices and satisfaction is outstanding. 



DISKETTES 

* Kangaroo: {w/library case) 

SS/DD $19.35 

DS/DD $28.00 

— 10 yr. Warranty — 

Elephant: 

SS/DD $21 .95 

DS/DD $28.95 

Verbatim: 

5 1 /4" SS/DD $22.95 

5V4" DS/DD $38.95 

8" SS/DD $38.95 

8" DS/DD $43.95 

— Available soft/hard sector — 

Library Case SW $1 .75 



MODEMS 

Hayes: 

MicroModem II 

with Terminal Program $285.00 

without Terminal Program . . $255.00 

Hayes Smartmodem: 

300 Baud $199.00 

1200 Baud $505.00 

Novation: 

J-Cat $104.00 

Applecat II $285.00 

Smartcat 1200 Baud $440.00 

Hayes Chronograph $1 79 00 



COMPUTER PRODUCTS 
FOR IBM 

The Ultimate Peripheral 
MONTE CARLO™ CARD 

64K $359.00 

$45 per 64 K upgrade 

T & G Products: 

Joysticks $49.00 

Trakball $49.00 

BUSINESS 
Visicorp: 

Visidex $1 80.00 

Visifiles $180.00 

256K Visicalc $180.00 

Visitrend/Plot $225.00 

ENTERTAINMENT: 
Infocom: 

Zork I $27.00 

Zork II $27.00 

Zork III $27.00 



PRINTERS 

Okidata: 

Microline 92 $565.00 

Microline 93 $985.00 

Pacemark 2350 

Parallel $2100.00 

Serial $2200.00 

Pacemark 2410 

Parallel $2400.00 

Serial $2500.00 

Call for prices on the entire line 
of Okidata Printers. 
Call for the New Epson FX Printers. 
TEC/C.ITOH 

Prowriter I Parallel $ 369.00 

Prowriter II Parallel $ 639.00 

F-10 Starwriter $1185.00 

F-10 Printmaster , . .$ CALL 

Brother HRI: .$ 795.00 

Smith Corona TPI: , .$ 539.00 

Star: 
*Gemini 10 and 15 . Call for low prices! 



NEW PRODUCTS 

Commodore 64 $ 384.00 

Panasonic JR200 . $ 299.00 

Percom Hard Disk Drives: 

(Apple/IBM/TRS-80) 

5 Megabyte .$ 995.00 

10 Megabyte $1295.00 

15 Megabyte $1695.00 

20 Megabyte .$2095.00 



TANDON DISK DRIVE 
SPECIAL 

TM-100-2 DS/DD 320K Bytes $245.00 

TM-55 320K Bytes Half Height $239.00 

Quad Ram Quad board 

64K $285.00 

128K $330.00 

192K $375.00 

256K $415.00 

Kraft Products: 

Joysticks $55.00 

Game Paddle $29.00 

Davong Hard Disks 

5 Megabyte $1 359.00 

10 Megabyte $1759.00 

15 Megabyte $2159.00 

Maynard Electronics 

Floppy Controllers w/Parallel .$209.00 
Floppy Controllers w/Serial . . . $239.00 



Send orders and inquiries to: 



TNI 



Computer Apparatus 

P. O. Box 32063 • Aurora, Colorado 80041 
Telephone Inquiries: (303) 759-9251 

Monday thru Friday — 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (Mountain Standard Time) 

We built our reputation on low prices 
for the informed computer user. 



MONITORS 

Amdek: 

Color I $295.00 

Color II $489.00 

300G Green .$145.00 

300A Amber. .$155.00 

310G Green.. $165.00 

310A Amber $175.00 

Zenith: 12" Green $ 99.00 

USI: 12" Amber .$159.00 

12" Green $155.00 

*Taxan: Amber $139.00 

PGS: RGB Monitor .......$ CALL 

BMC: 12" Green .$ 80.00 

NEC 1203 Hi Res RGB .$589.00 



DISK DRIVES 

Apple: 
Fourth Dimension: 

w/o controller $250.00 

w/ controller $319.00 

Rana Elite I: 

w/o controller $270.00 

w/ controller $339.00 

IBM: 

*Tandon TM-55 

The New Thin-Line $235.00 



COMPUTER PRODUCTS 
FOR APPLE 

MBI: 

VIP Graphics Card . . . . $119.00 

Appletime ClockCard $ 85.00 

Silicon Valley Systems: 

Final Analysis $149.00 

Word Handler $1 15.00 

Continental: 

Home Acct $ 49.00 

On-Line: 
Screenwriter II Pro $139.00 

Visicorp: 

Visidex $1 80.00 

Visifiles $1 80.00 

Visicalc $180.00 

Visitrend/Plot $225.00 

Stoneware: 

DB Master $149.00 

DB Utility Pak $ 65.00 

T & G Products: 

Joysticks $42.00 

Select-a-Port $42.00 

Game Paddles $28.00 

Davong Hard Disks 

5 Megabytes $1450.00 

10 Megabytes $1850.00 

15 Megabytes $2250.00 

Ram Cards 

Microsoft 16K $75.00 

Generic 16K $60.00 

CP/M Microsoft Z80 Card . . $259.00 

80 Column Cards Videx w/soft . .$269.00 



DELIVERIES: 2 - 4 weeks average. 
PERSONAL CHECKS: Cashier's check and 

money order will receive shipping preference. 
VISA & MASTERCARD: Add 4% to total. 
CATALOG: Send for full pricing details. 

Prices subject to change without notice. 
SHIPPING: UPS add $2.00 plus 

2% of order total. 



Circle 78 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 511 



SIOP LOSIM. MONO ON MM h -SHARK SHRV1CKS! 



» • » LOGICSIM ♦ r « 




CP/M based 
professional 
logic 
simulator 



* For engineering work stations 

* For gate-array, custom and ail other K designer* 
+ Kor digital system engineers 

Nine logic slates, ability to simulate TTL/NMOS/CMOS/PMOS logic, ROM's 
and RAM's, three-state and transfer gales, wired-or'ed nodes, propagation 
delays, spike and race analysis, expandable pin-number hased TTL macro library 
plus numerous other features make LOGICSIM comparable to industry 
standard simulators. 

Try it now. Send us a $30 check for LOGICSIM demo copy and 
I ser's Manual. 

Please specify 8" IBM 3740/ 5" APPLE II < 13/16 sector!. CP/M based 
56K to 64K systems I APPLE'S with CP/M card). Introductory price $276. 



ror more information, call (408 1 578-8096, Or write: 

E/Z ASSOCIATES, 5589 Starcrest Dr., San Jose, CA 95123 




Brother 
J HR-15 

(Dynax DX-15) 

"~~* Daisy Wheel 

___ $495 

Gemini 10 Printer CALL 

Gemini 15 Printer CALL 

C. Itoh 8510 399 

Epson FX 80 CALL 

Okidata Microline 92 CALL 

Transtar 130 Daisy Wheel CALL 

Transtar 315 Color Printer 499 

Tandan 100-2 Drive 295 

Super 5 Apple Comp. Drive 275 

CALL FOR BEST PRICES 

MICRO MARKETING 

Serving You Since 1979 

4688 Convoy Street, Suite 109 

San Diego, CA 92111 Tel. (619) 565-0158 






FAST 

Factory 
Floppy Disc 
Drive 
Repair 

Specialists in the repair of: 

Shugart 
Tandon 
PerSci 
PerSci, Inc. 




12624 Daphne Avenue 
Hawthorne, CA 90250 

(213)777-7536 
TWX 910-321-4448 



Circle 135 on inquiry card. 



Circle 77 on inquiry card. 



Circle 298 on inquiry card. 



LOGICALLY 
• THE* 

ANALYZER 




From 
$475 

C8 channel) 



16 channel version (shown)— $900 

YES Logically. . .this is THE logic analyzer of 
industrial power at a personal price. As an addition 
to a S-1 00 system features are: 

• 1 MHz sample rate 

• 8 or 16 channels 

• Data storage on disk (CP/M™ based version] 

• Very user-friendly operation in software 
included being CP/M™ or EPROM based 

• Sequencing, format conversions, searching 

• And much more. . . 

For user manual, only 3S20 

Compare and see the logical 

approach to logic analysis 

FORTE SYSTEMS 

Box 32627, San Jose, CA 951 52 
C408) 2728772 

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 



% Dysan 



Solve your dtoc problem, buy 100% surface 
tested Dyun tMmktttf AB order* sJiepped 
from stock within 24 how* Call toll FREE 
(800) 235-4137 for prices and mfc aiu alton . 
Vtaa and Master Card accepted 



PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd. 
San Luis Obispo. CA 
93401 (In Catcall 
(805)543-1037.) 




Tele Video Users! 



TEACH YOUR TELEVIDEO® WORDSTAR®! 



TV2000 PRICES SLASHED!! NOW $1 79!! 
(was $220) 



FEATURES 

S 92 WordStar* commands 

• The Power of a dedicated word processor 

• No loss of TeleVideo* attributes 

• Soft switch activated 

• Cuts WordStar* learning time to an hour 



INCLUDES 

• microprocessor 

• 46 Keycaps with WordStar" legends 

• 45 Page WordStar* manual 



WordTbchSystems 

953 Mountain View Dr. Suite 114 
Lafayette. California 94549 
(415) 254-7747 



SEE OUR SOFTWARE AD IN THIS ISSUE OF BYTE 



m'J 



Circle 153 on inquiry card. 



Circle 294 on Inquiry card. 



Circle 420 on inquiry card. 



Printer Cables 



$& 



.oo* 



$39.«°J 



— Parallel — 

ALTOS 

ATTACHE 

ATARI 

CENTRONICS 

COLUMBIA 

EAGLE 

IBM- PC 

KAYPRO 

OSBORNE 

SANYO 

TI-99 



$39 



Oq* 



$3 9t 



— SERIAL — 

ATTACHE COM. 

RS232 (DB25P) 

(9 conductor 1-8, 20) 



CABLES UNLIMITED 

PO Box 93065 

Pasadena, Calif. 

91109 

*C A RfMt.rnts Add <>"/„ Si Irs Til* ($<>. \ 



00* 



$$ Printers $$ 





EPSON 

MX 80 


CALL 

CALL 

. CALL 

. CALL 

. . . 329 




MX 80 FT III 

MX 100 FT III 

FX 80 




STAR MICRONICS 

Gemini 10 




Gemini 15 


. . . 509 




C. IOTH 

8510 Prowriter Parallel 

8510 Prowriter Serial 

1 550 Parallel 


... 419 
. . . 559 
. . 659 




Letter Quality 

Smith Corona TP-1 $549 

Comrex CRI 825 

"Other Printers Available" 
Shipping and handling add 3%. CA residents add 6%. 




THE COMPUTER STORE 

3941 -B S. Bristol St. Dept. 345 

Santa Ana, CA 92704 

714-662-1425 



VOICE SYNTHESIZER 

vocabulary Development System 

Create custom vocabularies for TI-5220 

or 61 SP-250 Speech Synthesizers 

INCLUDES HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR: 

• DMA Voice Digitizing and Playback 

• Parameter extraction and coding 

• Screen Oriented Parameter Editor 

• Voice Synthesis 

USE YOUR S-100 SYSTEM, OR BUY OUR 
INTEGRATED SYSTEM BASED ON ZENITH Z-100 

The Zenith Z-100 includes 8085/88 dual 

processor, 128K memory, two 5 Va, 320K- 

byte drives, both CP/M80 and MS DOS and 

bit-mapped graphics, with CRT and keyboard in a 

convenient desktop model. 

VPP-696: PC cards, software, speaker, cabling 
and documentation - $4100 

VPP-696Z: Includes VP-696 fully integrated to 
Z-100 with ail cabling, software and 
documentation - $8850 
MULTIBUS VERSION FOR INTEL MDS AVAILABLE SOON 



APPLIED DIGITAL SIGNAL ANALYSIS 
P.O. Box 1364 Palo Alto, CA 94301 (415) 326-7303 



Circle 421 on inquiry card. 



Circle 84 on inquiry card. 



Circle 7 on inquiry card. 



ivi ■ wn 




iv 



MONITORS 

AMDEK 

Color I $340 

Color II S650 

Color III $390 

PRINCETON GRAPHICS SYSTEMS 

Hi-Res Color $550 

NEC, DYNAX 

ELECTROHOME CALL 

PRINTERS 

C-ITOH 

GX-lOO (50 CPS) Matrix S240 

8510 , $460 

1550 (15") $690 

F-IO (40 CPS) Letter Quality . $1290 
F-IO (55 CPS) Letter Quality . $1690 

EPSON (W/GRAFTRAX PLUS) 

MX 80 FT $490 

FX 80 FT $575 

MX lOO FT $690 

FX lOO FT $790 

OKIDATA 

82A 

83A 

84A 

92A 

93A 

BROTHER 

HR-1 

SMITH CORONA 

TP-1 





$440 
S690 
$975 
$575 
$970 

$750 

$520 
STAR MICRONICS 

Gemini 10 $370 

Gemini 15 $540 

NEC 
SPINWRITER 

7710-1 $1950 3510 

7715-1 S2IOO 3515 

7720-1 . . . $2400 3530 .... 

7725-1 .... $2400 3550 .... 

7730-1 .... $1950 PC8023A 

MEMORY BOARDS 

AST 

Combo Plus. 4 function card. Fully 

pop. 256K $490 

Mega Plus. Fully pop. 512K . . $990 




$1350 
$1350 
$1550 
$1850 
$450 




MEMORY BOARDS 
QUADRAM 

Quad Card. Fully pop. 256K $500 

Big Blue $470 

Hercules graphics card ..... $490 

IBM PC 

. ~ PC System includes 64K IBM-PC with 

SSL two 32QKB Floppy Disk Drives, Con- 

troller, Color Graphics Card, Mono- 
chrome Monitor. 

■^^^J m ' All for only $2490 

| IBM PC/XT 

Complete System with Floppy Disk 
Drive, Hard Disk, Color Graphics 

Card, Monitor $4990 

0* LOTUS 1-2-3 Software $390 

181 lk* v^ HARD DISKS FOR 
f| ■ APPLE AND IBM 

^1 P DAVONG 

|- ^1^^^ 5 MB $1450 

lO MB $1650 

15 MB $2250 

TAVA CORP. jflk 

TRUMPCARD 1 mW 

256K Ram ^^. . : . $450 

TRUMPCARD 2 

512K RAM $650 

FDC 

FOR IBM PC 

W/Par Port $220 

W/Ser. Port . , $240 

DEC RAINBOW IOO 
Complete system 64K PC, Keyboard, 
Two Floppy Drives DS/DD, Mono- 
chrome Monitor $2990 

APPLES* 

Compatible Computer with 64K, 

Disk Drive, Controller, and Monitor 

$990 

APPLE lie 

64K System, W/Controller, Disk Drive, 
Monitor, 80 Column card Stand $1790 
DISK DRIVE FOR APPLE 

Slimline, or Standard .... $250 

y KAYPRO II COMPUTER 

Complete System $1690 

EPSON QX-IO 

64K Ram Z-80 CPU Monitor, He. $2200 

HX-20 Notebook Computer . $690 

631 E. First St., Tustin, CA 92680 

Prices subject to change without notice. 

APPLE is a trademark of Apple Computers, Inc. 
IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp. 



ivuwim 



■v 



(714) 838-9100 



Circle 313 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 513 



I DISKETTES 

maxell 






100% ERROR FREE 
5 1 /4 SS/DD 

28. 95 

(BOX 10) 



CAPTAINS* 

SPECIAL 



VERBATIM 



(BOX 10)" 





CAPTAINS 
SPECIAL 


V 

/ M.C. 

VISA 

c.o.o. 


VERBATIM 

HEAD 
CLEANING 

8.w KIT 

WITH OSOER OF DISKS 

MX -80 

CARTRIDGE 

4. 95 EA 



ADO 2,00 SM/f 
S% TAX IN FLA. 

800-327-1013 



MEGA-BYTE 

4699 S.W. 45th STREET 

FORT LAUD., FLA 33314 

305-587-1130 



Circle 244 on Inquiry card. 



\%ilfc*\r IBM PC 

^mJS^yjr 8087 CHIP $223 
[ "Z§r 64K RAM $ 64 

*** 64K QUADBOARD $324 

APPLICATIONS 

FFTs $75 

MATRIXPAK $100 

87/88 Guide Volume 1 $19.95 

LANGUAGE SUPPORT 

87MACRCT $150 

87BASIC™ $150 

87 PASCAL"*... $150 

87FORTRAN™ $150 

IBM Personal Computer is a registered trademark 

ot IBM Corp CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Re ^Sf* 

search. Inc. 8087 is a trademark of Intel Corp — i^PHIPIh 

87/88GUIOE, 87MACRO. 87BASIC 87PASCAL wflK 

87FORTRAN and MicroWare are trademarks ot 

Micro Ware. Inc 



Micro 
lAlare 



P.O. Box 79 
Kingston, MA 

02364 

(617) 746-7341 



Circle 267 on inquiry card. 



MEMOREX 

FLEXIBLE DISCS 



WE WILL NOT BE UNDER- 
SOLD!! Call Free (800)235-41 37 

for prices and information. Dealer 
inquiries invited and GO.D.'s 
accepted 

vrSA 




PACIFIC 
EXCHANGES 

100 Foothill Blvd. 
San Luis Obispo. CA 
93401. In Cat call 
(800)592-5935 or 
1805)543-1037 



TIRED OF EPROM HASSELS? 

WITH THE MICRO XCPU FORGET: 25 VOLT 

POWER, UV LAMPS, PULLING-ERASING- 

INSERTING EPROMS 




BASIC ON tiP — STRINGS, INTERRUPTS, MUCH 

MORE HARDWARE 16 BIT MULT AND DIVIDE 37 

A 42 n$ : VOLTAGE REGULATOR, RS-232C FOR 

PROGRAMMING, 4K EEPROM (X2816A), 4K RAM, 

AUTO START PR UP EXPANSION BOARDS 

AVAILABLE, MICRO XCPU — $195 EPROM 

BURNER VERSION FOR DIE HARDS — $125 

MICRO APPLICATIONS - (305) 725-0944 

515 ANDREWS DR, 

MELBOURNE BEACH, FL 32951 



Circle 248 on inquiry card. 



Computer Sale 



Franklin ACE 1000 

w/Color $CALL 

1000 System w/M on i tor CALL 

ACE 1200 w/Color CALL 

Drives for Apple and Franklin 

Quentin 5'/. 249 

Thin Line 279 

Contr. Card 65 

Contr. w/Diagnostics .... 95 

Franklin Color Kit 39.95 

(No Soldering) 

Shipping and handling add 3%. CA residents add 6%. 



THE COMPUTER STORE 

394 1-B S. Bristol St. Dept. 345 

Santa Ana, CA 92704 

714-662-1425 



Circle 85 on inquiry card. 



F.S.I. 
COMPUTER FURNITURE 







A full range of quality computer worksta- 
tions for "do it yourself" assembly. 
Delivered well packed with assembly in- 
structions. 

Manufactured from particle board with hard 
wearing melamine surface in oak, almond 
and walnut. 

Suggested retail price: $294.00. 
Dealer inquiries welcome. 
For information, call F.S.t. 
(813-775-6984) or write to: 
F.S.I. Inc. 4227 Merchantile 
Naples, Fla. 33940 



Ave. 




\ 



MC\A/I I The Apple users group 
™ K **** software library bonanza 
at truly affordable prices. For the first time 
enjoy your Apple to its fullest capacity 
using specially packed disks with over 60 
outstanding program* each. Not available 
jrom any other source! 

• Applesoft • 3.3 DOS 



H nB MH^PPl.EWflRE INC. 

VHP ^ An extensive variety of interest! 

1-EACH 



Business 

Games 

Utilities 



offers 
iety of interesting, 
useful and entertaining programs 
ndispensable to the serious computerist 
ncluding: 

Educational • Graphics 

Music • Science 

Data Base • Finance . 



Library disks 1 , 2 & 3 are mixed categories and new 
disks 4 (Games), 5 (Utilities), 6 (Graphics) & 7 (Integer) 
at $59.95 each. Why pay more? 

Order direct from this ad and $ave up to $136. 
Buy disk library package 1, 2 & 3 and get a 
special bonus disk FREE — over 260 programs 
for $179,95+ shipping. For best value, get 
all 6 disks for $349, postage prepaid, for over 
530 of our best programs at 65« each! 
Call now toll free: 1-800-327-8664 
Florida: 1-305-987-8665 r ^_^ . 

6400 Hayes St. ^Hffl^ ' 

Hollywood, FL 33024 



Circle 25 on inquiry card. 




"Haw 












o* 




COMPARE... THEN CALL 



(615)727-6000 

SySLEfilED 

CCDFRPORATICDN 
Drawer 600, Mountain City, TN 37693 



Circle 439 on inquiry card. 




Circle 294 on inquiry card. 



Circle 166 on inquiry card. 



Circle 398 on inquiry card. 



WE WILL TRY TO BEAT 

ALL PRICES 

IN THIS MAGAZINE 

TO PLACE ORDER CALL (213) 219-0808 NOW! 



48K APPLE COMPATIBLE 
COMPUTER 



ALL COMPUTERS 



5 1 /4& 8 DISK DRIVES 



Syscom2 $649 

AppleilE $ Call 

Commodore 64 399 

Kayproil 1649 

Osborne Call 

Sanyo MBC 1000 1599 

Apple Compatible Computer 695 

IBMPC Call 

Ast Research 

Combo Plus 64K w/ clock, Par. Port, 

Serial Port, Software $379 

Mega Plus 64K Expandable 

to 512 430 

Tandon 

TM100-2DDI Side Dbl Density $ 259 

Shugart 

SA400, 40 Track $ 195 

SA80lR,SglSide/DblDen 369 

SA851R, Dbl Side /Dbl Den 479 

Tandon 

TM 100-1, sgi Side /Dbl Den $ 185 

TM 100-2, Dbl Side /Dbl Den 235 

tm 848-1, Sgl Side /Dbl Den 359 

TM 848-2, Dbl Side /Dbl Den 449 

Qume 

DT-8 Dbl Side/ Dbl Den $ 465 

SiemansS 

FDD 100-8, Sgl Side/ Dbl Den $ 195 

Mitsubishi 

8 "Dbl Side /Dbl Den $ 409 

All Apple Products Not Seen in This Ad Are 
Available-Call for Guaranteed Lowest Price 

Crappler + $121 

Par. mterfaceCard &Cabie 49 

TCJoystick 39 

16K Memory Card 44 

80 Column Card (View Max 80) 169 

RH Fan 69 

RFModulator 25 

System Saver 69 

Star Micronics 

Gemini 10 (100 cos) $ 310 

Gemini 15 (15 "carriage) 465 

C. loth 

Prowriter8510AP(120cps) $ 375 

Pro writer 851 OACD (Serial) 549 

StarwriterF-l040pu 1249 

Okidata 

Microline82A $ 399 

Microline83A 649 

Microline84P 960 

Microline84S 1075 

Microline92 505 

Nec 

Nee 8023 (price reduction) $ 439 

Spinwriters Call 

Toshiba 

P1350 $1650 



UNBEATABLE PRINTER PRICING 



SUMMER SPECIALS 

PRINTER 
Okidata 

ML92 $50 

Star Micronics 

Gemini 10 $31i 

MODEM 
Hayes 



300 Baud ! 

Novation 

J-Cat ! 

MONITORS 

BMC 

i2AU,i2"Green : 

USI 

PI3, 20MHz Amber 

DISK DRIVE FOR 
APPLE 

Micro-Sci 

A-2 ' 

ACCESSORIES 

Gibson 

Light Pen System : 

TC 

Joystick : 



DISK DRIVE 
Tandon 



TM100-2 (IBMPC) 



All products Carry at least a 
90 Day warranty 



TERMINALS 



Televideo 

925C Green Screen $ 719 

950 Detachable Keyboard 949 



NEW RETAIL STORE: 

11976 Aviation Blvd. 
inglewood, CA 90304 

MAIL ORDER: 

P.O. Box 1936 
Hawthorne, CA 90250 

ORDER DESK: 
(213)219-0808 



SOFTWARE 



Mlcropro 

Wordstar, IBM or Apple S 299 

Call for more Low Micropro Pricing 

Ash to n Tate 

D-Baseil 429 



DISK DRIVES 
FOR FRANKLIN & APPLE 



MODEMS 


Hayes 

Smart Modem 300 

Smart Modem 1200 

Novation 

J.Cat300Baud 

Apple Cat 


S 199 

. . . . . 498 

119 

259 





DISKETTES 



All diskettes Have reinforced hub and full 1 year 
warranty.Diskettesare packaged 10 per package, 
not bulk packed. 

5 v* Disks 

SoftSectored $ 18.50/10 

SoftSectored 160.00/100 

8 Disks 

SglSide/Sgl Density S 25.00/10 

sglSide/SglDen 230.00/100 



CABINETS & MAINFRAMES 



OT Computer Systems — 8 " Cabs. 

DDC-8 Cabinet w/pwr. supply & fan 
ONLY $209.00 

DDC-88-H Dual Cabinet w/pwr. supply & fan 
ONLY $259.00 

5 1 /4 ff Cabinets By JMR 

Single Cabinet w/pwr. supply S 59 

Dual Cabinet w/pwr. supply 

Rana Systems 

RanaElitel S 285 

RanaEliteii 439 

Rana Elite III 569 

Controller 89 

Micro Sci 

A-2(35TraCk> $ 249 

Controller 75 

Apple in Drives Available Call 

Quentin Research 

AppleMate S 249 

Controller 60 

BMC 

12A (15MHz) composite S 79 

9191 ColorComposite 289 

Zenith 

ZVMl2l ( 12"Creen(l5MHz) ......$ 94 

USI 

9 "Green (20MHz) S 139 

12 "Green (20MHz) 139 

12" Amber (20MHz) 149 

iBMtoPrinter $ 32 

Osborne to Printer. 32 

Kaypro to Printer 32 

Call for all cable configurations 

Mini Files— Holds 50 Disks .$16.50 

Maxi Files— Holds 50 Disks 24.00 

5 1 /4* Library Cases 3.00 

8" Library Cases 4.00 



MONITORS 



No Surcharge for credit Card 



ah mercnanaise new. we accept ml, visa, wire 
Transfer, COD Call, certified Check, P.O. s from 
qualified firms, APO accepted Shipping: 
Minimum 53.50 first 5 pounds. Tax California Res. 
Only add 6' ?% sales tax. 

Mon.-Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. 
Sat. & Sun. 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. 



5'/4" Diskettes 

New Product Introduction 

SK 



1-9 boxes 12 cases 3-10 < 

5SDD $20.50 per box $195 00 per case $ 1 90.00 per case 
DSOD $27 50 per box $265 00 per case $260 00 per case 

Soft Sectored - Hub Rings 

* Highest Quality — thoroughly tested 

* Satisfaction guaranteed 

* We offer quotes for larger quantity users 

Call TOLL FREE 800-982-2244 

Check!. Money Order, Vtaa, Mastercard, - 5% 
dipping, California residents add 6'A% sales tax. 

Vidlom Media Supply 

500 Airport Boulevard 

Suite §422 
Burlingame, CA 94010 




MediScript 



MediScript I is a powerful word processor 
designed for the IBM-PC and newcomer 
to word processing. Simple to use yet has 
all common functions (such as word wrap 
and paragraph relocate). Additional func- 
tions in MediScript II include right 
justification, character graphics, fielded 
forms, and mailing list generation. 

MediScript I $49.50 

MediScript II $99.50 

(plus 6% in CA) 30 day satisfaction 
guaranteed or your money back, minus 
$4.00 for shipping and handling. 



MediSoft 



Medical Professions Building 
1595 Soquel Drive, Suite 350 
Santa Cruz, CA 95065 



diskettes 



SAVE 501. 

on 

Scotch 

L Diskettes 



Dealer Inquiries Invited 

**1A " s P ecif V Soft orfces/10 

3 /4 10 or 16 Sector pnces/iu 

744D 1 side/dbl dens $22.30 

745 2 sides/dbl dens $31.00 

746 1 side/ quad 96 tpi $33.80 

747 2 sides/ quad 96 tpi $45.50 

8 " Specify Soft or 32 Sector 

740 1 side sgi/dens $23.60 

741 1 side/dbl dens $29.00 

743 2 sides/dbl dens $37.80 

cnecks-viSA-MC-c.o.D./Add $2 snipping 

Call or write for our complete list. 

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 

27204 Harper Ave., St Clair Shores, Ml 48081 
Phone: (313) 777-7780 



Authorized Distributor 
information Processing Products < 



Circle 409 on inquiry card. 



Circle 54 on inquiry card. 



Circle 224 on inquiry card. 



SIGNALMAN 

MODEMS 

300 BAUD $89 

DRECT CONNECT 

300 BAUD $149 

AUTO ANSWER/ORIGWATE 
HAYES COMPATIBLE 



300/1200 BAUD $319 

AUTO ANSWER/ORIGINATE 

HAYES COMPATIBLE 



GEMINI 10 PRINTER 



GRAPHICS 



$329 



100 CPS 



CALL (619) 436-8317 

IMAGE COMPUTER 



VISA/MC 



ADD 3% 



5V 

10 100 

SSSD 25.00 230.00 

SSD0 28.00 245.00 

0SD0 34.50 320.00 



D ISKE TT E S 

%Dysan 



10 100 

SSSD 27.50 250.00 

SSDD 32.50 290.00 

DSDD 36.90 335.00 



SV*' 

10 100 

37.00 340.00 

SSDD 40.00 360.00 

DSDD 47.00 430.00 



SSSD 



10 too 

SSSD 40.00 360.00 

SSDD 49.00 445.00 

DSDD 57.00 520.00 



SPECIFY SOFT, 10 OR 16 SECTORS 



NO SURCHARGE FOR CHARGE OR C.O.D.'s. 
WE ACCEPT VISA, M.C., CHECKS, M.O. 



* ADD $2.00 shipping 

* FLA RESIDENTS ADD 



5% SALES TAX. 



atlantis electronics, corp. 

PHONE ORDERS & INFORMATION: 

(305) 722^9660 

MAIL ORDERS: P.O. Box 26180 

FORT LAUDERDALE, FLA 33320 
TELEX: 522332 AEFLT 



Circle 183 on inquiry card. 



Circle 36 on inquiry card. 



Wasting Money! We Have the World's Most 
Cost Effective Development System. 



if P 



• Includes Hexklt 1.0, a powerful 
100% machine code editor/ 
debugger utility program that 
makes coding lor 8-blt Micros a 
snap. 

• Program Irom Commodore 
VIC-20 keyboard Into built-in 
4K ROM emulator 

• Jumper to target ROM socket 
; • Test programs in circuit 

• Built-in EPROM programmer 
and power supply 

• Burns & runs EPROMS tor 
the Commodore VIC-20, too 

• Comprehensive manuals 

• Fits EXPANSION PORT 

PROMQUEEN CARTRIDGE ONLY $199 

Send for Free Brochure 

Distributed in U.S. by Arbutut Total Soft. Inc., 4202 Meridian, Suite 214, 
Bellingham, WA 98226. Phone 800-426-1253, in Washington 206-733-0404 

Distributed in Canada by l8C/Dlitrlbutton Canada, 4047 Cambie St. 
Vancouver, 8C V5Z 2x9. Phone 604-879-7812 



VISA AND MASTERCARD ACCEPTED 

CE commodore approved product 



Prices 
PROMQUEEN 64 
8K board with 1 EPROM 
16K board with 1 EPROM 
8K board with 1 EPROM-C64 



$299.00 
$29.95 
$39.95 
$39.95 



CAN 
$399.00 
$39.95 
$49.95 
$49.95 



Circle 28 on inquiry card. 



maxell 

Floppy Disks 







BEST PRICES 
IN THE U.S. 

Call for our special dealer 
program. C.O.D.'s accepted 
TOLL FREE (800) 652-8168 
in California (213) 706-1626 



m 



U.S. EXCHANGE 
5015 Kanan Rd. 
Agoura Hills, CA 91301 



CHIPS &DALE a 

THE INFLATION FIGHTERSI 

4116 250ns8/$9.5O 100+ 1.05 ea. 

4116 200ns 8/S 10.00 100+ SI. 05 ea. 

4116 1 50ns 8/S 1 1 .50 100+ $1.25 ea. 

4116 120ns 8/814.50 100+ $1.50 ea. 

4116 120ns 8/815.50 100+ $1.50 ea. 

21 14L 300ns 8/810.50 

2 U4L 200ns 8/8 12.00 
•4164 200ns 84.65 ea. 
•4164 150ns 85.10 ea. 
•6116 150ns 84.00 ea. 
•6116 200ns 83.85 ea. 
•6116LP 150ns 84.75 ea. 
•1791 Disk Controller $20.00 

1777 Disk Controller 817.50 

Z80A, Z80ACTC, Z80A PIO 83.O0 ea. 

8255 84.25 

2716-1 5V 350ns 8/84.25 ea.$5.00 ea. 

2716 5V 450ns $3.00 ea, 
•2732 5V 450ns $3.85 ea. 
•2532 5V 450ns $4.25 ea. 
•2764 5V 300ns 28 pin $9.00 ea. 
•27645V 24 pin CALL 
•2564 5V CALL 

•♦8087 CALL 

68000 CALL 

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please include 
phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping & 
Handling for Chips $3.50. FOB Bellevue, WA. for all else. Wash, 
residents add 6.5% Sales Tax. 

CHIPS&DALE 1-206-451-9770 

10655 N.E. 4th St., Suite 400 
Bellevue, WA 98004 



A NO-COMPROMISE S-100 
SYSTEM THAT YOU CAN 
AFFORD, STARTING AT 

$2850 
Features: Fully integrated S-100 
system, with CP/M 2.2. 2 Thinline 
Mitsubishi 8" DS-DD drives. 
Integrand enclosure with 3 
expansion slots. Teletek Syste- 
master single board computer. 
Freedom 100 terminal with 7x9 
dot char, P-31 phospher, 
detachable keyboard, 10 Func. 
keys. Mainframe has full 1 year 
warranty. 

**AII this for only $2850** 
Options; 7 or 10 slot full height 
enclosures. Hard disks 5 to 25 
Mb. LQ Printer. $ call 

TOTAL ACCESS 

Suite 202, 2054 University Ave. 
Berkeley, CA 94704 

(415) 540-8066 



Circle 399 on inquiry card. 



Circle 57 on inquiry card. 



Circle 389 on inquiry card. 






1 MEGABYTE 



S-1 



•it 



PACKAGE 



$1295 



in 




For Cabinet & Power Supply 
Please Add $200.00 



'The Winchester Deal Of The Year" 

If your data storage needs have outgrown your floppy- 
based S-1 00 system, Jade now gives you the 
opportunity to add a fast, reliable hard disk package 
to your system at a bargain price. 
If purchased seperately, the componets of this package 
would cost you well over $3000.00; our special 
purchase now allows us to give you a special price of 
only $1295.00 CALL NOW. ..These units will not be on 
the shelf for long at this price! 

• Shugart SA1004 8-inch 10MB Winchester 

• X Comp S-1 00 Controller For SA1004 

• Your Choice of X Comp CP/M Auto-Attach Software 
(for most S-1 00 Systems) or "WD BOOT" PROM (for 
SD Systems board sets) 

• Cables and Manuals Included 

• Limited Quantity 



MSH-991000 
MSH-991002 



with SD Boot Prom $1295.00 

with Auto Attach Software $1295.00 





VERSAFLOPPY II 

SD Systems' Versafloppy II is a reliable field-proven S-1 00 
double-density floppy disk controller. For full software 
compatibility it can also read and write standard IBM 3740 
single density format. The Versafloppy II controls single 
or double sided drives in single or double density format, 
5%" 8" in any combination and up to 4 drives 
simultaneously. The Versafloppy II is faster, more stable 
and more tolerant of bit shift and "jitter" than most other 
controllers. All control and diagnostic firmware included 
IOD-1160A Versafloppy It ____ __„ $359.95 

FREE* CP/M 3.0 

S-1 00 board set with 4 MHz Z-80A, 64K of RAM 
expandable to 256K, serial and parallel I/O ports, double 
density disk controller for 5%" and 8" disk drives, new and 
improved CP/M 3.0, manual set, system monitor, control 
and diagnostic software. Includes SD Systems SBC-200. 
64K ExpandoRAM III. Versafloppy II. and FREE CP/M All 
boards are assembled and tested. 

*64K Board Set with FREE CP/M 3.0 $1195.00 

*256K Board Set with FREE CP/M 3.0 _____ $1395.00 



Place Orders 
Toll Free: 

Continental U.S. 
800-421-5500 

Inside California 
800-262-1710 



For Technical Inquires 
or Customer Service Call: 
213-973-7707 



SBC 200 

SD System's SBC-200 is an S-100 bus compatible single 
board computer based on the 4 MHz Z80A CPU. It contains 
a sychronous/asynchronous serial port with software 
programmable baud rates, a parallel I/O port, a four 
channel counter timer and 1K on-board RAM. Up to 8K 
of firmware may be added to the board's 4 EPROM 
sockets. The SBC 200 is the ideal heart of a system 
composed of the other boards in the SD product line, or 
can stand alone in process control applications. 
CPC-30200A SBC-200 $399.95 

CP/M 3.0 PLUS 

SD Systems' implementation of Digital Research's CP/M 
3.0 Plus is a unique combination of hardwareand software 
that optimizes the powerful new features of CP/M Plus. 
CP/M Plus requires 192K of memory fpr optimum 
performance, making it an ideal match for the 256K 
ExpandoRAM III 

SFC-55009059F Unbanked, RS232 $250.00 

SFC-66009058F Unbanked, VDB8024 ______ $250.00 

SFG-55009057F Banked, RS232 $250.00 

SFC-55009056F Banked. VDB8024 $250.00 

SFC-55009057D Manual $50.00 



RAM DISC 

The RAM Disc from SD Systems is a "solid-state disc 
drive" for IEEE696/S-1Q0 systems, (t allows programs to 
execute from high speed RAM, circumventing the 
mechanical problems and speed limitations of floppy disk 
drives. RAM Disc increases system performance 
substantially in disk intensive applications. 256K storage 
per board, "install" programs available for CP/M & MP/M 
MEM-66256A RAM DISC $799.95 

ROM DISC 

SD Systems ROM Disc is a 128K EPROM/ROM board 
which is similar in concept to the RAM Disc. Like the RAM 
Disc it allows execution of software at high speed directly 
from memory, without the use of disk drives. The ROM 
Disc is non volatile memory ideally suited for use with the 
new CP/M Plus, now available in EPROM 

MEM-12850A ROM DISC Board _ __ $295.00 

CP/M Plus On EPROM: 

SFC-55009059E Unbanked RS232 $400.00 

SFC-55009057E Banked RS232 $400.00 



EXPANDORAM III 

SD Systems new ExpandoRAM III is a high density S-100 
memory board utilizing the new 64K x 1 dynamic RAM 
chips. It allows memory sizes of 64K, 1 28K or 256K all on a 
single S-100 board. 

The ExpandoRAM III marks a new generation of highly 
reliable and versatile dynamic RAM boards suitable for 
expanding current S-100 systems, or for use in new multi- 
user systems. 

MEM-65064A 64K $495.00 

MEM-65128A 128K $595.00 

MEM-65192A 192K $675.00 

MEM-65256A 256K __ $755.00 




Computer Products 

4901 West Rosecrans, Hawthorne, California 90250 



Circle 204 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 517 




64K STATIC RAM - Jade 

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs, fully supports IEEE 696 24 bit 
extended addressing, 200ns RAMs, lower 32K or entire 
board phantomable, 2716 EPROMs may be subbed for 
RAMs, any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, low 
power typically less than 500ma. 

MEM-99152B Bare board $49.95 

MEM-99152K Kit less RAM $99.95 

MEM-32152K 32 kit $199.95 

MEM-56152K 56 K kit __ $289.95 

MEM-64152K 64 K kit 

Assembled & Tested 



. $299.95 



. add $50.00 




Letter Quality Printer - CONIREK 

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cortridges, 16CPS 
bi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper loader 
(single sheet or fan fold), 10/12/15 pitch, up to 16" paper, 
built-in noise suppression cover. 

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $899.95 

PRD-11002 RS-232C serial model $969.95 

PRA-11000 Tractor Option $119.95 




380ZbyD.T.C. 



Based on the same quality mechanism as the Comrex 
printer, the 380Z contains electronic enhancements that 
allow it to print at speeds up to 32 CPS. Other features 
include a 48K buffer, proportional spacing, and Diablo 
1640/1650/630 compatible protocol. Comes with 
printwheel, ribbon and users manual. Serial, parallel, and 
IEEE 488 interfaces standard. 

PRD-11300 380Z printer $1295.00 

PRA-11000 Tractor option __ $169.95 

PRA-1200 Cur sheer feeder $699.95 

Cable Please specify $49.95 

Printers From Jade 

OKIDATA 82 10" 120 CPS CALL 

OKI DATA 92 10" 160 CPS with Graphics CALL 

OKIDATA 93 75" 160 CPS with Graphics CALL 

OKIDATA 83 75" 720 CPS with Tractor CALL 

OKIDATA 84 75" 200 CPS with Graphics CALL 

OKIDATA 2350 15" 350 CPS CALL 

OKIDATA 2410 75" 350 CPS. Two color CALL 

DAISYWRITER 2000 48K Daisywheel $1395.00 

GEMINI 10 700 CPS 10" with Graphics $349.95 

GEMINI 15 100 CPS 15" with Graphics $499.95 



PRINTER PALS — FMJ 

Desk top printer stand and paper rack. Fits all printers, 

PRA-99080 70" Printer pal $29.95 

PRA-99100 75" Printer pal $39.95 

PRA-99700 for Letter Quality $49.95 




s-ioo_ 

I/O BOARDS 



The BUS PROBE — Jade 

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer 

TSX-200B Bare board 

TSX-200K Kit 

TSX-200A A & T 



_ $59.95 
. $129.95 
.$159.95 



1/0-4 — SSM Microcomputer 

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports 

IOI-1 01 0B Bare board w! manual __. $35.95 

IOI-1 010K Kit with Manual $179.95 

IOI-1 010A A&T $249.95 



l/O-S — SSM Microcomputer 

Two serial & 3 parallel ports, 1 10-19. 2K Baud 
IOI-1015A A & T $289.95 



INTER FACER 4 — CompuPro 

3 serial, 1 parallel, 1 Centronics parallel 

IOI-1840A A & T _ $314.95 

IOI-1830C CSC $414.95 




PB-1 — SSM Microcomputer 

2708, 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer 

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95 

MEM-99510A A & T with manual $219.95 

PROM-100 — SD Systems 

2708.2716, 2732 EPROM programmer with software 

MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95 

MEM-99520A A & T with software $249.95 



VIDEO MONITOR — Jade 

1000 lines ultra-high resolution, 20 MHz ultra-high band 
width, 9" or 12", Amber or Green phosphor, the finest 
monitors we sell. 

