JUNE 1982 Vol, 7, No. i $2.95 in USA $3.50 in Canada/JL1.85 in U.K. A McGraw-Hill Publication the small s A new small computer that won't limit you tomorrow New Cromemco System One shown with our high-capability terminal and printer. jmm gmm mm Mm Expandability Here's a low-priced computer that won't run out of memory capacity or expandability halfway through your project. Typically, computer usage tends to grow, requir- ing more capability, more memory, more storage. Without a lot of capability and expandability, your computer can be obsolete from the start. The new System One is a real building-block machine. It has capability and expandability by the carload. Look at these features: ■ Z80-A processor ■ 64K of RAM ■ 780K of disk storage ■ CRT and printer interfaces ■ Eight S-100 card slots, allowing expansion with — color graphics — additional memory — additional interfaces for telecommunica- tions, data acquisition, etc. ■ Small size GENEROUS DISK STORAGE The 780K of disk storage in the System One Model CS-1 is much greater than what is typically available in small computers. But here, too, you have a choice since a second version, Model CS-1H, has a 5" Winchester drive that gives you 5 megabytes of disk storage. MULTI-USER, MULTI-TASKING CAPABILITY Believe it or not, this new computer even offers multi-user capability when used with our advanced CROMix* operating system option. Not only does this outstanding O/S support multiple users on this com- puter but does so with powerful features like multi- ple directories, file protection and record level lock. cromix lets you run multiple jobs as well. In addition to our highly-acclaimed cromix, there is our CDOS*. This is an enhanced CP/M + type system designed for single-user applications. CP/M and a wealth of CP/M-compatible software are also available for the new System One through third- party vendors. COLOR GRAPH ICS/WORD PROCESSING This small computer even gives you the option of outstanding high-resolution color graphics with our Model SDI interface and two-port RAM cards. Then there's our tremendously wide range of Cromemco software including packages for word processing, business, and much more, all usable with the new System One. ANTI-OBSOLESCENCE/LOW-PRICED As you can see, the new One offers you a lot of performance. It's obviously designed with anti- obsolescence in mind. What's more, it's priced at only $3,995. That's considerably less than many machines with much less capability. And it's not that much more than many machines that have little or nothing in the way of expandability. Physically, the One is small — 7" high. And it's all- metal in construction. It's only 14Ve" wide, ideal for desk top use. A rack mount-option is also available. CONTACT YOUR REP NOW Get all the details on this important building-block computer. Get in touch with your Cromemco rep now. He'll show you how the new System One can grow with your task. •CROMIX and CDOS are trademarks of Cromemco Inc. tCP/M is a trademark of Digital Research a Cromemco™ incorporated 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 364-7400 Tomorrow's computers today Circle 137 on inquiry card. CROMIX FILE SYSTEM /(root directory) CROMIX* — Cromemco's outstanding UNIX— like operating system cromix is just the kind of major development you've come to expect from Cromemco. After all, we're already well-known for the most respected software in the microcom- puter field. And now we've come up with the in- dustry's first UNix-lookalike for microcomputers. It's a tried and proven operating system. It's available on both 5" and 8" diskettes for Cromemco systems with 128K or more of memory. Here are just some of the features you get in this powerful Cromemco system: • Multi-user and multi-tasking capability • Hierarchical directories • Completely compatible file, device, and interprocess I/O • Extensive subsystem support FILE SYSTEM One of the important features of our cromix is its file system comprised of hierarchical directories. It's a tree struc- ture of three types of files: data files, *CROMIX is a trademark of Cromemco, Inc. tUNIX is a trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories directories, and device files. File, device, and interprocess I/O are com- patible among these file types (input and output may be redirected inter- changeably from and to any source or destination). The tree structure allows different directories to be maintained for different users or functions with no chance of conflict. PROTECTED FILES Because of the hierarchical structure of the file system, cromix maintains separate ownership of every file and directory. All files can thus be protected from access by other users of the system. In fact, each file is protected by four separate access privileges in each of the three user categories. TREMENDOUS ADDRESS SPACE, FAST ACCESS The flexible file system and general- ized disk structure of cromix give a disk address space in excess of one gigabyte per volume — file size is limited only by available disk capacity. Speed of access to disk files has also been optimized. Average access speeds far surpass any yet implemented on microcomputers. 'C COMPILER AVAILABLE, TOO Cromemco offers a wide range of languages that operate under cromix. These include a high-level command process language and extensive sub- system support such as cobol, Fortran IV, RATFOR, LISP, and 32K and 16K basics. There is even our highly-acclaimed 'C compiler which allows a program- mer fingertip access to cromix system calls. THE STANDARD O-S FOR THE FUTURE The power and breadth of its features make cromix the standard for the next generation of microcomputer operating systems. And yet it is available for a surprisingly low $595. The thing to do is to get all this capability working for you now. Get in touch with your Cromemco rep today. Q Cromemco ™ i ncorporated 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 Tomorrow's computers today Circle 138 on Inquiry card. (415)964-7400 In The Queue CITE Volume 7, Number 6 June 1982 Features 48 The Videodisc Interfacing Primer by Rod Daynes / Learn how to develop interactive videodisc programs. 56 Interactive Videodisc Design and Production / Wicat Systems presents a systematic approach to the design, development, and production of an interactive videodisc system. 60 Build an Interactive-Videodisc Controller by Steve Garcia / You can use your personal computer to control a Pioneer VP-1000 laser-optical videodisc player through its remote-control circuitry. 78 Videodiscs In Education, Integrating the Computer and Communication Technologies by Isaac I. Bejar / Educators are discovering ways to use videodiscs as an aid to learning. 1 08 Interactive Training In Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation by David Hon / Computer and videodisc technologies are combined to provide instruction in lifesaving techniques. 1 42 Videodiscs and Optical Data Storage by Dick Moberg and Ira M. Laefsky / We may soon be measuring mass storage in gigabytes. 1 82 On the Way to Standard BASIC by Thomas E. Kurtz / A survey of what's in the proposed ANSI standard and why it's there. 242 The Input/Output Primer, Part 5: Character Codes by Steve Leibson / Character codes turn computer data into messages that people can understand. 260 A General-Purpose I/O Board for the Color Computer by William Barden Jr. / You can build this interface for less than S25 and plug it into the ROM cartridge slot. 286 User's Column: Terminal Madness, The Word, Grammatlk, and Then Some by Jerry Pournelle / The critic reviews some new computer terminals, word-processing software, compilers, and M-drive. 302 The Atari Tutorial, Part 10: Human Engineering by Chris Crawford / The interaction between the computer and the person using it is the most important and the most often neglected aspect of commercial software. 321 Upward Migration, Part 1: Translators by Roger Taylor and Phil Lemmons / Using translation programs to move CP/M-80 programs to CP/M and MS-DOS. 410 TAFT: Terminal Apple with File Transfer by Tom Gabriele / Low-cost telecommunication capability for the Apple II. 452 Maintenance Alternatives for Personal Computers by Lewis A. Whitaker / Repair service options to consider before you buy a computer and preventive maintenance steps to perform once you've made the purchase. 468 Omni Aviation Navigation System by Richard Campbell / Simulate aircraft instrument navigation using simple trigonometry. Reviews 1 62 BYTE's Arcade: Armored Patrol by Pete Callamaras; The Eliminator: Mayhem in Space, TRS-80 Style by Silas Pike: Galactic Chase by Stan Wszola 220 App-L-ISP by Jeff Bonar and Steve Levitan 235 Tawala's Last Redoubt by Hartley G. Lesser 348 The Osborne 1 by Mark Dahmke 364 Applescope Stores Dual Traces by Gregory MacNicol 376 NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 by Mahlon G. Kelly 488 Micro-Decision Support System/Finance (DSS/F) by Robert Moskowitz Nucleus 6 26 232, 237, 402 404, 434 440 479 480, 480 482 487 502 558 558 559 Editorial: West Coast Computer Faire Report Letters 493 Technical Forum: Find That Disk; Conditionals in LISP 497 Programming Quickies: A Word-Counting Utility for Writers; Listing the Disk Directory in CP/M-based Pascal Book Review: Beneath the Apple DOS 460 System Notes: Adapting "Harvesting the Sun's Energy" for the Commodore PET; Text-Handling Routines in Extended BASIC Ask BYTE BYTELINES Clubs and Newsletters 510 Books Received BYTE's Bugs Event Queue Software Received What's New? Unclassified Ads BOMB, BOMB Results Reader Service Page 48 Page 60 Page 78 Page 108 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 3 Wl Editor in Chief Christopher Morgan Managing Editor Mark Haas Technical Editors Gregg Williams, Senior Editor; Richard S. Shuford; Curtis P. Feigel; George Stewart; Arthur Little; Stanley Wszola; Steve Ciarcia; Mark Dahmke Philip Lemmons; Allan Lundell, Consulting Editors; Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor Copy Editors Beverly Cronin, Chief; Faith Hanson; Warren Williamson; Anthony J. Lockwood; Ann Graves; Hilary Selby Polk; Elizabeth Kepner; Margaret Cook, Junior Copy Editor Assistants Faith Ferry; Debe Wheeler; Beverly Jackson Production David R. Anderson, Assoc. Director; Patrice Scribner; Damian Henriques; Jan Mullen Virginia Reardon; Sherry McCarthy. Chief Typographer; Debi Fredericks; Donna Sweeney; Valerie Horn; Jonathan M. Graves. Creative Consultant Advertising Thomas Harvey. Director; Marion Carlson; Rob Hannings; Deborah Porter; Vicki Reynolds; Cathy A. R. Drew; Jacqueline Earnshaw, Reader Service Coordinator; Wai Chiu Li, Advertising/ Production Coordinator; Linda J. Sweeney Circulation Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager; Andrew Jackson. Asst. Manager; Agnes E. Perry; Barbara Varnum; Louise Menegus; Pinky Krulis; Sheila A. Bamford James Bingham, Dealer Sales; Deborah J. Cadwell, Asst. Linda Ryan Marketing Wilbur S. Watson, Marketing Coordinator; Timothy W. Taussig, Marketing Production Coordinator Controller's Office Daniel Rodrigues. Controller; Mary E. Ruhr. Acct. & D/P Mgr.; Karen Burgess; Jeanne Cilley; Linda Fluhr; Vicki Bennett Traffic N. Scott Gagnon; Scott Jackson, Kathleen Reckhart Receptionist Jeanann Waters Publishers Virginia Londoner; Gordon R. Williamson; John E. Hayes, Associate Publisher; Cheryl A. Hurd; Michele P. Verville, Publisher's Assistants; Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Com- pany: Paul F. McPherson, President; Executive Vice Presidents: Daniel A. McMillan. Ill, Gene W. Simpson; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Ander- son, Business Systems Development; Harry L. Brown, Special Markets; Robert B. Doll, Circula- tion; James E. Hackett, Controller; Eric B. Herr, Planning and Development; H. John Sweger. Jr., Marketing. Officers of the Corporation: Harold W. McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; Joseph L. Dionne, President and Chief Operating Officer; Robert N. Landes, Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb, Treasurer. In This Issue Imagine carrying around the entire Encyclopaedia Britannica in your shirt pocket with room left over for every issue ever published of The New York Times and then some. Videodiscs and optical data storage technology have the potential to make this a reality. They also promise to provide a medium for an effective delivery of information hitherto impossible. Several articles this month illustrate the possibilities. Dick Moberg and Ira M. Laefsky describe one use for videodiscs in "Videodiscs and Optical Data Storage." Rod Daynes presents a primer on the video aspects of videodisc production in "The Videodisc Interfacing Primer." In "Videodiscs in Education" Isaac I. Bejar discusses ways in which videodisc technology might affect teaching methods. David Hon describes teaching lifesaving techniques with the aid of videodiscs and computers in "Interactive Training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation." And Steve Ciarcia's project is how to "Build an Interactive-Videodisc Con- troller." Thomas E. Kurtz, co-author of the original Dartmouth BASIC, surveys what's in the proposed ANSI standard and why it's there. Roger Taylor and Phil Lemmons explain what's really involved in adapting 8-bit software to a 16-bit environment in "Upward Migration, Part I: Translators." Steve Leibson's "The Input/Output Primer" continues with "Part 5: Character Codes." Of course, we have Jerry Pournelle, William Barden Jr., and all our other regular features. BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, phone [603) 924-9281 , a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Address subscriptions, change of address. USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions. POB 590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough, N.H. 03458 and additional mailing offices. USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280|. Canadian second class registration number 9321. Subscriptions are S 19 for one year. S34 for two years, and S49 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, S2I for one year, S38 for two years, S55 for three years. S 43 for one year air delivery to Europe. S 35 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is S2.95 in the USA and its possessions. S3. 50 in Canada and Mexico, S4.50 in Europe, and S5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America. Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1 982 by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the base fee of S 1 .00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to the CCC. 2 1 Congress St, Salem MA 1 970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher. BYTE" is available in microform from University Microfilms International, 300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR, Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WCIR 4EJ England. Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc WMHHKKNP mmaaffl 25 25 M J J SALES BY CATEGORY 15 20 25 15 ADD QUAL|TY GRAPHICS just$7ii: IWIvt — m .. ^"i\ The OEM's best choice for graphics is MicroAngelo, ' the single board graphics display computer from SCION. Install MicroAngelo in your Multibus or S-100 host and let this intelligent display processor bring your screen to life with full graphics and text. MicroAngelo features 515 by 480 pixel graphics and 40 line by 85 character text displays. Save development time and overhead with SCREENWARE™, SCION's high level display firmware language. SCREENWARE provides point, vector, region, circle, flood, crosshair, light pen interface, tracking cross, screen load and dump, split screen, macro, and full terminal emulation commands. Use MicroAngelo both as your main console and as your application software's display screen. MicroAngelo's on-board processor frees your host pro- cessor and bus to perform other tasks, while on-board memory and firmware reduce the size of your applica- tion programs. With our direct, easy interface to any high level language, you are no more than a simple sub- routine call away from MicroAngelo's powerful capabilities. Use one Micro- Angelo for monochrome graphics displays. And combine two or more MicroAngelos to create high resolu- tion color graphics. MicroAngelo is the OEM's choice because it is a powerful self-contained graphics display computer that is easy to add to your host. A graphics display computer that is proven reliable in over 1000 field installations. A graphics display computer that is so affordable you don't have to design your own. Think SCION for your graphics display needs. Think MicroAngelo. Call us at (703) 476-6100. •OEM quantity 25 price tor Multibus or S-100 board. if the image is important. 12310 Pinecrest Rd./Reston, VA 22091 (703) 476-6100 TWX: 710-833-0684 Circle 402 on Inquiry card. Circle 157 on inquiry card. THINK AHEAD THINK CP/M -86 MILESTONE-86'"— $395. Manual alone — $30. "Critical path" network analysis program for scheduling manpower, dollars and time to maximize productivity. Interactive project management program that runs under CP/M-86. MILESTONE can be used to track paper (low, build a computer, check a department's performance, or build a bridge. MILESTONE can be used by executives, engineers, managers, and small businessmen. • Produce PERT chart in minutes. • Find critical tasks that can't be delayed. • Investigate tradeoffs between manpower, dollars and time. • Give plans to others using a printed project schedule. • Change details and immediately see results on the screen. • Balance time, manpower and costs. Formats: 8, IDW. IPC. SUPERCALC-86 » - $295. Allows a layman to manipulate data in a variety of fore- casting and accounting applications. Combines the inter- active nature of an electronic spreadsheet with the power and convenience of a simple simulation language. Video display can be scrolled over the entire worksheet using cursor controls. Symbolic vector references eliminate repetitive low-level data manipulation commands. Easy to use menu driven "help" command. Alto available for IBM-DOS. Formats: 8. IDW, IPC. DATEBOOK-86"-$295. Manual alone-$30. Schedule appointments for up to 27 different doctors, lawyers, rooms etc. Three appointment schedules are displayed on the screen at a time. File structure allows for appointments for up to one year in advance. Searches for openings that fit time of day, day of week and/or day of year constraints. Appointments made, modified or cancelled easily. Copies of day's appointments can be printed easily. Formats: 8. IDW, IPC MORE SOFTWARE PRODUCT/MANUAL ALONE CBASIC/86 $325. $25. PASCAL/ M-86 $495. $25. Pascal:S0RT-86 $195. $20. FIELD C0MPANI0N-86 $295. $30. PERSONAL DATEBOOK $150. $30. TEXTWRITER-BfT $125. $30. • Also available tor IBM-DOS FORMAT CODES: 8 fS - single density IBM soft-seclored) IDW (IBM Display Writer wilh CP/M-86) IPC (IBM Personal Computer with CP/M-86) SOFTWARE SOFW1RE DIGITXL/fURKETING DIGML^RKETING' M DIGITAL MARKETING CORPORATION 2670 CHE RRY LANE •WALNUT CREEK • CALIFORNIA* 94596 (415) 938-2M0 • Tetex 1 7-1852 (DIGMKTG WNCK) Deafer Inquiries Invited TRADEMARKS: CP/M-86. CBASIC/B6-Digital Research. Milestone. Datebook. Personal Datebook, Texlwriter - Organic Software. Pascal/M - Sorcim. Pascal 50F1T Field Companion - Technical Software Editorial West Coast Computer Faire Report by Chris Morgan, Editor in Chief You are in a large, cavernous building. To the north, south, east, and west are booths — all filled with microcomputer hardware and software. You are equipped with (1) a BYTE plastic bag, (2) a press badge, (3) a camera, and (4) sensible shoes. Your goal: see everything in the building-in three days. A stream flows into the building from the north — a stream of 40,000 people that is, who poured into the Seventh West Coast Computer Faire held in San Francisco this past March. It was the ultimate adventure game for personal computer lovers. By some accounts it was a relatively tame show. Indeed, many of the ex- pected blockbuster announcements were held in reserve for the National Com- puter Conference (underway in Houston as this issue appears). Nonetheless, for patient show-goers there were enough rewards to make the show a real success. Ill touch on a few highlights here. A Beautiful Concept Ironically, the most inter- esting product I saw during my trip to the West Coast was not on public display. It's the Corvus Concept computer, manufactured by Corvus Systems (2029 OToole Ave., San Jose, CA 95131). I made a special trip to San Jose immediately after the Faire to see this new state-of-the-art per- sonal computer. In looks alone, the Con- cept is a hands-down winner. But more impor- tant, it offers an amazing number of features for its $4995 suggested retail price tag. It has a 68000 16-bit processor; 256K bytes of RAM standard (512K bytes optional); a 120-column by 66-line (!) bit-mapped black-and-white display Photo 1: The Corvus Concept computer, which fea- tures a 68000 processor and a 120-column by 66-line display. Suggested retail price is $4995. 6 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc You Get More Out of Percom Disk Systems. Expect in At Percom, our business is making disk storage systems for microcomputers — something we've been doing right, since 1977. From the design of rock-solid drive controller circuitry to quality controls that include 100% life testing of every drive ship- ped, you can expect to get more out of Percom Disk Systems. And Percom provides you with com- prehensive after-sales service from our wholly owned, fully independent customer service center. WINCHESTER 10-MEGABYTE DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS Enormous storage capacity plus high speed. Percom 5 1 /4 inch hard disk systems are 40 times faster than single-density floppy mini-disks, 20 times faster than double- density units. Systems include a smart, four-drive controller featuring state-of-the-art data encoding and separation, adaptable industry-standard disk interfacing. Versions for the Apple II, Atari, : '5kj,„ fcr..- .' B H/Z-89, IBM PC and TRS-80* Model III. Prices start at under $3000. Options: 5- or 14- Mbyte drives, floppy disk controller. FLOPPY MINI-DISK STORAGE SYSTEMS 40 or 80-track drives, single or dual-head, flippy or non- flippy — all double-density rated. Available in 1, 2 and 3- drive add-on units, 1 and 2-drive internal units, with full docu- mentation and software support. Add-on drives from $399, complete systems from $459.95. To learn more about quality Percom disk storage systems, mail the coupon today. Or, call toll-free 1-800-527-1222. PERCOM YES... I'd like to know more about Percom disk systems. Please rush me information. Send to. PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. Dept BD1 11220 Pagemill Road, Dallas TX 75243 street city state zip THE DRIVE PEOPLE 11220 Pagemill Road • Dallas TX • 75243 • (214) 340-7081 phone number I'm interested in floppy disk storage for my... TRS-80 □ Mdl I □ Mdl II □ CC □ IBM PC □ H/Z-89 LIH-8 riAIM/KIM/SYM USystem-50 I'm interested in hard disk storage for my... □ IBM PC nTRS-80 Mdl III HApple II QAtari □H/Z-89 Other computer? (□floppy disk or □hard disk?) PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. •TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Radio Shack Corooration which has no relationship'^ Percom Data Company, Inc. 3 1981 Percom Data Company, Inc JOHN STARKWEATHER'S $149.95 For all CP/M systems. Works with Apple (SoftCard™ sys- tem needed), TRS-80, North DISKETTE AND MANUAL Star, Superbrain, Micropolis, Vector and many other microcomputers. Needs 32K RAM, one disk drive and CRT or video display and keyboard. i PILOT for Programmed, Inquiry, Learning Or Teaching. • An excellent interactive language for education and office automation. • Perfect companion for BASIC, COBOL and PASCAL to solve training and documentation problems. • John Starkweather, Ph.D., creator of PILOT, wrote this version to meet all PILOT-73 standards and added many new features. • New features include full screen text editor, commands to drive optional equipment such as VTR's & voice response units. • Currently used in many college and progressive high schools. • Use for interactive applications — data entry, programmed instruction and testing. *& MimLM EDIT $119.95 DISKETTE AND MANUAL For all CP/M-based systems. Re- quires 32K RAM, one disk drive and CRT or video display and keyboard. • A character oriented full screen video display text editor designed specifically for program preparation. • Write program in COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC or similar languages. • Features include single key commands for cursor control, scrol- ling, block moves, search and replace, tab setting and multiple file insertions. c MimiM • Ht m $199.95 DISKETTE AND MANUAL For all CP/M or MP/M operat- ing systems. Requires 32K RAM and one disk drive. • Edition II of Nevada COBOL is based on ANSI-74 Standards. • With 48K RAM, you can compile and execute up to 4000 state- ments. • COPY statement for library handling. • CALL. .USING. ..CANCEL • PERFORM. ..THRU.. .TIMES.. .UNTIL. .paragraph or section names. • IF.. .NEXT SENTENCE.. .ELSE. ..NEXT SENTENCE AND/OR <=> NOT. • GO TO. ..DEPENDING ON... • Interactive ACCEPT/DISPLAY... • RELATIVE (random) access files • Sequential files both fixed and variable length. • INSPECT. .TALLYING. ..REPLACING. o COD'S WELCOME :-.■.• : " ' 9S> ELLIS COMPUTING SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 600 41st Avenue, Dept. B San Francisco, CA 94121 U.S.A. CP/M, MP/M, TRS-80 and SoftCard system are registered TM's of Digital Research, Tandy Corporation and Microsoft respectively. (415) 751-1522 Editorial (560 by 720 pixels, versus 808 by 1024 for the Xerox Star — you can get the equivalent of eight Apple II images on the Corvus screen, albeit without color); mixed text and graphics on the same page; on-screen window management; ISO Pascal as the main language; Selectric- style keyboard with 10 programmable-function keys (key labels appear along the bottom of the display, a la Hewlett-Packard); built-in Omninet local network hard- ware; and various software packages, including a CP/M emulator in software that runs regular CP/M programs (although somewhat more slowly than most standard CP/M machines); Logicalc (a Visicalc look-alike spread- sheet program), and Edword, a sophisticated word pro- cessor. The Concept's operating system (designed by Cor- vus) is menu-based, which makes the machine a natural for Unix. In fact, it would be an excellent candidate for a Smalltalk system. Its designers say they are working on an experimental "mouse" (a small, mechanical interface that lets the user position the cursor on the screen by roll- ing the interface box on a flat surface and select screen menu options by pressing buttons). Such a unit is cur- rently available on the Xerox Star system. Good Design The Concept is one of the best-designed computers I've seen in the microcomputer field, and it will set the price/performance standard in its price class for some time to come. The only machine that may give it real competition is the still-under-wraps Apple Lisa machine. Details about Lisa and its date of introduction are still sketchy. It's rumored to have graphics comparable to the Concept, but it may end up costing more. The Concept resembles the Xerox Star in many ways. The user-definable screen windows bear an uncanny, though perhaps not entirely accidental, resemblance to those on the Star. And while it lacks some of the flexibili- ty and sophistication of the Star's estimable software package, it comes surprisingly close in its hardware fea- tures—screen resolution, for instance. It's a pleasure finally to be able to see an %Vi by 11 page of text dis- played on a personal computer screen as it will appear on paper when printed. And all this for about one-third the price of the Star! Flipping Your Display Another novel feature of the Concept is the switchable display screen (made by Ball Brothers). It's but the work of a few seconds to remove the screen from its quick- release flange mount (the screen can be tilted and swiv- eled by the operator for optimum viewing angle) and flipped 90 degrees to get a horizontal aspect ratio. A quick press of a key converts the characters on the video screen to either horizontal or vertical display. Having the two options is a real convenience: the horizontal mode is perfect for spread-sheet programs and the vertical mode lends itself well to word processing. 8 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 181 on inquiry card. Circle 243 on Inquiry card. Ithaca S25/3DD " A curuputQt 1 system so advanced, the technuluijy yuull need later [5 already here. And waiting. S^tJuca 525 The Ithaca 525/800 gives you the ability to address an almost unlimited number of applications in business, scientific, and educational environments. Its state-of-the-art hardware gives you a single or multi-user 8-bit system in one machine that handles 5 V or 8" floppy and hard disks. It has a processor that's 50% faster than conven- tional systems. A unique Cache CP/M' - MP/M' system that's typically 500% faster. That's right, 500%. And up to 1 Mbyte of memory. It has add-on capacity built-in now, ready to expand when you're ready. There are no hidden costs to pay for later. Everything you need comes with the Ithaca 525/800. In fact, it could be the only system you'll ever need. It's simply the finest price/performance Z-80' based system available. And it's here _ _ now, waiting for your call. It ll*ll^*l 800-847-2088 n a at3 In New York State UDOl (607)257-0190 ... ... . . *T . We think as fast as you do. 1650 Hanshaw Road, P.O. Box 91 Ithaca, NY 14850 TWX: 510-255-4346 CP/M and MP/M Digil i. Inc. " Z-80 Zilog. Inc '" Ith; See us at Comdex Booth #2019 thaca 525/800 Ithaca InterSystems. Inc. The AI13 Interface puts your Apple* Computer to work in the Laboratory For Only $550 You can plug this powerful interface easily into your Apple Computer and create a fast, flexible analog data acquisition system with all these features: • 16 independent input channels • Ranges from lOOmVto ± 5V, selectable by software • 12-bit precision, 0.024% accuracy • Fast 20 -microsecond conversion time • Sample-and-hold circuitry captures changing signals • External trigger mode responds to commands from remote equipment • Software diskette included, to get you started right away A I 1 3 comes with a 1 -year warranty and is backed by full technical support. It is part of a full line of IS analog and digital systems, all inexpensive and modularly designed so that you can select and pay for only the interfaces and functions you need. Interactive Structures has been designing and producing interfaces for Apple Computers since 1 977. Thousands of IS units are in use internationally. One is being used in the instrumentation for making analog readings aboard the NASA Space Shuttle. Write or call now for more information on the A 1 13 — the best investment you'll make in a research assistant. * Recommended CJ S list price each Apple is a registered trade name ot Apple" 1 Computer Inc Circle 233 on inquiry card. Interactive Structures, Inc. 112 Bala Avenue P.O. Box 404 Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 (215)667-1713 Editorial The Edword word processor (designed by Corvus) has one feature that's worth the price of admission: an Undo key that lets you "undo" what you've done to your text file all the way back to the beginning of the editing session. Some other word processors have limited "undo" capability, but this is the first I've seen in which the pro- gram gives you so much power. An optional Corvus hard disk attached to the Concept contains the Mirror backup system that works in conjunction with any standard VHS video-tape recorder with remote control. The system can be programmed to come on at any time (nighttime is probably most convenient) and back up and verify the contents of the hard disk. The procedure takes about 15 minutes. And you can program the computer to auto- matically save the contents of your current working file to disk as often as every 10 seconds. A drawer in the back of the Concept opens to reveal a motherboard that, the company says, will accept some (not all) of the available Apple peripheral boards on the market. That's another unexpected feature that makes this computer so intriguing. The Corvus designers have paid a lot of attention to minor and major details that other companies have passed over. The result is a major advance in the current state of the art in personal computer design. In today's age of giant computer makers, it's ironic — and reassuring — that some of the best designs can still come from the most unexpected sources. New Products at the Faire I saw several plug-in boards designed to let you run software written for one computer on another computer. One such board is the Baby Blue from Xedex Corporation (645 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10022). This $600 board lets IBM Personal Computer users run standard CP/M programs. With the board in place, a program with a Baby Blue header loads under PC DOS into native memory and is executed. The header instructs the IBM's ™ > "R APPLE J[ cp/h-86 version 1.1 coprocessors 8888 8pplec8rd secheht b00ress = 8848 j Cast offset = 2b?f^ , MUM* MB ft'. fi> it ' m ;.« ." ■ .-. ■ ■ Photo 2: Coprocessors' 8088 conversion card for the Apple II. Circle 421 on inquiry card. > ■ - ll ^V._ -^^^"-*- — ■ V V "■•»• Every Apple Is Created Equal. But It Doesn't Have To Stay That Way. An Apple™ is really something. Mut from now on, it's going to be something much more. How come? Simple. We're introducing three revolutionary new data communica- tion packages, called 'IYansend' M , designed especially to make your Apple II™ rise above all others. Our Transend data communica- tions software provides access to in- formation utilities; complete file transmission of charts, VisiOalc™ reports, and entire programs; as well Transend comes in three different versions. You can begin economically with the simplest form, 'IVansend 1, an intelligent terminal/file transfer system. As your needs increase, you can move up to two other Transend packages, without worrying about retraining or repurchasing. Transend '2 gives any Apple 1 1 intelligent ter- minal capabilities, plus file transfer automatic retransmission lor de- manding business applications. Transend ;l incorporates electronic mail with password security, text editing, mailbox with mailstop, una) tended scheduling and receiving. automatic redialing, and much more. ilete error SS/77 The Transformation People Transend s support of most popu- lar Apple II "add-in" cards and modems lets you upgrade your Apple without hassle or unnecessary expense. Anil you'll immediately cut Operating costs by as much as ;i()''i with simple, easy louse menus, data compression and 1200-baud modem support. Nobody on the personal computer scene today is offering the speed, flex ibilily, and reliability of Transend in a single upgradable software system, Don't miss this chance to uplift your Apple II. Contact us or your dealer for all the delicious details. SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc. 2190 Paragon Drive. San .lose. CA 95131, (408) 946-7400, Telex: 171 IV TUX: 910-338-2077. Apple and Apple 1 1 nrr Iriuli'tni Computer, Inf. VisiC;ilc is ,i li:t spnnl Soli Willi', I in-. And Tr.insi murk of SSM Microcomputer l" SOFTWARE CP/AT SOFTWARE SOFTWARE CP/M 9 APPLE® HARDWARE PRINTERS VIS1CORP SUPERCALC 209.00 List: 295.00 dBASE II VERSION 2. 3 A DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AVAILABLE IN MANY FORMATS. List: 700.00 529.00 VISICALC® APPLE DOS3.3 190.00 List: 250.00 THEMICROHOUSE "ddQ" PACKAGE: 699.00 ASHTONTATE'S dBASE II FOX S SELLER'S dUTIL and QUICKSCREEN List: 924.00 : OX&GEL QUICKSCREEN 129.00 List 149.00 dUTIL 75.00 List: 99.00 VISICALC® List: 200.00 VISICALC'' List: 250.00 IBM64K 158.00 IBM256K.. . 190.00 VISIDEX 190.00 List: 250.00 VISIPLOT 158.00 List: 200.00 VISITERM 79.00 BASIC 80 285.00 List: wo.oo BASIC COMPILER 3J5.00 VISITREND 249.00 COBOL80 568.00 fj.t^f FORTRAN80 345.00 *J» 190.00 muSIMP/muMATH 2t5.00 D ESKTOP PLAN II 190.00 MACRO 80 140.00 List: 300.00 DESKTOP PLAN III 149.00 List: 250.00 VISIPACK: 599.00 INCLUDES VISICALC. LEXISOF1 SPELLBINDER 299.00 List: 495.00 SPELLCHECK 225.00 List. 295.00 VISIFILE. 8, VISITREND VISIPLOT. List: 700.00 MX-100 729.00 List: 995.00 MX-80FTwith GRAFTRAX 679.00 List: 795.00 MX-80FT 549.00 List: 745.00 MX-80 with GRAFTRAX . . 4 79.00 List 645.00 8141 SERIAL INTERFACE. 64.00 8 150 SERIAL INTERFACE 140.00 WITH 2K. BUFFER 8151 SERIAL INTERFACE 755.00 WITH 2K BUFFER AND Xon/Xofl PROTOCOL 8230 APPLE 1 ' CABLE. . . . 24.00 PARALLEL 8131 APPLE® INTERFACE 63.00 PARALLEL GRAPPLER INTERFACE ANDCABLE: 725.00 FOR APPLE' . MX-80 (MUST have Graftrax), MX-80 FT. MX- 100. IDS PAPER TIGERS AND C. ITOH PROWRITER Microhouse continues to feature the best savings on the best software. ■ fvrsjCty WORDSTAR 293.00 List: 495.00 WORDSTAR FOR IBM . . . 289.00 List: 495.00 SUPERSORT 768.00 MAILMERGE 7 03.00 DATASTAR 235.00 SPELLSTAR 755.00 CALCSTAR 199.00 PIE Writer 7 24.00 APPLE- WORD PROCESSOR List: 149.95 APPLESOFT COMPILER 145.00 idFT PRISM PRINTER 132... 1699.00 List: 1995.00 PRISM PRINTER 80 799.00 List: 895.00 PAPER TIGER 560G ... 1149.00 TIME MANAGER 7 25.00 List: 150.00 OKIDATA ACCESSORIES APPLE® VfDEX VIDEOTERM 290.00 KEYBOARD ENHANCER . 105.00 TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER. 7 50.00 FORTRAN 80 765.00 COBOL 80 550.00 A.L.D.S 705.00 MICROP- WORDSTAR 234.00 List: 375.00 CALCSTAR 749.00 MICROLINE84 1199.00 MICROLINE 83A 749.00 MICROLINE82A 499.00 MICROLINE 80 365.00 C. ITOH 499.00 MODEMS Si'-: ■ ■ V : MULTII/O 178.00 APPLE? J -CAT 325.00 List: 389.00 AUTO-CAT 273.00 D-CAT 756.00 PREMIUM SYSTEM: 679.00 INCLUDES: Z-80 SOFTCARD. 16KRAMCARD. VIDEX VIDEOTERM, and CP/M USER GUIDE. List: 775.00 Z-80 SOFTCARD 299. 00 16KRAMCARD 7 50.00 HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 7 99.00 List: 249.00 SMARTMODEM 227.00 MICROMODEM II 299.00 APPLE- PROWRITER PARALLEL Ust: 845.00 PROWRITER SERIAL .... 650.00 List: 885.00 F-10 PARALLEL 1560.00 F-10 SERIAL CALL COMET 1 295.00 List: 495.00 STARWRITERI PARALLEL 1450.00 List: 1895.00 STARWRITERI SERIAL. 7 500.00 List 1960.00 STARWRITERII PARALLEL 1700.00 List: 2325.00 STARWRITERII SERIAL 1800.00 List: 2025.00 Circle 311 on Inquiry card. THE MICROHOUSE ORDER CENTER IS OPEN 9:00 AM - 8:00 PM EASTERN TIME MONDA Y THROUGH FRIDA Y. CALL TOLL-FREE FOR ORDERS, PRICE QUOTES, AND AVAILABILITY: 1800-5239511 # Microhouse I " ^*0 if • fflfvf Ui f U <2^ IN PENNSYLVANIA. AND FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT: 1-215-868 8219 MICROHOUSE OFFERS 24 HOUR COMPUTER SHOPPING WITH MICROUNE. MICROLINE IS A COMPUTERIZED ORDER-ENTRY SYSTEM. SIMILAR TO ACCESSING TIME-SHARING SYSTEMS. MICROLINE ENABLES YOU TO ACCESS SPECIFIC INFORMATION ON OVER WOO MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PRODUCTS, IN ADDITION TO NUMEROUS SUPPUES AND ACCESSORIES. WordStar for IBM: $289 MICROLINE GIVES YOU THE OPTION OF ORDERING AS MUCH AS YOU WANT. AS OFTEN AS YOU WANT. MICROHOUSE WILL PROCESS YOUR ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS. 12158681230 MICROUNE OPERATES AT 300 BAUD, B BITS, NO PARITY, 1 STOP BIT. ADD 2% WALL ORDERS. DIFFERENCE WILL Microhouse BE CREDITED. OUTSIDE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES ADD AN ADDITIONAL $5.00. ALL ITEMS SHIPPED UPS GROUND. OTHER SHIPPING METHODS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST. ACCEPTED PAYMENT BY PERSONAL CHECK. MONEY ORDER. C.O.D., MASTERCARD, OR VISA. PURCHASE ORDERS NEED PRIOR APPROVAL. MICROUNE PAYMENTS BY PERSONAL CHECK. MONEY ORDER, C.O.D.. MASTERCARD, OR VISA ONLY. NEWFORAPPLE HAYDEN PIE WRITER Yes, that's right. Another word processing system for the Apple II. So, what makes the Hayden PIEWriter so different? Well, for one - the price. Secondly ■ you need not purchase any additional hardware for your computer to make it operational. PENNSYLVANIA RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX. MICROHOUSE 1444 LINDEN STREET P.O. BOX 498 BETHLEHEM, PA 18016 PRICES AND SPECIFICATION SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL ITEMS SUBJECT TO A VAILABILITY. PIEWriter has the ability to do incremental spacing so that fractions of a space can be added between words when justifying text. This makes the distribution of the space required to fill out a justified line more uniform and less noticeable. In addition, with its optional proportional spacing formatter program. PIEWriter becomes the ONL Y word processor that can print true proportionally spaced documents. Versatility and compatibility are two important features of PIEWriter. While some word processors for the Apple II computer will only work with specific accessories, such as 80-cotumn display boards, lowercase adaptors and printers, PIEWriter is versatile enough to work with almost any combination of these. If you have any one of these hardware accessories in your system. Hayden has a PIEWriter for your particular configuration. NEWFROMIDS PRISMPRINTER SUPERCALC is a trademark of SORCIM. VISICALC. VISIDEX. VISIPLOT. VISITERM. VISITREND. DESKTOP PLAN, and VISIFILE are trademarks of VISICORP. QUICKSCREEN and dUTIL are trademarks ol FOX S.GELLER ASSOC. SOFTCARD. RAMCARD, TIME MANAGER, and PREMIUM SYSTEM are trademarks of The Prism Printer is the first truly modular, field-upgradable dot matrix printer. Now your printer can MICROSOFT. WORDSTAR, SUPERSORT. MAILMERGE. DATASTAR, SPELLSTAR, and CALCSTAR are trademarks ol MICROPRO INTERNATIONAL. be as flexible as the rest of your system. dBASE II is a trademark ol ASHTON-TATE. SPELLBINDER and SPELLCHECK are trademarks ofLEXISOFT. MICROMODEM II is a trademark of HAYES MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS. INC. PRISM is a trademark of INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS. INC. APPLE is a registered trademark of APPLE COMPUTERS. CP/M is a registered trademark of DIGITAL RESEARCH. No other printer offers you as much - or as little • as you need. Start with the basic printer which features text quality printing: then add the performance modules you need-when you need them. Getting into word processing? Add the automatic cut sheet feeder. Handling lots of data? Install the high speed Sprint Mode. Want to get the big picture? Add the Dot Plot graphic option. And for communicating information and ideas faster, nothing is more effective than Prism Color for high quality, multi-color output. And that's just the beginning. Additional Prism option modules will soon be available to help your evolving system meet its true potential. If you are an Apple. IBM. or other prolessional microcomputer user. Prism Printer is the key to your total system solution. At last, the chemistry is right between you and your printer. Microhouse offers both the Prism 80 and Prism 132 Printers at great savings. Please call for availability. Circle 311 on Inquiry card. Editorial- Photo 3: Full-View 80, an 80-column conversion board for the Atari 800, from Bit 3 Computer Corporation. Photo 4: The Xebec 5-megabyte hard disk and controller kit for $1295. 8088 processor to run the program on the Baby Blue's built-in Z80B processor. From Coprocessors Inc. (50 West Brokaw Rd., Suite 64, San Jose, CA 95110) comes the 88-Card, a plug-in card that effectively converts the Apple II to 16-bit opera- tion, complete with PC DOS (see photo 2). The board also adds 64K bytes of memory to the Apple, all for $899. Another such board is the Apple '88 Up-Grade Board from Systems Research (4355 West Tropicana, Las Vegas, NV 89103). It has CP/M-86 and an 8088 processor but no memory; it retails for $550. The Apple probably now holds the all-time championship for being able to emulate the highest number of different computer sys- tems via plug-in boards. At last someone has come up with a badly needed board: a plug-in card that converts the Atari 800 to 80-column operation (see photo 3). It's called Full-View 80, and it's available for $379 from Bit 3 Computer Cor- poration (8120 Penn Ave. S, Suite 548, Minneapolis, MN 55431). it ME BETTER BOARD SB-80 Single Board Computer M , Z-80-A 54K RAM I : ully Assembled and les led Sue 16' x 13' Same as 2 8" floppy drives. Requites • 5V 15 Amp -5V 10 Amp *12V 15 Amp $695 OCT CONSTRUCTION • Sockets lor all integrated circuits. • 50 pin connector allows access to system tor future expansion. PROCESSOR • Z80A with 4 MHZ system clock with no wait states. MEMORY • 64K of 200ns dynamic RAM is standard. 4116 IC's • Parity protection is standard. ROM • 256 bytes bootstrap ROM 2 PARALLEL l/0's 2 SERIAL I/O s COUNTER TIMERS ELOPPY DISK CONTROLLER OPTIONS: • Character video board 80 x 24 for use with black and white monitor using a stand alone keyboard $215.00 • Winchester Host Adapter board for Shugart SA-1000 or Corvus Hard Disk. Includes cables . ...S315 00 • Stand alone keyboard and cable plugs intocomputer board f or 80x 24 video option $190.00 18"Wx19"Lx8"H ^MlP CPU -OISK DRIVE CABINET ACCOMMODATES: • SB-80 • BRI 2000 • DIGITAL RESEARCH "The Big Board" • OTHER SINGLE BOARDS Metal cabinet with proportionately balanced air flow- convection cooling. AC power cord connector: lighted power switch; Fuse assembly; 0L65 Dual drive power supply (Will also power single board CPU). All hardware included to mount 2. 8" disk drives. Includes space area to mount any single board computer Fully assembled and tested SB — . . . Cabinet Kit $645.00 SB— . Bare Cabinet $145.00 SS/00 OISK DRIVE SYSTEM SB Assembled tested with 2. 8" $1425.00 DD/D0 DISK DRIVE SYSTEM SB Assembled tested with 2. 8" $1850.00 8" FLOPPY OISK DRIVES Single Sided/ Double Density Double Sided/ Double Density Shugart 800/801R S395.00. 2/S780.00 Shugart 850/851R S590 .00.2/51170.00 CP/M-2.2&BI0S CP/M' 2.2 & BIOS modified by S 8. M systems to run on single board is available for $200.00 HOW TO ORDER Phone orders using American Express, Visa. MasterCharge. Bank wire transfer. Cashier's or Certified check. Money Order, or Personal check (allow 10 days to clear) Please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance minimum $500.00. Conn residents add 7.5% sales tax All equipment is subject to price changes and availability without notice. All equipment is new and comes complete with manufacturers warranty. Showroom prices may differ from mail-order advertisement CP/M is a tiadcmark ol Digital Research Coip ' 1 to 4 piece domestic U S puce (203) 288-2524 • Telex: 956014 Colonial Data Services Corp. 105 Sanford Street Hamden, Conn. 06514 14 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 95 on inquiry card. Circle 284 on inquiry card. M . M^ In an age when new standards are constantly emerging, one disk consistently meets or exceeds them all. Maxell. The Gold Standard. Not all disks are created equal. Some are better than others. To tind out what's best for you, look for Maxell disks. They now carry the Gold Standard symbol of quality. It's your assurance Maxell disks meet or exceed every definition of quality. No matter who establishes it. We've earned this universal supe- riority by never relaxing our uniquely demanding quality control. Every aspect of manu- facturing is checked, then checked again. Your benefits are many. Take the perpetual problem of drop-outs. A drop-out is a tiny defect that wastes time and degrades computer accur- acy and performance. Now that you understand what a drop-out is, forget it. Maxell disks don't have any. Each disk comes to you certified drop-out free at the time of manufacture. You can depend on this quality protecting your valuable programs and programming time, indefinitely. We've run disks over ten million passes under conditions designed to find weak points and wear. We couldn't. And you won't. There is a Maxell disk for the floppy system you use, or plan to use. Check your computer's instructions. Or write for our complete, highly informative brochure. When you set the Gold Standard as your level of quality, you'll benefit from improved disk performance, immediately. Bank on it. maxeii maxell Maxell Computer Products Division, 60 Oxford Drive, Moonachie, N.J. 07074, 201-440-8020 Circle 225 on Inquiry card. S-100 MEMORIES 64K STATIC RAM 150 ns 2Kx8 Rams Extended Addressing Bank Select Low Power Consumption Cromix, MPM Compatible 256 DYNAMIC RAM 150 ns Access— 270 ns Cycle 8-or 16- Bit Data Parity Error Detection Extended Addressing ROM Driven Bank Select M12 $625.00 M23 $945.00 Industrial Quality FULL 12 Month Warranty indigo tech (408) 727-4710 Master Charge and Visa 670 Nuttman Ave. No. 110 Santa Clara, CA 95050 1982 VERSION IFR SIMULATOR Apple II Plus DOS 3.3 Features a lifelike panel that simulates the airplane instruments that are used 'for flying and navigating in clouds. FLY IFR LANDINGS, PATTERNS, and CROSS COUNTRY in several areas of The United States. $50.00 at your computer store or direct from: PROGRAMMERS SOFTWARE 2110 N.2nd St. Cabot Arkansas 72023 (501) 843-2988 Editorial Photo 5: Non-Linear Systems' Kaycomp II computer. A Best Buy Looking for a great buy? The Xebec 5-megabyte hard disk and controller is hard to beat at $1295 (see photo 4). But there's a catch: it's a kit. The manufacturer (Xebec, 432 Lakeside Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086) claims that assem- bly takes only 10 minutes or so because the various sub- assemblies, including the controller board, come pre- assembled. If the kit, which comes with either Apple DOS or CP/M software, is as easy to assemble as Xebec says (we haven't had time to evaluate it yet), it could be the bargain of the year. Osborne Look-Alike Non-Linear Systems Inc. (533 Steven Ave., Solana Beach, CA 92075) introduced the Kaycomp II (see photo 5), a portable Osborne 1 look-alike that sells for the same price as the Osborne ($1795) and sports features such as a Z80 processor, two built-in 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives, CP/M, MBASIC, Multiplan (similar to Visicalc), and a word processor (the negotiations for which were still underway at the time of this writing). The Kaycomp II's screen is bigger than the Osborne's, measuring 9 inches diagonally, and it displays a full 80 columns per line. In addition, some people feel the Kaycomp II's keyboard has a better layout and key response. It's an interesting entry from a company that has been in the electronics field since the early fifties. NLS was the originator of the digital voltmeter back in the days of Nixie tubes. Whether NLS can beat Osborne's significant headstart in marketing remains to be seen. The 68000 Pulls Ahead The 68000 seems to be the leading 16-bit processor at the moment in terms of the number of new computers that use it. New 68000-based machines were on display from Sage and Fortune, as well as the previously men- tioned Corvus Concept Computer. Add the TRS-80 Model 16 to that list and you can see that the 68000 has made fast inroads into the market. Look for more 68000-based machines in the near future, including en- 16 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 376 on inquiry card. CompuStat TM 1 Maim ■ 'iiiiiuiintiimmiimiiil CompuStar'tt 255-llser Controller •town tnth a !»MU Disk Swage SyMem. The Best Made Better When we unveiled our CompuStar™ multi-user terminal system just over a year ago, we thought we had created the most powerful, lowest-priced multi-user computer we would ever manufacture. We were wrong. Today, we've made our best even better! Our newly redesigned CompuStar™ boasts the same performance statistics that made its predecessor such an over- night success, plus a host of exciting new features. CompuStar users now get the added benefits of dual character set ca- pability, an expanded library of visual attributes including reverse video, un- derlining and below-the-line descenders, an enhanced disk operating system and Microsoft' BASIC — all at no extra cost! And single-user systems now start at as little as $2995. There are four types of CompuStar"' workstations (called Video Processing Units or VPU's) that can be connected into a variety of central disk systems with 10 to 96 megabytes of multi-user storage. Up to 255 VPU's can be tied together to form a massive multi-user network. Or, you can start with only a single VPU and easily expand your system as your processing needs become more sophis- ticated. But whether you start with one or one-hundred VPU's, you'll probably never outgrow your CompuStar. Un- like other systems, you configure the CompuStar the way you want it . . . connecting any combination of VPU's in a "daisy chain" fashion into the central disk system. And since each VPU has its own twin Z80 processors, its own CP/M* operating system and a full 64K of internal memory, (not to mention disk capacities of up to 1V2 million bytes), overall system response time remains unbelievably fast! And that's a claim most of the other multi-user vendors just can't make. Inside our new CompuStar you'll find a level of design sophistication that's destined to establish a new standard for the industry. A series of easy-to- service modular components has been engineered to yield the most impressive reliability figures we've ever seen. But CompuStar users are not only thrilled with our system's performance (and the miserly few dollars they spent to get it), they also have the peace of mind of knowing that Intertec's comprehensive customer protection and field service programs will insure their total after-the- sale satisfaction. For more information on what just may be the last multi-user microcompu- ter you'll ever ( have to ) buy, ask your dealer today about our all new CompuStar™ system. Or, contact us at the number and address below. We'll gladly explain how we've made our best . . . even better! H =INTE3TEC Cdata ■esystems* 'Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. 'Registered trademark of Digital Research. 2300 Broad River Rd. Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-21 15 Circle S&^frW'Mljy oard - Circle 307 on inquiry card. WE HAVE THE UNBELIEVABLE!! "This board is all it takes to build an S-1 00 Computer" for only $875.00. It's called Super Quad™ It contains 64K of memory, Z-80A-CPU, Floppy Disk Controller, 2 Serial and Parallel I/O Ports. UNBELIEVABLE AS IT MA YSEEM, IT'S ALL ON A 5"x 10"S-100BOARDANDMEETSIEEE696. Super Quad'" for 5W Disk $875.00 Super Quad'" for 8" Disk 875.00 Shugart Floppy Disk SA801 R 450.00 Qume DataTrack-8 550.00 10 Slot Enclosure with Power Supply 700.00 TV 91 2C Terminal 750.00 CPM 2.2 150.00 " • Trademark of Advanced Micro Digital Corporation For more information contact: • MICRO SPOT ELECTRONICS P.O. Box 772 Westminster, CA 92683 (714)891-0382 * ALL ORDERS ARE PRE-PAID. ADD $5.00 FOR SHIPPING Editorial tries from Epson and Apple (in the case of the latter, probably later this year). More Developments The FORTH Interest Group and the Japan Microcom- puter Club were two of the more interesting nonprofit groups displaying wares at the show. FORTH in par- ticular seems to be thriving among computer devotees looking for an original (to say the least!) approach to lan- guage design. Scott Kim entranced visitors at his booth by creating "inversions" of their names. Inversions are words that read the same right-side-up and upside-down or that ex- hibit other interesting symmetry features. (I highly recommend Scott's book, Inversions, published by BYTE Books. It is an example of brilliant visual pyrotechnics.) Volkswriter promises to be one of the best IBM-based word processors yet, and the $195 price is right too (see photo 6). It is a stand-alone program written in Microsoft Pascal (which compiles to 8088 machine language), so it is fast. Volkswriter is also highly integrated into the IBM Personal Computer; for example, it makes use of more than 64K bytes of memory and uses the IBM function keys. Volkswriter is available from Lifetree Software Inc. (177 Webster St., Suite 342, Monterey, CA 93940). Seven West Coast Faires Already? It's hard to believe this was the seventh WCCF. It seems like only yesterday I attended the first one. Over the years the show has gone from a gathering of aficionados and slightly eccentric computer hackers to a major show attracting a wide range of people. I saw a lot more three-piece suits this year than in years past, but I still saw a comforting number of (now slightly aging) left- wing computer activists haunting the show. The micro- computer field manages to remain both egalitarian and vital at the same time. Quite a trick. Photo 6: Volkswriter, an inexpensive word processor for the IBM Personal Computer. 18 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc ENHANCE YOUR APPLE II WITH ® o ]C\TMn 9MPK PERIPHERALS ~ir D I VJ- '' ,„»-«~ ■- ■ Clock/Calendar • Parallel Intertac - Serial Interface V ■ Mountain Computer ,>» ut $199 . includes Card M>c«v •Expands Apple II to 80K. ' • Memory Expansion | Software Included. -•rate "'ii '±.001% Accuracy. * 1 Millisecond Resolution- $280^ Synthesizer. •32Krte Sample Rata • 6 Sockets for 2K ROMsorEPBOMs.' • Scratch Pad RAM. •16 Channel A/DS DA. e __ n •8 Bit Resolution • 9 Microsecond ■ Programs 2716 EPROMS. ■ Frees RAM Memory Space. Expansion Chassis $750 • Adds eight peripheral I/O slots. • Independent power supply. • Bank selectable. Model 1100A Intelligent Card Reader $1,495 • Automatic feeding, optical card reader. • Reads pencil marked or punched cards. • Compatible with any RS232C computer. the Leader in Quality Apple Peripherals. Available at your local computer store. All prices are suggested retail prices. Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computer. Inc Model 1I00A, Expansion Chassis. CPS MultlFunction. Ramplus + , The Clock. MusicSystem. A/D + D/A, Romplus + , RomWrlter. and Superlalker SD200 are trademarks of Mountain Compuler. Inc Is Mountain ,_-,— . INCORPORATE D 300 El Pueblo, Scotts Valley, CA 96066 TWX: 910 598-4504 I40BI438-6650 Circle 326 on Inquiry card. Editorial Photo 7: DEC's new Professional 350 personal computer. New Computers from DEC Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) has introduced three new personal computers. They are being displayed at this month's National Computer Conference. The low- end model, called the Rainbow 100, is designed to com- pete with the IBM Personal Computer. Similar to the IBM in many ways, it features a dual processor board with Z80 and 8088 processors; CP/M8086 (part of the new Softsense package that automatically picks the right processor to run either CP/M or CP/M-86 programs); MS-DOS operating system compatibility; two dual 5V4-irtch floppy-disk drives with a total of 1.6 megabytes; a 12-inch display with 80 columns by 24 lines or 132 col- umns by 24 lines of characters; up to 256K bytes of RAM; a graphics/color option; and an optional color monitor. Prices for the Rainbow 100 start at approximately $3000. The second model, the DECmate II, is word-processing and business oriented. It features a 6120 processor (which uses the PDP-8 instruction set). Prices start at $4000. The third model comes in two configurations: the Profes- sional 325 and the Professional 350. Both feature DEC's F-ll processor and VAX-compatible files. The 350 also allows the user to add an optional 5-inch hard-disk drive. The Professional series starts at $5000. A sophisticated combination telephone-management /voice-actuation system will be announced later this year. At a recent pre- view showing, we were impressed by the modular con- struction of the computers (modules snap out for easy replacement by users), the excellent color graphics, and the well-designed keyboards. News from Cromemco Cromemco is introducing a new personal computer at the NCC. We've learned that it is a 64K-byte, Z80-based SystemsECx One Step Above The Competition Software Inc. 2455 S.W. 4th Ave. Ontario, OR 97914 • (503)881-1477 • General Ledger • Accounts Receivable • Payroll • Accounts Payable • Inventory • Data Base The Systems 3E€x helps you gain complete financial con- trol over your business by providing reports such as: • Balance Sheets • Ledger Reports • Aged Receivables • Inventory List • Payroll • Database Reports It makes office operations more efficient by printing: payroll checks, invoices, vendor file and statements. The KSAM card provides fast online sorting capability, making the EX one of the fastest accounting systems available on the APPLE II. available on CORVUS hard disk. Optional Modules - Job Costing - Cycle Billing ake a step above YOUR competition with the Systems H €x iource#TCK757 APPLE II is a trademark of Apple Computer; CORVUS is a trademark of Corvus Systems; SYSTEMS II EX is a trademark ot Westware. Inc. 20 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 469 on inquiry card. Circle 458 on Inquiry card. m 897 N.W. Grant Ave. • Corvallis, Oregon 97330 • 503/758-0521 Introducing the Enhancer ][; a new Standard which is improving the relationship between Humans and Apples. The Enhancer H can help your Apple ]['s keyboard become more sociable by remembering words or phrases which can be entered into the Apple by the mere touch of a key. Life can become even easier because the Enhancer ][ can remember what you typed while your Apple was busy talking to your disc Cor doing other things). Naturally, it knows the difference between upper and lower case letters and what shift keys are supposed to do. It even knows to auto repeat any key held down. The Enhancer ][ replaces the encoder board making installation simple. Suggested retail price: $149.00. THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA FOR APPLE IE .« ENHANCER H I 'Iee- 9 §■* 1 \ r ^m . * .Mb' i VIDEOTERM The time tested Videoterm BO column card: • 80 characters x 24 lines • True decenders • 7x9 character resolution • Low power consumption • Compatible with most word processors • Softcard and CP/M compatible • Modem compatible • Most popular character set of any 80 column card • Alternate character fonts available Suggested retail price $345.00 ■ SOFT VIDEO SWITCH The Soft Video Switch is an auto- matic ver- sion of the popular Switch- plate. It knows whether it should display 40 or 80 columns or Apple graphics. It does the tedious work of switching video- out signals so you don't have to. The Soft Video Switch can be controlled by software. Any Videoterm with Firmware 2.0 or greater may be used with the Soft Video Switch. The single wire shift mod is also sup- ported. Package price is $35.00. ■ KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY ENHANCER The original Keyboard and Display Enhancer is still available for Revi- sion 0-6 Apples ton which the new Enhancer H will not fit). These Apples have memory select sockets at chip locations D1. E1 S.F1. The Keyboard and Display Enhancer allows entry and display of upper & lower case letters with fully func- tional shift keys. It does NDT have user definable keys nor a type ahead buffer. The price is $129.00. ■ ACCESSORIES: Videoterm Utilities Disc $37.00 (includes) • Font Editor • Pascal Mid-Res Graphics • Applesoft Read Screen Utility • Top & Bottom Scrolling • Pascal Vidpatch • Graphics Template Character Set EPROMs $29. 00 ea • Half Intensity • Inverse • German • Katakana (Japanese) • Line Drawing Graphics (Expanded) • Spanish • French • Math S. Greek Symbols • Super & Subscript Dvorak EPROM (Enhancer) $29.00 Lower Case Chip $29.00 Apple and Apple II are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Itn. Circle 6 on inquiry card. Editorial -■ — ^-~ ~* M|M ^ n «... " J: .,-. » » f * ' N in H |i i .; I i i ■- - ! ^Hwl 1 ii LUJJ da llllllliiliinin.M, ...... .:. nnfliH. •■ ijiinnnju jiijijr Photo 8: Cromemco's dual-processor unit combines a 68000 processor with a Z80A for easy expandability of existing microcomputer systems. machine with a number of custom LSI (large-scale inte- gration) chips. The custom circuits implement the built-in network interface and display. The computer has a detachable keyboard (individual keys may be redefin- able) and a 25-line by 80-column green-phosphor display. It's priced under $2000. The network interface allows the computer to be used as a work station on Cromemco's recently announced C-NET, an Ethernet-like system employing an industrial- quality, shielded, twisted wire pair. It is broadband in nature, capable of carrying voice and video too. Cables are driven through isolation transformers by a differen- tial transmitter/receiver, thus providing excellent noise immunity and immunity to single station failures. The C-NET protocol has full collision detection and CRC er- ror detection, and data is transmitted at 880K bits per sec- ond. Stations may be as far apart as 2000 meters. Cromemco is also showing its new 68000/Z80 DPU (dual-processor unit) at the NCC (see photo 8). The 68000 was chosen primarily because of its 32-bit architec- ture and its large (16-megabyte) addressing range. The two processors may be used in tandem, and the Z80 pro- vides compatibility with existing software. "Dum Volvo, Video Disco" Our theme this month is videodiscs. And few words sum up better the benefits of a videodisc coupled with a microcomputer than the Latin phrase dum volvo, video disco. It means "while I turn I see and learn." You'll see what I mean when you read our special theme-oriented articles this month. (I'm indebted to Bernie Greenberg, a polymath friend who lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts, for introducing me to that phrase.) Thanks go to Mark Dahmke, Dick Moberg, and Rod Daynes for their help in preparing this issue. ■ 22 Jme 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc s^*- Personal computers are full of promises. MBA makes them deliver. Bk m\ You've heard how the personal computer is going to revolutionize the way you work. So far, the reality hasn't measured up to the promises. But now there's a remarkable new software package that transforms the IBM Personal Computer into an incredibly powerful management tool (Apple and Xerox owners: read on). The first totally integrated management software. There are a lot of useful programs available for personal computers. Unfortunately, they all seem to use different commands and different ways of storing data. This creates two major problems: 1. Every time you want to add a new function, you have to learn a whole new command language. 2. You may not be able to exchange data between different programs. But now there's a better way. It's called the MBA, and it was created by a blue-chip management consultant, an MIT-trained systems designer, and some of the country's most experienced business programmers. For the first time, MBA combines all the essential management functions in one easy-to-use package: Electronic Spreadsheet. The ultimate financial modeling tool that lets you create a giant spreadsheet of figures and text. Change one number, and every affected item is instantly re-calculated. Word Processing. Compose, edit, and print any kind of document. Make revisions yourself — faster than you can explain them to your secretary. Because MBA is an integrated system, it's easy to incorporate data from its other modules into a report you're writing. Data Management. A sophisticated electronic filing system that lets you store information — ANY information — then retrieve it, analyze it, and generate reports to your specifications. Circle 132 on Graphic Output. For those occasions when a picture tells your story better than words, you can easily generate clear, readable graphs. Communications. Tie into your company data center, a financial information service, or virtually any other computer system. MBA automatically retrieves the information you want, and lets you edit or rearrange it with a few keystrokes. Easy to learn. Easy to use. MBA's designers devoted great care to giving it a simple, consistent set of commands. So when you've learned one module, you'll immediately be comfortable with the others. What, where, and how. MBA is offered through selected computer retailers who have qualified people to demonstrate and answer questions. It runs on the IBM Personal Computer, with Xerox and Apple versions available soon. But whichever machine you use, MBA will make a dramatic improvement in your personal productivity. And that's a promise. Context Management Systems, Inc. Management software for personal computers. 23864 Hawthorne Blvd., Suite 101 Torrance, California 90505 (213)378-8277 c;, Copyright 1982 Context Management Systems, Inc. Inquiry card. MT-N f •/*. •A. v'.'V''.'. INTRODUCING MICROBUFFER. NOW YOU CAN USE YOUR PRINTER WITHOUT WASTING COMPUTER TIME. Your computer is capable of sending data at thousands of characters per second. But the average printer goes no faster than 80 characters per second. This means your computer is forced to wait for the printer to finish one line before it can send the next. A waste of valuable time. THE NEW MICROBUFFER™ INCREASES YOUR EFFICIENCY. Microbuffer allows you to print and process simultaneously. No waiting! MICROBUFFER ACCEPTS PRINTING DATA AS FAST AS YOUR COMPUTER CAN SEND IT. Microbuffer first stores the data in its own memory buffer and then takes control of your printer. This frees the computer for more productive functions. Additional output may be dumped to the buffer at any time and it will be printed in turn. Microbuffer — a must for any program that requires printed output. PARALLEL, SERIAL OR APPLE II. MICROBUFFER MODEL MBP-16K" is a Centronics-compatible parallel interface for your Epson printer with 16,384 bytes of on- board RAM for data buffering. MODEL MBS-8K m is a full-featured RS-232C serial interface for your Epson printer with both hard- ware and software (x-on/x-off) handshaking, baud rates from 300 to 19,200 and a 8,192-byte RAM buffer. MICROBUFFER ir(picturedon the left-hand page) is a Centronics- compatible parallel interface for the Apple II computer with up to 32K of on-board RAM for data buffering as well as on-board firmware for text formatting and advanced graphics dump routines. SIMPLE TO INSTALL. Microbuffer MBP-16K and MBS-8K mount easily in the existing auxiliary slot directly inside the Epson printer. Microbuffer II, being slot- independent, will fit into any slot directly inside the Apple except zero. MICROBUFFER FROM PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS. When you think of how much time Microbuffer will save, can you afford not to have one? PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS, INC. 31245 LA BAYA DRIVE WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362 (213) 991-8200 Circle 368 on inquiry card. Letters Outsailing the Software Pirates In the old days, sailing ships had prob- lems with pirates. Two great nations used opposite solutions to reduce the piracy. Spain increased the cannon and armor on its ships. This increased the cost and the weight of the vessels, which slowed them down and made them less desirable as shipping vehicles. England did the op- posite. It lightly armed its small, inexpen- sive ships, thus making them lighter and faster than the Spanish ships. They were better at their intended purpose — to trade and deliver cargo quickly. History has shown us that England won, not because it avoided pirates better than Spain, but because it did not let pirates get in the way of good business — in this case efficient shipping. This bit of historical fact has great im- port in the software piracy problem of to- day. Many software companies are spend- ing too much time and money trying to defend themselves against pirates. They reduce, if not ruin, the usefulness of their products with locked disks, unlistable programs, secret source code, hidden locks, codes in ROM chips, full-page advertisements devoted to discouraging pirates (e.g., Atari), and so forth. These devices have made many programs ineffi- cient and costly to produce and support. Buyers are greatly taxed because they can- not make modifications or backup copies of the programs they have purchased. Often they are inconvenienced by added expenses for backups or future modifica- tions. This hurts sales and angers good customers. There is a better way, as exemplified by our company, Andent Inc. We produce Apple II software for health professionals (medical and dental systems, appoint- ments, hypnosis, and so on). We have been in business since 1978, which makes us one of the oldest software houses for microcomputers. We are making a profit and always have. We pay our bills and our programmers on time. All our soft- ware is unlocked and can be copied for backup purposes. We support all sales by offering free replacement of damaged disks. All our software is listable and can be modified by the user. We do business in this way because it pays. It pays us, and it pays our customers for buying our software. Because our software is unlocked, customers have little or no trouble with backups (you make your own); updates (we mail out a letter with changes); expen- sive phone calls (documentation and listings tell you how to make program modifications); disk recalls; changes in DOS; printer-slot and special-character problems; or equipment incompatability due to unusual interfaces, old computer models, and so forth. Our customers like this. They are buy- ing a program, not a software lease. They have immediate support because changes and problems can be handled over the phone or by letter. Customers can back up programs immediately and as many times as needed. They like our low prices. Unlocked software is good for business — our business, your business, and the customer's business. But what about pirates? Large-scale pirates, those enterprising souls who copy our programs and sell them worldwide, are discovered and given an option to become our dealers and pay us a royalty on distributed software or meet us in court. As in the old sailing days, reformed pirates (privateers) make the best dealers and we don't mind sharing the wealth. For those who don't want to cooperate, we look to history for the remedy. The English and Spanish both learned that a few executions were good for the morale of the troops. Small-time pirates, the sort who give program copies to their friends, can be controlled by low program cost, registration, and continuing updates and documentation. It just doesn't pay to get our programs secondhand. Andent Inc. believes that a sale of soft- ware is just that — the sale of programs, listings, source code, and backup capabil- ity — a complete sale. Our customers do not buy a disguised lease — they buy and own our products. We do this because locking programs is very expensive and time consuming and hurts sales. It is time for the industry to realize that, as with the sailing ships of old, our prime business is producing and distributing a product, not fighting pirates. E. J. Neiburger, President Andent Inc. 1000 North Ave. Waukegan, IL 60085 In conjunction with the release of The Graphics Magician and the updated Com- plete Graphics System II, Penguin Soft- ware is announcing a new policy with our applications software for the Apple. The Complete Graphics System II, Special Ef- fects, and The Graphics Magician will all be available now on nonprotected disks. We've been torn between two points of view. As computer users, we appreciate the ability to have several working copies of our applications software and the abili- ty to go in and modify the code, if desired. We'd use programs such as Visicalc or DB Master for dozens of other applications if we could have them running off several separate disks and didn't have to guard our master copies with such extreme care. Being programmers also, occasionally we'd like to adapt a program slightly to fit our systems' needs or our personal needs. On locked disks, much of a software pro- duct's potential goes untapped. On the other hand, as publishers we've been drawn into the prevailing point of view that lack of copy protection means greatly decreased sales due to casual piracy. This is not just a crazed overreac- tion; we've all been to user-group meetings, homes of acquaintances, and even some computer stores where we've been aghast at the almost encouraging at- titude toward reproducing copyrighted software, most of which took authors months, maybe years, to perfect. The real scare here is that many of us have decided to take a risk on a very new industry and trust our livelihoods to it. Suddenly, in- dividuals out there become statistics, some of which say that for every non- protected program sold, there are least a dozen pirated copies. Those numbers in- dicate a cut in sales that could really play havoc with the software producer's ability to pay the bills. Scary? Yes. From these conflicting points of view, our desire to make a good product better won (but not by much) over our fear of tampering with something that is already going well. Our policies, from pricing to support, have always been very con- sumer-oriented. Ultimately, it is from that viewpoint that we decided to go ahead with removing the program protection. We feel that you, the consumer, are enti- tled to software as useful as possible for the money you spend. Our hope is that the added convenience will result in more 26 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Ifs the best part of anyApple. Han* Your Apple computer can grow from ordinary to awesome in a matter of minutes. The Elite disk drive Series by Rana Systems gives you that kind of magic. Quickly, easily and cost-effectively. This superb family of sophisticated floppy drives was designed and per- fected by a team of industry-respected engineers expressly for Apple® com- puter owners who have long been de- manding more disk drive for their money. Now they have a drive that makes an Apple perform the way it should. For example; Elite One, the most economical Rana drive, delivers 15% more storage capacity than Apple's drive. The top- of-the-line Elite Three will provide an astonishing four-times more storage, approaching hard disk performance. It's done through exclusive high-density single and double-sided disks and heads. Here's a tantalizing taste of just how formidable your Apple can become. Next to enormously increased disk space, Apple buyers are most excited about Rana's fingertip Write/Protect feature. A pushbutton on the LED-lit panel gives you a new measure of failsafe control. While Elite drives are all plug- compatible with Apple's controller, Rana's vastly superior controller card is a must for those with growing data processing demands. With it, you con- trol up to four floppy drives using only one slot. . . while still utilizing your Apple computer to achieve dramatic new heights of system flexibility and processing power. A specially programmed Rana utility disk assures you of far-reaching compatibility, and extra dimensions of business, leisure and learning applica- tions with your Rana-enhanced Apple computer. There are many, many more operating refinements: Uncanny head- positioning accuracy, 300% faster track- to-track speed, better operating economy, and gentler clamping action through an all-new diskette centering cone, to name just a few. A disk drive package like this doesn't grow on trees, so write or call today for more information about the Elite Series. RanaSystems '■■ 20620 South Leapwood Avenue, Carson, CA 90746 213-538-2353. For dealer information call toll free: 1-800-421-2201 In California only call: 1-800-262-1221. Source N umber TCT-6S4. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. Circle 387 on Inquiry card. The Only Complete Document Proofreading System From Aspen Software For CP/M?TRS-80*and IBM-PC Word Processors Featuring Official Version of Random House Dictionary •Complete Accuracy-looks up every word; does not use less accurate root word analysis T*Full Interactive Correction-standard (optional of TRS-80 Model l/lll) •Instant Access to Dictionary 'Compact-Random House Dictionary supplied in sizes to fit your system (50,000 words standard) QKAMMATlk Beyond Spelling Checking •Detects typos, punctuation and capitalization errors, misused words and phrases •Analyzes Poor Writing Styles •Suggest Alternative Usages = NO ERRORS "The programs together (Proofreader and Grammatik) offer a dynamic tool for comprehensive editing beyond spelling corrections. " --Dona Z. Meilach in Interface Age, 5/82 "Grammatik is the perfect complement to a spelling check program." -Dr. Alan R. Miller in interface Age, 5/82 "If you use a word processor and a spelling checker, then you should investigate the unique capabilities of this program. Grammatik is a surprisingly fast and easy tool for analyzing writing style and punctuation." * ■ -Bob Louden in InforWord, 12/81 "For the user who is as tight with his dollar as I, Proofreader is the program of choice." —Stephen Kimmel in Creative Computing, 3/82 Aspen Software also has its own full featured word processor called Writer's Companion for all these systems. One of the best implementations of Ratfor (Rational Fortran) is available, too, along with an automatic Ratfor pretty printer. Please call or write for more details about these products. Grammatik and Proofreader are compatible with all CP/M, MS-DOS (incl. IBM PC), and TRS-80 word processors. Current CP/M formats: standard 8", Northstar, Omikron, Osborne, Apple, Please call/or write for details of minimum system sizes and availability of additional disk and operating system formats. Shipping costs included. Please specify your system configuration when ordering. Dealer inquiries invited. Proofreader Grammatik CP/M. MS-DOS $129.00 S150.00 TRS-80 Model II $99.00 S99.00 TRS-80 Mod. I/III $59.00 S59.00 Model l/MI interactive correction option - $30.00 Random House is a registered trademark of Random House, Inc. Other registered trademarks: CP/M: Digital Research; TRS-80: Tandy Corp.; MS-DOS: Microsoft; IBM: IBM; Proofreader, Grammatik: Aspen Software Co. Aspen Software Co. P.O. Box 339-B Tijeras, NM 87059 (505) 281-1634 Letters — — ■— — — — sales, not less, and that the software market has matured to the point where people realize that the result of illegal copying is less convenience for everyone. We hope that people will think twice before accepting copies from friends, and we hope to be able to continue this policy and start a new trend toward improved usability of all applications software. Please don't abuse our trust in you. Mark Pelczarski, President Penguin Software 830 4th Ave. Geneva, IL 60134 Someone once made the point that many of the positive connotations of "software piracy" disappear when you call it, simply, "stealing. " Copying soft- ware that you have not paid for is steal- ing, not adventurous pirating (yo-ho-ho), and I think that few of us will actually make that illegal copy if this thought is in our minds. (Please note that I am saying nothing against making backup copies of disks that we have paid for.) The decision made by Mr. Neiburger's and Mr. Pelczarski's companies is indeed a brave one, one that has been called for by no less a person than Mike Markkula, presi- dent of Apple Computer Inc. We at BYTE applaud this decision, encourage more vendors to do the same, and stress the necessity of all consumers to refuse to copy or accept software they have not paid for. . . . G. W. Of Paperbacks and Program Protection I continue to read with interest the con- troversy over program protection. I haven't seen much awareness that this is not a new problem nor a problem unique to the computer industry. Like the similar problems that occurred in the book in- dustry with the advent of the copier and in the record industry with the advent of relatively low-cost, high-quality home music taping, I am sure this one will work its way to resolution. Certainly I believe that the cost of most computer programs is too high for the personal computer user, I am one, and my case is typical: I had my computer for almost a year before I could justify pur- chasing a commercial program. While I'm very pleased with the product, I'm simply not about to pay over $100 apiece for many programs. The problem right now is volume. I can appreciate how much work goes into a really high-quality program, and 1 believe the author should be fairly compensated. But software producers should consider that 10,000 copies sold at $20 per copy will return him almost the same amount as 1000 copies at $200 per copy. A high volume of sales explains why the book in- dustry now loves rather than hates low- cost paperback books. With the growing number of computers out there, the de- mand for programs will grow. The com- petition will also grow as all those com- puter owners take a fling at writing a com- mercial program so they can write off their computers at tax time. With a little patience on the part of soft- ware vendors, the problem will resolve itself. In a few years, programs will be as available as paperback books and priced as reasonably. People will buy them rather than copy them because copying won't be worth the trouble. L. P. Leach 2250 Woodruff Idaho Falls, ID 83401 Let the Buyer Beware Congratulations on Gregg Williams's very informative article, "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer" (January 1982 BYTE, page 36). It certainly makes this machine appear very attractive, despite the minor product-availability problems mentioned in the article (many of which have since been answered by advertisements in BYTE). I would like to make a few comments about IBM's product-identification and pricing policies — questions I feel Mr. Williams could have addressed more com- pletely in his article. The first concerns the IBM matrix printer. In photo 1 this item appears very similar to the Epson MX-80, a suspicion which has since been con- firmed by a local IBM Personal Computer dealer. The article might have mentioned that the Epson printer is available from various retail and mail-order dealers for savings of $100 to almost $300, and that the only difference between the Epson and IBM variations is the case color. IBM tac- itly admits to the interchangeability of the units by marketing its printer cable separately. I have a similar, though presently unconfirmed, suspicion concerning the IBM floppy-disk drive. Inspection of this 28 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Be Picky. Get Economy, Quality, and Compatibility from Board Level Products to Complete Multi-user Computer Systems. Bank Selectable S-100 128K Memory. Systems Group's new 128K dynamic memory board has eight inde- pendent 16 K software selectable memory banks, each addressable on any 16K boundry. It's jumper selectable so you're not PROM locked in to any one configuration. And with more advanced features, it's the most flexible in the industry. Fully Compatible — S-100 Boards. Use any of Systems Group's bank select memory boards for Alpha Micro, Cromemco/CROMIX, Dynabyte, North Star, MP/M, OASIS and most other S-100 systems. Other high quality S-100 microcomputer boards include the newest high performance single and multi-user Z80 CPU board with up to 4 serial I/O's, floppy and hard disk controllers with Super CP/M and much more. All fully burned in and tested. Eight-Inch Add-On Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, and Tape Drive Subsystems. This series was created to provide a full range of mass storage products to complement the System 2800 computers. The subsystems also offer universal systems expansion to the users of other S-100 systems. For dealers only, circle 435. All other inquiries, circle 436. I Series 2800 Business Computers. Systems Group offers a choice of expandable systems with dual floppies (up to 2.4M Bytes) or hard disk (up to 40 M Bytes) w/ floppy (1.2M Bytes) or tape (20M Bytes) for back-up. Expandability. Add- on memory, I/O and drive subsystems means never being trapped into systems without flexibility. With Systems Group's reliable designs you can add more floppy and hard disk drives or tape back-up for increas- ing mass storage requirements. Add more memory and I/O for up to 12 independent users per system. Choose from Super CP/M, MP/M II, or OASIS operating systems. Come to Systems Group for any of your microcomputer needs. Everything from our new 128K Memory Board to complete sys- tems. We're helping make com- puters what they should have been in the first place. All Systems Group's products are war- ranteed for one year. Ask about our 30 clay dealer/ OEM evaluation policy. CP/M and MP/M are Registered Trademarks of Digital Research. OASIS is a Trademark of Phase One Systems. Inc. Systems Group A Division of MEASUREMENT systems &. controls incorporated 1601 Orangewood Avenue Orange, California 92668, (714) 633-4460 TWX/TELEX 910 593 1350 SYSTEMCRP ORGE See us at the Houston Astrovillage & Astrodomain during NCC '82 or at COMDEX/Spring '82 in Atlantic City. Turn your TV into a time-sharing videotex display for $399: Now you can connect your family to the informative and entertaining world of CompuServe, The Source, Dow Jones News/Retrieval and other time- sharing and data-base networks. All you need is the RCA VP-3501 Videotex Data Terminal (with built-in modem and RF modulator), your tele- phone and your TV set. You can get instant access to regional newspapers and newsletters. ..weather reports and sports results. ..computer games and more. You can use the VP-3501 to make airline reservations. ..find restau- rant recommendations in cities around the world. Plus stock market and cor- porate data. Or access your school or business computer. You can even send electronic mail and buy products. In addition to information retrieval, the VP-3501 provides full interactive communications with a host computer. What you have working for you is a versatile, feature-packed interactive data terminal which can be worth far more to you than its low price. Its unique color-locking circuitry gives you sharp color graphics and rainbow-free characters. You get 20- and 40- char- acter formats in one of eight fore- ground colors and separate color backgrounds. With reverse video, you can empha- size certain letters, words, or sen- tences. A built-in tone generator.. .plus a white noise generator... let you create everything from the sound of explo- sions to the sound of music. The spill- proof, easy-to-clean keyboard is highly suitable for hostile environments. And its membrane key switches give you a natural feel. The VP-3501 is truly a fine Videotex Data Terminal. And don't forget, it's made by RCA... the first name in tele- vision. ..now the foremost name in videotex terminals. See a demonstration at your com- puter or electronics dealer, or contact RCA. Order now and you'll get a free password and a free hour's time-shar- ing on both CompuServe and Dow Jones News/Retrieval! (Limited time offer.) For more information or to order, call toll-free. 800-233-0094. (In Pennsylva- nia, call 717-393-0446.) Visa or Master- Card orders accepted by phone. Or send a check including $3.00 delivery charge plus your local sales tax to RCA Microcomputer Products, New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17604. 'Suggested User Price- .mcratiim... .~., XSK Letters item (see, for example, the IBM advertise- ment in the February 1982 BYTE, pages 24 and 25) suggests that this drive is component-for-component identical to the Tandon 100-1 5V4-inch drive currently available from various suppliers for ap- proximately half the IBM drive's price. The IBM Personal Computer Technical Reference manual should clear up this question (I'm presently awaiting the ar- rival of my copy), but a recent advertise- ment from VR Data Corporation (February 1982 BYTE, page 181) suggests that these drives are indeed equivalent. Of course, one is still left wondering whether installing such drives would void the war- ranty. In both these examples the IBM "un- bundling" practice referred to in Mr. Williams's article may serve the knowledgeable buyer almost as well as it does IBM — buyers aren't restricted to pur- chasing the peripherals from IBM because the interface cards (and the printer cable) are available separately. Though I sup- pose it's a case of caveat emptor, I think readers of the article would have been bet- ter served if at least the printer question had been addressed. As Mr. Williams said in the article, the IBM pricing strategy may easily become a source of hard feelings among users down the road. The present IBM policy of offer- ing 40 percent discounts to its employees (see "BYTELINES," February 1982 BYTE, page 328) makes the company's high prices particularly questionable because one doubts if IBM is so altruistic that it will take a loss on these sales. I've been an avid reader of your magazine since 1978, and I don't feel that these complaints imply a lower quality or objectivity in Mr. Williams's article as compared to that of any of the similar, ex- cellent product reviews BYTE has pre- viously published. I am disappointed, however, in IBM's apparent attempt to gouge its customers, because the typical buyer often approaches buying a system in terms of "how much can I get for $3000?" and will spend any money left over on more hardware or software from the same source. At least that's the case with me, and I'm still interested in the IBM Personal Computer (especially if I can buy and install Tandon drives in my system and still get service from IBM). Louis C. Kovacs RR 2, Box 30 White Plains, MD 20695 Circle 388 on inquiry card. 1 iV;'-.'A\v-'- .-'•' A simple fact The considerable benefits of a per- sonal computer like the Osborne 1® are often intangible, often exciting, and always expanding. The value of the Osborne 1 is clear and simple: $1795. Complete. $1795 includes this hardware: Z80A™ CPU with 64K RAM □ Dual floppy disk drives with 100K bytes storage each □ 5" CRT □ Business keyboard with numeric keypad and cursor keys □ RS-232C Interface □ IEEE 488 Interface □ Weather-resistant, portable housing □ Operates on European and American voltages □ $1795 includes this software: □ CP/M® Operating System □ WORDSTAR™ word processing with MAILMERGE 8 □ SUPERCALC™ electronic spreadsheet □ CBASIC® □ MBASIC® Trademarks: /HO- Zilog Corporation SUPERCALC: Sorcim Corporation WORDSTAR: MicroPro International Corporation of San Rafael, California. U.S.A. Registered Trademarks: OSBORNE 1: Osborne Computer Corporation CP/M: Digital Research MBASIC: Microsoft CBASIC: Compiler Systems, Inc. MAILMERGE: MicroPro International Corporation ol San Rafael, California, U.S.A. SEE US AT NCC BOOTH #5710 AND COMDEX BOOTH #1860. Letters The Price Is Right Was I the only new CP/M user with a Z80 processor who was surprised (not to say annoyed) to learn that I could not assemble Z80 code with the CP/M assem- bler? I immediately searched for a Z80 assembler, but I was astonished at the prices for such a basic utility (e.g., $162 for Macro 80 from Microsoft). I have now discovered a small company with just the Z80 assembler I wanted at the price I wanted to pay, and I think other BYTE readers might like to know about it. The company is Software Tool- works (14478 Glorietta Drive, Sherman Oaks, CA 91423), and someone there pa- tiently answered my questions on the phone and then shipped my order very promptly The product is the utility UV- MAC, a macro assembler for the Z80, and it costs $29.95. It's fast and has macro definitions and all the options most of us will ever need. Also included is an even faster stripped-down assembler (AS) with no macros. Altogether, it's a really fine package. The Software Toolworks offers other software (languages, utilities, games, and editors) all in the $24 to $39 range. This could be the beginning of the end of outlandish software prices! I recommend the company highly. Dr. David L. DuPuy, Associate Professor Department of Astronomy Saint Mary's University Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3 Canada In Praise of Elegance After debugging my typing, I feel Ed- ward Heyman's FIT program ("FIT — A Federal Income Tax Program in UCSD Pascal," February 1982 BYTE, page 148) is one of the best ever to appear in a magazine and is a masterpiece tutorial on the elegance of Pascal. Christopher Morgan, the editor of BYTE, deserves commendation for recognizing the merit of the program and for devoting pages in PollB your Apple with a disk drive from A.M Electronics) Now there is an affordable, high performance, 5'/4-inch disk drive that is fully compatible with your Apple — and compatible with your pocketbook, The A.M. Electronics drive comes complete with an Apple- beige case and connecting cables It's fully tested with Apple's disk operating system and software. You also receive a 90-day limited warranty and a 10-day money back guarantee. Order Today. The Apple-compatible disk drive is now available direct from A.M. Electronics for only $395 (40 track) or $495 (80 track). Upgrade your Apple with our disk drive today and increase the fruit of your labor. m A.M. ELECTRONICS, INC. ™Appi« Cony 3446 Washtenaw AvGnuti ■ Ann Arbor, Ml 48104 3W973-23I2 Attention Dealers & Distributors: For informaiion on attractive pricing and sales opportunities, call us today Key territories are still available. IJ^JliBfrfX) his very popular magazine to the publica- tion of the source code. The program as published for calendar- year 1980 really works. In only a few minutes, I entered all the figures from my 1980 tax return and got a result which agreed with my hand calculations to the penny (no mean feat). That in itself justified the two rainy days I spent typing in the 1328 lines of source code for the main program. The auxiliary programs in- volved a fair amount of typing, but they were much easier than the main program. Even more important than its being a working program is its excellence in il- lustrating the versatility and beauty of Pascal. It covers formatting, linked lists, extended precision using strings, files, data types, elegant algorithms, etc. I shall be studying it for months as a sophisticat- ed use of the language and as a tutorial. It will, of course, have to be modified for 1981, but the beauty of the program and its lucidity is such that anyone with even a conversant knowledge of the language will be able to modify it. I recently purchased a text which pur- ported to be a guide to Pascal for engi- neers. It totally ignored the subtleties of the language and made no bones about it. All it aimed to do was translate old BASIC or FORTRAN programs to Pascal, totally ignoring the major intent and pur- pose of Pascal. Instead of "think Pascal," the attitude was "think FORTRAN and translate to Pascal." Anyway, Mr. Heyman's kindness in contributing an article with professional merit if not, perhaps, marketability, is much appreciated by those whose main interest is computer languages. Albert Weinshelbaum, M. D. 9 Merrimac Court Danville, CA 94526 Simplifying Apple PIAs I have been homebrewing with 6800-series devices for several years now, and I have some comments on Kenneth J. Ciszewski's fine hardware article "Add a Peripheral Interface Adapter to Your Apple II" (January 1982 BYTE, page 324). While the circuits in figures 1 and 3 of the article will work for interfacing a 6520 PIA (peripheral interface adapter) to the Apple, the 74LS04 chip could be elimi- nated from both circuits. In both figures, 32 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 2 on inquiry card. Winner Is... IBC Four Users! ■ When you are racing toward that finish line, beating the competition is everything. IBC is the choice of OEM's, system integrators and dealers throughout the world, because in benchmark after benchmark our small business computer systems finish first. We finish first because we are faster, offer higher quality peripherals and can expand our system significantly beyond our nearest competitors. In fact, looking at the chart below, you can quickly see why knowledge- able resellers are choosing IBC. IOC onyx Oasis Operating System (Max. Users) 9 5 4 CPU Speed (MHz) 6 4 4 Disk Speed I/O (MB/Sec.) .81 .65 54 Seek (MIIII Sec.) 35 50 65 Cache Disk Memory Yes No No f Circle 220 on Inquiry card. Join us in the winners circle with high performance equipment and the best dealer plan in the industry. Call or write: OUTSIDE THE USA WITHIN THE USA IBC/ Integrated Business Computers 21592 Marilla Street Chatsworth, CA 91311 (213) 882-9007 TELEX NO. 215349 IbC/ distribution 4185 Harrison Blvd., Suite 301 Ogden, UTAH 84403 (801) 621-2294 Letters the CSO and CS1 inputs of the PIA can be tied directl y to +5 volts. In figure 1, the active-low CS2 input can be ungrounded and connected directly to the active-low Device Select line. In figure 3, the CS2s will stay connected to the 74LS42 decoder as indicated. Pin 12 (D) of the 74LS4 2 can be ungrou nded and connected to the Device Select line, eliminating the 74LS04 again. The only other thing I note is that the CA1, CA2, CBl, and CB2 lines from the PIA are shown tied to +5 volts through 1000-ohm resistors. These lines can be very handy to use as handshaking signals, especially with a Centronics-compatible printer interface. The CA2 (or CB2) is used to send a Data Ready signal to the printer, while the CAl (or CBl) is used to receive a Data Accepted signal from the printer. The states of these lines are set and read through the control registers in the PIA under software control. Randy L. Kron Route 2 Kalona, IA 52247 Cruel but Fair In Robert Moskowitz's review, "Missile Defense vs. ABM" (December 1981 BYTE, page 80), the author regrets that Muse Software's ABM did not restore cities and that in On-Line Systems' Missile Defense the enemy continued to destroy cities after the defender ran out of ammunition. I agree that these features are unsports- manlike and may make the game less fun, but they are, if nothing else, very realistic. R. S. Peterson, Commander, USN 1116 Davidson Rd., Apt. 133 Nashville, TN 37205 Algorithmic Roots I enjoyed David R. Borger's letter (see "Faster Algorithms," February 1982 BYTE, page 18) describing a fast method for shuffling cards, and I can provide a source for this algorithm. It can be found in Combinatorial Algorithms, Second Edition, Albert Nijenhuis and Herbert S. Wilf (Academic Press, 1978). This book contains program listings and extended discussions of many related algorithms of potential interest to BYTE readers. Dave Bayer 33 Cherry St. Somerville, MA 02144 Seeking Fellow Explorers I am interested in joining a users group catering to Netronics Explorer 85 owners. Can you or any of your readers put me in touch with one?- If there is none, I would like to hear from anyone out there in- terested in forming one. Clarence Heier 3430 93rd St. Sturtevant, WI 53177 Now available from your computer store- the whole line of AJ couplers and modems. Starting now you can buy AJ acoustic data couplers and modems directly from your local computer store. Not just selected models. Any models. Ranging from the 0-450 bps A 242A, the world's most widely used acoustic data coupler, to the revolutionary AJ 1259 triple modem that handles 300 bps Bell 103, 1200 bps Bell 212A, and 1200 bps'VA 3400 protocols. Whether you need full or half duplex or both in one; originate or answer, auto answer; acoustic coupling, or direct-connect— there's a model for you in the AJ line. Starting now you don't have to settle for second best. For the location of your local computer store handling the AJ line, call toll-free: 800/538-9721 California residents call 408/263-8520, Ext. 307. See us at COMDEX/Spring in Atlantic City. ANDER50N JACOBSON 34 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 25 on Inquiry card. RAPHICS FOR CP/M COMPUTERS I GRAFTALK 9 The first graphics software for CP/M systems, GRAFTALK re- duces data to pictures, giving you the ability to look at information that would otherwise be a boring text file. GRAFTALK is friendly and easy to use. Great for first-time users. But that doesn't mean GRAFTALK lacks capability. Bar charts. Pie charts. Line plots. Symbol plots. Composite plots. Text. Color. Advanced graphics, over 100 powerful commands, and sophisticated "tuning" features. You name it, you can picture it. Available from: Associates (212)860 0300 Trademarks: CP/M: Digital Research GRAFTALK: Redding Group, Inc. 2 AUTOGRAPH Terminals and printers for graphics and alphanumerics, from DATATYPE. The AUTOGRAPH terminal is based on the popular Tele Video series. So you get all the terminal you need for your CP/M system's alphanumeric requirements. We've added the logic necessary to make the terminal fully compatible with GRAFTALK. (With ISSCO's Tell- A-Graf and Tektronix graphics software, too.) And you can combine a graphic display with alphanumeric information. (We can even supply retrofits for your TeleVideo terminals.) The AUTOGRAPH dot matrix printer is quiet, reliable, and fast. (You get up to 200 characters per second at only 54dbA.) The 7x9 dot print head will also produce draft-quality c7nd correspon- dence-quality letter characters. In the graphics mode you get a true hard copy of the graphics you create on your AUTOGRAPH terminal using GRAFTALK. 3 RESULTS You can now put graphics to work to communicate your busi- ness information. Quickly, easily, and af- fordably. Your local AUTOGRAPH dis- tributor can provide a demonstration of GRAFTALK and the AUTOGRAPH series. Call or write DATA TYPE for more information and the name of your local AUTOGRAPH distributor. □□DEM □□□□□ ■HQQD DATA TYPE 2615 Miller Avenue Mountain View, CA 94040 (415)949-1053 Telex 172042 Circle 145 on inquiry card. EVOLVE HERE!! In an era when the integration process has brought the mainframe computer down to the size of the microcomputer of years past, a new dedicated level of processing technique is in high demand. And with this demand a new evolution in computer technology has begun. This evolution will yield highly dedicated levels of processing and the blending of several genera- tions of computer technology. Within the software industry the development of tree structured programming has given way to a new tree structured processing architecture in-which three generations of computers can share the workload that will be demanded of the future generations of com- puters. This development is one of many new releases of REMOTE EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTERS, IN- CORPORATED. Its purpose is to coordinate all our new products into processing architectures that can meet and in many instances exceed the processing de- mand of the new computing society. The new architecture is BRANCHARC and its new software support is called SEE. These new concepts in data processing may prove to be new standards in the Microcomputer Industry. For more detailed info and reports on these new products contact: REMOTE EVOLUTIONARY FT! RT.#6; P.O. BOX 105, Lebanon, TN 37087 or phone (615) 449-6663 Letters ' Brewing Up an Interface I was fascinated to read "A Homebrew Graphics Digitizer" by Neal Atkins and Enrique Castro-Cid (February 1982 BYTE, page 72). I would like to construct such a device, but my technical skills being what they are, I am not able to design the prop- er way to interface it with my Atari. If any of your readers could be of assistance I would greatly appreciate the help. Scott Berfield 5816 North Sheridan Rd. Chicago, IL 60660 2F Keep It Technical I object strenuously to your decision to include in your Letters column of the February 1982 BYTE a letter on page 30 from Steven Pacenka. I buy technical journals for technical in- formation. I believe that an antinuclear faction's ideas no more belong in the pages of BYTE than do any other views on moral or social issues. Perhaps you feel that this type of rhetoric has a place in your journal. If your answer is yes, than I can certainly exist without BYTE. Martin J. Weitzman POB 1153 Loomis, CA 95650 Powerful ELF In his review "The Flexibility of VisiPlot" (February 1982 BYTE, page 32) Robert E. Ramsdell claims that its com- panion program, VisiTrend, "is the most powerful forecasting and analysis soft- ware presently available." This is not true. Our statistical package ELF (Economet- rics and Linear Forecasting) does everything VisiTrend can do and much more. For example, ELF does regressions with 25 independent variables, while VisiTrend can handle only 5. ELF also does factor analysis, discriminant analysis, and ANOVA (analysis of variance), which VisiTrend does not. ELF has been available for over a year (and advertised in BYTE). Recently we released TWG/ARIMA, the first time-series-analysis package for a 36 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Lnc Circle 392 on inquiry card. crocomputer Business Industries Corporation r -V- x , X presents^. A \ , ■ * # i o/zns ■ ■-- 'Rv^ otmnt'iwlcd pletime' N Vciock Card $99»«* ^.-/TuHy Mountain Computer Sofhv--' • Disk included with all software* • Includes Datebook™ - a coiiyjlcte desk calendar • Time of day • International time-keeping ability Recharging battery backup Complete software formating • PrograrfTJimer.* Offset time/date/day readout VIP ,M Ca|d - "Versatile Interface Peripheral" (Aviiljblr for EPSON. NEC, C-ITOH, IDS PRISM, OklDAl A ,in* has all the fejf^res of the VIP IM C plus: vu i port with full RS232 capability e baud rate control fro m\J1 to %00 baud V ,P'M nV A" $1190«* an Interface card featuring: "}(--}<- • Two parallel ports • Upgradable^ VIP ,M VIP' M SP $14900^ an Interface card featuring: • Two parallel ports • One serial port \/ VIP ,M Graphics Diskette $19 9 5 Jt/ar the person who already itwikj patajlel interface • Plus side-by-side twin picture capability • Self-documentation VIP ,M C- The Ultimate Graphics Card $11 9°** and cable. Features: ?*• y A Centronics Parallel Interface and Cable featuring:^, a" • Full VIP" 1 ' I software capabilities a" • Text and graphics screen dump routine • Plus side-by-side twin picture capability • Graphics with inverse & emphasized modes • Self-documentation .v. TM Microcomputer Business Industries Corporation Suite 200 • 10 1<) flth Street ., „. .... .. . Golden, Colorado 80401 *' 1,, I onal and international "1 TWX: 9I0- , )J4-0I«H dealer inquiries welcome. k ol Apple Compute Mill, Applftiint-. VIP. and Dttfcbooll ate I Circle 309 on inquiry card. tflilslni-s ( .iijKpr.itu Here's proof that you dont have to sacrifice on service to save money : Our customers gave MD 550-01 MD 557-0 MD577- FD 32 or FD32 FD 31 We're proud of our service but continually search for ways to improve it. That's why we include this Report Card in every order we ship. (We even offer a $5.00 discount to customers who fill out the card and return it.) We want to know what you think: what you like, what you don't. How can we serve you better? So far, we have received over 5,000 Report Cards. You've told us you think our SYS1 salespeople are CaN A| p na B * ,e ,or our |ow ^ knowledgeable and OMpu . friendly. You appreciate *™' 6990C that we carry a full line atari fm'im) '.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'fwM of products at the ATARI 810 0ISK DRIVE 4490 ° In n »( „.„-'i,] • ATARI 850 INTERFACE 449.00 lowest possiDie prices. atari 410 program recorder 79.00 And, you enjoy the EPS0N CABLE 35 -°° ' *__ ',' MEMORY MODULE (16K) 89.95 economy and conve- joystick controllers 10.00 nience of mail-ordering. paddle controllers.. 19.95 _ .. ? STAR RAIDERS 35.00 Overall, we got an A- missile command 35.00 minus. Thank you. asteroids 3500 We'll continue to ask intec peripherals for your opinion — our RAM M0DULES f. a I 48K FOR ATARI 400 279.00 goal is an A-pius. 32K for atari soo 135.00 ACTIVISION ATARI 16K RAM KITS. . . .13.95 CARTRIDGES Set of 8 NEC 4116 200 ns. Guaranteed one full LAZAR BLAST 21 95 year SKIING 21.95 DRAGSTER 21.95 DISKETTES checkers 21 .95 ALPHA DISKS 21 .95 eRIDGE ^ ^ Single sided, certified Double Density 40 Tracks. KAR 00M 21 .95 with Hub-ring. Box of 10. Guaranteed one full v«- HEWLETT PACKARD VERBATIM DATALIFE HP COMPUTERS MD 525-01, 10. 16 26.50 HP-85A PERSONAL COMPUTER 2195.00 38 BYTE June 1982 HP HP RS-232 INTERFi PRINTERS 1295.00 ANADEX DP 9500 ANADEX DP 9501 1295.00 C-IT0H F-10 40 CPS PARALLEL 1595.00 C-ITOH 45 CPS PARALLEL 1 770.00 C-ITOH 40 CPS SERIAL 1870.00 C-ITOH PROWRITER PARALLEL 549.00 C-ITOH PROWRITER SERIAL 695.00 C-ITOH COMET 1 289.00 EPSON MX-80 SCALL EPSON MX-80 F/T SCALL EPSON MX-100 GRAPHIC $CALL EPSON GRAFTRAX 90.00 IDS-445G PAPER TIGER 779.00 IDS-460G PAPER TIGER 945.00 IDS-560G PAPER TIGER 1195.00 IDS PRISM 80 W/0 COLOR 1099.00 IDS PRISM 132 W/COLOR 1799.00 NEC SPINWRITER 3510 S. RO 1995.00 NECSPINWRITER3530P.RO 1995.00 NEC SPINWRITER 7710 S. RO 2545.00 NEC SPINWRITER 7730 P. RO 2545.00 NEC SPINWRITER 7700 D SELLUM . . . . 2795.00 NEC SPINWRITER 3500 SELLUM 2295.00 0KIDATA MICROLINE 80 389.00 0KI0ATA MICROLINE 82A 549.00 0KIDATA MICROLINE 83A 799.00 OKIDATA MICROLINE 84 1 199.00 QUME9/45 2149.00 459.00 539.00 359.00 279.00 I/O. 269.00 199.00 259.00 TERFACE. 149.00 IfERFACE 159.00 . .. .99.00 Face 105.00 MONITORS NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 179.00 NEC 13" COLOR MONITOR 399 00 SANYO 12" MONITOR (B&W) 249.00 SANYO 12" MONITOR (GREEN) 269.00 SANYO 13" COLOR MONITOR 469.00 ZENITH 13" HI RES GREEN M0N 139.00 AMDEK COLOR 1 389.00 AMDEK RGB COLOR 859.00 AMDEK RGB INTERFACE 169.00 MOUNTAIN HARDWARE CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 199.00 SUPERTALKER SD200 259.00 ROMPLUS W KEYBOARD FILTER 179.00 ROMPLUS W/0 KEYBOARD FILTER. . .130.00 KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49.00 COPYROM 49 QD MUSIC SYSTEM 369 00 ROMWRITER 149.00 APPLE CLOCK 252.00 A/D + D/A 299.00 EXPANSION CHASSIS 625.00 Circle 16 on Inquiry card. NEC PERSONAL COMPUTERS TANDON THINLINE8INCH 848-1 SINGLE SIDE 459 00 848-2 DUAL SIDE 549 00 PC-8001A CPU 899 00 PC-8012A I/O PC-8033A DISK I/O 559.00 125.00 MICRO PRO PC-8031A DUAL DISK 899 00 APPLE CP/M® APPLE HARDWARE WORDSTAR'! SUPERSORT't . ... 249.00 145.00 VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 259 00 MA!LMERGE"t 90.00 ABT APPLE KEYPAD 119 00 DATASTAR't 215.00 MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD 299.00 SPELLSTAR'f 169.00 MICROSOFT RAMCARD 15900 CALCSTAR't 169 00 VIDEX 80x24 VIDEO CARD 299.00 CP/M® VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER II 129 00 VIDEX ENHANCER REV 0-6 99.00 WORDSTAR 310.00 VIDEX SOFT SWITCH .29 00 SUPERSORT 195.00 315 00 MAILMERGE 1 10 00 DATASTAR 245.00 SSM AIO BOARD (INTERFACE) KIT 135 00 APPLE FAN 44.95 CALCSTAR 239 00 T/G JOYSTICK 54 95 T/G PADDLE 34.95 MICROSOFT VERSA E-Z PORT 21 95 APPLE MICRO SCI A2 W/0 CONTROLLER 419.00 MICRO SCI A40 W/CONTROLLER 479 00 FORTRAN - 165.00 MICRO SCI A40 W/0 CONTROLLER 409.00 BASIC COMPILER- 315.00 MICRO SCI A70 W/CONTROLLER 629.00 COBOL' 595 00 MICRO SCI A70 W/0 CONTROLLER 543.00 Z-80 SOFTCARD 299.00 THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP PROMETHEUS VERSACARD 329.00 229.00 RAMCARD 159.00 TYPING TUTOR 17.95 SUPERCLOCK II 129.00 OLYMPIC DECATHLON 24.95 LAZAR LOWER CASE + 59 00 TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER . . 159 00 MICROBUFFERII 16K W/GRAPHICS 259 00 CP/M® MICROBUFFER II 32K W/GRAPHICS 299 00 WIZARD 80 COL VIDEO 279 00 BASIC 80 299.00 BASIC COMPILER 319.00 MODEMS FORTRAN 80 COBOL 80 369.00 .595.00 NOVATION CAT ACOUSTIC MODEM 145.00 MACRO 80 189.00 NOVATION D-CAT DIRECT CONNECT 165.00 mu MATH/mu SIMP 219.00 NOVATION AUTO-CAT AUTO ANS .219.00 mu LISP/mu STAR. 175.00 NOVATION APPLE-CAT .349 00 UDS 103 LP DIRECT CONNECT 175.00 APPLE SOFTWARE UDS 103 JLP AUTO ANS 209 00 HAYES MICROMODEM II (APPLE) .299.00 MAGIC WINDOW 79.00 HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100) 32500 MAGIC SPELL 59.00 HAYES SMART MODEM (RS-232) .249.00 BASIC MAILER 59.00 HAYES CHRONOGRAPH ... 225.00 APPLE PIE . 99.00 LEXICON LX-11 MODEM 109.00 DB MASTER 179.00 RACAL VADIC 1200 BAUD/212A 795.00 PFS: (NEW) PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM 85.00 TERMINALS TELEVIDE0 910 639.00 TELEVIDEO 912C 745.00 TELEVIDEO 920C 830.00 TELEVIDEO 950C 995.00 ZENITH Z-19 799.00 TRS-80 MOD I HARDWARE PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27.00 PERCOM DOUBLER II 159.00 TANOON 80 TRACK DISK DRIVE . .429.00 TANOON 40 TRACK DISK DRIVE 289 00 LNW DOUBLER W/ DOSPLUS 3. 4D. . 159.00 MOD III DRIVE KIT 649.00 MORROW DESIGNS FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS Controller. PS, Microsoft Basic. CP/M® A&T. DISCUS 2D (Single Drive - 500K) . 869.00 DISCUS 2D (Dual Drive - 1 MEG). . 1499.00 DISCUS 2 + 2 (Single Drive - 1 MEG) 1099 00 DISCUS 2 + 2 (Dual Drive - 2 MEG) 1999.00 PFS: REPORT 79.00 Z-TERM- ..89.95 Z-TERM PRO- 129.95 ASCII EXPRESS 63.95 HAYDEN APPLESOFT COMPILER 149 00 EASY WRITER-PRO ... .199.00 EASY MAILER-PRO .79.00 EXPEDITER II APPLESOFT COMPILER 73.95 A-STAT COMP. STATISTICS PKG 129.00 SUPER TEXT ||...... .129.00 FINANCIAL PARTNER 199.00 LISA 2.5..... .... 59.95 SUPERSCRIBE II 99.95 CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE G/L . 199.00 A/R 199.00 A/P 199.00 PAYROLL 199.00 PROPERTY MGMT 399.00 THE HOME ACCOUNTANT 59.95 PERSONAL SOFTWARE DESKTOP PLAN II 199 00 VISIPLOT 179.00 VISITREND/VISIPLOT 239.00 VISIDEX , 199.00 VISITERM 79.00 VISICALC 199 00 HARD DISK SYSTEMS VISIFILES 209.00 Controller. PS.. Microsoll Basic, A&T. CP/M® CP/M® SOFTWARE DISCUS M10 (10 Megabytes) DISCUS M26 (26 Megabytes) 3099.00 .3749.00 THE WORD-SPELL CHECK d BASE II, ,. 75.00 599 00 ISOLATORS SUPER CALC, SPELLGUARD . . .229.00 . 239.00 ISO-1 3-S0CKET ISO- 2 6-S0CKET . .53.95 . .53.95 P&TCP/M* MOD II TRS-80 COMMX TERMINAL PROG, C BASIC 2 17500 82.50 115.00 BARE DRIVES TANDON 5V4 INCH PASCAL Z PASCAL MT+ . PASCAL/M 349,00 439 00 205OC 100-1 SINGLE HEAD 40 TRK. .219.00 SYSTEMS PLUS - 100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK 299.00 G/L, A/R. A/P. P/R 1799.00 100-3 SINGLE HEAD 60 TRK 299.00 CONDOR 1 579.00 100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK . 429.00 CONDOR II. , 849.00 DIGITAL RESEARCH MAC . 