VDM-750920 9" Green _ 

VDM-750910 9" Amber 

VDM-751220 72" Green 

VDM-751210 72" Amber 



_ $99.95 

$129.95 

. $129.95 

. $139.95 



72" GREEN SCREEN — Zenith 



15MHz, 40 or 80 column 
VDM-201201 72" Green . 



DUAL DISK 
SUB-SYSTEMS 



DISK Sub-Systems — Jade 

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced air 
flow system, rugged dual drive power supply power cable 
kit, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, 
nevermar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 2- 
8" disk drives, power supply, and fan, does not include 
signal cable. 
Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet 

END-000420 Bare cabinet $49.95 

END-000421 Cabinet kit $199.95 

END-000431 A & T $249.95 

8" Sub-Systems — Single Sided, Double Density 

END-000423 Kit w/2 Siemens FD100-8DS $650.00 

END-000424 A & T w/2 Siemens FD100-8Ds _ $695.00 

END-000433 Kit w/2 Shugart SA-801Rs $999.95 

END-000434 A & T w/2 Shugart SA-801Rs $1195.00 

8" Sub-Systems — Double Sided, Double Density 

END-000426 Kit w/2 Qume DT-8s $1224.95 

END-000427 A & T w/2 Qume D-8s $1424.95 

END-000436 Kit w/2 Shugart SA-851Rs $1274.95 

END-000434 A & T w/2 Shugart SA-SOIRs $1195.00 




ISO-BUS - Jade 

Silent, simple and on sale — a better motherboard 
6 Slot (5%" x fi%'7 



MBS-061B Bare board . 

MBS-061K Kit 

MBS-061A A & T . 



. $22.95 



. $39.95 



. $69.95 



12 siot (W x a%") 

MBS-121B Bare board 

MBS-121K Kit 

MBS-121A A & T 



$34.95 



$69.95 



. $109.95 



18 Slot (14W x 8%") 

MBS-181B Bare board 

MBS-181K Kit 

MBS-181A A & T 



$54.95 

$99.95 



$149.95 



S-100_ 

CPU B OARDS 



The BIG Z — Jade 

2 or 4 MHz switachable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/O 
accommodates 2708, 2716. or 2732 EPROM, baud rates 
from 75 to 9600. 

CPU-30201B Bare board w/ manual $35.00 

CPU-30201K Kit with Manual $149.95 



CPU-30201A A & T with Manual _ 



$199.95 



2810 Z-80 CPU — CCS. 

2 or 4 MHz Z-80 CPU with serial I/O port & on board 

monitor PROM, front panel compatible 

CPU-30400A A & T with PROM $289.95 

CPU-Z CompuPro 

2 or 4 MHz Z80A CPU, 24 bit addressing 

CPU-30500A 2/4 MHz A&T $279.95 

CPU-30500C 3/6 MHz CSC $374.95 



8085/8088 — CompuPro 



Both 8 & 16 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus, up to 8 

MHz, accesses 16 Megabytes of memory 

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A T $398.95 



. $114.95 CPU-20510C 6/8 MHz CSC 



$497.95 



PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE 



Continental U.S. 
800-421-5500 



Inside California 
800-262-1710 



For Technical Inquires 
or Customer Service call: 

213-973-7707 



We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders from qualified firms and institutions. 
Minimum prepaid order $15.00 California residents add 6 1 / 2 % tax. Export customers outside the US or Canada please 
add 10% to all prices. Prices and avalllblllty sub)ect to change without notice. Shipping and handling charges 
via UPS Ground 50C/lb UPS Air $1.00/lb. minimum charge $3.00 

518 BYTE June 1983 






Tandon TM100-1 single-sided double-density 48 TPI 

MSM-551001 $210.95 m 2 for $199.95 m 

Shugart SA400L single-sided double-density 40 track 

MSM-1 04000 $234.95 M 2 for $224.95 aa 

Tandon TM100-2 double-sided double-density 48 TPI 

MSM-551002 $294.95 ea 2 for $299.95 

TEAC FD55A single-sided double-density 40 track 
MSM-660551 $299.95 ea 2 for $239.95 

5y 4 " Cabinets With Power Supply 

END-000216 Single cab w/ power supply $69.95 

END-000226 Dual cab w/power supply — $94.95 



8" SLIMLINE 
SUB-SYSTEMS 



Dual Slimline Sub-Systems — Jade 

Handsome vertical cabinet with scratch resistant baked 
enamel finish, proportionally balanced air flow system, 
quiet cooling fan, rugged dual drive power supply, power 
cables, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, 
all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" slimline disk drives. 
Does not include signal cable. 
Dual 8" Slimline Cabinet 



END-000820 Bare cabinet 

END-000822 A & T w/o drives 

Dual 8" Slimline Sub-Systems 

END-000823 Kit w/2 SS DD Drives ___ 

END-000824 A & T w/2 SS DD Drives 

END-000833 Kit w/2 DS DD Drives 

END-000834 A & T w/2 DS DD Drives 



_ $59.95 
_ $179.95 

_ $919.95 

_ $949.95 

$1149.95 

$1179.95 



Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided double-density 

MSF-201120 $274.95 ea 2 for $249.95 ea 

Shugart SA801R single-sided double-density 

MSF-10801R $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea 

Shugart SA851R double-sided double density 

MSF-10851R _______ $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea 

Qume DT-8 double-sided double-density 

MSF-750080 $524.95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea 

Tandon TM8481 single-sided double-den thin-line 

MSF-558481 ___ $379.96 ea 2 for $369.95 ea 

Tandon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thin-line 

MSF-558482 $494.95 ea 2 for $484.95 

NEC FD1165 double-sided double-den thin-line 
MSF-851165 $484.95 ea 2 for $449.95 





Smart Buy In MODEMS — Signalman SUPERQUAD — Adv. Micro Digital 



1 200 and/or 300 baud, direct connect, automatic answer or 
originate selection, auto-answer/auto-dial on deluxe 
models. 9v battery allows total portability, full one year 
warranty. 

IOM-5600A 300 baud direct connect $89.95 

IOM-5610A 300 baud Deluxe $149.95 

IOM-5620A 1200/300 baud Deluxe $369.95 

IOM-5650A 300 baud for Osborne $119.95 

IOM-5630A 300 baud card for IBM $269.95 

IOM-5690A 1200 baud option for IBM . $129.95 



SMARTMODEM — Hayes 

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dial 
modem, touch-tone or pulse dialing. RS-232C interface 
programmable 

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 $574.95 

IOM-5400A Smartmodem 300 $224.95 



IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph 
IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 _ 



IOM-2010A Micromodem II w/Term prgm . 
IOM-2012A Terminal program for MM! I __ 



. $218.95 

. $368.95 

. $329.95 

$89.95 



1200 BAUD SMART CAT — Novation 

1 03/21 2 Smart Cat & 103 Smart Cat, 1 200 & 300 baud, built- 
in dialer, auto re-dial if busy, auto answer/disconnect, 
direct connect, LCD readout displays mode analog/digital 
loopback self tests, usable with multi-line phones. 

IOM-5241A 300 baud 103 Smart Cat $229.95 

IOM-5251A 1200 baud 212/103 Smart Cat $549.95 

J-CAT" MODEM — Novation 

1/5 the size of ordinary modems, Bell 103, manual or auto- 
answer, automatic answer/orginate, direct connect, built- 
in self-test, two LEDs and audio beeps provide status 
information. 
IOM-5261A Novation _ $149.95 




DISK 1 — CompuPro 

8" or 5y 4 " DMA disk controller, single or double density, 
single or double sided, 10MHz 

IOD-1810A A & T $449.95 

IOD-1810C CSC $554.95 

2422 DISK CONTROLLER — CCS. 

5 1 / 4 " or 8" double density disk controller with on-board 
boot loader ROM, free CP/M 2.2 & manual set 

_ $399.95 



IOD-1300A A & T with CP/M 2.2 



DOUBLE D — Jade 

High reliability double density disk controller with on- 
board Z-80A, auxiliary printer port, IEEE S-100 can 
function in multi-user interrupt driven bus. 

IOD-1200B Bare board & hdwr man $59.95 

IOD-1200K Kit w/hdwr & sftwr man $299.95 



IOD-1200A A & T w/hdwr & sftwr man 

SFC-59002001F CP/M 2 2 with Double D 



$325.00 



$99.95 



DISK TUBS 



DISKETTE STORAGE BOXES 

Clear Plexiglass storage boxes for up to 75 Diskettes 

MMA-505 Holds 75 5%" $19.95 

MMA-506 Holds 50 8" $24.95 



Single board, standard size S-100 computer system 4MHz 
Z-80A, single or double density disk controller for 5 1 / 4 " or 
8" drives, 64K RAM, extended addressing up to 4K of 
EPROM, 2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports, real time interrupt 
clock, CP/M compatible 

CPC-30800A A& T $724.95 

IOX-4232A Serial I/O adapter $29.95 



ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS 

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home. 

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer $69.50 

XME-3101A Spectronics with timer $94.95 

XME-3200A Logical Devices $49.95 



APPLE H 



DISK DRIVE — Apple Compatible 

Totally Apple compatible, 143,360 bytes per drive on DOS 
3.3 full one year factory warranty, half-track capability 
reads all Apple software, plugs right into Apple controller 
as second drive, DOS 3.3, 3.2.1 Pascal, & CP/M 
compatible. 

MSM-1 23200 Add on Apple Drive $249.95 

MSM-1 23100 Controller $99.95 

IOD-2250A Half height Teac __ $299.95 

CP/M 3.0 CARD for Apple — A.L.S. 

The most powerful card available for your Apple! 

6MHz Z-80B, additional 64K of RAM, CP/M plus 3.0 100% 
CP/M 2.2 compatibility, C basic, CP/M Graphics. 300% 
faster than any other CP/M for Apple. One year warranty. 
CPX-62810A A.L.S. CP/M Card $349.95 

Z-CARD for Apple it — A.L.S. 

Two computers in one, Z-80 & 6502, more than doubles the 
power and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU 
card CP/M 2.2 and complete manual set, Pascal 
compatible utilities are menu-driven, one year warranty, 
CPX-62800A AST with CP/M 2.2 $159.95 

80 COLUMN APPLE CARD 

80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II, 
addressable 25th status line, normal/inverse or high/low 
video, 128 ASCII characters, upper and lower case, 7x9 
dot matrix with true descenders, CP/M, Pascal & Fortran 
compatible. 50/60 Hz, 40/80 column selection from 
keyboard Best 80 column card! 
IOV-2500A 30 column card $149.95 



1 6K RAM Card — for Apple 11 

Expand your Apple H64K, use as language card, full 1 year 

warranty. Why spend $175.00? 

MEX-16700A Save over $115.00 _. $49.95 

SERIAL I/O CARD — A.L.S. 

Full feature serial card for modems & printers, baud rates 
from 110 to 19,200, CTS/RTS& X-on/X-off protocols auto 
line feed, RS-232C cable interface included. 
IOM000A A & T Dispatcher Card $129.95 




Computer Products 

4901 West Rosecrans, Hawthorne, California 90250 



3 205 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 



519 



DoKQU Computer 




Products, 



VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 



3250 KELLER STREET, #9 



SANTA CLARA, CA 95050 



16K APPLE'II 
RAM CARD 



BARE BOARD 

KIT 

ASSEMBLED 



14.00 
42.50 



INTERFACE 

8T26 1.65 



8T28 

8T95 

8T96 

8T97 

8T98 

DM8131 

DP8304 

DS8835 

DS8836 



1.95 
.95 
.95 
.95 
.95 
2.90 
2.25 
1.89 
.99 



EPROMS 

1702 1ns 

2708 450ns 

2758 450ns 

2716 450ns 

2716-1 350ns 

TMS2516 450ns 

TMS2716 450ns 

2532 450ns 

2732 450ns 

2764 450ns 

MC68764 450ns 

DYNAMIC RAMS 

TMS 4027 250ns 



UPD411 
MM 5280 
MK4108 
MM 5298 

4027 
4116 
4116 
4164 
4164 



300ns 
300ns 
200ns 
250ns 

250ns 
200ns 
150ns 

200ns 
150ns 



2.95 
2.98 
5.89 
3.25 
4.69 
5.49 
7.89 
4.69 
4.15 
CALL 
34.95 

.79 
2.89 
2.89 

1.74 
1.74 

2.00 
CALL 
CALL 
CALL 
CALL 



2101 

5101 

2102-1 

2102L-2 

2111 

2112 

2114 

2114L-4 

2114L-3 

2114L-2 

2147 

TMS4044-4 

TMS4044-3 

TMS4044-2 

MK4118 

TMM2016 

TMM2016 

HM611&4 

HM6116-3 

HM6116-2 

Z6132 



STATIC RAMS 

450ns 

450ns 

450ns 

250ns LP 

450ns 

450ns 

450ns 

450nsLP 

300nsLP 

200nsLP 

55ns 
450ns 
300ns 
200ns 
250ns 
200ns 
150ns 
200ns 
150ns 
120ns 
300ns 
LP m LOW POWER 



1.80 

3.89 

.78 

1.44 

2.48 

2.58 

1.74 

1.84 

1.84 

1.94 

4.89 

3.15 

3.45 

3.89 

9.69 

4.15 

4.89 

CALL 

CALL 

CALL 

32.95 



RESISTORS 

% WATT 5% CARBON FILM 

ALL STANDARD VALUES 

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MGE OHM 

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .0200 

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .0150 

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .0125 



•Apple is .1 nademdfk of Apple Computer, Inc. 



We Will Beat 

Any Competitors 

Prices! 





6500 






1 MHz 




6502 




5.25 


6504 




6.85 


6505 




7.60 


6507 




9.85 


6520 




3.95 


6522 




4.95 


6532 




5.95 


6545 




16.95 


6551 


2 MHz 


10.95 


6502A 




8.95 


6522A 




9.95 


6532A 




11.90 


6545A 




27.90 


6551 A 




11.90 



6502B 



3 MHz 



11.90 



74LS00 

74LS01 

74LS02 

74LS03 

74LS04 

74LS05 

74LS08 

74LS10 

74LS1 1 

74LS12 

74LS13 

74LS14 

74LS15 

74LS20 

74LS21 

74LS22 

74LS26 

74LS27 

74LS28 

74LS30 

74LS32 

74LS33 

74LS37 

74LS38 

74LS40 

74LS42 

74LS47 

74LS48 

74LS49 

74LS51 

74LS54 

74LS55 

74LS63 

74LS73 

74LS74 

74LS75 

74LS75 

74LS78 

74LS83 

74LS85 

74LS86 

74LS90 

74LS91 

74LS92 

74LS93 

74LS95 

74LS96 

74LS107 

74LS109 

74LS112 

74LS113 

74LS114 

74LS122 



.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.25 
.25 
.39 
.39 
.29 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.29 
.23 
.29 
.23 
.25 
.49 
.29 
.29 
.23 
.43 
.49 
.74 
.74 
.23 
.23 
.28 
1.19 
.34 
.34 
.34 
.34 
.45 
.59 
.65 
.35 
.35 
.79 
.54 
.54 
.74 
.69 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.39 



DoKqu 



74LS123 
74LS124 
74LS125 
74LS126 
74LS132 
74LS136 
74LS137 
74LS138 
74LS139 
74LS145 
74LS147 
74LS148 
74LS151 
74LS153 
74LS154 
74LS155 
74LS156 
74LS157 
74LS158 
74LS160 
74LS161 
74LS162 
74LS163 
74LS164 
74LS165 
74LS166 
74LS168 
74LS169 
74LS170 
74 LSI 73 
74LS174 
74LS175 
74LS181 
74LS189 
74LS190 
74LS191 
74LS192 
74LS193 
74LS194 
74LS195 
74LS196 
74LS197 
74LS221 
74LS240 
74LS251 
74LS242 
74LS243 
74LS244 
74LS245 
74LS247 
74LS248 
74LS249 
74LS251 



.49 

1.24 

.44 

.44 

.54 

.54 

.89 

.49 

.49 

1.19 

2.39 

1.29 

.39 

.39 

1.89 

.59 

.69 

.44 

.49 

.68 

.64 

.68 

.64 

.68 

.79 

1.69 

1.69 

1.74 

1.45 

.68 

.44 

.39 

1.89 

8.79 

.79 

.79 

.64 

.64 

.68 

.68 

.78 

.78 

.74 



.98 
.98 
.79 
1.48 
.74 



.58 



74LS253 


.58 


74LS257 


.58 


74LS258 


.58 


74LS259 


1.19 


74LS260 


.58 


74LS266 


.58 


74LS273 


1.48 


74LS275 


3.20 


74LS279 


.48 


74LS280 


179 


74LS283 


.68 


74LS290 


.74 


74LS293 


.78 


74LS295 


.98 


74LS298 


.88 


74LS324 


1.74 


74LS352 


1.28 


74LS353 


1.28 


74LS363 


1.34 


74LS364 


1.89 


74LS365 


.48 


74LS366 


.48 


74LS367 


.44 


74LS368 


.44 


74LS373 


.98 


74LS374 


.98 


74LS377 


1.24 


74LS378 


1.15 


74LS379 


1.34 


74LS385 


1.89 


74LS386 


.44 


74LS390 


1.15 


74LS393 


1.15 


74LS395 


1.15 


74LS399 


1.48 


74LS424 


.37 


74LS447 


.37 


74LS490 


1.94 


74LS668 


1.69 


74LS669 


1.89 


74LS670 


1.48 


74LS674 


9.45 


74LS682 


2.99 


74LS683 


2.99 


74LS684 


2.99 


74LS685 


2.99 


74LS688 


2.39 


74LS689 


2.99 



81LS95 
81LS96 

81LS97 
81LS98 



VAVJ Computer Products, Inc. 
3250 Keller Street, #9 
Santa Clara, CA 95050 



(800) 538 8800 



1.48 
1.48 
1.48 
1.48 



UARTS 

AY3-1014 

AY5-1013 

AY5-1015 

TR1602 

IM6402 

IM6403 

INS8250 



5.85 
3.90 
6.90 
3.90 
7.85 
885 
10.49 



LEDS 

Jumbo Red 10/1.00 
Jumbo Green 6/1.00 
Jumbo Yellow 6/1.00 



DIP SWITCHES 

4 Position .85 

5 Position .90 

6 Position .90 

7 Position .90 

8 Position .95 



XR2206 
XR2207 
XR2208 
XR2211 
XR2240 



EXAR 



3.75 
3.75 
3.90 
5.25 
3.25 



CA3010 
CA3013 
CA3023 
CA3035 
CA3039 
CA3046 
CA3053 
CA3059 
CA3060 
CA3065 
CA3080 
CA3081 
CA3082 
CA3083 
CA3086 
CA3089 
CA3130 
CA3140 
CA3146 
CA3160 
C A 3401 
CA3600 



RCA 



.95 
1.99 
2.75 
2.49 
1.25 
1.25 
1.45 
2.90 
2.90 
1.75 
1.10 
1.65 
1.65 
1.65 

.80 
2.10 
1.25 
1.15 
1.75 
1.15 

.59 
3.45 



STORE HOURS: 

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-5:30 P.M. 

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M. 



APPLE* II 

COMPATIBLE 
DISK DRIVE 

225.95 

CONTROLLER CARD 
79.95 



APPLE 

SUPER COOLING 
FANS 
49.95 

WITH SURG PROTECH 

69.95 



5 1 A" FLOPPY DISKS 

FLIP FILE 

CAPACITY 75 EA 



19.95 



APPLE 

PADDLES 

9.95 



UPGRADE 

4116 -200 
8/10.00 



\ 



ns 



♦o 



Calif Residents 
/onm »48 8008 



al Phone 
9880697 



TERMS For shipping include $2.00 for UPS 
Ground S3 00 for UPS Blue Label Air $1000 
minimum order Bay Area residents add 6/'-% Sales 
Tax California residents add 6% Sales Tax We 
reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute 
manufacturer Prices subject to change without 
notice. Send SASE for complete list 



520 BYTE )une 1983 



APPLE* II USERS 
DISK DRIVE! 

225.95 

CONTROLLER CARD 79.95 



Includes metal cabinet 
Color matches Apple 
35 tracks/single side 
Includes cable 
Use with Apple II controller 



OoKOkU Computer 




Products, 



VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 



'I 



EPROM ERASERS 

HOLDS 15 EPROMS 
ERASES IN 20 MINUTES 

59.95 



ii 



3250 KELLER STREET, #9 • SANTA CLARA, CA 95050 



2.5 MHz 

Z80-CPU 

Z80-PIO 

Z80-CTC 

ZBO-DMA 

Z80-DART 

Z80-SIO/O 

Z80-SIO/1 

Z80-SIO/2 

Z80-SIO/9 



3.35 
3.35 
3.35 
12.49 
14.98 
16.95 
16.95 
16.95 
16.95 



Z80 

SERIES 



Z80A-DMA 
Z80A-DART 
2B0A-SIO/0 
Z80A-SIO/1 
Z80A-SIO/2 
Z80A-S10/9 



21.95 
15.95 
20.95 
20.95 
20.95 
18.95 



4.0 MHz 

Z80A-CPU 4.90 

Z80A-PIO 4.90 

Z80A-CTC 4.90 



6.0 MHz 

Z80B-CPU 14.95 

Z80B-PIO 12.95 

Z80B-CTC 12.95 

ZILOG 

Z6132 32.95 

Z8671 38.95 



5 1 /4" DISKETTES 

ATHANA OR NASHUA 

SSSD 18.95 

SSDD 22.95 

DSDD 27.95 

BULK 

SSDD SOFT 

$1.65ea 



CLOCK 
CIRCUITS 



MM5314 
MM 5369 
MM 5375 
MM 58167 
MM 58174 

MSM5832 



4.90 
3.90 
4.90 
8.90 
10.95 

6.90 



ORDER TOLL FREE 

O&OO) 538-8800 
(800) 848-8008 

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) 
ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100% GUARANTEED 



LM301 

LM308 

LM309K 

LM311 

M317T 

LM317K 

LM318 

LM323K 

LM324 

LM337K 

LM339 

LM377 

LM380 

LM386 

LM555 

LM556 

LM565 

LM566 

LM567 

LM723 

LM733 



LINEAR 

.32 LM741 



.75 

1.25 

.64 

1.65 

1.70 

1.49 

3.75 

.59 

3.90 

.79 

2.25 

1.25 

1.00 

.38 

.65 

.95 

1.45 

.99 

.49 

.95 



LM747 

LM748 

LM1310 

MC1330 

MC1350 

MC1358 

LM1414 

LM1458 

LM1488 

LM1489 

LM1800 

LM1889 

LM3900 

LM3909 

LM3914 

LM3915 

LM3916 

75451 

75452 

75453 



.29 

.75 

.49 

2.45 

1.69 

1.25 

1.69 

1.49 

.55 

.65 

.65 

2.45 

2.45 

.59 

.95 

3.70 

3.70 

3.70 

.35 

.35 

.35 



Disc 
Controllers 



1771 

1791 

1793 

1795 

1797 

6843 

8272 

UPD765 

1691 



15.95 
27.95 
29.95 
49.95 
49.95 
32.95 
39.00 
34.95 
17.95 



9000 SERIES 

9316 .95 

9334 2.39 

9368 3.69 

9401 8.95 

9601 .69 

9602 1.39 
96502 1.79 



MISC. 

11 C 90 
3242 
MC 3470 
MC 3480 
ULN 2003 
CA 3146 
2513-001 up 
2513-002 low 



12.95 
6.95 
7.95 
8.95 
5.95 
1.75 
9.69 
9.69 



7805T 
7808T 
781 2T 
781 5T 
7824T 

7805K 
781 2K 
781 5K 
7824K 
7905T 



VOLTAGE 
REGULATORS 

.75 7908T 
.75 791 2T 
.75 791 5T 
.75 7924T 



.85 
.85 
.85 
.95 



1.29 
1.29 
1.29 
1.29 
.85 



7905K 1.39 

791 2K 1.39 

791 5K 1.39 

7924K 1.39 
T = TO-220 
K = TO-3 



CONNECTORS 

RS232 Male 

RS232 Female 

RS232 Female Right Angle 

RS232 Hood 

30 pin Edge 

44 pin Edge 

50 pin Edge 

86 pin Edge 
100 pin ST 
100pinW/W 



3.00 
3.50 
4.95 
1.20 
2.49 
2.49 
2.69 
3.90 
3.90 
4.90 



DoKau 



32.768 KHz 

1.00 Hz 

1.8432 

2.0 

2.097152 

24576 

3.2768 

3.579545 

4.0 

5.0 

5.0688 

5.185 

5.7143 

6.0 



CRYSTALS 

1.90 6.144 



4.50 
4.50 
3.90 
3.90 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 



6,5536 

8.0 

10.0 

12.0 

14.31818 

15.0 

16.0 

17.430 

18.0 

18.432 

20.0 

22.1184 



2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 
2.69 



8035 
8039 
8080A 
8085A 



8155 
8156 
8185 
8202 
8205 
8212 
8214 
8216 
8224 
8226 
8228 
8237 
8238 
8243 
8250 



8000 

4.95 8251 



5.95 

3.89 

5.89 

24.95 

34.95 

7.75 

8.75 

29.00 

27.95 

3.45 

1.79 

3.75 

1.69 

2.19 

1.79 

3.34 

19.00 

4.39 

4.39 

10.49 



8253 

8253-5 

8255 

8255-5 

8257 

8259 

8272 

8275 

8279 

8279-5 

8282 

8283 

8284 

8286 

8287 

8288 

8289 

8741 

8748 

8755 



4.39 

6.89 

7.89 

4.39 

5.19 

7.89 

6.85 

39.00 

29.00 

8.89 

9.89 

6.49 

6.49 

5.49 

6.49 

6.49 

24.95 

39.00 

34.95 

14.95 

29.95 



IC Sockets 



8 PIN 
14 PIN 
16 PIN 
18 PIN 
20 PIN 
22 PIN 
24 PIN 
28 PIN 
40 PIN 



IC SOCKETS 
ST 

.10 
.12 
.15 
.20 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.35 
.40 

ST = Soldertail 

W/W = Wirewrap 



W/W 

.49 

.50 

.57 

.85 

.99 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.80 



6800 

6802 

6808 

6809 

6809E 

6810 

6820 

6821 

6828 

6840 

6843 

6844 

6845 

6847 

6850 

6852 

6860 

6862 

6875 

6880 

6883 



6800 
1 MHz 



68 BOO 

68B02 

68B09 

68B09E 

6810 

6810 

68B45 

68B50 

68000 



2 MHz 



3 MHz 



4.75 

7.89 

8.45 

11.95 

17.95 

2.89 

3.50 

2.95 

13.95 

7.95 

32.95 

24.95 

13.95 

11.95 

3.20 

3.50 

9.89 

11.90 

6.89 

1.80 

22.95 

9.95 
21.95 
28.95 
28.95 

7.89 
11.95 
33.95 
11.95 

57.95 



Power Supplies 



MOUNTED ON PC BOARD 

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER 

+ 5 VOLT 4 AMP 

±12 VOLT 1 AMP 




34.95 




f^KJ IXv^U Computer Products, Inc. 

3250 Keller Street, #9 

Santa Clara, CA 95050 

(800) 538 8800 

Ccihf Residents LocjI Phone 

800) 848 8008 <408) 988 0697 



STORE HOURS: 

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M. -5:30 P.M. 

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M. 



master charge 




TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS 
Ground. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 
minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6V 3 % Sales 
Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax We 
reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute 
manufacturer. Prices subject to change without 
notice. Send SASE for complete list. 



Circle 129 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 521 



Laemvnced 
computer 



16K Apple™ Ramcard 

LIST 195 
ACP 

$5995 

• Full 1 year warranty 
• Top quality — gold fingers 
• Expand Apple II 48K to 64K 
Compatible with Z-80 Softcard " 

NEW FROM COEX 

Apple lie Compatible Extended 80 Column TEXT Card 
List $199.00 ACP $149.00 




32K STATIC RAM 



2 or 4 MHz 




16K4 MHz Kit 
16K4MHZA&T 
32K 4 MHz Kit 
• 32K 4 MHz A&T 
BARE BOARD 



$159.95 

• 339.00 
39.95 



Bare Bd w/all parts less mem. 99.95 



REPEAT OF SELL-OUT 
58 Itey I 

_"""~ < ir* t 

This is a new 58 key terminal Keyboard 
manufactured by a major manufacturer. 
It is uncoded with SPST keys unat- 
tached to any PC board. Solid molded 
plastic 1 1" x4" base. 




Key Pad 

1 5 key Keypad with 
1-10 keys and tab, 
return, (->, (;) and (.). 

0i(y*9 95 " 



% 



UV "EPROM" 

ERASER 

Model 

DE-4 

$89.95 

Holds 4 EPROM'S 
at a time. 
Modal S-52T $325.00 




16K Memory 
Expansion Kits 

for Apple/TRS-80 

8PCS411616K 

2O0/250nS <Jj4 A Qr 

Specify computer M> I L.oO 

CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING 



COJCOM FILTER 

Popular 
CORCOM 
Filter 

6 amps ■» 
Compatible Line Cord Add ... t3.SO 



CORCOM 



Astec RF Modulator 

Mitai "^ COLOR 

jj * 

" B/W 

P/N 1 082 Channel 3 or 4 $6.95 



AMD MODEM IC 

^^^P/N AM7910 
^^■Hfflr 1200Baud 
^fllP^ 5 Volts 



Special ACP Price 



W 



64K CMOS 




Assm and Tested 



INTEL 4K .SBS ,C 



Super Fast! 

Super 
Low Power! 




ilF 



Part No. 2147 . 



$1.95ea. 



STEPPER MOTOR 




Operates by applying 
12VDC in one direc- 
tion and then revers- 
ing polarity (or square 
wave). Uses 12VDC, 
Clock Wise Rotation, 
Rated 3 RPM at 4 
P.P.S, with a 5 degree 
stepping angle. 

1 for $34.95 



RS232 SIGNAL TESTER 

COEX RS232 
Line Tester 

| (7) LED Indicators 

only '24" 

Other Styles Also Available 



INTEL CODEC IC 

P/N2910A 

For Digital t 

Voice 

For Filter P/N 291 2A ... $4.95 •«. 



iUUCU IU 




SURGE 
SUPPRESSOR 

^ "Surgeon ics" 
<i Power Sentry 

1 5 Amps 250 Volts 
transient suppression 

ACP $QQW 

Low Price 09 



CONNECTORS 



DB25P (RS232) 

DB25S Female 

Hood 

Set with Hood, Sale 

22/44 S/T, KIM 

43/86 S/T, MOT 

50/100 S- 100 Connector W/W 

50/100 S-100 Connector S/T 



$3.25 
3.75 
1.25 
7.50 
2.95 
6.50 
4.95 
3.95 



6520 

6522 

6530-X 

6532 

6551 

Z80-PIO 

Z80A-PIO 

Z80-CTC 

Z80A-CTC 

ZBO-DMA 

Z80A-OMA 27.95 

Z80-SIO 24.95 

Z80A-SIO 29.95 



MOS PROMS 



2764{8Kx8>TS 
2732 (4Kx8) TS 
2716/2516; 5V 
<2Kx8) TS 
TMS2716, 5V, 12V 
2758. 5V, (450nS) 



7.95 
17.95 
3.50 



2708(450nS) $6.75 
2708(650nS) 5.25 
1702A 5.75 

MM5203AQ 14.50 
MM5204Q 9.95 



HBB3J 



2513-001 (5V) Upper S9S0 
251 3-OOS 1.5V) Lower 10.95 
2513-ADM3(5V)Lower 1495 
MCM66 ?10 ASCII Shitted 12.95 
MCM66740 Math Symbol 13.95 
MCM667S0 Alpha Control 13 45 
1771-01 8" & Minifloppy 24.95 
1781 Dual Floppy 2995 

1791-01 Dual Floppy 36.95 
1791-02 Dual Floppy 44.95 
1793 DO. DS Floppy 
1797 DD. DS Floppy 
1691 Dala Separator 
2143 Clock Generator 

8700 8 bit Binary 

8701 1 bit Binary 
8703 S bit TS 
9400 Volt to FreqCaiv 
6750 3'A Digit BCD 
1408L6 6 oil 
1408L8 8bit 
DAC01 DtoA 



44.95 
54.95 
18.95 
18.95 
13.50 
22.00 



13.95 



DAC08 S995 

DAC100 995 

8038 Function Generator 4 50 
MC4024 VC0 2 95 

LM566VC0 195 

XR2206 Function Generator 5 25 
TR1602B(5V, 12V) 3,95 

AV51013(5V,12V) 4 95 

AY51014A/1612(5-14V) 695 
AV51015A/1863(5V> 6J5 
IMG402 795 



IM6403 

2350 USRT 

1671 B Astros 

MC14411 

4702 

W01941 

COM5016 

INS8250 

AV5-2376 

AYS- 3600 

MM5740AAC 



8 <*> 



16.95 
15.95 
13.75 
13 75 






LOW PROFILE 
SOCKETS (TIN) 



8 pin LP 
14 pin LP 
16 pin LP 
18 pin LP 
20 pin LP 
22 pin LP 
24 pin LP 
28 pin LP 
40 pin LP 



.22 
.29 
.34 
.29 



.28 
,32 
.27 



,24 
.36 



3L WREWRAP 
SOCKETS (GOLD) 



8 pin WW 
10 pin WW (Tin) 
14 pin WW 
16 pin WW 
18 pin WW 
20 pin WW 
22 pin WW 
24 pin WW 
28 pin WW 
40 pin WW 



1.15 
1.45 
1.35 



1.08 
1.35 
1.26 
1.53 
2.09 



1.23 
1.14 
1.38 



78H05K 

78M06 

78M.G. 

LM108AH 

LM300H 

LM301CN 

LM304H 

LM305H 

LM306H 

LM307CN 

LM308CN 

LM309K 

LM310CN 

LM311D/CN 

LM312H 

LM317T 

LM318CN 

LM319N/H 

LM320K-XX* 

LM320T-XX* 

LM320H-XX* 

LM323K 

LM324N 

LM337K 

LM338K 

LM339N 

LM340K-XX* 

LM340T-XX* 

LM340H-XX* 

LM344H 

LM348N 

LM350K 

LM358CN 

LM360N 

LM372IM 

LM376N 

LM377N 

LM380CN/N 

LM381N 

LM383T 

LM386N 

LM387N 

LM390IM 

NE531V/T 

NE555V 

NE556N 

NE561T 

NE565N/H 

NE566H/V 

NE567V/H 

NE592N 

LM702H 

LM709N/H 

LM710N/H 

LM71 1 N/H 

LM715N 

LM723N/H 

LM733N/H 

LM739N 

LM741CN/H 

LM741CN-14 

LM747N/H 

LM748N/H 

LM760CN 

LM1310N 

MC1330 

MC1350 

MC1358 



1.49 
2.95 



1.75 
1.70 



1.39 
1.25 
4.95 

.95 
5.95 
6.95 

.95 
1.75 
1.25 



1.49 
1.95 
3.75 
2.75 
1.25 
1.79 
1.95 
1.25 
1.40 
1.95 
3.75 
.39 
.98 
19.95 
1,25 
1.75 
1.50 
2.75 
1.99 
.29 



1.95 
1.75 



LM1414N 

LM1458CN/N 

MC1488N 

MC1489N 

LM1496N 

LM1556N 

LM1820N 

LM1850N 

LM1889N 

LM2111N 

LM2900N 

LM2901N 

LM2917N 

CA3013T 

CA3018T 

CA3021T 

CA3023T 

CA3035T 

CA3039T 

CA3046N 

LM3053N 

CA3059N 

CA3060N 

CA3062N 

LM3065N 

CA3080T 

CA3081N 

CA3082N 

CA3083N 

CA3086N 

CA3089N 

CA3096N 

CA3097N 

CA3130T 

CA3140T 

CA3146N 

CA3160T 

CA3190N 

CA3410N 

MC3423N 

MC3460N 

SG3524N 

CA3600N 

LM3900N 

LM3905N 

LM3909N 

LM3914N 

LM3915N 

LM3916N 

RC4131IM 

RC4136N 

RC4151N 

RC41 94TK 

RC4195TK 

ULN2001 

ULN2003 

SN75450N 

SN75451N 

SN75452N 

SN75453N 

SN75454N 

SN75491N 

SN75492N 

SN75493N 

SN75494IM 

TL494CN 

TL496CP 



$1.90 
49 
.99 
99 
.89 
1.50 



3.10 

1.75 

99 

2.50 
2.95 
2.19 
1.99 
3.49 
2.99 
2.75 
1.29 
1.29 
1.49 
3.19 
319 
4.95 



1.55 
.80 
2.99 
3.49 
1.99 
1.30 
1.19 
2.49 



3.95 
3.95 
339 



3.75 
3.95 
3,75 
2.95 
1.10 
3.70 
4.95 
5.40 
1.25 
1.50 



74S00$ .39 
74S02 .43 
74S03 
74S04 

74S05 
74S06 



45 



74S10 

74S11 

74S15 

74S20 

74S22 

74S30 

74S32 

74S38 " 

74S40 

74S51 

74S64 

74S65 

74S74 

74S86 

74S112 

74S113 

74S114 



74S124 3.69 

74S133 .54 

74S134 

74S135 

74S136 

74S138 

74S139 

74S140 

74S151 

74S153 

74S157 

74S158 

74S160 2.79 

745174 1.49 

745175 1.49 
74S188 2.69 
7*S194 1.89 

745195 1.89 

745196 1.89 

745240 2.75 

745241 2.75 

745242 2,99 

745243 2.99 



1.15 
1.69 
1 29 



1.29 
1.29 
1.29 
1.29 



74S244 $2.99 

74S251 1.35 

74S253 1.35 

745257 1 .29 

745258 1.29 
74S260 .75 
74S280 2,79 

745287 2.99 

745288 2.55 

745373 3.10 

745374 3,10 
74S387 2 75 

745471 7.95 

745472 7.95 

745473 7.95 

745474 9.95 

745475 9.95 

745570 5.75 

745571 5.75 

745572 895 

745573 8.95 

745940 2.90 

745941 2.90 



DIP 
SWITCHES 



2 Position 

4 Position 

5 Position 

6 Position 



1.19 
1.29 
1.35 




MUFFIN® FAN 

The dependable, tow 
cost, largest selling fan 
tor commercial cooling 
applications, 

• 1 05cfm free air delivery 

• 4.68" sq. x 1 .50" deep. 
Weight- 17 oz. 

SPECIAL PURCHASE 




%t* $9.50.. 



PARALLEL ALPHA NUMERIC 
PRINTER 



^H 9p 1 9 Column Printer prints 1 6 numerical columns plus 3 

^^^^■^^ columns which have math, alpha and other notations. 
^^^^ Each wheel has 12 positions with position 12 blank. 