89.00 SID 69.00 ZSIO 97.00 PL/ 1-80 439.00 SUPERSOFT DIAGNOSTIC 1 69.00 DIAGNOSTIC II ..... .89.00 •C COMPILER 179.00 UTILITIES I 59.00 UTILITIES II 59.00 RATFOR 89.00 FORTRAN 239.00 TRS-80 GAMES TEMPLE OF APSHAI 34.95 HELLFIRE WARRIOR 34.95 STAR WARRIOR 34.95 RESCUE AT RIGEL 24.95 CRUSH. CRUMBLE AND CHOMP . 24.95 INVADERS FROM SPACE 17.95 PINBALL 17.95 STAR TREK 3.5 17.95 MISSILE ATTACK 18.95 STAR FIGHTER 24.95 TRS-80 SOFTWARE NEWDOS/80 2.0MODI, II 139.00 LAZY WRITER MOD I. II . .165.00 PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I, III 99.00 SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I. Ill 1 19.00 X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I. Ill . 199 00 TRACKCESS MOD 1 24.95 OMNITERM SMART TERM MOD I. III. 89.95 MICROSOFT BASIC COMP. FOR MOD I. 165.00 LDOS5.1 MODI, II ....... 159.00 APPLE GAMES PERSONAL SOFTWARE CHECKER KING 21.95 GAMMON GAMBLER 21.95 MONTY PLAYS MONOPOLY 29.95 ZORKI 32.95 ZORK II 32.95 MONTY PLAYS SCRABBLE 34.95 BRODERBUND GALAXY WARS 20.95 ALIEN RAIN (AKA GALAXIAN) 20.95 ALIEN TYPHOON 20.95 APPLE PANIC 24.95 MIDNIGHT MAGIC 29.95 SPACE QUARKS 24,95 AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS INVASION ORION 20.95 STAR WARRIOR 32.95 TUES. MORNING QUARTERBACK 25.95 CRUSH, CRUMBLEANOCHOMP 24,95 THE DRAGON'S EYE 20,95 MUSE SOFTWARE ROBOT WARS 32.95 THREE MILE ISLAND 32.95 A.B.M 20.95 GLOBAL WAR 20 95 CASTLE WOLFENSTEIN 24.95 ON-LINE SYSTEMS WIZARD AND PRINCES 29.95 MISSILE DEFENSE 25.95 SABOTAGE 20.95 SOFT PORN ADVENTURE 24.95 THRESHOLD 31.95 JAW BREAKER .. 24.95 CROSSFIRE 16.45 TIME ZONE 72.95 H/R FOOTBALL 32.95 H/R CRIBBAGE 20.95 PEGASUS II 25.95 SIRIUS SOFTWARE SPACE EGGS 24.95 GORGON 32.95 SNEAKERS 24.95 EPOCK 29.95 BEER RUN 24.96 HADRON 29.95 PULSAR II 24.95 EPOCK 29.95 EDU-WARE PERCEPTION PKG 19.95 COMPU-READ 24.95 COMPU-MATH: ARITHMETIC 39.95 COMPU-MATH: FRACTIONS 34.95 COMPU-MATH: DECIMALS 34,95 COMPU-SPELL (REQ. DATA DISK) 24.95 COMPU SPELL DATA DISKS 1-4. ea. . '17.95 MORE GREAT APPLE GAMES COMPUTER QUARTERBACK 32.95 TORPEDO FIRE 49.95 THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE 49.95 POOL 15 ...,29.95 ULTIMA 33.95 RASTER BLASTER 24.95 FLIGHT SIMULATOR 27.95 INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX 25.95 SARGONII 28.95 SHUFFLE BOARD , ...... 29.95 FIREBIRD 24.95 SNACK ATTACK 24.95 THIEF 24.95 ROACH HOTEL 29.95 JABBERTALKY 24.95 THE WARP FACTOR 32.95 COSMO MISSION 24.95 SUPPLIES AVERY TABULABLES 1,000 3V! x 15/16 , 8,49 3.000 3ft x 15/16 14.95 5.000 3ft x 15/16 19.95 FAN FOLD PAPER (Prices F.O.B. S.P.) 9ft x 1 1 181b WHITE 3.000 ct 29.00 14 7/8x11 181b WHITE 3.000 ct 39.00 To order or for information call (213)706-0333 Modem order line: (213)883-8976 We guarantee everything for 30 days. If anything is wrong, return the item and we'll make it right. And, of course, we'll pay the shipping charges. We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders; COD up to $300.00. Add $2.00 for standard UPS shipping and handling on orders under 50 lbs, delivered in continental U.S. Call for shipping charges over 50 lbs. Foreign, FPO and APO orders, add 15% for shipping. Californians add 6% sales tax. Prices quoted are for stock on hand and subject to change without notice. 31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362 Circle 16 on Inquiry card. CP/M is a reg trademark ol Digital Research. "Requires Z-80 Softcard. . trademark ol Micro Pro International Corp Circle 16 on inquiry card. What if you're having to clean floppy drive heads too often ? Ask for SYNCOM diskettes, with burnished Ectype" coating and dust-absorbing jacket liners. As your floppy drive writes or reads, a Syncom diskette is working four ways to keep loose particles and dust from causing soft errors, dropouts. Cleaning agents on the burnished surface of the Ectype®coating actually remove build-up from the head, while lubricating it at the same time. A carbon additive drains away static electricity before it can attract dust or lint. Strong binders hold the signal- carrying oxides tightly within the coating. And the non-woven jacket liner, more than just wiping the sur- face, provides thousands of tiny pockets to keep what it collects. Liner collects and "pockets" loose particles Tightly bonded milled ferrous oxides Head-cleaning and anti-static agents To see which Syncom diskette will replace the ones you're using now, send for our free "Flexi-Finder" selection guide and the name of the supplier nearest you. Syncom, Box 130, Mitchell, SD 57301. 800-843-9862; 605-996-8200. SYNCOM Manufacturer of a full line of flexible media See us at the NCC, Booth #5510. Circle 432 on inquiry card. Letters microcomputer (also advertised in BYTE), which implements the Box-Jenkins tech- nique. This method is usually able to forecast commodity prices within 1.5 per- cent of the actual price. Perhaps the only thing more powerful about VisiTrend is the company that sells Eric Weiss, PhD The Winchendon Group 3907 Lakota Rd. POB 10114 Alexandria, VA 22310 ARCNET Speed Correction The January 1982 BYTE (see "BYTE- LINES," page 296) carried a short piece about Tandy Corporation's ARCNET local-network system and its basis in Datapoint Corporation's Attached Re- source Computer (ARC). I enjoyed the article and appreciate the coverage. However, an error was made in reference to ARCNET's speed. The article stated that ARCNET operates at 21.5 megabytes per second. This is incorrect; ARCNET operates at 2.5 megabits per second. Gerard L. Cullen, Vice President Corporate Communications Datapoint Corporation 9725 Datapoint Dr. San Antonio, TX 78284 More Memory for the ZX80 I would like to correct one detail in Hilton K. Ernde's article "Memory Expan- sion for the ZX80" (January 1982 BYTE, page 216). Mr. Ernde notes that the ZX80, when powering up, will not recognize more than 16K bytes of RAM (random- access read/write memory). This is true but not as restrictive as one might think. The ZX80 (and ZX81) can be forced to recognize up to 48K bytes of RAM. On the 8K-byte ROM (available as an option for the ZX80; standard on the ZX81), this is simply accomplished by using POKE statements to place the address of the last byte of memory plus 1 (i.e., the address of the first nonexistent memory byte) into the system variable RAMTOP (addresses 16388 and 16389). The system-initializa- tion code can then be called directly from BASIC with the statement RAND USR What Are You Paying . . For Room And Board? TRUL Y ONE OF A KIND! THE FIRST AND STILL THE BEST SINGLE-BOARD Z80 COMPUTER. ONLY $895.00 BUYS YOU THE FOLLOWING FEATURES: • Z80A CPU • 4 TIMERS (ZCTC) • 64K RAM • 2 SERIAL PORTS (ZSIO) • 2 PARALLEL PORTS (ZPIO) • NEC FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER PLUS MORE . . . HARDWARE SOFTWARE 2n SIERRA DATA SCIENCES Watch for our new RS-232 Multiplexer card (Software Con- trolled Switching). See us at Comdex Booth #1664. Fresno, California Marketing Division 21162 Lorain Avenue Fairview Park, Ohio 441 26 (216) 331-8500 TELEX 980131 WDMR NETWORKING NECESSITY I LIGHTNING BUSS TRANSFERS ARE THE HEART OF THIS S-100 SLAVE COMPUTER. COMBINED WITH THESE OTHER GREAT FEATURES YOU HAVE MAINFRAME POWER IN YOUR GRASP. • Z80A CPU • 4 TIMERS • 64K RAM • 2 SERIAL PORTS (ZSIO) • 4 PARALLEL PORTS (ZPIO) • ON-BOARD EPROM BURNER PLUS MORE . . . NEED HIGH SPEED SERIAL I/O PORTS? MPM? THIS 4 PORT SERIAL I/O CARD PROVIDES EXPANSION FOR YOUR SYSTEM NEEDS. ALSO AVAILABLE WITH SYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS CAPABILITIES. • 4 SERIAL PORTS (ZSIO) • 4 TIMERS (ZCTC) • 0-880K BITS/SECOND • BAUD RATES PROGRAMMABLE 75 TO 19. 2K OUR BOARDS CAN BE CONFIGURED TO OPERATE WITH THE FOLLOWING SOFTWARE PRODUCTS: *CP/M *MP/M *CP/NET "TURBODOS SINGLE USER OR NETWORKING SPECIAL NETWORKING SOFTWARE KONAN HARD DISK SUB SYSTEMS •REGISTERED TRADE MARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH CORPORATION. "REGISTERED TRADE MARK OF SOFTWARE 2000. Circle 409 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 41 < V Vive la Difference. Micros may all seem alike with their Z-80 logic, S-100 bus, and CP/M" operating system . Until you take a hard look. Only Delta is the "Private Computer." You won't find it in some department store. We market exclusively through systems integrators who add value to our product. Delta fields a complete product line, from single-user systems to 64-user distributed processing networks. Delta offers an expanding software library; engineering and software development assistance; extensive factory service and support. Delta's flexible financial program keeps you in business, keeps your profits up. Some of our competitors may claim there's not much difference between us and them. But Vive La Difference.* Jt DELTA JmWL PRODUCTS All* INC. 15392 Assembly Lane Huntington Beach. California 92649 (714) 898-1492 Telex: 681-367 DELTMAR HTBH 'See it, believe it. Send for Delta's half-inch video tape promo today (specify Beta or VHS). . ^Registered trademark of Digital Research Circle 154 on Inquiry card. Letters 997. The machine will then reinitialize, placing the stack at the end of memory. On a ZX80 with the 4K-byte ROM, the same result can be achieved with slightly less ease. The 4K-byte ROM has no RAM- TOP system variable. It is thus necessary to write a short machine-code routine to perform the parallel function. The follow- ing code will initialize the ZX80 (4K-byte ROM) with up to 48K bytes of RAM; LD A,$3F LD HL.SBFFF; For 32K JP INIT ; @$26B Heuristics of Massachusetts is a com- pany devoted to supporting the Sinclair line of computers. We are attempting to fill what we see as the one hole in the Sinclair domain — information and docu- mentation. It is nice to know that we aren't the only people who feel that this hole exists. David B. Ornstein, President Heuristics 25 Shute Path Newton, MA 02159 A Fix for GEOSAT I would like to take this opportunity to thank the many people who have written or called me with comments and questions on my article "The GEOSAT Program" (January 1982 BYTE, page 420). In par- ticular, I would like to thank Mike Flaher- ty of Miami, Florida. While running the program, he created a condition for which I had failed to check. That condition oc- curs when a zero latitude is entered by the receiver position (i.e., the receiver is on the equator). In that case a division-by- zero error occurs. To fix that one case, the following code should be entered at line 299: 299 If L1 = then L1 1.0E-4 I would also like to thank Cedrig Onsruth of Merrimack, New Hampshire. Because of discussions with Cedrig, I will be adding some enhancements to the com- putational section of this program. If anyone is interested in obtaining the derivations of the formulas used in this program, I will be glad to send them a copy if they would supply me with a self- addressed, stamped envelope. Steve Emmett 12816 Tewksbury Drive Herndon, VA 22071 In Search of Faster Modems This letter concerns itself with the ques- tions of modem transfer speed, cost of high-speed modems, and transmission protocols. It is quite clear that the stan- dard 300 bits per second (bps) Bell-103- compatible modem has become extremely popular in the microcomputer communi- ty. However, as is probably very obvious to those who use these modems frequent- ly, 300 bps is quite slow. Although 1200-bps modems do exist, they can cost as much as eight to ten times that of a 300-bps modem. Furthermore, there are two different protocols for 1200-bps com- munication: Bell 212A and Racal-Vadic protocols. Thus what we really need are 42 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc We don't make a Winchester for just anybody. We're Corona Data Systems and we've made Starfire, a Winchester disk just for Apple II*. Whafs in it for you? 5 million characters of storage. And that's not all. You'll get Corona's Disk Partitioning which allows for up to 16 sep- arate operating systems such as Apple DOS, CP/M*and Pascal, all sharing the same disk. Of course, you'll still be able to use DB Master*and protected software like VisiCalc* Double Size Volumes. And with our Double Size Volumes, your Apple DOS is trans- formed into something special that offers larger data files. And you'll never have to type commands like "catalog" and "run" or type program names again. You can even forget what volumes the pro- grams are in. Reliability. But you'll never forget Star- fire's reliability. That's be-^ cause we built DataGuard, the feature that will correct errors, not just report them. And we also provide a one-year warranty that you can count on. That's reliability. So why take chances? With Starfire, you're not just adding a hard disk to an Apple II, but transforming an Apple II into a full hard disk business computer. corona doto /if/ tern/ 21541 Nordhoff Street, Unit B Chatsworth, California, 91311 (213)998-0505 Circle 133 on inquiry card. Starfire - the Winchester disk made just for Apple II, •Starfire and DataGuard are trademarks of Corona Data Systems " Apple II is a registered trademark ot Apple Computers, Inc. • CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. • DB Master is a trademark of Stoneware ■ VisiCalc is a trademark of Personal Software Inc. Circle 487 on inquiry card. Compliment your Apple III® or IBM. simply S599QO # 13" RGB Color. # 16 Colors on your Apple III® or IBM. # Up to 80 Characters per line. # 360 Dots per color, (horizontal resolution) # Available for immediate shipment. Other models available: 12" Green Phosphor (1200 lines resolution) $179.00 12" Black & White (15 Mhz) $139.00 Contact your local dealer or call us direct. Toll Free 1-800-258-6370 MONITORS BY ) Apple III is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. data led 18 Bridge Street, Salem, NH 03079 Tel. (603) 893-2047 TWX: 710-366-0502 Letters < the so-called "triple" modems which sup- port data rates of 300 bps and 1200 bps under both of the above protocols. With 1200-bps communication, phone costs are reduced accordingly and interactive pro- gramming is much more feasible. (With appropriate data compression, e.g., Huff- man coding, an additional transmission- speed factor of 2 can be obtained on many types of redundant data such as English text and ASCII files.) My point is that some innovative company should break the $800 price barrier and provide us with higher-speed modems. I believe that the demand would justify the undertaking. Anthony Skjellum 1695 Shenandoah Rd. San Marino, CA 91108 Because they work in both the digital and analog domains, modems must deal with subtle problems that occur only at the intersection of these domains. The binary phase-coherent FSK (frequency- shift keyed) transmission method of the low-speed Bell 103 modem is limited in its transmission speed by the bandwidth of the two-wire telephone line. To pack more bits into the same bandwidth, a faster modem must modulate its data in some other way. The Bell-212A and the Racal-Vadic pro- tocols are the two most commonly employed for full-duplex medium-speed 1200 bps transmissions; both are variants of a technique called quadrature amplitude modulation, or QAM, which is a four-level PSK (phase-shift keyed) pro- tocol. (A somewhat older protocol, used by Bell-202-type modems, works only for half-duplex transmissions, where "half- duplex" means that transmission of data occurs alternately in two directions over the same two-wire link. Bell 202 modems have often been used over four-wire links, so that transmission in both directions can proceed simultaneously . In 1973, before the Bell 212A had been introduced, Racal-Vadic developed a pro- tocol for its VA3400-series medium-speed modems that allowed full-duplex 1200-bps transmission over two-wire con- nections. Three years later, the Bell System brought out the 212A modem, which incorporated a different design methodology and was not compatible with the VA3400 protocol. An originate-mode 212A transmits on a carrier frequency of 1200 Hz, on which the data bits are phase-shift modulated, and the answer-mode 212A transmits on a carrier at 2400 Hz. Many telecommunica- tion engineers have objected to Bell's choice of frequencies, because the answer- mode transmission frequency is exactly the second harmonic of the originate transmission frequency. Second-harmonic distortion is quite common in analog cir- cuitry in general and is pandemic in telephone handsets. Therefore, making an acoustic-coupled version of the Bell 212A is extremely difficult, because the telephone handset may fool the modem into thinking that the answer carrier is present when it is not. In contrast, Racal-Vadic set up its originate-mode dataset to transmit its car- rier tone at a frequency of 2250 Hz, while its answer-mode counterpart transmits on a carrier at 1150 Hz. The originate modem is never in danger of being fooled by the second harmonic of its own carrier, because the harmonic falls at 4500 Hz, well outside the communication pass- band. Racal-Vadic claims other advan- tages of its equipment, but the frequency difference is the most fundamental. Racal-Vadic thinks its own protocol is better, but not wishing to neglect the Bell- compatible segment of the telecom- munication market, it developed the VA3451 triple modem, which sells for $900. This device can operate using the low-speed Bell-103 protocol and both the medium-speed Bell-212A and VA3400 protocols. Another firm that makes triple modems is Anderson-] acobson, which recently announced the Model AJ1233 acoustic-coupled triple modem ($995 for one unit). Perhaps more companies will enter the field and increase the level of competition, but medium-speed modems are necessarily more complex than the low-speed ones. For further information, contact Racal- Vadic Inc., 222 Caspian Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408) 744-0810, and Anderson- facobson Inc., 521 Charcot Ave., San ]ose, CA 95131, (408) 263-8520. For information on Huffman codes and other means of compression, see "Text Compression" by James L. Peterson (December 1979 BYTE, page 106), "An In- troduction to Data Compression" by Harold Corbin (April 1981 BYTE, page 218) and "An Effective Text-Compression Algorithm" by David Cortesi (January 1982 BYTE, page 397). The problem with text-compression codes is that as yet no particular code has become used widely enough for many people to bother setting up their equipment to transmit and receive compressed data . . . ,R. S. S. 44 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc t HAND HELD ; COMPUTE* TOT ORDER-li/5-360 Pc | I aotwooic GEES HATT SHtfT LOt*. 3rM SFT DMTI MSBA* *L**M ON UHt B«I» a I 5 >i;6 *' J 7 'la f [ 9 lie [ : -M8U» ; IB. i..-> or-, OH"" 1 X IB wc^yj. a y- ■i U - i 1 x j ♦ P m i 5 \ D < C ) G 1 a J < K 1 ! L 11 LH m C ~ y ' e a H ! M ■ . 1 ■ : « if,'->if.?n JUL vvi.iW:: 1 i 52 8 53 7 54 55 SEARCH MUSIC START 56 1 57 3 58 2 59 7 60 61 AUTOSTOP MUSIC END ■'> -i WRITE COMPUTER PROGRAM TEST AND DEBUG PROGRAM (IF ON PLAYER COMPUTER) 14 15 16 56 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Copyright 1981 WICAT Systems Inc. All rights reserved. Design and Production The schedule shown here — 20 weeks from concept to master tape — suggests the time typically recommended for a well-managed project of medium complexity, using primarily studio production (with one or two scenes shot on loca- tion), about 400 still frames, and a modest computer program. Simpler projects require less time, while those employ- ing sophisticated computer-simulation techniques take longer, both to produce and to plan. For videodiscs controlled by an external computer system, program coding and testing can continue during the mastering of the videodiscs. :> £ ? *% REVIEW SCRIPT AND STORYBOARDS FOR CONTENT, STYLE, FEASIBILITY DESIGN COMPUTER PROGRAM I CONDUCT FORMATIVE TRYOUT (OPTIONAL) PLAN EFFECTS, ANIMATION PRE-PRODUCTION mm VW%A PREPARE PRODUCTION LISTS, FINAL SCRIPT CT OBTAIN MASTERS OF EXISTING MATERIAL J4l J J- _ SELECT TALENT, MUSIC f f LAYOUT DISC GEOGRAPHY PLAN PRODUCTION 10 -»• A DELIVER MASTER TAPE, INSTRUCTIONS, LABEL, JACKET ART m.'m- r 52365^ f»JM REVISIONS REVIEW/APPROVE MASTER TAPE , PRINT MATERIALS MASTERING FACILITY MAKES DISC- CODED MASTER TAPE CALCULATE FRAME NUMBERS FROM MASTER TAPE i ENTER PROGRAM 17 18 19 MASTERING 6-12 WEEKS REVIEW/APPROVE DISC-CODED TAPE I REVIEW CHECK DISC (OPTIONAL) ENTER FINAL FRAME NUMBERS IN PROGRAM I 20 RECEIVE COMPLETED ! VIDEODISCS DEBUG AND REFINE PROGRAM (IF ON EXTERNAL COMPUTER) June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 57 Photo 12: A videodisc simulator/editor developed by the Videodisc Design/ Production Group. The Bosch BCN-50 1-inch helical VTR (left) serves as a surrogate disc player but with the added capability of offline insert edit capability with "broadcast quality, " Text continued from page 55 signed and built by our group (see photo 12). Using this standard interface, the BCN-50 can be driven by almost any external source. The 8080 system already had pro- gramming in EPROMs to control the tape transport and still store functions. The main task was to locate and con- trol the subroutines stored in the EPROMs and write a "driver" program to access and execute them in a manner that would duplicate the capabilities of a videodisc player. Once the driver was completed, software was developed that recognized inputs from any given disc player. From there, the user-oriented software could be written. Since the Bosch machine is a broadcast-quality recorder with full editing capabilities, it operates by the same SMPTE time code used to assemble materials on- line. Also, since it is a recorder with frame-accurate editing capability, part of the tape can be edited offline to revise a text frame or menu, for example. Once the premastering stage has been completed and a finished tape is available, the master can be made. The coded tape is sent to a mastering facility, where a master is made on a glass disc. This master is then used to pro- duce the finished videodisc. Into the Future The videodisc has almost unlimited potential. Pro- grams will appear that are made for interactive use, in- cluding games, educational programs, simulations, and more. The future of interactive videodisc technology could be as bright as the microcomputer industry itself, and the videodisc may become the medium of the eighties. ■ Glossary (This information can also be found in 3M's Producing Interactive Videodiscs manual.) authoring: a structured approach to developing all elements of an in- teractive videodisc program with emphasis on preproduction. branch: an instruction to diverge from one sequence in a program to another. capacitance disc: a videodisc sys- tem that uses capacitance signals embedded on the disc and a stylus that touches the surface of the disc to read encoded information. CED: capacitance electronic disc developed by RCA. chapter: a consecutive sequence of frames. chapter stop: a code embedded in the vertical interval of the video- disc that enables certain videodisc players (mostly level one) to locate the beginning of chapters. compressed audio: sometimes called still frame audio, com- pressed audio describes a method of digitally encoding and decoding several seconds of voice-quality audio per individual disc frame, resulting in a potential for several hours of audio per disc. constant angular velocity (CAV): a CAV disc revolves continuously at 1800 rpm, one revolution per frame, making each frame of a CAV disc addressable, a basic re- quirement for interactive video- discs. constant linear velocity (CLV): a CLV or extended-play disc main- tains a consistent length for each frame, thus enabling longer play- ing time per side, but sacrificing in- dividual frame addressability . Ref- erence to locations on CLV discs is limited to time in minutes and seconds. CLV discs are basically useless for interactive videodisc applications. cue: a pulse entered onto one of the lines in the vertical-blanking inter- val (VBI) that results in frame numbers, picture codes, chapter codes, closed captions, white flags, etc., on the disc. direct-read-after-write (DRAW): a record-once optical-disc tech- nology primarily used for mass storage of digital data. field: a scan of 262 lines on the screen at 1/60 second constituting one-half of a complete video frame. See frame, flicker: sometimes known as "in- terfield fitter" or "jitter, " flicker is a phenomenon that occurs in a videodisc freeze frame or still frame when both fields are not identically matched, thus creating two different pictures alternating every 1/60 second. frame: two complete scans of the video screen at 1/30 second. A frame is composed of two fields (at 58 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 262 lines) and a retrace; a single frame is a standard CAV videodisc reference point. There can be as many as 54,000 addressable frames on one side of a CAV videodisc. freeze frame: a single frame from a motion sequence that is stopped. full frame time code: otherwise known as nondrop frame time code, full frame time code is a stan- dardized SMPTE (Society of Mo- tion Picture and Television Engineers) method of address- coding a video tape. It gives an ac- curate frame count rather than an accurate clock time. interaction: a reciprocal dialogue between the user and the system, interactivity. interchangeability: a videodisc design strategy that includes infor- mation readable on consumer, in- dustrial, and computer-controlled videodisc systems. interlace: in NTSC video, half the horizontal scanning lines are laid down. After retrace, the other half are laid down so that they fall in between the previous lines. intermediate materials: all media selected for assembly onto the videodisc premaster (i.e., 16mm film, video tape, 35mm slides, etc.). jaggies: a tearing phenomenon around the edges of NTSC images. Research at MIT has effectively solved this problem. By so doing, it has created a new way of think- ing about displays, computer graphics, and NTSC video. See soft fonts. keyer: it cuts a hole in the background video and fills in the hole from a different video source, i.e., computer-generated text and graphics keyed over NTSC video. See video reprocessing; overlay, landing pad: a range of frames within which a player can locate a frame or frame sequence. Landing pad (LPD) is also a command that modifies the number of times a player attempts to locate a frame following an unsuccessful search. level of interactivity: the potential for interaction prescribed by the capabilities of videodisc hardware. level one: usually a consumer- model videodisc player with still/freeze frame, picture stop, chapter stop, frame addressability, and dual-channel audio, but with limited memory and less process- ing power. level two: an industrial-model videodisc player with the capabil- ities of level one, plus on-board programmable memory and im- proved access times. level three: level-one or level-two players interfaced to an external computer. level four: a theoretical configura- tion with more advanced equip- ment wherein all things are possi- ble. mastering: a real-time process in which the premaster video tape is used to modulate a laser beam onto a photosensitive glass master disc. NTSC: the American television standard set at 525 lines by the Na- tional Television Standards Com- mittee. optical disc: a videodisc that uses a light beam to read information from the surface of the disc. optical memory: digital data en- coded on an optical disc used for mass data storage. It is estimated that one side of an optical disc could store up to 10 billion bits. overlay: a term used to describe the keying of computer-generated text/graphics onto NTSC video. picture stop: an instruction encod- ed in the vertical interval on the videodisc to stop the videodisc player on a predetermined frame. postproduction premastering: sometimes called video processing, this is the process of editing, assembly, evaluation, revision, and coding of intermediate materials. A premaster is a fully coded video tape. preproduction: all design tasks, e.g., flowcharting, storyboarding, scriptwriting, software design, etc., prior to videodisc production. reflective (optical) disc: method by which the laser beam reads data encoded on an optical videodisc. In the case of a reflective disc, the laser beam is reflected off the shiny surface on the disc. scan: to traverse the surface of the disc with the video displayed. search: to rapidly access a single frame or a sequence of frames on a disc with video off. sequence: two or more frames forming one unit, e.g., motion se- quence, still-frame sequence. slow motion: in videodisc technology, the controlled move- ment of the laser from frame to frame at a variable rate of less than 30 frames per second. soft fonts: a gray-level scheme developed by MIT for high-quality fonts in NTSC video. This adds legibility, removes scintillation, and enhances encodability , which results in a display with more than 80 characters per line on a color- television receiver. step: to advance one frame for- ward or reverse. still frame: still material, including photographs, line drawings, pages, etc., designed and presented as a single videodisc frame. three-two (3-2) pulldown: a means of transferring film shot at 24 frames per second (fps) into video (30 fps). The first film frame is ac- tually exposed on three video fields, and the next film frame is exposed on two fields. transmissive disc: method by which the laser beam reads data encoded on an optical videodisc. In the case of the transmissive disc, the laser beam passes through the transparent surface of the disc. vertical-blanking interval (VBI): 21 blanked lines during field 1 and 21 blanked lines during field 2, where- in frame numbers, picture stops, chapter stops, white flags, closed captions, etc., are encoded. VHD: video high density (see capacitance disc). video reprocessing: the process of keying video from the computer over NTSC video. white flag: a code that identifies a new film frame. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 59 Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar Build an Interactive- Videodisc Controller You can use your personal computer to control a Pioneer VP-1000 laser-optical videodisc player through its remote-control circuitry. Steve Ciarcia POB 582 Glastonbury, CT 06033 The theme of this issue is com- puters and videodiscs, so I don't need to explain why I chose this month's Circuit Cellar project. Several articles this month make specific reference to the capabilities of a video presenta- tion directly controlled by a com- puter. With that in mind, my objective is to discuss the more familiar consumer videodisc players and outline how you can build an interface for your computer that allows it to control a Pioneer VP-1000 Laserdisc player. The required hardware is as involved as you care to make it. The software experts among you might in fact be able to do the trick without any special hardware. Perhaps by experimenting with a videodisc you will more easily recog- Copyright © 1982 by Steven A. Ciarcia. All rights reserved. nize the potential benefits of this rev- olutionary data-storage medium. First, we'll look at the way informa- tion is stored on the disc, and then we'll examine how to build an inter- face to a personal computer. It's really rather simple to design and use a full-function computer/videodisc- player interface. Videodisc Information Storage About the size of a 33V3-rpm long- playing phonograph record, a video- disc contains not only audio (sound) information but video (picture) infor- mation as well. Because the basic function of videodisc equipment has been to play back programming such as motion pictures and special-pur- pose television shows (although, as I alluded, the videodisc can serve other purposes), the disc was designed to store this kind of normal, TV-type programming. For such programming, the amount of data needed to store the video por- tion is vastly greater than that needed for the audio portion: the video band- width is much greater, so it is im- possible to use the recording method used for conventional audio discs, a continuous surface groove cut so that the amplitude of the transverse linear excursions of a stylus tracing the groove corresponds to the amplitude of the signal. Diligent engineers have thus far developed two widely used, compet- ing methods of storing video data on a disc: the capacitive method and the optical method. Several manufactur- ers have developed variations of each 60 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Photo 1: The Pioneer VP-1000 Laserdisc optical videodisc player. The unit in this project has both wire and wireless remote-control inputs; some other players may not have both of these. The principles in the project can be adapted to other videodisc players with similar characteristics. Photo 2: The hand-held remote- control unit for the VP-1000. All of the functions work only in the standard-play mode, but not in the extended-play mode. technique, but a discussion of the systems as used in only two products will suffice for illustration. Capacitance-Encoded Discs Videodisc players from RCA use a capacitance encoding system named Capacitance Electronic Disc (CED). A CED disc contains a spiral surface groove, as does an audio disc, in which a metal-coated diamond stylus rides in physical contact with the rotating disc. There are approximate- ly 10,000 groove layers per radial inch, producing a 1-hour playing time per side. The groove is about 1/38 the width of the groove in an audio disc. The video and audio signals are en- JPL Puts the Planets on a Disc The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is preparing a videodisc for distribution to various geology schools, planetary-geology laboratories, and some libraries. The disc contains some 100,000 planetary images collected by space probes, in- cluding the Mariner, Viking, and Voy- ager missions. Viewing this disc, you can see what the space probes saw as they crashed into Mars, plunged past Venus and Mercury, and swooped past Jupiter and its moons. Each frame on the videodisc con- tains one black-and-white still image, with the images stored, for the most part, in the order they were taken. A test videodisc prepared earlier con- tained some full-color images, but the final research version is all mono- chrome. (A very clever video techni- cian could reconstruct a few full-color images by electronically combining some of the three-frame sets of the same field of view shot through three subtractive-primary color filters.) Working under contract to JPL, the Sony Corporation developed for this project a special method for encoding the laser-optical videodisc so that the same disc can be played with full still- frame capability by Pioneer, Sony, MCA, Philips, and DVA (Discovision Associates) videodisc players. (Ironic- ally, it now seems that several of these companies will discontinue production of videodisc players.) Last February at the San Francisco Video Expo trade show, Mike Martin, Planetary Data Management Team Leader for JPL s Planetary Image Facili- ty, demonstrated a planet-image search- and-retrieval system. He used a Sony videodisc player, controlled by an Apple II equipped with a joystick and a control program written in BASIC, to show attendees how to take an imagi- nary tour of a planet's surface, using the joystick as a "throttle'' to speed up or slow down the displaying of images from the videodisc. He reports that the people who used the system quickly became enthusiastic about the capabili- ties of the system and the technology that makes it so easy to widely distri- bute pictures of the planets. But at present NASA has no plans to make discs available to the public, though there are plans to produce a sec- ond research disc containing the re- mainder of NASA's space-picture ar- chive, including Voyager's pictures of Saturn.... R.S.S. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 61 FIRST FIXED MIRROR 1/4 WAVELENGTH PLATE PHOTODIODE SECOND FIXED MIRROR Figure 1: Diagram of the path of the laser light beam inside the Pioneer VP-1000 Laserdisc videodisc player. The red helium-neon laser projects its light though a complex optical path to the information-bearing layer of the videodisc. The light is reflected into the photodiode in a pattern that reproduces the carrier signal for the program material. coded by frequency modulation on a carrier signal that is represented on the disc by the presence or absence of pits in the groove. The metal coating on the stylus functions as one plate of a variable capacitor. The disc itself, which is made of conductive vinyl, forms the other plate. As the stylus moves along the groove, the presence and absence of pits generates a vari- able capacitance which is converted to a voltage that reproduces the car- rier signal. Each "track" (a single rotation of the disc) in the CED system contains four video frames. Such high density allows lengthy recordings of one hour per side but prohibits slow motion and still -frame viewing. Therefore, RCA and other CED-system players are not well suited to certain com- puter-controlled applications. Also, because CED-system videodiscs use a contact interaction with the playback mechanism, they are sensitive to scratches and debris that can collect on the disc surface; you have to take care to keep them unmarred and clean. Optical-Encoded Discs The Pioneer VP-1000 Laserdisc sys- tem uses the optical-reflective video- disc encoding method jointly devel- oped by MCA and Philips. The VP-1000 uses a disc in which the car- rier signal is stored as an alternating spiral series of reflective areas and opaque pits in a layer lying under- neath a surface that is smooth, grooveless, and transparent. Figure 1 is a diagram of the optical scanning system inside the Pioneer Laserdisc player. The visible-red light beam from a low-power helium-neon laser is directed through a series of lenses and mirrors to the disc. The light shines through the surface layer and is reflected off the information- bearing layer back through the sur- face and optical path onto a photo- diode. When the incident light hits an opaque pit, it is not reflected back. The photodiode detects the presence or absence of reflected light and con- verts it into a current that reproduces the recorded carrier signal, on which the video and audio signals are modulated. The Pioneer player can play back a videodisc at two different rates: stan- dard play and extended play. The two modes are distinguished by dif- ferences in the density of the recorded data and the speed ot the drive mech- anism. In the standard-play mode, the information is stored on the disc so that the system reads data at a con- stant angular velocity (CAV), whereas in the extended-play mode, the data is read at a constant linear velocity (CLV — constant along the path traversed by the laser beam). In addition to these differences from the CED system, the optical videodiscs used by the Pioneer ma- chine have the advantage of near im- munity to wear and tear. Because the 62 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc video information is sandwiched be- tween protective transparent plastic layers, the disc is undamaged by dust and scratches. The laser just looks through the surface junk to the information-bearing layer beneath. Also, because the disc player has no stylus and uses a noncontact readout method, there is absolutely no wear on either the disc or the photodiode when in use, even in the still-frame mode, although some motion occurs in the optical-tracking mechanism. Two Operating Modes In the VP-1000's CAV mode, the disc always rotates at 1800 rpm (rev- olutions per minute), so that one rotation takes 1/30 of a second. A single video frame (one still picture) is recorded on each rotation (track) of the disc; each side of the disc contains 54,000 tracks and therefore 54,000 frames. At the center of the disc, the packing density (amount of data squeezed into a given segment of a track) is four times greater than on the outside edge. Because each rotation plays only one frame, it is possible to view a single frame as a still picture by caus- ing the laser beam to repeatedly scan the same track. Because of the single- frame-per-track arrangement of data and the constant disc speed, the scan- ning repetition occurs 30 times per second, which is the standard televi- sion frame-refresh rate (in North America), and there is no flicker or distortion of the picture. This still- frame capability is unique to the op- tical videodisc players; it facilitates fixed- and variable-speed slow mo- tion, fast motion, and rapid scan in both forward and reverse. Features such as these are very important in educational and industrial applica- tions where viewers might want to stop and discuss pertinent details of various still pictures. While the CAV mode is particular- ly suited for video interaction and computer-related activities, the extended-play CLV mode was de- signed simply to store more video frames, to be competitive with CED- format video players in the length of the program that the disc can hold. It would be impractical and cost- Photo 3: Prototype of the hardware-intensive interface circuit of figure 3. These components simulate the remote-control unit, generating pulse-code-modulated control codes under software control. prohibitive to require three discs for an average-length movie. In the CLV mode, the track closest to the center of the disc contains one frame, while a track on the outside edge contains four frames. The pack- ing density of the information is the same for all frames. By varying the speed of rotation from 1800 rpm (when the light beam is reading from the center of the disc) to 600 rpm (when reading at the edge), up to one hour of program material can be recorded on each side. Unfortunately, because more than one frame is stored per track, various special func- tions such as still-frame, slow mo- tion, and fast motion are inhibited. Since the projected applications of my videodisc interface need these features, I shall discuss the use of only the standard-play discs and the CAV mode. Embedded Signals So far we have seen that the VP-1000 is indeed an advanced video- disc player for use in entertainment. More significant to us, however, is that the VP-1000 is directly suited for remote control through a computer. Various control codes and data are placed in the video signal, in the ver- tical-blanking interval that occurs be- tween the fields of picture informa- tion. (The vertical-blanking interval can be seen as the black horizontal bar across the screen when you cause the picture on your TV screen to roll vertically.) The VP-1000 stores 24-bit biphase-coded signals that define pic- ture numbers, picture stops, "chapter" numbers, and various con- trol codes (CAV-mode, CLV-mode, lead-in, and lead-out). Every still picture on a CAV video- disc has a unique frame number (from 1 to 54,000). Using this number, the player-control system can identify and search for any one of the 54,000 frames and display it. This ability to so easily recall 54,000 separate still pictures may revolutionize certain types of visual research, when cou- pled with a computer-control system. (See the text box "JPL Puts the Planets on a Disc" on page 61.) To search for and view one of these 54,000 frames, you merely enter the frame number on the VP-1000's con- trol keyboard. The microprocessor control system in the player then June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 63 Function Signal Transmission Code Value KO K1 K2 DO D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 4 1 5 1 1 6 1 1 7 1 1 1 8 9 1 Search 1 1 Chapter 1 Frame 1 1 Audio L/1 1 1 Audio R/2 1 1 Still/Step Forward 1 Reverse 1 1 Scan Forward 1 Reverse 1 1 1 Fast Forward 1 Reverse 1 1 Slow Forward 1 1 Reverse 1 Mode Pause 1 1 Play 1 1 Table 1: The 25 control codes accepted by the Pioneei VP-1000 Laserdisc player. (2a) _J1L_BL_ -o — 1\ 1.05ms U — H H i =1 U— 2.1ms — A (2b) K0 Kl K2 DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 n n n n n n n n_TL_n_Ji_ -slow reverse- 00 1 000 1 000 KO Kl K2 DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 n n n n n_n n_JLJi_[L_n_ '"-»»• 00 1 1 1 0000 KO Kl K2 DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 n n n n n n n [l_Jl_^j_ "search- 00 1 1 101000 Figure 2: Encoding of the VP-1000's control signals. Bursts of a 38-kHz carrier signal are sent in a pulse-code-modulation pattern to convey 25 different commands. The pulse bursts are shown in figure 2a; examples of real control codes are shown in figure 2b. searches for that particular frame and displays it on the video screen. The slowest access time is about 20 sec- onds; for 2 frames within 1000 counts of each other, it takes about 5 sec- onds. VP-1000 Remote Control In reading magazine articles about videodiscs, I've seen many descrip- tions of videodisc formats and reviews of various commercial inter- faces to the VP-1000, but I've seen very few articles that actually discuss the construction of an interface to the VP-1000 and disclose the control codes needed. (I did read one in which the author cut the Gordian knot: he unsoldered the encoder chip from the Pioneer hand-held remote- control keyboard and reattached the chip to a parallel port on a Com- modore PET computer.) It's really rather simple to design and use a full-function computer/ videodisc-player interface without resorting to destructive measures. In the version of the Pioneer VP-1000 Laserdisc machine that I have, the op- tional remote-control keyboard com- municates with the main unit by coded signals sent through a cable or via a wireless infrared-light link. These coded signals can easily be created by an external computer con- nected through the VP-1000's remote- control input jack. (Or use an in- frared link similar to the one I described in "Use Infrared Com- munication for Remote Control," April 1982 BYTE, page 40.) Control Encoding The VP-1000 can recognize and act on 25 different commands (listed in table 1) that are transmitted via a 10-bit PCM (pulse-code modulation) scheme. In the code combinations, five of the bit values are fixed, and five vary to specify the command. The first three bits (K0, Kl, and K2) always have the values 0, 0, and 1, respectively. Similarly, the last two bits (D5 and D6) are always 0. Bits DO through D4 form the command- selection segment of the transmission. For example, to command the player to pause, the remote-control unit sends the 10-bit code 0010101000, in 64 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc which bits DO through D5 are 01010. The format of the transmission is detailed in figure 2. The 10-bit commands are transmit- ted as a series of bursts of a carrier frequency, with the bursts separated by a specified duration of time that determines whether a 1 or a is being transmitted. Each pulse burst consists of 10 cycles at 38 kHz (kilohertz) and is exactly 0.263 ms (milliseconds) long, as indicated in figure 2a. A 10-bit transmission starts with a burst and ends with a burst; it con- tains 11 bursts. The elapsed time be- tween the beginning of one burst and the beginning of the next, defined as the bit period, can be either of two durations: 1.05 ms to indicate a logic or 2.10 ms to indicate a logic 1. The actual length of a 10-bit transmission will vary depending upon the quanti- ties of Is and 0s. Three examples are shown in figure 2b. You can synthesize these codes in many ways. Depending upon your abilities, you may choose either a hardware- or software-intensive design. Generally speaking, if I have a choice, I always choose hardware. This time, however, synthesizing the control codes entirely in hardware would have unduly complicated the interface and only proven that I can make a mountain out of a molehill. Given the PCM coding used by the VP-1000, it's best to do much of the timing in software. But old habits die hard, so I had to find someplace to wire a few chips. I have included two relatively simple hardware designs that are manipu- lated by software to varying degrees. Depending upon your programming talents, you might choose to reduce the hardware further. Videodisc Controller: More Hardware Figure 3 on page 68 is the schematic diagram of a relatively hardware- intensive controller design. Bit timing and pulse-burst generation are done with counters and one-shot multi- vibrators. The advantage of such a circuit is that it takes relatively little computer power and relies upon soft- ware only to provide the next code bit for transmission. I call this my full- 524 1 £j (4a) Photo 4: In educational use, a computer program could ask a student to name the country associated with the flag shown in a still-framed video image, iden- tified as frame 5241 in photo 4a. Then, to reinforce the answer, the program can call up frame 5242 (photo 4b) to show the country and its location on a map. Display of frame numbers is optional. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 65 CompuView CP/M-86 Now Mainframe Features For Your IBM Personal Computer The CompuView implementation of CP/M-86 for the IBM Personal Computer has the features needed to run the full range of CP/M-86 application programs. Included are serial and parallel printer support, a 'smart' screen driver which can emulate many popular CRT terminals, and 193K/drive disk capacity. Innovative features include built-in horizontal scrolling for up to 254 columns and screen line editing, which lets the user extensively edit or re-enter any command line on the screen for CP/M-86 and application programs. In addition to IBM hard- ware, the TECMAR, Inc. Winchester hard disk, other hard disks and 80 tpi double sided drives are also supported. Screen line editing is a desirable, time saving feature common on large mainframe computers, but not previously available on any CP/M system. Besides editing the line being typed in, the cursor may be moved to any line on the screen, and the line edited by overtyping or inserting and deleting characters. Typing the 'Return' key will then enter the line, as it appears on the screen, to CP/M-86. Also, a string of 10 long commands can be repeated by moving the cursor to the first command and just typing the 'Return' key 10 times. This greatly reduces the amount of re-typing necessary due to mis-typed or repeated commands. Another common mainframe feature imple- mented is page control, which allows the screen to automatically stop after each new screen full of text. The CompuView CP/M-86 is licensed from Digital Research and comes complete with all CP/M-86 utility programs. Software interchange is simplified by the ability to read and write IBM-MSDOS disks, IBM CP/M-86 disks and transfer files with other CP/M and CP/M-86 computers via the serial port. The screen driver includes a useful status line, horizontal scrolling for up to 254 columns, and faithful CRT terminal emulation, including editing functions, cursor movement and display attributes. Application programs can use the status line for their own purposes or to emulate a Z19 terminal. We encourage you to com- pare our CP/M-86 with the version available from IBM. We have been careful to insure software compatibility and can read/write their disks. The table lists the major points of comparison between the two versions. Compare CompuView Compu- IBM View With IBM Horizontal Scrolling No Yes Screen Line Editing No Yes Page Control No Yes Emulate popular terminals No Yes 'Smart' CRT functions No Yes Read/Write IBM MSDOS disks No Yes Serial file transfer No Yes Support non-IBM hardware No Yes Programmable Function Keys Yes Yes Status Line Yes Yes Support Light Pen Yes Soon File Capacity 154K 193K CP/M-86 for IBM P.C $325 VEDIT-86 with above purchase (This version of VEDIT has horizontal scrolling for up to 2 54 columns) $100 V-COM Disassembler Finally a Z-80 disassembler for CP/M which produces easy to read code, a cross reference table and handles INTEL and ZILOG mnemonics. V-COM is exceptionally fast and produces an .ASM file directly from a .COM file. The disassembly of a 12K program producing a 76K .ASM file containing 7500 lines of source code and a 33K cross reference file will typically take less than two minutes. V-COM can accept two user created information files to make the resulting code more readable. One contains assign- ments of labels to 8 and 16 bit values; the second specifies the location of tables and ASCII strings. The resulting .ASM file will then contain labels and proper storage allocation for tables and strings. Each information file may contain nested 'INCLUDE' to other files. Each package includes a 30 page manual, sample program files and variations of V-COM compatible with TDL, MAC and two types of ZILOG assemblers $80 8086 Software VEDIT full screen editor for CP/M-86, MSDOS, IBM Personal Computer and IBM Displaywriter $195 CP/M-86 BIOS for popular S-100 disk controllers and SCP 8086 computer. Source Code $90 Bootable CP/M-86 disks for popular S-100 computers .... Call SoftWatG An Industry Standard for CP/M & 8086 Uniquely User Oriented VEDIT is user oriented to make your editing for program development and word processing as fast and easy as possible. The customization (installation) process makes VEDIT the only editing package that allows you to determine your own keyboard layout and use any available cursor and function keys. Just think of the difference it makes in your ease of learning and usage to type cursor and function keys instead of memorizing obscure control characters. This customization is menu driven, extends to much more and takes only a few minutes. Unequaled Hardware Support The CRT version directly supports over 35 terminals (including ANSI standard) in its installation menu and utilizes 'smart' terminal features such as line insert/delete, reverse scroll, status line and reverse video. Function keys on terminals like the Televideo 920/950, Heath H19, and IBM 3101 are all supported. The memory mapped version is extremely flexible, supports bank select such as on the SSM VB3 and screen sizes up to 70 X 200. CP/M and MP/M are registered irademarks of Digital Research. Inc. Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc Soflcard is a trademark of Microsoft. TRS-8) is a trademark of Tandy Corporation. IBM Person; Computer is a trademark of International Business Machines. Inc. Sophisticated Full Screen Editing VEDIT gives you true 'what you see is what you get' full screen editing with an extensive set of features for creating and editing standard text files of up to one diskette in length. Very large files are effortlessly handled by VEDIT's ability to edit up to 47K of a file entirely in memory without performing any slow and annoying disk accessing. And you can handle multiple files, insert a specified line range of another file anywhere in the text and even change diskettes. User Oriented Features You get the features you expect, like searching, a scratchpad buffer for moving and rearranging sections of text, complete file handling on multiple drives and flexible macros. For ease of use VEDIT has features you won't find elsewhere, like automatic indenting for use with structured languages such as Pascal and PL/I. You are less likely to make a mistake with VEDIT, but if you do, one key will 'Undo' the changes you just made to a screen line. And if you run out of disk space with VEDIT, you can easily recover by deleting old files or even inserting another diskette. It is therefore no surprise that VEDIT is the industry standard for program development editing. Word Processing VEDIT is suitable for simple stand-alone word processing, or it may be used in conjunction with a text processor. Its features include word wrap, adjustable left margin, reformatting of paragraphs, word oriented cursor movement and deleting, and imbedding of printer control characters. VEDIT can print any portion of your file and display the cursor's line and column positions. Now for IBM Personal Computer XEROX 820 Ordering Please specify your micro- computer, video board or the CRT terminal version, the 8080, Z80 or 8086 code version and disk format. VEDIT - Disk and manual For 8080 or Z80 $145 For CP/M-86 or IBM MDOS . $195 Manual only $15 VISA and MASTER CARD Welcome. Apple II Softcard • TRS-80 II and I SuperBrain • Heath H8/H89 * Altos NorthStar • Vector • MP/M • IBM 1955 Pauline Blvd., Suite 200 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103 (313) 996-1299 CompuVsew PRODUCTS, INC. Circle 127 on inquiry card. "«K>J ©- m<-l j -=. A J ^ -if 5 a; O J"" CO A V O* 00 <» s o (3 N r- r- co SS SCO N t- > in ■ -* ■* CD ^ t- ^ m >- T 1-^ftD t CD CO 0> O T IT) CO Q-O O N — 1 >>"tf ^ •* Tf cnj c\j -=r cd ■* jQ T- 1- h- t- O \". •* ■* •* ■» -^ ty h- s- r*- h- s- z CD JD E o DT-(NCO^U)C0NCOa)T- z oooooooooo -K- ^ it A as 6 6 Figure 3: Schematic diagram of a moderately hardware-intensive circuit to control the VP-1000 Laserdisc player from an external computer. Some software control steps are needed, notably the monitoring of I/O port hexadecimal 80 to determine when the inter- face can accept the next hit of the control code. 68 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Right for the time. Finally Someone invented an RS-232C compatible calendar/clock system, complete with 6-cligil display . . . and selling for only $249. Hayes did it! Introducing the Hayes Stack Chronograph, the newest addition to the Hayes Stack microcomputer component series. It allows your computer to accurately record all of your system activities by date and time . . . down to the second. Thanks to a battery back-up sys- tem, you never have to reset the time when your computer is off, and it will keep on ticking even when there's a power failure. A write- protect switch prevents accidental Microcomputer Component Systems changing of day, date or lime. Right for the job. The Hayes Slack Chronograph is ideal lor any home or business application re- quiring accurate timekeeping. Use it for timing everything from lights, burglar alarms, or sprinkler systems . . .to sending mail electronically (with the Hayes Stack auto-dial Smartmodem and your computer) . . . logging and recording reports or time-sharing access time . . . clung all your messages at night, when rates are Chronograph helps do And Chronograph stacks up. Keep your computer system up-to-date with the Hayes stack- ables, including the RS-232C com- patible Smartmodem, the most sophisticated 300-baud originate/ answer modem you can buy. And yet, it's probably the easiest to use too. The Hayes Stack Chronograph and Smartmodem are available whereverfi ne com puter productsare sold. It's ^^^\ j^r ♦ Haves The Hayes Stack Chronograph. There's no better time. Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. 5835 Peachtree Corners East, Norcross, Georgia 30092 404/449-8791 Hayes Stack is a trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc. © Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc. Circle 208 on Inquiry card. hardware approach, which is used ac- cording to the flowchart and typical program sequence shown in figure 4 on page 70. The interface is designed to com- municate with a microcomputer via an I/O (input/output) port at hexa- decimal address 80. To transmit the f START J SET MEMORY POINTER „' r OUTPUT MEMORY AT POINTER LOCATION AND INCREMENT POINTER 1 YES / S ^v. MITTER > JSY yr [no S^\ THE \ r BIT / Iyes NO >L B ./THIS \^AS ( E *' T ) Figure 4: Flowchart of the algorithm to control the Laserdisc player using the hardware of figure 3. Typical micropro- cessor code (Z80) is shown in listing 1. Listing 1: Assembler code for the Z80 microprocessor to perform the algorithm of figure 4, controlling the interface of figure 3. LD HL, POINTER AGAIN LD C, PORT OUTI CALL TEST LD A,L CP END INZ AGAIN TEST IN A, PORT BIT 7,A IP 0, TEST RETURN POINTER EQU 8000 PORT EQU 80 END EQU 8008 10-bit control code (which has been selected and formatted by some other high-level program), the computer first outputs the first control-code bit (K0) to port 80 as a logic in the LSB (least significant bit) of the data bus (K0 = 0) or as a 1 in the LSB (K0 = 1). This value is loaded into the bistable latch IC3. Depending upon this logic level, one of the two one-shots IC5 or IC6 will fire when IC3 is loaded. If the control-code bit is 0, then IC6 fires; if the control-code bit is 1, then IC5 fires. The computer monitors the outputs of the two one-shots by testing the LSB of input port 80. If bit is high when examined, then the interface is still busy transmitting the control- code bit. When the port's LSB in- dicates a logic again, the interface has finished transmitting, and the computer program should output the next control-code bit to port 80. The variable timing that sends a 1 or is handled in hardware, with the computer cued to send the next bit by a Busy /Not-Busy signal from port 80. All the program has to do is simply monitor the Busy line and output the 10-bit VP-1000 control code one bit at a time. As shown in listing 1 accom- panying figure 4, the program is bare- ly 20 bytes long (written for a Z80 microprocessor). The rest of the hardware in figure 3 produces the pulse burst. The flip- flop IC7 and the decade counter IC8 form a 10-cycle counter clocked by a 38-kHz oscillator (the timer IC10). When one of the one-shots fires, tim- ing a bit period, the leading edge of this signal presets flip-flop IC7 and raises the Clear line on IC8 (allowing it to count). IC8 counts until it reaches 9 and then generates a carry pulse when it rolls over. This carry pulse clears the flip-flop and stops the counting process until a one-shot is triggered again. During the counting period, the 10 clock cycles (the 38-kHz pulse burst) are transmitted to the VP-1000. The timing between pulse bursts is controlled by the com- puter monitoring the busy line. One extra item in figure 3 is a relay. The relay is enabled by bit 3 of the in- put port 80 and can be used to switch a single video monitor between two video sources. One source could be the output of the computer's regular display, while the other could be the videodisc player's output. Using the relay, the computer could display some appropriate material from the videodisc and then switch the screen back to the computer's own output to pose a question about the contents of the videodisc program. Videodisc Controller: Less Hardware Figure 5 on page 72 shows a more software-intensive approach, which uses just the pulse-burst generator from figure 3. A flowchart of the algorithm to use this circuit is shown in figure 6 on page 74. As all timing except for the carrier is done in soft- ware and this circuit is triggered by a pulse rather than a discrete logic level, a data latch is unnecessary. Bit timing is still important, but a few microseconds here or there won't make much difference. As configured, the control program should allow either 1.05 or 2.10 ms to elapse (depending upon the control- code bit value) and then activate the pulse-burst generator. In my opinion, this method is preferable to the hard- ware-intensive design of figure 3. As I have described, handling the entire communication between the computer and the videodisc player is simply a matter of timing and logic switching. If you have just a parallel output port on your computer and excellent skill with software, you could conceivably synthesize the en- tire command sequence, including the 10-cycle 38-kHz pulse burst, entirely in software. At only 26.3 microsec- onds per cycle, however, you will have to code a tight program without many branches and subroutines. Because such a program has to be machine-specific and coded with the clock speed of the processor in mind, I decided to forego the exercise for this article. Future of Computer Videodiscs Every computer manufacturer is striving to maximize the processing 70 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 240 on inquiry card. MDBS: Superior Data Base Management for Application Developers Mainframe solutions at micro prices. MDBS solves the problem of expensive, time-consuming application development and maintenance. ^ Here's what makes the MDBS Data Base Management System so unique: ECONOMY— Our state-of-the-art system cuts application development costs by up to 80% . EFFICIENCY— Data compression allows optimum use of space. HARDWARE COMPATIBILITY— From 8080. Z80'"...to the PDP- 1 1 '", MDBS delivers uniformly excellent results. / PORTABILITY— MDBS operates under most popular oper- ating systems and languages, including CP/M IM , UNIX™. IBM PCDOS'" COBOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C, PL/I . FORTRAN, and many more. INTEGRITY-RECOVERY, RESTART, and the ability to roll the data base back are available. Data base integrity is supported through advanced data structuring techniques. AUTHENTICITY— MDBS is the first and only true and complete DBMS currently available on microcomputers. CAPABILITY — Our system includes features you won't find anywhere else, at any price. Fully-integrated, dictionary-driven. Unparalleled data structuring ability — far superior to hierarchical, CODASYL, and relational approaches. • Powerful, English-like query system entirely non-navigational. Fully supports spur-of-the-moment "what if" inquiries. Query nesting allowed. Automatic sorting of output tables. Built-in data security down to the field level. Data encryption capability. Performance tuning, including the ability to influence physical storage structures. Extremely fast retrieval even for large volume data bases. Multi-users capabilities including active and passive lockout MDBS is not restricted to the limitations of data base "pretenders" like file management systems. To help make application development more effective and efficient, MDBS also offers extensive consulting services and professional traininq seminars. ~ , Z80 is a registered trademark ot Zilog; PDP- 1 1 ol Digital Equipment Corp: CP/M of Digital Research: UNIX ol Western Electric: PCDOS ol IBM. MDBS and other fine products are distributed in most countries through ISE. Professionals know the difference. Mote: For more about ISE see page 223 D Please call me immediately at ( For further information contact: In U.S.: ISE-CISA 350 West Sagamore Parkway West Lafayette. IN 47906 Tel: (317) 463-2581 TWX: 810-342-1881 In France: ISE-CEGOS Tour Chenonceaux 204, Rond-Point du Pont de Sevres 92516 Boulogne Billancourt Cedex Tel: 620-61-04 In Germany: ISE-ADV/ORGA GERMANY Lothstr. 19 D-8000 Munich 40 Tel: 089-192 071/4 In Sweden: ISE-DATEMA SWEDEN Box 1056 Huvudstagatan 1 171 21 Solna In Switzerland and Austria: ISE-ADV/ORGA SWITZERLAND Morgartenstrasse 6 CH-6003 Luzern Tel: 041-23 23 60/61 In the UK and Ireland: ISE-PACTEL Rochester House 33 Greycoat Street London SW I P2QF Tel: 01-828 7744 Elsewhere: ISE-INTERNATIONAL 350 West Sagamore Parkway West Lafayette, IN 47906 Tel: (317) 463-4561 TWX: 810-342-1881 (phone no.) □ Please tell me about your half-day seminar □ Please tell me about your three-day workshop D I'm enclosing 5 1 05 in payment for the MDBS manual ($135 over- seas; Indiana residents please add $3.80 sales tax) □ Please charge to my VISA or MasterCard Card Number Phone No -Expiration Date- -State- -Zip- (area code) MAIL TO: Your local ISE affiliate. Please look for us at the NCC, Booth No. 3745. and Booth No. 226, Computerama, Toronto. (ext.) IB 222 ^v •1.8K RST V CC DIS |C4 NE555 TRG OUT GND CTLV POLYCARBONATE 1 O.luF 3 38kHz CLOCK IC2 74160 CLEAR CARRY DECODED ADDRESS i— ^ ~U" STROBE ( 1/is MAX) ■— P AT IC3 7474 CLOCK KHJ> Ql 2N2222 Number Type + 5V GND IC1 7400 14 7 IC2 74160 16 8 IC3 7474 14 7 IC4 NE555 8 1 Figure 5: A simpler circuit for controlling the VP-1000 Laserdisc player that relies somewhat more on software to perform timing of the pulse bursts. Photo 5: Great works of art are reproduced on videodiscs; the applications for a computer-assisted art-history project are plentiful. Here we discover that Vincent van Gogh was an early user of Motorola microprocessors. power of its machines while minimiz- ing the cost per bit of online storage. Increasingly, 10-megabyte or larger Winchester-technology hard-disk drives are spoken of as required peripheral devices as more and more computer applications are developed that require storage and use of large amounts of data. We should take care not to over- look the technical possibilities of the Pioneer Laserdisc and its kin while viewing Star Trek and The Jerk. The laser-optical videodisc player is a mind-boggling 20-gigabit random- access read-only memory that costs only $600. Try pricing that storage on any kind of magnetic disk! Eventually, optical storage discs will be produced which contain vast databases, not simply as video still frames, but as computer-readable program code and data files. Instead of pictures of 10,000 pages of text, the disc will simply contain the text stored as ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) files. Then several billion characters could be stored. 72 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 229 on Inquiry card, i ALL MATTER IS MODULAR. YOUR PRINTER SHOULD BE, TOO. Introducing the Prism Printer™ from Integral Data Systems, the first truly modular, field -upgradeable dot matrix printer. Now your printer can be as flexible as the rest of your system. Start with the basic printer which features text-quality printing; then >dd the performance options you jeed — when you need them. Add the automatic cut sheet feeder for word processing. Install the Sprint Mode™ for high-speed data output. For com- imicating information and ideas % nothing is more effective than lot™ graphic option and Prism '""ion — this gives you high- lit in text, hat's just the beginning. More Prl fepn modules will l>e available sc _ If you're an APPLE™, IBM™ or other professional microcomputer user, Prism Printer is the key to your system solution. At last, the chemistry "ght between you and your printer. '11 never pay too much or get too little again. The Prism Printer from Integral Data Systems. For the name of your nearest Integral Data Systems Dealer, call toll free (800) 258- 1386. In New Hampshire, Alaska and Hawaii, call (603) 673-9100. d 1p ') Integral Data Systems, Inc. Milforci, NH 0305 Telex: 953032 APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Corporation. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. Photo 6: Computer game fans will use their computer-interfaced videodisc players for fun, perhaps playing a space-war game spiced up with images from Battlestar Galactica. The video images reproduced in this article were photographed from a Pioneer LS-501 large-screen projection television receiver. f START J SOFTWARE ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR GENERATING PULSE BURST SET MEMORY POINTER EXAMINE MEMORY VALUE TRANSMIT PULSE BURST YES / IS \ /iNnir:ATFn\ "\l BIT / NO DELAY 1.05ms ' DELAY 1.05 ms INCREMENT MEMORY POINTER C EX,T ) C START J SET N = 10 1 ', OUTPUT LOGIC 1 DELAY 13.15/is OUTPUT LOGIC DELAY 13.15/is DECREMENT N S N ^N" c ETURN Figure 6: The algorithm to control the Laserdisc player using the circuit of figure 5. Clever, tight coding could produce a program that can handle all of the timing and make the needed hardware even more simple. The real breakthrough in videodisc technology will come with the ability to record as well as play a disc. While some descendant of today's video- discs might become a fully flexible read/write medium, it appears that the first such machine to appear might be a gigantic write-once read- only memory, or WOROM. In Conclusion The technology is still in its infancy today, but I expect that eventually optical videodisc players will become not only practical but necessary com- puter peripherals. For the present, however, our computer interfaces will have to wait for material suitable for video/computer interaction. Considerable effort is being ex- pended in the production of educa- tional and scientific discs, but I am sure you can expect one of the major software suppliers to have a videodisc specially produced for adventure games. For my own use of the Laser- disc player, my controller will be there when computer-applicable material arrives at my door. But right now, I think I'll sit down and watch a cooking-class disc. I heartily recom- mend the clams cassino. Next Month: When we've finished working with video, we can turn our attention to audio. In July we'll see how to create sound effects using a new integrated circuit from Texas Instruments. ■ Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for each month's current article. Most of these past articles are available in reprint books from BYTE Books, 70 Main St., Peterborough, NH 03458. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume 1 covers articles that appeared in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Ciar- cia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II contains articles from December 1978 through June 1980. Ciar- cia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III contains the ar- ticles that were published from July 1980 through December 1981. To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar project kits available from the Micromint. circle 100 on the reader service liry card at the back of the magazine. 74 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc aaia»» op feacuRes i&M* A GALAXY of features makes the LN.W80 a remarkable computer. As you explore the LNW80, you will find the most complete, powerful, ready to run, feature-packed per- sonal and business computer ever made into one compact solid unit. MODEL I COMPATIBILITY - The LNW80 is fully hardware and software compatible with the Model I. Select from a universe of hardware accessories and software - from VisiCalc" to space games, your LNW80 will launch you into a new world of computing. • FULLY LOADED - A full payload includes an on-board single and double density disk controller for 5 1 />" and 8" single or double sided disk drives. RS2-32C communications port, cassette and parallel printer interfaces are standard features and ready to go. All memory is fully installed - 48K RAM, 16K graphics RAM and 12K ROM complete with Microsoft BASIC. QUALITY CONSTRUCTION - Instrumenta- tion quality construction sets LNW80 com- puters apart from all the rest. Integrated into the sleek solid steel case of the LNW80 is a professional 74-key expanded keyboard that includes a twelve key numeric keypad. HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS & COLOR- The stunning 480 X 1 92 resolution gives you total display control - in color or black and white. The choice of display formats is yours; 80, 64, 40 and 32 columns by 24 or 1 6 lines in - any combination of eight colors. PERFORMANCE - Lift-off with a 4MHz Z80A CPU for twice the performance. The LNW80 outperforms all computers in its class. Our down to earth price won't send you into LNW Research Corp. 2(Vit) WALNUT ' (VI I) i;ii ,sx:,o ( CA. 32U80 •l-lj r.l'l-5744 Circle 266 on Inquiry card. Pick a Pak of Peachware: Peachtree Software™ has long been a leader in the microcomputer soft- ware field. Its quality and reliability have made it the standard in business software, and its documentation and ease of operation have made it the choice of users everywhere. Now there's a new look to Peachtree Software. The look is Peachware,™ and it's destined to change the way you think about software. The Peachware concept is simple: give the user a complete solution to his business software needs. How? The Peachpak.™ In our Peachpaks, we've put to- gether integrated systems of related packages — in accounting or word processing, for example — to give the user the most benefit from his micro in his business functions. The Peachpak 8 Accounting Series — which includes General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receiv- able, Sales Invoicing, Inventory Control and PeachPay™ payroll — gives you the quick response, accurate results and timely reports you need to maintain complete control of your finances, the lifeblood of your business. The Peachpak 9 Office Productivity Series is centered on the PeachText™ word processor (formerly Magic Wand®; we've improved it and like the results so much we decided to put our name on it) and includes the PeachCalc™ Electronic Spreadsheet, Spelling Proofreader, Mailing List Manager and Telecommunications. Peachpak 9 extends the Peachware so- lution to all areas of the electronic office. That's not all. We've got Peachpaks for different levels of accounting needs, for vertical applications, even one designed specifically for the Apple II™ computer. And we have Peachcare ,™ our own approach to the critical problem of after-sale support and service. It runs the gamut from PeachTax ,™ a subscription service to keep your PeachPay package updated on changes in tax requirements, to the Peachtree Software Product Center, which offers direct sales and software support to the user. We're bringing these services to more people every day, both in the United States and abroad, through our network of almost 1,000 dealers and Peachtree Software International, headquartered just outside London. We have more than 40,000 packages installed worldwide, and the number is growing rapidly. Peachtree Software is picking up its pace to meet the burgeoning needs of micro users. It's part of our effort to make sure that, when it comes time for you to pick your software, you pick the leader. Pick a peach. Peachpak™ 4 Accounting Series General Ledger Inventory Accounts Payable Payroll Accounts Receivable Peachpak™ 40 Accounting Series, Apple II Edition General Ledger Inventory Accounts Payable Payroll Accounts Receivable Peachpak™ 6 Client Accounting Series Client Posting and Accounting System Passive Payroll Please send me information on Peachware™ by Peachtree Software. Name: Company: Address:_ City: _State: _Zip: lama: Q prospective dealer □ user of software Peachtree Software Incorporated an MSA company 3445 Peachtree Road, N.E./8th Floor/ Atlanta, Georgia 30326/(404) 266-0673 Peachpak™ 61 Property Management Series Property Management System General Ledger Peachpak™ 71 Sales Tracker (COBOL) Accounts Receivable and Sales Analysis Inventory Order Entry Peachpak™ 8 Accounting Series General Ledger Accounts Payable Accounts Receivable Sales Invoicing Inventory Control PeachPay™ Payroll System Peachpak™ 9 Office Productivity Series PeachText™ Word Processor Spelling Proofreader PeachCalc™ Electronic Spreadsheet Mailing List Manager Telecommunications Circle 360 on inquiry card. Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. Peachtree Software, Peachware, Peachpak, PeachPay, PeachText, Magic Wand, PeachCalc, Peachcare and PeachTax are trademarks of Peachtree Software Incorporated, an MSA Company. Copyright © 1982 Peachtree Software Incorporated, an MSA Company. BY 682 Peachtree Software" Videodiscs in Education Integrating the Computer and Communication Technologies Interactive videodiscs are entering the classroom. Both the communications and com- puter industries have achieved tre- mendous growth but, for the most part, have developed unmindful of each other. Their disagreement over legislation to deregulate the commu- nications industry suggests both are beginning to step on each other's turf. Now that the antitrust cases against AT&T and IBM have been dropped, some predict the two industries will eventually coalesce into a new infor- mation industry. The recent coming of age of the videodisc, a product that integrates both technologies, suggests that the prediction may be valid. Both the communications and com- puter technologies have a long, and perhaps sad, tradition in education. Critics often refer to educational tele- vision as a "failure." That charac- About the Author Isaac 1. Bejar is a Research Scientist at the Educational Testing Service. This article is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation and the Na- tional Institute of Education under Grant No. SED-8024465. (Isaac I. Bejar and Spencer Swinton, principal investigators.) Any opin- ions, findings, conclusions, or recommenda- tions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the National Institute of Education. Dr. Isaac I. Bejar Educational Testing Service Princeton, NJ 08541 terization is probably not fair to much of today's educational televi- sion, but the early attempts were cer- tainly affected by a lack of under- standing of the medium. Some of the early experiments on the effectiveness of television as an instructional medium were little more than com- parisons of a live lecturer and a "talk- ing head." No wonder many of these experiments showed "televised" in- struction to be no better than live in- struction. Today, while less than inspiring ed- ucational programs continue to be produced, a fair amount of good edu- cational television does exist. More- over, the medium's potential effec- tiveness for educational purposes is gradually being established as sug- gested by the evaluation of Sesame Street (see reference 1) and other pro- grams. The computer has also had a mixed history in education. While the tech- nology's potential was realized by some of the early innovators, the realities of the marketplace prevented the predicted boom of computers in education (see reference 2). Because software developers were not sure of the market, they did not strive to pro- duce the best possible product. This led, in turn, to poor acceptance of the software, which fulfilled the develop- ers' own prophecy. However, the effectiveness of CAI (computer-assisted instruction) now seems established judging by the results of several projects including a large-scale field test being conducted in Los Angeles public schools by the Educational Testing Service for the National Institute of Education. On the market side, the cottage industry that has provided educational pro- grams is now beginning to be supple- mented by established publishers. Together, these trends suggest that at last technology is gaining a foot- hold in education, and because of this, the videodisc may be more readily accepted into the classroom than television or computers. Nevertheless, caution is necessary. From a historical perspective, the cur- rent educational application of video- disc technology stands at a point equivalent to the early years of edu- cational television and CAI. The col- lective results of current projects are bound to have a significant impact on the future of videodisc technology in education. Therefore, the technology must be given a fair chance to demon- strate its effectiveness, which will be a function of tangible factors, such as the quality of the hardware and soft- ware, as well as intangible factors, such as the attitudes of teachers toward technology. This article con- centrates on the tangible factors by 78 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc COMMODORE WMM THE WONDER COMPUTER OF THE 1980s. UNDER *300." —WILLIAM SHATNER " The best computer value in the world today. The only computer you'll need for years to come." VIC-20® VS. OTHER HOME COMPUTERS Product Features Commodore VIC-20 Atari ' 400'" TI» 99/4A rRS-80 Color Computer Price* $299.95 $399.00 $454.00 $399.00 Maximum RAM Memory 32K 16K 48 K 32K Keyboard Style Full-Size Typewriter Style Flat Plastic Membrane Full-Size Typewriter Style Calculator Style Number of Keys 66 57 48 53 Programmable Function Keys 4 I) Graphic Symbols On Keyboard 62 Displayable Characters 512 256 192 256 Microprocessor 6502 6502 TMS 9900 6809 Accessible Machine Language YES YES YES YES Upper/Lower Case Characters YES YES YES NO Operates with all Peripherals (Disk. Printer and Modem) YES NO YES YES Full Screen Editor YES YES YES NO Microsoft Basic Standard N/A N/A $ 99.00 Telephone Modem $109.95 $399.95 $450.00 $154.95 taJHSB BI.UEMEANIES FROM OUTER SPACE Read the chart and see why COMPUTE! Magazine 1 calls the VIC-20 computer "an astounding machine for the price." Why BYTE 2 raves: ". . .the VIC-20 computer unit is unexcelled as a low-cost consumer computer." Why Popular Mechanics 3 says "... for the price of around $300, it's the only game in town that is more than just a game." And why ON COMPUTING INC." exclaims: "What is inside is an electronic marvel. . . if it sounds as if I'm in love with my new possession, I am." The wonder computer of the 1980s. The VIC-20 from Commodore, world's leading manufacturer of a full range of desktop computers. See the VIC-20 at your local Commodore dealer and selected stores. I April '81 issue 2 May '81 issue 3 November 'Sllssue 4FaH'81issue 'Manufacturer's luMenicd retail price Mar. 1, 1982 ^ Commodore Computer Systems I 681 Moore Rd., King of Prussia. PA 19406 BV-6 I Canadian Residents: Commodore Computer Systems ■ 3370 Pharmacy Ave.. Agincourt, Ont.. Canada. Ml W 2K.4 Please send me more information on the VIC-20. Name CjSL commodore v COMPUTER i I M Address . I Cily P Phone L . State_ . Zip_ Circle 98 on Inquiry card exploring hardware-software con- siderations and courseware (instruc- tional or educational software) issues and leaves the intangible factors for another occasion and forum. An on- going project concerned with apply- ing videodisc technology to the teach- ing of elementary mathematics has provided a framework for the discus- sion that follows. Hardware-Software Considerations Our research is oriented toward the development of individualized learn- ing stations. That is, we envision an environment where individual stu- dents will have access to a computer which, in turn, will control several peripherals, including a videodisc player. The video output from the computer, both text and graphics, and the video from the videodisc will appear on a single screen. Input to the computer will be through a key- board, light pen, and eventually natural speech. Choice of computers: An impor- tant principle in choosing a computer system for an educational environ- ment is to distinguish between devel- opment and delivery systems. You need a development system to facili- tate authoring, i.e., the creation of both textual and graphic materials and the selection of audiovisual materials. A delivery system need only be capable of delivering and managing the instructional materials. In principle, you need a substantially less expensive machine for delivery purposes. Choose the development system with an eye toward transport- ing the results to a delivery system. Because research takes time, often by the time the project ends a new gener- ation of hardware has emerged. With luck, the emergence of the new gener- ation will bring down the price of what was the development system to such an extent that you can justify it as a delivery system, thus obviating the need to transport everything to the new machines. ARBAGATOR Puts it on the line ARBA Register n on line with virtually any computer." FINE BUSINESS COMPUTING 890 E. ROOSEVELT LOMBARD, IL 60148 312-620-8566 — Do real time point of sale inventory control -RS232C Interface at 300 baud — Standard asynchronous ASCII code ■■■ -Time tested LSI circuitry —$1295 suggested retail — dealer pricing available. Coming soon! Point of sale software. This reasoning suggests that it would be inappropriate to base re- search and development effort entire- ly on the current crop of computers because they are now near the end of their life cycle. For example, the TRS-80 has definite limitations, such as the difficulty of going beyond 48K bytes of memory and implementing standard operating systems, such as CP/M. The Apple also has a serious limitation in the use of a nonstandard video signal, which makes it difficult to integrate the video output from the computer and videodisc. (As it turns out there is a board from Video Asso- ciates Lab that makes this possible, but the board itself costs more than the Apple. Also Adwar sells a black box, the ARS-170, that brings the Apple video signal up to National Television Standard Code [NTSC] standards.) A second determining factor in the choice of a computer is the availabili- ty of software to facilitate the author- ing process as well as the delivery of instruction. Currently the most power- ful authoring system that supports both video tape and videodisc is the University of Utah's Video Course- ware Implementation System (VCIS). The system runs under UCSD Pascal on a Terak 85107a computer. We chose the Terak-VCIS combination as our development system because, theoretically, with it you can use any machine running under UCSD Pascal as a delivery system. The Terak is a 16-bit, medium-res- olution (256 by 320), black-and-white graphics computer based on the LSI-11 processor. Our system has 56K bytes of memory, two double- density disk drives, one serial port, a keyboard, and a display. The educa- tional price was close to $8000. The documentation is not extensive, but over-the-phone technical support has been excellent. Two operating sys- tems are available for the Terak, UCSD Pascal and RT-11. You can upgrade the Terak 8510/a for high- resolution color, but this costs several thousands of dollars. Choosing a videodisc player: Three competing videodisc systems are on the market today. These include the RCA Selectavision, which is based on 80 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 34 on Inquiry card. New from HIPL0T™ multi-pen plotting for as little as $1480 The new HIPL0T DMP Series 6-pen option makes high perfor- mance multi-pen plotting affor- dable. It's available on the DMP 2, 3, and 4 models in the HIPL0T family so you can enjoy the advantages of multi-colored plots on 8V2" X 11" (DIN A4) surfaces. Of course, you also get the standard HIPL0T range of capabilities such as intelligence, controls, interfaces and resolutions. There's a model for vir- tually every plotting application. line which made low-cost, high performance digital plotting a reality. Big Performance in a Small Plotter Since it's introduction, the HIPL0T DMP Series has been rec- ognized as the innovative plotter Now, with our new 6-pen option, there's an exciting new dimension in the DMP Series' ver- satility. Imagine two standard models with RS-232-C and parallel interfaces, four intelligent models with RS-232-C or Centronics®com- patible interfaces, a choice of con- trols, resolutions, and pen speeds. Add to this the ability to plot with 6-pens on paper, vellum or mylar (ideal for overhead projectors) and you have the ultimate plotter price/performance combina- tion — the perfect choice for the user or OEM. 8-Pen Models Also Available If you need a little more capability, take a look at our new 8-pen option. It's available on the DMP 5, 6, and 7 so you can have 8-pen multi-colored plots on 11"X17" (DIN-A3) surfaces. Why wait? Let us send you complete information on this breakthrough in affordable, multi- pen plotting. Contact Houston In- strument, P.O. Box 15720, Austin, Texas 78761. (512) 835-0900. For rush literature requests, outside Texas, call toll free 1-800-531-5205. For technical information ask for operator §5. In Europe contact Houston Instrument, Rochester- laan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Phone 059/27-74-45. INSTRUMEfsnS &SYSTEMS DIVISION Tbgettier...we'll create tomorrow TM Trademark of Houston Instrument. U.S. Suggested retail prices. Centronics* 1 registered trademark of Centronics Data Computer Corp. BAUSCH & LOMB (£ Circle 55 for literature. Circle 56 to have representative call. Circle 335 on inquiry card. personal computer UCSD p-System™IV-1 A superior implementation of the UCSD p-SYSTEM is available NOW for your IBM Personal Computer. Network Consulting has added many features which the professional program- mer will find useful. These features are not available from any other sources. •Hard disk support for Corvus, Tall Grass Technology and others • 25% more floppy storage, without add- ing or modifying hardware, retaining compatibility with standard IBM disk- ettes • Double sided/double tracking/fast stepping floppy disk drive support • RAM disk support (uses up to 51 2k RAM) •Adaptable system support for adding custom I/O drivers • Remote Terminal support • XON/XOFF flow control for serial prin- ters • Disk write verification • and more! Standard p-System features include: • Program chaining • Standard I/O redirection (including command files) • Dynamic program overlays • Support for asynchronous processes and concurrency primitives in Pascal • Fast Pascal, Fortran and Basic com- pilers, all producing universal p-code programs • A powerful screen oriented editor that runs in both programming and text editing modes •A Native machine Code Generator that processes your Pascal, Fortran and Basic programs to convert parts of them to Native machine code • Dynamic runtime binding of separately compile programs and units. • Turtlegraphics for easy graphics dis- plays • Print spooler for background printing • Symbolic debugger • Extended memory support • A library of program modules and other utilities 48 HOUR DELIVERY — CALL NOW! UCSD p— SYSTEM from Network Consulting The only serious choice for business Dealer Inquiries Welcome TM The Regents of the University of California Network Consulting Inc. A106- 1093 W. Broadway Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6H 1E2 (604) 738-3500 the capacitance electronic disc (CED) system. In this system, the audio- visual information is engraved on a plastic disc and is picked up by a stylus making physical contact with the grooves of the disc. A second sys- tem, produced by Matsushita-]VC, is the video high-density (VHD) system, which is also based on capacitive pickup but, unlike the RCA system, uses a grooveless disc that does not have to make physical contact with the pickup. Finally, there is the optical-laser system which uses a laser beam to pick up the audiovisual information without making physical contact with the disc. Actually, two types of laser systems are available: one, manufactured by Thompson- CSF, is called transmissive, and the other, manufactured by Sony, Pioneer, Magnavox, and Discovision Associates (DVA), is reflective. (Most of DVA, formerly a joint venture be- tween IBM and MCA, has been sold to Pioneer. For convenience, however, I will refer to DVA pro- ducts in this article even though they may now be marketed by Pioneer.) The transmissive disc is soft, while the reflective disc is rigid and requires no special handling at all, thus mak- ing the optical-laser-reflective-disc technology the most congenial for ed- ucational applications. I will focus on the laser-reflective-disc technology. The laser-reflective videodisc players come in "consumer" and "in- dustrial" models. The primary con- sumer models are sold by Pioneer and Magnavox and can be bought at dis- count for less than $600. Both Sony and Discovision Associates manufac- ture and retail industrial players for close to $3000 depending on what op- tions you choose. Naturally, the in- dustrial models are sturdier and have more features. For one thing, they have their own onboard microproces- sor, a Z80 in the case of the Sony, and an F8 Fairchild in the case of the DVA unit. They also have IK bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) for storing programs. Al- though the players are not program- mable in BASIC, the instructional language is fairly straightforward. The consumer videodisc players, however, are not directly program- mable, but the Pioneer can be inter- faced to a host computer. We chose the industrial DVA model. While it is currently out- rageously expensive, chances are that many of its features will find their way to the consumer model. Thus, by choosing a state-of-the-art machine, we protect ourselves against some of the problems mentioned earlier. An important characteristic of the industrial videodisc player is its abili- ty to support two-way communica- tion with the host computer. For the Pioneer player, communication is strictly one-directional. That is, the computer can instruct the videodisc player to perform a task, but no in- formation regarding the status of the player can be transmitted to the exter- nal computer. The Soriy and DVA videodisc players make information on their status available. With the DVA player three kinds of information can be transmitted to the host computer: • current frame number • the contents of RAM • the player status (for example, whether it's playing forward, search- ing for a frame, etc.) Of these, the capability of transmit- ting the current frame number is most important for instructional purposes (more on this later). For the Sony player, the standard port for commu- nicating this information is a built-in RS-232C, whereas for the DVA player, it is a nonstandard parallel port. However, DVA sells an RS- 232C interface that allows any com- puter with a serial port to com- municate with the player. Integrating the computer and videodisc output: While you can use any computer with an RS-232C port to communicate with either the DVA or Sony player, unless additional in- terfacing is provided, you will need two displays, one for the video out- put from the videodisc player and one for the computer display. Two dis- plays are more expensive and, in an instructional setting, may have a dis- tracting effect. Fortunately, a number of firms have developed interfaces that allow the computer and the 82 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Look What Apparat has for your IBM Personal Computer. /• - t>f1V/, -me following '»* add-ons are available Immediately: • 2 Dual Headed 40 Track Drives - (appears as four) 640K of storage, software patch, easy internal mount. $630.00 • Combo Card - Parallel printer, ASYNC communication (RS-232), and clock calendar functions, uses only one slot. $279.00 • 2 Single Headed 40 Track Drives - 320K of disk storage, easy internal mount. $450.00 • 48K additional RAM - 27 chips plug into master PC board $75.00 • Add-on Memory Card — (uses 64K dynamic RAM chips), 64K - $425.00, 128K - $525.00, 192K - $625.00, 256K - $725.00 • Prom Blaster - Programs most IK to 4K EPROMS of 25XX and 27XX single or multivoltage, personality modules, read/write software. $149.00 4jK® • Apparat Qame Diskette — $24.95 • Clock Calendar — Features seconds, minutes, hours, day of week, date, month and year, backup battery, leap year and crystal time base. $129.00 ■ Prototype Card — 3.5 by 8 inch wirewrap holds 150-14 pin dips. $29.95 ■ ROB Color Monitors - Includes cable, 16 color modifications, NEC - $1,095.00, AMDEK - $899.00, TECO - $699.00. ■ 3rd and 4th Add-on Drives - Expansion cabinet and IBM compatible drives, cabinet and 1 drive - $499.00, two drives - $749.00 • 64K Hardware Print-Spooler — Parallel printer adapter, buffers 13 minutes of output at 80 characters/second. $399.00. • EPSOM MX Printers - MX-80 (with dot addressable graphics) - $499.00, MX-80 FIT - $575.00, MX-100 - W $775.00 " ' Verbatim Datallfe Diskettes - (5-1/4" 40 track, box of 10) $24.95 • 16K Memory Kits (9 chips) - $25.00 • 5-1/4" riip-Sort - $21.95 • 5-1/4" Plastic Library Case - $1.95 Apparat will continue to develop add-on products for your IBM Personal Computer. Call today for more information. Dealer inquiries welcome. (303) 741-1778 IBM Personal Computer is a trademark of IBM. Apparat, Inc. 440 1 So. Tamarac Parkway. Denver, CO 80237 (303) 74 1 - 1 778 "O/Y GOING SUPPORT FOR MICROCOMPUTERS' Circle 28 on inquiry card. TERAK MONITOR COLOR MONITOR - 8/W CAMERA — "■ (1 i 1 VIDEODISC PLAYER " II | GEN-I OCK L SEG Figure 1: System used to produce photo 1. This arrangement can be used to overlay text and graphics that appear on the Terak monitor over the video output from the videodisc player. The black-and-white camera and the videodisc are synchronized through the special-effects generator (SEG). The composite video from the videodisc is sent to the gen- lock input of the SEG, which in turn locks the sync of the black-and-white camera. Photo 1: An example of text keyed over another video source. A black-and-white Sony video camera (AVC-3250) was pointed at the Terak screen. The camera was syn- chronized to the videodisc with the Sony special-effects generator (SEG 1-A). The out- put was displayed on a Sony monitor (VM-2150). videodisc player to share the same display. Some of these firms are listed at the end of this article. These inter- faces not only control the videodisc but also switch, under computer con- trol, between the two video sources. A still higher level of integration re- quires not only that the computer and videodisc share the same display but that both video signals be shown simultaneously. In an instructional setting, this opens up a new dimen- sion for courseware development. For example, the same video segment could be used for different purposes by "overlaying" different text and graphics. One approach to accom- plishing this integration combines the two video signals, while the other approach dumps the computer screen, much as one would dump the computer screen to a plotter, into an interface that regenerates the screen and superimposes it on the videodisc output. The crudest implementation (see figure 1) requires a black-and-white camera capable of accepting external sync and a special-effects "keyer." The special-effects keyer locks itself to the sync pulses from the player. The black-and-white camera, in turn, accepts sync from the special-effects keyer. As a result the black-and- white camera video output (which is a replica of what is being displayed by the computer, be it character or graphics) and the videodisc video output are in perfect sync. The inter- nal circuitry of the special-effects keyer takes care of integrating the two video signals. Because the keyer is constantly integrating the two signals, to display one or the other, it is necessary to blank the correspond- ing screen. The results of the approach are illu- strated in photo 1, a picture of the color-monitor screen. The still is from Infinity Factory, an educational series very popular in schools and recently put on disc by the U.S. Office of Edu- cation. (I'm grateful to Dr. Frank Withrow for providing the set of discs.) The fractional numbers were overlaid with the setup illustrated in figure 1. The readability of the num- bers is not great because the regular character set was used. You can use a "wide" character set yielding 40 in- stead of 80 characters per line to im- prove readability. You would need a monitor, the black-and-white camera, and the spe- cial-effects keyer to implement this ap- proach — a cumbersome arrangement. On the other hand, this setup can be used with any computer and is fairly inexpensive. An improvement upon the config- uration shown in figure 1 is to bypass the black-and-white camera by feed- ing the computer video directly into the special-effects keyer. Because com- puters are not designed to accept exter- nal sync, this is far easier said than done. As you might suspect, the key to the problem is synchronizing the computer and videodisc video output. 84 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc '«* : j:cs 'THAT WORKS GREAT!" Planning an on-time, on-budget proj- ect has always been hard work. But our new VisiSchedule™ program can help you and your personal computer make short work of it. The VisiSchedule program is a fast and easy way to control projects, level resources, meet deadlines, and beat cost targets. The VisiSchedule program instantly shows you the critical path among your project's tasks. It allo- cates all costs and personnel, and specifies earliest/latest start dates, slack times, holidays, prerequisites and deadlines for each task. And it produces summaries, time charts, and milestone reports for management. You can actually develop your project as you enter data, investigate tradeoffs between manpower, costs and time. Ask "what if? " . . . add, move, slip or change any task, skill level or cost, and the VisiSchedule ©1982VisiCorp program automatically displays the impact of your changes. This makes it a snap to keep schedules and costs current, too. While the VisiSchedule program does a lot by itself, it can do even more for you when used with other Visi™ programs. That's because they're all inter-related, just like your needs and tasks, to give you a fully integrated solution. For example, automatically transfer the cost data to our VisiTrend/Plot™ program and analyze cause-and-effect relationships. Then instantly plot the results in charts and graphs for better communication. In addition, our series includes the VisiCalc,® VisiFile,™ VisiDex,™ VisiPIot,™ VisiTerm"' andDesktop/PLAN™ programs. Ask your retail computer store salesperson for a demonstration of the VisiSchedule program. Discover how easy it is to make short work of plan- ning and budgeting all your work. VlSlSCHEDULE'"FROM VlSlCORP" PERSONAL SOFTWAM" CONCURRENT CP/M-86 LETSYOURCQMPUTER DO MORE THAN ONE THING ife . ATATIME t^llf I if! rv Another productivity breakthroug from the creators of CP/MI -* finish ;i job beforejmoving on to another lask, you na" 1 Concurrent CP/M-86. Digital Research introduces I new software technology to increase the producti- vity of 16-bit microcomputers, including IBM's Persona] Computer! Using Concurrent CP/M-86; you can run several programs simultaneously, switching instantly from one program to another. For the first time you can write text while printing other documents. For the first time you can see directories without leaving your application program. For the first time you can edit programs while your computer compiles. Concurrent CP/M-86 is the best investment you can make in microcomputing, because it multiplies the value of your hardware, it lets you use all the CP/M-86 compatible programs, and if you're develop- ing software, it insures that you're on the crest of the hottest new wave in the business. As the chart shows, there's nothing else like Concurrent CP/M-86 in the microcomputing world, and only Digital Research offers it. For information, call or write Digital Research Inc., P.O. Box 579, 160 Central Ave. Pacific Grove, California 93950 (408) 649-3896. Europe Vector International Research Park B-3030 Leuven Belgium 32(16)20-24-96 Telex 26202 VECTOR Far East Microsoftware Associates 6 Floor A. Y. Building 3-2-2 Kilaaoyama, Minato-ku Tokyo 107, Japan 03-403-2120 Telex 2426875 MSA C ONCj *J*R{ DIGITAL RESEARCH The creators of CI7M. Available on IBM Personal Computer • • Single-User with Background Consoles Real-Time Control • Password Protection • • Time and Date Stamps • • • ^jr Record and File Locking • Local Area Network Support • Shipped with Editor, Assembler and Debugger 1 Megabyte Memory Management • • Winchester Disk Support • • CP/M File Compatible w ADDITIONAL FEATURES: 32 Megabyte File Capacity - 512 Megabyte Disk Capacity Real-J;ifhe message passing nucleus ess multi-tasking, data communication* <- •'trial control applications. • Supported by existing CP/1 languages. ^* - Upward compatib'' eidemark of Digital Research Inc. nt CP/M-86, and the Digital Research logo Digital Research Inc. a trade name of International Business Corp. a trademark of Bell Laboratories. 86 is a trademark of Intel Corporation. Copyright 1982 by Digital Research Circle 159 on Inquiry card. To appreciate the problem, remem- ber that television images, like movie images, are created by rapidly display- ing frames. For movies, 24 frames per second is the standard; for television the standard rate is 30 frames per sec- ond. Whereas for film the frame is a piece of celluloid, for television a frame consists of an electronically created image displayed for 1/30 of a second. That image is "painted" on the screen by an electron gun, the input to which is a video signal that could have originated at a video-tape player, videodisc player, or camera. This elec- tron gun paints one line at a time on the screen. A frame consists of 525 lines; however, for technical reasons (see "A Simplified Theory of Video Graphics, Part 1" by Allen Watson III, November 1980 BYTE, page 180), the painting is done in two fields. The first field consists of the odd-numbered lines, while the second consists of even -numbered lines. This is called in- terlacing. By now you are wondering how the electron gun knows to jump to the next line as well as to the beginning of the screen when a field is completed. Horizontal and vertical sync pulses provide this information. The hori- zontal sync pulse tells the gun to jump to the left uppermost corner of the screen. Because there are two fields per frame, two such pulses occur in the video signal comprising a frame. Similarly, the vertical sync pulse tells the gun to go to the beginning of the next line. Two video signals are syn- chronized when their vertical and horizontal sync pulses occur at the same instant. To my knowledge, no available computers or video boards accept ex- ternal sync. Moreover, manufacturers of personal computers have done away with interlacing to cut costs. Thus, the sync pattern of a standard (i.e., interlaced) video signal is in- herently incompatible with the sync pattern of most computers. Much to our chagrin, we found this to be true of the Terak also. However, we are ex- perimenting with a modification to the Terak video circuit to get around this difficulty, as well as to have the Terak accept external sync. The second approach to integrating computer and videodisc output is to digitize the contents of the computer video and send it over to an interface (which in reality is another computer). The interface has its own video cir- cuitry that accepts the sync signals from the videodisc and regenerates the computer video. Syntec is one manu- facturer that uses this approach. The results are very good but expensive. Software Issues Software is important in integrating videodisc and computer technologies. One issue, discussed by Dr. Thomas DeFanti in the November 1980 BYTE (see "Language Control Structures for Easy Electronic Visualization," page 90), is the need for control structures in a computer language to support "electronic visualization." A second issue is software portability. DeFanti argued that existing com- puter languages do not contain control structures capable of creating and manipulating electronic images in real time. Likewise, the software support for videodiscs in education often lacks this capability used for overlaying video (as I just discussed) and for per- mitting responses on the part of the student other than choosing from a set of alternatives. For example, in the teaching of frac- tions students are expected to learn the symbolic and pictorial representation for fractions. A common procedure is simply to show circles and bars colored to different degrees corres- ponding to various fractions. Using a videodisc player, a possible improve- ment would be to allow the student to construct an appropriate circle or bar. This could be accomplished by show- ing a sequence of 100 frames in which each frame has an additional 1 percent colored. The student would be in- structed to single-step back and forth within these 100 frames to the frame that has, say, one half of the object colored. At that point, the student could indicate his choice by pressing Return. The program, in turn, would determine what frame the videodisc player was on. If it were on the fiftieth frame, the answer would be scored as correct. This same procedure could be im- plemented using computer graphics, but the program would tend to be hardware specific. By contrast, the software to communicate with the videodisc player can be more transportable. Moreover, video stills can be made more realistic. For exam- ple, the above sequence could be done with a child pouring a liquid into a container. The student's task then be- comes to locate the frame that corre- sponds to, say, a half-filled container. To use a videodisc in this fashion, as opposed to using it as a repository of visual segments, requires underlying software to exploit the capabilities of the videodisc. I have developed a series of Pascal procedures that sup- port most of the commands the DVA player is capable of responding to, in- cluding single-stepping back and forth as required by the examples given above. The procedures appear in listing 1. It assumes that the computer and the videodisc player (DVA model PR-782Q-2) are linked through DVA's universal interface (UEI). The program supports communica- tions to and from the host computer and the UEI, including the following: • Commands to the videodisc player, such as STOP, DISPLAY FRAME NUMBER, TURN AUDIO on TRACK 2 OFF, etc. Some commands have arguments associated with them, and they are sent as well. • Requests for information from the videodisc player: current player status, current frame number, and contents of memory. • Commands to the UEI. The com- mands used most often are 'Dl', which establishes communication between the UEI and the computer, and 'D2', which requests the interface to echo back commands that are sent to it. The program also employs an excep- tion status to indicate communication problems. The program can be easily turned into a library unit and thus be made available to other programs. If, for ex- ample, you had a Pascal-based Pilot interpreter, you could then add video- disc commands to Pilot. (It is my 88 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc SYSTEMASTER The Next Logical Step Teletek FDC-I, The First Step A CPU, floppy disc controller and I/O all on one board. Until SYSTEMASTER® the most powerful IEEE-S-100 board on the market. Teletek SBC-I, The Second Step A board designed for use in high perfor- mance, multiprocessing systems. SBC-I combines its own CPU, serial and paralle ports, 128K of segmented memory and FIFO SYSTEMASTER®, The Next Logical Step Teletek's newest product — a breakthrough in S-100 board design. SYSTEMASTER® is a complete system. No other boards are required. It doesn't even require a bus! But, when used with an S-100 bus, SYSTEMASTER® has even more capabilities. You can readily expand to multi-user or multi-processor systems using SYSTEMASTER® as the master board. SYSTEMASTER® Features: Floppy controller: controls mini and/or maxi drives; variable independently- adjustable pre-write compensation. • CPU: 4MHzZ80A • Two RS-232C ports. Two full parallel ports. • 64K bank-selectable memory variable from 32K to 60K. Remaining memory is fixed at top of 64K address space. • DMA: allows transparent data transfer to floppy disks and other devices without CPU wait states. Relocatable EPROM/ROM/PROM: 2K, 4K or 8K with deselect capability. Real-time clock. Operating systems available: Digital Research or Turbodos. Parallel ports may be connected to Teletek's PSC board for RS-422 capability. TELETEK © Teletek 1982 9767F Business Park Drive Sacramento, CA 95827 (916)361-1777 Circle 445 on Inquiry card. Circle 183 on inquiry card. ERG/68000 MINI-SYSTEMS D Full IEEE 696/S1 00 compatibility HARDWARE OPTIONS D 8MHz or 10 MHz 68000 CPU D 4-8 RS232 Serial Ports □ 64K STATIC RAM (70 nsec) □ 256K Dynamic RAM, with full parity □ 8" D/D, D/S floppy disk drives □ 5MB-32MB hard disk drives D Full DMA host adaptor D 20MB tape streamer □ 10 to 20 slot backplane D 30 amp power supply SOFTWARE OPTIONS D 68KFORTH 1 systems language with MACRO assembler D Fast Floating Point package □ Motorola's MACSBUG □ IDRIS 2 operating system with C, PASCAL, FORTRAN 77, 68K-BASIC 1 compilers Trademark 'ERG, Inc. 'Whitesmiths 30 day delivery with valid Purchase Order OEM prices available For CPU, Integrated Card Sets or Systems. Empirical Research Group, Inc. P.O. Box 1176 Milton, WA 98354 206-631-4855 understanding that the next release of Apple Pilot will support communica- tion with a videodisc. Also, the Inter- national Institute of Applied Techno- logy has announced a CP/M-based Pilot that supports videodisc commands.) Because, inevitably, different schools will have different computers and because software development costs are constantly growing, you should develop software that can be run on a number of different com- puters. The UCSD operating system Text continued on page 96 Listing 1: Pascal procedures for controlling the DVA PR-7820-2 videodisc player through DVA's universal interface. The program is written in UCSD Pascal for the Terak com- puter and allows the computer to communicate in both directions with a DVA player. Specifications for writing the program were derived from two manuals from DVA (see vendor list). J***************************************************************************} CONST CR-13;{ CARRIAGE RETURN} LF-10;{ LINE FEED J CS-12;{ CLEAR SCREEN } LFR=4; TYPE STR4- STR1- VAR ERROR: FRAME: COM: FRAMEN0: PACKED ARRAY[0. .LFR] OF CHAR; PACKED ARRAYJ0..1] OF CHAR; STR1; {ERROR CONTAINS THE ERROR ISSUED BY UEI.} STR4; {CONTAINS THE ARGUMENT NEEDED BY SOME COMMANDS.} CHAR;{ HOLDS THE VIDEODISK COMMAND} INTEGER; {FRAMENO IS THE VALUE RETURNED IN RESPONSE TO} {THE DUMP FRAME COMMAND.} FRLEN: INTEGER; {FRLEN IS THE NUMBER OF DIGITS IN FRAME.} RWS: STR4;{WORK STRING TO RECEIVE BYTES FROM UEI.} TWS: SHU; {WORK STRING TO TRANSMIT TWO BYTES TO UEI.} {***********************************************************************} FUNCTION READCHR:CHAR; { Reads one character from the keyboard.} VAR X: CHAR; BEGIN READ(X); READCHR:=X; END; {************************************************************************} PROCEDURE READFR(VAR FR:STR4;VAR LEN: INTEGER) ; {Reads a frame number from the keyboard.} VAR It INTEGER; X: CHAR; BEGIN FOR It- TO LFR DO BEGIN FR[I]:-' ';END; It-0; REPEAT X:=READCHR; IF (ORD(X)>=48) AND (ORD(X)<-57) THEN BEGIN FR[I]:-X;I:-I+1; END; UNTIL (EOLN) OR (I=LFR+1); LEN:=I; END; {******************************************************************** **) FUNCTION HEXDEC(X:CHAR): INTEGER; { Converts hexadecimal character to hexadecimal digit.} BEGIN CASE X OF '0','l','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9':HEXDEC:=ORD(X)-48; *A','B','C','D',*E','F* :HEXDEC:=ORD(X)-55; END; END; {a************************************************************************} PROCEDURE FRAMECON (VAR NUMBER: INTEGER) ; { Converts frame number from hexadecimal to decimal.