Position 1 1 on numerical columns have decimal point or#. Utilizes 2.75" 
wide adding machine tape and a dual color ink ribboa Input data parallel 
with four bit BCDcomparatorcircuit(sc hematic provided). Print rate, 3 lines 
per second. Operating voltage 22-28VDC with typical cycle time of 
340mS. Size 6WW x 3Vs"H x 5%"Dp New. $9.95 ea. 3/$ 2 7 



SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS 



14411 

74LS668 

74LS377 

74LS241 

8259 

6561 RAM 

LM733CN 

LM323K 



$7.95 

3/1 .99 

2/1 .99 

2/1.99 

6.95 

2.95 

3/1.99 

3.95 



6571 A 
SIG 2652 
8253 

2758 EPROM 
1802 

Z80A CPU 
6522 
6502 CPU 



3.95 
6.95 
2.95 
8.95 
4.95 
6.95 
5.95 



8080A CPU 

2102 RAM 

4060 RAM 

2732 

UPD410 

UPD411 

2708 EPROM 8/29.95 

2114 8/14.50 



$2.95 
.75 
1.40 
6.95 
2.98 
2.98 



5027 CRT $9.95 

2901 3.95 

6039 3.95 

MM5320 5.99 

9131 RAM 1.99 

EMM4402 1.99 

10415 4.95 

8700 A/D 2/1695 



TOLL FREE 



7402 
7403 
7404 
7405 
7406 
7407 
7408 
7409 
7410 
7411 
7412 
7413 
7414 
7416 
7417 
7420 
7421 
7422 
7423 
7425 
7426 
7427 
7429 
7430 
7432 
7437 
7438 
7439 
7440 
7441 
7442 
7443 
7444 
7445 
7446 
7447 
7448 
7450 
7451 
7453 
7454 
7459 
7460 
7470 
7472 
7473 
7474 



74LS00$ .26 

74LS01 .28 

74LS02 ,28 

74LS03 .28 

74LS04 .35 

74LS05 .28 

74LS08 .28 

74LS09 ,35 

74LS10 .28 

74LS1 1 .39 
74LS12 
74LS13 
74LS14 
74LS15 
74LS20 
74LS21 
74LS22 
74LS26 
74LS27 
74LS28 
74LS30 
74LS32 

74LS33 .55 

74LS37 .45 

74LS38 .39 

74LS40 ,26 

74LS42 .79 

74LS47 .79 

74LS48 .95 

74LS51 .26 

74LS54 .29 

74LS55 .29 

74LS73 .45 

74LS74 .42 

74LS75 .59 

74LS76 .45 

74LS78 .45 

74LS83A .79 

74LS85 1.19 

74LS86 45 

74LS90 .57 

74LS92 .75 

74LS93 ,75 

74LS95 .88 

74LS96 .98 

74LS107 .45 

74LS109 .45 

74LS112 43 



4000 $ .35 

4001 .35 

4002 .35 

4006 1.05 

4007 ,25 

4008 1.39 

4009 .45 

4010 .45 

401 1 .35 

4012 .25 

4013 45 

4014 1.39 

4015 1.15 

4016 .59 

4017 1.19 

4018 .89 

4019 .45 

4020 110 

4021 1.19 

4022 1.15 

4023 .29 

4024 75 

4025 .25 

4027 .65 

4028 -85 

4029 1.29 

4030 .45 

4031 3.25 

4032 2.15 
4034 325 
4Q35 .95 



95 



.33 



7475 

7476 

7479 

7480 

7482 

7483 

7485 

7486 

7489 

7490 

7491 

7492 

7493 

7494 

7495 

7496 

7497 2.90 

74100 2.90 

74107 .32 

74109 

74116 

74121 

74122 

74123 

74125 

74126 

74128 

74132 

74136 

74139 

74141 .79 

74142 2.95 

74143 2.95 

74144 2.95 

74145 .62 

74147 1.95 

74148 1.20 

74150 1.09 

74151 .67 

74152 .67 

74153 .67 

74154 1.19 

74155 .78 

74156 .78 

74157 .69 

74158 1.65 

74159 2.49 

74160 .88 



.39 
.57 
.45 



.29 
.39 



.75 



74LS113S .43 

74LS114 .43 

74LS122 .55 

74LS123 1.19 

74LS124 1.35 

74LS125 89 

74LS126 .52 

74LS132 79 

74LS136 .49 

74LS138 .85 

74LS139 .85 

74LS145 1.25 

74LS148 1.49 

74LS151 .79 

74LS153 .79 

74LS154 170 

74LS155 1.19 

74LS156 .99 

74LS157 .85 

74LS158 75 

74LS160 1.05 

74LS161 1-15 

74LS162 1.05 

74LS163 1.05 

74LS164 1.19 

74LS165 .89 

74LS166 2.48 

74LS168 1.15 

74LS169 115 

74LS170 1.99 

74LS173 .89 

74LS174 .89 

74LS175 .89 

74LS181 2.20 

74LS190 115 

74LS191 1.15 

74LS192 .98 

74LS193 .98 

74LS194 1.15 
74LS195 
74LS196 

74LS197 89 

74LS221 1.15 

74LS240 1.69 

74LS242 1.69 

74LS243 169 
74LS244 



.95 



87 



195 



1.75 

.75 



1.15 



4041 
4042 
4043 

4044 
4046 



.85 

1,75 



4049 .45 

4050 .69 

4051 1.10 



4055 3.95 

4056 2.95 

4059 9.25 

4060 1 .39 
4066 .75 

4069 35 

4070 49 

4071 .35 

4072 .35 

4073 .35 

4075 .35 

4076 1 .29 

4077 .35 

4078 35 

4081 35 

4082 .35 
4085 1.95 



74161 $ 

74162 

74163 

74164 

74165 

74166 

74167 

74170 

74172 4.75 

74173 79 

74174 .89 

74175 .85 

74176 .75 

74177 .75 
74179 1.34 
74180 
74181 
74182 

74184 2.25 

74185 2.25 

74186 9.95 
74188 3.90 
74190 
74191 
74192 

74193 .85 

74194 .85 

74195 .68 

74196 .85 

74197 .85 

74198 1.39 

74199 1.39 
74221 1.19 
74251 .96 
74273 1 .05 
74276 1.89 
74279 .75 

74283 1.40 

74284 3.90 

74285 3.90 
74290 1 .25 
74298 .95 

74365 .68 

74366 .68 

74367 .68 

74368 .68 
74390 1.45 
74393 1 .90 
74490 1 .90 



74LS245$2.20 

74LS247 1,10 

74LS248 1.10 

74LS249 1.19 

74LS251 1.40 

74LS253 140 

74LS257 .85 

74LS258 .98 

74LS259 2.95 

74LS260 .65 

74LS261 2.49 

74LS266 ,59 

74LS273 1.75 

74LS275 4 40 

74LS279 ,59 

74LS283 .99 

74LS290 .99 

74LS293 .99 

74LS295 1.10 

74LS298 1.19 

74LS324 1.75 

74LS347 1.95 

74LS348 1.95 

74LS352 1.19 

74LS353 1.19 

74LS363 1.49 

74LS365 .69 

74LS366 .69 

74LS367 .69 

74LS368 69 

74LS373 1.89 

74LS374 1.89 

74L.S375 .69 

74LS377 1.95 

74LS385 1.95 

74LS386 .65 

74LS390 1.95 

74LS393 1-95 

74LS395 1.70 

74LS399 2.35 

74LS424 2-95 

74LS668 1.75 

74LS670 2.29 

81LS95 1.69 

81LS96 1.69 

81LS97 1.69 

81LS98 169 
PRICING 

CALL 
TOLL FREE 



4094 2.95 

4098 2.29 

4099 2.25 

14408 12.95 

14409 12.95 

14410 12.95/ 
14412 12.95 
14415 



14419 

4501 

4502 

4503 

4505 

4506 

4507 

4508 

4510 

4511 

4512 

4515 

4516 

4518 

4520 

4555 

4556 

4566 2.25 

80C95 1.50 

80C97 1,25 



4,95 
-39 



1.19 
1.39 

2.75 



1.25 
4.95 



800-854-8230 

TWX 

910-595-1565 



Mailorder P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713 

Retail: 1 31 OB E. E dinger, Santa Ana CA 92705 
(714) 558-8813 
542 W Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131 
(400) 946-7010 



TERMS: MO. Cashiers Check. Bank Wire Personal 
checks allow 2 weeks for processing Include Drivers 
License and credit card #s Visa, AMEX CB add 3% 
service charge Add 3% shipping A handling or $2 50, 
whichever is greater Add 10% lor foreign orders or 
US Parcel Post. Include Telephone number NOCODs 
Prices subied to change without notice Some items 
subject to prior sale We reserve the right to substitute 
manufacturer Retail prices may varv 



522 BYTE June 1983 



Circle 8 on inquiry card. 



T 2>-C0MPUTER 



i i B r Computer Company ^KIppKZ GOmpUCGf 



'^x /PRQDU 



SOLO' 



SIEMEN'S SALE 

You can now purchase Shugart compatible 
8" Disk Drives below your existing 
factory direct pricing! 




Also, with purchase of Disk Drives you can buy the 
Vista V-1 000 Dual Case with Power Supply and Cable 

for only $375.00 Regular Price $495.00 

OFFER LIMITED' SHIPPED IMMEDIATELY 

FACTORY FROM STOCK! 

WARRANTY 90 DAYS! "OEM quantities 




S-100 64K -«r RAMCARD 

Unbelieveable 
Price! 

$29900 

Assembled and Tested 

D ACP has sold over 1000 of these IEEE 
compatible, low-priced, high-reliability 
64K Static RAM Cards. 

□ Single 5-Volt operation. 





ffic P e $ 299°° 



IBM LOW COST 
MEMORY 

MEMORY PLUS AT LOW PRICES! 

Now! Multtcard" expandable 

from 64 - 256K with 

(1) PARALLEL (1) SERIAL 

<1) CLOCK/CALENDAR 



COEX 256 SPC 
With 64K 

COEX 64 SPC 

with 256K 



$ 199°° 
*335°° 



FLOPPY DISK DRIVES 

SINGLE SIDED 8 

1 2 10 MFG P/N 

S385$379$269 Tanrion 848-1 
199 199 Call 

DOUBLE-SIDED 8 

519 495 4S9 Siemens FDD200-8 
515 490 465 Tandon 848-2 
559 539 519 

SINGLE SIDED 5V4 



DOUBLE-SIDED 3 



WINCHESTERS 5'/ 

J 679 599 Seagate 5 



SPECIAL LIQUIDATION - SMALL QTY 
SHUGART 4004 
14 WINCHESTER 

I Only 10 Available —So Hurryi 

14.5 MEGABYTES 

List 2495.00 

v Special Sale Price ... $995.00 



HARDWARE 



ABM List 

BSR-XtO Interface $95 

Color to Mono I/O Module 95 

Telephone Receptionist adapt 995 

PS3276/Bisyn Emulator 1295 

AMDEKDuaO" Amdisk 
(2) Hitachi OS (250K) 899 

AST Megaplus" Card 
P/N MG-064, 64K, Ser, Clk 595 

P/N MG-064SP, add'l Ser, Par 695 

P/N MG-256, 256K, Ser, Clk 995 

P/N MG-256SP add'l Ser, Par 1 095 

AST I/O Plus"" Card 
P/N l/O-SP, Clk, (2) Ser, Par 265 

AST Combo Plus™ Card 
P/N MC256SPC 256K, clk, P/S 995 

AST PC Disk++~ Card 
P/N MD-064, 64K, Host, Par 655 

CACTUS TECHNOLOGY 
300 Baud Direct Modum 349 

COEX 

Extender Card 40 

Prototype Card 69 

37 Ptn"D" Connector 19 

Snap-in Card Guides (5) 8 

CORONA Hard Disk System 

CORVUS Hard Disk System 

DAVONG 

5Mb Hard Disk 1995 

12Mb Hard Disk 2495 

MAYNARD Disk Drive Card 
Floppy Card w/Parallel 295 

Floppy Card w/Serial 325 

MOUSE SYSTEMS 
Mouse w/Mousepad 332 

Mouse RS232 I/O 40 

ORCHID 
Ht-Res Graphics Adapter 495 

PERSYST Spectrum {64-256 K) 
P/N SP64-CCP, 64 K, S, S, P 
P/N SP64, 64K 
64K Upgrade Kit (9 chips) 1 30 

OUADRAM Ouadboard (64-256K) 
P/N Q64, 64K w/4 functions 595 

TANDON TM 100-1 (160K) 295 

TM 100-2<320K) 395 

TEAC FD55B(320K)Disk 395 

TG PRODUCTS Joystick 65 

Track Bali 65 

VISTA 
MULTICARD w/64K SPC 529 

MULTICARD w/256K SPC 829 

64 K Upgrade Kit (9 chips) 
"MAX!CARD'""w/64K 376 

"MAXICARD'"" W/256K 676 

"MAXICARD"" W/576K 1 1 76 

"PC MASTER'- 7 Functions 590 

DISKMASTER (§W, 8") 379 

ECONOCARD-SPC only 299 




Apple ll/lle 



449 
499 
695 
749 

199 

695 

495 

299 



299 
549 
899 
459 
299 
159 



Disk Drive 




PR NTERS 



COEX 80F/T 80cps 

STAR MICRONICS- NEW! 

Gemini 10 100cps 
Gemini 15 15" 
EPSON MX80 w/Graftrax 
MX 100 w/Graftrax 
FX80 w/Graftrax 
INTEGRAL DATA 
Microprism 480 
Prism 80 Color (all) 
Prism 132 Color (all) 
BROTHER HR-1 

Daisywriter 
IBM PC to EPSON Cable 
OKIDATAMicroline82A 
Microltne 83A 
Microline 84AP 
Okidata 92 



MONITORS 



$499 


$299 




399 
649 


349 
479 




494 
749 
699 


419 
669 
629 

689 
1495 
1685 




799 

1795 
1995 




1195 
1495 


895 
1295 




60 


45 




599 
899 
1399 
699 


489 
729 
1099 
549 





AMDEKCORP 

300 Green 12" 
310 Amber 12" 
Color I Composite 
Color II RGB Hi-Res 
Color III RGBComm'l 
Cotor IV RGB Analog 

NEC 12" Green -NEW 

12" RGB (690x230) 

PRINCETON GRAPHICS 
RGB IBM Lookalike 



$199 


$155 


210 


175 


399 


299 


899 


790 




Call 


1299 


1059 


199 


155 


895 


799 
599 | 


700 



DISKETTES 



DYSAN 5V*" SS SD 
DYSAN 5W DS SD 
IBM 5'A" SS SD 
IBM5WSSDD 
VERBATIM 525-01 SS 
VERBATIM 550-01 DS 
MAXELL MD1 SS 
MAXELL MD2 DS 
AMDEK Hitachi 3" DS Micro 
BULK SPECIAL SS 
With Sleeve and Box 



10/$55 
10/65 
10/60 
10/65 
10/45 
10/55 
10/50 
10/60 
5/99 

10/25 
00/195 



MORE IBM GOODIES 



CURTIS PC Pedestal 

Extension Cable 
INTEL 8087 IC 
RAM EXPANSION 

16K Motherboard (16 IC's) 
64K Memory Exp (9 IC's) 
KRAFT IBM Joystick 
IBM Paddles 



MODEMS 



SIGNALMAN Mark I (RS232! 
HAYES 

Smartmodem (P.S282) 

Smartmodem 1200 

IBM PC to Modem Cable 

AMC300 300 Baud 
AMC 1200 1200 Baud 
TRANSPAK I 
TRANS PAK II 
TRANSPAK III 
NOVATION 
CAT 
JCAT 
DCAT 
AUTO CAT 
212 AUTO CAT 



Totally compatible 
to Apple Drives. 



only 



$ 



249 



00 



Controller .......... $99.00 

Just plug in and run. 

Vista Quartet 




799 



Ts Add8 " 

IJi m Disk 
^jjL^ Drives 
*■■ To Your 
Apple ll/lle 

Up To 2.4 Megabyte! 

Now "TRIMLINE V1 1 00" with 
Tandon Thinline DS DD Drives. 

Tandon Dual DS DD $1 895.00 

Qume Dual DS DD 1 699.00 

Shugart Dual 801 R 1 295.00 



SPECIAL 
OFFER 

(2) Siemen's 8" Disk Drives 
(1) Vista V-1 000 Enclosure 
(1 ) Power Supply w/Fan, w/Cable 



ACP 
Low Price 



$ 699 



,00 



Apple Compatible Software 



SAVE UP TO 40% 



BUSINESS 

Screen Writer 
Word Handler 
BO Master 
Visicale™ 3.3 
Master Type 
Desk Top Plan II 
Desk Top Plan III 
Visiplot 
PFS, File II 
FPS T File 111 
Visit rend/Visi plot 
PFS, Graph II 
PFS, Graph III 
Multiplan 
Versaform 
Wordstar 
Format II 
dBASE II 
Supercalc 
PFS. Report II 
PFS, Report III 
Acct Plus G/L 
G/L, A/P, A/R 
Above+ Inventory 
Magic Window 
HOME 

Home Accountent 
Transend I 
Transend II 
Data Capture 4.0 
Visiterm 

Per. Finance Mgr 
ASCII Exprs, Prof. 
Electronic Duet 
Tax Prep. 1983 



HOBBY 

$29 Bag of Tricks $32 

149 Graphics Magic'n 45 

155 DOS Boss 19 

185 Zoom Graphics 32 

29 Utility City 22 

179 Locksmith 4.0 90 

225 Compl Graph Sys 55 

159 Apple Mechanic 24 

115 Nibbles Away II 35 

155 GAMES 

25 The Missing Ring 29 

115 Choplifter 26 

1 55 Frogger 24 

199 Wizardy 39 

279 Snack Attack 24 

365 Castle Wolfenstien 24 

179 Arcade Machine 44 

439 Canyon Climber 24 

169 Aztec 29 

95 Mask of the Sun 29 

115 Cannonball Blitz 26 

299 Knight Diamonds 26 

599 Zorkl 29 

799 Zorklll 29 

115 Starcross 29 

Serpentine 25 

59 Star Blazer 25 

76 Deadline 39 

119 Tubeway 25 

49 Flight Simulator 25 

89 Space Vikings 25 

85 Sargon II 29. 

99 Spitfire Simulator 29 

25 Apple Panic 22 

149 Olympic Decath 23 



TOLL FREE 

800-854-8230 

TWX 

910-595-1565 




Apple lie w/64K $1395.00 


$1195.00 


Apple lie System 


1995.00 


1695.00 


Apple lie Sys w/Ext Text 


2195.00 


1895.00 


Disk II w/Controller 


545.00 


449.00 


Disk II w/o Controller 


395.00 


359.00 


Monitor III Green 


249.00 


189.00 


Super Serial Card 


195.00 


169.00 


Parallel Interface Card 


165.00 


139.00 


80 Column Text Card 


125.00 


109.00 


Extended 80 Column Text 


295.00 


249.00 


Dot Matrix Printer 


695.00 


529.00 


"Apple Products Available In-store Only" 


MORE HARDWARE 


MICROSOFT 


LIST 


ACP 


Z80 Softcard 


$395.00 


$249.00 


16KRamcard 


195.00 


89.00 


The Premium Package 


685.00 


654.00 


SSM 






AIO-II 4 Function Serial/ 






Parallel 


225.00 


179.00 


AIO Serial/ Parallel 


195.00 


165.00 


EASTSIDE 






Wildcard Apple II 


149.00 


115.00 


KENSINGTON 






System Saver 


89.95 


74.95 


KEYBOARD COMPANY 






Numeric Keypad 


149.95 


124.95 


Apple II Joystick 


49.95 


44.50 


Apple II Handcontrollers 


29.95 


25.95 


KRAFT (IBM also) 






Joystick 




49.00 


Hand Controller 




40.00 


MPC 






128K Bubble Memory 


875.00 


699.00 


PROMETHEUS 






VERSAbox Spool/Buf r 


249.00 


199.00 


VERSAcard Four-in-1 


199.00 


166.00 


AUTO- DOC diagnostics 


99.00 


82.00 


VISTA COMPUTER CO. 






Vision 80 80x24 Card 


395.00 


219.00 


Vision 80 Visicalc 80 






Col Patch 


69.00 


49. OO 


A800 8" Disk Contr 


379.95 


349.00 


Quartet Disk Drive 5'/«" 


849.00 


799.00 


Soto Disk Drive w/Contr 


299.00 


249.00 


Solo Drive w/o Contr 


379.00 


319.00 


Vista 5'/4" Disk Contr 


92.00 


79. OO 


Typeahead Buffer 


49.95 


35.00 


VIDEX 






Videoterm 80x24 Card 


345.00 


279.00 


Keyboard Enhancer II 


149.00 


129.00 


Soft Switch 


35.00 


30.00 


Function Strip Keys 


79.00 


69. OO 


PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS 




16KMicrobuffer 


259.00 


220.00 


32K Microbuffer 


299.00 


253.00 


Snapshot Option 


149.00 


109.00 


VOTRAX 






Type n' Talk Speech 


249.00 


219.00 


Personal System 


395.00 


339.00 


VYNET 






Apple II Voice Syn. 


395.00 


349.00 


Apple II Telephone I/O 


295.00 


249.00 


SCOTT INSTRUMENTS 






Voice Recognita VET80 


799.00 


675.00 


COEX 






16K RAM Card 


99.00 


59.95 


Parallel Card w/cable 


99.00 


49.95 


Apple Protocard 


29.00 


19.95 


Apple Extendercard 


29.00 


19.95 


Apple He Ext RAM Card 


199.00 


149.00 


CORVUS 






5 Mb Hard Disk 


3750.00 


Call 


10 Mb Hard Disk 


5350.00 


Call 


20 Mb Hard Disk 


6450.00 


Call 


ORANGE MICRO 






The Grappler I/O (Plus) 


175.00 


139.00 


The Bufferboard 


1 75.00 


139.00 


SATURN SYSTEMS 






32 K RAM Card 


219.00 


179.00 


128K RAM Card 


499.00 


439.00 


SCOTT 






ECHO II 


149.00 


129.00 


STREET 






ECHO II 


149.00 


1 29.00 


LEGEND 






64 KC ll/lle 


327.00 


269.00 


128KC ll/lle 


599.00 


499.00 


18SRC 18K Static 


149.00 


1 35.00 


MOUNTAIN COMPUTER 






CPS Multifunction 


239.00 


169.00 


Music System 


395.00 


335.00 


A/D plus D/A 


350.00 


299. CO 


ROM Plus 


155.00 


129.00 


MAR ENTERPRISES 






Sup'rterm 80x24 Card 


395.00 


269.00 


Sup'rMod II 


69.00 


49. OO 


SuprModV(IBM) 


69,00 


49. OO 


Sup'rAccess (New!) 




Call 


ALS 






The CP/M Plus Z80 card 


399.00 


319.00 


Smarterm 80x24 Card 


349.00 


279.00 


The Synergizer Package 


699.00 


549.00 


16K RAM CARD 



Apple II 16K 

Compatible with 
Z80 Softcard " ... PASCAL CP/M™ 

Full 1 year Warranty. Top Quality by COEX 



$ 



59 



95 



NEW 
LOW 
PRICE 

Also from COEX NEW EPSON 

Parallel Interface for Apple. 

With cable $49.95 



Mill Order P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713 



Retail: 1 31 OB E. Edlnger. Santa Ana CA 92705 
(714) 558-8813 

542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131 
(408) 948-7010 



TERMS: MO. Cashier's Check. Bank Wire. Personal 
checks allow 2 weeks for processing. Include Drivers 
License and credit card #s Visa, AMEX. CB add 3% 
service charge. Add 3% shipping & handling or $2 50. 
whichever is greater. Add 10% for foreign orders or 
US Parcel Post. Include Telephone number. NOCODs. 
Prices subject to change without notice Some items 
subject toprior sale. We reserve the right tosubst itute 
manufacturer. Retail prices may vary. 



Circle 8 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 523 



W S 1 ffi« MICRO 
. . SMILES 



• M^D£ /W USA- BY AMERICANS • 



6 



California 
Computer 
Systems 

SPECIAL! 

CCS SYSTEM 2410 . . $1995.00 

• Includes CP/M® 2.2 • 2-Serial/1 -Parallel Port 

• DMA Disk Controller • Hardware Vectored Interrupts 

• 2-Real Time Clocks • Supports CP/M®,MP/M®, OASIS 

CCS 2300 System , A & T . . 1 695.00 

• 2810 CPU On/y-255.00 

• 2422 Disk Controller On/y-330.00 

• 2066 64K. Only-SeO.OO 

• 2300A Mainframe N EW! . . . On/y-399.00 

• CCS Apple Boards . . . Call Toll Free For Prices 




I 



UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY 

For Big Board, Apple or Aim 65 

+5VDC @ 3 Amps 

+12VDC @ .750 Amps 

-12VDC @ .750Amps 

-5VDC @ .500 Amps 

$69 95 Dimensions: 4"x4"x1 1" 

DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY 

For 2 - 8" or 5" Drives 

4- 5VDC @ 4 Amps 

+24VDC i 3 Amps 

- 5VDC @ 1 Amp 

AC Cables for 2 Drives $7.50 1 

Dimensions: 4" x 4" x 11" <fccft qc 

S-100 POWER SUPPLY 

+8VDC @ 30 Amps 
+16VDC @ 6 Amps 
-16VDC @ 6 Amps 

PC Board Design 
Dimensions; 5" x 6" x 11" 





» 



$89.50 



4 



byXOR 



Wfl 




For test or systems applications. 
Complete S-100 12 Slot Main- 
frame with Disk Drive Power Supply 
for 4 Drives. 

SPECIFICATIONS 

Regulated v 
+5V @ 5A 
+24V @ 3A 
-5V @ 1A 
$225.00 Kit with .12 S-100 Bus Connectors 
$255.00 Assern. and Tested with 12 Bus Connectors 

$15.00 AC/DC Drive Cable Set for 2 Drives 
Dimensions 6" x 10" x 18" — Shipping Weight 25 lbs. 



Unregulated 
+8V @ 30A 
±16V@ 6A 




Low Velocity 
Whisper® Fans 
On/y$18.00ea 
Finger Guards 
$2.50 each 



XOR 

S-100 MOD 



CUSTOMER SERVICE HOTLINE 1 - (714) 898-5525 



DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS 





HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL 

Fully Assembled and Tested Units 

ONE YEAR P + L WARRANTY 

On Shugart and Mitsubishi Subsystems 

w/two Mitsubishi DS/DD $1170.00 

w/two Shugart 801 R SS/DD 975.00 

w/two Shugart 851 R DS/DD 1225.00 

w/two Siemans 120-8 SS/DD 675.00 

w/two Qume DT-8 DS/DD 1250.00 

Cabinet A & T w/Power Supply and Aces 235.00 

Cabinet Top and Bottom Only - 69.50 

All cabinets A & T and subsystems include all AC/DC wiring and 50 pin data cable 
except the horizontal model which includes the internal 50 pin cable and requires 
an external 50 pin cable part # C-6000-01 S 25.00 

5Vi" Subsystems 

W/two 48TPI SS/DD 495.00 

w/two 48TPI DS/DD . 595.00 

w/two 96TPI DS/DD 695.00 



* SPECIAL * 

OF THE MONTH ON 
MITSUBISHI DS/DD SUBSYSTEM* 




2.4 MEGABYTES . . . ONLY $1095.00 

Fully assembled and tested horizontal drive 
cabinet including fused power supply, fused AC 
input, fan, all AC and DC cables, 50 pin data 
cable and ONE FULL YEAR PARTS AND LABOR 
WARRANTY on the complete subsystem in- 
cluding the Mitsubishi 2894 double sided dou- 
ble density drives. 

Add $15.00 for shipping material. 
*0FFER EXPIRES JULY 31st 1983 



FLOPPY DRIVES 

Buy a set at these reduced prices 




8" Shugart 801 R SS/DD $369.00 

8" Shugart 851 R DS/DD 495,00 

8" Qume DT-8 DS/DD 519.00 

8" Mitsubishi 2894 DS/DD 465.00 

8" Mitsubishi Slimline DS/DD 465.00 

8" Tandon 848-1 Thinline SS/DD 370.00 

8" Tandon 848-2 Thinline DS/DD 470.00 

8" Siemans 120-8 SS/DD 235.00 

5 1 /4" Mitsubishi 96 DS/DD Full 315.00 

5 1 /4" Mitsubishi 96 DS/DD V? Height 315.00 

All Shugart and Mitsubishi drives will have a 1 year parts 
and labor warranty. Qume drives — Full 6 months — All 
others 90 days. 



**«> *$»*» 



4o £oN r *">oe 



• • • SUBSYSTEM SPECTACULAR • • • 

INTERFACE TO ANY S-100 SYSTEM!!! 

NOW U.S. Micro Sales offering mass storage subsystem add-ons 
for your XOR S-100-4, S-TOO-12, or any S-100 computer systems. 
Choose from five to 1 5 megabytes of hard disk storage or invest in 
a 10 or 20 megabyte removeable cartridge subsystem and never 
worry about storage problems again! The 20 megabyte cartridge add- 
on includes two cartridge drives which means 10 meg to 10 meg 
back-up and storage in under 3 minutes! All subsystems include 
chassis, cabinet, power supply, all necessary cables, and all required 
software. All non-XOR S-100 systems will require an S-100 Inter- 
face board for the 5, 1 and 1 5 megabyte hard disk units at an addi- 
tional $199 00 . The Iomega™ cartridge subsystems include this inter- 
face at no extra cost. 

JHHH^L^^^^ XOR Data Sciences S-100 
7N » 8? x G» x tr/ 5HT41S j interface board is included 

with the above cartridge 
subsystems to interface the 
hard disk controller to the 





5 megabyte 


.#S-1 000-52 . 


$1145 00 


10 megabyte . 


.#S-1 000-53 . 


$1495 00 


15 megabyte . 


#S-1 000-54 . 


$1695 00 




10 megabytes of removeable cartridge 
add-on. #S-100-55 

20 megabytes 2 drive add-on backup 



$1995 00 



cartridge to cartridge a full 10 meg 
less than 3 minutes. #S-1 000-56. 



S-100 bus. 



$2950°° 

Extra cartridges. #M-2000-51 $50 00 




Wumaft ©quit [RteSffliiO ^©wm 
ORDER TOLL FREE 

* EAST ft ft WEST ft 



1 (800) 435-9357 

In III. (815) 485-4002 



1 (800)854-8174 

In Calif. 1 (714) 898-1492 



^8 Sf SCS? MICRO 
IVI.W. SALES 



* MADE IN U.S.A. BY AMERICANS • 



TERMS: We accept VISA/MC, prepay, check or money order. Please allow personal check two weeks to clear before shipment. 
$5.00 handing charge on ati orders under $50.00. 1 5% Restocking Fee All orders shipped via U.P.S. unless otherwise specified. Ail 
UPS COD. orders over $1 00.00 require a Cashiers Check. • Our products carry a full 6 months parts and labor warranty excluding 
drives, printers and terminals which carry the fuH OEM. factory warranty. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. 





TERMINALS 

Adds Viewpoint 3A + : A low cost high performance ter- 
minal w/green screen and detachable keyboard. Features 
include • Reverse video • % intensity • Visual 
highlighting • Full auxiliary port use • 150 — 19. 2K baud 
rate. 
#T-1000-04 $519.00 

Televideo 910 + : Save your eyes on a great green screen 
w/features like • Built-in self test • Full editing • Tab 
options • cursor control • 16 visual attributes like, reverse 
video, monitor mode and % intensity. 
#T-1000-05 $569.00 

Televideo 925: From the hobbyist to the basic professional 

this popular terminal will fit your needs. • Detachable 

keyboard • Numeric keypad • Green screen • Self test 

• Time of day display • Programmable function keys • 

912/920 emulation hardware/software programmable 

configurations. 

#T-1000-08 $739.00 

Televideo 950 #T-1000-09 $939.00 





• EAST • 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 60451 

• WEST • 1 5392 Assembly Lane, Huntington Beach, CA 9264$ 

PRINTERS 

C-ltoh Starwriter F-10: The best you can get in a daisy-wheel letter quality 
printer with removeable print head and speed to 45 C.P.S. Order serial or parallel 
models — same price. No extra charge for the quiet-low profile design. 

F-10 Starwriter Parallel #M-2000-47 $1475.00 

F-10 Starwriter Serial #M-2000-31 $1475.00 

Okidata Microline: New versatility, correspondence quality printing and speed 
make the ML92 and ML93 the best printer values in their categories. Both 
printers provide multi-speed print modes; bi-directional high speed mode with 
short line seeking logic at 160cps. emphasized and enhanced mode printing 
at 80cps, and high resolution correspondence quality printing at 40cps. Dot- 
addressable graphics is standard. Both serial and parallel interfaces are stan- 
dard and BOTH prices include full tractor assembly at no extra charge. 

ML92 #M-2000-10 $ 629.00 

ML93 #M-2000-1 1 $ 965.00 

Epson FX-80: This is the latest entry from the manufacturer that has taken 

the printer market by storm by offering the highest quality at very reasonable 

prices. 

One quick glance at the features below should convince you that Epson has 

created a real winner with the new FX80: 

• Burst print speed of 160 cps; continuous speed of 110cps • 11x9 character 
matrix; 18x18 in emphasized and doublesize modes • User definable characters 

• Internal RAM can function as either 2K print buffer or user-definable character 
set storage area • Standard Centronics parallel interface • Programmable left 
margin; 32 horizontal tab stops and 8 sets of 16 vertical tabs. 

Introductory offer #M-2000-70 $599.00 

Above w/Serial/!nt #M-2000-71 $699.00 




The 4 slot S-100 systems below are equipped with the XOR Z-80 4MHZ three board set. Each can run 8" or 5" disk simultaneously. 
In addition to the high speed XOR mini format, they can read KPRO, IBM and Morrow 5" disk formats. Each has a modular dual 
power supply sub chassis. They are fan cooled. Standard 10 is 2 serial ports and one Centronics parallel. Expansion 10 is available. 



< 



TWIN 5Y4" MINI 




System less boards and drives $ 425.00 

Mini 48TPI SS/DD $1395.00 

Mini 48TPI DS/DD $1495.00 

Mini 96TPI DS/DD $1650.00 



5V4" HARD DISK 
• NEW PRODUCT SPECIAL 




l L gsiif 

w/1 48TPI + 5 Meg $2395. 0'J 

w/1 96TPI + 5 Meg $2495.00 

w/2 96TPI + 5 Meg $2750.00 

w/2 96TPI + 10 Meg $2995.00 

w/2 96TPI + 20 Meg $3445.00 



8" MITSUBISHl/TANDON 




• System less boards + drives $ 395.00 

• w/2 Mitsubishi DS/DD $1895.00 

• w/2 Tandon SS/DD $1725.00 



The 12 slot commercial grade S-100 systems below have all of the features listed above plus a massive 30 amp power supply capable 
of the expansion we expect you will do. All units are cooled by four inch fans. Each system must pass 2 days of constant read and 
write disk testing without a single error before shipment. One year complete system warranty is included. 



BASIC PROFESSIONAL 




w/no drives (full board set) $1350.00 

w/2 Mitsubishi $2295.00 

w/2 Shugart 801 R $2125.00 

w/2 Shugart 851 R $2425.00 

w/2 Qume $2450.00 

w/2 Mitsubish/wide $2295.00 



IOMEGA S-100-12 + 




• w/1 Iomega 

+ 1 Floppy $3395.00 

• w/1 Iomega 

+ 2 Floppies $3715.00 

• w/2 Iomega 

+ 1 Floppy $3995.00 



PROFESSIONAL 8" 

HARD DISK TO MP/M 




• w/20 Meg + 1 Floppy $4395.00 

• w/40 Meg + 1 Floppy $4950.00 

• w/85 Meg + 1 Floppy $5395.00 

• Add Tape Backup $1495.00 

• Add MP/M $ 695.00 

• Add per User $ 250.00 



i. 



Circle 395 on inquiry card. 



CaMFornia DiqiTAi 

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503 



FR£E* 

Plastic library case supplied with all 
| diskettes purchased from Cal ifornia Digital 

*19? 5 

New Low Price 



MEMORY 

16K DYNAMIC 



Private labeled (of California Digital by one of the 

respected producers of magnetic media. Each disnen 

is certified double density at 40 tracks To msur 

extended media life all diskette are manufactured with 

reinforced hub 

Each box of diskettes is supplied with a free plasti 

library case. 

Soft sector CAL-501 . Ten sector CAL-510 




5 l /4" DISKETTES 

WITH LIBRARY CASE 



$ 



26. 50 



Your Choice 

SCOTCH 
MEMOREX 
VERBATIM 



Single Side Double Density 
Soft Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector 



SCOTCH 


744D-0 


7440-10 


7440-15 


26.50 


MEMOREX 


3481 


3483 


3485 


26.50 


VERBATIM 


525-01 


525-10 


NA 


26.50 


MAXELL 


MD1 


MH1-10 


MM -16 


29.85 


DYSAN 


104/1D 


107/10 


NA 


45.00 





Double Side Double Density 




SCOTCH 


745-0 


745-10 


745-16 


42.50 


VERBATIM 


550-01 


550-10 


NA 


42.50 


MAXELL 


MD2-D 


MH2-10D 


MH2-16D 


45.00 


DYSAN 


104/20 


107/2D 


NA 


49.50 


DYSAN 96 


204/2D 


NA 


NA 


59.50 





EIGHT INCH DISKETTES 






Single Side Single Density 


Single Side Double Density 


SCOTCH 


740-0 


29.50 


SCOTCH 


741-0 


39.00 


MEMOREX 


3060 


29.50 


MEMOREX 


3090 


35.00 


DYSAN 


3740/1 


39.50 


DYSAN 


3740/D 


57.50 


Thirty Two Sector 


Double side Double Density 


SCOTCH 1 740-32 1 29.50 


SCOTCH 


743-0 


47.50 


Scotch Head Peming Kits 5V. 4 8" ! 24,95 


MEMOREX 


3114 


39.50 


Diskette Flip Tub 
Diskette Flip Tu 


s rrhy diskettes 5 V." 
s titty (teKettes 8' 




DYSAN 


3740/2D 


65.00 




Micro switch ffeA-- ,* 

ASCII «4m 

KEYBOARD aYp^ 

Each keyboard contains 81 high reliability Hall Effect keys. 
Outputs seven bit parallel ASCII MIC-81SD5 3 Lbs. 

_ __ 

KEYBOARD 

*24.95 

This Hitek keyboard is the same unit used by Lear Siegler in their middle line 
CRT terminals. The keyboard features 58 unencoded metal on metal con- 
tacts (HIK-58) Matching numeric cluster with 15 keys is available for $9.95 
(HIK- 1 5). Buy both of these units for only $29.90 and save $5.00 (HIK-58 1 5). 




[master charge] 



DYNAMIC MEMORY 



4027 4K dynamic 250ns 
4116 150ns 16K 
4116200ns 16K 
4164 150ns. 64K 128 refresh 
41256 150ns. 256K 



2 1L02 200ns. 1K static 
21 L02 450ns 1K static 
2112 450ns 2K static 
2114 300ns 1K x4 
4044TMS 450ns 4K X 1 
5257 300ns. 4Kx 1 
6116 P4 200ns 2K x 8 
6116 P3 150ns 2K x8 
167 100ns. 16Kx 



■■ . ■ 



2708 450ns. 1K x 8 
2716 450ns. 2K x 8 
27 1 6TMS 450ns Tn-voltage 
2732 450ns. 4K x 8 
2732 350ns. 4K x 8 
2532 450ns. 4Kx 8 
2764 350ns. 8K x 8 
27128 350ns. 16Kx8 



1CM-4O27250 
ICM-4116150 
ICM-41 16200 
lCM-4164150 
JCM-4 1256 150 

STATIC MEMORY 

ICM-21L02200 
ICM-21L02450 
ICM-2 112450 
ICM-21 14300 
ICM-4044450 
ICM-5257300 
CM-61 16200 
ICM-61 16150 
20 pm) ICM-61 67 100 

EPROMS 

ICE-2708 

ICE-2716 

ICE-2716TMS 

tCE-2732 

ICE-2732350 

ICE-2532 

ICE-2764 

tCE-17128 



CONNECTORS 



DB25P 



S-100Gold 

$2.95 



^r 



as 



$2.50 



uoi.D Ki.nii-. cGN.NKctors 



Mt:oH.vi I-,!.! ra-icuif socki.ts 



, i.: ah Li:, cow hi: 




23" 

COMPOSITE 
MONITOR 

*159 



Ideal monitor 

for classroom 

demonstrations. 



Ever try gathering a classroom of students around a 12 n 

p. jr.; (■.,■■;■;« a 23 high resolution ma;; :nr at a reasonable price 

These units ,ic< «p' -j.i'H'.xiO ■ ?";")'■.: video signals generated by mm i — . r por'aurHii i::i.)iri;i,iit:-r*, rcjurt 

the Apple and IBM Aitacn it your computer and in second you are shooting down Klingons in a 



BLOWOUT 

SALE 

*189 




California Digital has recently partici- 
pated in the purchase of several thous- 
and Siemens FDD 100-8 floppy disk 
drives. These units are electronically 
and physically similiar to that of the Shugart 801 R. Mjst upplica- 
ions that will accept the Shugart will work with the Siemens FDD 
10O-8. All units are new and shipped in factory sealed boxes 
SEA-F1008 17lbs. Manual and power connectors supplied free 
upon request. Your choice 1 1 5 volt 60 Hz or 230 volt 50 Hz. Also 
available: Two drive subsystem supplied in metal enclosure with 
power supply and exhaust fan. CAL-2F1 008 

NOTE! European customers, we hau i large quantitv ol 230 volt 50 Hz. units v 
■annlort Gr;'- .n-y Arranot'inortsi. a- < ■-■ado to/. I ,jii ih- '&'..• dnves in quantities 
■ f-rankfort rcluonq import duty and ire..;' ' charges 



Eight Inch Single Sided 

One Two 



Ten 



SHUGART SA801R 


$ 395 


385 


375 


SIEMENS FDD100-8 








TAND0N 848-1 SLIMLINE 


379 


369 


359 


Eight Inch Double Sided 


SHUGART SA851R 


525 


495 


475 


QUME DATA TRACK 8 


525 


495 


475 


MITSUBISHI M2894-63 


485 


475 


469 


OLIVETTI 802/851 


369 


359 


349 


TAND0N 848-2 SLIMLINE 


495 


485 


475 


SHUGART 860 THINLINE 


569 


549 


539 


Five Inch Single Sided 


SHUGART SA400 


215 


209 


199 


TAND0NTM 100-1 


209 


199 


195 


Five Inch Double Sided 


SHUGART SA450 


349 


329 


315 


TAND0N TM 100-2 


295 


269 


259 


TAND0N 96TPITM10Q4 


369 


355 


350 


OLIVETTI 502 V, height 


239 


225 


215 


Three Inch Rigid Floppy 


HITACHI-AMDEK 


call for pricing 


Five Inch Winchesters 


SEAGATE 506 6 Megabyte 


759 


725 


695 


SEAGATE 512 12 Megabyte 


995 


960 


960 


TAND0N 603SE 14 Megabyte 


995 


960 


895 


WESTERN DYNAX removable 


995 


960 


950 


Upon request, all drives are supplied 
with power connectors and manual 




Eight Inch Subsystem 



Two Siemens FDD 1 00-8 disk drives with power supply, 
4" exhaust fan complete with all necessary power cables. 

Same as aoove but with: 

Shugart 801 R MSD2801 s 1195 
Shugart 851 R MSD2851 1450 



Olivetti 802 CAL280Z. 1250 
QumeDTB MS08DT 1450. 



TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 

800)421-5041 

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA 

213)679-9001 



CaUFornIa DiqiTAl 

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503 



tJ 



LIBERTY i 

FREEDOM 50 



DIABLO 

Word Processing Printer 



^sjsswyun 



The Liberty Freedom 50 terminal features detach 
able keyboard with 93 keys including 10 (unction 
keys, 1 5 graphic symbols, and DIP switch selectable 
character set for 7 foreign languages The 1 2 inch 
etched norvglare green phosphor screen displays 
24 rows by 80 characters in 7x9 matrix with true 
descenders. Self lest and 25th data display row also 
included Switch seleclable baud rates from 110- 
1 9,200 baud. Screen attributes do not use display memory, allowing operator to display a lull 1920 
characters Emulates 5 popular CRT terminals for easy software configuration Switch selectable 
between 1 1 5 and 230 volt. We have never seen a terminal with all these features for the incredibly 
low price of only S4 75 UB-FS0 40 lbs 




NOW ton ln ( - ong;tiator of the daisy wheel pnnter, the Diablo 620. Print speeds to 24 char/sec. 
user selectable bi-di recti our, .n'riiir:-:; ,,;peiscripi'. ^jbicnp's qr.iphu.:-, ;rid mote PUissUmiarri 
RS-232 interfacing Communication speeds to 1200 baud with a 1 500 character print butter 
Software program able absolute horizontal tabs makes report formatting easy Over 20 different 
print wheels are currently available The 620 automatic, i . i, -..,-. tt n iprtrt spacing for 10, 12, 15 
char/inch print wheels On site service available worldwide DBL-620 50 lbs 



ECLIPSE 100 



695 




The Eclipse 100 is an industrially rated IEE-696 j 
S-100 18 slot mainframe. Equipped with a 500 
watt toroid modular power supply to assure op- 
eration m the most severe enviorments Provi- 
sions for internally mounting a S'-a Winchester- 
disk drive. All card positions receive proper cool- 
ing from a littered 85 cfm fan Constructed from 304 brushed stainless steel is suitable for medical 
and process control applications Use of the highest grade materials and state of the art construc- 
tion techniques has made Eclipse Data Products the industry standard for quality and vetsatility in 
computer mainframes EDP-100 50 lbs. 



MORROW DESIGNS 




Micro Decision MD1 

include $1800 worth of FREE software. 



995 




Houston Instruments 

PLOTTERS 



AS 

LOW « 
AS 



The Morrow Micro Di».f.inn often one of the best values in small business computers. Standard 
features include 64K of RAM. 4MHz Z 80 CPU. two 8S232 serial ports, dual density floppy disk 
controller capable of supporting (out disk drives, and a 200 Kilobyte SUA" disk dnve. The Micro 
Decision is delivered complete with CP/M 2.2 as well as Basic 60. Wordstar and othet software 
packages. MDS-MD1 18 lbs. 

Also available, pictured above, the Micro Decision MD2 with two BVk" disk dnves at only 
$1195.00 MDS-MD2 22 lbs 



995 



U.S. ROBOTICS 

1200 BAUD MODEM 

*419 



The DMP-29 is the latest in a long line of high reliability plotters from Houston Instruments 
Software selectable 8 pens allows the operator to plot color illustrations, with dot resolution of 
001 The DMP-29 can create graphs up to a maximum plot size of 10 by 15 metier. Easily 
interfaced to most compu lers through an RS-232 serial port This unique plotter is also capable of 
functioning in a digitizing mode electronically inputing charts and graphs back into the computer 
HOSJ-DMP29 S1995 00 35 lbs Also available, the single pen HOU-DMP2 at $995.00 



The U.S. Robotics 212A/103 modem represents a major I 

advance in 1 200/300 baud modem technology. Proprietary I 

1200 baud LSI integrated circuits allows the US Robotics I 

212A modem to maintain higher reliability over marginal M 

phone lines 

The U.S. Robotics 21 2 A features auto dial, auto answer, c 

baud selection USR-212A $419.00 2 lbs. 

Other excellent values in direct connect modems Signalman Mark 1 at $74.95 and the Universal 

Data 1 200 baud at only 369.00 




repeat and auto intelligent 



PRINTERS 




Stat Gemini 



MATRIX PRINTERS 



Star Gemini- 10 friction* tractor 100 char/sec parallel STR-G10 

Star Gemini- 15, 100 char /sec 1 5 paper STR-G15 

Star Coex SOFT friction ft tractor VST-C80FT 

Okidata 82 A serial & parallel 9'V paper OKI-82A 

Okidata 92A serial & par I 1 60 char/sec. OKI-92A 

Okidata 83A parallel 1 5 paper OK1-83A 

Okidata 84A parallel 15 paper OKI-84A 

Okidata 2350 (new) 350 char/sec OKI-2350 

Epson FX90.160 char /sec with graphtrax fnc ft tractor EPS-FX60 

Epson MX100 with graphtrax. 15 paper EPS-MX100 

NEC8023A parallel 9'V paper, graphics NEC-8023A 

Anadex 9500 A high speed 1 5 paper ADX-9500A 

Anadex 9S01 A high speed with graphics ADX-9501A 

Datasoulh 180 high speed 180cps15' DSI-180 

Quantex 7030 corespondence quality 1 80 char/sec. QTX-7030 

Prownter 8510 parallel 9' j" paper PRO-8510P 

Prownter 85 tO serial 9' i paper PRO-8510S 

Pro w n ter 1 1 , p aral lell 5 paper.graphics PRO-2P 

Prmtronix P300 high speed printer 300 lines per minute PTX-P300 

Pnntromx P600 ultra high speed 600 lines per minute PTX-P600 

Mannesmann Tatty 1805 200 char 'sec serial MAN- 1805 

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS 

NEC7710 55 char/second, serial interface NEC- 7710 

NEC 7 730 same as abo ve on ly pa rellel in te rlace N EC - 7730 

NEC3510 15 serial interfacing, 35 char/sec NEC- 3510 

Diablo 630 40 char/sec. serial DBL-630 

Diablo 620 proportional spacing, horz & vert tab 20 cps. D8L-620 

Brother HR1 1 daisy wheel, parallel interfacing BTH-HR1 P 

Brother HR1 1 serial interface BTH-HR1S 

Starwrrler F 1 serial. 40 char/sec P 00- F 7 1 0S 

Starwriter F 1 parallel. 40 char/sec PROF 1 0P 



319.00 
559.00 
259 00 
459 0O 
679 00 
69500 
1079.00 
1995.00 
57500 
695 00 
439.00 
1279 00 
1279 00 
1295 00 
1595.00 
495.00 
639.00 
750 00 
4500 00 
6150 00 
1650 00 



2379 00 
2379 00 
1 775 00 
2250 00 
995 00 
855 00 
895 00 
1475.00 
147500 



APPL 



EPSON MX80 

RIBBONS *6.95 
MONITORS 

BMC 12A green phosphor 15 MHz. composit video BMC-12A 88 00 

BMC 1 2 high resolution. 20MHz BMC- 1 2EN 1 39 00 

Zenith ZVM121 green phosphor 12 40/80 column switch ZTH-Z121 109 00 

NEC JB1201 green phosphor 18 MHz composit video NEC-JB1201 169.00 

NEC JB1260comrnercialgrade composit NEC-JB1260 129 00 

USI Amber screen 12 composit monitor USI-12A 169 00 

Motorola 23 open frame blk/white composit video MOT-BW23 1 59 00 

Motorola 12" open (tame requires horz sync and power MOT-BW12 69 00 

Conrac 9' open frame requires horz sync ft 1 2v supply CON-BW9 59.00 

COLOR 

BMC AU91 91 U Color composit video with sound BMC-9191 279.00 

BMC 9 1 9 1 M RGB designed lor use with the IBM computer. BMC-9191M 499.00 

NEC JC1203DM. RGB color monitor NEC-1203 699 00 

NEC JC 1201 color composit NEC-JC1201 339 00 

Zenith ZVM 134 RGB color suitable lor IBM PC ZTH-Z134 595 00 

Comrex color composit with sound COM-6500 329 00 

£olor 1 . Qptnposit video AMK-100 329 00 

MODEMS 

DIRECT CONNECT 
$75.00 

Hayes Smart Modem 1 200 baud, auto answer, auto dial H VS-2 1 2AD 575.00 

Hayes Smarlmodem 300 baud only, auto answer, auto dial HYS-103AD 229 00 

Hayes Mir.romodem n. 10.3 Apple direct connect HYS-MM2 279.00 

Hayes Micromodem 100. S-100 auto answer, autodial HVS-100 31900 

Hayes Chronograph time* date HYS-CHR232 199 00 

US Robolics212A 300/ 1200 baud, auto dial, answer USR-212A 41900 

Penrii 300/ 1200 auto dial.autolog PEN-12AD 695.00 

Universal Data 103LP. line power, answer A originate UDS-103LP 169.00 

Universal Data 103LPJ. Auto answer UDS-103LPJ 209.00 

Universal Data 202, 1 200 baud, halt duplex only UDS-202LP 209 00 

Universal Data 2 I2LP, full 1200 baud duplex, line power UDS-212LP 395 00 

Universal Data 212A.300/1 200 baud, autoanswer UDS-212A 595 00 

Novation J Cat, direct connect, auto answer NOV-JCAT 1 19.00 

Novation Cat, acoustic connect NOV-CAT 1 59 00 

Novation SmartCat 1 03. auto answer, auto dial NOV-SC103 21900 

Novation SmartCat 103/212, 1200 baud autodial NOV-SC212 529 00 

.Signalman Mark 1 , direct connect with letmmal cable SGL-MK1 75 00 




TERMINALS 



The Wyse WY-100 features 
die cast aluminum case, 102 
key keyboard and non-glare 
26 line green phosphor video 
display. Split screen both 
horizontal and vertical makes 
the WY-100 unusually user 
friendly. This unique terminal 
is perfect to enhance your next 
business system. 



|^J| 



Freedom 100, split screen, detatchable keyboard 

Visual 50. detatchable. keyboard selectable settings. 

Visual 50 Green screen 

Visual 330. emulaies DEC, DG. LSI green 

Arnpex Dialogue 80 green screen, two page. lunc. keys 

Ampex Dialouge 80 amber screen, two page. lunc. keys 

Wyse 1 00. horz & vert, split screen, metal enclosure 

Wyse 300, Eight color display, split screen. 

Televideo 910 Plus, block mode 

Televideo 925, detatchable keyboard. 22 function keys 

Televideo 950, graphic char .split screen. 22 lunc, 

Televideo 970, 14" green screen, 132 column, European 

Zenith 29 lerrrnai VT52 patible detatchable keyboard 

ADDS Viewpoint A1 detatchable keyboard 
ADDS Viewpoint A2, xy cursor 



LIB-F100 

VSL-50 

VSL-50G 

VSL-330G 

APX D80G 

APX-D80A 

WYS-100 

WYS-300 

TVI 910P 

TVI-925 

TVI-950 

TVI-970 

ZTH-Z29 

ADD-VP1 

ADD-VP2 



495 00 
659.00 
679 00 
995 00 
695 00 
695 00 
795 00 



ll-E Starter System 



APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS 



Xtten 10 Megabyte Gallium hard disk 
16X RAM card tot Apple II 

RANA SYSTEMS 

Apple add on disk drive with controller 
Apple add on drive without controller 

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS 



CCS- 7710 


Asynchronous Senal Interlace 


CCS-7728 


Centronics Parallel Interface 


CCS-7720 


Apple Parallel interlace 


CCS-7114 


12K Rom/Prom Module 


CCS-7424 


Calendar /Clock Module 


CCS-7440 


Programmable Timer 


CCS-7811B 


Arithmetic Processor for Apple II plus 




MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS, INC. 


MTN-CPS 


CPS Multifunction Card 


MTO-TCLK 


Clock /Calendai 


MTN-STLK 


Superlalker SD200 


MTN-R0MF 


Rom Plus with Keyboard filter 


MTN-ROMfUR 


Rom Writer with Eprom socket 


MTN-A00A 


A 'D/D'A Converter 


MTN-BSR 


.X-10 Control Card for BSR system 




MICRO SOFT 


MSF-SFTCHO 


Microsoft 2-80 CPU card 


MSF-16KRAM 


Microsoft 16K RAM card 




VISTA 


VSA-A800 


Vista 8 controller card 


VSA-VIS80 


Vista Vision 80 


MCi-CNTRL 


Micro Sci disk drive controller 




FOURTH DIMENSION 


FDN-SPRDRV 


Super Drive- 35 track Apple add on 




SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC 


SVA-221 


Single sided single density controller 


SVA-222 


Double sided, single density controller 


SVA-223 


Single or double sided double density 




ADVANCED BUSINESS TECH 


ABT-13KF.YN 


13-Key pad for new Apple 



125.00 

95 00 
95 00 

11500 
95 00 
95 00 

31900 



169 00 

149.00 
169 00 
145 00 
269 00 
149 00 



289.00 
89 00 



360 00 
360.00 
475 00 



L 2 "J 



256K DYNAMIC 

MEMORY BOARD 

<495 



i 256 kilobytes of memory using S4K dynamic RAM | 
I Over one megabyte at memory using Hie new 

2S6K dynamic RAM chips. 
i Error detection trap capability 
i Individual 16K block can be relocated to any 
' leolRAM. 




ing value in S- 1 00 memory technology Pr iced slighly above 
u these additional features 256K of memory with parity Parity error 
status port. ERROR LED. or IEEE-696 'ERROR signal. 24 or 16brt 




The California Digital 256K RAM toaro represent, i 

earlier generation 64K dynamic ram boards it gives 

feature can be jumpered to any of the mietnjpl lines 

addressing with memory managemeni 

Proper operation with front panel equipped systems, DMA disk controllers, and IEEE-696 Temporary Buss Masters 

assured with an on the board M 1 gene rator for memory refresh timing CAS and HAS timing is controlled with tapped digital 

delay lines lor proper operation over the entire operating temperature range 

The board is very recent in design using the National Semiconductor DP-8409 RAM Controller chip Split termination 

networks are used on all address lines, CAS line, and RAS lines eliminating the last traces of ringing. The board uses two 

separate voltage regulators One lor the ORAMs and one lor the interface logic increasing the noise immunity of the ram 

array. Typical power dissipation is 8 wans. 

Documentation includes theory of operation, configuration guide, a schematic, and application notes on the use of the 

memory managemeni options CAL-256K 2 Lbs. 

S-lOO BOARDS 



16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS 

GodOoul 8086/808/ miciocompuler 16 oil GBT-868? 495 00 

Godocui dual processor 8085.8088. 8; 16 bit. G6T-B58B 359 00 

. lORKtMHt LOM-8086 42900 

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS 

Wawemate Bullet 128K. witnCPM WAV-8LT1 49500 

■->:.,-■■■:. ;:, - .,:,■.-••>. AMD-ZBO /MOO 

Yiriiik :V,l,i: '.:■-■. ,-.■■■■ 

Teletet FOG - 1 single board wlhoul memory TEL-FDC1 6/5 00 

8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS 

Godboul 260, 24 bit extended add. GBT-Z80 250 00 

Catttomia Computer 280 CCS-?aw 2/soo 

Taibell 280 with (wo AS232 ports TAR-280 339 00 

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS 

Godboul Disk 1. double density. NEC/65 GBr-DSKi 395.00 

California Computet Systems 2422A with CPM CCS-2422 339 00 

Morrow Disk Jockey II with CPM 2.2 MDS-DJ2 350.00 

Morrow Disk Jo !■ ■■■sly MDS-0J1 225.00 

Taibell Electroriics double density comroiier TAB-DDC 41900 

TarbeH Electronics single density controller TAR-SDC 2/9 00 

fulcrum DMA OmniDisk. I/O lo hard disk FEU 389.00 

CPM OPERATING SYSTEM 

Digital Research CP.'M 30. 8" single density DRC-CpM30 249 00 

Godboul CPM 2 2 lor Disk 1 G8T-CpM22 1 59 (X) 

Godbout CPMB6 for 8088 and 8086 G8T-CpM86 265 00 

Tarbel I Eleclronics CPM 2.2 TAR CpM22 1 59.00 

HARD DISK CONTROLLERS 

Godboul Disk 2 8 & 11" hard disk G8T-DSK2 569 00 

Godboul Disk 3. lor 5 V, ' Winchesters GBT-DSK3 July 

Morrow Designs controller Ini .V.s Wtr es*ei MD5- W506 495 00 

Western Digital new WD- 1001 (nolS-100) WOI-1001 49500 

EPROM BOARDS 

Inner Access EPROM Bd. progiams 2/128's lAC-PlOO 465 00 

Dignal Research read only PROM board. 32K DGR-P32 1 19 00 



STATIC MEMORY BOARDS 

Godboul Ram 16. 64K 16 bit data transfer GBT-R16 

Godboul Ram 1/.64K 8 bit 24 txt extend add GBT-Ri/ 

faSmi Ram 21. 128K byte 8 16 transfer GB1-R21 

I'd. r.iui f)nn R-." - ->.-.„■. ■■■: uank saUd FCM-R816 

Calilornia Digital 21 16 8 t»t only 16K byte CCS-2116 

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS 

. S(g)f1 SHWtfl ' Merj CAL-D256 4 

Calilorma Computer 2066. 64K bank select CCS-2066 2 

INTERFACE BOARDS 

Godboul Inlerfacer 1, 2 serial ports GBT-133A 

' ■"■■■'■ rta ,i parallel ports G8T-150A 
Godbout mteriacer III. win 5 serial ports 
Godboul Inlerlacei HI. Willi 8 serial ports 

■ ■■ -., ■■ ..J'.'. 

;■■'■: ,■■■:, ;,.-. 



35900 
85900 
336M 
24900 



19900 



Catt 



,i : I3M 
.:■■■ I38A 
GBM8/A 
CCS-2/10 
CCS-2719 
CCS-2W) 



496 00 
585 00 

319.00 

i-Q,;,, 

295 00 
21900 



SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS 

Hayes S-100 Micromodem, 300 baud FCC reg. HVS-M10O 325.00 

QT Computer clock calendar, bat back up 0TC-CC100 139 00 

Godboul System suppon boaid. 4K EPROM GBT-SYS1 35000 

Godboul System support board with 951 1 math G8T-S951 1 539.00 

Dual Systems. 4 channel 12 Oil D/A convener DSC-A0M12 619.00 

Dual System 12 tut resolution, 32 channel A'D 0SC-A1M12 62900 

Mullins Opto-lsofator, controls B channels MUL-ICB10 1/9.00 

Mullms extender board wfltl logic S test probe MUL-TB1 /9.00 

I/O Technology wire wrap prototype board I0T-W100 49 00 

Artec Etectioncs wire wrap prototype board ART-WW100 25 00 

Artec Eleclronics general purpose solder board ARTGP100 2500 

MAINFRAMES & MOTHER BOARDS 

Eclipse Data, industrial stainless sleei 18 slot EDP-100 695 00 ! 

Godbout Enclosure 2. 20 sloi active termination G8T-MF2D 6/5 00 I 

Calilorma Compulei 2200. 12 sloi with term. CCS-2200 4/9.00 

Calilorma Digital 18 slot molhcr board CAL-MB18 35 00 

Godboul 12 slot mother board assembled GBT MB12 14900 

SYSTEMS 

Apple Il-E Syst'fn t34K bytes, includes disk drive, Apple green monitor & 80 column card 1 595.00 

Franklyn 1 000 48K bytes of memory, ten key pad. Apple II look-a-like 989.00 

Syscom II 48K bytes of memory, Apple II look-a-like 789.00 

Columbia Two 5V 4 " floppys. IBM PC look-alike. Keyboard & video card extra 2395.00 

Compaq PC Portable with green phosphor CRT, IBM look-a-like PHONE 

Kay pro II Portable with two drives and 9" display, bundled with lots of software 1679.00 

Altos 586-10 10 meg. hard disk & 5Vi" floppy, up to five users, 16 bit 8086 CPU 6250.00 

Eagle II Two 5Vi" disk drives. 12 "green phosphor monitor with Perfect Software 1 795.00 

Morrow MD2 Two 514" disk drives, bundled with six software packages, CPM 2.2 1 195.00 

CCS Calstar 128Kbyte, two Quad density disk drives with CPM and Perfect Software 3150.00 

CCS 221 CPU Complete Z-80 based S-100 system, 64K byte, floppy dtsk with CPM 2.2 1639.00 

Northstar 1 5-MB System includes 1 5 Megabyte Winchester, 5V floppy. 64K byte 4995.00 

Northstar 2Q Two quad density disk drives, 64 K dynamic memory 2595,00 



TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 

800)421-5041 

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA 

(21 3)679-9001 




MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS W\ Digitaiker 



2 15 
3.25 
595 



SN7472N 
SN7473N 
SN7474N 
SN7475N 
SN7476N 
SN7479N 
SN7480N 
SN7482N 
SN7483N 
SN7485N 
SN7486N 
SN7489N 
SN7490N 
SN7491N 
SN7492N 
SN7493N 
SN7494N 
SN7495N 
SN7496N 
SN7497N 
SN74100N 
SN74104N 
SN74105N 
SN74107N 
SN74109N 
SN74116N 
SN74121N 
SN74122N 
SN74123N 
SN74125N 
SN74126N 
SN74132N 
SN74136N 
SN74141N 
SN74142N 
SN74143N 
SN74144N 
SN74145N 
SN74147N 
SN74148N 
SN 741 50N 
SN74151N 
SN74152N 
SN74153N 
SN74154N 
SN74155N 



n 


74LS92 


m 


74LS93 


?s 


74LS95 


n 


74LS96 


29 


74LS107 


n 


74LS1Q9 


?q 


74LS112 


m 


74LS113 


m 


74LS114 


M 


74LS122 


% 


74LS123 


K| 


74LS125 


M 


74LS126 


29 


74LS132 


?9 


74LS133 


29 


74LS136 


Ml 


74LS138 


ss 


74LS139 


29 


74LS151 


35 


74LS153 


55 


74LS154 


35 


74LS1S5 


ffi 


74LS1S6 


n 


74LS157 


55 


74LS158 


7ft 


74LS160 


7ft 


74LS161 


75 


74LS162 


HI 


74LS163 


n 


74LS164 


n 


74LS165 


39 


74LS168 


39 


74LS169 


:w 


74LS170 


39 


74LS173 


39 


74IS174 


fift 


74LS175 


BJ 


74LS181 




74LS190 


,5b 


74LS191 



74S124 
74S133 
74S134 
74S135 
74S136 
74S138 
74S139 
74S140 
74S151 
74S153 
74S157 
74S158 
74S160 
74S174 
74S175 
74S188* 
74S194 
74S195 
74S196 
74S240 
74S241 
74S242 



CA3060N 16 

CA3080E 6 

CA3081N 16 

CA3082N 16 

CA3083N 16 
CA3086N 



CD4040 

CD4041 

CD4042 

CD4043 

CD4044 

CD4Q46 

CD4047 

CD4048 

CD4049 

CD4050 

CD4051 

CD4052 

CO4053 

CD4056 

CD4059 

CD4060 

CD4066 

CD4068 

CD4069 

CD4070 

CD4071 

CO4072 

CD4073 

CD4075 

CD4076 

C0407B 

C 04081 

CD4082 

CD4093 



SN74156N 
SN74157N 1 

SN74160N 
SN74161N 
SN74162N 
SN74163N 
SN74164N 
SN74165N 
SN74166N 
SN74167N 
SN 741 70S 
SN74172N 
SN74173N 
SN74174N 
SN74175N 
SN74176N 
SN74177N 
SN74179N 
SN74180N 
SN74181N 
5N74182N 
SN74184N 
SN74185N 
SN74190N 
SN74191N 
SN74192N 
SN74193N 
SN74194N 
SN74195N 
SN74196N 
SN74197N 
SN74198N 
SM74199N 
SN 7422 IN 
SN74251N 
SN74276N 
SN74279N 
SN74283N 
SN74284N 
SN74285N 
SN74365N 
SN74366N 
SN74367N 
SN74368N 
SN74390N 
SN74393N 

74LS192 

74LS193 16 

74LS194 16 

74LS195 16 

74LS197 14 

74LS221 16 

74LS240 20 

74LS241 20 

74LS242 14 

74LS243 14 

74LS244 20 

74LS245 20 

74LS247 16 

74LS248 16 

74LS249 16 

74LS251 16 

74LS253 16 

74LS257 16 

74LS258 16 

74LS260 14 

74LS266 14 

74LS273 20 

74LS279 16 

74LS283 16 

74LS290 14 

74LS293 14 

74LS298 16 

74LS352 16 

74LS353 IB 

74LS365 16 

74LS366 16 

74LS367 16 

74LS368 16 

74LS373 20 

74LS374 20 

74LS375 16 

74LS386 14 

74LS393 14 

74LS399 16 

74LS670 16 

81LS95 20 

B1LS97 20 



74S243 
74S244 
74S251 
74S253 
74S257 
74S258 
74S260 
74S280 
74S287* 
74S288* 
74S373 
74S374 
74S387- 
745471* 
74S472- 
74S473* 
74S474* 
74S475* 
74S570* 
74S571- 
74S572- 
74S573* 
74S940 
74S941 



5.95 
4.95 
4 95 
4.95 



CA3089N 
CA3096N 
CA3130E 
CA3140E 
CA3160H 
CA3401N 
CA3600N 



C0409B 


16 


1.95 


CD4506 


16 


1.19 


CD4507 


14 


39 


CD4508 


2* 


3 9b 


CO4510 


16 


H 


CD4S11 


16 


85 


CD4512 


16 


.89 


CD4514 


74 


1.79 


CD4515 


74 


1 79 


CD4516 


16 


S9 


CD4518 


16 


99 


CD4519 


16 


.39 


CD4520 


16 


.79 


CD4526 


16 


1.19 


CD4528 


16 


1.19 


CD4529 


16 


1.19 


C04543 


11 


1.19 


CD4562 


14 


g m 


C 04566 


16 


1.39 


CD4583 


)6 


2.49 


CD4584 


14 


.59 


CD4723 


16 


1 19 


CD4724 


16 


1.19 


MC14409 


16 


13.95 


MC14410 


16 


i :) 95 


MC14411 


24 


11.95 


MC14412 


16 


I3.M 


MC14419 


16 


7.95 


MCI 4433 


74 


13 95 


MC14538 


16 


1.19 


MC14541 


14 


1.19 



Part No. 



-MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS- 

"Pirts Function 



CPU (64 bytes SAM) 

40 CPU w/Basic Micro Interpreter . 
40 CPU 



CDP1802 40 CPU 

2650 40 MPU 

1DM29Q1ADC 40 CPU-4-bilslice (Com. Temp. Gr.) 

MCS6502 40 MPU w/ Clock (65K bytes mem ) 

MC6802CP 40 MPUw/ClOCkantiRAM . . 

M-6 40 MPU -8-bit (6MHz) 
INS8039N-6 "" 
INS8D40N-6 
IN58070N 
INS8073N 
P8085A 

Z80. Z80A. Z80B. ZB000 SERIES - 

40 CPU (MK3880NK7B0C) 2MHz 

!80-CTC 2t Counter Timer Circuit . 

:80-DART 40 Dual Asynchronous Rec / Trans. 

'80-DMA 40 Direct Memory Access Circuit . 

"l-PIO 40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller 

i- Si 0/0 40 Serial I/O (TkCB and flxCB Bonded) 

I-S10/1 40 Serial I/O {Lacks DTRB) 

I-S10/2 40 Serial I. 'OiLacksSVNCB).... 

IS10/9 40 Serial I/O 

|A 40 CPU (MK3880N-4K780C-1) 4MHz 

80ACTC 28 Counter Timer Circuit 

:8GADAR1 40 Dual Asynchronous Rec. /Trans 

:80A-DMA 40 Direct Memory Access Circuit 

:80A-P10 40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller 

:80A-SlO/0 40 SenaM/0{TxCB and RxCB bonded) 

'80AS10/1 40 Serial I/O (Lacks OTRB) .. 

A-S10/2 40 Serial I/O (Lacks SYNCB) 

:80A-SlO/9 40 Serial I/O . ... 

40 CPU(MK3880N-6i6MH? 

20 Counter Timer Circurt 

40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller 

48 CPU Segmented 

40 CPU Non- Segmented 

40 Serial Comm. Controller . . 

40 Counter/Timer & Parallel I/O Unil 

-6800/68000 SERIES 



13 95 
51 95 

44 95 
29 95 



MC6800 
MC6802CP 

MC6810API 

MC6821 

MC6828 

MC6850 
MC6852 
MC6860 
MC6862 



MPU 



clock and RAM 

24 t28x8 Static RAM 

40 Peripheral l nter Adapt ( M C6820 ) 

24 Priority interrupt Controller 

24 1024x8-011 ROM IMC68A30-8) 

24 Asynchronous Comm Adapter 

24 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter 

24 0600bps Digital MODEM . 

24 2400bps Modulator 

16 Quad 3-state bus. trans. (MC8T26) 

MueuumiLB 64 MPU 16-Bil (8MHz) 

MC68488P 40 General Purpose Int Adapter 

MC68652P2 40 Multi Protocol Comm Controller 

MC68661PB 28 Enhanced Prog Comm Int 



INS8080A 

TMS5501 

INS8154 

INS82C06 

DP8212 

DP8214 

DPB216 

DP8224 

DPB^'6 

DP8228 

DP8238 

1NS8243 

INS8245 

INS8246 

INS8247 

INS8248 

INS8250N 

DPB251 

DP8253 

DP8255 

DP8257 

DP8259 

DP8275 

DP8279 

0P8303 

DP8304 

DP8307 

DP8308 

DP8310 



- 8080A SERIES - 



40 CPU 

40 Synchronous Data Interlace (SifiC) 

40 128 Byte RAM 16- Bit I/O . 

20 Octal D Ftip Flop Tri- State (74C374) 

24 8-bitinput/0u!pul|74S412) . 

24 Priority Interrupt Control 

16 Bi-Directional Bus Driver 

16 Clock Generator/Driver . . 

16 Bus Driver 

28 System Coot / Bus Dr iver ( 74S428 ) 

28 System Controller (74S438) 

24 I/O Expander for 48 Series 

IS 16-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C92?) 

20 20-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C923) 

28 Display Controller (74C911) 

28 Display Controller (74C91 2) . 

40 Asyn Comm Element 

28 Prog Comm I/O (USART) 

24 Prog, interval Timer 

40 Prog Peripheral I/O (PPi) . 

40 Prog. DMA Control 

28 Prog Interrupt Control 

40 Prog CRT Controller 

40 Prog Keyboard/ Display Interlace 

20 8-Bit Trt-State Bt- Directional Trans 

20 8-bit Bi- Directional Receiver 

20 8-btl Bi-Directional Receiver 

?r .-. ■■ ;;■ : •■-■.■■•- .i ■•.<■■ -■,<■■ 

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver 

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver 



MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS & DATA BOOKS 



M-Z80 

M- COP 1802 

M 2650 

30002 

3O0O3 

30005 

30008 

30011 

30013 



DS0025CN 
OS0026CN 

INS1/71N-' 
INS2651N 
MM58167N 

COP402N 

C0P402MN 



User Manual 
User Manual . 
User Manual .... ... 

1980 Nat Interlace Book (640 pg.) 
l982Nat LinearBook(1952pg.) 1 

1981 Nat TTL Book (624 pg.} 

1980 Nat Memory Data Book (464 pg i 
1 980 Nat Li near Applications { 736 pg . ) . 1 
1983 Zilog Data Book {641 pg.) 

— SPECIAL FUNCTION 

6 OualMOS Clock Driver (5MZ) 
8 Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ) 

40 Floppy Disk Controller 1 

28 Communication Chip 

24 Microprocessor Real Time Clock , . . 
16 Micro. Compatible Time Clock 
40 Microcontroller w/64-digit RAM 

and Direct LED Dfive 
40 Microprocessor w/64-digit RAM 

& Direct LED Drive w/N Buss Int. 
20 32-seg. VAC Fluor Drvr. (20-pin pkg.) 



-DYNAMIC RAMS- 



1103 16 1024x1 (300ns) 99 

4027 16 4096x1 (250r»3> 2.49 

4116N-2 16 ^.WxuiaCns) . 1.89- 8/14.95 

4116N-3 16 16.384x1 (200ns) 1.69-8/12.95 

4116N-4 16 16.384x1 (250ns) 1,49-8/10 95 

4164N-150 16 65.536x1 (1 50ns) 795-8/5995 

4164N-200 16 65.536x1 (200ns) 7.49-8/54 95 

MM5261 18 1024x1 (300ns) .49-8/195 

MMS262 22 2048x1 (365ns) 49 - 8/1.96 

MM5270 18 4096*1 (250ns) MK4096 4.95 

MM5280 22 4096x1 (200ns) 2107 

MM5290-2 16 16.384x1 (150ns| 

MM5290-3 16 16.384x1 (200ns) 

MM5290-4 16 16.384x1 (250nsi 

MM5298-3 16 8192x1 (200ns) 

STATIC RAMS- 

256x1 (650ns) 



1.89-8/14 95 
1.69-8/1295 
1.49-8/10 95 



1101 
2101 
2102 
21LG2 



2147 

2148 

TMS4044 

TMS4045 

5101 

MM5257 

HM6116P-3 

HM6116-4 

HMhllhlP J 

7489 

74C920 

74C921 

74C929 

74C930 

74S189 

74S200 

74S206 

74S289 

82S10 

82S25 



1702A 

2708 

2708-5 

TMS2516 

TMS2532 

TMS2564 

TMS2716 

2716 

2716-1 

2732 

27580 

MM2764 

MM2764-3 



74S267 
74S288 
74S387 
74S471 
74S472 

74S474 
74S475 
74S478 

74S572 

/4SVI 

82S23 

82S129 

82S130 

82S1B5 

DM87S180N 24 

DM87S181N 

DM87S184H 

DM87S1B5N 

DM87S190N 

DM8/S191N 



22 256x4 (450nsl8101 

16 1024x1 (350ns) 

16 1024x1 (450ns) LP 

18 256x4 (450ns) 8! 11 

16 256x4 (450ns)MOS 

18 1024x4 (450ns) 

IB 1024x4 (450ns) LP 

18 1024x4 (200ns) 

It 1024x4 (200ns) L P 

18 4096x1 (150ns) 

18 4096x1 (70ns) . .. 

16 1024x4 (70ns) .... 

18 4096x1 (450ns) 

18 1024x4 (450ns) 

22 256x4 (450ns) CMOS 

18 4096x1 (450ns)4044 

24 2048x8 (150ns)CMOS 

24 2048x8 (200ns) CMOS 

24 2048xB {200ns) L P CMOS. 

16 16/4 (SOrts ) 

22 256x4 (250ns) CMOS 16551) 

18 256x4 (250ns| CMOS . 

16 1024x1 (250ns) CMOS (6501) 

16 1024x1 (250ns) CMOS (6518) 

16 16x4 (35ns ) 93405 

16 256x1 (80ns) 9341 D 

16 256x1 (60ns) 93411 ..... 

16 16x4 (35ns)3101 

16 1024x1 (50ns)0 C (93415) 
16 MM (SOnsiOC (74S289) 
EPROMS 

24 2!)6x8 (Ins) 

24 1024x8 (450nS) .... 

24 1024x8 (550ns)SM00246. 

24 2048x8 (450ns) 2716 

24 4096x8 (450ns) NMC2532 

26 8!92x8 (450ns) 

24 2048x8 (450ns) 3 voltage 

24 2048x8 (450ns) 

24 ' UH.b ;3 Ons) . . . 

24 4096x8 (450ns) 

24 1024x8 (450ns) single 

28 8192x8 (450ns) 

28 8192x8 ( 300ns ) 

PROMS 



:■' 49 



2.95 
. 2.95 

1 95-8/13.95 
2.25-8/15 95 

2 25-8/15 95 
2 49-8/1795 

3 95 
. 4.95 

8.95 

3.95 

3.95 



3.95 
2 95 
6.95 
995 
19 95 



5V 



PROMO C (6330-1) . 
PROM ! B 16301-1) 
PROMTS (6331-1) 
PROMOC (6300-1) 
PROMT S (6309-1) 
PROMTS (6349-1) 
PROMOC (634B) 
PROMTS (0M87S296N) 
_ PROMOC. (6340) .. . 
1024x8 PROM T S {TBP28S86) 
16 512x4 PROMOC (6305) 
16 512x4 PROM T S (6306) 
18 1024x4 PROMOC (6352) 
IB 1024x4 PROW I S 1.82$ 1 3/ j 
"" 32x8 PROMOC (27S18) 
PROM T 5 (27S15) 
PROMT S (27S19) 
PROM C. (27S20) 
PROMT S (27S21) 
PROMO C {27S12) . 
;»048x4 PROM 1 S.|TBP24S81) 
1024x8 PROM0.C.(82S180) 
24 1024x8 PROM I B '825181 1 
18 204Bx4 PROMOC (82S184) 
IB 2048x4 PROMTS (82S1B5) 
24 2048x4 PROMOC (82S 190) 
24 2048x8 PROM T S (82S191) . 
DATA ACQUISITION 



16 32x8 

16 256x4 

16 32xB 

16 256x4 

20 . vbxS 

20 ■ u'«a 

20 '-:,'xB 

24 M2x8 

24 M2x8 



24 S12xB 

16 :i2x8 

16 256x4 

16 ;"ibx4 

16 M?x4 



DC10 Mcstek DC/DC Convert ^5Vto-9V . 2 95 

MC3470P 18 Floppy Disk ReafJ AMP System 4 95 

MC140BL7 16 7btl 0/A Converter (DAC0807LCN | 2 49 

MC1408L8 18 8- 0(1 D/ A Converter (DAC0808LCN) 2 95 

ADC0804 20 8-Oit A/0 Converter (USB) 3 49 

" 16 8-oit D/A Converter (0 78% Lin. ) 1 95 

28 8-oit A/ D Converter (8-Ch. Multi) 4.49 

40 8-0itA/D Converter (16-Ch Multi ) 9 95 

24 10-bilD/AConv Micro Comp (0 05%) 13 95 

20 10-bitD/AConv Micro Comp (0 20%) 7 95 



0AC0806 
AOCO809 
ADC0817 
DAC10O0 
0AC10O8 
DAC1020 
DAC1022 
DAC1222 



16 tl bnD/AConv (0 05% Lin ) 

16 10-bitD/AConv (0 20% Lin ,1 

18 12-bitD/AConv (0 20%Lin.) 

AF(00-1CN 16 Universal Active Filter 2 5% 

AF121-1CJ 24 Touch Tone Low Band Filler 

AF122-1CJ 24 Touch Tone High Band Filler 

LM334Z Constant Current Source 

LM335Z Temperature Transducer 

LM399H Temp. Comp Prec Ret. (.5ppm/C*t 

AY-5-1013A 40 31 IK Bind Uirl (TR1602) 



B49 
5 95 
695 



QUALITY COMPONENTS AT 
AFFORDABLE PRICES! 



LOW PROFILE 
(TIN) SOCKETS 

1-9 10-99 



8 pin LP 

14 pin LP 
16 pin LP 



SOLDERTAIL (GOLD) 
STANDARD 

1-9 10-99 100- up 



8 pin SG 
14 pin SG 
16 pin SG 
IB pin SG 

24 pin SG 
28 pin SG 
36 pin SG 
40 pin SG 



rrnrn 



fiff 
TrrTTTr 



WW 



SOLDERTAIL 
STANDARD (TIN) 

1-9 1099 



14 pin ST 
16 pin ST 
18 pin ST 
20 pin ST 



nSl 



WIRE WRAP SOCKETS 
(GOLD) LEVEL #3 

19 10-99 100-up 



36 pin WW 



$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only 
California Residents Add 6«yi% Sales Tax 
Shipping — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance 
Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer! 



Spec Sheets — 30« each 
Send $1.00 Postage lor your 
FREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOG 
Prices Subject to Change 



wM&£ 



DT1050 — Applications: Teaching aids, 
appliances, clocks, automotive, telecommunica- 
tions, language translations, etc. 

The DT1050 Is a standard DIGITALKER kit encoded with 137 separate 
and useful wofds, 2 tones, and 5 different silence durations. The 
words and tones have been assigned discrete addresses, making it 
possible to output single words or words concatenated into phrases 
or even sentences. The "voice" output of the DT1O50 is a highly in- 
telligible male voice. Female and children's voices can be synthesiz- 
ed. The vocabulary is chosen so that it is applicable to many pro- 
ducts and markets. 

The DTI 050 consists ol a Speech ProftjMor Chip. MM54104 (40-pin) 
and two (2) Speech ROMs MM52164SSR1 and MM52164SSR2 (24-pin) 
along with a Master Word list and a recommended schematic 
diagram on the application sheet. 

DT1050 Digitaiker™ $34,95 ea. 



DT1057 — Expands the DT1050 vocabulary 
from 137 to over 260 words. Incl. 2 ROMs and specs. 
DT1057 $24.95 ea. 