} VAR I,C: INTEGER; TEMP: PACKED ARRAY[0..3] OF CHAR; Listing 1 continued on page 92 90 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc The MultiMode Printer with The Magnificent Fonts BBBBBBBB Qdniex 7030 MultiMode Printer Offers Flexibility The"Beautiful"Font -\0 c\v \tf u^ Wo* il^W See us at NCC Booth #4516. Circle 378 on Inquiry card. ... At a Sensible Price— $1,995 (Qty. 1) "Flexibility" means instantaneous call up ot any of this trend- setting machine's many features whether for word processing, data processing, graphics or forms generation. Using either of the two built in interfaces, an external keyboard or downloading from your computer, you can program the Qantex Model 7030 to do more. Compare the "Beauty" of our printed letters for the word process- ing fonts which include Cubic, Trend, Spokesman, Courier, Italics, Script, OCR-A, APL, Scientific plus downloaded fonts from your computer. Draft copy modes include 8 resident fonts — U.S., U.K., German, French, Spanish, Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian and Danish. Other features include high resolution graphics — 144 x 144, single pass and double pass word processing, and 180 cps data processing modes and user defined formats. Operator initiated, the MultiMode printer provides a complete printed status report of operating parameters and diagnostics. For more information, or a demo, call us about the new Qantex Model 7030 MultiMode Printer. t?dnt©X Division of North Atlantic 60 Plant Avenue, Hauppauge, NY 11788 (51 6) 582-6060 (800) 645-5292 *Registered Trademark of North Atlantic Industries Circle 93 on inquiry card. Announcing UCSD p-System Features • Full p-System compatibility. • No changes required to current application programs. • Up to 4 users and 3 printers simultaneously. • Full upward support of future UCSD p-System. • Field proven with over 100 installations. • Auto-start of application programs for each user. • Remote Diagnostic capability. • High speed re-entrant interpreter. • High speed buffered disk and terminal I/O. • Full memory available per user. • RAM disk makes use of any extra memory. • Hard disk mapping with privacy protection for users. • Inter-user communication and resource sharing. • Xon/Xoff printer protocols. Future Enhancements • Networking. • Data communication intrinsics. • Extended memory support for large Code pools. • Extended File System. Present Implementation • ALTOS 5", 8" and 14" Winchester systems. • For future implementations, consult Dynamic Control Systems. Pricing TURNKEY — $495.00 FULL SYSTEM — $925.00 DEALER ENQUIRIES INVITED For information contact: dynamic control systems Ste. 204, 1 3662 -1D4A Ave. Surrey, B.C. Canada, V3T1Y8 (604) 585-0655 1'IS.A m LATE BREAKING NEWS! Market proven PDP-11™ Application Development System soon will be available for the UCSD p-System. UCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California. PDP-11 is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. 92 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Listing 1 continued: BEGIN TEMP[3]:=RWS[2]; TEMP[2]:=RWS[3]; TEMP[1]:=RWS[0]; TEMP[0]:-RWS[1]; NUMBER :-0; FOR I:- TO 3 DO BEGIN C:-0; CASE I OF O: C:-l; 1: C:=16; 2: C:-256; 3: C:=4096; END; NUMBER: =NUMBER + C*HEXDEC(TEMP[ I] ); END; END; {********** ******************** ******** ********************************* I PROCEDURE COMMAND(X: CHAR); FORWARD; PROCEDURE ERRORCHK; { This procedure may be useful for debugging communication problems with UEI.} BEGIN UNITCLEAR(8); UNITCLEAR(7); RWS:-' '; TWS:-'EA'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); WRITELN('FINICED WRITING'); UNITREAD(7,RWS,2); UNITWAIT(7); WRITELN( 'FINISHED READING'.RWS) ; IF RWS[0]='!' THEN BEGIN ERROR[l]:-RWS[l]; ERROR[2] :=RWS[2]; WRITELN(' UEI HAS DETECTED ERROR '.ERROR, 'SEE PAGE 2-16.'); END; END; {*********************************************************************** j PROCEDURE SENDFRAM(FR:STR4;LEN: INTEGER); { Converts frame number to code expected by UEI.} VAR L : INTEGER; BEGIN FOR L:=0 TO LEN-1 DO BEGIN CASE FR[L] OF '0':TWS >'3F' 'l':TWS ='0F' '2':TWS ='8F' '3':TWS -'4F' '4':TWS -'2F' '5':TWS -'AF' '6':TWS -'6F' '7':TWS -'IF' '8':TWS -'9F' '9':TWS -'5F' END; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); END; {ERRORCHK; } END; {*************************************************************************} PROCEDURE LINK; { Initializes communication with UEI.} BEGIN WRITELN('ENTERINBG LINK'); UNITCLEAR(8); TWS:='DO'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); TWS:='FD'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8) - Listing 1 continued on page 94 Circle 304 on Inquiry card. > V iff-- ■ ■■' lilts m YOU PICK THE COMPUTER, MICROPRO MAKES ITPERFORM. \ There are a lot of fine names in microcomputers. But there's only one name in software to remember. MicroPro. Because MicroPro has taken the best ideas in business software and put them together to make the MicroPro Software System™— a family of software products that work together on your computer, whether it's an Apple™ II, TRS-80™ Model II, Heath/ Zenith H/Z-89, Xerox™ 820, or more than 100 other brands — and soon the IBM* Personal Computer. Software makes the difference. The key to getting the most out of your computer is the software you use. And the Software System is designed to get the most out, faster. The Software System is our new name for the MicroPro family of software products, each remarkably powerful and versatile — and even more so when you com- bine them. The products: WordStar™ (word processing), MailMerge™ (WordStar option — personalized form letters and other file-merging uses); SpellStar™ (WordStar option — spelling checker); DataStar™ (data entry and retrieval); CalcStar™ (electronic spread sheet and financial modeling); SuperSort™ (sorting, selecting, and merging); and WordMaster* (video text editing). More solutions, less work. The Software System enables you to use your micro- computer to its fullest with less time and effort. That's because, for one thing, most MicroPro products have similar methods of operation, so it's easier to move from one product to another. And they readily adapt to your way of doing business, instead of forcing you to make changes to fit a rigid software package, like you have to do with many other software products. Most important, you can combine MicroPro products' infor- mation and abilities. The result: a lot more ways to make your business more productive than you'd get from just using each product by itself. The System doesn't stop. Count on MicroPro to keep expanding the Software System with new products that make it even more useful and powerful in your business. Coming this year: a series of in-depth accounting packages; InfoStar™a powerful report generator and partner to DataStar; and StarBurst™ a new kind of software that will link our products together into an even friendlier and easier to use package. If you're shopping for a computer, we recommend you shop for software even more carefully. After all, there are a lot of good hardware systems to choose from. But there's only one Software System. From MicroPro. To get our brochure on the MicroPro Software System, visit any of our 1200 dealers around the world. Or phone toll-free 800-227-2400, ext. 933. an California 800-772-2666, ext. 933.) TH AT MEANS BUSIN ESS! microPro INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION MicroPro Apple software requires a CP/M-Z-80 adaptation device. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp, Xerox is a trademark of Xerox Corp. Heath/ Zenith is a trademark of Zenith Data Systems. IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp. © 1982 MicroPro International Corp. All rights reserved. Circle 103 on inquiry card. INTELLIGENT PRINTER INTERFACE Free Your Computer from the Mundane Task of Printing Imagine being able to use your computer seconds after beginning an extensive printout. Visualize your printout with page breaks, page numbering and titles, margins of your choice, indented carryover lines, on any size paper! Appreciate the time and money you will save by not waiting for your . printer. SooperSpooler, a buffered printer interface, maintains control over your printer while you go on using your computer for more productive activities. Eliminate waiting while your printer pecks through a long document. SooperSpooler accepts information from your computer at up to 3000 characters per second and feeds it to your printer as fast as it can handle it — without using any of your computer's memory or time! SooperSpooler features include: • 16K Memory (62K optional) • Buffer Status Readout • Space Compression • Pagination • Single Sheets • Headers and Page Numbering • Indentation on Carryover Lines • Self Test Routine • Features also Software Controllable • Plugs into Most Computer Systems • I6K. Parallel I/O Unit— $349.00! • Serial I/O Option— $95.00 • 46K. Memory Option— $159.00 TM SooperSpooler by Compulink— The missing link that gives your microcomputer mainframe printing. COMPULINK CORPORATION 1840 Industrial Circle Longmont, CO 80501 (303)651-2014 Send for brochure Dealer inquiries welcome Call for information: 800-525-6705 Listing 1 continued: URITELNC LEAVING LINK'); {ERRORCHK;} END; {**************************************************************************) PROCEDURE PRINTMEN; { Prints a menu of commands.} BEGIN {WRITELN(CHR(CS)); CLEAR SCREEN} WRITELNC a RECALL k DUMP RAM u STEP FWD WRITELNC b CLEAR 1 DUMP FRM t w SEARCH WRITELN(' c RUN/ BRANCH m DUMP PLYR STATUS X INPUT WRITELNC d WRITE PROG n END PROG y REJECT WRITELNC e FRM DSPLY OFF DEC REG z SLOW REV WRITELNC f FRM DSPLY ON P FRM DSPLY TOG. 1 STOP WRITELNC g AUDIO 2 OFF q SLOW FWD 2 AUDIO 2 TOG WRITELNC h AUDIO 2 ON r AUTO STOP 3 PLAY WRITELNC i AUDIO 1 OFF s AUDIO 1 TOG 4 STEP REV WRITELNC j AUDIO 1 ON t STORE 5 LOAD WRITELNC 9 TO END SESSION END; {************************************************************************} PROCEDURE SENDCOMM(X:CHAR); { Preprocesses commands to player.} BEGIN CASE X OF "a',*b*,'c','d",'t','x','l"i WRITELNC COMMAND NOT IMPLEMENTED.'); 'e','f','g','h',':l','j','k:','l','m','n','o','p','s','u','y','2','3','4','5' '9':C0MMAND(X); 'q','r','w','z':BEGIN WRITELN('ENTER FRAME NUMBER FOLLOWED BY RETURN.'); READFR(FRAMF.,FRLEN); WRITELN( 'FRAME AND FRLEN ARE' .FRAME, FRLEN); SENDFRAM(FRAME, FRLEN); COMMAND(X); END; END; END; {^****** ***************************************************** ************} PROCEDURE COMMAND; { Translates commad to expected code and tranmits It to .} BEGIN WRITELNC ENTERING COMMAND PROC); UNITCLEAR(7);UNITCLEAR(8); TWS:=' '; RWS:-' '; CASE X OF 'e':TWS:='E3' 'f':TWS:-'E4' 'g':TWS:=-'E5' 'h':TWS:='E6' 'i':TWS:-'E7'; 'j':TWS:='E8' '1': BEGIN TWS:='EA'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); UNITREAD(7,RWS,4); UNITWAIT(7); WRITELN('THE FRAMENO IS', RWS); FRAMECON(FRAMENO) ; WRITELNC THE DECIMAL FRAME NO IS ', FRAMENO); END; 'm': BEGIN TWS:='EB'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); UNITREAD(7,RWS,4); UNITWAIT(7); WRITELN('THE PLAYER STSTUS IS', RWS); END; Listing 1 continued on page 96 94 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc . _■__:.. ■. SPRINT 9 STANDARD OPERATOR CONTROL PANEL. Switch selection of interface parameters and forms handling allows simple OEM system integration. Automatic propor- tional spacing, with- out decreasing sys- tem throughput, sets the new standard for print quality. To cut service costs and reduce adjust- ments, the exclu- sive Kevlar® belt is stronger and lighter than steel, with vir- tually no stretch. For the highest ac- curacy in the history of daisywheel print- ing, our Microdrive™ carriage drive mech- anism has no cables or pulleys. Test drive our hot new daisywheelers. If you've always wanted letter-quality 3rinting from your DP system but the cost las put you off, then a SPRINT 9 is for you. slow you can have the same high quality print — usually only available on word processing systems — at prices that will let you forget all about dot-matrix terminals. ^ With speeds of 45 and 55 cps (average English text, not burst rate), the reliable high performance of SPRINT 9 terminals leaves the crowd behind. Prove it to yourself with a test drive. Call or write Qume at (408) 942-4000. 2350 Qume Drive, San Jose, California 95131. Circle 383 on Inquiry card. ne ® A Subsidiary of ITT See us at NCC Booth #7119 Circle 189 on inquiry card. DISCOUNT 1-800-528-8960 GUARANTEED LOW PRICES APPLE CARDS 16K RAM — $99 Z80 CARD - $210 Videx Card — $249 Smart Term — $269 Graphic Card — $89 Clock CARD — $120 ALTOS 8000-2 — $2675 8000-1 5 — $3850 ANADEX 9500 — $1200 9501— $1200 ATARI 400-16K — $399 800-16K - $659 410 — $79 810 — $429 825 -$569 850 — $167 C-IOTH F-10P — $1380 F-10S — $1525 OATASOUTH DS120 — $595 DS180 — $1259 DIABLO 630RO — $1 945 630KSR — $2475 DISKETTES/BOXES Elephant — $20 Scotch — $25 Dysan — $35 EPSON WITH GRAPHICS MX70 — $289 MX80 — $429 MX80FT — $519 MX100 — $689 GRAPHIC ROM — $69 RS232 — $69 HAZELTINE 1500 — $995 ESPRIT -$595 LOBO Apple Drive/Card — $350/$50 MODEMS HAYS — MICROMODEM — $290 HAYS — SMARTMODEM — $229 Penril — 300/1200 (21 2A) — $795 MONITORS Teco-BW — $99 Teco-Green — $115 Sanyo-Green — $249 Color — $425 Amdek-Green — $159 Color — $349 NORTHSTAR Advantage — $2995 HR64QD — $3025 NEC 8023 — $489 77 1 — $2350 MPI 88G — $550 99G — $650 SOROC 120 — $659 135 — $689 TELEVIDEO 912 — $669 950 — $915 Tl 810 — $1240 820 — $1795 SOFTWARE All Major Brands — $CALL MOUNTAIN HARDWARE CPS Card — $169 Music System — $429 OKIDATA M80 — $320 SL125 — $3150 M82A — $450 SL250 — $4200 M83A — $699 M84 — $1 059 XEROX 820 — $2399 ZENITH Z19-$669 289 — $2129 All Prices Subject To Change EXP0TEK 2723 W. Windrose • Suite 3 Phoenix, Arizona 85029 Listing 1 continued: 'p':TWS:-'Fl'; 'q': BEGIN TWS:«'D3'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); TWS:="'F2'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); TWS:-'D4'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); END; 'r': BEGIN TWS:=-'F3'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); END; 's':TWS:=-'F4'; 'u':TWS:=-'F6'; 'w': BEGIN TWS:-'F7'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); REPEAT COMMAND ('m'); WRTTELN(RWS); UNTIL(RWS[1]='7'); END; 'x':TWS:-'F8'; 'y':TWS:-'F9'; 'z': BEGIN TWS:=»'FA'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); COMMAND('m'); END; '2':TWS:-'FC; '3':TWS:»'FD'; '4':TWS:-'FE'; '5':TWS:-'CC; '9':TWS:-'F9'; END; IF N0T(X IN['l','m','w','q', IF X-'9' THEN TWS:-'D1'; UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); UNITWAIT(8); {ERR0RCHK;} END; BEGIN LINK; PRINTMEN; REPEAT WRITELN( 'ENTER COMMAND FROM MENU.'); C0M:=READCHR; SENDCOMM(COM); UNTIL C0M=»'9'; WRITELN(' END OF SESSION.'); END. 'z']) THEN UNITWRITE(8,TWS,2); Text continued from page 90: makes this goal reachable. To demon- strate this, we transferred the program in listing 1 to an Apple II computer with Apple Pascal (which in reality is UCSD Pascal) and a serial com- munication card. To do this, I had the program "printed" from the Terak. The Apple on the other end received the file, placed it in a buffer, and upon completion of the transfer, saved it on disk. (I am grateful to Barbara Benton for writing this program.) It almost worked! While I was able to compile the program on the Apple, it did not execute correctly. The problem was with the "unitwait" procedure, which makes the program wait until the port has completed sending the informa- tion. The unitwait procedure is not available in the Apple. Therefore, to make the program work, we had to in- sert an empty loop in lieu of the unit- waits. What makes this little experiment interesting is that the program uses in- puts and outputs rather than just inter- Circle 394 on inquiry card. — ► Data-Neve ■& $649 J Single Board Computer Only The Data-Neve Model 8064 is a complete seneral purpose sinsle board Z80A based computer running under the CP/M 2.2 Operating System. Features include 64K 200nS RAM with parity check, 2 serial and 2 parallel ports, bootstrap ROM, high speed floppy disk controller, and expansion bus for attaching our hard disk interface option. Nearly one thousand 8064's have been delivered over the past year. This one works and is generally available from stock! See it, try it and buy it at our sales and service locations below. $2,395 Full Computer with Dual 8" Drives The Model 8864 is the system packaged version of the 8064 single board computer including full size dual 8" drives with total capacity of 1 .2 MB, and powered by a very efficient switching power supply. The total power dissipation is so low, no fan is required. Double-sided drives providing total storage capacity of 2.4 MB are available in Model 8964 at $2,995. CP/M 2.2 on 8" diskette, $150. Data-Neve is part of a 500 people, $30 million world- wide group. CP/M-Trademark of Digital Research Prices are subject to change. Sales taxes are added in Connecticut, California, Tennessee and Ontario (Canada). Data-Neve A Division of Rupert Neve Incorporated For Mail Delivery Call (203) 744-6230 Headquarters: Berkshire Industrial Park, Bethel, Connecticut 06801 Teh (203) 744-6230 Telex: 969638 West Coast: 7533 Sunset Blvd., Hollywood, California 90046 Tel: (213) 874-8124 Telex: 194942 Nashville: P.O. Box 120907, Nashville, Tennessee 37212 Tel: (615) 385-2090 Canada: Rupert Neve of Canada, Ltd. 2721 Rena Road, Malton, Ontario L4T 3K1, Canada Tel: (416) 677-661 1 Telex: 983502 Europe: Neve Electronics International, Ltd. Cambridse House, Melbourn, Royston, Hertfordshire, SG8 6AU England Tel: (0763) 60776 FUTURE OF ^ ^^ pTER ' TT IA N k ^^H ^^^ s** 7KS1 2 PI 10 MJ 3L OC E PROMS LOOKS WE THOUGHT For one reason. Now you can put your hands on the future of memory technology — 16K E 2 PROMs —for a whole lot less than you thought. Less than $20 today And less than $10 by 1983. Actually, that's because E 2 PROMs are already being designed in— faster than we predicted. Putting the Flotox technology of the 2815 (50-msec program time) and 2816 (10-msec program time) on a super fast learning curve. But maybe we should have expected that. After all, Intel's E 2 PROM has all the non-volatility of ROM, the flexibility of RAM. And a promise that CMOS with battery backup can't provide: Lower system life cycle costs. Starting with design. Since you don't have to contend with the kluge of battery support circuitry. The E 2 PROM's 250-nanosecond access time and JEDEC-approved, byte-wide pinout fit VLSI microprocessors like the 8086 and 8088 hand in glove. ^ ^ And lower maintenance costs. Since there are no tapes to tangle with. And no batteries to replace or maintain. No wonder Intel's electrically erasable E 2 PROMs are already taking over a lot of applications that need in-circuit system changes. Storing set up parameters for numerical controls. Adding self-correcting feedback to process control and robotics. Even storing access codes for PABX equipment. And, at the same time, spawning some never-before-possible approaches to system maintenance. Like field changes by telephone instead of by engineer. Which is just one more reason why you might want to take the future of memory technology into your own hands. Before someone else gets the best of it. For more information, call your local distributor. Or contact Intel Corp., 3065 Bowers Ave., Santa Clara, ■ _ i« / 4 a ii )Qre California 95051 mTV-vl SoESSns (408) 987-8080. " '^ so'" 110 ™ 5 Circle 231 on Inquiry card. Prices indicated are U.S. prices only. North Star's Advantage over IBM and Apple is easy to see. The North Star ADVANTAGE desktop computer has higher precision graphics, better software, and greater disk capacity than the I BM Personal Computer or the Apple III. Plus, nationwide on-site service and free business graphics software. See it for yourself. Then check the price. You'll see how easy it is to own the North Star ADVANTAGE. For the name of the North Star dealer nearest you, call today. CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-447-4700 (ILLINOIS 1-800-322-4400) FOLLOW THE STAR^M^ NorthStar~ 14440 Catalina Street, San Leandro, California 94577 rial computations. I/O (input/output) has traditionally been an area of in- compatibility among computers. The fact that a program written on an en- tirely different computer is capable of running practically unmodified on an- other computer suggests that the soft- ware industry is moving in the right direction toward portable software. Unfortunately, full software trans- portability requires that not only I/O operation be transportable but graph- ics as well. Graphics transportability is likely to continue to be a problem for the foreseeable future, but progress is being made (see reference 3). Courseware Considerations While hardware is at the heart of in- tegrating the communication and in- formation technologies, the quality of courseware will be the determining factor in whether videodisc techno- logy has a lasting impact on educa- tion. Just as you need to integrate the two technologies at the hardware and soft- ware level, there must also be a similar integration at the courseware level if you are to avoid the mistakes of early educational television and computer- based education. You must determine what the unique educational capabilities of the videodisc are and how you can develop materials to ex- ploit those capabilities. In particular, what can you do better with interac- tive videodiscs than with computers alone? Perhaps the most elementary appli- cation of the videodisc would consist of a series of discrete audiovisual seg- ments. The word audiovisual gives you a hint that the videodisc is serving two modalities, vision and hearing, simultaneously. Furthermore, through branching you can choose the most relevant audiovisual segments for a given student and thus tailor instruc- tion to the student. Because the video- disc has two audio tracks, sound can be stored in the second track to be used separately from the visuals. To use this sound without distracting the student with irrelevant visuals, you can overlay a white computer frame on the video. Clearly, this is possible only with systems that have overlay capabilities. 100 June 1982 © BYTE Publications he Circle 337 on inquiry card. Alspa Computers PLUS Multi-User Hard Disk SMALL SIZE AND LOW COST ALSPA full performance, CP/M computers are the smallest 8" drive micro's around. An ALSPA computer with a 4 MHz Z80A CPU, 64K of RAM, one or two 8" floppy drives, three RS-232 serial ports, one parallel port, and one hard disk port is no larger than most single add-on drives, and weighs only about 18 lbs. An ACI-1 can be yours for as little as $1995.00 plus CP/M. CORVUS** INTERFACE Standard on all ALSPA computers in a hardware interface which connects directly to either a Corvus hard disk drive or a Corvus Constellation**, multi-user hard disk system. Our Corvus operation system is easy to install and use. SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE One demonstration will prove that our compact and durable ALSPA computers are designed to provide dependable, powerful computing service. Look at capability and speed and you'll agree we're the best value for the dollar. DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED ^^ Alspa Computer, Inc. arks of CORVUS SYSUMS. INC. MORE THAN OUR NAME IS UNIQUE 300 Harvey West Blvd., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 (408) 429-6000 •cp/m i» a trademark of digital RESEARCH, inc Circle 19 on inquiry card. While this use of a videodisc quali- fies as interactive, more intense inter- action with students is also possible. The example I gave earlier, in which the student steps through a set of frames, is prototypic of these more in- tense interactions. This same proce- dure can be used to enact word prob- lems. Who doesn't remember the mile- age problems of grade school? Prob- lems like that can be made more realistic and fun by enacting them with video. For example, a problem could call for getting from city A to city B by plane. The student might be given a certain amount of money and a plane with certain flying characteristics. The student's task would be to get from city A to city B. While en route, of course, the wind could change, and the student would have to make ad- justments. With imagination the idea can be embellished to the point where solving word problems becomes more like playing an Adventure-type game. Fully exploiting the wide range of possibilities made possible by linking a computer and a videodisc will require Sxxxxxxxxl ft::sTO^Kl':.. KKxxKXKXxx; S Critical picture definition. Does your application require high resolution color graphics? PrintaColor's GP1024 ink jet printer lets you be critical - with dot addressable color control of each pixel in a 1024x1024 display. Critical of high printer prices? Try $5,495! This printout (unretouched photograph) is vivid proof from PrintaColorthat excel- ^ mmmm ^ m lence does not have to be expensive. Virtually noiseless, the GP1024 pro- ' duces a full page in just over two min- utes. At only 100 per copy average! It's so simple to use, anyone who J can operate your terminal can print , informative color graphics with just a few key strokes. Call today for the your nearest representative. Ask about our full | line of dot-addressable and char- acter graphics printers. There ^ is a PrintaColor just right, and priced right, for your application. ^ PrintaColor Corporation, P.O. Box 52, Norcross, GA 30091 (404) 448-2675 the creativity of many individuals. To implement that creativity efficiently a mechanism, an authoring system, is needed. An authoring system facilitates the development of course- ware. Pilot is an example of an author- ing language. But there is only so much that you can do with Pilot. An authoring system gives you more capabilities. In fact, a growing number of such systems are on the market. We have chosen to work with the Univer- sity of Utah's VCIS as indicated earlier. The basic distinction between an authoring language and an authoring system is that in an authoring lan- guage, the logic and data are part of the program. In an authoring system, however, the instructional logic and the instructional content are kept sepa- rate. From a design point of view, this is most desirable because it parallels the dictum: program = algorithm + data structures. In the present context that equation becomes: Lesson = instructional logic + instructional content An increasing number of authoring systems are being offered, but little guidance as to how to choose one exists. A framework for comparing and evaluating authoring systems is beyond the scope of this article. How- ever, I refer you to Ralph E. Grubb's "A Design Language for Computer Assisted Instruction" (see reference 4). Although the pamphlet was written 10 years ago, its content is very relevant today because it deals with general issues of design rather than specific implementations. One important variable of any authoring system is the nature of inter- actions it supports. The University of Utah VCIS supports the interactions we contemplated using and, in princi- ple, allows limited simulations with video tape, which is important because videodiscs are expensive to master and changes cannot be made except by remastering. The University of Utah's authoring system consists of a series of Pascal programs and some utilities as well. It is, to say the least, a bit overwhelming at first. The authoring process en- 102 lune 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 369 on inquiry card. Circle 333 on inquiry card. ■ Report Manager and the PC-8000 Personal Computer: An unprecedented three dimensions of management information. .-».-» ■ uUi m W7 J.V: All those legendary electronic spread sheets that have been making other kinds of personal computers so useful for managers are now literally flat by comparison to the remarkable combination of Report Manager™ and the NEC PC-8000 Personal Computer. Here you get the power and versatility of an electronic book , not a mere electronic page. An axis of depth joins the horizontal and vertical— so you can, for instance, track a number of different profit centers over the same period of time ...or follow actual performance against projections by both department and time frame. The fact is that any sort of planning work you find useful in two dimensions, you will find that much more useful in three. The program allows you to see four separate "slices" of your 3-D "Data Cube'" "on one screen, for fast, real time comparisons. There are, besides dozens of math and editing functions, built-in clock and calendar functions, too— an immensely useful convenience for scheduling, flow-charting, project management, and the like. Watch Report Manager run— easy as A, B, C and powerful as X, Y, Z— on the PC-8000 at any NEC Home Electronics (USA) dealer. s^ss%- ,.*,',■ \VV '.' : * ' MS „, ji*** „rt^" ■£*.'• ■ tt&- K»< Productivity at your fingertips . ■ ■ NEC Sample printout showing use of X, Y, and Z axes. Report Manager and Data Cube are trademarks of The Image Producers, Inc. NEC Home Electronics (USA) Personal Computer Division 1401 Estes Avenue Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 Vendors Supplying Interactive Videodisc Equipment Adwar Video Corporation 100 Fifth Ave. New York, NY 10011 (212) 691-0976 Manufactures video-related hardware for the Apple II Computer, Allen Communication 3004 Arapahoe Ave. Boulder, CO 80303 (303) 449-2971 Manufactures an interface for the Apple II and various videodisc units. Bell & Howell Audiovisual Products Division 1 World Trade Center, Suite 9869 New York, NY 10048 (212) 524-9113 Cavri Systems 26 Trumbull St. New Haven, CT 06511 (203) 562-4979 Specializes in interfaces between com- puter and video equipment. Coloney Productions 1248 Blountstown Highway Tallahassee, FL 32304 (904) 575-0691 Specializes in Apple II-videodisc in- terfacing. Discovision Associates 3300 Hyland Ave. POB 6600 Costa Mesa, CA 92626 (714) 957-3000 DVA system manual for optical videodisc players (TP-101) and DVA installation/maintenance manual for the UEI (TP-102) Independent Video Consultants 125 West Durham St. Philadelphia, PA 19119 (215) 248-0700 Specializes in authoring languages. The International Institute of Applied Technology Inc. 20010 Century Boulevard, Suite 100 Germantown, MD 20874 (301) 428-9010 Sells a CP/M-based Pilot which sup- ports videodiscs. Sony Video Communications 9 West 57th St. New York, NY 10019 (212) 371-5800 Sells the LDP-1000 laser-reflective videodisc player. Syntec 15933 West Eight Mile Detroit, MI 48235 (313) 272-2950 Video hardware including overlay capabilities. Texas Instruments Customer Product Service POB 10508 Lubbock, TX 79408 (214) 995-2011 In addition to the TI-99/4A, Texas Instruments now has a videodisc con- troller for the Pioneer disc player as well as authoring software. Video Associates Labs 2304 Hancock Dr., Suite 1-F Austin, TX 78756 (512) 459-5684 Specializes in video hardware for the Apple II, including a board which allows the Apple video output to be overlayed on an NTSC video signal. Wicat Systems POB 539 1875 South State St. Orem, UT 84057 (801) 224-6400 Wicat is a pioneer in the applica- tion of videodiscs to education. couraged by the system is to create the content material with the help of the text, graphics, and animation editors. You then use the program Builder to establish the ordering presentation of these materials as well as parameters related to student responses. While the standard features of the system allow the design of a large variety of instructional designs, the VCIS developers were not so preten- tious as to think they had included all the possibilities in the system. You can incorporate features into the system through what they call "specials," a Pascal segment written by users to add a feature peculiar to their applications. The most common application of specials is to design dynamic graphics. For example, if the lesson calls for plotting the graph of an equation to be provided by the student, you need a special to parse the student's equation and then plot the results. Conclusions The emphasis on technical issues in this article should not be taken to mean that nontechnical issues are unimportant. Education will continue to be for the foreseeable future an ac- tivity in which machines can have only a very limited role, and nontechnical issues are the order of the day. Nevertheless, I would like to think that technology, if intelligently used, can make the ideal of equal educational opportunity a little bit more reachable by making richer educational experiences accessible to a larger number of students. Videodisc technology has the potential of con- tributing to that goal.B References 1. Ball, S. and Bogatz, G. The First Year of Sesame Street: An Evaluation. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 1971. 2. Anastasio, E. J. "The Study ot Factors In- hibiting the Use of Computers in Instruc- tion." EDUCOM— Bulletin of the Inter- university Communications Council, Spring 1972, 1(1). 3. Foley, J. D. and Van Dam, A. Fundamen- tals of Interactive Computer Graphics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982. 4. Grubb, R. E. A Design Language for Computer-Assisted Instruction. Published by Albert E. Hickey Associates, 42 Pleas- ant St., Newburyport, MA 01950. 104 Juiw 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc TEK 2200 SERIES DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPES THE PERFORMANCE/ PRICE STANDARD Introducing a direct to a 60 MHz Tektronix scope built for your bench! From the world's most respected name in oscil- loscopes: a new scope, plus a new direct order number, that finally makes it practical to put Tektronix quality on your bench ... at work or home. Among professional en- gineers and technicians there is no substitute for the performance and reliability of Tektronix oscilloscopes. Now, for the first time, Tektronix is offering an ad- vanced scope at an un- precedented low price — and has a direct order line that lets you get your order processed today! The scope: the 2213. Its radical new design brings you Tektronix quality for well below what you would pay for lesser-name scopes. The 2213's practical de- sign includes 65% fewer mechanical parts, fewer circuit boards, electrical connectors and cabling. Result: a lower price for you plus far greater reliability. Yet performance is pure Tektronix: there's 60 MHz bandwidth for digital and high-speed analog circuits. The sensitivity for low signal measurements. The sweep speeds for fast logic families. A complete trigger system for digital, analog or video waveforms. And new high- performance Tektronix probes are included! 2213 PERFORMANCE DATA Bandwidth: Two channels, dc— 60 MHz from 10 V/div to 20 mV/div. (50 MHz from 2mV/divto10mV/div). Sweep speeds: Sweeps from 0.5 s to 50 ns (to 5 ns/divwith X10mag). Sensitivity: Scale factors from 100 V/div (1 OX probe) to 2 mV/div(1X probe). Ac- curate to ± 3%. Ac or dc coupling. Delayed sweep meas- urements: Standard sweep, intensified after delay, and delayed. (Need dual time-base performance and timing accuracy to ± 1.5%? Ask about our 2215 priced at $1400.) Complete trigger system: Modes include TV field, normal, vertical mode, and automatic; internal, exter- nal, and line sources; vari- able holdoff. Probes: High perform- ance, positive attachment, 10-14 pF and 60 MHz at the probe tip. The price: Just $1100 complete*. Order direct from Tektronix National Marketing Center. Phones are staffed by technical people to answer your questions about the 2213. Your direct order includes a 15-day return policy and full Tektronix warranty. Now it's easier than ever to get your hands on a Tek scope! ORDER TOLL-FREE 800-547-1845 AskforDept. A0320 (In Oregon, Alaska and Hawaii: 1-503-627-5402 collect.) Lines are open from 8 am EST to 5 pm PST. ■Price FOB , Beaverton. OR Tektronix COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE Circle 443 on inquiry card. Copyright© 1982 Tektronix, Inc All rights reserved 121 OUR PRICES* SELECTION AND SAME-DAY SHIPPING MAKE US COMPETITIVE. Red Baron. Home of the Nation's NEC 8023 Outstanding Graphics, Print Quality & Performance 144 x 160 dots/inch • Proportional Spacing • Lower case descenders • N x 9 dot matrix • 8 character sizes • 5 unique alphabets • Greek character set • Graphic symbols • 100 CPS print speed • Bi-directional logic- seeking • Adjustable tractors • Single-sheet friction feed • Vertical & horizontal tabbing NEC 8023 CPoll Dot Matrix List $795 pUdll IDS Paper Tiger Prism 80/132 Affordable Color, Speed Dot Resolution Graphics • 9-wire staggered printhead • Lowercase decenders • Over 150 CPS • Bi-directional, logic-seeking • 8 character sizes • 80-132 columns • Hi-res dot graphics • Proportional spacing • Text justifications • Optional Color Prices Begin At Prism 80 List $999 $700 Prism 132 (Color) List $2095 $1895 NEC Spinwriter 7700 & 3500 Daisy Wheel Quality Leader High speed, letter quality • 55/35 CPS • Typewriter quality • Bi-directional printing & proportional spacing • Quiet • OCR quality print • Hi-res plotting/graphing • Quick change ribbon • Optional cut-sheet feeder, horizontal or bidirectional tractors • Prints up to 8 copies. NEC Spinwriter RO Serial Parallel 77xx List $3055 $2575 35xx List $2290 $1975 The Epson Series. High-Quality Printers at a Low Price. Epson MX80FT 9 x 9 dot matrix • Lower case descenders • 80 CPS • Bi-directional • Logic seeking • 40, 66, 132 columns per line • 64 Special graphic characters: TRS 80 Compatible • Forms handling • Multipage printing • Adjustable Tractors/Friction Feed Epson MX80FT List $745 SCall Anadex 9501 High Speed, Commerical Duty Plus Graphics Dot graphics • Wide carriage • 1 1 x 9 dot matrix • Lower case descender • Dot resolution graphics • Bi-direcitonal, logic seeking • Up to 200 CPS • RS 232 Serial & Parallel • Forms control • X-On/X-Off • Up to 6 part copy OiOflfl Anadex 9501 List $1650 IdUU Epson MX80 9 x 9 dot matrix • Lower case decenders • 80 CPS • Bi-directional • Logic seeking • 40, 66, 132 columns per line • 64 special graphic characters: TRS 80 Compatible • Forms handling • Multipage printing • Adjustable tractors Cf*nll Epson MX80 List $645 V U3II with Free Graftrax Televideo CRT's Price, Performance & Reliability 910 List $699 $600 925 List $995 $750 950 List $1195 $970 Epson MX100 Same basic features as the MX80 • Plus friction feed for single sheets • Plus 15" wide carriage • Dot Resolution Graphics MX100 List $995 $U3ll Full Line of Epson Accessories Interface Equipment Complete Stock of Options, Cables and Accessories. GRAPPLER APPLE INTERFACE CCS APPLE SERIAL Interface & Cable . ORANGE INTERFACE for Apple II Parallel Interface Board and Cable . . NOVATION D-CAT direct connect modem COMPLETE STOCK OF EPSON ACCESSORIES ! CUSTOM PRINTER CABLES FOR Apple, Atari, IBM, TRS-80 (all models) ! HAYES MICROMODEM PRINTER STANDS: Large Small PRINTER RIBBONS— Most Types OUR PEOPLE MAKE US EXPERTS. Largest Computer Printer Inventory. The Grappler Apple Graphics Interface The most intelligent Apple Interface available. EPROM chip makes high-resolution graphics easy. Versions to accommodate the Anadex, Epson Series', IDS Paper Tigers, Centronics 739, NEC 8023, C. Itoh Prowriter, Okidata Series' and more. C--i~JC 'Requires Graphics Upgrade. v ■ ■ W The Okidata Series Hi-Res & TRS 80 Block Graphics 120 CPS • 9x9 Matrix • Bidirectional logic seeking printing • Lower case descenders • four print styles • Optional Hi-Res Graphics Okidata 82A List $649 $480 Okidata 83A List $995 $745 Tractor Option $65 C. Itoh F- 10 Low Priced Letter Quality 40 cps • Uses Diable Standard Printwheels • Built-in word processing functions • Universal power supply • Optional bidirec- tional tractors • Prints original plus 2 copies • Quick-change cartridge Ribbon C.itohF-10 List $1995 SCall Our People, Our Product: Both Are Specialized. Because our salespeople are printer specialists, they know the capabilities of each printer — and how to match one to your exact need. Red Baron's volume stocking assures a low, low price on a wide array of major brands. We're sure you'll like the product and services you get from Red Baron, and we know you'll love our Customer Benefit Package; an exclusive at Red Baron. Customer Benefit Package 1 . Free Expert Consultation. Before you buy, after you buy. 2. Toll-Free Ordering. There's never a toll charge when you place your order at Red Baron. 3. Free Catalog. Get your informative catalog with printer comparison chart and print samples today! 4. Warranty. The manufacturer's warranty applies where applicable. 5. Same-Day Shipping. Your order is sent the same day when you call before 11:00 a.m. 6. Free/MasterCard & Visa. Call us toll-free and charge your printer to your credit card. 7. We Stock What We Sell. No bait and switch, no hassle. We make every effort to keep a large stock of our advertised products. Other Quality Printers at Red Baron List Discount Centronics 739-1 $695 SCall C. Itoh 8510 Prowriter $795 SCall C Itoh Starwriter $1895 $Call Here's How To Order: Phone orders are welcome; same-day shipment on orders placed before 11:00 a.m. Free use of MasterCard and Visa. COD's accepted. Personal checks re- quire 2 weeks clearance. Manufacturer's warranty included on all equipment. Prices subject to revision. Call Toll Free For Catalog: 1-800-854-8275 CA, AK, HI (714) 630-3322 C Itoh Starwriter . Diablo 630/6 QUME Sprint 9/45 .$2995 $2570 .$2475 $2150 \H®(3\ ®sF®m 1100N.TUSTIN ANAHEIM, CA 92806 COMPUTER PRODUCTS Circle 390 on inquiry card. Member Better Business Bureau s982 Red Baron lomputer Products Interactive Training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Computer and videodisc technologies combine to provide instruction in lifesaving techniques. David Hon, Director Advanced Technology Development American Heart Association National Center 7320 Greenvine Ave. Dallas, TX 75231 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), when properly performed, is a technique that can save thousands of lives. Existing programs have success- fully trained many individuals in the practice, but such programs have been limited by the number of quali- fied instructors available. If an effec- tive, low -cost alternative to live in- struction could be found to expand the programs, many more lives could be saved. The advanced state of videodisc technology suggested that a training system might be developed by interfacing a videodisc machine with a personal computer. Despite recent progress in making computer systems and software easier to use, many people remain com- puter-shy. Any computer that is less than "ultrafriendly"— totally accom- modating and transparent (in the sense of allowing someone to benefit from the system without having to learn how to operate it) — will frighten such people away. A systems designer can't expect them to volun- tarily approach a computer's key- board to find out how easy the com- puter is to use. Even an occasional pressing of the Return key is too much to ask. The design of a transparent com- puter system is difficult, however, and the more complex the functions that the system must perform, the harder it is to keep the interface with the user simple and accommodating. Before attempting to create an ultra- friendly system it is wise to ask whether the project is really impor- tant enough to merit the effort in- volved. In the case of the American Heart Association's program to teach CPR techniques, many thousands of lives are at stake. Some 500,000 victims each year die before emergency care arrives: children jolted nearly to death by contact with high-voltage wires, businessmen collapsed on the street, football players whose hearts have stopped after vicious tackles, fathers stricken while shoveling snow, and many other ordinary peo- ple felled in ordinary surroundings. The mechanism of death from a heart attack is well known. Heart failure cuts off the flow of oxygenated blood to the brain. Brain cells begin to die from lack of oxygen. The medical world agrees that a high pro- portion of heart-attack victims might be saved if life could somehow be sus- tained for even a few minutes until emergency care arrives. A Plateau in Lifesaving But it seemed as if we had reached a plateau in the number of people to whom we could teach the lifesaving techniques of CPR. It seemed as if the number of instructors at any one time remained almost constant. Each year the number of newly trained instruc- tors would continually be offset by the number of previous instructors who let their skills slip away. The plateau was at the level of about 12 million trained rescuers. That made the odds facing a stricken American about 18 to 1 against having a compe- tent CPR rescuer present to sustain life during those grim minutes before the arrival of emergency care. Im- proving the survival odds even one or two percentage points could save tens of thousands of lives. Human and organizational limits established the plateau in the number of trained rescuers. Expanding the training program through volunteers or paid instructors would always multiply logistics and personnel prob- lems, strain finances, and increase the difficulty of standardizing live in- struction. On the other hand, conventional training media had failed to do much more than present information. 108 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc For PDP-11 RSX, RSTS/E, RT-11, and TSX-Plus users lfcscal-2 We can save you time because our Pascal-2 compiler matches or beats the run-time per- formance of any high-level language on the PDP-11. The same is true for the size of code generated. We can save you time because Pascal-2 has excellent error reporting and recovery, be- cause our interactive, source-level debugger helps detect deep-rooted logical errors, and because our package includes a number of other programmer-oriented utilities. We can save you time because the structured methods of Pascal encourage problem solv- ing the first time round. Team members can understand one another's code, thus improv- ing communication and protecting you against the disruptive effects of staff changes. We can save you time, and money, because you can take your standard Pascal programs with you to a new computer. You may even find our Pascal-2 compiler running on that new machine. We're working on a VERSAdos compiler and a stand-alone system for the MC68000. We're field-testing a cross- compiler from RSX to VERSAdos and a Pascal-2 for UNIX on the PDP-11. We're also developing a Pascal-2 for VAX/VMS (where our RSX product already runs in compatibility mode). Call or write. We'll send benchmark details, a product description, and a distributor list. Pascal-2 manuals are also available. Pascal-2. It's about time. Digital Equipment Corporation trademarks: PDP, VAX, RSX, RSTS/E, RT-11; Motorola Inc. trademarks: MC68000, VERSAdos; Bell Labs, trademark: UNIX; S&H Computer Systems, Inc. trademark: TSX-Plus. Oregon Software 2340 S.W. Canyon Road Portland. Oregon 97201 (503) 226-7760 TWX: 910-464-4779 Circle 345 on inquiry card. NAME: AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION AND EMERGENCY CARDIAC CARE PERFORMANCE TEST FOR ONE AND TWO RESCUER CPR DATE:_ ELAPSED TIME (seconds) Min. Max. ACTIVITY AND TIME (seconds) CRITICAL PERFORMANCE PASS FAIL 4 10 Establish unresponsiveness and call out for help. Allow 4-10 sec. if face down and turning is required. Tap, gently shake shoulder and shout— "Are you OK?" Call out "Help!" Turn if necessary. Adequate time. 7 15 Open Airway. Establish breathless- ness. (Look, Listen, and Feel) (3-5 sec.) Kneels properly. Head tilt with one hand on forehead and neck lift or chin lift with other hand. Ear over mouth, observe chest. 10 20 Four ventilations. (3-5 sec.) Ventilate properly 4 times and observe chest rise. 15 30 Establish pulselessness and simulate activation of the EMS System. (5-10 seconds) Fingers palpate for carotid pulse on near side (other hand on forehead maintains head tilt) Know local EMS number. Adequate time. 69 96 Four cycles of 15 compressions and 2 ventilations (54-66 sec.) Proper body position. Landmark check each time. Position of hands. Vertical compression /no bouncing. Says mnemonic. Proper rate and ratio. Ventilates properly. 72 101 Check for return of pulse and spontaneous breathing (3-5 sec.) Check pulse and breathing. Figure 1: A reproduction of part of the American Heart Association 's performance test for cardiopulmonary resuscitation by a single rescuer. The CPR training system had to meet the performance standards shown. When the subject being taught is a hands-on skill requiring the exercise of judgment, merely presenting infor- mation isn't good enough. As a result, slides, tapes, films, and printed matter could do no more than assist a live instructor. Finding a Technological Solution Could a computer-based, instruc- torless system succeed where human teachers and conventional aids had failed? The human instructor begins by giving basic instructions to the stu- dent, who then experiments with a training manikin. The process is one- on-one coaching through repeated drills. The live instructor gives the student constant attention, commen- tary, and evaluation as the student works on the manikin. Often the stu- dent needs to receive instructions while keeping his or her eyes fixed on the manikin. To replace the human instructor, then, a computer-based system had to meet a long list of general require- ments. First, it should provide total, stand-alone interactivity with students. It should train people to meet the certification standards in the American Heart Association's Car- diopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care Perfor- mance Test (see figure 1). It must meet or exceed the results of live in- struction at every comparison and should provide high standardization and limited need for personnel and logistics. The system should teach basic concepts as well as hands-on skills and be able to instruct the stu- dent at times without requiring the student to take his or her eyes off the manikin (in other words, coach the student aloud). The entire setup should cost the agencies that would be the end users something under $15,000. And finally, it should be ac- commodating, responsive, and as easy for the average person to operate as an arcade game. These last two requirements were essential to achieving the kind of broad outreach in CPR training that the American Heart Association wanted to encourage. The rough figure of under $15,000 as the retail price of all hardware and software would make the system affordable for those institutions that wanted to ex- pand CPR programs but could not 110 Jun« 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc DAWN OF A NEW ERA ■ ■ ■ Low-cost, high performance products from MPC Powerful, well-built, precision ma- chines . . . they came in numbers, like invaders from another dimension. Posi- tioning themselves on the leading edge of a technological revolution. Initiating an era that heralds the unique combi- nation of high quality and low price. Thousands of Apple and Atari users are amazed. What magic formula propelled our suc- cessful entry into the national peripher- al market? Intense research. Thorough product development. Established ded- ication to exacting standards of quali- ty. Uncompromising quality. We fine-tune all our products to a level that enables us to offer every buyer a TWO YEAR WARRANTY — an expres- sion of product confidence unprece- dented in the industry. APPLE ][ ATARI 400/800 AP-16 16K Memory Board AT-16 16K Memory Board AP-32 32K Memory Board AT-32 32K Memory Board AP-80 Parallel Printer Card AT-BSR Home Controller AP-SIO Serial I/O Interface AT-DISK Single/Double AP-96 Upper/lower Case ROM Density Disk PROM-IT EPROM Burner PROM-IT EPROM Burner AP-VID 80 Column Card ATC-1, 2, 3 Cables As for the challenge of the future, we are alert to changing market condi- tions. Our research will continue to venture across the boundaries of tradi- tional disciplines. Our total commit- ment to Apple and Atari users has pre- pared us for unchartered horizons. For a young company like MPC Peri- pherals, it is indeed the dawn of an ex- citing era of growth and satisfaction. We thank you for your faith in our prod- ucts. Join us in meeting the challenge of tomorrow. MPC PERIPHERALS CORP. 9424 Chesapeake Drive San Diego, CA 92123 714-278-0630 Circle 328 on inquiry card. Photo 1: The complete CPR training sys- tem. The Sony LDP-1000 videodisc, nor- mally out of sight, appears in the fore- ground. Author David Hon is trying to revive the electronic manikin. The video screen at left shows the doctor, who is coaching Hon from the videodisc. The computer video screen at right, which the doctor refers to as "Compy, " is showing a graphic analysis of chest compressions as Hon performs them. The Apple II com- puter, which manages the system, is con- cealed behind the drapes below the video screen at right. (Photo by Jim Sheldon.) justify the personnel or logistical costs of hiring more instructors. We felt that the requirements of transparency and simplicity were as important as any of the others. We didn't believe that an instructional system that required students to de- velop skill in using a computer could succeed. We had learned something from games like Space Invaders: if you design a computer-based system in such a way that people know the difference between winning and los- ing, virtually anyone will jump in and try to win. Saving a life is a big vic- tory and a big incentive. We were sure that if we could build a system that was easy to use and engaging, trainees would use it and learn from it willingly. We also knew that the project wouldn't be easy. But the prospect of training thousands of people and sav- ing thousands of lives justified the effort required. In that context, we didn't have the luxury of that tech- nical snobbery that says, 'There's no sense wasting time on people who can't learn to use our computers." In short, we needed a combination of hardware, software, and online data that would answer questions on request, instantaneously gather infor- mation about each student's hands-on performance, respond to each action with appropriate spoken instructions or video demonstrations, gather data on the student's next attempt, re- spond with appropriate instructions or demonstrations, and so on, until the student performed up to stan- dards — without needing to know anything about how to use a com- puter. We needed, a more-than- friendly "total coaching loop" for under $15,000. We seem to have achieved our goals. Photo 1 shows the finished system in use. But there's much more to the story than any photograph can show. I hope that the following description of the development of the CPR training system will encourage others to undertake similar projects with videodisc technology. Working Toward a Design Reflection on our general require- ments soon led us to a list of more specific requirements with clear im- plications for hardware and software design. Meeting the performance standards for certification of millions of or- dinary people who learn in different ways would take a large, comprehen- sive set of visual segments, both still and moving. We rejected the use of video tape because of its slow re- sponse time and its lack of first-rate freeze-frame capabilities. Videodisc technology seemed the only possibili- ty for storage and rapid retrieval of the number of segments required. We had to be able to retrieve in- stantly from storage the right video segments for each action of each stu- dent during training. This required, besides storage on videodisc, evalua- tion and management by computer. The computer would have to assess students' efforts, draw appropriate coaching from storage, reassess ef- forts and supply appropriate coach- ing again and again, and provide a final evaluation of each student's per- formance. To achieve the necessary speed, we would have to do extensive machine-language programming. We also had to face the fact that making software for a video display automatically makes you a television producer, with all the associated privileges and responsibilities. As a former television script writer, I saw that one of the greatest challenges of this project was creating a script that embodied a system design and had a format that three unrelated groups could work with: medical experts, video producers, and computer pro- grammers. (I'll say more on this later.) We also needed a large set of audio segments. Some of these would talk along with videodisc freeze frames, explaining the material shown in the still illustrations. Consequently, the speed of audio access had to match the speed of retrieval from the video- disc. The videodisc can record sound and play it back, but you can only get voice off the disc when the disc is run- ning (i. e., not during a still frame). Therefore, whenever the voice ac- companies a still picture (appearing unchanged in successive video frames), you are wasting frames. You waste about 400 video frames for every 15 seconds of still picture. Since we didn't want the user or anyone else to have to change video- discs, we had to squeeze a great deal onto a single disc. Rather than waste videodisc space on sound to accom- pany freeze frames, we decided to use another audio device of some kind for that purpose. Investigation of voice synthesizers showed that they would prove too expensive for the end user and too artificial in tone to achieve the kind of friendliness that we wanted. The remaining choice was an audio recorder. But ordinary se- quential-access audio recorders were out of the question. We needed a random-access audio recorder to match the speed of the random-access videodisc. Unfortunately, there was no such thing as a random-access audio recorder. We would have to create one. 112 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc C_ inn rrnnr MCMnou OOCQi/TijQni irij J IUU Jill II IL I (LI IUI 1 1 Ul iLill 1 1 111 tUUUI l •• ••• ••• ••••• ••• ••• •••••• ••• ••• :•• ••• •*• •*• ••• tit ■•• ••• •• ••* ••* ••• ••• •*• ••• ••••# •••••• ••• ••• ••• «•••••• ••*•»• ••••*• ••* ••• ♦•• ••*•••• *•• ••• ••• ••• «♦• ••• ••• ••• •*• ♦•• ••• m Hi ttt ::: ::: ::: ::: :::... ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••••• ::: ::: ••• ••• ••• ••• •«.::• ••• • •• ::: ••• ••••• ••• ••• ••• •#••••• ••• •*• •••' ••• ••• *•• ••• •*• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• SSr *' ••• •••••• — -•••• • •• ••• • •• :: 111 p{ ! jj: :::.::: :::.::: ::: ::: ••••• ••••• ••• ••• • • ••• ••••••••• •••••••••• ••••••••••••••a* »••••••••- ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• • •» ••• ••• *»• ••• ••• ••• ••• •• •• • •• ••• •••••• ••■ • •• ••• •••••• ••••• ••* ••• ♦•• ••• ••• *•• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• • •• ••• ••• •••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••••• ••• ••• It: • •• ••• • •• • •• *•• ••• «•• *** •• ••• ••* ••• •i ••• ••• ••• *•• ••• ••• ••• •• ••• ••• •••••• •• ••• ••• *••••••«••• •••••• ••••••••»- ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••••• ••* ••• •»• ••• •••••• • — ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••• •••••• • ••»• ••••••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •#• ••• • ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••♦ ••• ••• ••• • • •• ••• ••• ••• •II ::: ::: •••••• ••• 1 ^#« ••• j»« ••• :•• ••• • 9*4 •••••• ••• ••• •••••• • :::*::: ::::::: :::•::: : •••. ••• ••• ••• *•• ••• • ••• ••• ••• ••• •«• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••. ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• «>• •*• ••• ••• •*• ••• ••• •••••« ••• ••• ••• ••*•••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••• •••• •••••• #•• ••• •••••• •••*••• r — ••••• ••• ••• ••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• "- !•• ••• ••• !••••* ••• >••*••• ••• • •• ••• ••• K _ ••• ••• ••• ••* ••• ••• ••• *** ■■ «*••••• ••• ••• •!•••• *L • •••• ••• ••• ••••• •«• ••• ••• •f# ••« ••• ••• •• Iff f •• ••• ••• •• •••••• ••• ••• •• • ••••• ••• ••• •• ♦•• ••• f " «f f .ft f i • •»•••• ••• __ ••••••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••••••• • •• ••• ••• ••• "■•• ••• ••• ••• • •••• •••••• ••• ••• ••• ••••• ••••• • •• ••• ••• •••••• • •••• •••••• •••••• • •• •••••• •••••• • «• ••• ••• •••••• •••• • ••• • •• • •• • •* •••• ••••• • • •••••• • •• ••• •*• • •• • •• ore • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• «•* • •• • • ••• •••••• ••••••• •••••• • •• *•• ••• • •• ••• ••• • •• ••• ••• • •• ••• •••••• ■ •• ••• •••••• • •• ••• ••• • •• ••• ••• • •• ••• ••• • •• ••• •••••• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •• • •* • •• 16K STATIC RAM $169 64K STATIC RAM $795 32K PARTIALLY POPULATED $479 48K PARTIALLY POPULATED $659 Finally, you can buy state-of-the-art S-100 static memory for your computer at unprecedented savings. Memory Merchant's memory boards provide the advanced features, quality and reliability you need for the kind of operational performance demanded by new high-speed processors. COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED These memory boards are not kits, nor skeletons-but top quality, high performance memories that are shipped to you completely assembled, burned-in, socketed, tested and insured with one of the industry's best warranties. SUPERIOR DESIGN & QUALITY Memory Merchant's boards are created by a designer, well-known for his proven ability in advanced, cost-efficient memory design. Innovative circuitry provides you with highly desired features and incredible versatility. Only first quality components are used throughout, and each board is rigorously tested to assure perfect and dependable performance. SHIPPED DIRECT FROM STOCK All Memory Merchant's boards are shipped direct from stock, normally within 48 hours of receipt of your order. Prices, NO RISK TRIAL We are so convinced that you will be absolutely delighted with our boards that we extend a no risk trial offer. After purchasing one of our boards, you may return it (intact) for any reason within 15 days after shipment and we will refund the purchase price. NEW 18 MONTH LIMITED WARRANTY! The reliability of our boards, through quality controlled production and proven performance, has enabled us to extend our warranty to a full 18 months. This includes a 6 month exchange program for defective units. HOW TO ORDER Please send check, money order, VISA or MASTERCHARGE (add ICA#) with your order. Sorry, no C.O.Dls. Specify model number, and quantity desired. Shipping and handling charge is $5.00 per board. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Credit card purchases may be telephoned to (415) 483-1008. OEM and DEALER inquiries invited. m memory merchant 14666 Doolittle Drive San Leandro, CA 94577 (415) 483-1008 terms, specifications subject to change without notice. Circle 289 on inquiry card. 64K RAM, Model MM65K16S Cool running operation to 10 MHz Ultra low-power consumption Fully loaded 64K board draws: Typ. 350 Ma. (Max. current 550 Ma.) Bank Select Capability Extended Addressing Capability One 16K submodule equipped with a 2K window which may be located in any of the 2K segments 2716 (5V) EPROM Compatibility: Programmed 2716 EPROM's may replace any or all of the RAM Four independently addressable 16K submodules on one board organized as two pair of independent 32K banks or as one 64K Extended Address Page. Each 32K bank responds independently to phantom. Bank Select logic is compatible with either Cromemco Cromix* or standard Bank Select software. *Cromix is a trademark of Cromemco. New 16K (2K X 8) 150ns Static RAM Runs on any S-100, 8-bit system MPM Conversion Option: Write for details. 16K RAM, Model MM16K14 Bank Select Capability Extended Addressing Capability One 4K segment equipped with IK windows Four independent 4K X 8 byte segments Uses field proven 2114 (IK X 4) Low-power consumption (Typ. 1.3 Amps) Runs on any S-100 8080, 4 MHz Z-80 or 5 MHz 8085 system. * SOFTWARE * SUPPLIES * * DISCOUNT PRICES * HARDWARE * CP/M SOFTWARE 60 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE ! dBASE II ^ IC.O MERCHANDISE CREDIT TOWARDS ANY FUTURE PURCHASE PL US " FREE DIGITAL WATCH (*69°° value) YOURS TO KEEP EVEN IF YOU RETURN YOUR dBASE II If your application calls for managing data, dBASE II may be the answer. You can create a database and start entering data into it in less than a minute. Type CREATE, then respond to the dBASE 1 1 prompts to name the fi le and define the fields in your records. Once the record is defined, you can start entering data immediately, or add information later by typing APPEND. In both cases, dBASE presents you with an entire record structure for which you simply fill in some or all of the blanks. Now for a limited time only, you can purchase the most powerful DBMS system for your micro for the incredibly low price of $595 delivered. We'll send you a copy of dBASE II that you can run on your system for 60 days. If you're not completely satisfied, then just send everything back and we'll return your money no questions asked! Even if you go for another system, you'll be an informed buyer!! dBASE II is a fine product by Ashton-Tate. HEWLETT PACKARD FORMAT AVAILABLE ACCOUNTING PLUS® General Ledger Accounts Payable Accounts Receivable Payroll Inventory Sales Order Entry Purchase Order Entry Point of Sale 1 MODULE 2 MODULES 3 MODULES 4 MODULES 5 MODULES 6 MODULES 7 MODULES 8 MODULES DIGITAL RESEARCH® MAC SID ZSID TEX DESPOOL PL/1-80 BT-80 PASCAL MT+ CB-80 CBASIC2 FOX & GELLER® Quickscreen Quickcode LEXISOFT® Spellbinder LIFEBOAT® T/Makerll MICRO - AP» S-Basic Selector IV Selector V MICROCRAFT® Legal Billing $ 495 Time Billing 495 MICROPRO® Wordstar 299 Mailmerge 95 Spellstar 169 Datastar 249 Calcstar 219 495 Supersort 199 940 Customization Notes 349 1385 1830 2275 2675 3050 Wordmaster 119 MICROSOFT® Basic 80 284 Basic Compiler 325 3400 Fortran 80 345 Cobol 80 569 Macro 80 144 85 Edit 80 84 65 MU Math /MU Simp 219 90 MU Lisp/MU Star 165 90 45 449 175 425 M-Sort 129 PICKLES & TROUT® CP/M 179 CP/M (Hard Disk) 259 419 SORCIM® 110 Supercalc DATA BASE® 239 139 FMS-80 649 call CONDOR 20-I 249 CONDOR 20-II 529 299 CONDOR 20-III 839 CONDOR 20-R 249 229 CONDOR 20-Q 149 XEROX 820 ACCESSORIES® DUAL DENSITY BOARD 395 269 SERIAL PRINTER DRIVER 99 259 SMARTERM 129 399 PARALLEL PRINTER SOFTWARE 99 AND MUCH MOREI standard softwat CORPORATION OF AMERICA 10MAZZEO DRIVE, RANDOLPH, MA. 02368 6 1 7-963-7220 ORDER LINE 800-343-8420 MasterCharge, VISA, C.O.D. 3% Discount on prepayment made by check (software only) All items subject to availability and price change CP/M Is A Trademark Of Digital Research * SOFTWARE * SUPPLIES *. . * DISCOUNT PRICES * HARDWARE * To measure students' performance in the hands-on skills of CPR, we would have to install a number of dif- ferent sensors in the training manikin. The sensors would be peripheral in- put devices to the microcomputer. The manikin would "feel" certain combinations of actions and feed resultant data into the microcom- puter for instant evaluation, and the microcomputer would then call up one of the hundreds of branches available to coach the learner. Because no sensory peripherals existed that were appropriate for measuring student actions and send- ing data to the computer, the hard- ware would have to be designed in parallel with and after the software. Since the peripherals were yet to be designed, we needed a computer that permitted the flexibility of adding cards later to interface with the pe- ripherals. We chose the Apple II because of its open structure. The data supplied by the sensors would enable the system to talk along while the student was working on the manikin. With chest compression, for example, the system would say things like, "Find the notch on the sternum, or, "Do one compression. . . . I'll give a low tone when you're close and a high tone for exactly right." To coach the student to apply the right pressure, the on-screen instructor would say "a little more gently this time," or "too deep," or "keep trying till you get a high tone." As for transparency and simplicity, although we didn't want trainees to see the computer or its keyboard, we felt that interaction with a video screen would be all right. The televi- sion has become such a fixture of con- temporary life that the screen seems anything but menacing to most peo- ple. PeOple are accustomed to having control over television, and as the name "boob tube" makes plain, the television seldom displays anything resembling enough intelligence to pose a threat. We decided to let trainees interact with the computer by using a light pen on the computer video screen. The light pen alone would enable trainees to learn the basic vocabulary 114 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire Circle 423 on inquiry card. IS THIS LEVEL OF RELIABILITY REALLY NECESSARY? ACCUTRACK »'*9t )\SKS m *& t^ & .jtsfi I^REXL&U DISKS ■ IP i*W <*? CPU 86/87 delivers ultra-efficient, high speed 16 bit computing. Based on Intel's 8086 16 bit processor, CPU 86/87 also includes the 80130 interval timer/interrupt controller and a socket for the 8087 math co-processor (provides number-crunching capabilities rivalling many minicomputers). Compatible with both 8 and 16 bit peripherals. $695 (8 MHz operation), $850 CSC (10 MHz operation). Optional 8087 available for $600, $700 CSC. Note: Clock speeds limited to 5 MHz with 8087. Disk 2 CSC boards are qualified under the Certified System Component high-reliability program (200 hour burn-in, direct exchange program). CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research; OASIS Is a trademark of Phase 1. MP/M 8-16 Is used under license from Digital Research. High performance, high speed DMA hard disk controller board set handles up to four disk drives, up to sixteen heads per drive. Includes configured version of CP/M® 2.2; also compatible with MP/M, OASIS, CP/M-80, and CP/M-86. $795, $895 CSC. 10 MHz STATIC MEMORY RAM 1 7 delivers ultra low power operation (1 .6 Watts typical) in a 64K X 8 board. $599, $699 CSC. RAM 16 works automatically with 8 or 16 bit systems (64K X 8 or 32K X 16). $650, $750 CSC. RAM 21 combines low power and high density while working automatically with 8 or 16 bit systems (128K X 8 or 64K X 16). $1695, $1895 CSC. CED For business, industrial, and scientific computing, contact your authorized CompuPro Systems Center. Performance, quality reliability. CompuPro division, Godbout Electronics, Oakland Airport, CA 94614-0355 Photo 2: A peek inside the infant training manikin. Trainees never see the complex of sensors exposed here. (Photo by ferry Poplin.) being produced, three to six months before much of the programming would begin. It is much to the credit of Jane Sallis and Associates in Dallas, the producer of the videodisc, assistant, that the final shooting script resulted in a full and effective use of the random-access videodisc and audio-tape systems. The text box below shows a small excerpt from the and Gay Hampton, the production script. Software We were fortunate to have two ex- cellent programmers working on the CPR project: Bob Sander-Cederlof and Mike Laumer. Bob is the presi- dent of S/C Software and author of S/C Assembler II and S/C Macro, bestselling assemblers for the Apple. Mike has written Flashl, what I understand is one of the best com- pilers for the Apple. Together they produced some 900 pages of assem- bly-language programming and a couple of Applesoft BASIC routines. It was the software that brought the 700 video branches to life. (On this, Mike had some assistance from Bobby Deen, an Apple club member who was still a high school student.) To say the least, the programming task was demanding. The easy part was the 150 pages of text for quizzes and answers. The programmers had to make the videodisc operate in response to light-pen choices with "any time" interrupts. There were also interrupts for the 20 analog and digital systems in the manikin. Text continued on page 130 The Script for the Interactive Training System TV Monitor Computer Monitor Script 3>RfcLOltOO TO BlAMK COMPY (SO) V/O: All right. . . . In the position your friend is lying in, the muscles of the jaw relax and the base of the tongue falls back blocking the airway, which makes it difficult, if not impossible, for air to get through to his lungs . . . Let me show you what I mean. . . . (Video screen goes to next illustration, computer screen is blank) COMPY (SO) V/O: See how the flow of the air to the lungs is being blocked? . (Video screen goes to next illustration, computer screen is blank) XULU ST RATicW 8E/VT (rArYrcH ia>itH- PREVIOUS 1 LLUS-rRWW) BlaMK. 120 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc .0(H Second From Wollstreet Now, o terminal in western Kansas is no more than a micro- second from the data of Wall Street or the Commodities Exchange. Now, an advanced data com- munications system allows your CP/M" based computer system to ac- cess almost any dial-up computer, capture and store the received data, and transfer files between any two CP/M® systems — even when disk formats are incompatible. What would you call a system like this? <~K<_>\MALK (B 1 What Crosstalk can do for you depends mostly on what you need done. It acts as a "smart terminal," automatically dialing any dial-up system. It allows you total modem control, changing modem speed, data word format and duplex in- stantly. It captures on-line data for analysis off-line, saving time and money. It transfers any type of file with complete error checking. When you equip more than one office with Crosstalk, you can ex- change information instantly by phone, even if you don't subscribe to an information utilities service. 5o no matter where your office is located, Crosstalk can give you ac- cess to the world, instantly. Call or write for details. !!blll!;Mu!^i: : ihll| T6 )^CTO«Uf,lflC. 1900LelandDr.,Suite 12 . Marietta, GA 30067 Ui^H (404)952-0267 DEALER INQUIRES WELCOME CROSSTALK is o trademark of MicrostLrf.lnc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc. Circle 314 on inquiry card. TV Monitor Computer Monitor XU-U^TRPlTIOlV cuncL ZTRM&t*T XLLUSrTfcfTriOK/ AMD Ffo>N)T of xluistkat/onJ HEAb-T/LT/ C MATCH- uJ/rtf SL|fc€; W£flD-T/LT/ OF ^rrMC RESCUER V»iCT)fV\ ToitcH- THIS Script COMPY (SO) V/O: So what you'll need to do is open that air- way by tilting his head back. . . . This pulls the base of the tongue away from the back of the throat and opens the airway . . . We'll show you two ways to do that, and then we'll want you to try them on the manikin. . . . (Video screen goes to next illustration, computer screen goes to "Touch this spot. . . ."display) COMPY (SO) V/O: You can perform CPR on either side of a victim, but for teaching purposes, we'll always have the rescuer on the left side of the manikin. Now kneel down like this beside the manikin and make sure you can see the screen. We'll wait, and when you're ready to begin, touch the computer screen with the light pen. . . . (When the computer screen is touched, video screen goes to il- lustration and computer screen is blank. If no response is monitored within 20 seconds, program reroutes to HAVE YOU TRIED THAT YET? BRANCH — Generic/Compy with video screen holding image of student in front of screens) COMPY (SO) V/O: Good. . . . Okay, now, the first method for opening the airway is the head-tilt/chin-lift. Notice that one hand is tilting the head back by pressing on the victim's fore- head, while the other hand, using three fingers, lifts up on the nearest side of the chin. The lower lip may also need to be held open with the thumb. (Video screen goes to matched slide, computer screen is blank) COMPY (SO) V/O: Here's how that would look in real life. . . . Now we'd like you to try opening the airway on the manikin using this head-tilt/ chin-lift method. When you per- form on the manikin, you won't need to touch the computer screen to let us know when you've begun, because we'll be able to sense this from the manikin. So go ahead and try it now. . . . (Computer program monitors airway sensor in manikin. If air- way is not open within 20 seconds, program routes to HAVE YOU TRIED THAT YET? BRANCH - Customized/ Compy. If the airway is open within 20 seconds, the program proceeds to the SUCCESSFUL BRANCH) HAVE YOU TRIED THAT YET? BRANCH - Customized/ Compy (Video screen holds image and computer screen goes to yes/no display) 122 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Of course Percom diskette drives for the IBM Personal Computer fit right in. They fit right outside your Personal Computer, too. And they're fully compatible, providing the same full double-density storage capacity. But just as important, Percom diskette drives also fit the same high standards set by IBM. At Percom we've been making disk storage systems since 1977. We build quality, high-performance disk drive systems. From proven design through quality inspections that include 100% two-day operational tests. And Percom dealer support ensures competent after-sale service. So expect more from Percom. You won't be disappointed. Percom disk drives for the IBM Personal Computer are available in 40-track single- and dual-head models, and 80- track single-head models. Call or visit your independent IBM Personal Computer dealer — and fit right in with Percom. For the names of dealers carrying Percom products for your Personal Computer call toll-free 1-800-527-1222. PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SU3JECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. PEFQCM PERCOM DATA COMPANY, IIMC. 11220 PAGEMILL RD • DALLAS. TX 75243 • (211) 340-7081 IBM and IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER are trademarks of International Business Machines. Inc. PERCOM is a trademark of Percom Data Company. Inc. Minimum system requirements are an IBM System Unit with 16 Kbytes of RAM and 5Vi" Diskette Drive Adapter. Drive models supported depend on DOS used. An optional cable available from Percom is required for external (add-on) drives. Yes ... Id like to know more about Percom diskette drives for my IBM Personal Computer. Rush me free literature. Send lo PERCOM DATA COMPANY, Inc.. Dopl 2-B01 11220 Pagemill Road, Dallas. Texas 75243 name street city stale zip phone number intend lo add a hard-disk system to my computer ' MAIL TODAY! yes! TV Monitor Computer Monitor Script CorvhnuexL CorvrmueeL Cor\4i'nued. XLLUSTRWION/ eU^RA-TE v £ycelleivH CSKtAE M> EASIER, KafltA-+iH-/ Ohirv- li-H-) We LftFTHiS Tf4? V^tCT/'A IS &Lf\^K COMPY (SO) V/O: Did you try it? If you did, answer yes on my screen. If you didn't, answer no. (Depending upon response, program advances to NO BRANCH or YES BRANCH) (NO BRANCH) (Video screen holds image of head-tilt /chin-lift, computer screen goes blank) COMPY (SO) V/O: Well, don't be bashful. Please go ahead and try opening the airway. This unconscious victim needs air to breath. (Program continues to return to this response if no action is in- dicated) (YES BRANCH) (Video screen holds image of head-tilt/ chin-lift, computer screen goes blank) COMPY (SO) V/O: Well maybe you need to tilt the head back more, and lift up on the chin a little more forcefully. Please don't be hesitant— we want the airway wide open so that this person can breathe. . . . Once you've got it right, we'll pro- ceed — Now, go ahead and try it again. Program monitors performance and proceeds to appropriate branch. If two "Yes" answers entered in a row, program re- routes to LACK OF SUCCESS BRANCH— Generic/ Compy. When airway opens, program proceeds to SUCCESSFUL BRANCH) (SUCCESSFUL BRANCH) (Video screen holds image, but adds TV key, computer screen goes blank) COMPY (SO) V/O: Excellent . . . And if the victim has den- tures, this is the method to use to hold them into place. If rescue breathing is needed, the airtight seal is easier to perform when dentures are in place. But, if dentures cannot be managed in place, remove them. (Video screen goes to illustration, computer screen is blank) Listing 1 shows the programming that brought much of this ex- cerpt to the video screens. 124 Juiw 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc HEATH/ZENITH &YOU, INC. ONE STRONG PARTNERSHIP A computer purchase is the beginning of a long-term partner- ship between you and the people you buy from. Your ongoing need for software, peripherals and accessories requires a partner who will stand by you with a growing line of products to meet your needs. Heath/Zenith will be that strong partner for you. Look what we have to offer. THE ALL-IN-ONE COMPUTER -The heart of the Heath/ Zenith line is the stand-alone 89 Computer. It's a complete system with built-in 5.25-inch floppy disk drive, professional keyboard and keypad, smart video terminal, two Z-80 micro- processors and three RS-232C Serial I/O Ports. It comes with 48K bytes of RAM, expandable to 64K. PERIPHERALS AND ACCESSORIES - These include the popular Heath/Zenith 19 Smart Video Terminal, loaded with professional features. We also offer color and black and white monitors, modems, computer lan- guage courses, and high-speed typewriter-quality printers. SOFTWARE - New software, in- cludes the SuperCalc Spread- sheet and Condor Data Base Management System. Word processing, including three different programs. Small Business Programs, feature Peachtree's Series 5, Softstuff's General Ledger and Inven- tory Control. HUG, Heath Users' Group, offers members a library of over 500 low-cost programs for home, work or play. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES- For your own custom programs, Microsoft languages are available in BASIC (compiler and interpreter), FORTRAN and COBOL. APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE - Expand the performance range of your computer with a broad selection of software, including the best of Digital Research and Micropro - as well as the complete line of Softstuff™ products. OPERATING SYSTEMS - Three versatile systems give you the capability to perform your specific tasks. CPIM by Digital Research makes your system compatible with thousands of popular CP/M programs. UCSD P-System with Pascal is a complete program development and execution environment. HDOS, Heath Disk Operating System gives you a sophisti- cated flexible environment for program construction, storage, and editing. DISK SYSTEMS - The new Heath/ Zenith 67 Winchester Disk System. for commercial use, adds nearly 11 megabytes of storage to your 89 computer. It includes an 8-inch floppy disk drive for data portability. The new 5.25-inch 37 disk system, available with 1 or 2 drives, adds up to 1 .28 mega- bytes of storage. Both plug-in systems have write protection. SERVICE AND SUPPORT- Prompt and professional serv- ice and assistance is available nationally through Heathkit Electronics Centers, Zenith Data Systems for commercial users or through Heath factory servicing and phone-in tech- nical assistance. Complete, integrated computer hardware and software, de- signed to serve and grow with you - that's what to look for in a strong partner. And with Heath/Zenith you get it all. Heath/Zenith computer products are sold nationwide through Heathkit Electronic Centers* (check your white pages for locations). For a FREE catalog and mail order service, write: Heath Co., Dept. 334-904, Benton Harbor, Ml 49022. HEATH/ZENITH Your strong partner Product specifications are subject to change without notice. 'Heathkit Electronic Centers are operated by Veritechnology Electronics Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Zenith Radio Corporation. Circle 210 on Inquiry card. Save $ 2500°° Are you faced with having to spend $3000 and up for a letter-quality printer? Mediamix offers an alternative. For only $500 the Mediamix ETI lets you connect the IBM Electronic Typewriter Models 50,60, or 75 to any computer. Why invest in two separate machines? Your office typewriter can do both jobs, yielding better type quality, a consistent corporate image and renowned^ IBM service. The ETI" is no simple black box, either. It is a soph isticated micro- computer with 2000 charac- |6ti Electronic TVtwwrttw ters of memory, over 39 special commands and the option of doing typesetting on the IBM Model 50. Write or Call MCDIRMIX P.O. Box 67B57 Los Angeles, California 90067 (213)475-9949 The Interpretive Language Used to Program the CPR System Mike Laumer Laumer Research 1832 School Rd. Carrollton, TX 75006 The interpretive language developed for the CPR course contains over 80 dif- ferent operations that make possible the programming of the various hardware elements of the system (light pen, Apple video display, videodisc, audio tape, and manikins). The language is similar to assembly language, with the familiar op- code-argument structure known to assembly-language programmers. About half of the instructions provide the computational and logic abilities of a 16-bit pro- cessor, while the other half is dedicated to the special hardware elements of the system. A powerful sublanguage exists for displaying text and low- and high-resolution graphics on the Apple video screen and for building tables for the light pen com- mands to work from. The tables for the pen command contain the number of en- tries in the table and each entry contains the x, y, start and stop coordinates for an active region and an invert region. When the pen command executes any detection of the light pen in an active region of a menu, selection will cause the text in the invert region to be highlighted (black text on a white background) to indicate the current selection, and when the pen moves on to another field the previous field is changed back to normal and the new field is highlighted. Touching the ring on the pen to make a menu selection will return a number in- dicating the table index that was highlighted last, and a tone sounds on the Apple speaker as audio feedback. Listing 1 shows a sample course segment coded in the interpretive language, with comments on the operation to the side. The related segment of the script is included in the text box on page 120. Listing 1: A program segment written in the interpreter especially developed for the CPR project. The interpreter resembles assembly language in its use of op-codes and arguments. SHOW CHAN PLAYA 23157 #3 5740,5930 MENU A CHK * TIMEOUT 30.ERR * WAITAIRWAY JUMP GOOD ERR LIST B.PENTABLE PLAYA 5940,6090 ;show a still frame on the video disk. ;select channel number 3 on audio tape unit. ;play a segment oi audio from cassette player but do not wait for completion in case student catches on to the instructions and tries the airway opening before the voice on the tape interrupts from the tape. Will shut it off at the proper tape address position. ;show a menu to student on the Apple video screen. JUMP to ERR if 30 second limit expires and airway still not opened. ;wait for student to open the manikin airway. ;branch to good perfor- mance if airway opened. ;show a menu for student. ;"have you tried that yet?" 126 /unt 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc Move Up to Tarbell The Serious Business Machine Do you have a small computer system that operates with mini-floppies and has limited storage capacity? Then it's time to move up to the Tarbell Empire Series System. Tarbell starts where small systems leave off, providing storage from 1 to 20 megabytes. This means Tarbell is capable of growing right along with your business. (It also makes sense to start with Tarbell if you're a first- time computer buyer.) Tarbell is the serious general purpose business machine, backed by years of experience with disk systems. It gives you word processing, inventory control with bill of materials, mailing lists — all in addition to accounting applications: general ledger, payables, receivables, payroll with cost accounting and order entry. Whatever your need may be, Tarbell can provide the working software that gets the job done. With the Tarbell System you get a Z80 4 Mhz CPU with memory management, timer and full interrupt capability, 2 RS-232 serial ports with handshaking, 64 K bytes of random-access memory, double density floppy disk interface, 2 double density floppy disk drives, cabinet, power supply, and cables. The software includes: CP/M™ 2.2 disk operating system, Tarbell Disk BASIC, Tarbell Database System, and all manuals and documentation. Tarbell also offers the MP/M™ Multi-User Operating System and 4 additional RS-232 serial ports. The Tarbell Empire Series is delivered assembled, tested, and with a FULL six-month warranty on parts and labor. And when you need even more mass storage, Tarbell also has a hard disk that's system- compatible and provides easy back-up. If your business is growing or you need more than a few hundred K bytes — it's time to move up to Tarbell. Call your local Tarbell dealer for competitive prices. The One-Stop Shopping Service 950 Dovlen Place, Suite B Carson, CA 90746 (213) 538-4251 CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research Circle 439 on Inquiry card. Scratchpad... THE ULTIMATE SPREADSHEET Financial Planning SCT^Hr Stats-graph A statistical display package SupetSift FimSTINSOFtWA 1 'vMBI NEVER SEE "OUT OF MEMORY" AGAIN. Scratchpad The problem with other spreadsheets is that you are only allowed relatively few entries. Scratchpad with virtual memory (an advanced memory management technioue) allows essentially unlimited number of entries by letting your disk drive act as secondary memory when you run out of RAM. -A B C D E- - - ""Hardware Inventory for 1982"** Cost/ Total Item Quantity Unit Cost 1000 $0.05 $50.00 25 $10.50 $262.50 100 $8.75 $875.00 2876 $112 $3221. 12 Total: $4408.62 Scratchpad includes all the most useful features found in other popularly available spreadsheets, but has added these state-of-the-art innovations: ■ Virtually unlimited number of entries . ■ Unlimited screen splitting. ■ Unlimited title locking. ■ The "IF/THEN" function. Scratchpad does more than all the others, better than all the others. Scratchpad 2.0: Manual Only: $295.00 $ 15.00 Scratchpad and Stats-graph available for virtually all CP/M, compatible systems. Circle 430 on Inquiry card. Stats-graph Now... Interactive Graphing and Statistics Scratchpad - Stats-graph Designed for data interchange . . . Data entered under Scratchpad can be used to create graphs under Stats-graph. Stats-graph also stands alone. No graphics hardware is required. Stats-graph creates graphs using the ASCII character set (or graphics characters if available). It creates bar graphs, pie graphs, and scatter graphs. Stats-graph also performs various statistical analyses, including regression analysis, standard deviation, etc. Example pie graph: oooo*** ooooooo* ******* oooooooooo******* oooooooooooo****** oooooooooooooo** * * * — Jones oooooooooooooooo**** — 20.5% ooooooooooooooooo*** OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOODOO+ OO0OOOOOOOOOOOOOO00+ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO+ ooooooooooooooooo + OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO + OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOt OOOOOOOOOOOOO+ OODOOOOOOOO+ ooooooo. Smith ' 42.0% = other 25.0% Data for Stats-graph may be entered interactively or converted from a spreadsheet (such as Scratchpad). The output from Stats-graph can be integrated into any document. This makes Stats- graph great for preparing reports. Stats-graph: $200.00 Manual Only: $ 15.00 Available from fine dealers everywhere, or directly from SuperSoft. Japanese Distribution: ASR Corporation International, 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan, Tel. (03)-437-5371 . Telex. 0242-2723. CP/M is a registered trademark ot Digital Research. • 1 FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box 1628 Champaign, IL 61820 (21 7) 359-21 12 Telex 270365 Circle 242 on Inquiry card. a Screen Oriented Relational Database , designed to put \bu in control of a powerful information management system: quickly .easily, and at a price you can live with. Powerful •User defined CRT entry screens speed data input and editing. •Makes full use of *CP/M 2.0* facilities for rapid access and retrieval. •User controlled security access codes. •Up to 32k records per relation with up to .8k per record. User Oriented •A consistent system of help messages, menus, and prompts assits the user in all phases of operation. •An English-like query format that is easy to use yet comprehensive. Clear Documentation •Our manual is concise, easy to understand, and indexed. $25 manual VISA.MC and COD welcome Wech.» INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES ■ INC 3990 VARSITY DRIVE ANN ARBOR , MICHIGAN 48104 (313) 996-1890 REQUIRES: CP/M 2.0+ SYSTEM WITH ATLEAST 42K , 64-80 COLUMN SCREEN. ADDRESSABLE CURSOR AND,8"DISK DRIVES. 'CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc. 130 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Listing continued from page 126 PEN PENTABLE,SELECTCODE ;wait for student selection. GOTO SELECTCODE,YES,NO YES PLAYA 5940,6090 ;"well, will you please try it . . ." ;go monitor performance JUMP CHK again. NO PLAYA 6100,6180 ;"Well, don't be bashful ..." JUMP CHK ;monitor performance again. GOOD . . . .■continue with course. SELECTCODE .BS 1 ; reserve 1 byte for pen * code. MENU DATA SELECTION MENU FOR STUDENT INSTRUCTION * A BEGINMENU ; start menu A. HOME ;clear the screen. VTAB 10 ;goto line 10. HTAB 1 ;goto column 1. TEXT "PLEASE OPEN THE AIRWAY ON THE MANIKIN" VTAB 12 ;goto line 12. HTAB 1 ;goto column 1. TEXT "WE'LL CONTINUE WHEN YOU OPEN IT." ENDMENU * ;end of menu A. MENU FOR HAVE YOU TRIED THAT YET? * B BEGINMENU ;start menu B. HOME ; clear the screen. VTAB 10 ;goto line 10. HTAB 5 ;goto column 5. TEXT "HAVE YOU TRIED THAT YET?" VTAB 12 ;goto line 12. HTAB 15 ;goto line 15. BEGINFIELD ;start a light pen selection field. TEXT "YES" ;text for pen selection. ENDFIELD ;end a light pen field. VTAB 14 ;goto line 14. HTAB 15 ;goto column 15. BEGINFIELD ;start second light pen field. TEXT "NO" text for pen selection. ENDFIELD ;end of second light pen selection. ENDMENU ;end of menu. Text continued from page 120: they posed difficulties. Based on per- By far the most difficult parts of the formance, the software has to display software were the algorithms that high-resolution graphics and comple- governed the evaluation of hands-on ment these with video demonstra- performance by the student. The tions and explanations of how to im- problem was to read the input array prove performance. Figure 3 is a flow reflecting the student's performance chart of the part of the program that and (1) judge whether the perfor- teaches external chest compression. mance took too little or too much In the text box on page 126, Mike time and (2) determine whether each Laumer gives some insights into how part of the performance occurred in the programming was done. Listing 1 the proper sequence. One or the other is a sample of some code that Mike of these two parameters alone would wrote in the interpretive language have been easier to manage. Together developed for the CPR project. Software In Depth The first time you use our software you'll find it does wonderful things. The more you use it, the more you'll find how useful it is. We have programs for doctors, CPA's, attorneys, retail store managers, contractors, estimators, print shops, schools, and manufacturers. We even have a program for programmers. And the list is growing. We have programs for the Apple™, NEC' M , and Atari 800' M computers, and this list is growing, too. To see our software, please visit The Xerox Store or another fine computer dealership in your area. Call or write us for a free catalog. High Technology Software Products, Inc., 2201 N.E. 63rd Street, P.O. Box B-1 4665, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma LI IMM 73113,405/478-2105 IVJI ; Apple is a trademark of Apple Cnmpi Atari is a trademark of Atari, Inc NEC is a trademark of Nippon Electr iompany, Ltd High Technology H ■r K m Si wii **'* * 1$;,**^ Jj, , .%. x-i* - ^, A wchnologv BSLh High Technology High Technology I \;:< TneOdei Scheduler High Technology High Technology PCS' TheOrdei Schedulei fechnology High Technology Chem Lob Simulations. High Technology C i ei n Lob Simulotons. Circle 219 on Inquiry card. High Technology High Technology High Technology System ml ■mi High Technology Client Billing '. ■■ n AO D2 C5 D3 D4 CF D2 C5 AO C4 C5 CC C5 D4 C5 C4 AO C6 C9 CC C5 D3 AO AO AO AO C5 D8 CI CD C9 CE C5 AO CI CE C4 AF CF D2 AO DO CI D4 C3 C8 AO CI CE D9 AO C4 C9 D3 CB AO D3 C5 C3 D4 CF D2 AO AO AO AO C4 C9 D3 CB AO D3 D4 CI D4 D5 D3 AO Disk Utility for Apple DOS 3.3 LOST PROGRAM RECOVERY If you haven't written over that program accidental- ly deleted, this software can re- cover it for you. Also, it can reorganize your disk and inform you of the remaining space available. And, it allows you to patch any sector: display in Hex and ASCII on standard Apple screen. Menu driven and easy for the novice while still efficient for the professional. Compatible with M & R Superterm. For more information or to place your order call: [208] 263-1213 Cost: $50 We pay first class postage and insurance. You may use VISA or MasterCard. TO ORDER: Send us your check, money order or credit card number and expiration date. Certified checks avoid clearance delay. ANSWER Corporation 502A North Second Ave. Sandpoint, Idaho 83864 AO AO AO CI AO D3 CF C6 D4 D7 CI D2 C5 AO D4 CF CF CC AO FROM PREVIOUS INSTRUCTION COMPUTER REQUESTS HAND PLACEMENT r- YES YES COMPUTER GIVES DIRECTORY DISTANCE SHOW VIDEO BRANCH COMPUTER REQUESTS ONE COMPRESSION REQUEST LIVE ASSIST COMPUTER GIVES FEEDBACK: "TOO WEAK" OR "TOO HARD" COMPUTER REQUESTS 15 COMPRESSIONS VIDEO SHOWS POSSIBLE ERRORS OFFER METRONOMIC RHYTHM f CONTINUE J SHOW POSSIBLE ERRORS Figure 3: An early flow chart of the part of the CPR program that teaches external chest compression. A0A0C2D9A0CAC5D2D2D9A0D4C9C6C6D4A0A0 132 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc The Light Pen There is a big difference between using a light pen to simplify a few types of input and using a light pen as the only input under user control. In our system, the light pen had to do almost everything that a keyboard can but without the keyboard's com- plexity. We organized the use of the light pen around a menu of nine choices. The student would choose one of the vatson, Fin -really glad you made it," said the office manager who had enlisted the services of my friend. "Last night, a big chunk of data disappeared from our com- puter system. My boss wants to know who was responsible... and fast!" Holmes began to investigate. "You would be wise to exonerate all of those in your employ," he concluded just moments later. "No one here is a fiendish database killer. Last night's lightning storm was the villain. It caused a momentary loss of power that destroyed immense portions of your database." "How can we prevent this in the future?" asked the company president. "By investing in a Ze/is2™multi-processor system from OSM," said Holmes. "Ze/ts2 has an integral power supply that will protect your data from momentary power glitches." "Will it also protect our data from total power failures?" asked the office manager. "Quite so," answered Holmes. "The uninter- ruptible power supply allows you to continue operating for up to twenty minutes when power dies, so your workers have ample time to save their critical documents." "But how do we know Ze/is2 will meet our special needs now and in the future?" asked the president. "Ze/is2 is well suited to virtually all multi- user, multi-processing applications," declared Holmes. "It easily accommodates 32 users — locally or remotely. In addition, its proprietary CP/M™ compatible MUSE™ operating system simplifies programming and allows you to utilize thousands of existing programs." "With all those features, Ze/is2 probably costs too much," snapped the vice president of finance. "Quite untrue," replied Holmes. "In fact, Ztfi.%2 offers the best price -performance ratios in the industry— with a price-tag so low some deem it criminal." "But how, dear man," I interjected, "did you deduce that a power glitch was to blame for last night's loss of data?" "Elementary, my dear Watson," he said, puffing contentedly on his pipe. "Elementary." The solution: The Zejus2 multi-processor system. Visit us at NCC booth #4722. For more information on the Ze/ts2 solution, call or write us today. OSM COMPUTER CORPORATION 2364 Walsh Ave., Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408|496-6910 (800)538-5120 TWX: 910-338-2099 SOSM 1982 Zcus2 and MUSE are trademarks of OSM Corp CP'M is a trademark n( Difutal Research Inc. ' 16 users standard: 21 users on special order. Circle 351 on inquiry card. ! KIIOII THIS VOCABULARY REUIE!! LAST 15 SECONDS FRAME STEP <<<< >>>> twHtf 1F1 fi BREAK sIbIqb for HHHJKIH ASSISTANCE ■JUIllMMIRfellUMimUKIflllW Photo 3: The main menu of the CPR system. Students select an item by using a light pen. (Photo by Bob Lukeman.) Photo 4: The CPR system's word template in use. The student is using a light pen to choose a letter. The letter will now appear on the line above the listing of the alphabet. (Photo by Bob Lukeman.) Photo 5: A video frame explaining CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). The student can get a more thorough explanation on request. nine items by pointing the light pen at it and, when the block around the item lights up, touching the place be- tween the light pen's two metal rings. The nine choices, as shown in photo 3, include searching a subject index, a vocabulary check, reviewing the last 15 seconds of instruction, stepping through frame by frame, practicing on the manikin, taking a break, re- suming the program after a break, re- questing a quiz on material that the student thinks he or she knows, and calling a live person for assistance. Since it was vital to give students the sense of being in control, we wanted the menu to be available always. We decided that two moni- tors were necessary and would add to the system's capability. One would always be available to take input from the student and to display out- put from the computer. The other would constantly display information from the videodisc. At times, we dis- covered, the two monitors could work together as a highly sophisti- cated instructional tool. Furthermore, the cost of the second monitor was a small part of the cost of the whole CPR system. If at any point in the instruction the student gets bored rehashing, say, the anatomy of the heart, the student can switch to "I know this — Quiz me," or to "I want to try the manikin." Such freedom keeps students interested. To provide for alphabetic input from the students, we provided a "word template" system that provides a listing of the alphabet and allows the student to spell out a word by touching characters in the list. Photo 4 shows the template in use. The soft- ware here can handle most misspell- ings of the words intended. Rather than insisting on exact spellings, the software checks to see if key letters are present in the correct order. If the student is trying to spell "pulse," the software will understand so long as the student enters the letters "PLS" in that order, regardless of the letters that come before, after, or in be- tween. The light pen provides access to several different levels of explanation of the key vocabulary words. Each level may involve printed and spoken 134 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Plot your next meeting yourself. Read how 2 pens can become your best presentation tools. Introducing the New Personal Computer Plotter from Hewlett-Packard. Now you can use your persona computer to generate your own presen tation charts, graphs, and pie charts. How? Simply add on the new high quality, low cost HP 7470A Personal Computer Plotter. v The 7470A helps you save time and save money, and lets you communicate quickly, accu rately and effectively. Quicker understanding. Data, when visualized graphically, becomes information fast. Charts and bar graphs can make any presentation clearer and more readily understood. But asking your staff to produce the graphics man- ually for your next presenta- tion doesn't ensure accuracy or artistic talent. And going to outside graphics suppliers can be costly. Combined with your personal computer, the new HP 7470A plotter does the communicating for you. Quickly. Logically. And with off-the-shelf software avail- able from most HP dealers. Fast and pretty. The 7470A gives you high plotting speed with excellent line quality... faster than any competitive small plotter. On top of all that, it comes in an attractive design package that looks nice on your desk. And it does it for only $1,550. (U.S.A. domestic suggested retail price.) Count on it. The 7470A is built the Hewlett- Packard way. To last. Designed and engineered with only a few parts, none of which require adjustment. And with customized integrated circuits that ensure reliability. Pen pals. The HP 7470A has two single-pen stables. Simple pen changes give you multi-color plots in your choice of ten coordinated colors. Pens are automatic- ally capped and stored. An option you'll want, too. For only $95, you can also get a 17057 Overhead Transparency Kit that turns your plots into transpar- encies for overhead projectors. For li I need it tomorrow at 9:00 A.M.!" meetings, it's a necessity. Start plotting your next presentation today. Clip and mail the coupon below. Now. Mail the coupon below and we'll send you — absolutely free — a sample plot, a more detailed brochure, and a sample overhead transparency. Then... stop in at your nearest Hewlett-Packard Dealer. See the HP 7470A in action. Once you see it demonstrated you'll find a hundred ways to make your own applause-winning presentations. When performance must be measured by results m HEWLETT PACKARD Circle 212 on Inquiry card. Seeing is believing. Send me a sample plot, an overhead transparency, and more detailed information. Name Title Company . Address _ City, State & Zip Phone Number ( ) Send to: Hewlett-Packard, 16399 W. Bernardo Drive. San Diego, CA 92127-Attn: Nancy Carter 11203 BT-6 jisSL 1 n 6a Photo 6: A student using a light pen to show judgment. In photos 6a and 6b the computer screen displays a list of tech- niques out of order and the student in- dicates the next one in the order, which, if correct, will appear above the dotted line. The computer then accesses the videodisc to present the appropriate next segment on the video screen while the list of tech- niques remains visible on the computer screen (6c). In photo 6d the student makes another selection. explanations and labeled illustra- tions. The first definition provided is short and simple, letting the student quickly check the correctness of his or her understanding of the term. The student can always use the light pen to enter "M" for "More" to get a deeper level of explanation. Photo 5 shows a frame with a basic explana- tion of CPR. Students also use the light pen dur- ing quizzes, as shown in photo 6. Pro- viding different levels of explanation on demand helps to implement the "mosaic" concept of learning, as op- posed to the traditional step-by-step, same-for-everyone, linear concept. The system meets the needs of each student. People who want more thorough definitions can always get them. People who just want to learn enough to perform CPR need not go to such lengths. One benefit of the mosaic approach is that a single nucleus program can satisfy several different levels of learning needs. This helps a great deal in amortizing development costs. Random-Access Audio In order to keep up with the video- disc, a random-access audio system would have to be fast indeed. I reasoned that 1/30 of a second would be fast enough on stereo audio tape, and that three usable channels could give us three times the speed of ac- cess. To build the random-access sound machine, I commissioned Bob Howard and Dave Weiszbrod of BCD Electronics in Oklahoma City, Okla- homa. They were the logical choices because they had already developed a successful frame-accurate video-tape interface card for the Apple II. There was a certain irony in devel- oping random-access audio at all. Audio technology had preceded video, but it was video technology that first achieved random access. Now we were going back to give the older audio technology one of the fruits of the newer video technology. How It Worked Out Pending final validation results, the system will be used to train from one The Availability of the CPR Training System People interested in obtaining the CPR videodisc training system de- scribed by David Hon should contact Interact Inc., 603 NE 17 St., Oklahoma City, OK 73105, telephone (405) 521-9073. Interact's chairman is Dr. Daniel Cassidy, an emergency care physician with a strong interest in in- teractive video. Jack Roseman, former head of Online Systems, is Interact's president. Interact has other videodisc-based medical training systems under devel- opment. Another American Heart As- sociation course, the Advanced Car- diac Life Support (ACLS) program will train physicians, paramedics, and nurses in what to do after CPR, includ- ing medical management of cardiac ar- rest cases in all eventualities. In addition, Interact will release at the same time as the CPR system an- other videodisc that creates simula- tions of cardiac arrest cases. The disc will randomly generate particular types of cardiac arrest, based on the real probabilities for the exact nature of the case and the condition of the pa- tient. The system will then ask the trainee to decide on the correct therapy. The system provides feedback at every step, telling the student how to correct any mistakes, and continues the simulation until the case is man- aged successfully. Interact will soon be opening new headquarters in Pittsburgh, Penn- sylvania. 136 /line 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 191 on Inquiry card. AT-PAV/F^otr Boldly Go Where No Drive Has Taken You Before . . . Give your APPLE II® a Fourth Dimension — the totally compatible 5W' drive that takes your system farther, faster. With read /write elec- tronics so advanced that reading errors are virtually eliminated. With a track zero microswitch that keeps boot and track access smooth and quiet. With the ability to read half- track software and up to 143,360 bytes on DOS 3.3®. With similar performance on DOS 3.2.1®, Pascal® or CP/M® operating systems. And, the disk enclosure mates perfectly with APPLE cabinetry. EXTENDED WARRANTY - We offer a 12 month parts and labor warranty extension at no cost to you. IMMEDIATE DELIVERY - Immediately available in quantity. We offer same- day shipment if your order is received by noon (PST). $30 FACTORY REBATE - Receive a $30 factory rebate if the warranty card is received by us on or before August 31, 1982. See participating dealer, or call direct. Suggested Retail Price: $419.00. TAKE YOUR APPLE TO THE LIMIT WITH A FOURTH DIMENSION DRIVE. Ask for additional information. Dealer inquiries invited. Contact: Fourth Dimension Systems 3100 W. Warner Avenue, #7/Dept. B Santa Ana, CA 92704 (714) 850-1228 DIMENSION 'SYSTEMS Mastercard and Visa accepted. APPLE . APPLE II . DOS 3.2.1 and DOS 3.3 are registered trademarks of APPLE Computer, Inc.; Pascal is a trademark of UCSD; CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Photo 7: The system in use. Photo 7a shows the author, in the role of a student, performing chest compressions on the manikin. In 7b the doctor, seen on the video screen, comments on the student's performance and explains the graphed evaluation shown on the computer screen. The student then goes on to perform a ventilation (7c) and "interacts" with an on-screen rescuer in simulated two-person CPR (7d). to four people at a time in the tech- niques of CPR, with no assistance from a human instructor. If more than one person takes part at a time, the system evaluates each individual- ly. The system also serves as an effec- tive and rapid recertification tool for persons who have previously com- pleted a course in CPR. If the system is used two hours a day, as many as 1700 persons who completed their previous courses six months ago may be recertified in one year. The flexibility of mosaic courses makes it difficult to say how long the 7d course should take to train any one novice, but the range seems to be from one to five hours, depending on prior medical knowledge, with three hours about average for completing the entire course. When the system is training four people at a time, the ex- pected duration is about four hours; for a recertification after six months, about half an hour; for a recertifica- tion after one year, about an hour. Our early tests show that we ac- complished what we set out to do. The CPR student never sees an in- structor or a keyboard but is taught CPR skills and is certified more quickly and with higher standards than a live instructor can achieve. By the time this article appears, our final validation of these results should be complete. One of the reasons for the system's success becomes apparent only to someone who watches the system in use. Reacting to data supplied by the sensors in the manikin, the system gives far more precise and immediate coaching about the student's position and the depth and rhythm of com- pression than any human instructor could provide (see photo 7). An in- dividual human instructor can't get inside the manikin the way techno- logy has. An individual human in- structor can't always be ready with exactly the right word of guidance or the most apt graphic illustration. But the system is always ready. The videodisc's large storage capa- city and high-speed random-access capability made the system possible, but the technology only presented an opportunity. Human ingenuity had to seize that opportunity. Our success was in bringing together the talents of cooperating physicians, program- mers, engineers, and video experts to exploit videodisc technology. It is as if videodisc technology and the com- puter distilled the expertise of all these people into one small, self- sufficient, and convenient package for optimal presentation to a wide range of individuals. From our results it should be apparent that videodisc technology presents a real opportuni- ty for concentrating expertise and im- parting skills in many other fields as well.H Bibliography 1. Hessinger, Lynn. "Interactive Videodisc Teaching of CPR," Bio-Medical Com- munications, September 1981. 2. Hon, David. "The Videodisc, the Microcomputer and the Satellite," ASTD Journal, December 1980. 3. Hon, David. Series of seven articles for Videodisc News, February-August 1981. 4. Hon, David. "Interactive Video Column," Video User, July 1981 -June 1982. 5. Hon, David. "Space Invaders, Videodiscs, and the 'Bench Connection,' " ASTD Jour- nal, December 1981. 6. Apple Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1980. 138 Jure 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc X * x M[ ^% Wa mm Itafl . . . describing the price performance leaders in table top computers. Owning an SX from IMS International is ajoy no matter which model you choose. Both give you Winchester perform- ance and a lot more. Our 5000 SX table top computer features either a 5.5 or 11 MByte Winchester subsystem, plus one or two 5'/i" floppy drives. And our 8000 SX offers a 10, 20 or 40 megabyte Winchester, plus one or two 8" floppies, and a 17 megabyte incremental cartridge tape drive subsystem. Both high performance Winchester subsystems deliver awesome speed — ten times faster than floppies, on the average. You can load a 20 KByte system program in less than a second. More importantly, IMS systems are engineered for reliability, so downtime won't take away the gains Winchester technology brings. They're strictly business, from their metal-not-plastic cabinets to their test-don't-guess circuitry. And with our full 2-year warranty, you have it in writing. Software for the SXs includes either single user, or our new high performance multiuser/ multiprocessor operating sys- tems, plus BASIC, FORTRAN and COBOL languages, and a host of compatibility-tested application programs. For complete information and specifications on the 5000 SX and 8000 SX, along with the location of your nearby IMS International dealer, just contact us. We'll tell you everything you ever wanted to know about SX. Call (714) 978-6966 or (702) 883-7611 today, or write: INTERNATIONAL WE BUILD COMPUTERS AS IF YOUR BUSINESS DEPENDED ON THEM. 2800 Lockheed Way, Carson City, NV 89701 -Telex: 910-395-6051 Circle 223 on Inquiry card. the Atari 1 Star >m Win $25,000 in cash, plus prizes and an ATARI STAR by entering your software in the ATARI* ASAP competition. ATARI is looking for some of the greatest software from the brightest stars in the software field -And naturally, we're willing to re- ward yon for it. Every three months, ATARI will be presenting ATARI STARS to the writers of software programs judged first, second and third place in the following categories: con- sumer (including entertainment, personal interest and develop- ment); education; home business (personal finance and record keep- ing); and system software. The de- cision of the ATARI judges is final. Quarterly prizes will be from $750 to $3,000 worth* of selected ATARI products and an ATARI STAR The annual Grand Prize will be the coveted Super Star trophy and $25,000 in cash** To be eligible, your software idea must be submitted to and published in the ATARI Program Exchange cata log. Submit your pro gram on the official entry form which we'll rush to you if you send in the attached coupon The ATARI STAR Awards are in addition to the percentage of rev- 1 enues you will automat- I icallv be entitled to as | ATARI PROGRAM ATARI' PROGRAM a result of sales of your software programs in the ATARI Program Exchange. If you're a star, ATARI wants to reward you. Send in the coupon today, or call toll-free 800-538-1862, in California 800-672- 1850, and you could be the proud winner of an ATARI ASAP STAR Tro- phy, and some great ATARI prizes. *Based on manufacturer's sug- gested retail price. "'Taxes are the sole responsibil- ity of the winner. Void where pro- hibited by law. Winners will be notified by mail. ATARI employees and their families are not eligible. For more contest details, call the toll-free numbers.© 1981 ATARI. INC. Circle 43 on inquiry card. For more contest details, call 800-538- 1862, in California 800-672-1850. Send to: ATARI Software Acquisition Program, Dept. C1E, P.O. Box 427, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Yes, I want to enter the ATARI ASAP com- petition. Please rush me my entry form. Name Ad d ress City State/Zip_ A ATARI ^'/J A Warner Communications Company We've Brought The Computer Age Home." Videodiscs and Optical Data Storage We may soon be measuring mass storage in gigabytes. Optical videodisc technology may be the next generation in mass storage of digital data. Though much of the effort to date involves large, expen- sive recording machines, some of the research is geared to the mass produc- tion of large databases that will be ac- cessible by small-computer systems. In just a few years, your personal computer may be able to randomly access an entire encyclopedia, includ- ing text and photographs. This article will review some methods of storing digital data op- tically on videodiscs. We will then look at some commercial products for office automation and mass data stor- age that are being developed using optical-storage techniques. Finally, we will assess the benefits this tech- nology promises the small-computer user in terms of large databases of text and pictures. Trends in Data Storage Let's look at the trends in data stor- age over the last two decades. In the 1960s, computers, for the most part, were still being used for storing num- bers; businesses, banks, and the gov- ernment relied on high-capacity mag- netic hard-disk packs for data stor- age. The 1970s saw an increased need for storage of text: letters, manu- scripts, and memos became increas- ingly important as our world became more knowledge-dependent. Word processors and office-automation sys- tems popped up everywhere during Dick Moberg 404 South Quince St. Philadelphia, PA 19147 Ira M. Laefsky 8808 Patton Rd. Philadelphia, PA 19118 Photo 1: The Toshiba DF-2000 Document Filing System. the 1970s, and the floppy disk, with its limited capacity but low cost, came into vogue. Magnetic-storage technology has, until recently, kept pace with user re- quirements. Magnetic-tape density has increased from 800 bpi (bits per inch) to 1600 bpi and now to 6250 bpi. Low-cost hard disks presently of- fer many megabytes of storage for small-computer systems; but data- storage requirements are again chang- ing. Entire documents must be stored, including graphics and pictures, in- creasing the memory required by two orders of magnitude. This challenge to the magnetic-media industry may give optical-storage technology the chance it needs to become a commer- cial reality. The need for document storage is everywhere. In large institutions, file cabinets are grabbing more and more floor space. At the Jet Propulsion 142 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 305 on Inquiry card. < MICRO-SCI IS IN THE GAME FOR ALL THE APPLES... • '^•4^=>'_ .. ...WITH A FULL HOUSE OF 5 l A" DRIVES Micro-Sci has three disk drives and two controllers so you can configure your Apple II '" or Apple II Plus'" system to fit your individual budget and performance requirements. THE FIRST ACE— A2 The new A2 is the price/compatibility substitute for the Disk II,'" intended as the second drive on an existing controller, or as a full A2 subsystem. The A2 drive or A2 subsystem is an ideal choice when the drives will be primarily used for entertainment or prepackaged software programs. THE SECOND ACE— A40 The A40 is a price/performance alternative to the Disk II. With 40 tracks, you get an additional 20K bytes, and faster track-to-track access. The A40 is intended for use In dedicated DOS, CP/M and Pascal applications, and as a companion drive for the A70.The A40 is Micro-Sets most cost-effective disk subsystem for the Apple lis. THE THIRD ACE— A70 The A70 is the price/capacity alternative. At over a quarter million bytes per drive, the A70 has the capacity of two Disk lis or an eight-inch floppy, but costs only slightly more than a single Disk II. One A70 supports a DOS file as large as 270K, a CP/M file up to 254K, and 560 blocks in Pascal. THE PAIR— MICRO-SCIS CONTROLLERS The A2 comes with a unique new controller. This controller supports any combination of A2s or Disk lis, you have complete flexibility. The A40 and A70 share a common controller. Mix A40s and A70s in any fashion, one A40 with one A70, two A40s or two A70s — all' on the same controller. You can have a Disk II or A2 controller with /ut-sa MICRO-SCI Disk II or A2 drives and still add an A40 o subsystem. Thafs full system-level compatibility. THE PAT HAND Versatility, reliability, capability are assured when choosing Micro-Sci. Pick the drive, pick the controller, pick the capacity and function. Whatever your need, DOS 3.2, 3.3, Pascal, CP/M, games or pre-packaged software, Micro-Sci has the drive. Start wherever you choose with the knowledge that you can expand without concern. All Micro-Sci products are backed by a full 120-day warranty (parts and labor). Our complete line of Apple compatible products makes us the dealer's choice. We're always looking for good dealers. International dealer inquiries: International Markets Co., Telex: 69-6191. TELEX CO LSA See Us At WffllPil JUNE 28-30, 1982 17742 IRVINE BOULEVARD .SUITE 205 -TUSTIN, CALIFORNIA 92680 .714/731-9461 .TELEX: 910-346-6739 MICRO-SCI IS A DIVISION OF STANDUN CONTROLS, INC. '"APPLE II, APPLE II PLUS • "DISK II DAPPLE, APPLE II AND DISK II ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF APPLE COMPUTERS, CUPERTINO. CALIFORNIA You can save on computers and software using our commercial buying service. We buy wholesale for you. Our fee is one fourth of what we save you off list. We offer you: • Access to over 500 Manufacturers • 1 500 Satisfied Clients • Leasing • Exporting Services Examples of prices paid by our clients (including fee) are: Commiters san Y o2ooo 2,708.00 * Seattle System 2 3,251.00 AddsMultivision $ 3,075.00 TelevideoTS-802 2,600.00 AddsMultivisionI 3,074.00 TelevideoTS-802H 4,550.00 Alpha Micro 1030 12,047.00 TelevideoTS806 5,100.00 Alpha Micro 1051 17,634.00 ToshibaT-200w/Printer 4,099.00 AlspaACl-2/SS 2,320.00 Toshiba T-250w/Printer 5,099.00 Altos8000-02 2,629.00 Toshiba EW- 1000/4 6,799.00 Altos8000-10 6,295.00 ToshibaEW-1000/2w/Ptr 5,999.00 Altos8000-15 3,585.00 Vector2600 4,221.00 Altos8600-10 7,586.00 Vector3005 6,458.00 AltosSerisl5D 2,182.00 Vector5005 7,308.00 AltosSeris5-5D 4,372.00 A PP ie2 + 48K 1,208.00 Printers AppleIII128K 2,874.00 ,. mnn AmperexGP300 3,695.00 £ toh^lO ,400.00 RMC90R 5 422 00 C.Itoh 40 CPS Serial 1,500.00 r-^cc ■ onnu a'ma nn C. ItohCometll 800.00 CCSSenes300-lA 4,414.00 Diabb630 2(mQ0 ColumbiaData CALL i DS560/G 995 00 Cromenco System 3,200.00 men- ,onp i i menn ,-, oil i rMc nn lDSPnsm 132 Column 1,495.00 Cromemco System 1 2, 94b. 00 ,.__,__,. , _,,,,. nn o c i o i Annnn NEC3510 1,830.00 Cromemco System 2 3,400.00 ircnTrirniin. nolqn n DECVT-lSta. 3 344 00 ^7710^/0 2 325.00 Dual 12,636.00 „,. .„„, Vin/im ~ , , nca r\T:-c Olivetti 231 2,104.00 Dynabyte 26%OFF _ _. _ nnARnn „ , „ ,, ncf , n Oume9/4b 2,045.00 Eagle II 3,796.00 ^ „ , ,™. nr . Z P j. / oi inn Selleml 2,725.00 IBCCadet 4,211.00 j,, CAI I Micromation CALL NEC8001A 750.00 Otli«»e NEC8012A 490.00 VIIIWS NEC8031A 750.00 AndersonJacobsen 641.25 North Star Advantage 2950.00 CorvuslOMEG 3,825.00 NorthStarAdvantageHD55,150.00 DECVT-100 1,430.00 North Star Hoz II 64KDD 2,995.00 Houston Instrument DMP-2 1,147.00 North Star Hoz II 64KOD 3,040.00 Houston Instrument DMP-4 1,460.00 Onyx5001MU-6 7,350.00 HoustonInstrumentDMP-72,077.00 Osborne CALL Morrow 20MEG 3,650.00 For latest wholesale prices and to order Call Toll Free 800-227-2288. In California call 415-376-9020. Assembly, integration and testing also available from our service department. Ask about our Leasing Program. We are buying agents for overseas computer dealers. EXPORT SERVICES available. International Telex 470851. Mastercard, VISA at 3% handling fee. Prices subject to change without notice. Minimum fee $100. 15% cancellation fee. THE PURCHASING AGENT 1635 School St., Suite 101, Moraga, CA 94556 Laboratory, photographs sent from space fill reel after reel of magnetic tape. Most hospitals have X-rays stacked to the ceiling for the duration of their legal storage term. The U.S. Government alone used 2 million reels of magnetic tape in 1975. Micro- film has had some impact here, but the time needed to access the stored information limits microfilm's useful- ness. Progress in the fields essential to the success of optical storage has been excellent. The development of the single-mode laser diode to replace the large, expensive gas laser has made the consumer videodisc a reality. Re- cent advances in microprocessor tech- nology, error-detecting and error- correcting codes, and database tech- niques are also key elements to the success of this effort. The stage is now set for the creation of an optical data- storage industry. How Is Information Stored? Storing digital data on optical videodiscs can be accomplished in two ways. In one method, the digital data is encoded in the video signal, then standard videodisc replication and reading techniques are used. The other method writes the digital infor- mation directly onto special discs. This method has applications in ar- chival storage, whereas the first method is good for databases that must be easily replicated. We will first review how video in- formation can be stored on conven- tional optical videodiscs and show how this technique can be used to produce databases for small-com- puter systems. For the purposes of this discussion, the scanning pattern of the electron beam inside the television's picture tube can be thought of as comprising 525 horizontal lines from top to bot- tom (the process is called raster scan). This scan produces one image (frame) on the face of the tube. The scan is re- peated every 1/30 second, producing a new picture each time. (Actually, two interlaced frames of 262.5 scan lines are produced, 1/60 second each.) The picture data of each hori- zontal scan line consists of a varying 144 June W82 © BYTE PublicaHom Inc Circle 377 on Inquiry card. top shelf Software for the IBM PC and the Apple II 151 S/^\ i*I - I r A 1 - V* .^ »ho alp tic* INK IBM 1 alpha c - 5 y 8=8 91 CD With spoken instructions, our tested software doesn't try your patience. EASY Every Alpha software package contains spoken instructions on cassette to guide you through the program on the disk. You get professional software that a novice can use. PROVEN Our business software for the IBM PC has been used since 1979 on the Apple. Thousands of people agree that our versatile Data Base Manager and Mailing List programs are effective time- and money-saving devices. INNOVATIVE Question is a fun game based on artificial intelligence. It tries to guess what city, person or animal you're thinking of, and gets smarter as you play. You can even teach it new topics. Type Faces lets your dot matrix printer generate 15 different kinds of large lettering. With The Apple-IBM Connection, you'll be able to transfer files from the Apple II to the IBM and vice versa. Your VisiCalc work can be transferred without retyping or errors. Requires no technical knowledge. The software does all the work for yoa Alpha software products available at participating ComputerLands. Or call us for your nearest dealer: 617 229-2924 v alpha ■ SOFTWARE CORP 6 New England Executive Park • Burlington, Massachusetts 01803 Data Base Manager: S 185 Mailing List: $95 Question: $45 Typefaces: $95 The Apple-IBM Connection: $120 Circle 17 on inquiry card. Circle 476 on Inquiry card. UNIX, Ada™, FORTRAN 68OOO XAVAX One/32KB $1,500 • 68000 8MHz single board computer • Multibus™/IEEE 796 compatible • 2 RS232C, 2 parallel ports • Sockets for 64KB ROM • Motorola KDM module compatible 1 28KB RAM on board, add ... . ($500) Manual of boards, chips ($15) XAVAX Two $8,500 • 68000 8MHz Multibus™ computer • 256KB RAM expandible to 1MB • 10MB Winchester, 960KB floppy • One parallel, 2 RS232C ports • Graphics display monitor • Multitasking operating system • Editor, filer, linker, utilities • Language: (Pascal, C, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, or Assembler) • UNIX/7 and APL are options. Manual with OS summary ($15) Operating system manual ($25) System manuals set [7] ($85) XAVAX Two/3 $10,850 • Multibus'VIEEE 796 bus, 3 users • /6 includes 512KB RAM, 6 users • /6 adds 3 RS232C ports [5 total] XAVAX Two/6 $12,850 XAVAX Three $12,850 • XAVAX Two features, plus: • Second 68000 processor • Memory management on board Ada™ and Pascal with OS . . . ($5000) Initial XAVAX Two/3, add . . . ($2350) Initial XAVAX Two/6, add . . . ($4350) XAVAX 10 Cartridge Backup $5,000 • 10MB high speed mini-Winchester • 7MB integrated backup [3 min.] • Multibus™ controller [32KB RAM] • 960KB floppy [in main cabinet] Interface to XAVAX Two, Three. HARDWARE [Multibus™] 880 Kilobaud I/O controller $1 ,500 • 8 channel RS232C • Bisync and ASCII asynchronous • CRC generate, detect, check • ports individually programmable 8 channel RS232C I/O board $300 8 channel intelligent RS232C $580 4 channel parallel board $400 ANSI Winchester controller $500 512KB RAM [parity, 270ns] $1,700 256KB RAM [half populated] $1,500 SOFTWARE BizBooks™ [80 modules] $4,500 • Accounting, inventory control BizGraf™ [8 colors] $2,500 • Business color graphs, plots. MasterCard and VISA accepted. Ask your distributor for XAVAX. '" UNIX trademark of Bell Laboratories. ™ Multibus trademark of Intel Corporation. '" Ada trademark Department of Defense. (319) 344-0550 XAVAX CORPORATION 300 Northwest Tower Bettendorf, IA 52722 TWX: Cable: 910-525-1177 XAVAXCORP VIDEO 3ICTURE ! i "" LINES I """"j LASER TT HORIZONTAL VIDEO INFORMATION o FREQUENCY -MODULATED VIDEO SIGNAL o r^_mijL MODULATOR |~| MASTER DISC PULSE-WIDTH ENCODED SIGNAL MICROSCOPIC PITS ETCHED ONTO DISC SURFACE PPROX. 1 MICRON STAMPING, COATING, AND JOINING PROCESS £3 DUPLICATE DISCS Figure 1: Information storage on a videodisc. The first step in storing video information on a videodisc is the production of an FM (frequency-modulated) signal from the horizontal scan information of the TV signal. Next, a pulse-width encoded signal is made by "clipping" the top and bottom of the FM signal. This signal is used to modulate a high-powered laser that etches pits onto the surface of a rotating, photosensitized glass disc. The pit length is proportional to the pulse width of the original signal. A nickel- plated copy is made to stamp one-sided plastic discs. After a reflective coating is added to the plastic disc, two are joined together to form both sides of the finished disc. amplitude signal. The signal controls the intensity of each pixel (picture ele- ment) on the line (see figure 1). Sync pulses, both horizontal and vertical, make sure that the scan dot is at the same spot on the screen every 1/30 second. This is a standard video signal. A videodisc master is made by first converting the AM (amplitude-modu- lated) video signal into an FM (frequency -modulated) signal. The tops and bottoms of this FM signal are "clipped" to make a pulse-width encoded signal, which is then used to modulate a laser focused on the photosensitized surface of a rotating glass disc. The laser etches tiny pits into the surface of the disc whose lengths correspond to the widths (time) of the pulses. One circular track on the disc holds all 525 hori- zontal lines needed to produce one TV frame. From the glass master, a nickel stamping disc is made by a plating process. Plastic discs are then stamped and a reflective coating is added. Two of these discs are joined together to form a two-sided disc. When reading the picture informa- tion back from the disc, a laser is aimed at the track and the reflection of the laser beam is detected. The reflected beam is broken by the pits in the disc, thus modulating the beam to give the pulse-width encoded signal from which the original video signal is reconstructed (see figure 2). What about digital-information storage? From the above discussion, it can be seen that the pulse-width en- coded signal is essentially an on-off digital-like signal. As you might ex- pect, with the proper encoding scheme, digital information can be stored on a videodisc with little modification to the recording and 146 lime 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc faces 15 type styles for the IBM PC and Apple II With this program your dot matrix printer can output 15 large typefaces. Type Faces generates distinctive presentations, fancy lettering, invitations, easy to read output, and over 100 symbols. Reduced printout on a copier gives you letter quality text. . . an inexpensive typesetter. Type Faces comes with its own simple text editor and Is compatible with most word processors. Actual dot matrix printout ABC abc ABC abc The Electrohome family of personal com- puter monitors features the extra degree of engineering excellence you've come to expect from Electrohome. Our ECM 1302 Series 13" RGB analog color data monitors offer the latest in advanced electronic tech- nology and design innovation. There's a 1302 Series moni- tor that is fully compatible 1 ^^ with the IBM Personal Computer, the Apple II, and Apple III Micro Computers. Electrohome monochrome data display monitors are available in 9" and 12" models, green or white phosphors to suit your needs. Whatever your system, Electrohome monitors make your choice very clear. Call or write today for more information. Data appearing on screens are actual images. Apple II and Apple III are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. In Canada, IBM Canada is a registered user. ELECTRO ELECTRONICS ELECTROHOME LIMITED, 809 WELLINGTON STREET NORTH, KITCHENER, ONTARIO N2G 4J6 Electrohome Distributors The Computer Store, Sudbury Mass. (800) 343-4900 Components Unlimited Inc., Lynchburg, VA (804) 237-6286 EMES Systems Ltd., New York, NY (212) 685-9100 Software Distribution Services Inc., Buffalo, N.Y. (716) 462-8488 Anthem Systems Company, Burlingame, CA (416) 342-9182 Mycrosystems Distributors Inc., Dallas, Texas (800) 527-3643 Computerland, San Leandro, CA (800) 772-3545 (Ext, 118) Outside California (800) 227-1617 (Ext. 118) Anderson Associates, Bountiful, Utah (801) 292-8991 Listec (West) Inc., Glendale, California (213) 247-9247 Come see us at booth #6623 at the NCC Show and booth #822 at the Comdex Spring '82 Show. • CRT'S • PRINTERS • TELEPRINTERS ■ MICROMAIL OFFERS THE LOWEST PRICES AND PERSONAL SERVICE. DEC LA 100 DUAL MODE MATRIX PRINTER CALL FOR PRICE! •NEW* 3M WHISPER WRITER • TWX • TIME SHARE • COMPUTER TERMINAL •NEW* DEC LA 34 DA $899.00 DEC LA 120KSR $2049.00 VT 100 $1449.00 VT101 CALL VT131 $1499.00 AN APEX DP 9500 .Z^K% 1149.00 DP 9501 ... ytf&y- ■ $ "49.00 DP 8000 AP/fcX/?f $749.00 TELEVIDEO 910 $569.00 912 $689.00 920 $725.00 950 $939.00 925 NEW! CALL TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 810/2 $1299.00 (Includes upper/lower case option) 810/2 VTC/CP $ 1499.00 (includes u/1 case, forms control 8c compressed pnnt) LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS DIABLO • 630 RO $1949.00 .630 KSR... CALL .620 CALL . 1640 CALL Q.UME NEC . SPRINT 9/45 $1949.00 . SPRINT 9/35 CALL FOR PRICE • 7700 SERIES . 3500 SERIES CALL FOR OUR LOW PRICES "PORTABLES SPECIAL" T.I. 745 $1399.00 T.I. 743KSR $849.00 TELETYPE 43 (TTL) $999.00 LABOR SAVER! CUT SHEET FEEDERS CALL FOR OUR SPECIAL PRICES iCALLTOLL FREE (800) 854-6028J SAVE ON PREPAID ORDERS I MASTERCARD VISA ACCEPTED I C.O.D. REQUIRES 15% DEPOSIT I SHIPPING IS FREIGHT COLLECT ] WE SELL INTERNATIONALLY c HI 3 K fl J I P.O. Box 3297 Santa Ana, CA 92703 II Phone: 714/ 731-4338 _ ■!! TWX: 910 595 U46 early advantage in the development of small DRAW systems. Hitachi is known to have in development a sys- tem for document storage much like Toshiba's. At its 70th anniversary stockholders meeting in early 1982, Hitachi showed a prototype of its DRAW system, but it has been among the most secretive of the major companies involved in optical- disc development. Uses of Large Databases Videodiscs probably offer the best medium for electronic printing and publishing due to their low repro- duction costs and their text and graphics capabilities. Though some estimates place full electronic publish- ing as far as 15 years from now, there will surely be deep inroads made in this field within the next few years. Many indexing and cataloging ser- vices could easily use optical discs as a distribution medium, as the infor- mation is usually in a computer to begin with. Literature and patent searches, for example, could be done with small computers. Businesses could have large demographic data- bases to aid in product marketing. Computer programs connected to large text and picture databases will give computer-aided education an added dimension. Special-purpose databases will be available at work or at home on a large variety of subjects. It is difficult to predict future uses of any new technology, or even whether it will be used at all. We have heard, however, that the most valu- able commodity in the near future will be information — and videodisc technology offers perhaps the least expensive method to produce, replicate, and distribute large collec- tions of data.H References 1. Edelhart, M. "Optical Discs; The Omnibus Medium." Technology, November- December 1981, p. 42. 2. "Optical Discs Excite Industry." Elec- tronics, May 5, 1981, p. 97. 3. Videodisc News. Videodisc Services Inc., Washington, DC (general reference). 4. "Videodiscs: A Three-Way Race for a Billion-Dollar Jackpot." Business Week, July 7, 1980, p. 72. 160 June 1982 © BYTE Publication! Inc Circle 312 on inquiry card. Circle 329 on Inquiry card. MPI An :xtended capability at a compacted price! The new MPI50G wide carriage dot matrix printer at $1,095.00* sets a new standard for performance/price comparisons. A nine wire head prints six character densities and gives you a choice between a data processing or a corre- spondence font. Under microprocessor control, the bi-directional ■'??:■'- ■ ' " *SfcttK^ logic-seeking head zips along at 1 50 CPS, with thruputs of up to 200 LPM for average text and as many as 226 columns on J 5 inch wide paper. Dot graphics, a full 1,000 character buffer [with options up to 8,000 characters), an optional non-volatile soft switch keypad for configuration selection and retention. All in a handsome, heavy duty case. Another trendsetting printer from MPI. For more information, write or call today. Ampi The Printer People Micro Peripherals, Inc. 4426 South Century Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84107 Telephone (801) 263-308! See us at the NCC. ice. Substantial O Arizona I'LS Associates (6021 246-6477 • California VITEK |7!4I 744-8305 • Computer Potentials 1408) 738- 1 740 • Colorado I 1218 • Florida Computer Village 13051 266-5965 • Georgia Micro Graphics (404) 790-5771 • Illinois CW Electronic Enterprises 1312) 298-4830 ■ Massachusetts Butler Associates 161 71 965-1080 • Consumer Computer Marketmcj |6I7| 443-5128 • Minnesota Bohlig & Associates 16121 922-701 I • New Jersey Hansen & Hughes (20 1 J 652-70'. 5 • Ohio EQS (2161 729-2222 • Oregon Microware 15031 620-8150 • Pennsylvania QEO Electronics 12151 674-9600 • Texas Computer Wares (2141 373-4443 a Thorson ■tnbutors(214) 233-5 744 • Utah PLS Associates (801) 466-8729 • Washington Microware 1206) 451-8586 a International: Europe Russet Instruments, ml 10734) 1147 lelex. 849/21 • Australia Oatatel Pty Ltd. 690-4000 Telex AA30996 a Canada Norango (4161 498-5332 Telex 06966710 • Mexico, Central and South terica Siscom-trol (9051 689-02-09 Armored Patrol Pete Callamaras 25C Scott Circle Bedford, MA 01730 When the assault cruis- ers first landed on this strange planet, you had no idea you would eventually find yourself commanding the last-surviving T-36 heavy-assault tank com- pany in the entire sector. You have only a few tanks left, and transferring to a surviving tank is your only hope to keep fighting if your current tank is de- stroyed. Suddenly, the targeting radar shows an enemy tank to the left, and the robot detector lights up. You fire but miss the tank. Oh no! The energy levels are dropping in your tank! The enemy robot has tapped your energy sup- ply and is draining it. Wait, you have the other tank in your sights. You fire the T-36's high-energy plasma cannon. You got the tank. Now quick, spin and blast the robot before your energy is gone. Got 'em! And so the battle continues; you monitor the targeting radar and fight on against the alien foe. Armored Patrol is one of the latest releases from Adventure International for the TRS-80, and it is a real winner. The game puts you in the commander's seat of Photo 1: The view from your tank turret. "You can see both an enemy robot and a tank in the foreground, one of the houses that dot the battlefield, and in the distance, the mountain range that surrounds the plain of combat. an armored assault tank fighting an alien enemy on a hostile plain. The object is to destroy enemy tanks and robots with your tank's high-energy plasma cannon before they zap you. The enemy tanks can return fire with a similar plasma weapon. The robots drain your energy supply if they get close to you. You view the enemy and the surrounding planet surface through the T-36's viewport and locate the enemy via a direction finder at the lower-right side of the TRS-80 screen display. The Game The really outstanding feature of this game is its three-dimensional graph- ics (you will notice similarities to the popular arcade game Battle Zone). As you move, the screen image changes perspective relative to your movements. The closer you get to an object, the larger it appears and vice versa. When you spot an enemy tank or robot, it can and does move, and the movement also has perspective. For instance, if a tank moves across your view from left to right, it starts small, gets larger when it's directly in front of 162 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc APPlE • ALTOS • ATARI • MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • ADDS MICRO MEMOREX DISKETTES BUSINESS WORLD INC. Information Line (213) 996-2252 TOLL FREE MAIL ORDER LINES (800) 423-5886 outside Cain EPSON MX80 Save 246.00 THE APPLE COMPATIBLE ALTERNATIVE FRANKLIN STUDENT SYSTEMS • Franklin Ace 100 system • 64K • Disk drive with controller card. • 12" green phs. video monitor. OUR PRICE $1695.00 Isi HEWLETT PACKARD HP-125 Microcomputer HP 85 Microcomputer Hi' 83 Microcomputer 16K Exp-Memory Module Graphics Plotter 7225 Personality Mod. For 7225 263IB Impact/Printer/ Hvy Dty Option 020 For 26318 8 Drives to Choose Irom 82902S 9895A 8 Dual Drive Graphics Tablet 91 1 1A HP] It Slim-Line Advanced HP-12C Slim-Line Financial HP 41 CV New 2.2 Bytes Mem HP-UX Calculator Card Reader For UCV/C Printer For 41CV/C Optical Wand For 41 CV/C Quad Ram Equals 4 Mem. Mods Memory Modules For 41C HP-97 Programme Printer HP-67 Program!* Calculator HP-34C Programble Scientilic HP-3SC Program!* Bus. HJE HP 3ZE Adv. Scientific I.HP-37E Business Mgml 1 ; Our^ List Price 2750.00 UBJt 2750.00 msJt 2250.00 I4I5J)0 295.00 255.00 2450.00 2075.00 750.00 6*5.00 3950.00 3250.00 150.00 125.00 1300.00 1125.00 6850.00 5500.00 2050.00 1671.00 135.00 119.00 150.00 129.00 325.00 250.00 250.00 1J500 215.00 162-00 385.00 289.00 125.00 97.00 95.00 11.00 25.00 750.00 595,00 150.00 55.00 41.00 75.00 HM4 ^commodore 8032 32K 80 Col Crt 4032-32K 40 Col Crt 4016 16ti 40 Col Crt 8050 Dual Disk 950K 4040 Dual Disk 343K C2M Cassette Drive 4022-80 Col Printer 8024-Mannsman Talley 25CPS-Starwriter CBMIEEE Modem Voice Synthesizer VIC 20 PET to IEEE Cable k IEEE lo IEEE Cable list 1495.00 1295.00 995.00 1795.00 1295.00 95.00 795.00 1995.00 1895.00 279.00 395.00 299.00 39.95 49.95 Our Price 1097.00 989.00 788.00 1344.00 989.00 77.00 639.00 1545.00 1399.00 225.00 325.00 255.00 3UC 3M»j r XER0X Xerox 820 1 5-W Disk Xerox 820-2 8' Disk CP/M Operating System Word Processing Software r .uper Calc List 2995.00 3795.00 200.00 500.00 295.00 OurPr 23*9.00 2*95.00 1(9.00 429.00 241JOJ ATARI PERSONAL COMPUTERS 400 16K Bytes of Ram 800 16K Byles ol Ram 410 Program Recorder 810 Disk Drive 825 Printer {80 col Centjonic 737) 820 Prinler (40 col impact) 830 Acoustic Modem 850 Interface Module Atari Visicalc A ATARI Our List Price 595.00 337.45 995.00 (BJ) 90.00 rim 600.00 4S7J» 999.95 mm 450.00 200.00 220.00 200.00 3SXH isje 1J2J0 164.00 TEXAS INSTiTUIOTS Tl 99/4A Console New f\i Improved \ S - 10" Coloi Monitor High "^ Resolution 32K Memory Module Speech Synthesizer Disk Memory Drive RF Modulator Telephone Coupler (Modem) Printer ISolid Stale) List 950.00 399.95 399.95 149.95 499.95 49.95 224.95 399.95 Our^ Price 299 DO 339.95 312.95 127.95 390.95 42.50 115.95 315.95 NEC STUDENT SYSTEM 64K •NEC PC 8001 A Computet •NEC PC 8012 A Expansion •NEC PC 8031 A Dual Drive 12" Grn. Phs. Video Monitor &> PRUTERS EPSON MX 80 FT MX 80 IMPACT MX 70 IMPACT MX 100 ANADEX 9501 NEC 5510 5515 3510 3515 OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 MOOt INI 82 MICROLINE 83 PAPER TIGER 445G with Graphics 460G with Graphics 560G New lull size DIABLO (LETTER 630 R102 bi-directional tractors 1640K1O9 keyboaid tractors 630 RO Receive Only 1650K 136 keyboard ajractors S 745.00 645.00 500.00 995.00 1650.00 3195.00 3295.00 2495.00 2545.00 545.00 649.00 1050.00 795.00 1.394.00 1.695.00 QUALiTT) Our List Price 5 549.00 447.00 3(9.00 725.00 1299.00 2445.00 2545.00 1795.00 1(49.00 395.00 495.00 769.00 B5.00 199150 1.095.00 2.965.00 2.450.00 4.000.00 2.710.00 2.899.00 2250.00 4.000.00 3,100.00. IMC 12" Grn. Phs KQ (15 Hr) 12- Grn. Phs E0 (18 Hi) 12" Grn Phs (20 Hz) 12" Colour Composite Hi Res. Grn. Phs 12" NEC Grn. Phs. 12" Zenith 12" LE MONITOR • 9"B&W rj • 9" Green Phs V *V . • 12-B4W *W • 12" Green Phs. ♦* " 12" Green Phs. • Anti Reflective Screen *• T.V. Grade Screen SANYO MONITORS 13" Coloi (new) high quality 12" Gieen Phs. 12-BSW 15" B SW 9" B 4 W The Best Seller! ^ 9" Green Phs, 219.00 5249.00 279.00 439.00 275.00 225.00 159.00 179.00 189.00 209.00 229.00 199.00 $550.00 360.00 340.00 370.00 235.00 275.00 Our Price 1 65.10 USJO 2H.K) 319.00 1(5.00 179.00 119.00 159.00 165.00 185.00 199.00 159.00 399.00 269.00 239.00 255.00 159.00 199.00^ AVINGS ERVICE ELECTION ATISFACTION XEROX 820 WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM (INCLUDES SOFTWARE) 3495.00 104/1 5" SOFT SECTOR 104/10 • " DBL. DEN. SOFT SEC. 3740/1 8" SOFT SECTOR 3740/1 D 8" DBL. DEN. SOFT SECTOR MAXELL MD-l 5" SOFT SEC- TOR/DBL. DEN. MD-2 " SOFT SECTOR/DBL. SIDE./DBL. DEN. FD-1 8" SOFT SEC./DBL. DEN. FD-1 8" SOFT SEC./DBL ^SIDE/DBL. DEN DISKETTES sold in boxes of 10 (Mm. Purchase) $100 List DYSAN PRICE PER DISKETTE Our Price 6.40 7.25 4.60 4.75 EXPANSION BOARD QSTAR 16K RAM BOARD LIST OUR PRICE 199.00 99.00 SOFTWARE FOR APPLE II Language System with Apple Pascal BPI General Ledger System Visidex Visicalc Desktop Plan II Microlab Database System Stoneware DB Master Muse Supertext II Softape Magic Window r Bcommodore 1 COLOR COMPUTER VIC' 20 7 / VicTVModual ..519.00 Vic Cassette 569.00 Vic Disk Drive 5 Call Vic 6 Pack program 544.00 MSL 299.00 OUR PRICE $244.00 Save 55.00 SOFTWARE . FOR COMMODORE Ozz-The Inlormation Wizard Wordcralt 80 lima Info Retrieval & Mgmt Aid Dow Jones Portfolio Mgmt. Pascal Development Pkg. Ebs-Receivables. Inventory Bpi General Ledger Word Pro 3-40 Column Word Pro 4-80 Column Word Pro 4 Plus List 395.00 395.00 495.00 149.00 295.00 750.00 395.00 250.00 375.00 450.00 Our Price 5219.00 219.00 319.00 119.00 219.00 5(9.00 389.00 175.00 259.00 319.00^ MODEMS, NOVATION CAT MODEM NOVATION D-CAT NOVATION APPLE-CAT HAVES MICROMODEM HAYES SMARTMODEM r List 189.95 199.00 389.00 379.00 279.00 Our Price 140.00 150.00 329.00 295.00 239.00 Calculators CASK) HR 10 Paper Feed HR 12 Paper Feed FR-100 Paper Feed FR-1210 Paper Feed PQ-20 LC-785 LC-3165 FX-68 Scientilic EX 81 Scientific FX-3600P Scientific List 49.95 54.95 79.95 129.95 29.95 12.95 12.95 29.95 19.95 39.95 Our Price 39.00 42.00 59.00 99.00 23.00 10.00 10.00 23.00 17.00 29.95 FX-602P "Computer Talk" 88 Memories Pro gramming Upper & Lower Case Dot Matrix 512 Step 129.95 FX-702P Solves Problems wilh Alpha- Numeric Clarity, uses Basic Language 199.95 905 Remote Dual Tape Sys. 910 60 Calls Per Side 920 C Vox 925 Remote Call Monitor 930 Remote Twin Cass 950 Remote 960 Remote Built In Tele Microcomputer Controlled List 119.95 199.95 159.95 199.95 239.95 Our Pt 86.00 144.00 115.00 144.00 173.00 299.95 216.00 339.95 245.00 399.95 2M.00 1 3 S3 AVHi^pOr-| BUSINES S WORLD ■ l^^nWJ WAREHOUSE 18720 Oxnard, *108 Tanana. CA 9135 I a a INI Nil 3Y/D Circle 73 on inquiry card. Integrated Hardware and Software Systems TRS-80 DISCOUNT BUY DIRECT Q^D C^> WE SELL THE FULL LINE OF TRS-80'S AT WHOLESALE PRICES COMPUTERS - PRINTERS - SOFTWARE* MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS TRS-80 PURE RADIO SHACK EQUIPMENT MODEL II 26-4002 64K I Drive S3098 Ask About Hard Drives MODEL III 26-1062 16K $819 26-1066 48K with 2 Drives, RS232 $2049 COLOR COMPUTER 26-3001 4K $309 26-3002 16K Ext. Basic $455 26-3003 32K Ext. Basic $569 Model 1 6 TRS-80 CALL Printers CALL COLOR COMPUTER DISK DRIVES 26-3022 Color Disk Drive #1 $498 26-3023 Color Disk Drive #2, 3, 4 $338 •LARGE INVENTORY WRITE FOR YOUR •FAST DELIVERY FREE CATALOG THOUSANDS OF SATISFIED CUSTOMERS [ ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-841-0860 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC. PARCEL DIVISION DEPT. NO. 1 1 15 C. SECOND AVE. S.W. CAIRO, GA. 31728 GA. 912-377-7120 TM - TANDY CORPORATION FREE COPY OF WARRANTY UPON REQUEST ] 166 June 1962 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 301 on inquiry card. must watch your energy levels. A significant drop means that a robot is in range. When you blast a robot and it shimmers out of existence, your energy reserves stabilize. The biggest problem is remembering to be aware of the robots as they sneak behind you and drain your tank's energy before you can turn around to blast them. You fight until you have exhausted all your reserve tanks. The game will display the top ten scores and save them to the game disk. After the final tank is destroyed, you begin again with your initial complement of tanks. Action Graphics Wayne Westmoreland and Terry Gilman, authors of Armored Patrol, did a really super job with the graphics. The action is smooth as you move across the planet's sur- face. For block-type graphics, the view is quite realistic. You could even imagine you're watching a computer- generated target display. Other notable features are the use of real time, the tracking of the highest ten scores, and the option of one or two players. In the two-player mode, you alternate at the controls of the tank, and whoever gets the highest score wins. Even though your score climbs after the first couple rounds, this is not an easy game. You have to keep mov- ing, and if an enemy tank or robots get behind you or you take too long turning to attack, you lose tanks. You have to be a pretty good shot to hit the enemy, especially when you and the enemy are moving toward each other or in opposite directions. Who knows — it may even sharpen your eye if you do any bird watching or picture taking. Conclusions • Armored Patrol is a fast-paced, arcade-style action game that features three-dimensional graphics. It can be played on a TRS-80 Model I or Model III. The game is available on both tape and disk. Two players can com- pete during each round of play (players alternate turns). • Scoring is straightforward. Novices and experienced game players should enjoy this one. The keyboard-con- trolled movement is simple to master, and the entire screen display is nicely done. Player instructions are ac- tually a module in the game, so you don't have to worry about losing any instruction sheets. • You won't find yourself getting bored with this game. The block-type TRS-80 graphics are quite adequate to convey the movement of your tank around the battle- field. The action is spirited and can become quite addic- tive. • The price is a pleasant change when compared to the cost of many games. • Overall, Armored Patrol is a well designed, nicely exe- cuted program, and I think you will enjoy it as much as I did. Circle 294 on inquiry card. > CASH FLOW PROBLEMS? fen , IT'S NICE TO KNOW SOMEONE WHO HAS THE SOLUTION. MicroAge is your Solution Store . . . that means at MicroAge Computer Stores we have a wide selection of time-saving computer- ized business systems I designed specifically to solve the daily cash flow problems every business- man faces. MicroAge has computer- ized business systems that quickly and affordably allow you to regain con- trol of your critical accounts receivable ... at last making it possible for you to carry out effective collection procedures on a consistent basis. MicroAge has accounts receivable program packages to automatically display and update account information; prepare trial balance including a balance-due and delinquency aging report, and take care of dozens of other tasks that eat into your time and profit! Computerized business systems from the Micro- Age Computer Store are available in the $5,000 to $1 5,000 range, to suit the individual budget of your small business or professional practice. MicroAge backs up every system with personal- ized service, warranty service and repair, instal- lation, systems consulting, even customer train- ing. Visit the MicroAge Computer Store in your area soon with your business problems, and let us help you with the solution. MkxqAge computer STore "The Solution Store" SM El Paso. Texas (915) 591-3349 Tucson, Arizona (602) 790-8959 Albuquerque, New Mexico (505) 883-0955 Pleasant Hill, California (415) 680-1489 Aurora, Colorado (303) 696-6950 Rochester, New York (716) 244-9000 Hurst, Texas (817) 284-3413 Salina, Kansas (913) 823-7596 Orland Park, Illinois (312) 349-8080 Milwaukee, Wisconsin (414) 257-1100 Mountain View, California (415)964-7063 Scottsdale, Arizona (602) 941-8794 Anchorage, Alaska (907) 279-6688 San Diego, California (714) 278-0623 Richardson, Texas (214) 234-5955 Minneapolis, Minnesota (612) 338-1777 Omaha, Nebraska (402) 339-7441 Phoenix, Arizona (602) 265-0065 Columbus, Ohio (614) 868-1550 Indianapolis, Indiana (317)849-5161 Portland, Oregon (503) 256-4713 Norwalk, Conneticut (203) 846-0851 St. Louis, Missouri (314) 567-7644 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (405) 728-1837 FOR FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITY INFORMATION CALL (602) 968-3168 Houston, Texas (713) 440-7547 W. Palm Beach, Florida (305) 683-5779 Toronto. Canada (416) 487-5551 Houston, Texas (713) 270-9647 Wilmington, Delaware' (302) 658-3664 Allentown, Pennsylvania (215) 434-4301 THIS IS h TELEUIDEO TERHIN-.; THE SIMILARLY-PRICED TERMINAL ON THE RIGHT IS NOT, NHICH WOULD YOU RATHER READ ALL Di W lekVideo Unretouched photos— identical conditions Which would you Our competitor on the right claims high resolution. But what about that glare? The washed-out background? And the black and white screen? It's enough to give you a headache. The TeleVideo terminal on the other hand, with its finer character dot matrix, sharper background contrast, and a black- on- green non- glare Panasonic screen is much easier on the eyes. Obviously. Every TeleVideo terminal has just four basic modules. Each module is the best that can be made. Every screen, keyboard switch, power supply and video module on every TeleVideo terminal is identical. For the same high reliability. And same ease of service. None of our competitors can say that. If you order 200 terminals today, we can ship them tomorrow. If you order 500, we can still ship them tomorrow. The And if you order a 1 ,000, well, 920C maybe you'll have to wait a day or two. The 910 PLUS We put our terminals through five bad days so you'll never have even one bad day. 48 JBrfe^& O ur terminals are d< >si< •to withstand heat up to California Santa Ana 714/557-6095, Sunnyvale 408/745-7760, Georgia Atlanta 404/255-9338, Texas Dallas 214/980-9978, Illinois: Chicago Area 312/351-9350, rather read all day? 155°F and shocks that simulate being tossed in the back of a truck. And before any terminal reaches you, every major component goes through a five day series of thermal and power-on cycling tests. The result? The highest reliability rate in our industry. TeleVideo sells 50% more terminals a month than our nearest competitor. Three years ago, TeleVideo shipped its first terminal. Today, we're the number one Boston 617/668-6891, New York/New Jersey 201/267-8805, Circle 446 on Inquiry card. independent terminal supplier. One reason is because our advantages are clearly visible. 8 hours a day. For more information call, toll-free, 800-538-8725. (In California, call 408-745-7760.) Or call your nearest TeleVideo sales office. WW TeleVideo All TeieVideo terminals can be serviced by your nearest GE Instrumentation and Com- munication Equipment Service Center. United Kingdom West End Surrey 44-9905-6464. The Eliminator Mayhem in Space, TRS-80 Style Silas Pike POB 75 Geneva, FL 32732 The Eliminator, a high-speed graphics game for the TRS-80, has that rare combination of fascination and frustration that will make you want to play just one more game. You must play several times to become familiar with its many aspects. The Game As the game begins, you see a side view of your Eliminator ship moving horizontally over an ever-chang- ing planetscape (see photo 1). You can control your craft's speed, altitude, and direction. Below the ship are gantry towers of varying heights. Upon these towers rest small cylinders called energizers. Around your ship, a veritable smorgasbord of alien craft exit hyperspace and appear on your screen. Of the four alien manifestations, one type, the disruptoid , is after your energizers. You must prevent the disruptoids from latching onto your energizers. If they reach the top of the screen with one of your energizers, they transmute into pulsating forms from which escape can be nigh impossible. From an offensive standpoint, your Eliminator craft is equipped with an unlimited supply of plasma bursts. But once the airspace becomes very congested, you may have to rely upon your ultimate weapon — the disruptor charge function, which eliminates all enemy craft from the im- mediate area. Disruptor charges should be labeled "For Emergency Use Only" because you have just three per game. Once all ten of your energizers are captured or destroyed, the planetscape and gantry towers disintegrate in a blinding flash, thrusting your ship into the alien equivalent of 5 o'clock rush hour. Disruptoids swoop in for the kill, frequently in numbers so great as to com- pletely overwhelm you. Playing The Eliminator You can take many different approaches in playing a good game of The Eliminator because this game poses the Photo 1: A disruptoid ascends, energizer in tow, while a second disruptoid hovers below and to the left. Your Eliminator ship is to the left of both alien craft and above them. Note the wide- screen monitor at the top of the screen. triple challenge of (1) accumulating points (by destroying alien craft), (2) staying alive, and (3) preventing the cap- ture or destruction of your energizers. You may focus on any one of these three tactics and play a moderately suc- cessful game. But the big points don't come until you are able to synthesize all three. For example, one maneuver that separates the novices from the pros is the recovery of an energizer from an alien ship that has latched onto it and is in the process of ascending. This maneuver requires a deft hand and a steady eye and is done in several stages. First, the disrup- toid must be destroyed. At this point you have an option: 170 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc SUPERFILE SOLVES YOUR FILING PROBLEMS SUPERFILE makes your information files an ASSET! tm CLIENT RECORDS Menu driven SALES LEADS CORRESPONDENCE JOURNAL ABSTRACTS Learn in minutes Customize PERSONNEL RECORDS Ready to run program MAILING LISTS Demo data base included CARD FILES LEGAL CONTRACTS ALMOST ANYTHING! included The USERS MANUAL tells you how to use SUPERFILE to index and retrieve information for these and other practical uses. IF YOU CAN TYPE, YOU CAN TEACH YOURSELF TO USE SUPERFILE IN MINUTES. You Need Computer with Z-80® cpu and at least 48K memory CP/M® operating system 2 or more floppy disk drives or hard disk Disk Formats 8" single density 5" including: Osborne, Xerox, North Star, Intertec, Apple (cp/m), Vector. Technical Specifications SEARCH SPEED: 100 records per second* RECORD ENTRY: your own text processor or easily convert your present files # RECORDS PER DATA BASE: max. 8,000 on 8" SD (depends on disk capacity) RECORD LENGTH: variable to 512,000 char. (free format - no fixed length fields) # KEY WORDS PER SEARCH: max. 64 using "and", "or" & "not" # KEY WORDS PER DATA BASE: max. 3,000 alpha-numeric plus 32,000 integers # KEY WORDS PER RECORD: max. 250 KEY WORD LENGTH: max. 64 char, each # FILES PER DATA BASE: no limit FILE SIZE: max. 512,000 bytes SORT: alpha-numeric by record MERGE and/or SPLIT: records and files Where Your Dealer Call FYI, INC. Write FYI, INC. Reader Service # SUPERFILE costs only $195 (including DEMO data base and manual) (30 day money back guarantee) MANUAL only: $50 (applies to purchase) Special Dealer DEMO free, on request from qualified Dealers and OEM's. SUPERFILE (TM) trademark of FYI, INC. Z-80® registered trademark of Zllog CP/M® registered trademark of Digital Research • Using Z-80, 4mhz, 8" DD, av. 10 keywords/record. Please add $10 outside the US, Canada, Mexico FYI, INC. P.O. BOX 10998 #615 AUSTIN, TX. 78766 mc/visa (800) 531-5033 Inside Texas (512)346-0133 IT'S WHAT YOU CAN FIND THAT COUNTS! Circle 196 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 171 20,000 Programs For The IBM FOR THE IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER SEE YOU AT THE NCC SHOW. BOOTH NUMBER A-732 Baby Blue is a trademark of XEDEX Corporation. XEDEX Are Now Available Personal Computer! INTRODUCING BABY BLUE CPU PLUS Baby Blue CPU Plus is an accessory printed-circuit board for your IBM Personal computer and special software on disk. As far as normal PC DOS operations are concerned, Baby Blue acts just like any other normal, mild-mannered 64K byte random-access memory board. But when you invoke a CP/M-80* program, Baby Blue becomes a second computer within your computer, letting you run thousands (literally thousands) of programs written for the CP/M microcomputer operating system. CP/M, the first microcomputer operating system to gain wide acceptance, has been around since 1975. Not only has it played host to a lot of programs, but those programs are among the most useful, most sophisticated, most thoroughly tested and debugged, most proven programs ever written. More than 200,000 computers were field- testing those programs for you before the IBM Personal Computer even existed. The total CP/M library is immense. It includes the best efforts of thousands of professional and advanced-amateur programmers. There are time managers, spreadsheet manipulators and professional-office packages. Languages - BASIC, of course, ALGOL, FORTRAN, C, Pascal, LISP, COBOL, PILOT, and FORTH, to name a few. Text editors, text formatters, full-blown word processors, spelling checkers and indexers. utilities that will massage problem files so that they lie back and purr. Games, including chess, Reversi, Adventure and tournament-level Star Trek. Database managers. Accounting packages that can run a million- dollar business . . . Just about anything you can imagine. The net result is an integration of CP/M programs into the PC environment that's so smooth, so transparent that you won't need to know or care which operating system a program was originally written for. Special Baby Blue Features: ■ 280B* microprocessor running at 4.77 megahertz. ■ Additional 64K memory, fully available to PC DOS - looks just like the IBM 64K board to the system. ■ Will accept CP/M programs on any of several popular 5%" soft-sectored diskette formats. ■ 63K of user memory is available for CP/M programs-7K more than on any other popular machine. ■ Files can be shared -CP/M and PC DOS programs can be mixed in a menu-driven system with common data files, p IBM Personal Computer peripherals are supported - including keyboard, video boards, printer, Asynchronous Communications Adapter. ONLY $600 Special option — Baby Blue bundled with WordStar* and Mail-Merge. .. $980 For only $60 more than the cost of the IBM 64K Memory Board ($540) you get 64K of Memory PLUS an interface to over 20,000 programs! Call (212) 489-0444 or write XEDEX Corporation 1345 Ave. of Americas, New York, N.Y. 10105 WordStar' and Mail-Merge are trademarks of MicroPro International Corporation. r.KMIPU.TO FUSE 1 LIME I COL »1 < < < n » i • n t m 3 *sn»r HBft »Wt»mn c**f I ltd » Stt9» ! (fru» Hai« tl miri led *r aina'r'tkt I HI ekt If! *U IHStUT SIMrf !'J Hal, 'J - n J^ n<» <«.< i*t «srf tiCi ri«j'i«fi<*«i«!»i"s.t«icv *f it % *i iRtart * IfTUfttt I it* twrta ~mmm*i*i ****'*: ■"!■* Ulaaa trtltht: • imU" •* *• *■ oama«ai to ••WW •»— a. Ito 6* camattoM •*• i~IUt.lt alattop*. WordStar*, the popular CP/M word processor is among thousands of programs that can now tie run on the IBM PC with Baby Blue. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Baby Blue is a trademark of XEDEX Corporation. Z80 is a trademark of Zilog. Inc. Item Point Value Disruptoids 150 Drones 250 TDUs 1000 Tracers 150 Energizer save 250 Energizer replacement 500 Energizer interception 500 Table 1: The point values for destroying enemy ships and for saving your energizers. either let the energizer fall slowly back into place upon its gantry pad (250 points) or maneuver your ship into con- tact with the free-falling energizer and replace it upon a gantry pad (500 points). Usually, this process requires several quick forward /reverse and up/down movements of your Eliminator craft. Once all ten of the disruptoid crafts have been dealt with, you will have a few seconds to relax while the screen displays the number of energizers remaining and designates the upcoming attack wave. The second and subsequent waves consist of two types of alien craft: drones, which zigzag diagonally across the screen, and TDUs (Tracer Dispersal Units), which ascend and descend benignly until attacked, whereupon they dis- charge five small tracer craft which dip and dive with semi-intelligent abandon and change direction upon pur- suit. Points Points are accrued for the destruction of enemy craft and for ensuring the safety of your energizers (see table 1). When you use a disruptor charge, all the other space- craft in the immediate area will disintegrate, garnering the point values of each destroyed ship. A tactical maneuver such as blasting two TDUs, which in turn will release a total of ten tracers, and then triggering a disrup- tor charge will rack up a minimum of 3500 points. Anything in excess of 30,000 points can be considered a good game. Co-author Wayne Westmoreland reports a high score of 122,400 (see photo 1), most humbling com- pared to my modest 62,000 high. Graphically Speaking The Eliminator uses block graphics for most of the ac- tion. Interesting additions are the scrolling gantry towers and planetscape and a starfield backdrop, all of which serve to promote the illusion of true motion. Equally ef- fective is the wide-screen monitor at the screen's top, which expands your forward/reverse view by the equiva- lent of about 2V2 full-screen areas in each direction. This At a Glance Format Cassette tape or 5 'A -inch Name floppy disk The Eliminator Language Type Z80 machine language Arcade-type game Computer Needed Manufacturer TRS-80 Model 1 or III with Adventure International either 1 6K bytes (cassette POB 3435 version) or 32K bytes of Longwood, FL 32750 memory and one disk drive (305) 862-6917 (disk version) Price Documentation SI 9.95. cassette tape; Pamphlet outlining key func- S24.95, disk version tions Authors Audience Wayne Westmoreland and TRS-80 owners who enjoy Terry Gilman arcade games enables you to monitor what's ahead or behind, before it arrives. The sound routines in The Eliminator are definitely a cut above those of most TRS-80 programs. However, I prefer to be a member of the "soundless minority"; blips and bloops make me nervous, so I usually play with the sound patch disconnected. Possible Improvements To be as fair as possible, The Eliminator does have two features that could stand improvement. First, the hyper- space control (Clear key) should be farther from the dis- ruptor-charge control (Enter key). On occasion, I have detonated the disruptor charge by accident when attempting to use the hyperspace function. Second, it would be nice to be awarded an extra ship and/or dis- ruptor charge after passing, say, 50,000 points, as a merit award. Conclusions • The Eliminator is a fast-paced arcade game that makes excellent use of the TRS-80's low-resolution graphics. • The on-screen presentation is well done and the wide- screen monitor is a marvelous feature. • The game requires both fast reflexes and strategic think- ing to be played effectively. • The Eliminator is the best thing to happen to the TRS-80 in a long time. Editor's Note: The Eliminator is also available as a full-color, high-res- olution game for the Apple II. This version requires an Apple 11 or Apple II Plus, 48K bytes of memory, and one disk drive. The price is $29.95. . . . A.A.L. 174 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc "This year, I'm taking 2,000 people sailing. I wouldn't trust the travel arrangements to anything less than Scotch* Brand Diskettes." Eben Whitcomb, Owner- Operator, Dirigo Cruise Company, Clinton, CT Eben Whitcomb runs the largest windjammer cruise business using American flag ships. He uses Scotch diskettes to keep track of thousands of names, bookings, sailing times, manifests and general ledger. While his computer saves time and repetition, Scotch diskettes assure him that vital information will be there when he needs it. Dependable Scotch media can work just as hard for you. Each Scotch diskette is tested before it leaves our factory, and guaranteed error-free. So you can expect it to perform exactly right. Scotch 8" and 5 1 /4" diskettes are compatible with computer/diskette systems likeTRS-80, Apple, PET, Wang and many others. Get them from your local 3M distributor. For the one nearest you, call toll-free: 800/328-1300. (In Minnesota, call collect: 612/736-9625.) Ask for the Data Recording Products Division. In Canada, contact 3M Canada, Inc., Ontario. If it's worth remembering, it's worth Scotch Data Recording Products. 3M Hears You. 3M Circle 449 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 175 Galactic Chase Stan Wszola Technical Editor I have this recurring nightmare in which I'm trapped in a video arcade and forced to play the games endlessly. Unfortunately, all the games are identical. I suppose these dreams are the result of seeing too many arcade-game clones. It seems as if everybody and his brother is producing arcade look-alike games for the per- sonal computer market. Fortunately, Galactic Chase is no nightmare; it's an implementation of the successful Galaxians arcade game with some interesting variations. The Game Following the Galaxian theme, the object of the game is to shoot the alien ships. At the start of the game, a fleet of 36 alien ships appears, arrayed in ranks (see photo 1). The value of an alien ship depends on whether it is still in formation or moving in for an attack (see table 1). Not only is it more sporting to V V ft ** sfc *t, «* dk :.«K -Jfc *s 'Mi * •'# *Jfc '*■ * *> * m * * *? * * * X* * i* * * ** * *? ■1* ■ I: J O O O o * r -X-0 & o o o Photo 1: Screen display for Galactic Chase. Two of the alien ships are shown peeling off from the formation and moving in for an attack. shoot them while they're moving, but they're worth more points then. When the game begins, the aliens peel off from the formation and attack in- dividually. Rather than make a straight descent toward the bottom of the screen, the aliens swoop and curve, raining their missiles upon you all the time. In flight, the aliens appear to be little gloves trying to grab your ship. The movement of the alien ships is very smooth and looks quite good on the screen. Your Role As the Final Defender of Space, you command three ships per game. Your ship is controlled by the Atari joy- stick, and you fire missiles by pressing the button. You can destroy the alien ships either by firing missiles at them or by having the aliens collide directly with the magnetic repellers at the front of your ship. 176 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc % WICAT 68000 MULTI-USER SYSTEM 150 STANDARD EQUIPMENT 68000 Processor 256KB RAM 10MB Winchester 5 1 /4" Floppy Disk Backup 5 RS-232 C Serial Interfaces Parallel Port Multibus™ WICAT Operating System Choice of One Language HARDWARE OPTIONS Graphics CRT Up to 1.5MB RAM LANGUAGE SUPPORT PASCAL C Communications: Auto Answer FORTRAN and Auto Dial (1200 Baud) Local Networking Videodisc Interface SOFTWARE OPTIONS UNIX™ V/7 CP/M™ Emulator BASIC APL* COBOL ADA™ LISP Assembler V % V vv WICATsystems P.O. Box 539 1875 South State Street Orem. Utah 84057 (801)224-6400 Call or write WICAT Systems for additional information. 