■iiiannraiiiin «^ 



"Pins function 



Pries 



7045IPI 

7045EV/KU* 

7106CPL 

7106EV/Kit* 

7107CPL 

7107EV/Kit* 

7116CPL 

7117CPL 

7201 IUS 

7205IPG 

7205EV/Kit* 

7206CJPE 

7206CEV7KI!* 

7207AIPD 

7207AEV/KH* 

7208IPI 

7209IPA 

7215IPG 

721&EV/KJ1* 

7216AIJI 

7216CIJI 

7216DIPI 

7217IJI 

7217AIP1 

7224IPL 

7226AIJL 

7226AEV/Kit* 



1995 
9 95 
34 95 
11.95 
29.95 



7.95 
15.95 

3.95 
13.95 
14.95 
29.95 
24.95 
19.95 
. 10.95 



CMOS Precision Timer 
Stopwatch Chip, XTL 
3% Digit A/D (LCD Drive) 
IC, Circuit Board. Display 

3Yz Digit A.'D (LED Drive) 

IC. Circuit Board, Display 
3ft Digit A/D LCD DisH LD. 
SftDtgitA/DLEDDis.HLD 
Low Battery Volt Indicator 
CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer 
Stopwatch Chip. XTL . 
Tone Generator 
Tone Generator Chip, XTL 

Oscillator Controller 

Freq Counter Chip, XTL 

Seven Decade Counter 
Clock Generator 
4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT 
4Func Stopwatch Chip. XTL 
8DigitUmv Counter C A 

BDigitFreq Counter C. A 

8 Digit Freq. Counter C.C 

4 Digit LED Up/Down Counter C A. 

4DigitLEDUp/DownCounierC C 

LCD 4% Digit Up Counter Dfl I . 10.95 

8 Digit Umv Counter. 29.95 

5 Function Counter Chip, XTL 74 95 

- AND MORE - 

J 30009 1983 INTERSIL Data Book 0356 P > ... $9.95 1 



74HC High Speed CMOS 



74HC02 
74HC03 
74HC04 
74HCU04 
74HC08 
74HC10 
74HC1 1 
74HC14 
74HC20 
74HC27 
74HC32 
74HC42 
74HC73 
74HC74 
74HC75 
74HC76 
74HC85 
74HC86 
74HC107 
74HC109 
74HCH2 
74HC113 
74HCU04 is unbufleted. All others are buffered Send $.30 for Data Sheet. 



/Programmable Array Logic (PALS) 



74HC132 


14 


.89 


MHL<;S7 


lb 


1.18 


74HC138 


M 


149 


74HC259 


16 


1.49 


74HC139 


16 


1.49 


74HC266 


14 


.99 


74HC147 


M 


1.19 


74HC280 


14 


4 Sb 


74HC151 


M 


1.19 


74HC373 


2U 


:iHb 


74HC153 


16 


99 


74HC374 


20 


j y.-. 


74HC157 


tfi 


1.19 


74HC390 


1b 


1.49 


74HC158 


1fi 


1.59 


74HG393 


14 


i «e 


74HC160 


tfi 


1 79 


74HC533 


20 


%m 


74HC161 


M 


1.79 


74HC534 


20 


J Mb 


74HC164 


14 


1.79 


74HC595 




3 75 


74HC165 


1fi 


2.39 


74HC68S 




% n 


74HC173 


16 


1 59 


74HC4002 


14 


M 


74HC174 


1fi 


1.39 


74HC4020 


1b 


2.19 


74HC175 


16 


1.39 


74HC4024 


14 


i by 


74HC192 


16 


1.39 


74HC4040 


1b 


2.19 


74HC193 


16 


1.39 


74HC4060 


16 


2.19 


74HC194 


16 


1.59 


74HC4075 


14 


/5 


74HC195 


16 


1.49 


74HC4078 


14 


m 


74HC242 


14 


2.79 


74HC451 1 


16 


.i W 


,'ihi;?4;i 


14 


279 


74HC4514 


24 


4.79 


74HC251 


16 


1.19 


74HC453B 


16 


IM 


74HC253 


16 


99 


74HC4543 


1b 


4 9b 



P»rt No. "Pint Function 

PAL10H8 20 Octal 10-lnpul ANDOR Gate Array (High Oulpul) 

PAL12H6 20 Hex 12-lnput ANDOR Gate Array (High Output) 

PAL14H4 20 Quad 14-lnput AND-OP, Gate Array (High Output) 

PAL10L8 20 Octal 10-lnpul AND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output). 

PAL12L6 20 Hex 12-lnput ANDOR- Invert Gate Array (Low Output) 

PAL 1 4L4 20 OuaO 1 4 I nput AN0-0R- Invert Gate Array ( Low Output ) 

PAL16L8 20 Octal 16-lnpuT AND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (LowOutpu!) . 

PAL16R8 20 Octal 16-lnpul Register ANDOR Gate Array 

PAL16R6 20 Hex 16-lnput Register ANDOR Gate Array 

PAL16R4 20 Quad 16- Input Register AND-OR Gate Array 



130012 1982 NATIONAL PAL Data Book (176 p.) . .$5.95] 




Call lot 
Quantity 
Discounts 

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 
6/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592 8097 Telex: 776043 



74C00 
74C02 
74C04 
74C0B 
MC1U 
74C14 
74C20 
74C30 
74C32 
74C42 
74C48 
74C73 
74C74 
74C85 
74CB6 
74C89 
74C90 
74C93 



14 



74C107 
74C151 
74C154 
74C157 
74C160 
74C161 
74C162 
74C163 
74C164 
74C173 
74C174 
74C175 
74C192 
74C193 
74C195 



74C221 
74C240 
74C244 
74C37J 
74C374 
74C901 
74C903 
74C906 
74C911 
74C912 
74C9tb 
74C917 
74C922 
74C923 
74C925 
74C926 
80C95 
B0C97 



16 



16 



.39 



TL071CP B 

T1072CP B 

TL074CN 14 

TL081CP S 

TL082CP 8 

TL084CN 14 

LM301CN 6 

LM302H 

LM304H 

LM305H 

LM307CN 8 

LM308CN 8 

LM309K 

LW310CN 8 

LM311CN 8 

LM312H 

LM317T 

LM317K 

IM318CN 8 

LM319N 14 

LM320K-5 

LM320K-1? 

LM320K-15 

LM320T-5 

LM320T-12 

LM320T-15 

LM323K 

LM324N 14 

LM337T 

LM338K 

LM339N 14 

LM340K-5 

LM340K-12 



LM340K- 

LM340T 5 

LM340T-12 

LM340T-15 

LM348N 

LM350K 

LF355N 

LF356N 

LM370N 

LM373N 

LM377N 

LM380N 

LM381N 

LM382N 

LM384N 

LVI386N-3 

TL494CN 

TL496CP 

NE510A 

NE529A 

NE531V 

NE536H 

NE540H 

NE544N 

NE550A 

NE555V 

LM556N 

NE564N 

LM565N 

LM566CN 

LM567V 



14 4 95 
14 2.95 
B 2.95 



NE570N 16 395 

LM703CN B 1.19 

LM709N 14 49 

LM710N 14 69 

LM711N 14 .79 

LM723N 14 .55 

LM733N 14 1.00 

LM739N 14 1 95 

LM741CN S 35 

LM747N 14 ,69 

LM748N 8 59 

LM1310N 14 1.49 

LM1458CN fl 59 

LM1488N 14 69 

LM1489N 14 69 

LM1496N 14 195 

LM1B00N IB 1.49 

LM1B89N 18 1.95 

LM1896N 14 2 95 

LM2002T 1 49 

LM3189N 16 I 59 

LM390ON 14 .59 

LM3905CN 8 1.19 

LM3909N 8 99 

LM3914N 18 3 49 

LM3915N IB 3 49 

LM3916N IB 3.49 

RC4136N 14 1.2S 

RC4151N8 B 1.95 

ICL8038B 14 3 95 

LM13080N B 1.19 

LM136O0N 16 1 19 
HOHE AVAIUBLE 



1 30003 1982 Nat. Linear Data Book (1952 P gs i $11.95^ 



528 BYTE June 1983 



Circle 206 on inquiry card. 



n& 




AC 250 (Pictured) 
Part No. input 



Wall Transformers 
AC and DC Types 



AC 250 (; 

AC 500 

AC1000 

AC9O04 

DC 800 

DC6912 

DC5490 

DC900 

DC12O0 

DV9200 



117V/60HI 
117V/60HI 
117V/60HI 

117V/60H* 
120V/60H* 
120VT60H* 
1t7Vf60Hx 
120VI60HZ 
120V/60H* 
117V/60HI 



Output Price 

12VAC 250mA $3.95 

12VAC 500mA $4.95 

12VAC1amp $5.95 

9.2VAC2.5»mp $3.95 

BVDC 400mA $1.95 

6.9,1 2VDC 300mA $8.95 

9 5VDC 275mA $2.95 

9VDCS00mA $3.95 

9.5VDC 300mA $2.95 

9VDC 200mA $3.25 



PCB-3 

Makes Circuit 

Assembly 



A Breeze! 

L«ts you work 
with both hands. 
Sturdy aluminum 

construction. 



Clamp "3rd Hmnd" on edge of bench table of workboard. Insert cir- 



procedure (or double-sided boards. 

PCB-3 $13.95 



Mostek DC/ DC Converter 
+ 5 VOLTS TO -9 VOLTS 

Input: +5V. Output: -9V (regulated) @ 30mA. 
Printed circuit mounting. Specifications incl. 
DC1Q $2.95 ea. or 2/S4.95 




Digital Thermometer Kit 



Dual sensors — switch 
controls for indoor^outdoor 
Of dual monitoring — can be 
extended to 500 feet. Con- 
tinuous LED .8* ht. display. 
Range: 40 "F to 199 'F, -40 "C 
to 100X. Accuracy ± 1 * 



norn 



al. Calibre 



for 



JE300 $39.95 



hei l/Ce 
Simulated walnut case. AC 
wall adapter included. Size: 
6VL x 3'i"H x 1VD, 




RADIO CONTROL CIRCUITS 

Ideal to us* for: 

• Toys, hobby era Its, robots, trains 

• Burglar alarms • IR data link 

• Remote slide projector control 

• Consumer remote data links 



• Energy-saving, remotely switched lighting systems 
A complete 6-channel digital encoder and RF transmitter; tow power, 
at frequency of 27MHz or 49MHz, a field strength of 10,0O0uV meter 
at 3 meters. 9V operation on chip RF oscillaloritransmitter. on chip 
4 6 regulator Up lo 80MHz carrier frequency operation. 

LM1671N RC Encoder/Transmitter Chip ..$1.95 

A complete RF receiver/decoder, used at either 27MHz, 49MHz or 
72MHz. It provides 4 independent channels when used with LM1871 
(2 analog. 2 dig ) operates from four 1.5V cells, Crystal controlled. 

LM1872N RC Receiver/Decoder Chip $2.49 

SRX1504 49.435MHz Crystal (LM1872N) . .$3.95 
SRX1505 49.890MHz Crystal (LM1 871 N) $3.95 



ATARI PADDLES 

JSP (2) $4.95 pair 




ATARI DRIVER 

JSD(1) $2.95 ea. 



TV GAME SWITCH 

I ^--^> ft ' Used on Atari. Cosmet- 

gppWB^m™..^., ^ jca | |y b | erT1 j sned _ 100% 

functional. 

TGS-1 . . $2.95ea. 



BOOKS 

NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR - INTERSIL - INTEL 

30002 National Interface Data Book (1980) $6.95 

(704 pages) DP, DS800Q, DS3600, DS57O0, etc. 

30003 National Linear Data Book (1982) S1 1.85 

(1376 pages) LM, LF, ADC, DAC, LH Series 

30005 National TTL Logic Data Book (1981) $9.95 

(624 pages) 7400,LS,L,H,S, and DM8000 Series 

30008 National Memory Data Book (1980) $6.9$ 

(464 pages) RAMs, ROMs, PROMs, EPROMs Series 

30009 Intersil Data Book (1963) $9.95 

(1356 pages) Complete line. 

30010 National Audio/Radio Handbook (1980) $5.95 
(240 pages) Pre-Amps, AM, FM & FM Stereo, Power Amps 

30011 National Linear Application Handbook (1960) $15.95 

(736 pages) Application Notes, Linear Briefs, etc. 

30012 National PAL Data Book (1982) $5.95 

(176 pages) Application Notes, Linear Briefs, etc. 

30013 ZIlog Data Book (1983) $7.95 
(641 pages) Microprocessors and Support Chips 

210830 Intel Memory Components Handbook (1983) $14.95 

(796 pages) Contains all Application Notes, Article 
Reprints, Data Sheets, and other design information 
on Intel's RAMs, EPROMs, E'PROMs & Bubble Memories. 

210844 Intel Microprocessor* Peripheral Handbook (1963) $14.95 
(1027 pages) Contains Data Sheets on all of 
Intel's Microprocessors and Peripherals. 

Universal Computer Keyboard Enclosures 

"0TE " Blank Desk -Top enclosures 
are designed for easy modifica- 
tion High strength epoxy molded 
end pieces in mocha drown finish 
Sliding rear/bottom panel lor service/ 

* component accftss' Top/rjott, panels .080" 

* thick alum, alodins type 1200 (inish (gold tint 
color) lor best paini adhesion after modification 

Vented top & bottom panels for cooling efficiency 

Rigid construction provides unlimited applications 

Assembly instructions included 

DTE-8 Panel Width 7.5" $24.95 

DTE-11 Panel Width 10.13" $27.95 

DTE-14 Panel Width 13.5" $29.95 

t. DTE 20 Panel Width 19.25" . . $34.95 




3<0 



TIMEX 



iinczlair- innn 



• Powerful - fully programmable 2K 
memory • Portable - 6'/," x 6%* x 1%" - 12 
oz. • Expandable - Optional 16K RAM 
module • Single-key entry commands 

• Educational • Unique syntax-check report 
codes for error identity • Accurate to 9Vj 
decimal places for full range math and 
scientific functions • Graph drawing and 
animated display • Advanced 4-chip design 
combining power, portability and 
affordable price. 

TS1000. . . $69.95 




ACCESSORIES FOR jJEU 



1000 and ZX81 



■ Ifn1=t.l Si nclair- ims ^ 



Keyboard Mask for Your 
ZX81/1000* Computer 




lEtaittEYSOAflOMASK 



The JE681 Keyboard Mask provides users ot the 
ZX81MOO0 series computer the individual leel ol 
each keypad on the keyboard The mask has a rais 
ed outline around each keypad allowing the user to 
leel and correctly position their fingers onto the 
keyboard. 

JE681 KEYBOARD MASK $9.95 each 



ZX81/1000* Keyboard 
Conversion Kit 



JE6«2Ak KEYBOARD 
KIT MOUNTED IN DTE 
AK ENCLOSURE LIGHT 
TAN PANELS WITH 
WOLDED DARK BROWN 
END PIECES SI7F- 




JE682 Keyboard Conversion Kit $59.95 ea 

(WITHOUT DTE AK CASE! 

DTEAK CASE ONLY 149.95 each 

JE682-AK Keyboard Conversion Kit S99.95 ea. 



H DTE-AK CASE - AS PICTURED) 



QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE! 



80-Key Keyboard 




CA150C $69.95 

84-Key Keyboard 



CA153A $69.95 



95-Key Keyboard 



CA154A $79.95 




CONTROL DATA KEYBOARDS 

* Parallel ASCII 
+ SPST Switching 

* FTZ Shielded Base 

* N Key Rollover 

* 128 Character ASCII 

* Non-Slip, Non-Glare Keycaps 

* CDC752 Terminal Keyboards 

* Attractive Case 

These Control Data Keyboards consist of a 
base, cover, the keyboard assembly, and an in- 
terface cable. Color (case): Harvest gold and 
black. Color (keycaps): Black, blue, and red. 
Electrical requirements: +5V @ 600mA, -12V 
@ 50mA. Weight: 6 lbs. All units brand new in 
original boxes, specifications included. 



Keytronics 90- Key Soft-Programmable Keyboard , 

WITH SECURITY KEYLOCK SWITCH 




• RFI shielded 

• Cursor controls 

• Numeric keyboard 

• 8 bit Parallel 

• Capacitance keys 

• 10 user programmable keys 

• Positive TTL Logic 

• Site: 17'L » 8V. "W x 2'A "H 



Made for Visual Technology, this keyboard features: a security keylock (includes two keys) to guard against 
unauthorized use; an 11 -key numeric keypad; cursor controls; and 10 user-pfogramrnable keys. Electrical re- 
quirements; + 5VOC. Color {case): White. Color (keycaps}: Black, Complete with case, keyboard assembly, 
40-Inch interface cable, and schematics. 

Part No. KB270 , $109.95 each 



23'*Lx5V4'"Wx1-3/8"H 



9VLx4yW x 1VH 



W wfrl^-k 



MICRO SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD 

Word Processing Keyboard. 26 Pin Edge Card Connection. Supply Voltage + 5V0C. I 
is QWERTY. Additional Key Pads tor Cursor and word processing functions 

PartNo.85SD18-1 Si 



HI-TEK 14-KEY NUMERIC KEYPAD 

SPST switching. Charcoal gray keycaps. Mounted on primed circuit board . 

Part No. K-14 



$9.95 each 



ALPS 29-KEY CALCULATOR KEYBOARD 

Features on* 8 -position Decimal select switch one 3-posHion switch, and two J -position switches, 
mechanical SPST switching. 22-pin edge card connection. Pin-oul included. 

Part No. KB297040 <f«sote-h Enctosun) S4. 95 each 



POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED 

Output +5VDC 8 1A | also 1-30VOC) rag Inpul 11 5 VAC SOHi. 2- 

case 6 It. 3 cond. black power cord. 6V,"W ■ 7"D % Z'V'H. Wt. 3 lbs. Data sheet incl. 

Part No. PS51194S $14,95 



Transaction Tech 

(black/beige) sarin 



POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 3 AMP REGULATED Demon 

Inpul: 115V AC, 47 -440Hz Output: 5VDC Adfustable fit 3 amp, 6VDC (a. 2.5 amp. Adjustable cur- 
rent limit. Ripple & Noise. 1MV rms. 5MV p-p - 2 mounting surfaces. UL recognized. Size: 4'Wx 
4V*"L x Z-7/16'H - wl. 2 lbs Data sheet ineludtd 
Part No. QPS-1 $29.95 each 



POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 7.5 AMP, 12VDC @ 1.5 AMP SWITCHING 

Input 115VAC. SO-eOHz & 3 amp/230VAC, 50Hz (n 1 .6 amp. Fan volt /power suppfy select swit- 
ches I115/230VAC). Output: SVDCer 7.6 amp. 12VDC <S 1 6 amp Btl blk. pow. cord 11ft"Wl 
13Ui"Di3VH. Wl. 6 lbs 

Part No. PS94V0S $39. 95 each 



POWER SUPPLY 4-Channel Switching - Apple Compatible 

Microprocessor, mini-cumputar, terminal, medical equipment and process control applications. In- 
pul: 90-130VAC 47-440KZ Output: *5V0C Si 5A, -5V0C <?t 1A, + 1ZVDC @ 1A, -12V0C @ 1A. 
Line no. ±0 2%. Ripple 30mV p-p Load reg.: ±1% Overcurront protection. Adj 5V main out- 
put ± 10%. 6-3/B-L i 1-7/6-W t 4-15/lB"H. Wt. tH lbs. 

Part No. FCS-604A $69.95 each 



$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only 
California Residents Add 6Vi % Sales Tax 
Shipping — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance 
Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer! 




I 



Spec Sheets — 30* each 
Send $1,00 Postage for your 
FREE W83 JAMECO CATALOG 
Prices Subject to Change 



ameco 



ELECTRONICS 




1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 
6/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 5928097 Telex: 176043 



5V4" Mini-Floppy Disk Drive 

FOR TRS-80 MODEL I {Industry Standard) 

Features single or double density. Recording 
mode: FM single. MFM double density. Power: 
+ 12VDC (± 0.6V) 1.6A max. , +5VDCi< 
0.8A max. Unit as pic. at right (does not incl 
case, power supply, cables). 30-pg. data book 
incl. Wt. 3V> lbs. Size: 5 V. "W x 8"D x 3 V* "H. 
Part No, Urn; fed Ouindfy' Price 

FD200 $179.95 

Single-sided, 40 tracks, 250K bytes capacity 

FD250 $199.95 

Double-sided, 35 tracks, 438K bytes capacity 




t«£*5 8" Floppy Disk Drive 
B m I ' Shu 9 art 801 R 
r > HI^LtfC -Single-Sided 

«* m WW * 400/800K Bytes 
PH, ' S Capacity 

•#>f - • Industry Standard 

The FDD100-8 8" Floppy Disk Drive (Industry Standard) features 
single or double density. Recording mode: FM single, MFM double 
density. Transfer rate: 250K bits/sec. single density; 50OK bits/sec. 
double density. The FDD100-8 is designed to work with the single 
sided soil sectored IBM Diskette I, or eq. disk cartridge. Power: 
115VAC 50-60HZ, + 24VDC @ 1.7 amps max., +5VDC &■ 1.2 amps 
max. Unit as pictured above (does not include case, power supply, or 
cables). Size: 8.5S"W x 14 "L x 4.5 "H Weighs 12 lbs, Incl. 96-pg. 
manual. 
Part No. Price 

FDD100-8 Buy 1 for $269,95 each 

FDD100-8 Buy 2 for $259.95 each 

FDD100-8 Buy 10 for $249.95 each 




2708,2716,2732 & 2764 EPROM Programmer 

JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER 

8K TO 64K EPROMS — 24 AND 28 PIN PACKAGES 

Self Contained — Requires No Additional Systems for Operation 



into RAM by keyboard • Change* data in RAM by keyboard 
EPROM • Compare) EPROMs lor content differences • Copies EPROMs • Power In- 
put: 115V AC, 60 H2 -4 10W powfr consumption • Enclosure: Color -coordinated, 
light tan panels w/molded mocha brown end pieces • Size: 15-5/B't i B VD t 
3Vi~rl • Wl.: 5V, lbs 

JE664-A EPROM Programmer $995.00 

Assembled & Tested l includes JM16A MotJtne) 



JE665 — RS232C INTERFACE OPTION — The JE665HS232C interface 

OprionimpleniKi' oirpurei luthe J£S64's RAM Sample software wnllen in 

BASIC provided for TRS-80" Model I. Level il Compuler Baud rale: 9f30O Word 
i.gtn 8 bits - odd parity Stop bits 2 Option may be adapted to other computers 

J E664-ARS EPRDM Prog. W/JE665 Option $1195.00 
Assembled and Tesied (includes JM1&A Module) 

EPROM JUMPER MODULES — The JE664's JUMPER MODULE (Personali- 
ty Module) is I plug-m Module thai pre sets JE664 lor proper programming pulses to 
the EPROM & configures EPROM socket connections lor that particular EPROM 

Pert 

No. EPROM EPROM MANUFACTURER PRICE 



JM08A 
JM16A 
JM16B 
JM32A 
JM328 
JM32C 
JM64A 

JM64B 
JM64C 
JM64D 



2708 

2716TMS2516 

TMSZ716 

TMS2532 

2732 

2732A(21V} 

MCM68764. 

MCM68L764 

2764 

TMS2564 

HN462764G-4 



AMU Motorola .National. Intel. Tl 
I nlel , Molorola . National , NEC . Tl 
Motorola, Tl (+5,-12, + 12) 
Motorola. Tl 

AMD. Fujitsu. NEC. Hitachi, Intel 
Fujitsu, Intel 

Motorola 



$14.95 
.$14.95 
$14 95 
$1495 
$14.95 
$14.95 

$1495 
$1495 
$1495 
S14 95 



UV-EPROM Eraser 



1 8 Chips — 51 Minutes 



., Xr- 



^x 



I 1 Chip - 37 Minutes 



Erases 2708, 2716. 2732, 2764, 2516, 2532, 2564, Erases up to S chips 
within 51 minutes (1 chip in 37 minutes). Maintains constant exposure 
distance ol one inch. Special conductive foam liner eliminates static 
buildup. Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure. Compact — only 
9.00* x 3.70" x 2.60*. Complete with holding trey lor 8 chips. 

UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb s 16.95 

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser $ 79-95 



EXPAND YOUR MEMORY 



TRS-80 to 16K, 32K, or 48K 

•-Model 1 ■ From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One Kit 
Modal 3 ■ From 4K to 48K Requires (3) Three Kits 
Color = From 4K to 16K Requires <i) One Kit 

"Modal 1 aqulpped with Eipanaion Board up to 48K Two Kits Required 
- One Kit Required for each 1 6K of Expansion - 

TRS-16K3 *200ns for Color & Model lit $12.95 

TRS-16K4 *250ns for Model I $10.95 



TRS-80 Color 32K or 64K Conversion Kit 



Kit comes complete with each 4164-2 (200ns) 64K dynamic RAMs 
and conversion documentation. Converts TRS-SO color computers 
with D and E circuit boards, and all new color computers to 32K. 
Minor modifications of 32K memory will allow the use of all 64K of 
the dynamic RAM providing you have a FLEX DOS operating system. 

TRS-64K2 ...$54.95 




JOYSTICKS 

5K Linear 

Taper Pots 



,o inr w TOOK Linear 
JS ' 100K Taper Pots 



JS-150K 



15 OK Linear 
Taper Pots 



$4.75 



JVC-40 



40K (2) Video Con- 
troller in Case 



js-sk (Pictured) " troner in case $4.95 

JS KNOB Knob for JS5K.100K.150K . $.99ea. 
JVC KNOB Knob for JVC-40 $.99ea.> 



Circle 206 on Inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 529 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



THERE ARE NO DETTER BOARDS - THERE ARE NO BETTER PRICES! 

r^mpoPro m „,„«,„ o»e slsct*o H ,cs 



CPU BOARDS 

CO-PROCESSOR 6066/8067 

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with sockets 
for 8087 and 80130 



Part Mo. 



Description 



Uit Price Oh Price 



BRGBT188A A&T 8MHz 8086 only $750.00 $669.00 
BRGBT186C CSC 10MHz 8086 oniy$8S0.00 $764.89 
BRGBT166A87 A&T with 8087 option $1050.00 $939.00 
B&GBT186C87 CSC with 8087 option*$1 150.00 $1085.00 
*8087 Limits dock speed to 5MHz 

@) DUAL PROCESSOR 6065-6066 

6 or 8 MHz provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard 

8 bit S- 100 bus 
BR6BT1612A A&T 6MHz $495.00 $439.00 

BRGBT1612C CSC 6/8 MHz $595,00 $529.00 

66 K -68000 16 BIT CPU 

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz on-board sockets for 2716, 2732, 

or 2764 EPROMs for up to 8K x 16 of memory 
BRGBT184A A&T 8MHz $695.00 $625.00 

BRGBT1B4C CSC 10MHz $850.00 $765.00 

FORTH OPERATING SYSTEM FOR 66K CPU 

Requires a DISK 1, 64 K of CompuPro memory 

and an iNTERFACER 3 or 4. 

BQGBT68K0S FORTH operating system $200.00 

CPUZ - Z60D CPU NOW 6MHz! 

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing. 

FASTEST Z80 CPU AVAILABLE! 

BR6BT160A 3/6 MHz A&T $325.00 $289.00 

BRGBT100C 3/6 MHz CSC $425.00 $378.00 



DMA DISC CONTROLLER 
CP/M 2.2 FOR FREEH* 



CMOS RAM SALE! 
RAM 17 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM 

12 MHz, RAM 1 7, 2 Watt, DMA Compatible 24 Bit Addressing 



Part No. 



Dmriptlon 



list Prict Our Price 



BRGBTI75A84 64KA&T 12MHz 
BR6BT175C64 64 K CSC 12MHz 



$499.00 $460.00 
5599.00 $550.00 



RAM 16 - 02K x 16 BIT CMOS STATIC RAM 

A — s 8 and/or 16 Bit 

QHjp 12 MHz, RAM 16 , 32K x 76 or 64K x 8 

IEEE/696 16 Bit 2 Watt, 24 Bit Addressing 
BRGBT180A 64KA&T 12MHz $550.00 $510.00 

BR6BT180C 64KCSC 12MHz $650.00 $610.00 




NEW! RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM 

816 RAM 21 12MHz, 128Kx8 or 64K x 16 

IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit, 1.2 Amps, 24 Bit Addressing 

BR6BT190A 128KA&T $1095.00 $ 995.00 

BRGBT100C 128KCSC $1245.00 $1125.00 




* When 2 or more 8" disk drives are purchased with Disk 
1 Controller. 



DISK CONTROLLERS 
DISK 1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER - OUR 

Fast DMA Soft Sector, Controls Up to Four 8' 
Single or Double Density Drives. 



BRP0B171ACPN 



BRPOBmCCPM 
BRKBT171A 
BR6BT171C 
BRSBTCP1M0 

BR6BTCHI86 



A&Tw/CPM 2.2 & BIOS $670.00 

* When purchased with two 8" 

disk drives only. 

CSC w/CP/M 2.2 & BIOS $770.00 

Disk 1 Controller A&T $495.00 

Disk 1 Controller CSC $595.00 

CP/M 2.2 for Z80/8085 w/manuat 

& BIOS 8" S/D disk 

CP/M 2.2 for 8086 w/manuats 

& BIOS 8" S/D disk. 



BEST! 

' or 5%" 

$495.00 
$450.00 

$595.00 
$449.89 

$550.00 
$174.89 

$299.89 



M-DRIVE SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE, 
0500% FASTER!! 

Not really, but the next best thing for CompuPro 8085/88 

Users. Call for Details on M- Drive. 
M-Drive requires a 6MHz CPU 8085/88 dual processor. Disk 
1 DMA disk controller and System Support 
1 Multifunction Board. 
RRGBT1I0128U128K of A&T memory & M-Drive Software $1198.08 
BB6BTMD128KC 1 28 K of CSC memory & M- Drive Software $1398.00 
BR GBTNB2S6KA 256 K of A&T memory & M- Drive Software $2395.00 
BR GBTMD258KC 256K of CSC memory & M- Drive Software $2795.00 

Mr DRIVE/ H HARDWARE LOGICAL DISK SYSTEM 

Interfaces through two I/O ports, and runs at 10MHz. 
IEEE 696 compatible. Requires any CompuPro CPU 
and a Disk 1. Each board contains 51 2K of fast, low 

power (900mA) RAM, with parity checking. 
BR GBT1 97A M-DRIVE/H w/software. A&T $1 895.00 $1 295.00 
BR6BT197C M-DRIVE/H w/software, CSC $2095.00 $1 495.00 



DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL 
HARD DISK CONTROLLER 

Fast DMA 2 board set controls 4 Shugart 4000 series 

or Fujitsu 2300 type drives. Includes CP/M 2.2' 
BRGBT177A Assembled & Tested $795.00 $750.00 
BRGBT177C CSC $895.00 $850.00 




"^S^ss*** 



I/O BOARDS 

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION DOARD 

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K RAM included, 

15 levels of interrupt real time clock, 
optional math processor 



Port No. 



DoscrtpHM 



UstPHco Oir Price 



BRGBT162A Assembled & Tested $450.00 $395.00 

BRGBT1B2C CSC $550.00 $485.00 

BRGBT8231 Math Chip $195.00 

BRGBT8232 Math Chip $195.00 

BRGBT182AM1 A&T w/823 1 Math Chip $570.00 

BR 6BT1 62CII1 CSC w/823 1 Math Chip $870.00 

BR BBT1 62 AM2 A& T w/8232 Ma th Chip $570.00 

BRGBTf B2CM2 CSC w/8232 Math Chip $670.89 

MPX CHANNEL BOARDS 

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board w/16K RAM 

BR GBT166A1 6 Assembled & Tested $649.00 $584.89 

BRGBT166C16 CSC $749.00 $874.89 




BHGBT133A 

BRGBT133C 



INTERFACER 1 

Two Serial I/O 
Assembled & Tested $295.00 $259.00 
CSC $370.00 $329.00 



INTERFACER 2 

Three parallel, one serial I/O board 
BRGBT150A Assembled & Tested $325.00 $289.00 
BRGBT150C CSC $399.00 $359.00 

INTERFACER 

Eight-channel multi-user serial I/O board 
BRGBT1748A Assembled & Tested $699.00 $828.89 
BRGBT1748C CSC 200 hr. 8 port $849.00 $748.89 
BRGBT1745A Assembled & Tested $599.00 $558.89 
BRGBT1745C CSC 200 hr. 5 port $699.00 $828.89 




S-100 MAINFRAME 

1 10V 60Hz CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot 

CompuPro Motherboard (55 lbs.) 

BRGBTENC20RM 20 Slot Rackmount $895.00 $825.00 

BR 6BTENC200K 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $760.00 



INTERFACER 4 

Three Serial, 1 Parallel, 1 Centronics Parallel 
BRGBT187A Assembled & Tested $450.00 $399.00 
BRGBT187C CSC $540.00 $478.00 



S-100 MOTHERBOARDS 



Active termination, 6-12-20 Slot 



± 



BRGBT153A 
BRGRT153C 
BRGBT154A 
BRGBT154C 
BRGBT155A 
BRGBT155C 



A&T 6 slot, 2 lbs. 
CSC 6 slot, 2 lbs. 
A&T 12 slot, 3 lbs. 
CSC 12 slot, 3 lbs. 
A&T 20 slot 4 lbs. 
CSC 20 slot, 4 lbs. 



$140.00 
$190.00 
$175.00 
$240.00 
$265.00 
$340.00 



$125.00 
$155.00 
$155.00 
$220.00 

$235.00 
$310.00 



RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chatsworth:) (213) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411 

Circle 309 on inquiry card. 



530 BYTE June 1983 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 




S-100 STATIC RAM 
126KRAM21 




• Meets or exceeds all I EEE696/S- 100 standards • Uses 
less power than dynamics (1.2 amps typical) • 24 bit 
extending addressing • 8 bit (128K) or 16 bit (64K) 
operation • Addressable as one block • 16K window 
deselect; DIP switch selectable • Switch selectable PHAN- 
TOM disable • 16K x 1 static RAM • Capable of DMA 
processing • Assembled and Tested • 1 year warranty 
BRGBTRAM21 Catalog Price: $1225.00 

BUY IT NOW FOR ONLY: 




FREEDOM 50 



UDERTY 
ELECTRONICS 



• 9 cursor contro! keys 

• 7 editing (unction keys 

• Programmable protection 

• Multi-emulations 

• Green screen 1 2" 

• Tilt Base 

• 5 function keys 
BRLIBF50 i Sh Wt 34 lbs.) 

List Price: $599.00 

SALE PRICE: 

$475 

FREEDOM 100 

Contains ail of the above features of the FREEDOM 50 plus 5 
additional function keys, 7 character sets, 15 special graphics 
symbols, and block mode transmission. ,^ w « u_ . 

BRLIBF100 SALE 

List Price ,s " fcJC 

$649.00 




%ricb $525.00 



California 
Computer 
Systems 



64K - 4MHz ^ 
IEEE/S-100 
DYNAMIC RAM 




DUAL QUME 6 FLOPPY DRIVE, 
CABINET, DMA S-100 ticnc nfl 
CONTROLLER, * ' 08! S, 

AND CP/M® —i — 

FROM 



ompuPro 



ABSOLUTELY THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE 
DISK SUBSYSTEM EVEB 0FFEBED 
BY PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS!! 



V0U SAVE 
$1419.77!! 



■ (Shipped freight collect}] 



S8T208SP $2325 00 
6BT1V1A $495 00 

68TCPM80 $175 00 
PfiC50$«0$ SJi» 
$3014 77 



CABINET AND 2 QUME DT8 DOUDLE SIDED DRIVES $1295 OO 
PROVIDE 2.4 MBYTES OF MASS STORAGE!! ""£»«■ « ,.».[»»>» 



GnyuPro UN-SYSTEM 816 



FOR THOSE WHO DEMAND 




Each CompuPro system contains the same nucleus of com- 
mon hardware and software. This insures compatibility 
between systems as well as allowing you to expand as your 
needs grow. The following is a list of the basic hardware 
components as well as software. 



• Operates with either an 8080 or Z-80, providing processor trans- 
parent refreshes • Bank-select system • Any 16K block can be made 
bank- independent • Phantom input • Assembled & Tested 
REGULAR LIST PRICE IS $375.00 

$1 75.00 ea. 

4/S640.00 

BRCCS20653 (Sh. Wt 2 lbs.) 
RAM BOARD DISK DRIVE BONUS! 

As an added bonus, PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS is giving away software 
developed by Mtcro Resources that will allow 4 CCS20653 boards to be used 
as an in-memory disk drive. This allows for an incredible speed increase in 
speed in your computer. This software is only available with the purchase of 4 
CCS20653 memory boards Use part number 8RMRSRDSK (Sh. Wt. 1 lb) 

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: 

Circle 309 on inquiry card. 



• Desk top Enclosure 20 slots 

• Floppy disk enclosure with 2 Qume DT8 drives 

• DMA Floppy Controller 

• 8085/8088 CPU operates 8 or 16 software 

• Memory in the form of RAM 17s 

• System support 1 (Clock calendar, RAM/ROM/math processor options, 
RS-232 Serial port, dual interrupt controllers, triple interval timers, and 
more!) 

• All internal cables 
SOFTWARE: 

• CP/M 22™ and CP/M 86'" 

• M Drive Software - allows the use of memory as another disk drive 

• Sorcim's SUPERCALC 86™ 

• Ashton Tate's DBase II 

DIG DEEP!! Now is the time to buy 
the CompuPro UN-SYSTEM 8161! 

SAVE MONEY, and have an UN-SYSTEM 816 for your very own! All 
UN-SYSTEMS contain the very same components as the SYSTEM 
816s listed in our Winter 1 983 Engineering Selection Guide, but are not 
installed or configured. All it takes is your professional computer 
experience and knowledge to have the highest performing S-100 
computer system on the market today. BEWARE! This is not for the 
novice and inexperienced user, as it requires a well- matured knowledge 
in system integration procedures. 

So. WHY WAIT!? Don't Pass Up This 
Incredible Deal!! 

Each component of the UN- SYSTEM 816 has been assembled and 
individually tested. Final installation and configuration are the sole responsi- 
bility of the purchaser 



00!J 



UN-SYSTEM 816/A 

ENTRY LEVEL - SINGLE USER 

Disk storage: 2.4 Megabytes. Expandable to 4.8 Megabytes, 

Mam memory: 1 28K - expandable to 1 Megabyte 

Serial Ports: 4 / Parallel Ports: 1 

Centronics/ Epson ports: 1 

Software: CP/M 2.2 "\ CP/M-86™. M- Drive, SuperCalc-86. dBase. 

Component List Price: $6705,00 BRGBTUNSYSA10 

OUR SALE PRICE: l 

$4795.00 $*•** 

UN-SYSTEM 816/B 

ENHANCED HIGH PERFORMANCE 
SINGLE USER SYSTEM 

Disk Storage: 2.4 Megabytes. Expandable to 4.8 Megabytes. 

Main memory: 256K - expandable to 1 Megabyte 

Serial ports: 6 

Software: CP/M 2 2™. CP/M -86'", M- Drive, SuperCalc-86'", dBase 

\r 

Component List Price: $8497 00 BR6BTUNSYSBI6 

OUR SALE PRICE: sA y£ 

$5795.00 bzto* 0011 

UN-SYSTEM 81 6/C 

HIGH PERFORMANCE MULTI-USER SYSTEM 

Disk storage: 2.4 Megabytes. Expandable to 4.8 Megabytes. 

Main memory: 384 K - expandable to 1 Megabyte 

Serial ports: 9 

Software: CP/M 2.2™, CP/M-86™. MP/M 8-16"*. M- Drive, SuperCalc- 



86™. dBase II™ 

Component List Price: $10,636.00 

OUR SALE PRICE: 

$7595.00 



BH68TUHSYSCI6 

SAVE 
$3041 .OO- 



4 



S PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS ®$ If 
ORDER TOLL FREE (400) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-51 1 1 

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, \}.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6 1 £% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER515.00. Include MINIMUM 
SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40« tor each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs, sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your 
phone number Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through June, 1983. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate 
freight. If you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection guide, send $100 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orde rs only. 

(Chofsworth:) (213) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411 

BYTE Tun# ion* en 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



SIEMENS FRD100-8 

8" FLOPBT DKK DRIVE 



nipio 



NEW 
LOW PRICES! 



SHUG 

90 DAY WARRANTY! 

ONCE AGAIN YOU '*T" 
RECEIVE THE r- 

BENEFIT OF OUR ***F 
UNEQUALLED PUR- 
CHASING POWER! ^ 

ORDER NOW AND 




ATIDLE 
ajb. $225.00 

Mm m*.m± -^ j 

1 10+ c 

§p OEM INQUIRIES I Wl- t 




L1SIEFD01008 



5V4" DISK DRIVES 

BRMPI51* Single-Sided Double- Density 48 TPI $200.00 

Nfir Double-Sided Double- Density 48 TP! $270.00 

HWn* Single-Sided Double-Density 96 TPI $275.00 

BRHPI92* Double- Sided Double- Density 96 TPI $400.00 

* Replace "* " when ordering, with "m" for MPI style bezel, 
or "S" for Shugart style bezel. (Shipping Weight 5 lbs.) 

NEW! NEW! NEW! NEW! NEW! 

5 1 /4" HALF HEIGHT DRIVES! 

$260.00 
$300.00 
$300.00 
$355.00 



$-100 DUAL 8 SUBSYSTEM 



BRCCS2422A S-1 00 Disk Controller with CP/M 2.2 

BRSIEFDD1008 Siemens Double Density 8" drive 

BRIIIFDE002 Dual Horizontal Cabinet 

with Power Supply 
and Data Cable 



SAVE $1 32.00!! 

$995.00 

■ flnr.turlf* £3fl 00 fnr xhinninn) 



1 $399.00 

2 $398.00 
1 $295.00 

1 $ 35.00 
$1127.00 



(Include $30.00 for shipping) 



DON'T 
MISS OUT! 

Order No. 
BRPDBSIESUB1 




► 



BRMPI501 1 side, 48 tpi 6ms access 
BRMPIS0Z 2 side. 48 tpi 6 ms access 
BRMPfBOl 1 side. 96 tpi 3ms access 
BRMPI902 2 side. 96 tpi 3ms access 

(Shipping Weight: 4 lbs.) 

2" HIGH 6" DISK DRIVES 

The first 2" high 8" disk drive allows for mounting under 
the keyboard on CRT, etc. 

NO AC Required +5V +24VDC only 
FAST 3 msec track to track! 
RRMPMIM v? High t side double-density $380.00 

BRMPt42M '/2 High 2 side double- density $400.00 

BRMPM1S Full height 1 side single drive, dble-density $310.00 
BRMP142S Full height 2 sided single drive, dble-density $480.00 
BRMPUID Full height t side dual drive, dble. -density $780.00 
BRMPH2D Full height 2 side dual drive, dble -density $920,00 

(Shipping Weight- 1 1 lbs, per drive) 



BUY DRIVE AND CABINET TOGETHER AND SAVE! 



I I I I INTERNATIONAL 

I I I I INSTRUMENTATION, 




DUAL 8 SIEMENS FDD 1008, 

DUAL 8 CABINET POWER SUPPLY 

ANO INTERNAL POWER CABLES 

IF BOUGHT SEPARATELY: $890.00 



PRICED AT: 



$675.00 



BRPDBIIISIE 



Positive Pressure Filter Cooling 
Power Supply ■:4A@+5V,3A@+24V 
1A9-6V 

Each output is individually fused 



• Hinged top for easy access 

• Hejvy non-flex 090 alumin- 
um base 

• Modular power connectors 



ENVIRONMENT MONITOR PANEL 

Temperature and voltage monitor with visual and audible alarm lur 
overtemp condition. Direct Olgltal Readout of Internet temperature in 

C on standard DVM 
BRIIIFOE002 CABINET ONLY <Sh Wl 38 lbs) $295.00 

BRPOBIIISIEEM 2- Drives. Cabinet & disk environment monitor $775.00 
BfH)IFDE002EM Cabinet only with disk environment monitor $375.00 
BRPBB50M1BEI8E Dual Data Cable $ 31.15 

BRP6C50S80S External Data Cable $ 19.77 



OUR FINEST 8" DUAL DISK DRIVE CABINET 



landon 




8-INCH 
THIN LINE 



► 



Exactly one-half the height of any other model 

Proprietary high-resolution, read- write heads patented 

by Tandon 

DC. only operation ■ no AC. required 

Industry standard interface 

Three millisecond track-to-track access time (9 lbs.) 

TANDON d" DRIVES 

BRTN0TH8481 Single Sided: $380.00 2 or more: $370.00 M. 
BRTNDTM8482 Double Sided: $485.00 2 or more: $488.00 U 

TANDON 5Va" DRIVES 

BRTN0TM1001 Single Sided. 250KB (5 lbs.) $228.00 ea. 

2 or More: $200.00 each 

BRTNDTMI082 Double Sided, 500KB $285.88 ea. 

2 or More: $270.00 each 

BRTNDTM1003 Single Sided, 500KB $285.88 ea. 

2 or More: $270.00 each 

BRTRBTMI804 Double Sided. 1000KB $385.80 tl. 

2 or More: $375.00 each 



m 



International 

Instrumentation 

Incorporated 



Compare these features listed 
and you'll see why this cabinet 

is our 
FINEST DISK CABINET 

FEATURES 

• Positive pressure forced air cooling for reliable disk drive operation 

• AC input via 3 wire 7 foot international cord/socket set 

• AC input EMI filtered to six amps to help prevent disk crashes due to 

power spikes and line noise 

• 14 gauge main chassis 

• Integral power supply with 5 V £ 6A/-5V £ 1A/24V @ 6 A 

• Double-sided custom PC power board and supply 

• Each DC supply and AC separately tused 




DUAL 6 HALF HEIGHT 
FLOPPY CABINET 



STANDARD UNIVERSAL DISK ENCLOSURE 

List Price OUR Price 

BRIIIU0E004 $49500 $425.00 

With augmented power suply to handle Tandon Slimline, or Winchester 
disk drives. Includes the disk environment monitor 
BRIIIUDE004AUG $73300 $625.00 

With Disk Environment Monitor for coot, reliable operation. 
BRIIIUDE004EM $584 95 $495.00 



24V p 4A 5V £ 3A 
-5V(?> 800ma 
Fan cooled 

Socke'ed power connections 
All supplies regulated 



I 



list Price SALE 



BRIIIBTLDB2 Dual Thin Line Cabinet (12 lbs.) $225.00 $165.00 

DUY THE CABINET & DRIVES AND SAVE! 
With 2 Tandon Thlnllnes 

BRP0BI1ITND1 Cabinet w/2 TNDTM8481 -1 sided (30 lbs.)$865.88 
BRPBBIIITN02 Cabinet w/2 TNDTM8482 -2 sided (30 lbs.) $1115.00 



With 2 MPI Sllmllnes 



BRPDBIIIMPIl Cabinet w/2 MPI41M 
BRP0BIIIHPI2 Cabinet w/2 MPI42M 



1 sided (30 lbs) $820.00 

2 sided (30 lbs.) $1080.00 



BRIIIDTUHPIKIT MPI drive adaptor mounting kit (2 lbs.) $24.85 

BRIIIBCCSHU Shugart / AC/DC power connector kit (2 lbs.) $14.85 
(For full size single SA801 or compatible drives) 



RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (213) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411 

Circle 309 on inquiry card. 



*n*i 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



APPLE II 5V*" DISK DRIVES 




FULLY 

APPLE II 

COMPATIBLE 



APPLE ADD-ON DISK DRIVE 

BRVIS3101 (Sh Wt 6 lbs.) List Pnce $299 95 

SPECIAL 
SALE PRICE: 

DISK DRIVE WITH CONTROLLER 

111 (Sh Wt 7 lbs) List Price $379 00 



$229.00 



SALE PRICE: $289* OO 

BRVISAFOC Apple II Drive Controller ON SALE NOW FOR ONLY $79.00 



LOWEST COST 
PRINTERS AVAILABLE 



oo a 




f MULTICARD 

MEMORY & I/O CARD 




• 64 K RAM Expandable • Real Time Clock 
to 256K Calendar with 

• One RS232 Serial Port Battery Backup 

• One Parallel Printer Port (Sh. Wt. 1 lb .) 

BRVIS025665 List Price: $595.00 

SALE PRICE: 

$329.00 



EIA/RS202 WALL HATES 



\y 






(Dobs not include connectors) 

BRIIIWPDB251 Single punched 

4/S10.00 

BRIIIWP0B252 Dual Punched 

4/$ 12.00 

RS-232 "D" SUD-MINIATURE 
CONNEaORS 

1-9 10-24 25-99 100- UP 



BRCND0B25P 25 Pin Male 



$2.75 $2.50 $2.25 $1.95 



• 80 cps • 1 0, 1 2 or 1 6 5 cpi • 3 selectable line spacinq • Vertical 
format control • Centronics parallel interlace • Uses a standard 
Underwood spooled ribbon • Friction and tractor feed 
{Shipping Weight 21 lbs. I List Prict OUR Prist 

BRCQMOFT Parallel int. $39900 $299.00 

BRCOXAPUHTP Apple parallel interface w/caWe $49.95 



; 



BRCNDDB25S 25 Pin Female $4.00 $3.50 $3.25 $3.00 

BRCNDD801212 1 Pc Grey Hood $1.65 $1.40 $1.25 $1.15 

BRCN0P25H 2 Pc Grey Hood $1.50 $1.25 $1.10 $1.00 

BRCKDDB51226 2 Pc Black Hood $1.75 $1.50 $1.35 $1.20 

BHCND020418 Hardware set 2/Pr $1.00 $ .00 $ .70 $ .60 



MAXICARD 



PERSONAL COMPUTER RAM CARD 

POPULATED IN 64K. 256K. or 576K 




$229.00 



A 



AXIOM CORPORATION 




Wt, 11 lbs.) 



• 5 x 7 Dot Matrix • Parallel Interface (Centronics) • Tractor Feed 

• Dot Addressable Graphics • Up to 3- Part Paper • Self Test • 
One Year Warranty • 30 CPS 80 Column Unidirectional • Uses 
Regular Paper 

B0AXM6P100A Dot Matrix Printer $389 00 $229.00 



-IL 




,* 



64K $219.00 

BMIS057664 List Price $37900 

SAVE $160.00 
2S6K $489.00 

m VIS0576256 List Price: $789 00 

SAVE $320.00 
576K $849.00 

BRIIS0576576 List Price $1299 00 

SAVE $450.00 

Warranty 

•Available with 256K & 576K boards only (Sh WL 6 lbs) 

I IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines) 



Runs at full speed with 
no wait states 
Parity can be disabled 
at User's option 
On board parity bit on 
each Byte 

Fully expanded, a full 
576KB on one card 
One board fills entire 
primary RAM address 
space available 
Full Vista 120 Day 



Texas 
Instruments 

16 PIN GOLD AND TIN 
DIP SOLDERTAIL SOCKETS 
TIN GOLD 

QTY BRTIS16LP BBTI61CLP 

so$ 8.00 $ 10.00 
iooo $ 60.00 $ 80.00 
4500 $225.00 $315.00 



% 



DIRECT CONNECT MODEM 
MURA 



$79.00 

- 300 BAUD 
MURA MM- 100 



• 0-300 baud 

• RS232C interface 

• Full duplex 

• Carrier detect indicator 

• Bell 103 compatible 

• Low voltage 

• Originate/ Answer switch selectable 



% 



\ 



m Wei SALE 



BRMURMM100 - 300 baud modem $99 95 $79.00 

(Shipping Weight: 2 lbs.) 
BRCNDRS2328F RS232 cable $19.95 



ULTRA. 

MAGNETKS 



5'A" FLOPPY DISKETTES 



■ft** 



microniciinc 




gemini 

100CPS 
*f DOT 
MATRIX 



PRINTER 

* Centronics parallel interface • 9 x 9 character matrix #6x6 block 
graphic matrix • Bit image (7 or 8) x480 dot matrix (single density) (7 
or 8) x 960 dot matrix • Bi-directional printing with logic seeking • 
40, 48. 66, 80, 96, or 1 32 characters per line • 96 ASCII characters • 
5, 6, 8.5, 1 0, 1 2, or 1 7 characters per inch • 1/6, 1 /8, n/72, n/1 44 Line 
pitch • Sprocket or friction feed • Uses a standard underwood ribbon 

BR6EM1 80 Column* Printer List Price: $399.00 

S«- $359.00 

(Shipping Weight 20 lbs.) 

BRGEM1 5 1 32 Column* Printer List Price: $649.00 

SALE 
PRICE: 



$?* 



w 



i^m 



FEATURES: 

• Includes reinforcement ring 

• Write protect with tabs 

• 1 00% Surface tested 

• Lifetime warranty 

Description 

BR ULT52401 Soft sector, 40 track. 2 side 

BR ULT52410 1 sector, 40 track, 2 side 

BR ULT52416 16 sector. 40 track. 2 side 

BRULT51801 Soft sector. 80 track, 1 side 
BRULT51810 10 sector. 80 track, 1 side 
BRULT51816 16 sector. 80 track. 1 side 

BRULT52801 Soft sector, 80 track, 2 sided 
BRULT52810 10 sector, 80 track, 2 sided 
BRULT52816 16 Sector, 80 track, 2 sided 




SALE! 



SINGLE SIDED 

40 TRACKS — BOX OF 
00UBLE DENSITY 

ORDER INFORMATION: 

NPULTSI401 Soft Sector 
BRPULT5I4I0 10 Sector 
BRPULT514I6 16 Sector 



** 



*8N 



>y> 



$25.00 
$40.00 

mm. $180.00 



10 

2 

BOXES 



Box ll 10 



2 BMM 



10 0u*S 



$35.00 $60.00 $280.00 

$30.00 $50.00 $220.00 

$40.00 $70.00 $320.00 

(Sh. Wt. 2 lbs) (Sh. Wt. 4 lbs.) (Sh. Wt. 20 lbs.) 



$489.00 

(Shipping Weight: 26 lbs.) 
•Based on 10 characters per inch 

SERIAL INTERFACE CARD FOR GEMINI 10 & 15 

BRBEMSERINT Serial Interface Module (Sh. Wt 1 lb.) $85.00 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS mm 

9 1 6 1 DEERING AVE CHATSWORTH, CA 9 1 3 11 ^^^ 



CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-51 1 1 

d 6%% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDERS 



ORDER TOLL FREE (MX)) 423-5922 

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC. BAC Check, Money Order, U.S Funds Only. CA residents add 6Ve% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID 0RDER515.00 Include MINIMUM 
SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 401 for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect Just in case, please include your 
phone number. Prices subject to change without notice We will do our best to maintain prices through June, 1983. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate 
freight. If you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection guide, send $1 00 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders only. 



RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chatsworth:) (210) 709-5464 



Circle 309 on inquiry card. 



(Irvine:) C*14) 660-1411 

BYTE June 1983 533 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



COMPLETE 8 DIT ENTRY LEVEL 
CP/M® DASED COMPUTER SYSTEM 





LOOK AT WHAT YOU GET! 

List Price 
BRGBT160A 6 MHz Z80 CPU 
BRBBT171A DMA Disk Controller 
BRGBT2MSP Dual QUME Drives and Cabinet 
BR6BT187A 3 Serial, 1 Parallel, 1 Centronics I/O 
BRGBTRAMi? 64 K Static RAM 
8RBBTEMC20DK 20 Slot S-100 Mainframe 
BRGBTCPMO CP/M 2 2' with BIOS 
BR6BTCBL4 3 Port Serial Cable to Cabinet 
BRGBTCBU Centronics Cable to Cabinet 
5' Drive Cable 



$325.00 
$405.00 
$2385,00 
$300.00 
$489.00 
$825.00 
$175.00 
$ 44.00 
$ 20.50 
$ 10.77 



• Z80B 6MHz CPU • 2.4 Mbytes of 
floppy disk storage using the best QUME 
DATATRAK 8 drives • Fast DMA disk 
controller • 64 K low power static RAM • 
3 serial RS-232 ports • 1 parallel port • 1 
Centronics printer port • 20 slot S-100 
IEEE mainframe • Constant voltage trans- 
former • CP/M 2.2® included • I/O and 
disk drive cables included 

BUY IT NOW 
FOR ONLY: 



Js PASSWORD jl 

BELL 212A AUTO/DIAL MODEM 
HAYES SMARTM0DEM COMPATIBLE 




TOTAL PURCHASE VALUE: $5206.2 7 



BRPDBGBT8BT 

SAVE $1711.271 




§ § 



SUPER DMM SALE 

0tUX«fiHJ AUTO MNGIH6 



Hitachi Oenshi America. Lid. 




I FLUKE I 

DMMs 



mi m 

OM2M* ft* 

1^1 I'M 



3% DIGIT LCD 

• Eight measurement functions with auto ranging • Data 
hold feature • Continuity beeper • Temperature measure- 
ments (except HITVR3550) • .5 to.1% accuracy • 10 M 
input impedance • 250V overload protection on all resist- 
ance functions • 1 1 00 VDC or 850 VAC overload protection 
on voif scales 

Ust Price: SALE 

BR HITVR3S50 5% Autoranging DMM $1 27.00 $ 1 05 

BRHITYR3525 25% with temp. $157.00 $130 

BRHITVR3510 1% with temp. $187.00 $160 

BRHIT8703 Soft carrying case $ 15 



KEITHLEY 



DMMs 




PASSWORD puts any micro computer into a telecommuting network with 
300/1 200 baud speed, programmable auto dial and auto answer capability, 
auto mode and auto speed select, audio phone line monitor, and other 
advanced features. So simple, one button operates it So compact it mounts 
on the back of a computer with Velcro® The PASSWORD features all of the 
same operating specifications as the AUTODIAL 21 2A modem at only a 
fraction of the cost 1 

Part No. Utt Price SALE 

BRUSRPASSWORD <sh. wt 4 lbs.) $449 uC $425.00 

TELPAC SOFTWARE PACKAGE 

TELPAC the USR software package, programs computers to exploit all the 
automatic dialing features of the USRPASSW0RD and USRAD'AL212A 
modems, mlcuding timed calls, login- logoff, custom phone directories, access 
passwords, and much more! 

BRUSRTELPAC5A on APPLE II soft sector $70.00 

BflUSRTELPACS on 8" single density $70.00 

(Shipping Weight 1 lb.) 



1200 DAUD AUTO DIAL 
DIRECT CONNECT MODEMS 
WITH 10 NUMBER MEMORY 
RIXON INC. 




IIFLBB022B Handheld DMM 25% Accuracy $144.00 

BIFLUM2IB Handheld DMM 5% Accuracy w/cond $159.00 

BIFLU80Z0B Handheld DMM 1% Accuracy $104.00 
BRFLDB024B Handheld DMM 1% Accuracy. Pk. & Hold $249.00 

BRRW010A 10A Tru RMS Bench DMM $259.00 

BRFUM010A01 FLU8010A w/battery $299.00 

BIFLBS012A Low Ohms Tru-RMS Bench $339.00 

BBFLDM12A01 FLU8012A w/battery 3379.00 

BBFLBMBBA 4'/? Digit DMM w/Frequency Counter $349.00 

BRFLDN02A 4.5 digit Handheld DMM $279.00 

BRFLUB050I 4 5 digit tru-RMS Bench $389.00 

BBFLW050AO1 FLU805QA w/battery $439.00 
BBFLOCM Soft carrying case ($10.00) f C* 



BRKTK130 . 3.5 digit .5% Ace. handheld DMM 
BBRTH131 3 5 digit 25% Ace handheld DMM 
BPUTHt28 3 5 digit handheld DMM w/beeper 
BRKTH132C 3 5 digit handheld DMM/thermometer Cent, 
BRKTM132F 3 5 digit handheld DMM/thermometer Far. 
BBKTM135 4'/ ? digit handheld DMM 
BflimiBO 3 5 digit bench LCD DMM 
SRKTH176 4.5 digit bench LCD DMM 
BRKTHUIA 4 5 digit bench LED DMM 
BRKTO191 191 05.5 digit bench 
BBRTH191 19205 5 digit bench true RMS 
BROTH 1 304 Sot! carrying case 



$129.00 
$139.00 
$139 00 
$199.00 
$209.00 
$239.00 
$189.00 
$299,00 
$35900 
$670.00 
$940.00 
(10.001 f c* 



STANDALONE OR IBM PC CAM) 

• 0-300 baud or 1200 baud operation • Auto dial • Tone or pulse 
dial • Redial last number • Auto answer • 5 second dial delay • 
link to another number • wait for dial tone • 10 number memory of up 
to 60 characters in length -60 character field can include ID code, 
password, and a description of the called station - single keystroke 
actuates a number • PC COM'" modem operating software package 
for IBM PC" optional • Shipping weight 2 lbs 

Ust Price SALE Price 
BRRIXR212A Standalone Unit $49500 $475.00 

IDM PC COMPATIBLE MODEM CARD 

Features all the same specifications as standalone unit 
BRRIXPC212A IBM PC" modem (2 lbs.) $495.00 $475.00 

BRRIXPCC0M1 IBM modem software (1 lb.) $ 00.00 

BUY THE CARD AND SOFTWARE 
TOGETHER AND $A¥EU 

BRPOBRIXIBR Card and Software (3 lbs.) $539.00 

(SEE PAGE 431 IN MAY ISSUE OF BYTE) 



1200 BAUD AUTO-DIAL 

HAYES SMARTM00EM COMPATIBLE 



I ROBQTCB , 



MODEMS 

$495.00 






BUY A SOFT CARRYING CASE FOR 14 

i *WITH THE PURCHASE OF ANY FLUKE OR KEITHLY HANDHELD DMM! 
RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chofsworth:) (213) 709-5464 

M4 BYTE Tun* 1983 



The AUTO DIAL 21 2 A Modem is a direct connect 0-300 or 1200 baud 
modem capable of dialing and calling for you The AUTO DIAL 21 2A Is 
compatible In Itinctton to the BC jMBj SMARTMODEM '. 



Part No. 



OncriatloB 



Ust SALE Price 



BRUSRA0IAL212A 0-300 1 200 baud dialing modern $599.00 $495, 



rics i 

ooJ 



(Irvine:) (714) 660-1411 



Circle 309 on inquiry card. 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 



LAST CHANCE FOR SCOPE REBATE. 




DUAL TIME BASE! 

CALIBRATED DELAYED SWEEP! 



NO ONE 

■ ELSE HAS 

LOWER 

SCOPE 

PRICES!! 



DIRECT FACTORY 
CONSUMER REBATE 
CERTIFICATE 

INCLUDED! 

(Valid through 
June 30, 1983) 




100 MHz 

8 TRACE - 4 CHANNEL 

BRBKP1590 List Price $1 995.00 

$1449.00 

(Shipping Weight 1 8 lbs } 

SAVE $546.00!! 



70 MHz 

8 TRACE - 4 CHANNEL 

BRBKP1570 List Price: $1395 00 

$995.00 

(Shipping Weight 18 lbs.) 

SAVE $400.0011 



1 Probes 

Included 

With Each 

Scope! 



'05 MHz 

DUAL TRACE - TRIGGERED 

BRBKP1535 List Price: $950.00 

$695.00 

(Shipping Weight 20 lbs.) 

SAVE $430,001! 

INCLUDING REBATE 




00 MHz' 

DUAL TRACE - DELAYED SWEEP 

BHBKP1530 List Price: $875.00 

$599.00 

(Shipping Weight 20 lbs) 

SAVE $326.00!! 
INCLUDING REBATE 



®~fftXAI\l 

12" RGB COLOR MONITOR 

060 HORIZONTAL UNE RESOLUTION 
BQTAXRGB1 

List Price: $399.00 
(Sh. Wt 29 lbs.) 




BQTAXIBMRGB 

Interface cable to IBM $19.00 

BQTAXRGBAPL 

Apple lie & III cable $19.00 

WITH APPLE II R6B INTERFACE 

DQPDBTAXRGRAPL A4*^#% *±*\ 
List Price $528.00 ^309m UU 

12" RGB SUPER HIGH 
RESOLUTION MONITOR 

600 HORIZONTAL UNE RESOLUTION 

• 18MHz bandwidth BQTAXRGB3 

• Linear RGB input provides LIST PRICE: 
unlimited color com bint at ions $699.00 

• Compatible with APPLE III /^ yyt 29 lbs) 



and IBM P/C 



THE LEMON SOUKS SURGES 



H-P QUALITY PERFORMANCE 
AT OUR LOW PRICES!! 




$595.00 



SALE 
PRICE: 

SUPER HIGH RESOLUTION ROD MONITOR 
WITH AN APPLE INTERFACE CARD 
BOP0BRGB3APL $695.00 

RGB VIDEO INTERFACE WITH 60 CHARACTER 
ALPHANUMERIC FORMAT FOR THE APPLE lie 

0RTAX41080 APPLE He RGB Int. List: $199.00 SALE: $189.00 

HIGH RESOLUTION 12" GREEN OR 
AMBER VIDEO MONITOR 

• >18 MHz bandwidth 

• 800 line horizontal 
resolution 

• Composite video input 

BQTAXKG12N Green 

BQTAXKG12NUY Amber 

LIST PRICE: $179.00 

(Shipping Weight 1 9 lbs.) 




The LEMON, LIME, ORANGE, and PEACH are solid state and 
EMI-RFI noise filters designed to protect all mini and micro 
computers, word processors, printers, disc drives, and other 
computer-controlled equipment that is plugged into an AC 
power line. There may be nothing more terrifying than to lose 
all of your software or data files due to a high voltage spike or 
noise from an adjacent elevator, air conditioner, or any other 
high powered equipment being operated in the nearby area 
With a LEMON, LIME, ORANGE, or PEACH, you can be sure 
that the FRUITS of your computer will be protected from most 
voltage spikes and EMI-RFI interferences. 
AC SURGE PROTECTORS 

Part No. Description List Price SALE PRICE 

BREPOUMON 6 outlet wall mount $59.95 $44.95 

BREPDUME 6 outlet 4 V cord $89.50 $99.95 

w/power switch 
(Shipping Weight: 4 lbs, each) 

EMI-RFI FILTERED AC SURGE PROTECTOR 

BREPD0HAN6E 6 outlet 4 W cord $139.95 $104.95 

w/power switch 
BREPDPEACH 6 outlet wall mount $ 97.50 $ 74.95 

(Shipping Weight: 4 lbs. each) 
COLOR IS INDICATED BY PART NUMBER 

MURAPHONE CORDLESS 

CORDLESS TELEPHONE 



EV1 



HEWLETT 
PACKARD 




SERIES 10 PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS 

• RPN Logic • Continuous 
memory • Automatic turnoff 

• LCD • Self diagnosis • 
Rugged construction 

List Price SALE 

BR HP- fOC Scientific $ 70.00 $59.00 

BR HP-11C Adv. scientific $90.00 079.OO 

BR HP-12C Adv. financial $120.00 $99.00 

BR HP-iSC Adv. sci. w/matrix $120.00 $99.00 

BR HP-1BC Digital & Computer science $120.00 $99.00 
(Shipping Weight: 3 lbs.) 

HP-41C/CV HANDHELD COMPUTER SYSTEM 

Part No. 
BR HP41C 
BR HMICV 



BR HP82104A 
BR HPS2153A 
BR HPS2161A 
BB HP82162A 



Description 

Handheld computer 
Handheld computer 
w/5x the memory 
Card reader 
Optical Wand 
Cassette drive 
Thermal Printer 



Lilt Price SALE 
$195 00 Si 59. OO 
S2 7 5 00 $2 1 9. OO 




600' RANGE!! 

• 1 2 button dial pad • last number called auto redial • hide-away 

base unit • battery charger plugs into AC outlet • includes carry case 

BRMUROOO/BOI (Sh Wt 3 lbs.) List Price: $129.95 



ON SALE NOW FOR ONLY 



$95j 



$195 00 $159.00 
$125,00 5 99. OO 
$450.00 $349.00 
$450.00 $349.00 

BR HP82183A Video interface $225.00 $1 79.00 

(Shipping Weights: 5 lbs. for each item above) 

ENHANCEMENT MODULES: 

BRNPB2I60A HP-IL module $125.00 S9S.OO 

BRHPS2170A Quad RAM module $75.00 $59.00 

BRHPS218DA Extended functions/ 4 75.00 $59.00 

memory module 

BB KP82181A Ext. memory module $ 75.00 $59. OO 

BR HP82I62A Time module $ 75.00 $59.00 
(Shipping Weights: 1 lb. for each item above) 

HP-75C PORTABLE COMPUTER 

Accepts 48K of applications ROM 
Touch type typewriter like keyboard 
Powerful BASIC language 
[• Expandable using the Series 41 
peripherals and modules 
BR HP-75C (Sh. Wt. 9 lbs.) 
List Price: $995.00 



ON SALE NOW FOR ONLY 




§ § 



SALE 
PRICE: 



$129.00 



PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 

91 61 DEERING AVE. CHATSWORTH, CA 91 31 1 
ORDER TOLL FREE (600) 423-5922 - CA. AK. HI CALL (213) 709-51 1 1 

Terms US VISA MC, BAC. Check. Money Order, US Funds Only. CA residents add 6!6% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDERS! 5.00 Include MINIMUM 
SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs, plus 40« for each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your 
pnone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through June, 1 983. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate 
freight. If you haven't received your Winter '83 Engineering Selection guide, send $1.00 for your copy today! Sale prices for prepaid orders only. 



RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMDERS: (Chafsworth:) (210) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411 



Circle 309 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 



535 



64K DYNAMIC 
200 NS 



2KX8 STATIC 
200 NS 



STATIC RAMS 



2101 


256x4 


(450ns) 


1.95 


5101 


256x4 


(450ns) (cmos) 


3.95 


2102-1 


1024 x 1 


(450ns) 


.89 


21021-4 


1024 x 1 


(450ns) (LP) 


.99 


2102L-2 


1024 x 1 


(250ns) (LP) 


1.49 


2111 


256x4 


(450ns) 


2.49 


2112 


256x4 


(450ns) 


2.99 


2114 


1024x4 


(450ns) 


8/9.95 


2114L-4 


1024 x 4 


(450ns) (LP) 


8/12.95 


2114L-3 


1024x4 


(300ns) (LP) 


8/13.45 


2114L-2 


1024x4 


(200ns) (LP) 


8/13.95 


2147 


4096 x 1 


(55ns) 


4.95 


TMS4044-4 


4096 x 1 


(450ns) 


3.49 


TMS4044-3 


4096 x 1 


(300ns) 


3.99 


TMS4044-2 


4096 x 1 


(200ns) 


4.49 


MK4118 


1024x8 


(250ns) 


9.95 


TMM201 6-200 


2048 x 8 


(200ns) 


4.15 


TMM2016-150 


2048 x 8 


(150ns) 


4.95 


TMM2016-100 


2048 x 8 


(100ns) 


6.15 


HM6116-4 


2048 x 8 


(200ns) (cmos) 


4.75 


HM6116-3 


2048 x 8 


(150ns) (cmos) 


4.95 


HM6116-2 


2048 x 8 


(120ns) (cmos) 


8.95 


HM6116LP-4 


2048 x 8 


(200ns) (cmos)(LP) 


5.95 


HM6116LP-3 


2048 x 8 


(150ns) (cmos)(LP) 


6.95 


HM6116LP-2 


2048 x 8 


(120ns) (cmos)(LP) 


10.95 


2-6132 


4096 x 8 


(300ns) (Qstat) 


34.95 


LP = Low Power 


Qstat ~ Quasi- 


Static 



DYNAMIC RAMS 




TMS4027 


4096 x 1 


(250ns) 


1.99 


UPD411 


4096 x 1 


(300ns) 


3.00 


MM5280 


4096 x 1 


(300ns) 


3.00 


MK4106 


8192 x 1 


(200ns) 


1.95 


MM5298 


8192 x 1 


(250ns) 


1.85 


4116-300 


16384 x 1 


(300ns) 


8/11.75 


4116-250 


16384 x 1 


(250ns) 


8/11.95 


4116-200 


16384 x 1 


(200ns) 


8/12.95 


4116-150 


16384 x 1 


(150ns) 


8/14.95 


4116-120 


16384 x 1 


(120ns) 


8/29.95 


2118 


16384 X 1 


(150ns) (5v) 


4.95 


4164-200 


65536 x 1 


(200ns) (5v) 


5.95 


4164-150 


65536 x 1 


(150ns) (5v) 


6.95 




5V - single 5 volt supply 





EPROMS 

1702 256x8 (1us) 

2708 1024 x 8 (450ns) 

2756 1024 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 

2716 2048x8 (450ns) (5v) 

2716-1 2048 x 8 (350ns) (5v) 

TMS2516 2048 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 

TMS2716 2048 x 8 (450ns) 

TMS2532 4096 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 

2732 4096 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 

2732-250 4096 x 8 (250ns) (5v) 

2732-200 4096 x 8 (200ns) (5v) 

2764 8192x8 (450ns) (5v) 

2764-250 8192 x 8 (250ns) (5v) 

2764-200 8192 x 8 (200ns) (5v) 

TMS2564 8192 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 

MC68764 8192 x 8 (450ns) (5v)(24 pin) 

5v = Single 5 Volt Supply 



EPROM ERASERS 



PE-14 
PE-14T 
PE-24T 
PL-265T 
PR-125T 
L PR-320 



Intensity 
(uW/Cm*) 

5,200 
5,200 
6,700 
6,700 
15,000 
15,000 



83.00 | 
119.00 [ 
175.00 
255.00 
349.00 
595.00, 



Z-80 

2.5 Mhz 

280-CPU : 

Z80-CTC 4 

Z80-DART 1C 

Z80-DMA 14 

Z80-PIO 4 

Z80-SIO/0 1C 

Z80-SIO/1 1f 

Z80-SIO/2 1C 

Z80-SIO/9 1C 

4.0 Mhz 

Z60A-CPU < 

Z80A-CTC 1 

Z80A-DART 11 

Z80A-DMA 1( 

Z80A-PIO 4 

Z80A-SIO/0 U 

Z80A-SIO/1 11 

Z80A-SIO/2 M 

Z80A-SIO/9 1t 

6.0 Mhz 

Z80B-CPU 11.95 I 

Z80B-CTC 13.95 

Z80B-PIO 13.95 

Z80B-DART 19.95 | 



8000 



6800 



74LS00 



ZILOG 



Z6132 
LZ8671 



34.95 
39.95J 



CRYSTALS 



32.768 khz 

1.0 mhz 

1.8432 

2.0 

2.097152 

2.4576 

3.2768 

3.579535 

4.0 

5.0 

5.0688 

5.185 

5.7143 

6.0 

6.144 

6.5536 

8.0 
10.738635 
14.31818 
15.0 
16.0 
17.430 
18.0 
18.432 
20.0 
22.1184 
, 32.0 



CRT 
CONTROLLERS 



6845 
68B45 
HD46505SP 
6847 
MC1372 
68047 
8275 
7220 
CRT5027 
CRT5037 
TMS9918A 
k DP8350 



14.95 
35.95 
15.95 
12.25 
6.95 
24.95 
29.95 
99.95 
39.95 
49.95 
39.95 
49.95 J 



KEYBOARD 
CHIPS 

AY5-2376 11.95 

LAY5-3600 11.95^ 



8035 
8039 
INS-8060 
INS-8073 
8080 
8085 
8085A-2 
8086 
8087 
8088 
8089 
8155 
8155-2 
8156 
8185 
8185-2 
8741 
8748 
| 8755 



8200 



8202 

8203 

8205 

8212 

8214 

8216 

8224 

8226 

8228 

8231 

8237 

8237-5 

8238 

8243 

8250 

8251 

8253 

8253-5 

8255 

8255-5 

8257 

8257-5 

8259 

8259-5 

8271 

8272 

8275 

8279 

8279-5 

8282 

8283 

8284 

8286 

8287 

8288 



DISC 
CONTROLLERS 



1771 

1791 

1793 

1795 

1797 

2791 

2793 

2795 

2797 
i 6843 
I 8272 

UPD765 

1691 
L2143 



16.95 
24.95 
26.95 
49.95 
49.95 
54.95 
54.95 
59.95 
59.95 
34.95 
39.95 
39.95 
17.95 
18.95, 



[CONNECTORS^ 

RS232 MALE 2.50 I 

RS232 FEMALE 3.25 

RS232 HOOD 1.25 

lS-100ST 3.95J 



68000 

6800 

6802 

6808 

6809E 

6809 

6810 

6820 

6821 

6828 

6840 

6843 

6844 

6845 

6847 

6850 

6652 

6860 

6862 

6875 

6880 

6883 

68047 

68488 

6800 " 1 A 
68BO0 
68B02 
68B09E 
68B09 
68B10 
68B21 
68B45 
68B50 

68B00 = 2 MHZ 



6500 



6502 
6504 
6505 
6507 
6520 
6522 
6532 
6545 
6551 

6502A 

6522A 

I 6532A 

I 6545A 

6551A 



UARTS 



AY3-1014 

AY5-1013 

AY3-1015 

PT1472 

TR1602 

2350 

2651 

TMS6011 

IM6402 

IM6403 

INS8250 



GENERATORS 
BIT-RATE 



MC14411 

BR1941 

4702 

COM5016 

COM8116 

MM5307 



11.95 
11.95 
12.95 
16.95 
10.95 
10.95 



FUNCTION 

MC4024 3.95 

LM566 1.49 

XR2206 3.75 

L 8038 3.95 A 



JDR Microdevices 

1224 S. Bascom Avenue 

San Jose, CA 95128 

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 -(CA) 

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110 

r 1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 



VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 

JRS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 



Sat. 11-3 



PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING 
TERMS: For shipping include $2 for UPS Ground or S3 for UPS Blu< 
Label Air. Hems over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges 
Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $ 1 ( 
minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6V 2 % Sales 
Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the 
right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical 
errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or 
beat any competitor's price provided tt is not below our cost. 



536 BYTE June' 1983 



Circle 207 on inquiry card. 



2114 45 o NS 8/$995 21iq 25 o NS 8/$!095 



7400 



7400 

7401 

7402 

7403 

7404 

7405 

7406 

7407 

7408 

7409 

7410 

7411 

7412 

7413 

7414 

7416 

7417 

7420 

7421 

7422 

7423 

7425 

7426 

7427 

7426 

7430 

7432 

7433 

7437 

7438 

7440 

7442 

7443 

7444 

7445 

7446 

7447 

7448 

7450 

7451 

7453 

7454 

7460 

7470 

7472 

7473 

7474 

7475 

7476 

7480 

7481 

7482 

7483 

7485 

7486 

7489 

7490 

7491 

7492 

7493 

7494 

7495 

7496 

7497 

74100 

74107 

74109 

74110 

74111 

74116 

74120 

74121 

74122 

74123 

74125 

74126 

74128 



.19 
.19 
.19 
.19 
.19 
.25 
.29 
.29 
.24 
.19 
.19 
.25 
.30 
.35 
.49 
.25 
.25 
.19 
.35 
.35 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.29 
.45 
.19 
.29 
.45 
.29 
.29 
.19 
.49 
.65 
.69 
.69 
.69 
.69 
.69 
.19 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.23 
.35 
.29 
.34 
.33 
.45 
.35 
.59 
1.10 
.95 
.50 
.59 
.35 
2.15 
.35 
.40 
.50 
.35 
.65 
.55 
.70 
2.75 
1.75 
.30 
.45 
.45 
.55 
1.55 
1.20 
.29 
.45 
.49 
.45 
.45 
.55 



74132 
74136 
74141 
74142 
74143 
74145 
74147 
74148 
74150 
74151 
74152 
74153 
74154 
74155 
74156 
74157 
74159 
74160 
74161 
74162 
74163 
74164 
74165 
74166 
74167 
74170 
74172 
74173 
74174 
74175 
74176 
74177 
74178 
74179 
74180 
74181 
74182 
74184 
74185 
74190 
74191 
74192 
74193 
74194 
74195 
74196 
74197 
74198 
74199 
74221 
74246 
74247 
74248 
74249 
74251 
74259 
74265 
74273 
74276 
74279 
74283 
74284 
74285 
74290 
74293 
74298 
74351 
74365 
74366 
74367 
74368 
74376 
74390 
74393 
74425 
74426 
74490 



.45 

.50 

.65 

2.95 

2.95 

.60 

1.75 

1.20 

1.35 

.55 

.65 

.55 

1.25 

.75 

.65 

.55 

1.65 

.85 

.69 

.85 

.69 

.85 

.85 

1.00 

2.95 

1.65 

5.95 

.75 

.89 

.89 

.89 

.75 

1.15 

1.75 

.75 

2.25 

.75 

2.00 

2.00 

1.15 

1.15 

:79 

.79 

.85 

.85 

.79 

.75 

1.35 

1.35 

1.35 

1.35 

1.25 

1.85 

1.95 

.75 

2.25 

1.35 

1.95 

1.25 

.75 

2.00 

3.75 

3.75 

.95 

.75 

.85 

2.25 

.65 

.65 

.65 

.65 

2.20 

1.75 

1.35 

3.15 

.65 

2.55 



CLOCK 
CIRCUITS 



MM5314 

MM5369 

MM5375 

MM58167 

MM58174 

MSM5832 



4.95 
3.95 
4.95 
8.95 
11.95 
6.95 i 



LINEAR 



LM301 

LM301H 

LM307 

LM308 

LM308H 

LM309H 

LM309K 

LM310 

LM311 

LM311H 

LM312H 

LM317K 

LM317T 

LM318 

LM318H 

LM319H 

LM319 

LM320<se< 

LM322 

LM323K 

LM324 

LM329 

LM331 

LM334 

LM335 

LM336 

LM337K 

LM337T 

LM336K 

LM339 



RCA 



74S00 

74S02 

74S03 

74S04 

74S05 

74S08 

74S09 

74S10 

74S11 

74S15 

74S2Q 

74S22 

74S30 

74S32 

74S37 

74S38 

74S40 

74S51 

74S64 

74S65 

74S74 

74S85 

74S86 

74S112 

74S113 

74S114 

74S124 

74S132 

74S133 

74S134 

74S135 

74S138 

74S139 

74S140 

74S151 

74S153 

74S157 

74S158 

74S161 

74S162 



.34 

.79 

.45 

.69 

1.15 

1.95 

1.25 

1.75 

.64 

.89 

1.75 

3.95 

1.19 

1.49 

1.59 

1.90 

1.25 

7900) 

1.65 

4.95 

.59 

.65 

3.95 

1.19 

1.40 

1.75 

3.95 

1.95 

6.95 

.99 



LM340 (see 7800) 



CMOS 



LM348 

LM350K 

LM350T 

LM358 

LM359 

LM376 

LM377 

LM378 

LM379 

LM380 



.99 
4.95 
4.60 

.69 
1.79 
3.75 
1.95 
2.50 
4.50 

.89 



LM380N-8 1.10 



LM381 

LM382 

LM383 

LM364 

LM386 

LM387 

LM389 

LM390 

LM392 

LM394H 

LM399H 

NE531 

NE555 

NE556 

NE558 

NE561 

NE564 

LM565 



H = TO-5 CAN 



74S00 



.32 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.40 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.35 
.40 
.88 
.85 
.35 
.35 
.40 
.40 
.50 
1.99 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.55 
2.75 
1.24 
.45 
.50 
.89 
.85 
.85 
.55 
.95 
.95 
.95 
.95 
1.95 
1.95 



74S163 
74S168 
74S169 
74S174 
74S175 
74S181 
74S182 
74S188 
74S189 
74S194 
74 S 195 
74S196 
74S197 
74S201 
74S225 
74S240 
74S241 
74S244 
74S251 
74S253 
74S257 
74S258 
74S260 
74S274 
74S275 
74S280 
74S287 
74S288 
74S289 
74S301 
74S373 
74S374 
74S381 
74S387 
74S412 
74S471 
74S472 
74S474 
74S482 
74S570 
74S571 



1.60 
1.60 
1.95 
1.95 

.89 
1.40 
1.35 
1.95 

.69 
4.60 
5.00 
2.95 

.34 

.65 

1.50 

24.95 

2.95 

.99 



1.95 

3.95 

3.95 

.95 

.95 

3.95 

2.95 

1.95 

6.95 

1.49 

1.49 

1.49 

1.49 

6.95 

7.95 

2.20 

2.20 

2.20 

.95 

.95 

.95 

.95 

.79 

19.95 

19.95 

1.95 

1.90 

1.90 

6.89 

6.95 

2.45 

2.45 | 

7.95 

1.95 

2.98 

4.95 

4.95 

4.95 

15.25 I 

2.95 

2.95 J 



INTERSIL 



ICL7103 

ICL7106 

ICL7107 

ICL7660 

ICL8038 

ICM7207A 

ICM7208 



9000 



9.50 ■ 9316 

9.95 ■ 9334 

12.95 ■ 9368 

2.95 ■ 9401 

3-95 ■ 9601 

5.59 ■ 9602 

15.95 



LM666 

LM567 

NE570 

NE571 

NE592 

LM709 

LM710 

LM711 

LM723 

LM723H 

LM733 

LM741 

LM741N-14 

LM741H 

LM747 

LM748 

LM1014 

LM1303 

LM1310 

MC1330 

MC1349 

MC1350 

MC1358 

MC1372 

LM1414 

LM1458 

LM1488 

LM1489 

LM1496 

LM1558H 



1.49 

.89 

3.95 

2.95 

2.75 

.59 

.75 

.79 

.49 

.55 

.98 

.35 

.35 

.40 

.69 

.59 

1.19 

1.95 

1.49 

1.69 

1.89 

1.19 

1.69 

6.95 

1.59 

.59 

.69 

.69 

.85 

3.10 



LM1800 

LM1812 

LM1830 

LM1871 

LM1872 

LM1877 

LM1889 

LM1896 

ULN2003 

LM2877 

LM2878 

LM2900 

LM2901 

LM3900 

LM3905 

LM3909 

LM3911 

LM3914 

LM3915 

LM3916 

MC4024 

MC4044 

RC4136 

RC4151 

LM4250 

LM4500 

RC4558 

LM13080 

LM13600 

LM13700 



2.37 
8.25 
3.50 
5.49 
5.49 
3.25 
1.95 
1.75 
2.49 
2.05 
2.25 

.85 
1.00 

.59 
1.25 

.98 
2.25 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
3.95 
4.50 
1.25 
3.95 
1.75 
3.25 

.69 
1.29 
1.49 
1.49 



CA 3023 2.75 

CA3039 1.29 

CA3046 1.25 

CA 3059 2.90 

CA 3060 2.90 

CA 3065 1.75 

C A 3080 1.10 

CA3081 1.65 



CA 3082 
CA 3083 
CA 3086 
CA 3089 
CA 3096 
CA3130 
CA 3140 
CA 3146 



CA3160 1.19 



Tl 



T = TO-220 



TL494 
TL496 
TL497 
75107 
75110 
75150 
75154 
75188 
75189 



TL071 
TL072 
TL074 
TL081 
TL082 
TL083 



4.20 
1.65 
3.25 
1.49 
1.95 
1.95 
1.95 
1.25 
1.25 
75494 



75365 
75450 
75451 
75452 
75453 
75454 
75491 
75492 
75493 
.89 



Bl FET 



.79 
1.19 
2.19 

.79 
1.19 
1.19 
LF357 



TL084 
LF347 
LF351 
LF353 
LF355 
LF356 
1.40 



INTERFACE ^ 




VOLTAGE 


8T26 
8T28 
8T95 
8T96 


1.89 ■ 
.89 ■ 
.89 I 


REGULATORS 


7805T 


.75 7905T 


8T97 


.89 I 


7808T 


.75 7908T 


8T98 


.89 ■ 


781 2T 


.75 791 2T 


DM8131 


2.95 1 


781 5T 


.75 791 5T 


DP8304 


2.29 I 


7824T 


.75 7924T 


DS8835 


1.99 ■ 


7805K 


1.39 7905K 


DS8836 


.99 ■ 


7812K 


1.39 791 2K 


MISC. 




7815K 


1.39 7915K 


ULN2003 


2.49 1 


7824K 


1.39 7924K 


3242 


7.95 I 


78L05 


.69 79L05 


3341 


4.95 I 


78L12 


.69 79L12 


MC3470 


4.95 ■ 


78L15 


.69 79L15 


MC3480 


9.00 I 


78H05K 


9.95 LM323K 


11C90 


13.95 I 


78H12K 


9.95 UA78S40 


95H90 


7.95 I 






2513-001 UP 


9.95 ■ 




T = TO-220 K - TO-3 



1.65 I 
1.55 
.80 
2.99 ! 
3.49 | 
1.30 
1.15 
1.85 ( 



1.95 
.59 
.39 
.39 
.39 
.39 i 
.79 
.79 
.89 



2.19 
2.19 
.60 
1.00 
1.10 
1.10 



.85 
.85 
.85 
.85 
.85 

1.49 
1.49 
1.49 
1.49 

.79 
.79 
.79 

4.95 
1.95 



,2513-002 LOW 9.95 J 



L ■ TO-92 



IF V0U CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER ELSEWHERE. 
LET US KNOW AND WE WILL NIEET OR BEAT THEIR 
PRICEI (SEE TERNIS BELOW) 

* Computer managed inuentory — virtually 
no bach orders! 

* very competitive prlcesi 

* Friendly stem 

* Fast service — most orders shipped within 
24 hours! 




EXAR 

XR 2206 
XR 2207 
XR 2206 
XR2211 
. XR 2240 



3.75 
3.75 
3.75 
5.25 
3.25 J 



f DATA ACQUISITION 




ADC0800 


15.55 


DAC0808 


2.95 


ADC0804 


3.49 


DAC1020 


8.25 


ADC0809 


4.49 


DAC1022 


5.95 


ADC0817 


9.95 


MC1408L6 


1.95 


^DACQSOQ 


4.95 


MC1408L8 


2.95 



4000 


.29 


4527 


1.95 


4001 


.25 


4528 


1.19 


4002 


.25 


4531 


.95 


4006 


.89 


4532 


1.95 


4007 


.29 


4538 


1.95 


4008 


.95 


4539 


1.95 


4009 


.39 


4541 


2.64 


4010 


.45 


4543 


1.19 


4011 


.25 


4553 


5.79 


4012 


.25 


4555 


.95 


4013 


.38 


4556 


.95 


4014 


.79 


4581 


1.95 


4015 


.39 


4582 


1.95 


4016 


.39 


4584 


.75 


4017 


.69 


4585 


.75 


4018 


.79 


4702 


12.95 


4019 


.39 


74C00 


.35 


4020 


.75 


74C02 


.35 


4021 


.79 


74C04 


.35 


4022 


.79 


74C08 


.35 


4023 


.29 


74C10 


.35 


4024 


.65 


74C14 


.59 


4025 


.29 


74C20 


.35 


4026 


T.65 


74C30 


.35 


4027 


.45 


74C32 


.39 


4028 


.69 


74C42 


1.29 


4029 


.79 


74C48 


1.99 


4030 


.39 


74C73 


.65 


4034 


1.95 


74C74 


.65 


4035 


.85 


74C76 


.80 


4040 


.75 


74C83 


1.95 


4041 


.75 


74C85 


1.95 


4042 


.69 


74C86 


.39 


4043 


.85 


74C89 


4.50 


4044 


.79 


74C90 


1.19 


4046 


.85 


74C93 


1.75 


4047 


.95 


74C95 


.99 


4049 


.35 


74C107 


.89 


4050 


.35 


74C150 


5.75 


4051 


.79 


74C151 


2.25 


4053 


.79 


74C154 


3.25 


4060 


.89 


74C157 


1.75 


4066 


.39 


74C160 


1.19 


4068 


.39 


74C161 


1.19 


4069 


.29 


74C162 


1.19 


4070 


.35 


74C163 


1.19 


4071 


.29 


74C164 


1.39 


4072 


.29 


74C165 


2.00 


4073 


.29 


74C173 


.79 


4075 


.29 


74C174 


1.19 


4076 


.79 


74C175 


1.19 


4078 


.29 


74C192 


1.49 


4081 


.29 


74C193 


1.49 


4082 


.29 


74C195 


1.39 


4085 


.95 


74C200 


5.75 


4086 


.95 


74C221 


1.75 


4093 


.49 


74C373 


2.45 


4098 


2.49 


74C374 


2.45 


4099 


1.95 


74C901 


.39 


14409 


12.95 


74C902 


.85 


14410 


12.95 


74C903 


.85 


14411 


11.95 


74C905 


10.95 


14412 


12.95 


74C906 


.95 


14419 


7.95 


74C907 


1.00 


14433 


4.18 


74C908 


2.00 


4502 


.95 


74C909 


2.75 


4503 


.65 


74C910 


9.95 


4508 


1.95 


74C911 


8.95 


4510 


.85 


74C912 


8.95 


4511 


.85 


74C914 


1.95 


4512 


.85 


74C915 


1.19 


4514 


1.25 


74C918 


2.75 


4515 


1.79 


74C920 


17.95 


4516 


1.55 


74C921 


15.95 


4518 


.89 


74C922 


4.49 


4519 


.39 


74C923 


4.95 


4520 


.79 


74C925 


5.95 


4522 


1.25 


74C926 


7.95 


4526 


1.25 


74C928 


7.95 






74C929 


19.95 




SOUND CHIPS 


76477 






3.95 


76489 






8.95 


AY3-8910 




12.95 


AY3-8912 




12.95 


MC3340 




1.49, 



OROER TOLL FREE 600-536-5000 600-662-6270 

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) 



ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED 



CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES 



1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 



Circle 207 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 537 



2732 



32K EPROM 



276a 



64K EPROM 



CAPACITORS 

TANTALUM DISC 





6V 


10V 


15V 


20V 


25V 


35V 


50V 


.22u( 












.40 




.27 












.40 




.33 












.40 


.45 


.47 








.35 






.50 


.68 












.45 


.50 


1.0 






.40 


.40 


.45 


.45 




1.5 








.45 




.50 


.60 


1.8 














.75 


2.2 




.35 


.40 


.45 




.65 


.85 


2.7 




.40 


.45 








.90 


3.3 




.45 


.50 


.55 


.60 


.65 


.90 


3.9 




.45 












4.7 


.45 


.55 




.60 


.65 


.85 


.90 


6.0 






.60 










6.8 






.70 




.75 






8.2 














1.00 


10 


.55 


.65 


.80 


.85 


.90 


1.00 




12 


.65 




.85 


.90 








15 


.75 


.85 


.90 










18 






1.25 










22 




1.00 


1.35 










27 






2.25 










39 




1.50 












47 


1.35 














56 


1.75 














100 




3.25 












270 


3.75 























OPTO- 
ISOLATORS 



4N26 

4N27 

4N28 

4N33 

4N35 

4N37 

MCT-2 

MCT-6 



1.00 
1.10 
.69 
1.75 
1.25 
1.25 
1.00 
1.50 



MCA-7 

MCA-255 

IL-1 

ILA-30 

ILQ-74 

H11C5 

T1L-111 

TIL-113 



1.50 
1.75 
1.25 
1.25 
2.75 
1.25 
1.00 
1.75 



DIODES 



1N751 5.1 volt zener .25 

1N759 12.0 volt zener .25 

1N4148 (1N914) switching 25/1.00 

1N4004 400PIV rectifier 10/1.00 

KBP02 200PIV 1.5amp bridge .45 

LKBP04 400PIV 1. Samp bridge .55 



MUFFIN FANS 
NEW UN-USED 

4.68" Square 14. 

3.125" Square 14. 



SWITCHES 

SPDT mini-toggle 
DPDT mini-toggle 
SPDT push-button 



10pf 


50V 


.05 


470 


50V 


.05 


22 


50V 


.05 


560 


50V 


.05 


25 


50V 


.05 


680 


50V 


.05 


27 


50V 


.05 


820 


50V 


.05 


33 


50V 


.05 


.001 uf 


50V 


.05 


47 


50V 


.05 


.0015 


50V 


.05 


56 


50V 


.05 


.0022 


50V 


.05 


68 


50V 


.05 


.005 


50V 


.05 


82 


50V 


.05 


.01 


50V 


.07 


100 


50V 


.05 


.02 


50V 


.07 


220 


50V 


.05 


.05 


50V 


.07 


330 


50V 


.05 


.1 


12V 


.10 








.1 


50V 


.12 




MONOLITHIC 




lut-mono 50V 


.18 


.47uf-mono 50V 


.25 




ELECTROLYTIC 






RADIAL 




AXIAL 




.47uf 


50V 


.14 


1uf 


50V 


.14 


1 


25V 


.14 


4.7 


16V 


.14 


2.2 


35V 


.15 


10 


16V 


.14 


4.7 


50V 


.15 


10 


50V 


.16 


10 


50V 


.15 


22 


16V 


.14 


47 


35V 


.18 


47 


50V 


.20 


100 


16V 


.18 


100 


15V 


.20 


220 


35V 


.20 


100 


35V 


.25 


470 


25V 


.30 


150 


25V 


.25 


2200 


16V 


.60 


220 


25V 


.30 








330 


16V 


.40 


COMPUTER 


500 


16V 


.42 


GRADE 




1000 
1500 


16V 
16V 


.60 
.70 


26,0Q0uf 30V 


3.95 


6000 


16V 


.85 



WIREWRAP CARDS 

FR-4 Epoxy Glass Laminate 
With Gold-Plated Contact Fingers 

S-100 BUSS 

I P100-1 Bare — No Foil Pads 15.95 

P100-2 Horizontal BUSS 22.95 

P100-3 Vertical BUSS 22.95 

I P100-4 Single Foil Pads Per Hole. .... 23.95 

APPLE 

I P500-1 Bare — No Foil Pads 15.95 

P500-3 Horizontal BUSS 22.95 

I P500-4 Single Foil Pads Per Hole 23.95 

IBM 

IBM-PR BUSS Lines + Pads 55.00 

GENERAL PURPOSE 

22/44 PIN (,156" SPACING) 

P441-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 6" 13.95 

P442-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9" 14.95 

36/72 PIN (.1" SPACING) 

P721-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 6" 13.95 

LP722-3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9" ; 14.95 A 



IF VOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER ELSEWHERE. 
LET US KNOW AND WE WILL MEET OR DEAT THEIR 
PRICE! (SEE TERItlS BELOW) 



TRANSISTORS W«c sockets 



2N918 

MPS918 

2N2102 

2N221B 

2N2218A 

2N2219 

2N2219A 

2N2222 

PN2222 

MPS2369 

2N2484 

2N2905 

2N2907 

PN2907 

2N3055 

3055T 

2N3393 

2N3414 

2 N 356 3 

2N3565 

PN3565 

MPS3638 

MPS3640 

PM3643 

PN3644 

MPS3704 



.50 
.25 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.50 
.25 
.10 
.25 
.25 
.50 
.25 
.125 
.79 
.69 
.30 
.25 
.40 
.40 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.25 
.15 



MPS3706 

2N3772 

2N3903 

2N3904 

2N3906 

2N4122 

2N4123 

2N4249 

2N4304 

2N4401 

2N4402 

2N4403 

2N4857 

PN4916 

2N5086 

PN5129 

PN5139 

2N5209 

2N6028 

2N6043 

2N6045 

MPS-A05 

MPS-A06 

MPS-A55 

TIP29 

TIP31 

TIP32 



.15 
1.85 

.25 

.10 

.10 

.25 

.25 

.25 

.75 

.25 

.25 

.25 
1.00 

.25 

.25 

.25 

.25 

.25 

.35 
1.75 
1.75 

.25 

.25 

.25 

.65 

.75 

.79 j 



8 pin ST 
j 14 pin ST 
16 pin ST 
I 18 pin ST 
20 pin ST 
22 pin ST 
24 pin ST 
28 pin ST 
40 pin ST 
64 pin ST 



1-99 
.13 
.15 
.17 
.20 
.29 
.30 
.30 
.40 
.49 

4.25 



100 
.11 
.12 
.06 
.18 
.27 
.27 
.27 
.32 
.39 
call 



eg 




W^M 



LED LAMPS 

1-99 100-up j 
Jumbo 

Red .10 .09 

Jumbo 

Green .18 .15 
Jumbo 

Yellow .18 .15 



LED DISPLAYS 



1.25 
1.50 
1.49, 



HEAT-SINKS 



TO-3 style 
TO-220 style 



.95 
.35 



ST = SOLDERTAIL 
8 pin WW .59 .49 
14 pin WW .69 .52 
16 pin WW .49 .49 
18 pin WW .99 .90 
20 pin WW 1.09 .98 
22 pin WW 1.39 1.28 
24 pin WW 1.49 1.35 
28 pin WW 1.69 1.49 
40 pin WW 1.99 1.80 

WW WIREWRAP 
16 pin Z!F 6.75 call 
24 pin ZIF 9.95 call 
28pinZIF 10.95 call 

ZIF = TEXTOOL 
(Zero Insertion Force) 



DIP 
SWITCHES 

4 POSITION .85 I 

5 POSITION .90 

6 POSITION .90 

7 POSITION .95 

8 POSITION .95 J 



HP 5082-7760 
MAN 72 
MAN 74 
FND-357 (359) 
FND-500 (503) 
FND-507 (510) 



.6" 

.3" 
.3" 
.375" 
.5" 

.5" 



CC 
CA 
CC 
CC 
CC 
CA 



1.29 
.99 
.99 
1.25 
1.49 
1.49 



BYPASS CAPS 

.01 UF DISC 100/6.00 1 

.1 UF DISC 100/8.00 

.1 UF MONOLITHIC 100/15.00j 

RESISTORS 

1 A WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL 

STANDARD VALUES 

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM 

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025 

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02 

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015 



JDR Microdevices 

1224 S. Bascom Avenue 

San Jose, CA 95128 

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) 

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110 

m 1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 



VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11-3 

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING 
TERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 for UPS Blue 
Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges. 
Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10 
minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6Vi°'o Sales 
Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the 
right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible tor typographical 
errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or 
beat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cost. 



538 BYTE June 1983 



Circle 208 on inquiry card. 



2716 



16K EPROM 



MICROCOMPUTER 
HARDWARE HANDBOOK 

FROM ELCOMP — $14.95 
Over 800 pages of manufacturers data 
sheets on most commonly used IC's. 
Includes: 

• TTL — 74/74LS and 74F 

• CMOS 

• Voltage Regulators 

• Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM 

• CPU's — 6800, 6500, Z80, 8080, 
8085, 8086/8 

• MPU support & interface — 6800, 
6500, Z80, 8200, etc. 



BEST SELLING 
BOOKS 

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL 

Apple II User's Guide 16.95 

CRT Controller's Handbook 9.95 

68000 Assembly Language 

Programming 16.99 

CBASIC User Guide 15.00 

SYBEX 

Your First Computer 8.95 

The CP/M Handbook 14.95 

The PASCAL Handbook . 18.95 

Microprocessor Interfacing 

Techniques 17.95 



TRANSFORMERS 



FRAME STYLE 

12.6V AC 2amp 

12.6VAC CT 2amp 

12.6V AC CT 4amp 

12.6VAC CT 8amp 

25.2VAC CT 2amp 

PLUG CASE STYLE 

12VAC 250ma 

12VAC 500ma 

12VAC lamp 

12VAC 2amp 

DC ADAPATER 



6, 9, 12 VDC selectable with universal adapter 

8.95 

NOTE: Please include sufficient amount for I 
shipping on above items. 



4.95 
5.95 
7.95 
10.95 
7.95 



3.95 
4.95 
5.95 
6.95 



TMS2532 



32K EPROM 



DISK DRIVES 

TANDON 

I TM100-1 5% (FOR IBM) SS/DD 229.00 
I TM100-2 5/4 (FOR IBM) DS/DD 295.00 

SHUGART 

SA 400L 5/< (40 TRACK) SS/DD 1 99.95 
SA 400 5% (35 TRACK) SS/DD 189.95 

SIEMENS 
FD100-8 8 ss/dd _^ ^ rt , 

(801 REPLACEMENT) 259.00 | 

PERTEC 

FD-200 5% ss/dd 179.95 [ 

FD-250 5% ds/dd 199.95 | 

MPI 

MP-52 5// (FOR IBM) ds/dd 295.00 | 

NOTE: Please Include sufficient amount for 
^shipping on above items. 

CABINETS FOR 5 1 / 4 " 

DISK DRIVES 
CABINET #1 *29.95 

• DIMENSIONS 8 5 /e x 5 1 Vi6 x 3W 

• COLOR MATCHES APPLE 

• FITS STANDARDS 1 //' DRIVES, 
INCL SHUGART 

• INCLUDES MOUNTING 
HARDWARE AND FEET 

CABINET #2 $79.00 

• COMPLETE WITH POWER 
SUPPLY, SWITCH, LINE 
CORD, FUSE & STANDARD 
POWER CONNECTOR 

• DIMENSIONS:11 1 /2x5 3 /4x3 i yi6" 

• +5V@1 AMP, +12V@1.5AMP| 

• FITS STANDARD 5%" DRIVES 

• PLEASE SPECIFY 
GRAY OR TAN 

NOTE: Please include sufficient amount for 
[ shipping on above items. 



JDR SPRING SPECIALS 

SA400 $ 1 89.95 

| • 35 TRACKS 

I • REPEAT OF A SELLOUT 

| • LIMITED SUPPLY (AGAIN) 

• MODIFY FOR USE IN APPLE (EXPERIENCED 
TECHNICIANS) 

• USE WITH CABINET #1 TO MAKE A BEAUTIFUL 
APPLE COMPATIBLE DRIVE 

MODIFICATION INSTRUCTIONS $1.00 
34 PIN EDGE CARD CONNECTOR MATES TO RIBBON CABLE $3.25 



MEMORY SALE 



2114 450NS (TMS4045) 8/9.95 

21 1 4 250NS (TMS4045) 8/1 0.95 

2102L-4 low power 45ons .55 ea. 



100 for .99 ea. 

100 for 1.99 ea. 

100 for .49 ea, 



4164 200ns 
HM6116-4 2oons 
TMM2016 2oons 
2732 45ons 
TMS2532 450NS 
2764 450NS 



5.95 
4.75 
4.15 
4.95 
5.95 
9.95 



Z80A-CPU 4mhz 

8080 2MHZ 

8085 3MHZ 

8086 5MHZ 

6800 1 mhz 

68000 8MHZ 



COMPONENTS 

LM1488orLM1489 .69 ea. 7805Tor7812T 
16 PIN LOW PROFILE ST IC SOCKETS 
16 PIN TOOLED WIRE WRAP IC SOCKETS 



4.95 
3.95 
5.95 

29.95 
3.95 

59.95 



.75 ea. 

100/8.00 
.49 EA. 



SPRING SPECIALS ARE GOOD ONLY UNTIL MAY 31, 1983 



POWER SUPPLY 
MODEL 2 $ 39 95 

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD 
MANUFACTURED BY CONVER 

+5 VOLT 4 AMP 
±12 VOLT 1 AMP 

NOTE: Please include sufficient amount for 
L shipping on above items. 



CONNECTORS 



RS232 MALE 

RS232 FEMALE 
| RS232 FEMALE 
RIGHT ANGLE 
| RS232H00D 

S-100 ST 

S-100 WW 
I 44 pin ST 

44 pin WW 

72 pin ST 

72 pin WW 



2.50 
3.25 

5.25 
1.25 
3.95 
4.95 
2.95 
4.95 
6.95 
7.95 



RIBBON CABLE 



CONTACTS 


SINGLE COLOR 


COLOR CODED 


V 


10' 


r 


10' 


10 


.50 


4.40 


.83 


7.30 


20 


.65 


5.70 


1.25 


11.00 


26 


.75 


6.60 


1.32 


11.60 


34 


.98 


8.60 


1.65 


14.50 


40 


1.32 


11.60 


1.92 


16.80 


50 


1.38 


12.10 


2.50 


22.00 



D-SUBMINIATURE 



DESCRIPTION 


SOLDER 


RIGHT ANGLE 
SOLDER 


RIBBON CABLE 


HOODS 


MALE 


FEMALE 


MALE 


FEMALE 


MALE 


FEMALE 


BLACK 


GREY 


ORDER BY 


DBxxP 


DBxxS 


DBxxPR 


DBxxSR 


IDBxxP 


IDBxxS 


HOOD-B 


HOOD 


CONTACTS 9 
15 
25 
37 
50 


2.08 
2.69 
2.50 
4.80 
6.06 


2.66 
3.63 
3.25 
7.11 
9.24 


1.65 
2.20 
3.00 
4.83 


2.18 
3.03 
4.42 
6.19 


3.37 
4.70 
6.23 
9.22 


3.69 
5.13 
6.84 
10.08 


1.25 


1.60 
1.60 
1.25 
2.95 
3.50 



For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below. 



IDC CONNECTORS 



DESCRIPTION 


SOLDER HEADER 


RIGHT ANGLE 
SOLDER HEADER 


WW HEADER 


RIGHT ANGLE 
WW HEADER 


RIBBON 
HEADER SOCKET 


RIBBON 
HEADER 


RIBBON 
EDGE CARD 


ORDER BY 


IDHxxS 


IDHxxSR 


IDHxxW 


IDHxxWR 


IDSxx 


IDMxx 


IDExx 


CONTACTS 10 
20 
26 
34 
40 
50 


.82 
1.29 
1.68 
2.20 
2.58 
3.24 


.85 
1.35 
1.76 
2.31 
2.72 
3.39 


1.86 
2.98 
3.84 
4.50 
5.28 
6.63 


2.05 
3.28 
4.22 
4.45 
4.80 
7.30 


1.15 
1.86 
2.43 
3.15 
3.73 
4.65 


5.50 
6.25 
7.00 
7.50 
8.50 


2.25 
2.36 
2.65 
3.25 
3.80 
4.74 



ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: Insert the number of contacts in the position marked "xx" of the "order by" part number listed. Example: A 10 pin right angle solder style 
header would be IDH10SR. 



1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 



' APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER CO. 



Circle 208 on inquiry card. 



BYTE June 1983 539 



FD-35 DISK DRIVE 

By MA Systems 
| • Direct Replacement for 
Apple Disk II 

| • Compatible with Apple 
Controller or other Apple 
compatible controllers 

| • Specially designed electronics 
with low power consumption 

• DOS 3.3 and 3.2 compatible 
| • Owner's Manual and Warranty 

Card included 
1 • 90-day Warranty 

fflTR ||to«v $229»5| 

CONTROLLER CARD '89.95J 
[APPLEIIKEYBOARD»9a3? 

From the Keyboard Co. 

| • Brand New Rev. 7 keyboard - j 
NOT an imitation 

• Special Purchase — Supply 
very limited 

| • Includes Encoder Board and 
Cable 

APPLE COMPATIBLE 
POWER SUPPLY $99.95 

I* Compact Switching Design 

• All Outputs regulated 
I • Short Circuit and Overload 

Protection 
| * Complete with Apple-type 

plug-in power cord 
|* Apple Compatible — Yethigher 

output allows more disk drives 

and cards without overheating 
I* +5V@5A, +12V@3A, 

-5V@ .5A, -12V @ .5A 
|* Shielded enclosure: 10%" x3 1 / 2 " 

x 2 3 /i 6 " 

VIEWMAX80 

A Full Function 80 column card 
for Apple II* 

2 YEAR WARRANTY 



$19995 



HEW IMPROVED 

JDR COOLING FAN 

FOR YOUR APPLE II 

|* Easy modification — no 

modification of Apple required 

|* Eliminates overheating 
problems 

| • Switch on front controls fan, 
Apple, and extra outlet 

• Rotron whisper fan is the 
quietest, most reliable on the 
market 

NOW WITH SURGE 

SUPPRESSION 

$69.95 

^WI THOUT SURGE SUPPRESSION *59.95 j 

INTERFACE CARDS 

By Perisoft 
PRINTERLINK $ 79.00 

• Centronics Standard Parallel 
Interface for Apple II 

i • Simple to use — Yet supports 
custom driver applications 
from ROM or Disk 

|* Includes card, cable and user's | 
manual 

I* 1 Year Warranty 

MESSENGER *1 19.00 

I* Serial I/O for Apple II 

* Connects virtually any RS-232 
serial device 

* 6 switch selectable drivers: 

- 4 printer drivers 

- Terminal Driver — 40 or 80 
driver 

I • Includes card, cable and user's | 

manual 
I* 1 Year Warranty 



OKIDATA PRINTERS 

• 120 cps, 9x9 Dot Matrix 

• 50% faster than EPSON 

• Parallel and Serial interfaces 
are standard 

ML-82A *479 50 

ML-83A *699 95 

ML-84 PARALLEL .. . $ 1059 00 

CALL FOR PRICES ON 82A TRACTOR OPTION 
AND 82A, 83A GRAPHICS OPTION. CABLES 
.AND INTERFACE CARDS AVAILABLE 



'JDR 16KRAMCARD 

For Apple II* 

• Expand your 48K Apple to 64K 

• Fully compatible with Apple 
Language System — Use in 
place of Apple Language card 

• Provides extra memory for 
Visicalc™ 

• Run PASCAL, FORTRAN, 
Integer Basic with appropriate 
software 

• Highest quality card features: 
gold edge connector, sockets 
for all IC's 

NOW WITH 2 YEAR WARRANTY 



ASSEMBLED & TESTED 
WITH WARRANTY 



KIT — INCLUDES ALL 
PARTS & INSTRUCTIONS. . 

BARE PC CARD 
L WITH INSTRUCTIONS 



$4495 

$4095 
$-|495 



MONITORS 

GREEN PHOSPHOR 

|NEC JB i2oim $ 169 00 

IZENITH zvM-121 $ 119 00 

COLOR 

LAMDEK color 1 5335 



00 



ORDER TOLL FREE 



; iliai*i;5iiilili 



800-662-6279 

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) 



5V DISKETTES 

ATHANA ss sd soft . . . 24.95 
MEMOREX ss sd soft 26.95 
VERBATIM SS DD SOFT 29.95 
VERBATIM 10 sect hard 29.95 

NASHUA 

TOP QUALITY — LOW PRICE! 

Single Sided, Single Density 
Soft Sectored with Hub Ring 

$19.95 box of 10 




JDR Microdevices 

1224 S. Bascom Avenue 

San Jose, CA 95128 

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) 

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110 

,a 1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 



VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE 

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11-3 

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING 
TERMS: For shipping include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 for UPS Blue 
Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges. 
Foreign orders, Include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10 
minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6Vi% Sales 
Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the 
right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical 
errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or 
beat any competitor's price provided It is not below our cost. 

* APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER CO. 



540 BYTE June 1983 



Circle 209 on inquiry card. 



Unclassified Ads 



NEEDED: Would greatly appreciate any unprotected 
science, math, engineering, or utility programs for use by a 
blind student studying engineering with an Apple II Plus and an 
Echo II voice synthesizer who cannot use protected software. 
Also, would like to correspond with anyone knowledgeable 
about synthesizers, unprotecting software, and/or altering pro- 
grams to work with voice. Willing to pay for altered programs 
that work. Lawrence Silvermintz, 148 Waverty Ave., East 
Rockaway, NY 1 1518, (516) 887-2638. 
WANTED: An Apple II Plus club is forming in Sarajevo, 
Yugoslavia, city of the XIV Winter Olympic games. All dona- 
tions in software and optional hardware will be greatly 
welcomed. In return will send Olympic games memorabilia. A. 
Salihbegovic, Mlade Bosne 1C, 71 2 JO llidza, Yugoslavia. 
WANTED: Church youth group needs computers, printers, 
monitors, or firmware cards for education program; particularly 
Apple-compatible equipment. All donations are tax deductible. 
Mike Yard, Westchester Christian Church, 8740 La Tijera Blvd., 
Los Angeles, CA 90045, {2 1 3) 645-4344. 
WANTED: Christian organization seeks TRS-80 Model III as 
donation. Gifts are completely tax deductible. Rev. Wallace 
Schulz. RR#5, Box 65, Pacific, MO 63069, (314) 257-4444. 
WANTED: A progressive high school needs small personal 
computers (Apple, Commodore, Franklin, IBM, etc.] for teach- 
ing literacy and programming. Your donations are fully tax 
deductible. Wm Martin. Department of Math and Science, 
Naples Academy, Naples. FL 33999, (813) 455-1087. 
WANTED: A nonprofit public TV station is seeking tax- 
deductible donations of computer systems, modems, terminals, 
and Data point-compatible peripherals. Certified receipts will be 
furnished. KBDI-TV 1 2, FOB 427, Broomfield, CO 80020, or ask 
for Jane or Paul at (303) 469-5234. 

ATTENTION: System operators, bulletin-board owners, 
and modem users: I am compiling a list of nationwide public 
bulletin-board and time-sharing systems as a research project 
that will be published later this year. To have your favorite sys- 
tems listed, send all updated lists and descriptions. (Sysops and 
owners: include details about your hardware, software, operat- 
ing system, and hours, etc.) Thomas Baird, 6592 South Steele, 
Littleton, CO 80121, (303) 795-7363. 

WANTED: Young, creative individual. Must be a ma the 
matician. computer specialist, and a logical systems analyst. 
Familiarity with all aspects of ring theory and advanced theory 
of logic. Willing to spend two to three years in original analysis 
in a three-way partnership to develop new, diagnostic pro- 
grams that learn by experience. Algebraic aspect has been par- 
tially developed by a former research mathematician and busi- 
nessman. ED. Goodrich, I 744 LamontNW, Washington, DC 
20010. 

WANTED: Anyone interested in contributing or subscribing 
to a new newsletter. Languages, devoted to the improvement 
of existing microcomputer languages and the development of 
better ones. The first issue should be published soon, depend- 
ing on the response received. Send a SASE. Ronnie Hunter, 
Harrington Hall, Saint Thomas University, POB 77, Fredericton, 
New Brunswick, E3B 5G3 Canada. 

WANTED: A Timex-Sinclair users group is forming in the 
Cincinnati, Ohio, area. Anyone interested, please call Richard 
Johnson, (513) 825-1449. 

WANTED: Information for a new users group forming for 
the Commodore VIC-20. Tips, programming, articles, etc. all 
welcome. J.M. Mott Jr., 800 Lea Crest, Memphis, TN 38109. 
WANTED: Information concerning LITTON ABS Model 30 
Printer. Need circuit diagram, service manual, data rate, etc. I 
am trying to interface it with a Sinclair ZX81 . Wayne Finger, 
POB 16422, Jacksonville, FL 32245 

FOR SALE: 48K Apple II Plus, Apple Silentype printer with 
controller, and M&R fan. Manuals included: SI000. Jerry 
Kozak, 55 Van Siden Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11207, (212) 
227-3251 before noon. 

FOR SALE: NSC800 evaluation board. Won in contest, 
never used. New S495, sell $250. Jim Peter, 16012 Falls Rd., 
Sparks, MD 21 152, (301) 771-4062. 

FOR SALE: Heath H- 1 9 with anti-glare white screen. Fully 
assembled, in excellent condition, all manuals included; $500. 
William E. Severance Jr., Center Lovell, ME 04016, {2071 
925-1515. 

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model II, CP/M software, and some hard- 
ware, unused. Upgrading my systems. Send SASE for list. Rob 
Lee, 25 Amaryllis Ave., Waterbury, CT 06710. 
FOR SALE: TRS-80 software: nearly 50% off on original 
cassette tapes for TRS-80 Models I and III. These are all new 
originals mostly of arcade- type games, also some utilities and 
educational programs. Will consider trading. Send a SASE for a 
free list. Dr. Michael W. Ecker, Luzerne 8, Viewmont Village, 
Scranton, PA 18508. 

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model I, Level 2, ail original equipment 
with keypad and lowercase driver. 48K system with expansion 
interface, Vista V-80 40-track disk drive, NEC PC-8023-AC 
printer with 8.5 by I 1 -inch tractor-feed paper |about 1500 
forms). Excellent software library includes BIG 5, Scripsit, 
Deathmaze, and others; $ 1 625 or best offer; shipping incfuded, 
cashier's check or cleared bank check. Karl Ryan, 1 6408 Mount 
Ararat Cr., Fountain Valley, CA 92708, (916) 752-4744. 



FOR SALE: Atari 400 personal computer with 32K of 
memory, BASIC cartridge, I 1 games and programs on cassette. 
Almost new, $350 firm. Also, 21 games on cassette For Atari 
computers: S 10 each. Rick Bloom, 100 Dehaven Dr., Yonkers, 
NY \0703, (212) 986-9666 between 9 and 5. 
FOR SALE: SSB 6809 microcomputer with OS9. 32K, DCB 
4 A, duaf 8-i nch disks, four serial and two parallel ports. Soft- 
ware includes OS9 Level 1, Basiconine. ASMX, editor, super 
debugger. A little over a year old, $4200 retail value; $3000 or 
best offer. Harry Fair, 1952 South Holland, Lakewood, CO 
80227, (303) 773-1313 or 985-7419. 

FOR SALE: Altai r 8800 with 48K, Pro Tech VDM board, 
video modulator, one serial and four parallel ports, North Star 
disk and controller, keyboard, PR-40 printer, 4K and 8K cassette 
BASIC, North Star BASIC, FORTH, Allen Ashley Macro 
Assembler, all manuals, extra 4K board, cassette interface, and 
hardware: $1200 plus shipping. Damian Bonicatto, 13401 
Morgan Ave. S #108, Burnsville, MN 55337, (612) 894-2794. 
FOR SALE: Televideo Model 950 video terminai and 
Teletype Model 43/20 with tractor-feed attachment. Both in 
mint condition: $750 each. Ricki B. Rovner, 944 Robin Rd., 
West Amherst. NY 14228, (716) 688-8974. 
WANTED: Used Sorcerer S-l 00 expansion unit or Exidy 
S-100 interface card. Yvon Mayo, 930 Pembridge Cr, Kingston, 
Ontario K7M 6C5. Canada, (613) 384-3081 evenings. 
WANTED: College student needs surplus, used, or damaged 
computers, parts, or other related equipment. I will pay ship- 
ping for reasonably priced equipment. Scott R. Gagnan, Box 
2232. APO, NY 091 30. 

FOR SALE: Used printed circuit boards from an IBM com- 
puter system, 20 to 30 components per board (transistors, 
resistors, diodes, etc.); minimum 20 boards, 101 per board. 
Check or money order. Stephen Grot, RD # I , Chadds Ford. PA 
19317. 

WANTED: Data (articles, books, etc.) relating to floppy-disk 
directories and disk layout to recreate a blown disk. Interest is in 
personal computers, word processors, etc. Bill Ott, ADC, 14272 
Chambers Rd., Tustin, CA 92680. (714) 731-9000. 
FOR SALE: Brand new Microdasys System 2 kit: 6-slot S-l 00 
with enclosure, 64-key keyboard, processor board with both 
6802 and 6809, VBIB video board, 32K (8K populated) 
2114-RAM board, power supply. BASIC, assembler, 
disassembler, and games. Still in box, was $729. Asking $350, 
best offer, or swap for AIM65. Used Dynatyper IBM Selective in- 
terface for TRS-80 Model I with software: $220 or best offer. I'll 
pay shipping. Joseph Lo, 9215 Benchley, Houston, TX 77099, 
(713)495-4359. 

WANTED: Existing package to convert civil calendar dates 
to their equivalent Jewish calendar dates. Harry Edwards, POB 
403, West Hartford, CT 06107. 

FOR SALE: Commodore PET 4032 with graphic keyboard, 
3.0 and 4.0 BASIC, 40-40 dual-disk drive unit, and two cassette 
drives. Software and other accessories available. Bruce Loe, 322 
South Bonner, Hope, AR 7 1801, (800) 643-1577 ext. 126 days 
and (501) 777-5080 evenings and weekends. 
WANTED: Motorola user manual and documentation for 
MEK 6802 D3, MEK 68MM32, MEK 68RR, MEK 6810. Scott 
Tillman, 4910 West Mossman Rd., Tucson, AZ 85746. 
FOR SALE OR TRADE: New Osborne 1 with all software 
and manuals. Will consider Apple II or Commodore including 
VIC-20 or 64. R. C. Nicklin, Physics Dept., Appalachian State 
Univ., Boone, NC 28608, (704) 262-3091 or 264-2921. 
WANTED: I have a growing and diverse collection of pro- 
grams for the TRS-80 Model I, Level II. Am interested in swap- 
ping or trading games, utilities, and home programs. Send 
listing of your programs along with name and address. Clifford 
Albury, 6252 North Lee St. #4 1 , Morrow, GA 30260. 
FOR SALE: Texas Instruments editor/assembler for the Tl 
99/4A home computer on 5 V* -inch disk with 470-page manual 
and Tombstone City on 5'A -inch disk with the Command 
Module cartridge. Never used, best offer over $85. Wm del 
Solar, (212J 797-7239 weekdays 1-4 p.m. ET. 
FOR SALE: H- 1 1 A 1 28K total; one parallel and two serial 
ports. LTC, KEV1 1, H-27 controlfer, boxes of documentation, 
extra backplane, wire-wrap cards, and software: $2500 or best 
offer. Warren Burwell, 1171 Boylston St. #33, Boston, MA 
02116, (617) 266-4822. 

WANTED: Netronics Explorer-85 Level A terminal and 
Fasterm-64 terminal or the special Microsoft BASIC pak. Robert 
W. Schu, 8304 West Summerdale Ave., Chicago, IL 60656, 
(312) 631-5286. 



FOR SALE OR TRADE: F-10 Star Writer, 40 cps, letter- 
quality printer, with optional tractor-feed. Can support either 
parallel or serial interface. Owned almost a year, hardly used. 
perfect condition. $ 1 100 (50% off list price). Lionel Geltman, 63 
Radtke Rd., Randolph, NJ 07869, (201) 328-0719 after 7 p.m. 
WANTED: Owner of new Epson HX-20 computer would 
like to correspond and exchange programs and ideas with 
other Epson owners. James Phillips Jr., 14226 Woodland 
Ridge, Baton Rouge, LA 70816. 

FOR SALE: Printer terminal with full keyboard and DEC 
writer 2 (LA-36) with RS-232C. Up to 14-inch-wide paper trac- 
tor feed: 110, 1 50, and 300 data rates. Upgradable to 1 200 + 
bits per second. In mint condition with original user manual; a 
real workhorse. First offer over S 1000 (plus shipping). Abbott 
Rhoades, POB 5551, Santa Monica, CA 90405. 
WANTED: Used Apple II Plus computer. Advise on age, con- 
dition, accessories (if any), and price. M. Ajmani, 2355 Corona 
Court., Berkeley, CA 94708. (415) 548-2228. 
FOR SALE: IMSAI 8080 microcomputer with 40K-byte high- 
speed RAM (4 MHz), and one parallel and two serial I/O ports: 
S800. Micropolis 1053 Model II dual floppy-disk drives with 
controller: $800. Hazeltine 1 500 display terminal: $600. Mint 
condition, willing to sell separately. Dale Pischke, 2914 Rising 
Star Dr., Diamond Bar, CA 91765, (714) 598-9401. 
WANTED: Quest Super ELF owners to form an "ELFnet" 
and exchange ideas and experiences by maii. I have a Super 
ELF Version 4.0 with 32K dynamic memory, 256 by 192 Super 
Color Graphics board, serial and parallel I/O, Quest Super 
Monitor V2. 1 , and Super BASIC V5.0. I am eager to hear from 
people who run this version of BASIC, or later. ELFnet, Bob 
Margolis, 1 1357 Columbia Pike #D-6, Silver Spring, MD 20904, 
FOR SALE: IMSAI 8080 computer with 10-slot S-100 bus. 
64 K dynabyte RAM, MPU-A 8080 processor board, ZPU 280 
processor board, ZI6, SMB, SIO, MIO, Godbout terminator: 
$900. R. Pollock, 2315 Lee Ave., Melbourne. FL 32901. 
FOR SALE: Cromemco System HI, 64K, two 8-inch disk 
drives, Tuart board: $ 1900. SOROC IQ 1 20 terminal: $200 with 
above. QUME Sprint 5 printer (cost $3400): $2000. All in ex- 
cellent condition. Will ship UPS on receipt of certified check. J. 
Maley, 7625 Northwest McDonald Place, Corvallis, OR 97330. 
WANTED: Time Zone player needs help through the mazes. 
Will assist through or purchase master solutions, Ben Bennett 
M.D., 2809 Plum Court, Kokomo, IN 46902. 
WANTED: Schematic for TRS-80 Model 1 computer and ex- 
pansion interface. Also, want inoperative Model 1 computers 
and equipment for parts. Send details and prices. Michael Ulik, 
#12 Mar Wey, St. Peter, MN 56082. 

FOR SALE: Hewlett-Packard 85A desktop computer: in- 
cludes 32K RAM, ROM drawer, Advanced Programming ROM, 
documentation programs, and cartridges. Excellent condition, 
about a year and a half old, reasonable offers only. R. H. Sekaly, 
Apt. 7-1179, Esquimalt Rd„ Victoria, BC V9A 3N6, Canada, 
(604) 382-0978. 

FOR SALE: Carrying cases for the TRS-80 Model I: one case 
holds the keyboard with a power plug and cassette; the other is 
for the TRS-80 video monitor: S50. Also, I would like a copy of 
the JPC TC 8 cassette. Ben Left, 2 1 34 Mountain Vista Dr., En- 
cmitas, CA 92024, (619) 436-1990. 

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments 8 1 RO dot-matnx printer. RS- 
232C serial interface, 150 cps, full options including vertical- 
forms control and compressed print. Factory maintained and in 
mint condition. Asking $900 or best offer. John Mulligan, POB 
3461, Van Nuys. CA 91407, (213) 486-2304. 
WANTED: Apple II programs to swap: games, home, and 
business. Send tape or disk with your name and address. Also 
looking for people interested in corresponding. Gil Nedjan, Via 
Maura Rota, 8 Milan, Italy, Tel. 02/6880387; Telex 333504 KIN 
Mil. 

FOR TRADE: I would like to swap TRS-80 Models I and III 
games or utilities. Send a cassette with some of your programs, 
and I will return it with the best of mine. Gary Harper, POB 371, 
Fuquay-Varina, NC 27526. 

FOR SALE: Complete microprocessor training computer. 
Heathkit ET3400, ETA3400 with 4K RAM plus H-9 video ter- 
minal: $500. Pick-up only. John Siegel, 181 Columbia Ave., 
North Plainfield, NJ 07060, (201J 753-6507. 
WANTED: Processor Tech software and/or documentation 
for use on SOL-20 computer. Also, software and/or documen- 
tation for Explorer-85 which uses Exatron Stringy Floppy. Will 
buy or trade. F. lorio, 22 Midship Lane. Patchogue, NY I 1 772, 
(516) 758-6625 evenings. 



UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, or 
trade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusion in the 
Unclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be non- 
commercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only), typed double-s 
white paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address, mis ser- 
vice is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits. Your confirmation of 
placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence. Please 
allow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to Unclassified Ads, 
BYTE/McGraw-Hill. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449. 



June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 541 



Unclassified Ads 



FOR SALE: H-89 with 48K, disk drive, anti-glare screen. ' 
HDOS, and HUG subscription. Hardly used: S 1400. Heath H-l 4 
printer, never used: S350. Steve Ha, 1 0855 Meadowglen #710, 
Houston, TX 77042. (713) 977-6539. 
FOR SALE: SSB68b09 system in excellent condition. 56K. 
DCB4aFDC, two DSDD|760K) drives, 2S/2P I/O, clock. OS9L1 
multitasking, MWBAS1C09, ED, ASM, Debug, Screeneditor, 
and Database software. H-I9 terminal with utilities. Complete 
system less printer: $3800. Doug Ramers, 245 Cambridge Rd. 
Camden, DE 19934, (302) 674-6386 or 697-3444. 
FOR SALE: TRS-80 16K Level 2. Includes all original equip- 
ment, lots of books and software, three editor-assemblers, and 
eight instruction cassettes. Joe Smith, 296 Spanish Dr., Las 
Vegas. NV891I0. 

FOR SALE OR TRADE: Tektronix 40 1 3 graphics terminal, 
RS-232C, hi-res green storage display, with maintenance and 
user manuals. Scope communicates but will not display 
characters — can be repaired by Tektronix or fix yourself. Price 
new, over $7800: asking $995 or agreeable trade. Send SASE 
for copy of description from catalog. If I fix it before it's sold, the 
price will increase. Brent Carter, 3906 Sedgegrove Rd., Greens- 
boro, NC 27407, (919) 854-2764. 

FOR SALE: BYTE issues # 1 ,#5, and #7. Mint condition, make 
an offer. Robert A. Martin, 32 Orlea St., westville, IL 61883, 
(217) 267-2484 after 5 p.m. 

FOR SALE: Sorcerer 48K Model II, Amdex 1 2-inch monitor, 
Exidy floppy-disk subsystem, two Exidy floppy-disk add-on 
units, C. Itoh dot-matrix printer, C. Itoh daisy-wheel printer, and 
CPM 2.2. In original boxes, never used. All for $3000 or best of- 
fer. R. L. Mouser, Trinity University, 715 Stadium Drive, Box 
2079. San Antonio, TX 782 1 2, (5 1 2} 828-0583 or 546-7 111. 
FOR SALE: AIM-65 Memory-Mate expansion board by 
Forethought Products 16K; new, still in box. Complete with 
manual: $250. R. C. Estfer, 1825 Florida Rd., Durango, CO 
81301, (303) 247-1963 after 7 p.m. 

FOR SALE: ExpandaPET memory-expansion board with in- 
stallation instructions. Adds 24K to Commodore PET or CBM 
computers. $140. John Wilcox, 10051 Boyce Rd., Chelsea. Ml 
481 18, (313) 475-1224. 



FOR SALE: Two M ITS/A I tair 8800b systems. System #1 with 
64K, 3 disks and controller, Lear-Seigler ADM3A, QUME Sprint 
3/35 and interface. Auto-start, DOS, and BASIC: $3750. System 
#2 with 32K, cassette interface, BASIC in ROM, QUME inter- 
face, 2-SIO serial card, Lear-Seigler ADM3: $2750. Also. 16K 
2716 PROM card, 8K Program Saver PROM programmer card, 
and diagnostic card. Claude Hill, 820 Redwood Dr., Nashville, 
TN 37220, (615) 331-4743 evenings and weekends. 
FOR SALE: Back issues of BYTE in good condition beginning 
with #1: 9/75 to 5/76 and 12/76 to 3/77. Asking $5 per issue. 
Prefer to sell all issues at once. Robert Erickson, 1 426 Boulevard 
Ave., Havre, MT 59501. 

WANTED: Does anyone know of a company that sells disk 
controller boards for the TRS-80 Model III? Also, controllers that 
will handle 8-inch disks (and/or hard drives). Need information 
on what RAM location DOS (LDOS, NEWDOS, TRSDOS, etc.} 
loads. Scott Hamilton, 225 Grandview St., Bennington, VT 
05201, (802) 447-7994. 

FOR SALE: Altair 8800b, 32K RAM, two active parallel ports, 
SSM video card, and Selectric terminal with special parallel inter- 
face; all with complete schematics. Also, modified 12-inch 
black-and-white TV, keyboard, and two 5 14 -inch floppy-disk 
drives. Disk software includes DOS, extended BASIC, user- 
developed word processing, and disk read/write in hexa- 
decimal or text, disk editing, and others. All original documenta- 
tion plus program instruction for $3500. Earl Sanders, 519 Ox- 
ford Court, Orlando, FL 32803, (305) 894-4917. 
FOR SALE: BYTE: 9/76 to present. Microcomputing 2/80 to 
present, 73 Magazine 5/79 to 4/82. Also, Motorola Micor 
X83RTA3404AA 1 10W hi-band with preamp, wide-spaced ex- 
citer and receiver, all accessories, Multi-PL control head, and six 
reeds. Mam receiver: 142-105.8, 2nd receiver: 150.8-162, ex- 
citers: 140-155, and three channel elements: T 143.9, T 148. 15, 
and Rl 48. 1 5. Good working condition, but sold as is. Manual 
available. Make an offer. K. Varley, 1 740 Chew St., Allentown, 
PA 18104. 12 1 51 433-8696. 

FOR SALE: DEC VT-I32 with RS-232 printer-port option. Ex- 
cellent condition: $1500. Mitch Che, Suite 201, 5221 Central 
Ave., Richmond, CA 94804, (415) 527-9876. 



Arti- 




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1 


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2 


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3 


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BOMB 

BYTE's Ong oing Monitor Box 



Article Authorfs) 

Use ADPCM for Highly Intelligible Speech Synthesis Garcia 

Sunrise Systems Roberts 

The Gaviian Mobile Computer Lemrnons 

Digital's Professional 300 Series Mailing 

A DEC On Every Desk? Snyder 

Tight Squeeze: The HP Series 200 Model 16 Monahan 

Texas Instruments' 99/2 Basic Computer Littlejohn, 

Jander 
implementing Minicomputer Capabilities in a Desktop 

Microcomputer Nayler 
A Machine for All Processors: The Fujitsu Model 1 6s : CNngingsmith 

The Pronto Series 16 Hansen 

A Sleek Import: The Docutel/Qlivetti M20 Mello-Grand 

Modular Architecture Kavuru 

Digital Research's DR Logo KiidalL 

Thorn burg 
An inside Look at MS-DOS Paterson 
BYTE West Coast: A Guided Tour of Visi On Lemrnons 
NEC PC-8201 Wszofa 
HMS3264 EPROM Programmer De Jong 
Efectrohome Supercolor Board and Color Monitor Swanson 
The User Goes to the Faire Pournelle 
Design Philosophy Behind Motorola's MC68000, 
Part 3: Advanced Instructions Starnes 
The Bazeries Cylinder Prisco 
A VL Trees Maurer 
Build a Simple Light Pen for the Apple II Lip 
User's Column: Zenith Z-l 00, Epson QX-10, Software 
Licensing, and the Software Piracy Problem Pournelle 
The 8086— An Architecture for the Future, Part l.- 
lntroduction and Glossary Heywood 



9 


150 


10 


168 


1 i 


188 


12 


194 


13 


208 


14 


230 


15 


256 


16 


282 


17 


288 


18 


298 


19 


306 


20 


339 


21 


352 


22 


387 


23 


395 


24 


411 



25 



450 



FOR SALE: Motorola display XM701-10A in good shape 
with an F8 processor board. The board could be easily repaired. 
Display and board contained in a video-game cabinet. You pay 
shipping. First S250 takes. Also, TRS-80 Model I disk-editor, 
assembler, Macro-80, Edit-80, Lmk-80, Cref-80, and FORTRAN 
library: $50. Barry Nicholson, Rt. 1, Box 78, IngalK KS 67853 
FOR SALE: Extended BASIC TRS-80 Color Computer 32K 
[64K with modification) with disk drive, two disks {one with 
homebrew utilities), dust covers, disk-storage box, and cassette 
cable: $900. Also, Joysticks: $15, Space Assault: $20, Skiing: 
$20, Chess: $30, Editor/Assembler: $35, and printer cable: $4, 
About a year and a half old, in new condition, with original 
boxes and manuals. N. T. Schneck, 221 Fancher Ave., Buffalo. 
NY 14223, (716) 835-9075. 

FOR SALE: Microsoft BASIC in ROM: four 2716s for 
Netronics Explorer-85 computer. All documentation included; 
only a few months old. Paid $99, asking $45; check or money 
order. I will pay postage. Ken Hoffman, 2112 1 1 0th Lane NW, 
Coon Rapids, MN 55433, (612) 451-5600 days and 757-3404 
evenings. 

FOR SALE: S-100 boards: Polymorphic video interface with 
graphics, 128 by 48: $50, modified TV monitor: $30, Tarbell 
cassette interface: $45, cassette recorder: $15, SSM 8K static 
RAM: $65, Godbout BK static RAM; $65, Vector Graphic PRO- 
M/RAM: $25, IMSAI 4K static RAM (less RAMs): $20. Documen- 
tation included. Dan Golowka, (213) 705-6631 evenings. 
FOR SALE: Heath H-8, serial I/O, cassette interface, 32K 
RAM, 3-port parallel board, disk controller and drive, H-9 ter- 
minal, complete software package, cassette and DOS. Asking 
$1100. G. Arseneau, 19 Zwicks Farm Rd., Plantsville, CJ 
06479, (203) 621-4109 after 5 p.m. 

FOR SALE: The following back issues of BYTE July, 
September, October, November, and December of 1 976; all but 
August of 1977; all of 1978; and January through June and 
December of 1979. In excellent condition, will sell all or part. 
Best offer plus shipping. Ronnie Powell, 2306 South 1 26 E Ave., 
Tulsa, OK 74129. 

WANTED: BIOS to run CP/M on Spacebyte processor. J. 
Weldon Bellville, 926 Malcolm Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024. 



March BOMB Winners 

"Build the ECM-1Q3, an 
Originate/Answer Modem" by 
Steve Garcia is the first-place winner 
in the March BOMB contest. Hell 
receive the $ 1 00 kitty. Second place 
and the $50 award goes to Tom 
Moran for his article "New 
Developments in Floppy Disks." 
Larry Sarisky earned third place for 
his discussion of improved data- 
storage technologies m "Will 
Removable Hard Disks Replace the 
Floppy?" 



Correspondence 

Address all editorial correspondence to the 
editor at BYTE. POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. 
Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if 
accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not 
responsible for tost manuscripts or photos. Opin- 
ions expressed by the authors are not necessarily 
those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1983 
by BYTE Publications inc. All rights reserved. 
Where necessary, permission is granted by the 
copyright owner for libraries and others registered 
with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to 
photocopy any article herein for the base fee of 
SI 50 per copy of the article. Payment should be 
sent directly to the CCC, 21 Congress St, Salem 
MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal 
or internal reference use without the permission of 
McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special per- 
mission or bulk orders should be addressed to the 
publisher. BYTE® is available in microform from 
University Microfilms International, 300 Ni Zeeb 
Rd, Dept PR, Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bed- 
ford Row, Dept PR, London WC 1 R 4EJ England. 



542 June 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 



Reader Service 


Inquiry No. Page No. 


Inquiry No. Page No. 


Inquiry No. Page No. 


Inquiry No. Page No. 


1 1st NATIONAL COMPUTER 197 


83 


COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 350, 351 


172 


HDL RESEARCH LAB. INC. 460 


259 


MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 67 


433 1 SUPER WAREHOUSE 156 


86 


COMPUTER PERIPH.INC. 113 


173 


HEWLETT-PACKARD 115 


260 


MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 410 


2 800 SOFTWARE 155 


87 


COMPUTER PLUS 477 


174 


HITACHI 79 


261 


MICRODYNAMICS 496 


5 A.C.E SYSTEMS 300 


88 


COMPUTER SFTW. STORE 471 


175 


HOEI SANGYO. LTD. 366 


262 


MICROHOUSE 289 


3 A.S.T.RESEARCH 103 


89 


COMPUTER SOLUTIONS 357 


20 


HOLLYWOOD HARDWARE 506 


263 


MICROPERIPH.CORP.THE 504 


434 A.S.T.RESEARCH 166, 167 


90 


COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 407 


176 


HUMAN DESIGNED SYSTEMS 369 


264 


MICROPERIPH.CORP, THE 506 


4 AB COMPUTERS 503 


84 


COMPUTER STORE, THE 512 


177 


HUMAN SOFT 325 


265 


MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. 498 


6 ADOMASTER CORP. 502 


85 


COMPUTER STORE, THE 514 


178 


l-BUS SYSTEMS 125 


* 


MICROSOFT (CPD) 71 


7 ADISA CORP. 512 


* 


COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 361 


179 


I.T.M. 308 


266 


MICROSOFT (CPD) 165 


8 ADV.COMP.PROD. 522, 523 


91 


COMPUTERLINE INTL-A 400, 401 


180 


IBM CORP. 240, 241 
IBM/SMALL SYS. DIV. 456, 457 


• 


MICROSOFT (CPD 271 


11 ADV.SYS.CONCEPTS 444 


92 


COMPUTERLINE INT'L-B 419 


181 


* 


MICROSOFT (CPD) 338 


* ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 184 


93 


COMPUTERS AND MORE 504 


182 


IDE CORP. 431 


388 


MICROTECH EXPORTS 116 


13 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 504 


95 


COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 63 


183 


IMAGE COMP.PROD. 518 


267 


MICROWARE 514 


14 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 50, 51 


96 


CONSOLINK 171 


164 


IMS INTERNATIONAL 34 


288 


MINOLTA CORP. 437 


15 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 293 


98 


CORONA DATA SYS. 186, 187 


185 


INFO. REDUCTION RESEARCH 414 


269 


MITSUBA 438 


16 ALPHA SOFTWARE 25 


99 


COST PLUS COMP. 498 


188 


INFORUNNER CORP. 415 


460 


MORROW DESIGNS 378, 377 
MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 433 


17 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 203 


456 


COUGAR MOUNTAIN SOFT. 284 


187 


INFOCOM, INC. 136, 137 


271 


352 AMDEK107 


101 


CREATIVITY UNLTD. 508 


188 


INFOSCRIBE18 


272 


MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 324 


18 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 147 


102 


CROMEMCO 5 


189 


INMAC 353 


273 


MUSYS 446 


19 AMER. BUYING & EXPORT 469 


103 


CSCS504 


190 


INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 504 


274 


NEBS 60 


* AMERICAN EXPRESS 439 


104 


CUESTA SYSTEMS 510 


191 


INSTITUTE -SCTF.ANALYSIS 131 


275 


NEC HOME ELECTR. USA 179 


22 APPLE COMPUTER INC. CM, 1 


105 


CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 148 


192 


INTEGRAL QUALITY 347 


276 


NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 181 


24 APPLE COUNTRY LTD. 497 


• 


CYBERNETICS INC. 75 


193 


INTEGRAND 98 


277 


NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 183 


25 APPLEWARE, INC. 514 


106 


CYBERSOURCE 418 


195 


INTERACTIVE MICROWRE. 174 


* 


NETRONICS 164 


28 APPLIED ANALYTICS 373 


107 


CYCLONE SOFTWARE 500 


196 


INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 172 


278 


NETWORK CONSLTNG CORP. 81 


• APPLIED CREATIVE TECH 14 


108 


DATA ACQUISITIONS 321 


197 


INTERCONTN.MICROSYS. 30 


279 


NEW TECH ASSOC. INC. 364 


27 ARBA473 


109 


DATA CABLE CO. 510 


198 


INTERDATA SYSTEMS INC. 502 


280 


NORTH HILLS CORP. 504 


28 ARBUTUS TOTALSOFT INC. 516 


194 


DATA MAIL 459 


199 


INTERTEC DATA SYS. 11 


281 


NORTH HILLS CORP. 510 


331 ARK MICROSYSTEMS 483 


111 


DATA TRANSLATION INC. 397 


200 


IPEX INT'L 508 


282 


NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 346 


29 ARTIFICIAL INTLRESRCH. 506 


112 


DATA-ED 275 


201 


IRONSIDES COMP. CORP. 211 


283 


NORTHWEST DIGITAL SYS. 66 


30 ASHTON-TATE 77 


110 


DATASOURCE SYS.CORP. 428 


202 


ISA CO. LTD. 326 


284 


NORTHWEST INSTR.SYS. 335 


31 ASHTON-TATE 266 


113 


DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 145 


203 


J.C.SYSTEMS 192 


285 


NORTHWEST MICROCHIP DIST. 500 


32 ASHTON-TATE 355 


114 


DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 318 


204 


JADE COMP.PROD. 517 


286 


NOVATION 108, 109 


34 ASPEN SFTW.CO. 122 


115 


DATAWARE SYSTEMS 502 


205 


JADE COMP.PROD. 518, 519 


287 


NOVELL INC. 33 


35 ATARI 175 


117 


DELUXE COMP. FORMS 304, 305 


206 


J AM ECO ELECTR. 528, 529 
JDR MICRODEVICES 536, 537 


441 


O'HANLON COMP. SYS. 441 


36 ATLANTIS ELECTR.CORP. 516 


118 


DENNISON KYBE CORP. 83 


207 


450 


OLYMPIC SALES 139 


* AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 219 


119 


DIABLO DISTRIBUTION 381 


208 


JDR MICRODEVICES 538, 539 


288 


OPEN SYSTEMS INC. 274 


37 AVOCET423 


120 


DIAMOND SOFTWARE 262 


209 


JDR MICRODEVICES 540 


• 


ORA ELECTRONICS 495 


* BARGAIN BOARDS 504 


121 


DIGISOFT COMPUTER 290 


210 


KADAK PRODUCTS, LTD. 402 


289 


ORANGE MICRO 228 


38 BASF SYSTEMS 153 


431 


DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 160 


211 


KENSINGTON MICROWARE 227 


290 


ORANGE MICRO 229 


39 BASIS, INC. 209 


122 


DIGITAL EQUIPMNT.CORP. 231 


212 


KERN PUBLISHING 348 


291 


ORANGE MICRO 195 


40 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 239 


123 


DIGITAL LABORATORIES 176 


213 


KERN PUBLISHING 349 


292 


ORYX SOFTWARE 213 


41 BELL, JOHN ENGR. 506 


124 


DIGITAL MARKETING 10 


214 


KEYTRONICS CORP. 314 


293 


OSBORNBMCGRAW-HILL 343, 345 


* BEST WESTERN INTL. 408, 409 


125 


DIGITAL PRESS 294 


215 


LABORATORY MICROSYS. 506 


* 


OWENS ASSOC. 422 


42 BHRT 148, 149 


126 


DIGITAL RESEARCH 65 


437 


LANG LEY ST. CLAIR 283 


294 


PACIFIC EXCHANGES 500, 502, 


43 BIBLE RESEARCH SYS. 242 


127 


DIGITAL RESEARCH 376 


216 


LASER MICRO 323 




506,508,510,512,514 


44 BLAT RESRCH & DEVELP. 250 


* 


DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 220, 221 


217 


LEADING EDGE PROD. CHI 


295 


PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 362, 383 


45 BOTTOM LINE, THE 331 


128 


DOCUTEL OLIVETTI 391 


459 


LIBERTY COMP. SALES 333 


296 


PAN AMERICAN ELEC.INC. 364 


454 BOTTOM LINE, THE 390 


129 


DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 520, 521 


218 


LIGO RESEARCH INC. 287 


297 


PER SCI INC. 500 


46 BUSINESS MANAGER 302 


130 


DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 320 


219 


LOBO DRIVES INT'L 509 


298 


PER SCI INC. 512 


47 BUSINESS SOLUTIONS 498 


131 


DWIGHT CO. INC. 500 


220 


LOGICAL DEVICES 479 


299 


PERCOM DATA 9 


' BYTE BOOK CLUB 416, 417 


132 


DYNALOGIC INFOTECH 163 


443 


LOGICAL MICROCOMPUTER 447 


300 


PERSONAL SYSTECHN. 298, 297 


48 BYTE INDUSTRIES 134 


133 


DYSAN CORP. 311 


221 


LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 261 


301 


PH ASSOCIATES 475 


* BYTE BACK ISSUES 461 


134 


E. ARTHUR BROWN CO. 506 


222 


LOTUS DEVELOPMENT 299 


302 


PHASER 180 


49 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 300 


135 


E/Z ASSOC. 512 


223 


LSI JAPAN CO. 500 


303 


PHYSICAL DATA 148 


50 BYTEWRITER 16 


136 


EAST SIDE SOFTWARE 356 


224 


LYBEN COMP.SYS. 518 


440 


PICKLES & TROUT 252 


51 C-SYSTEMS 508 


137 


EASTERN ENTERPRISES 432 


225 


LYBEN COMP.SYS. 418 


304 


PION INC. 238 


52 C.S.D. INC. 498 


138 


ECOSOFT 463 


227 


MACROTECH INT'L. 117 


305 


POPCOM 468 


421 CABLES UNLTD. 512 


141 


ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS 480 


226 


MAI SORBUS 425 


306 


PRACTICAL PERIPH. 28, 29 
PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 177 


53 CALIF. DATA CORP. 502 


142 


ELITE SOFTWARE 496 


228 


MAILCOMP 493 


307 


* CALIF. DIGITAL 526, 527 


• 


ELLIS COMPUTING 237 


229 


MAIN KANNING INC. 496 


308 


PRINTER STORE, THE 315 


* CALIF.MICRO.COMP. 461 


461 


EMC DISTRIBUTORS 461 


230 


MANNESMANN TALLY 279 


309 


PRIORITY ONE 530, 531, 532, 


55 CDR SYSTEMS 500 


143 


EMERY AIR FREIGHT 394 


231 


MANX SOFTWARE 474 




533, 534, 535 


9 CDS 506 


* 


EMPIRICAL RESRCH.GRP. 27 


232 


MARK OF THE UNICORN 374 


314 


PROGRAMMERS SFTW. EX. 90 


56 CHECK-MATE 242 


139 


EMS 399 


233 


MARK WILLIAMS CO. 341 


315 


PROGRAMMING INT'L 328, 329 


57 CHIPS & DALE 516 


140 


EMS 506 


235 


MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 70 


318 


PROMPTDOC. INC. 178 


58 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 251 


144 


ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 212 


238 


MASON COMPUTERS 384 


317 


PROTECTO ENTERPR. 198 


59 CLAFF, WILLIAM J. 498 


145 


ENTER COMPUTER 233 


• 


MAXTEK 264 


458 


PROTECTO ENTERPR. 413 


97 CLEO 427 


146 


EPSON AMERICA 85 


237 


MAYNARD ELECTRONICS 406 


316 


PROTOSYS 429 


80 CMC INT'L 135 


147 


ESSEX PUBLISHING 459 


238 


MC NEILL 468 


319 


PROXIMITY DEVICES CORP. 483 


61 CMC INT'L 440 


148 


EXPOTEK 133 


239 


MC/N INC. 508 


320 


PRYOR COMP. 459 


82 COGITATE 502 


149 


EXXON OFFICE SYSTEMS 500 


240 


MCGRAW-HILL CORP. 392, 393 


321 


QUADRAM CORP. 57 


63 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 82 


150 


FACIT DATAROYAL 273 


* 


MCGRAW-HILL CEC 385 


322 


QUADRAM CORP. 12, 13 


64 COLORADO COM P. PER I PH. 496 


151 


FIGURE LOGIC BUS. EQUIP. 496 


* 


MCGRAW-HILL PROF. MANAG. 


323 


QUARK ENGINEERING 72, 73 


65 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 248, 249 


152 


FORMULA INT'L. 435 




NETWORK 384 A-P 


422 


QUBIE DISTRIBUTING 173 


68 COMMUNICAL, INC. 106 


153 


FORTE 512 


241 


MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 332 


324 


QUEL0 412 


69 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 507 


154 


FOX & GELLER INC. 318 


54 


MEDISOFT 516 


325 


QUICK-N-EASI PROD. INC. 478 


70 COMP.COMPNTS.UNLTD. 515 


21 


FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 367 


243 


MEGA CO. 508 


326 


QUICK TAX 64 


71 COMPAQ COMPUTER CORP. 265 


391 


FROBCO 200 


244 


MEGABYTE INDUSTRIES 514 


327 


RACAL-VADIC 375 


72 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 494 


156 


FURNITURE SYS.INT'LINC. 514 


245 


MEMORY MERCHANT 119 


328 


RADIO SHACK CIV 


73 COMPUADD 310 


157 


G-H COMPUTER SYS. 502 


* 


MEMOTECH 91 


329 


RED BARON COMP.PROD. 157 


74 COMPUADD 496 


158 


GARDEN OF EDEN COMP. 498 


246 


METHOD SYSTEMS 498 


332 


ROCKY MT.MICRO INC. 205 


75 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 20, 21 


159 


GENIE COMP.CORP. 295 


248 


MICRO APPLICATIONS 514 


333 


ROKLAN SOFTWARE 193 


* COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 22, 23, 24 


455 


GENSTAR REI SALES CO. 284 


435 


MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 313 


334 


RONSAN ELECTRONICS 418 


76 COMPUSERVE 336, 337 


160 


GIFFORDCOMP. SYS. 291 


313 


MICRO MAIL 513 


335 


RTL PROGRAMMING AIDS 508 


310 COM PUSH ACK 268. 269 


451 


GLADSTONE ELECTRONICS 232 


249 


MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 253 


432 


RUTISHAUSER 445 


77 COMPUTER AGE 512 


161 


GILTRONIX INC. 510 


250 


MICRO MART 508 


336 


S&W COMPUTER SUPPLY 508 


78 COMPUTER APPARATUS 511 


163 


GREAT SALT LAKE COMP. 505 


252 


MICRO PRO. INTL. 254, 255 


337 


S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 358 


79 COMPUTER CHANNEL 494 


164 


GREENWOOD MFG. 250 


253 


MICRO-SC! 359 


67 


SAFEWARE 434 


80 COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. 501 


165 


GTEK INC. 290 


254 


MICRO SOLUTIONS 496 


338 


SAGE COMP.TECH. 143 


446 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 206, 207 


166 


H.H.S. MICROCONTROLLERS 510 


255 


MICRO TYPE 284 


340 


SAKATA 31 


447 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 206, 207 


168 


HAYES MICROCOMPPROD. 94, 95 


256 


MICRO WEST 204 


341 


SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 87 


448 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 206, 207 


169 


HAYES MICROCOMPPROD. 68, 69 


257 


MICRO WORKS, THE 199 


342 


SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 319 


82 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 26 


171 


HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 370 


258 


MICRO XPRESS 380 


438 
343 


S.C. DIGITAL 354 
SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 309 
SD SYSTEMS 182 






















344 


SEEQUA COMP.CORP. 6 


To get further information on 


the products advertised in BYTE, fill 


out the reader service card with | 


453 


SEI 142 


your name and address. Then c 


rcfe the appropriate numbers for th< 


? adve 


rtisers you select from the 1 


182 
345 


SEKON COMPUTER 200 
SEMI DISK SYSTEMS 101 


list. Add a 20-cent stamp to the 


card, then drop it in the mail. Not or 


ity do 


you gain information, but 1 


445 


SENTINEL COMP.PROD. 144 


our advertisers are encouraged t 


d uset 


he marketplace provided by B\ 


'TE. Th 


is helps us bring you a big- 1 


346 
348 


SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 46, 47 
SIGEN CORP. 473 


ger BYTE. The index is provided 


as an additional service by the publis 


her, who assumes no liability for | 


442 


SILVER REED AMERICA 443 


errors or omissions. *Correspon 


d direc 


tly with company. 




i 


349 SLR SYSTEMS 502 

350 SLUDER384 

351 SMALL COMPUTER CO. 301 

June 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 543 





Reader Service 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



• SMITH CORONA 245 

353 SNAVE SYSTEMS 498 

354 SOFTECH MICROSYS 327 

355 SOFTWARE BANC 89 

356 SOFTWARE BANC SEMINARS 322 

357 SOFTWARE SUPPORT INC. 478 

358 SOFTWEAR UNLTD. 412 

359 SOLID STATE SALES 260 

* SORCIM 126, 127 

360 STAR MICRON ICS 223 

361 STARBUCK DATA CO. 317 

362 STEM MOS LTD. 264 

363 STIRSMAN CORP. 460 

364 STREET ELECTR. CORP. 158 

365 SUNBELT COMP. PROD. 412 

366 SUNNY INTL. 497 

367 SUNTRONICS 504 

368 SUNTRONICS 499 

369 SUPERSOFT243 

370 SUPERSOFT141 
439 SYSTEMED514 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



371 TALLGRASS TECH. 61 

372 TARBELL ELECTR. 267 

373 TATUM LABS 496 

374 TAURUS COMRPROD.INC. 32 

375 TAURUS COMPPROD.INC. 278 

311 TAVA CORP. 277 

312 TAVA CORP. 285 

376 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 502 

377 TECH-DATA CORP. 510 

* TECHNICAL SYS.CONSLTNS. 235 

378 TECHNIGRAPHIC DESIGNS 504 

379 TEKTRONIX INC. 123 

380 TELETEK15 

381 TELETEX COMMUNICATIONS 421 

382 TELEVIDEO INC. 280, 281 

383 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 286 

384 TEXAS COM P.SYS. 307 

* TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 225 
386 TDI334 

385 THINKERS SOFT INC. 259 
389 TOTAL ACCESS SYS. 516 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



452 TOUMAYAN & ASSOC. 232 

• TRANS WORLD AIRLINES 312 
390 TRANSTAR185 

392 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 176 

393 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 161 

394 TYCOMP COMPANY 500 

398 U.S. EXCHANGE 514 

399 U.S. EXCHANGE 516 

395 U.S. MICRO SALES 524, 525 
397 U.S. ROBOTICS 92 

400 UNIFIED SOFTWARE SYS. 498 

401 UNITED COMPUTER 17 

402 UNIVERSAL DATA SYS. 45 

404 VECTOR ELECTR. 424 

405 VECTRIX247 

• VERBATIM CORP. 365 

• VICTOR TECHNOLOGIES 448, 449 

408 VIDEX19 

409 VIDIOM516 

410 VISTA COMPUTER CO. 202 

411 VISUAL TECH.INC. 201 



Inquiry No. 



Page No. 



242 VLM COMPUTER ELEC. 510 

412 VR DATA 386 

• WAREHOUSE SOFTWARE 360 

414 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 420 

415 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 477 

• WESTICO INC. 121 

• WHITESMITHS LTD. 93 

417 WINTEK CORP. 510 

418 WINTERHALTER, INC. 471 

419 WORDTECH SYSTEMS 436 

420 WORDTECH SYSTEMS 512 

423 WYNDHAM GROUP 475 

424 WYSE TECHNOLOGY 58, 59 

425 X COMP 383 

426 YANG ELECTR. SYS. 174 
449 YANG ELECTR. SYS. 496 

427 ZOBEX215 



* Correspond directly with company. 



NATIONAL ADVERTISING SALES REPRESENTATIVES: 



NEW ENGLAND 

ME, NH, VT, MA,Ri 

Paul McPherson, Jr. (617J 262-1160 

McGraw-Hill Publications 
607 Boyfston Street 
Boston, MA 02116 

ATLANTIC 

NJ (NORTH), NY, NYC, CT 
Eugene Duncan {212) 997-2096 

McGraw-Hill Publications 

1221 Ave of the Americas - 39th Floor 

New York, NY 10020 

Dick McGurk (212) 997-3588 

McGraw-Hill Publications 

1 221 Ave of the Americas - 39th Floor 

New York, NY 10020 

EAST 

PA [EASTJ, NJ fSOUTHJ, MD, VA, W. VA, 

DE, 0.C. 

Daniel Ferro (215] 496-3833 

McGraw-Hill Publications 
Three Parkway 
Philadelphia, PA 19102 

SOUTHEAST 

NC, SCGA, FL, AL, TN, 

Maggie McClelland (404) 252-0626 

McGraw-Hill Publications 

4170 Ashford Dun woody Road - Suite 420 

Atlanta, G A 30319 



MIDWEST 

IL, MO, KS, 1A, ND, S0, MN f Wl, NB 

Jack Anderson (31 2J 751-3740 

McGraw-Hill Publications 

Blair Building 

645 N. Michigan Ave 

Chicago, It 60611 

GREAT LAKES, OHIO REGION 

Ml, OH, PA (ALLEGHENY!, KY, IN, 
EASTERN CANADA 
Dennis Rftey (313) 352-9760 
McGraw-Hill Publications 
4000 Town Center - Suite 770 
Southfield, Ml 48075 

SOUTHWEST, ROCKY MOUNTAIN 

UT, CO, WY, OK, TX, AR, MS, LA 
Alan Morris (214) 458-2400 
McGraw-Hill Publications 
Preston wood Tower - Suite 907 
5151 Beltllne 
Dallas, TX 75240 



SOUTH PACIFIC 

Southern CA, AZ, NM, LAS VEGAS 
Page Goodrich (714) 557-6292 
McGraw-Hill Publications 
3301 Red Hill Ave 
Building #1, Suite 222 
Costa Mesa, CA 92626 



Karen Nifes (213) 480-5243, 487-1 160 

McGraw-Hill Publications 
3333 Wlishlre Boulevard #407 
Los Angeles, CA 90010 

NORTH PACIFIC 

HI, WA, OR, ID, MT, NORTHERN CALIF, 

NV jEXCEPT LAS VEGAS) W. CANADA 

David Jern (415) 362-4600 

McGraw-Hill Publications 

425 Battery St. 

San Francisco, CA 941 1 1 

Bill McAfee (415) 964-0624 

McGraw-Hill Publications 
1000 Elweil Court - Suite 225 
Palo Alto, CA 94303 

WEST COAST SURPLUS AND RETAIL 

ACCOUNTS 

Tom Harvey (805) 964-8577 

3463 State St. - Suite 256 
Santa Barbara, CA 93105 



International Advertising Sales Representatives: 



Mrs. Maria Sarm lento 
Pedro Telxelra 8, Off. 320 
Iberia Mart 1 
Madrid 4, Spain 
45 52 891 

Mr. Andrew Karnig 
Andrew Kamlg & Associates 
Kungsholmsgatan 10 
1 1 2 27 Stockholm, Sweden 
08 51 68 70 

Mr. Hans Csokor 
Pubilmedla 
Reisnerstrasse 61 
A-1037 Vienna, Austria 

Mrs. Gurlt Gepner 
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 
115 Yosephtal St. 
Bat Yam, Israel 
866 561 321 39 



Mr. Fritz Krusebecker 
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 
Lfeblgstrasse 27C 
D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1 
West Germany 
72 01 81 



Mr. Michael Sales 

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 

1 7 rue Georges Bizet 

F 75116 Paris 

France 

720 33 42 



Mr. Simon Smith 
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 
34 Dover St. 
London W1X3RA 
Engiand 
01 493 1451 



Mr. Effo Gonzaga 
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 
Via Baracchinl 1 
20123 Milan, Italy 
86 90 617 



Seavex Ltd. 

05-49/50 Tanglin Shopping Center 
19 Tanglin Rd, Singapore 1024 
Republic of Singapore 



Seavex, Ltd. 

Room 102, Yii Yuet Lai BIdg. 
43-55 Wyndham St. Central 
Hong Kong 



Nikkei/McGraw-Hill Publishing Co 

Nikkei Annex BIdg 

2-1-2 Uchikanda 

Chlyoda-Ku 

Tokyo, Japan 



544 June 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 



BUY A BANANA. 

SAVE A BUNCH. 

MORE TO COME. 







Leadins Edse Products, Inc., 225 Turnpike Street, Canton, Massachusetts 02021. 
Call: toll-free 1-800-343-6833; or in Massachusetts call collect (617) 828-8150. Telex 951-624. 

Circle 217 on inquiry card. 



Radio Shack Presents 
The Micro Executive Workstation 



Powerful Built-in 
Software 
Retains Memory 
Data When "Off" 
Self-Contained 
Telephone Modem 
8K RAM- 
Expandable to 32K 



Only 



V2 



Cat. No. 26-3801 




Introducing the TRS-80 Model 1 00 Portable Computer 
— User-Friendly Software Makes it Truly Revolutionary 



Imagine a computer on your desk so small, it can fit in 
your in-basket. The second you turn it on, imagine seeing 
a menu of built-in executive management programs and 
your own files, ready for immediate use. All revealed on 
an eight-line by 40-character LCD display positioned just 
above a full-size keyboard. And when you leave the 
office, imagine a three-pound computer you can take 
along, because it works on AC or batteries. 

Stop imagining. The new TRS-80 Mode! 100 is the com- 
puter you've been waiting for. As a desk organizer, it's a 
phone directory, address book, appointment calendar 
and telephone auto-dialer. It's a personal word proces- 
sor, as well. There's even a built-in modem to access 
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Come see the most revolutionary computer since the 
TRS-80 Model I at over 6500 Radio Shack stores and 
participating dealers, including over 400 Radio Shack 
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Radio Shade 

The biggest name in little computers p 

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION 



Built-in 


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WORD 
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TERMINAL 
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ADDRESS 
BOOK 




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EXTENDED 
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Send me a free Model 100 brochure today! 

Mail To: Radio Shack, Dept, 83-A-I65 
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COMr 


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1 





circle 328 on inquiry card. 



Retail prices may vary at individual stores and dealers.