'UNIX is a trademark of Bell Labs. Multibus is a trademark of INTEL. ADA is a trademark of the United States Dept. of Defense CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research APL, 68000 is a product of the Computer Company Send today for our NEW full-color 56-page catalog with continuous checks, statements, invoices, stationery, envelopes, supplies and accessories. We will also send our FORMS SELECTOR GUIDE, to help you find the right forms for your software. • Quality products at low prices • Available in small quantities • Fast Service • Money-Back Guarantee • Convenient TOLL-FREE ordering Fast Service by mail or. . .PHONE TOLL FREE 1 + 800-225-9550 Mass. residents 1 +800-922-8560 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time Monday - - Friday I Please rush a new computer forms catalog to: 1 NAME 1 COMPANY _ STREET * CITV. STATE and ZIP 1 PHONE 1 Hardware and Soflware being used. Nebs CODE 22460 I — —Computer Forms _J 78 Hollis Street, Groton, Massachusetts 01471 A division of New England Business Service, Inc. Ships Ensigns Captains Flankers Command Ships Number 20 7 6 Point Value 20 30 40 50 Attack Value 40 60 80 100 to 400 Table 1: The variety, number, and point values of the ships in the alien fleets. In this game, there is nowhere to hide. You can't duck behind a convenient barricade. Your ship is out in the open, so the game requires a lot of movement to dodge the alien missiles and ships. The game is a true test of eye- hand coordination. When you destroy one fleet of alien ships, another will take its place. You receive a bonus ship at the start of your encounter with the 16th, 32nd, and 48th fleets. You also get a bonus ship for each 7000 points scored. The game is set up for one or two players, with the players taking turns. The current scores are displayed at the bottom of the screen, as are the highest score achieved and the number of fleets encountered from the previous game. One nice feature is that you can stop and restart the ac- tion by pressing the Control-1 keys. This is especially convenient if the action becomes hot and heavy and sud- denly the phone rings. Options The game has three levels of skill. After you have destroyed 10 fleets in level one, you are moved up to level two, where the speed of the aliens increases. At your en- At a Glance Name Format Galactic Chase Cassette tape or 5 'A -inch floppy disk Type Arcade-type game Language 6502 machine language Manufacturer Spectrum Computers Computer Needed 26618 Southfield Rd. Atari 400 or 800 with 1 6K Lathrup Village. Ml 48076 bytes of memory, one disk (313) 559-5252 drive, and two joysticks Price Documentation S24.95, cassette; One-page pamphlet S29.95. disk Audience Author Game players Tony Weber 178 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 332 on inquiry card. Jfc K. Superfast in its class and ready to run, Computer 3enchmarks— All systems running the same BASIC program. Manufacture- Model Class Operating Language Run Time System (Type*) (Seconds) IBM 3033 Mainframe VS2-10RVYL Stanford BASIC 10 Seattle Computer System 2 Micro MS-DOS Microsoft BASIC (C) 33 Digital Equipment PDP 1 1/70 Mini n/a BASIC (I) 45 Prime 550 Mainframe PRIMOS BASIC VI 6.4(1) 63 Digital Equipment PDP-10 Mainframe TOPS- 10 BASIC (1) 65 IBM System 34 Mainframe Release 05 BASIC (1) 129 TEI System 48 Micro MAGIC 1.0 Microsoft BASIC (C) 178 Hewlett-Packard HP3000 Mini Time Share BASIC (1) 250 Seattle Computer System 2 Micro MS-DOS Microsoft BASIC (1) 310 Alpha Micro AM-100/T Micro AMOS 4.3a Alpha BASIC (SC) 317 Digital Equipment PDP 11/45 Mini n/a BASIC (1) 330 Data General NOVA 3 Mini Time Share BASIC 5.32 517 Ohio Scientific C4-P Micro OS65D3.2 Level 1 BASIC (I) 680 North Star Floating Point Micro NSDOS NorthStar BASIC (I) 685 Radio Shack TRS-80 II Micro TRSDOS 1.2 BASIC (I) 792 Apple II + Micro DOS 3.2 Applesoft II (I) 960 Cromemco System 3 Micro CDOS 32KBASIC(I) 1074 Commodore Pet 2001 Micro n/a Microsoft BASIC (I) 1374 IBM 5100 Micro n/a BASIC (I) 1951 Vector MZ Micro n/a MicropolisBASIC(l) 2251 *C = Compiler; 1 = Interpreter. Times (except for Seattle Computer) taken from August 1981 issue of Interface Age. The Seattle Computer System 2 is the fastest micro on the block. In fact, System 2 outperforms many minis and mainframes. Even the big boys such as: IBM System 34, Prime 550, and Hewlett-Packard HP 3000 are left in the dust when System 2 starts running. The speedy System 2 consists of 8 Mhz. 8086 CPU set, 128K of 85 nsec. static RAM, double-density disk controller, 22-slot constant voltage mainframe, a cable for two 8" drives, and MS-DOS operating system (also called 86-DOS, IBM PC-DOS, Lifeboat SB-86). High-level languages like Microsoft's Basic, Pascal, Fortran, Cobol are available now for your application programs. System 2 comes fully assembled, tested and ready to run with the addition of disk drives (that we can supply) and terminal. Call (206) 575-1830 for the location of your nearest System 2 dealer. Dealer inquiries welcome. 1 114 Industry Drive, Seattle, Washington 98188 Circle 405 on inquiry card. counter with the 31st fleet, an invisible ray disables your missile launcher and slows the speed of your missiles. This is level three. You also have the option of starting at level two if you find level one too tame. Strategy Conventional wisdom suggests that the safest ap- proach is to shoot the alien ships one column at a time. However, another strategy is to destroy the alien ships only while they're in motion. You'll acquire more points if successful, but your ships will face the greatest danger. You might reserve this strategy for the command ships; one command ship can be worth up to 400 points. (The value is determined randomly and is displayed when you hit the ship.) My usual modus operandi is to keep my ship in con- stant motion. I've found that if you concentrate on one specific target or column, it's easy to pick off ships. Also, the alien ships tend to follow the motion of your ship, so radical changes in direction will throw them off your track. As I mentioned above, alien ships can be destroyed by ramming them with the front of your ship. The latter tac- tic is not for the fainthearted. Because the alien ships are firing directly ahead, you must wait till the last moment before placing your ship in the path of the alien. If the alien should touch the side of your ship, both ships will be destroyed. This tactic, therefore, is only for macho game players or for use as a last-ditch effort. Conclusions • I have only two complaints. I dislike the bursts of light in the background. Obviously meant to represent flicker- ing stars, the effect looks more like cosmic dandruff. Also there is no software switch to turn off the sound effects. (My fellow editors did not appreciate hearing all of the galactic mayhem while they were trying to work.) These minor points become irritating if you play the game for any length of time. • Galactic Chase is faithful to the original version. It of- fers an exciting game with a maximum of action and a minimum of complications. The graphics are smooth and colorful, and all information is nicely displayed. Galactic Chase is a natural for any Atari owner's game library. ■ DATAFACE GRQ SERIES INTERFACE TURNS YOUR ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER INTO A PRINTER/TYPEWRITER J&frn. The Dataface GRQ-1 1 Interface expands your Olympia ES Series or Rerm- mington 200 Series electronic typewriters into a let- ter press quality printer for your personal or business computer. And, you still have a fully featured elec- tronic typewriter — two machines in one. The GRQ Series Interface features: 1. Standard EIA RS-232-C Serial Interface and Parallel (Centronics compatible). 2. Standard asynchronous ASCII code, 7 bit data; 1 start bit; accommodates 1 or 2 stop bits automatical- ly; accommodates odd, even or absence of parity bit. 3. Fifty thru 9600 Baud data rate options. 4. Two K buffer; supports X-on, X-off protocol as well as RTS signals. 180 Jurw 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 0™*4^: , C3r 5 ^E? : .GS..GD> C~5 ' c3: 5. Circuit board is installed inside typewriter back panel along side logic board. The connection between boards accomplished by 40 pin jumper cable using existing socket. No soldering required. Power is provided to the GRQ thru two pins of the 40 lead cable. Installation in 10 minutes. GRQ-10 — CALL FOR SPECIAL WHOLESALE PRICE. SUGGESTED RETAIL $349.50. □ATFkFflCE inc. 2372 A WALSH AVE., SANTA CLARA, CA 95050 (408) 727-6704 Circle 146 on inquiry card. AXI MUSCLE MICRO MULTI I Colonial Dat.t SB-80/4. The affordable singleboard microcomputer with multi-user, multi-tasking muscle and brains. SB-80/4 A complete microcomputer system for the user who demands speed and storage capacity in single or multi-user applications. The CP/M® compatible operating system combined with our AMX I/O super- visor provides features and performance levels asso- ciated with more costly minicomputers. Single Board Technology By utilizing the latest in large scale integration, engineers have packaged, into a singleboard, power and reliability usually found only in costly multi-board systems. This multi-processor board allows each user (up to four) a dedicated Z80A micro- computer and 64K of RAM. The master-slave architec- ture, residing in the same enclosure, supervises all user requests for storage and peripherals through four channel DMA. Memory and Disk Storage Up to 320K of 200ns dynamic RAM provides the hardware to multi-task the operation. A 4K byte of EPROM for bootstrap, monitor and diagnostic test is standard. On board interface for Winchester type disk controller allows from 1 to 104 megabytes of storage for applications that require large database files and records. The four parallel ports and six serial ports provide the muscle to support additional peripherals. Software The true CP/M compatible, in conjunction with the multi-user AMX I/O supervisory system pro- vides DMA, real time clock and full vectored interrupt on all l/Os. BASIC, Fortran, Pascal, Cobol, APL and PL/1 languages are available. Affordability The result is a high-speed, full featured microcomputer system at a pricethat beats the competi- tion. The SB-80/4 gives you minicomputer performance and capacity at microcomputer size and price. Dealer end OEM inquiries are welcome. Nationwide field service through INDESERV. Colonial Data Colonial Data Services Corp., 1 05 Sanford Street, Hamden, Conn. 0651 4 • (203) 288-2524 • Telex: 95601 4 •CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Circle 96 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 181 On the Way to Standard BASIC A survey of what's in the proposed ANSI standard and why it's there. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) committee X3J2, charged with developing a standard for the BASIC programming lan- guage, held its first meeting in January 1974. We're now well into the eighties and still we have no pub- lished standard. Why so long? The standardization process is at best slow and cumbersome, but need it be this slow? After all, standards for FORTRAN, COBOL, and PL/I have been around for a while. Half of the short answer is that the X3J2 commit- tee has produced in eight years two standards: the "draft," which is the subject of this article, and Minimal BASIC, which appeared in 1978 (see reference 1). (Minimal BASIC has not caught on because the rapid develop- ment of chip technology has made its modest capabilities obsolete.) The other half of the short answer is that BASIC was changing drastically while the committee was trying to standardize it. In other words, BASIC has been a moving target. BASIC got its start as a simple lan- guage designed to make life easier for the nonexpert programmer. But what About the Author Thomas E. Kurtz is co-author of the original, "Dartmouth" BASIC and is chairman of the ANSI committee that has developed the pro- posed draft standard for BASIC. Thomas E. Kurtz Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 started out as a simple language with no more than a dozen different state- ments dealing only with numbers has grown into a diverse language with many statements capable of handling numbers, strings, arrays, files, and plotting. Single-letter and letter-digit variable names have grown to multi- character variable names. Simple GOTOs and IF. . .THENs have evolved into the famous constructs of structured programming. Each ven- dor has developed its own formats and rules for these extensions so that present versions of BASIC differ widely as to form and content. At long last, the diverging paths are being brought together in the new proposed standard for BASIC. The standard includes structured con- structs, a "MAT" (matrix) package, formatted output, subprograms that can be made independent, files, ex- ception handling, and optional sec- tions on graphics, sophisticated file structures, real time, fixed decimal arithmetic, and editing. (Details ap- pear later in this article.) The example in listing 1 illustrates a few of the highlights of standard BASIC: multi- character identifiers, subprograms, and several of the structured con- structs. The standard is currently (early 1982) under technical committee mail ballot, which will assert (if it passes) that the technical development of the standard has been completed. The next major milestone is a public- review period conducted by ANSI's X3 committee, which supervises the making of all computer-related stan- dards in the United States. Further steps, which usually take several years to complete, will follow before the standard becomes ANSI official, but these are formalities that have little likelihood of changing the con- tent of the standard. The standard will mainly benefit the educational world. Programs published in magazines such as BYTE may eventually be in standard BASIC rather than in some variation. Text- books containing programs won't have to be written specifically for a particular brand or model of com- puter. Finally, programs written in standard BASIC will be easier to transport and distribute. Difficulties with Standardization Developing a standard for BASIC has been difficult because the lan- guage serves such a diverse clientele. Educational users tend to work on mini- and microcomputers. They desire a language that is easy to learn and is not cluttered with declarations or excessive structure. They would be satisfied with fairly simple file sys- tems. 182 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire The revolutionary Discovery multiprocessor is the only system that allows the total integration of powerful 16 bit 8086 processors with the more standard Z-80 user processors. The DISCOVERY system may be configured in any 8 bit/16 bit combination, or as a totally exclusive 16 bit system only to provide the ultimate in performance and flexibility in advanced micro systems. Ultimate performance. The dpc-186 is the most sophisticated single board microcomputer available today offering more power and faster processing time through the 8086 CPU for bigger, more complex programs. Memory starts at 128 K (compared to the Z-80's 64 K), and is expandable to 1 megabyte. And the dpc-186 is fully compatible with the standard DISCOVERY multiprocessor system permitting efficient upgrading as future needs develop, without sacrificing any of your extensive hardware and software investment. World's best multiprocessor system. The DISCOVERY system pro- vides separate processors and memory for each of its 16 users. It offers full CP/IVrand CP/M-86~ compatibility, interprocessor communication, and shared and private files. Each user can take advantage of shared peripherals and cross submitting of tasks between processors. The system is controlled by a unique, two board dpc-280 service processor and dpc/os distributed processing operating system. By the board or by the system. The DISCOVERY multiprocessor is ready for immediate delivery as a complete system, as processor boards, and everything in between. It offers exclusive technology in multipro- cessing, yet is fully compatible with existing standards including CP/M and S-100. It is quite simply unmatched in performance, capabilities and offers a far greater degree of flexibility. DISCOVERY— offering a whole new world of possibilities. For the first time, 8 and 16 bit processor intermixing. Action Computer Enterprises, Inc. ff^l The Multiprocessing Company 55 West Del Mar Boulevard, Pasadena. CA 91105 USA (213) 793-2440, TWX 910-588-1201 Circle 9 on inquiry card. Dealer and OEM inquiries invited. See us at N.C.C. Booth #8720. *CP/M is a registered TM of Digital Research, Inc. PLOT UNPLOT REM CHCBBB (SB RETURN IF I SIN COS TAN NEW SAVE DIM RND STRS CHRS CODE PEEK TAB GOTO GOSUB LOAD LIST LET ■I S nf DyjF hIg hIh sal J Ik II I HJNCIIUN ARCSIN ARCCOS ARCTAN SGN ABS SQR VAL LEN USR COPY CLEAR CONT CLS SCROLL NEXT PAUSE BREAK SHIFT iz f x f c [v [b In 1m SPACE EXP AT ■■■■ ^■1 IN KEY$ NOT n 1 s Introducing the Sinclair ZX81. If you're ever going to buy a personal computer, now is the time to do it. The Sinclair ZX81 is the most powerful, yet easy-to-use computer ever offered for any- where near the price: only $149.95* completely assembled. Don't let the price fool you. The ZX81 has just about everything you could ask for in a per- sonal computer. A breakthrough in personal computers. The ZX81 is a major advance over the origi- nal Sinclair ZX80-the first personal computer to break the price barrier at $200. In fact, the ZX81 's 8K extended BASIC offers features found only on computers costing two or three times as much. Just look at what you get: ■ Continuous display, including moving graphics THE $14945 PERSONAL COMPUTER ■ Multi-dimensional string and numerical arrays Mathematical and scien- tific functions accurate to 8 decimal places ■ Unique one-touch entry of key words like PRINT, RUN and LIST ■ Automatic syntax error . detection and easy editing ■ Randomize function useful for both games and serious applications ■ Built-in interface for ZX printer ■ 1 K of memory expandable to 16K ■ 164-page programming guide and operating manual The ZX81 is also very convenient to use. It hooks up to any television set to produce a clear 32-column by 24-line display. It comes with a comprehensive 164-page programming guide and operating manual designed for both begin- ners and experienced computer users. And you can use a regular cassette recorder to store and recall programs by name. Order at no risk. 1 * We'll give you 10 days to try out the ZX81 . you're not completely satisfied, just return it to Sinclair Research and we'll give you a full refund And if you have a problem with your ZX81, send it to Sinclair Research within 90 days and we'll repair or replace it at no charge. Introducing the ZX81 kit. If you really want to save money, and you enjoy building elec- tronic kits, you can order the ZX81 in kit form for the incredible price of just $99.95.* It's the same, full- featured computer, only you put it together yourself. We'll send com- plete, easy-to-follow instructions on how you can assemble your ZX81 in just a few hours. All you have to supply is the soldering iron. A leader in microelectronics. The ZX81 represents the latest technology in microelectronics. More than 10,000 are sold every week. In fact, the ZX81 is the fastest selling personal computer in the world. We urge you to place your order for the ZX81 today. To order. To order, simply call toll free. Or use the coupon below. Remem- ber, you can try it for 10 days at no risk.* * The sooner you order, the sooner you can start enjoying your own computer. Call toll free 800-543-3000. Ask for operator #509. In Ohio call: 800-582-1364; in Can- ada call: 513-729-4300. Ask for operator #509. Phones open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Have your If MasterCard or VISA ready. These numbers are for orders only If you just want information, please write: Sinclair Research Ltd., 2 Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061. ' Plus shipping and handling. Price includes connectors for TV and cassette, AC adaptor, and FREE manual. "Does not apply to ZX81 kits. NEW SOFTWARE: Sinclair has published pre-recorded programs on cassettes for your ZX81 . We're constantly coming out with new pro- grams, so we'll send you our latest software catalog with your computer. ZX PRINTER: The Sinclair ZX Printer will work with your ZX81.lt will be available in the near future and will cost less than $100. 16K MEMORY MODULE: Like any powerful, full fledged computer, the ZX81 is expandable. Sinclair's 16K memory module plugs right onto the back of yourZX81. Cost is $99. 95, plus shipping and handling. inczli To order call toll free: 800-543-3000 Ad Code 06BY Price* Qty. Aimount ZX81 $149.95 ZX81 Kit 99.95 16K Memory Module 99.95 Shipping and Handling 4.95 $4.95 TOTAL MAIL TO: Sinclair Research Ltd., One Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061. Circle 297 on inquiry card. ea^SmfZ Yo« r i;oBO ard one lineo' BA |/0»l» s 8 . P ort bus- ' dD/A ,s.o^ ..K,nncl s -"„„l. AC* 9 ' Cl° ck CI° Cn cable Mn " Man ualor^P, sc!i BeeP er C$7 5 Utructio ntation SSSS"5— - ^fe- ^SX-"* ( a tor64D. oper numbed ^ ese rd orders -.redit ca r atic write us ' Box 1140 2000 Center St., Berkeley, CA 94704. micro developments Listing ; 1: This program incorporates many of the new features of the proposed standard for BASIC. 100 1 Program CRAPS 110 120 A simple program in standard BASIC 130 140 Plays N games of craps 150 160 Read n 170 Data 10 180 190 ? or i = 1 to n 200 Call DICE (Total) 210 Print "You rolled a "; Total 220 Select Total 230 Case 7, 11 240 Print "You win." 250 Case 2, 3, 12 260 Print "You lose." 270 Case else 280 Print "which is your point." 290 Do 300 Call DICE (Newtotal) 310 Print Newtotal, 320 Loop until Newtotal = 7 or Newtotal = Total 330 If Newtotal = 7 340 Then 350 Print "You lose." 360 Else 370 Print "You win." 380 End if 390 End select 400 Next i 410 1 420 End 430 ! 440 ! 450 Sub DICE(Sum) 460 470 ! Roll two dice and add them up 480 490 Let dl = Int(6.Rnd + 1) 500 Let d2 = Int(6.Rnd + 1) 510 Let Sum = dl + d2 520 | 530 Sub end Another group of users includes those with large machines or with ac- cess to large machines. These users want a rich, compiler-based lan- guage. They want to construct sub- routine libraries of independently compiled subprograms. This group also wishes to write interactive pro- grams that process strings of charac- ters, something that FORTRAN and COBOL don't do easily. (PL/I allows string processing, but it's not accessi- ble in many interactive environ- ments.) Pascal does not offer what these users want either; it is too pristine. A third group of users wishes to do business and financial calculations using BASIC. Such use is extensive partly because many of the early financial applications were written in BASIC. In Europe, BASIC is the primary business data-processing lan- guage for small computers. This group wants formatted output, accu- rate dollars-and-cents calculations, and access to record-structured files. Few suitable alternatives exist for these users on small machines. What Most BASICs Are Like Present-day BASICs, including the current version of the draft standard, reflect most of the goals of the original version of BASIC. For exam- ple, most BASICs avoid declaration of variables, with the notable excep- tion that many, including the draft 186 Juiw 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 380 on inquiry card. Quality Computer Services presents. . w 12«% ForTRS", 6,12,20,40and GO Megabyte systems Completely assembled and tested subsystem including: i Switching power supply • Winchester drive • Host adapter card • Sealed case • Expansion The encloser, controller and power supply have been designed to allow for future backup hardware or increased storage • Software • Auto attach CP/ Hard disk utilities j • Real time clock . • Formatting program Assigns alternate sectors for any weak sectors detected during formatting assuring the lowest possible error rate • Warranty: The system has a full one year warranty on all parts and workmanship • Also available: attach for TRSDOS, OASIS', Apple DOS " ptional S 1 / 4 " floppy (shown) / I liri frj^ 'Wffe- ^stJ*^ ■:^-«^.' $£ e local dealer call: tality Computer rvices 1 e8 Main Street Metuchen, New Jersey 201-548-2135 • Quantity discounts available, and OEM inquries invited. 'OASIS is a trademark ol Phase One Systems, CP/M Is trademark ol Digital Research « Toll free number: 800 631 5944 Circle 105 on inquiry card. SOMEDAY ... in the comfort of your own home or office, you'll be able to shop and bank electronically, read instantly updated major newswires, analyze the performance of a stock that interests you, send electronic mail to business associates across the country, then play Bridge with your best friend in San Francisco and two strangers in Chicago and Dallas. WELCOME TO SOMEDAY Someday is today with the CompuServe Information Service. All this and more can be accessed with a local phone call in most major U.S. cities. For hardware you need a terminal or personal computer and a modem. The CompuServe Information Service costs only $5.00 per hour, billed in minute increments to your charge card. Ask for a demonstration at a Radio Shack® Computer Center. Videotex software is available for various brands of personal computers. CompuServe Information Service, 5000 Arlington Centre Blvd., Columbus, Ohio 43220. (614) 457-8650. CompuServe PHOTIE 1 FILLS THE VOII 111' •owerful Z-80® communications software tools are now available. Fill the void between your microcomputer and mainframe. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog. mm S °FTWAR R E Y MULATOR PHOflE 1 1011 River Lane • Loves Park, Illinois #1TflPW5/877-9008 Timetable for Approval This article is the first public presen- tation of the main features of the stan- dard now in preparation. The X3J2 committee will shortly send its pro- posed standard to the parent commit- tee X3. X3 will then establish a public- comment period during which copies of the proposed standard will be avail- able. The public is then invited to ex- amine the standard, point out flaws, or propose modifications. Individual computer users and user groups should be on the lookout for the public-com- ment period and respond with sugges- tions or comments. We also hope that the trade and academic press will examine the stan- dard when it becomes available and draw comparisons between it and other popular versions of BASIC. The X3J2 committee doesn't really expect all vendors to implement all that is in the standard. But we hope that what vendors do implement will be compati- ble with the standard. The schedule of events in the near future for the standard is: Late July 1982: Confirm the technical review, possibly make last-minute changes. Fall 1982: Transmit the standard to X3 for further processing. At this point, the standard will be virtually stable, and vendors and users can begin to count on its features. Subsequent pro- cessing of the standard is largely for- mal, although it is possible to change the standard when there is a significant public aversion to some feature in the standard. Late 1982 or early 1983: Public com- ment period and letter ballot within X3. 1983: Transmittal to ANSI for still fur- ther processing. 1983: Final approval by ANSI. As with any best-laid plans, unfore- seen problems can only cause delays. The above schedule is therefore op- timistic. On the other hand, the tech- nical content of the standard is not likely to change after the fall of 1982. Implementers should be able to plan new compilers and interpreters with confidence at that time. 188 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 366 on inquiry card. IBM COMPATIBLE BOARDS BY IC MEMORY WITH PARITY Limited time only! vj)09o ?"p £C9^3 HARD DISC SUBSYSTEM FOR IBM and S-1QD $2495 HA62 IBM BUS HARD DISK INTERFACE FOR WD-1000 4SP 4 SERIAL PORTS FOR IBM PB PROTOTYPING BOARD FOR IBM EB EXTENDER BOARD FOR IBM 5-1QO BOARDS ZOBEX CPU Z-80A CPU WITH 4 SERIAL AND 3 PARALLEL PORTS ZOBEX DDFDC DOUBLE DENSITY DISK CONTROLLER ZMS-10D 64K RAM HDCI S-100 HARD DISK INTERFACE FOR WD-1000 ZOBEX 7343 J. RONSON RD. SAN DIEGO, CA. 92111 C714D 571-B971 ZOBEX is trademark of ZOBEX CORPORATION IBM is trademark of International Business Machines Corporation Circle 478 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 189 standard, require declaration of ar- rays (lists and tables). In most BASICs, variables are typed implicit- ly, according to some special symbol. Thus, string variables have the dollar sign ($) in their name. This conven- tion limits the number of different types of variables, because there aren't many special characters left. Some argue that this is good, not bad. It is still true that a small job re- quires only a small program. Some BASICs even allow omitting the END statement. A language that lacks declarations and excessive structure lends itself more readily to inter- preters. For these, a simple computa- tion requires but a single statement. If you want to add 2 and 2, the single direct statement: PRINT 2 + 2 will work. Try this in Pascal or FOR- TRAN! Because a user can get by with a minimum of syntax rules and struc- ture, BASIC is easy for novices to learn. Perhaps even more important, it is easy for occasional users to remember. I know teachers who use the computer only twice a year but who can remember what to do with- out having to check the manual. The Proposed Standard The standard will of course em- brace most of simple BASIC or Mini- mal BASIC. (ANSI Minimal BASIC is similar to the earliest versions of BASIC. It includes the REM, LET, INPUT, PRINT, READ, RESTORE, DATA, DIM, FOR, NEXT, IF. . . THEN, line number, GOSUB, GOTO, RETURN, ON. . .GOTO, RANDOMIZE, single-line DEF, STOP, and END statements. It lacks string lists, files, plotting, etc. ANSI Minimal BASIC is quite minimal!) BASIC extends Minimal BASIC in a number of ways, for ex- ample, by allowing multicharacter variable names. It also includes fea- tures completely missing from Mini- mal BASIC, such as graphical output and real time. Incidentally, the com- ATTENTION APPLICATION PROGRAMMERS DISPLAYMASTER IS HERE MASTERCOMPUTING has the answer to your biggest headache: user data entry. Now devote your valuable time as a professional to the actual application rather than complex input prompt control and data entry checking. DISPLAYMASTER is a two part screen oriented data entry system 1. DISPLAYDEF - Development Utility 2. DISPLAY ASM - Powerful assembly calls • Define screen formats • Build screens, process entries • Define entries, prompts, messages, text • Handle messages and prompts • Document screen format • User callable directives and primitives • Build screen files • Screen fields transparent to program DESIGN CONCEPTS • Large system approach • High speed operation • User friendly • Screens easily changed & tested • Language and system independent • Professional documentation • Complete entry checking, conversion • Maintenance free & protection • Low cost - $175.00 with Manual • Low RAM and Disk overhead SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS • CP/M' U 1.4 or 2.2 with cursor addressable terminal or CRT • Languages - Microsoft Basic-80 and BASCOM. Other popular languages to follow FUTURE ATTRACTIONS FILEMASTER - a data base definition system with user directives PRINTMASTER - a page oriented print system with user directives BASIC 80 and BASCOM are products of Microsoft CP/M is a trademark of DIGITAL RESEARCH MasterComputing Inc. P.O. Box 16778 Greenville, SC 29606 (803) 244-8174 mittee elected to use the name BASIC for this standard. It had used the terms "Extended BASIC" and "Enhanced BASIC," but it dropped the modifiers, thus allowing their use by vendors later. The standard is written so as to define standard-conforming pro- grams. Any program that is written according to the rules of the standard is standard-conforming. A standard- conforming implementation (inter- preter or compiler) is one that will correctly process a standard-con- forming program. A standard-con- forming implementation may offer extensions, provided that all stan- dard-conforming programs will con- tinue to be correctly processed. This point is important in order to under- stand some of the choices made by the committee. Actually, the standard will consist of a core module plus five optional modules: enhanced files (direct access and keyed); graphics; real time; fixed decimal (for business users); and editing. I'll now give a section-by-section summary of the features of the pro- posed standard. Data Types BASIC includes variables and con- stants of type numeric and string. Numeric is, of course, single preci- sion. The standard will not specify other types, such as integer or double precision, both of which have been requested by part of the user com- munity. It will provide fixed decimal but only as an option. The reason for not including other types is that BASIC serves many masters — large machines, small machines, micro- computers, interpreters, compilers, education, business — making the choice of data types difficult. As it is, vendors can enhance their own ver- sions of the standard BASIC with whatever additional data types are needed by their users. Of course, pro- grams written to take advantage of such data types will not be standard- conforming and might not be trans- portable. Program Comments In addition to the REM statement 190 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 283 on inquiry card. Circle 268 on inquiry card. has.arrived ■ ■ W3: ij*> 3/iflft .lIKIfk.*) ■ ■ The sophisticated yet simple to use language ■* . - * you have been reading about is now available for your Apple //.\ * Contact your Apple dearer today. ■*■ yk*lhl 222 Brunswick Blvd. Pointe Claire, Que. Canada (514) 6,94-2885 compute systems inc. ■ ■NH an 989 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. ♦ U.S.A. (212) 564-6020 ■ fWf (^Registered Trademark, Apple Computer Inc. lurry Foley "lowercase descenders" were people who avoided paying taxes. Orange Micro Printer Expert. Printers Can Be Con- fusing. Sometimes, even the informed personal com- puter owner is caught short by the mound of technical differences in printers. Dot matrix for correspondence, in daisy wheel? What does bidirectional printing have to do with the price of tomatoes? We Educate First. With so many dif- ferent printers out >:re with as many different features, we feel a rinter education is in order. We take what you already know about computers and explain printers in the »same terms. Our current customers seem to like that because of the friends they refer. (Nearly 50% of our business is referral.) It's Easy To Be An Expert. Orange Micro printer specialists are there to make you feel comfortable with your newfound printer knowl- edge. And when you decide on the printer right for you, you'll know exactly why you picked it from all the rest. With over 35 popular models to choose from, and a complete selection of ables, options and interface accessories, we have everything you need to get your new printer up and operating in minutes. We Have The Right Printer For You. Bring along your toughest printer questions. Our salespeople will answer them honestly and practically. In less time than you'd imagine possible, you'll be a printer expert too! After all, printers are our only business, so we always do a better job at finding the right one for you. Orange Micro Printer Stores 3150 E. La Palma, Suite I Anaheim, CA 92806 (714)630-362 2 13604 Ventura Boulevard Sherman Oaks, CA 91423 (213) 501-3486 for comments, BASIC will allow on- line comments using the exclamation point (1). Identifiers It did not take the committee long to vote for multicharacter variable names. Up to 31 characters (letters, digits, and underlines, starting with a letter) are permitted for variable and function names, with the trailing dollar sign for string-variables count- ing. Despite the obvious advantages over old-fashioned BASIC variable names, multicharacter names exact their price. For instance, spaces are required around keywords (such as FOR N = 1 to M instead of FORN = 1TOM), and certain words cannot be used as variable names (mainly, the names of the functions with no arguments, such as RND). The first restriction is probably a good idea anyhow. The second poses a challenge to implementers to come up with reasonable error messages when unsuspecting novice users try to assign one of these words as a variable name. Incidentally, uppercase and lower- case may be used interchangeably for keywords, identifiers, function names, etc. Of course, the cases re- main distinguishable in quoted strings, input replies, etc. Numeric Operations The big news is that arithmetic will be floating decimal. Thus, 2.29 + 4.71 - 7.00, not 6.999999. Also: .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 + .1 = 1 exactly Vendors may offer native arithmetic (presumably floating binary or float- ing hexadecimal) as an option if effi- ciency is an issue. But users will final- ly be able to carry out dollars-and- cents calculations with confidence. Minimal BASIC provides these numeric functions: ABS, ATN, COS, Circle 343 on inquiry card. MORROW DESIGNS Cost effective answers to floppy disk problems. DMA answers. Standard, accumulator transfer floppy disk controllers can stall your microcomputer system's CPU for as long as 160 mil- liseconds. Just to access and transfer a sector of data to main memory. If CPU pro- cessing speed and system per- formance are critical ,you need something better. That's where Morrow Designs' new intelligent Disk Jockey DMA™ controller comes in. This new breed of perpherial handles both 5Vn" and 8" drives and can read almost any format in existence. Speed? Your CPU runs at full tilt while the DMA controller seeks and gathers a sector of data. How? Information transfers to and from main memory occur as "cycle steals" from the system bus. And the missing memory cycles are transparent to the CPU total- ling only two milliseconds instead of the usual 80. Build a buffer. Give the Disk Jockey DMA a little extra memory and your system's per- formance gets even better. The extra storage is used as a track buffer. So, whenever a sector on a new track is read the track buffer is automatically filled with the other sec- tors on the track. The result? Additional data on the track is immediately available. Without the 80 millisecond rotational latency normally encountered. And similar efficiencies occur with disk writes. Sectors in the track buffer are conditionally writ- ten on the disk only if a new track is accessed. And only one revolution of the disk is required. Now, prices* All systems listed are supplied with a floppy disk drive, Disk Jockey Direct Memory Access Con- troller, CP/M** 2.2 operating system, power supply, fan, cables, cabinet and Microsoft 5.2 BASIC. Even lower prices. Morrow Designs' floppy disk systems with Disk Jockey'" 2D control- lers offer the same high qual- ity at even lower prices. Now without memory mapping! Fast answers. See Morrow Designs' family of cost effec- tive floppy disk systems at your computer dealer. For a somewhat more leisurely answer, circle the reader service number below. For imme- diate answers, phone us at (415) 524-2101. LOOK TO MORROW FOR ANSWERS. 5 1 /4 Inch Systems (formatted data) 400,000 Bytes (1) Dual Sided 48 TPI Drive $ 995 800,000 Bytes (2) Dual Sided 48 TPI Drive $1695 800,000 Bytes (1) Dual Sided 96 TPI Drive $1495 1,600,000 Bytes (2) Dual Sided 96 TPI Drive $2495 OEM pricing available 8 Inch Systems (formatted data) 500,000 Bytes (1) Single Sided Drive 1,000,000 Bytes (2) Single Sided Drive 1,000,000 Bytes (l)Dual Sided Drive 2,200,000 Bytes (2) Dual Sided Drive $1195 $1975 $1495 $2575 OEM pricing available "Prices subject to change without notice. Disk Jockey DMA and Disk Jockey 2D are trademarks of Morrow Designs "CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. MORROW DESIGNS 5221 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804 (415) 524-2101 Circle 274 on Inquiry card. EXP, INT (the floor), LOG (natural), RND, SGN, SIN, SQR, and TAN. New numeric functions include ACOS, ANGLE (easier to use than ATAN for determining the angle given the base and height), ASIN, CEIL (ceiling, the opposite of INT), COSH, COT, CSC (cosecant), DATE, DEG (radians to degrees), EPS (the smallest representable positive number), FP (fractional part — the same as X-INT(X) for posi- tive X), INF (the largest positive num- ber), IP (integer part — the same as INT for positive values), LOG10, LOG2, MAX, MIN, MOD, PI, RAD (degrees to radians), REM (remain- der — the same as MOD for positive numbers), ROUND, SEC, SINH, TANH, TIME, TRUNCATE (reduce the number of significant digits, but don't round). Taking a cue from the hand-held calculators, the user at his option can express angles in degrees instead of radians. Secondary school trig- onometry and general math students should benefit because normally students don't learn radian measure until they take calculus. String Operations The two important operations on strings are concatenation (joining two strings) and substring extraction. The former is accomplished by using the ampersand (&); the latter is achieved by following the string variable with a range enclosed in parentheses. Thus, LINE$(4:7) gives the fourth through seventh characters of the string LINE$ . This substring notation can appear on the left side of a LET statement, in which case the fourth through seventh characters are re- placed by whatever appears on the right side of the LET statement. The old substring functions (SEG$, MID$, LEFT$, etc.) that we have come to know and love are gone. Good rid- dance I Functions whose arguments or values are strings include CHR$, DATE$, LEN, LCASE$, ORD, POS, THE MULTI-USER FRIENDLY MEMORY BOARD WITH □ 256 kilobytes 150 NS dynamic ram □ Designed to operate in any S-100 System IEEE or Non- IEEE □ 16-bit addressing option: Powerful Macrotech Mem- ory Mapping (M 3 ) bank se- lect architecture allows each 4K block of the 16 bit (64K) logical addresses to be dynamically translated to any4K block of the 256K on board physical memory. □ 24-bit direct addressing option □ "Educated" cycle control module generates all tim- ing on board asyn- chronously^ maximum access speed and uniform operation □ Comprehensive technical manual, with complete in- stallation guide and source listings for MP/M II™* and "Virtual Disk" solid state disk applications. □ DMA operation fully sup- ported in strict accordance with IEEE 696 standard. □ 8/16 data transfer protocol □ Parity error detection □ Multilayer board and bus signal filtering for noise- free operation. □ Full one year warranty If you wish, send a check or money order for $1,379 (In California add 6% sales tax where applicable). Manual available at S25.00 each refundable with order. 'Registered Trademark of Digital Research Corp. OEM & Dealer Inquiries invited MACROTECH International Corp., 22133 Cohasset St., Canoga Park, California 91303 (213)887-5737 STR$, TIMES, UCASE$, and VAL. CHR$ and ORD are opposite, and associate a character to its numerical value. LCASE$ and UCASE$ are lowercase- and uppercase-conversion functions. DATE$ and TIME$ give the date and time as strings. STR$ and VAL are the number-string con- version functions that have been around for a while in BASIC. LEN gives the length of a string. POS searches a string for another string. LET Statement This brings us to a point that may disturb many. The LET in the LET statement is mandatory! One might ask why, as the option to omit it is such a common convention and a convenience to many users. The prin- cipal reason was to reduce the number of reserved words while re- taining simple parsing. As it is, only the no-argument function names like RND and the words NOT, PRINT, REM, and ELSE are reserved (not allowed to be used as identifiers). This means that a user cannot write LET RND = 3. One should realize, however, that the standard actually prescribes only that standard- conforming programs may not omit the LET. Compilers and interpreters may, however, allow users to omit the LET, but they must accept the LET when it is present. Such im- plementations will have to be smart enough to recognize that: INPUT = 3 is a LET statement and not an input statement. Arrays Arrays must be dimensioned in the program before use. This rule con- flicts with Minimal BASIC, which allows default dimensions for lists and tables (vectors and matrices) that do not appear in DIM statements. You might wonder why we are doing away with the convenience of not having to dimension small arrays. The reason is that general identifiers are now allowed for both arrays and functions. For example, in "LET X = A(3)" the meaning of A(3) is OEM inquiries circle 275 Dealer inquiries circle 276 All other inquiries circle 277 INTRODUCING THE: SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER! $2,695 WITH CP/M™ OPERATING SYSTEM A Briefcase Size Computer with Full Size Abilities! Standard Features □ 4 MHZ Z80 PROCESSOR □ 64K LOW POWER RAM □ 1.2 MBYTE ON DUAL 8" FLOPPIES □ COMPACT SIZE: 5Va " X 1 9" X 1 9" □ LIGHT WEIGHT - ONLY 30 LBS □ 4 RS-232 SERIAL PORTS □ ENVIRONMENTAL PACKAGING □ SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY Expansion Options □ 192K BYTE RAM MEMORY D MULTI-USER □ DUAL SIDED DRIVES (2.4 MBYTE) □ FIXED DISK INTERFACE WITH 11, 35, OR 70 MBYTE FIXED DISK This Is Not a Personal Computer! THE EXEC-JR IS A TRUE BUSINESS COMPUTER WITH CAPABILITIES TO HANDLE THE TOUGH JOBS. SERIAL PORTS CAN BE USED FOR TERMINALS, PRINTERS OR MODEMS. ..-. ■■ . ... • with strings (as cBYTEWR ITER DAISY WHEEL PRINTER LETTER QUALITY PRINTER AND TYPEWRITER IN ONE PACKAGE The BYTEWR1TER is a new Olivetti Praxis 30 electronic typewriter with a micro-processor controlled driver added internally. $795 plus shipping Dealer Inquiries Invited FEATURES • Underlining • 10, 12, or 15 characters per inch switch selectable • 2nd keyboard with foreign grammar symbols switch selectable • Changeable type daisy wheel • Centronics-compatible parallel input operates with TRS-80, Apple, Osborne, IBM and others • Cartridge ribbon • Typewriter operation with nothing to disconnect • Service from any Olivetti dealer • Self test program built in. CBYTE WRITER 125 NORTHVIEW RD., ITHACA, N.Y. 14850 (607) 272 1 132 Praxis 30 is a trademark of OBvelll Corp TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp. BYTEWRITER is a trademark of Williams Laboratories. with IF A$ = "YES"), BASIC allows the full range of relational operators with strings. What actually happens when "IF A$ < B$" is used depends on the collating sequence. For in- stance, the ASCII collating sequence specifies that "B" comes before "a". Branching and Decision Making The programmer can continue to use GOTO and IF. . .THEN from Minimal BASIC. Or instead he can choose to use structured constructs now typical of almost all program- ming languages. Take, for instance, the IF. . .THEN. . .ELSE construct. In BASIC, this takes the form: IF < logical expression > THEN ELSE END IF Two important features of this con- struct are, first, the keywords that define the construct must appear at the beginning of separate lines. Thus, the ELSE and END IF cannot be obscurely buried near the end of a line. Second, the construct ends with a keyword sequence that is unique to that construct. You can use the simple one-line IF. . .THEN. . .ELSE, which might look like this: IF x < y THEN LET a = 3 ELSE LET a = 4 With both forms of IF. . .THEN . . .ELSE, the programmer may omit the ELSE part. Looping Structures The FOR NEXT loop of Minimal BASIC is retained, and a new struc- ture, the DO LOOP, is added. The loop-ending condition (or conditions) may be attached to the DO state- ment, the LOOP statement, or both. The loop-ending condition may be expressed either as a WHILE or as an UNTIL. The following is typical: DO UNTIL i > n OR a$ = list$(i) LOOP 198 Jum 1982 © BYTE Publications Lnc Circle 80 on inquiry card. Start talking business with your Apple COBOL is the most effective business language. Apple II is the most friendly business computer. CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 brings together the best features of COBOL and Apple to enable you to deliver the most effective, user-friendly applications. Business Programmers: Take the COBOL expertise you have acquired on big business mainframes, and use it on Apple II to create friendly applications that will talk directly to your users - where it suits them best, on their own desks. CIS COBOL's dynamic module loading gives you big application capability and the FORMS-2 source generator lets you build and modify conversational programs from visual screen formats, creating much of the code automatically. Application vendors: CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 steps up the pace for your development of the high quality professional application packages needed today. And creating them in COBOL makes them more maintainable. Over half the Apple II 's now being sold are going to business or professional users so demand for quality applications is growing fast, creating big business opportunities for you. Stability proven by the US Government. CIS COBOL has been tested and approved for two consecutive years by the US General Services Administration as conforming to the ANSI 74 COBOL Standard. Apple II under CP/M is included in CIS COBOL's 1981 GSA Certificate of Validation (at Low-Intermediate Federal Standard plus Indexed l-O and Level 2 Inter-Program Communication). Get your hands on CIS COBOL at your Apple dealer. Talk business with him now! Micro Focus Inc., 1601 Civic Center Drive Santa Clara, CA 95050. Phone: (408) 248-3982. MICRO FOCUS CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 for use on the Apple II with CP/M is an Apple Distributed Product. CIS COBOL and FORMS-2 are trademarks of Micro Focus. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. Apple II Is a trademark of Apple Computer. Circle 300 on inquiry card. M f^MMUcW ^\N *»■;■< WHAT IS SWEETER THAN AN APPLE? THE FRANKLIN The Franklin ACE 1 00 is hardware and software compatible with the Apple II. It is sweeter because it is more versa- tile, it includes 64K of RAM memory and — it costs less. Any program that runs on the Apple II will run on the Franklin ACE 100. Any peripheral that works with Apple will work with ACE. The Franklin ACE 100 gen- erates upper and lower case characters and includes a numeric pad, an alpha lock key and VisiCalc keys. The Franklin ACE 100 — a professional personal computer with the quality and reliability for the most demanding business applications. It is sweeter than an Apple. Call or write today for the name of your local authorized Franklin dealer. LT_' THIS MONTH'S TOP TEN TITLE MANUFACTURER LIST NOW dBase II Ashton-Tate 700.00 499.00 WordStar MicroPro 495.00 299.00 WordStar w/MailMerge MicroPro 645.00 385.00 Supercalc Sorcim 295.00 210.00 Pascal MT + D. Research 475.00 425.00 CalcStar MicroPro 295.00 185.00 CB80 D. Research 500.00 420.00 FMS 80 1 Systems + 495.00 359.00 PL 1/80 D. Research 500.00 420.00 Select w/Superspell Select Info Systems 595.00 395.00 MOVING UP THE CHARTS... Spellguard ISA 295.00 225.00 Supervyz Epic 100.00 90.00 Spellbinder Lexisoft 495.00 295.00 Condor II Condor 595.00 450.00 Mathemagic ISM 100.00 90.00 Condor III Condor 995.00 750.00 OSBORNE OWNERS: dBase II, Supervyz, Quickscreen, Spellguard, Crosstalk, Mathemagic. and many others available for the Osborne I at our advertised prices! GREAT HARDWARE BUYS! C. ITOH 6500 PROWRITER Amazing 120 CPS printer ,«.-»**• w/Graphics, logic seeking, friction/tractor & more. ^ v Parallel 8500 List $795.00 $515.00 Serial/Parallel 8500 List $845.00 $650.00 C. ITOH F10 STARWRITER Daisy-wheel Printer-incredible 40 CPS printer with all the features of Diablo, NEC, and Qume, at half the price! ,.vl0- Parallel (Centronics interface) unit: List $1995.00 $1475.00 ^^fc»_ V>^ Serial (RS-232) interface unit: List $1995.00 . . S1475.00 "^*^B^fc»>-i £ FIOTractor Feed Option: List S325 S250.00 -~^_ *^^^ P 2KBufferOption CALL ^^^^-^"^ Features Upgrade Option CALL SMITH-CORONA TP-I Daisy-wheel printer-Letter quality printing at an unbelievable c^- price! 120 WPM. parallel or serial interface (specify). **•*■ List $895.00 $750.00 PRINTER ACCESSORY PACKAGES: Apple II package: Complete package to interface with any of the above printers- includes cable and interface card: $120.00 Osborne Package: Osborne cable to interface to any of the above printers: $40.00 Other interface packages available for TRS-80. IBM, Xerox, Apple III, etc CALL HAYES SMARTMODEM- List 279.00 $230.00 ji\ SIGNALMAN MARK I direct-connect modem &™ Auto Answer. W/RS-232 cable!!! $99.95 Call lor similar savings on ZENITH. ALTOS, 0KIDATA. HAYES, NORTHSTAR. TELEVIDE0. NEC. XEROX". ANADEX. QUME. XC0MP, IDS. CENTRONICS, AMDEK, NOVATION, SANYO. EPSON . . MORE SOFTWARE HITS ART. INTELLIGENCE Dental 750.00 Medical 750.00 BUS. PLAN. SYS. Plan 80 240.00 DIGITAL RESEARCH PL/1-80 420.00 CBasic 125.00 0P/M2.2 135.00 MAC EC0S0FT Microstat 85.00 250.00 FIN. PLAN. ASSOC. Mini-Mode! 375.00 FOX S GELLER Quickscreen 140.00 FRIENDS SFTW. Access 80 1 240.00 Access 80 II 405 00 GRAHAM DORIAN Apt Mgmt., C, Reg.. Inv I, Pay I. each 485.00 GLedg, Inv, II, OE/lnv.. Pay II. Job C. each 710 00 KEY BITS Wordsearch 175.00 MARK OF UNICORN Mince 14800 ScnOble 14800 Both 245.00 MICR0-AP MICROSOFT Selector III 165.00 COBOL 80 575.00 Selector IV 235.00 Macro BO 175 00 Selector V 395 00 Edil 80 110 00 Gleclor III 170,00 MuMalh 220.00 Glector IV 250.00 MuLisp 170 00 S Basic 255 00 MSorl 165 00 MICROPRO SYSTEMS PLUS Cusl Noles 350.00 OataStar 225.00 1 Module 425.00 Super Sort 1 170.00 2 Modules 785.00 SpellStar 165.00 3 J. Up CALL MICR0S0F1 MIDW MICRO TEK Basic 80 275.00 Cross Assem Compiler 310.00 68XX 250.00 Fortran 80 395 00 Others CALL STO. MICR0SVS. Quic-n-Easi 299.00 Mailman 105 00 STRUCT. SYSTEMS G.L., A. Rec A. Pay, Payroll Inv, OE.ea 850.00 Analyst 225.00 Llright 175.00 SUPERS0FT Disk Doclor 95.00 Forlh 175.00 SSS Fortran 21000 Tiny Pascal 80 00 C Compiler 174.00 SlarEdit 189 00 This is just a sample ol the CP/M software available trom DATASOURCE. Call us tor great savings on the package you're looking for, APPLE TOO! We carry many ot these ilems in Apple CP/M format.. call! ORDER/TECHNICAL HOTLINE: 1-612-944-7907 ORDERING INFORMATION MAIL ORDERS: Cashiers check or money order. Charge cards add 3%. Shipping: $3.00 per software ilem, 2% per hardware item. Mn res, add 5% sales tax. Pricing and avail subj to change. Prices are mail order only. OataSource is a Division of DataSource Systems Corporation. CP/M is a registered Trademark of Digital Research Corp. ■■ DtataSpurce Systems DDP.D. BOX 35D07 □ MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55435nB1S-aa ABCD > (WXYZ) The double quote (") is used to delimit atom names that contain characters that might otherwise be misinter- preted. For example: (UNPACK '(WXYZ))= = > an error, UNPACK expects an atom (UNPACK '"(WXYZ")= = > ("(WXYZ") The last example yields a list of seven single-character atoms, the second of which is the open-parenthesis character. App-LTSP has an ASSOC function for manipulating association-lists (often called a-lists). An association-list has the following structure: ( (key-1 (key-2 value-1) value-2) (key-n value-n) ) The call (ASSOC key-i a-list) will return the value-i associated with key-i. For example, given the following: (SETQ FRUIT '((APPLE RED) (BANANA YELLOW) (MANGO ORANGE) (PLUM PURPLE) )) we have: (ASSOC 'MANGO FRUIT) = = > (MANGO ORANGE) Traditionally, LISP property lists use association-lists. App-L-ISP does not have a property list associated with each atom. Instead, to use a property list, you must bind an association-list as the atom's value. 220 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc FMS- 80. THE TWO DO OR Te've split the proven, best- selling FMS-80 micro data base manager into two parts. And we've split the price. Part one (FMS-81) gives you the essential file and reporting features. You can quickly create programs with input questions a clerk can understand, and with reports a man- ager can use. And FMS-81 with its new manual, is so easy to use, you'll be generating reports the first day. FMS-81 sells for $495. Part two (FMS-82) has all the fancy stuff. Including an Extended File Maintenance language that lets you perform virtually unlimited manipulation on up to 19 different data files simultaneously. Door # 1 : Reports you'll use today. Door #2: The sky is the limit. Using FMS-82, you or your com- puter dealer can make FMS-80 do just about anything. FMS-82 sells for $495. Naturally, FMS-82 is fully com- patible with all the files and func- tions you generate with FMS-81. FMS-81 is so useful, it might seem like you'll never need FMS-82. But as you expand your use of computers, isn't it nice to know it's there? The FMS family runs under CP/M, MP/M, CDOS, and Turbodos. Call or write today for a brochure detailing the extensive capabilities of the Two Door Data Base Manager, and the name of your nearest dealer. You'll be impressed. Plus, Inc. 1120 San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303 (415)969-7047 Q O^V product DJR Associates, Inc. 2 Highland Lane North Tarrytown, NY 10591 Circle 437 on inquiry card. FMS-80. FMS-81. FMS-82 TM DJR Associates CP/M, MP/M TM Digital Research CDOS TM Cromemco Turbodos TM Software 2000. Inc. how. the Data Princess ^X became a Queen a tale about ACCESS/80 from Friends Software princess DataStar 1 had a lot of magic powers. She could manipulate huge amounts of data fast and accurately. She could create forms and help pro- duce personalized mailings. H But Princess DataStar could not write reports. And this made her sad. What good was all that data if she had no easy way to answer questions about that data? Princess DataStar cried and cried. H One day, a handsome young man suddenly appeared. "Don't cry, princess," he said with a bow. "My name is ACCESS/80 Report Writer. I can generate reports directly from your existing Hies -and, I might add, from any other files in in- dustry standard ASCII character format." f "You can?" she asked. "How?" H "It's simple. Even a non-programmer can use me to quickly generate virtually any report using just one easy-to-write statement that resembles ordinary English. I can be used for a myriad of applications. I'm field-proven and I'm easy to upgrade." II "You're so powerful!" she cried. "You must be expensive." 1 "Not at all -I'm only $295," he smiled. "Princess, add my powers to yours and you'll be a data queen." II "/ will," said Data Star lovingly. "ACCESS/80 Re- port Writer, you're the answer to my prayers." 1i Moral: If you have data, you need ACCESS/80. ACCESS/80 works with Z80, 8080, and 8085 microprocessors with the CP/M 2 operating system. ACCESS/80 Report Writer produces multiple reports, including subtotals and cross-tabulations, from a single pass over your data files — all without programming. ACCESS/80 Applications Development Tool lets you develop programs up to 50 times faster than with BASIC. ACCESS/80 Information Management System offers full- screen data entry and update. Excellent documentation: easy-to-read Primer, Manual, and Reference Card. ACCESS/86 too: for 8086-8088 micros with CP/M86. 2 Dealer opportunities: minimum investment, maximum return. Dealer package includes self-running demo. 1. Registered trademark of MicroPro International Inc. 2. Registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. $75 Trial Offer Try ACCESS/80 for 45 days for only $75. You can apply this fee to your purchase. FRIENDS SOFTWARE P.O. BOX 527 • BERKELEY, CA 94701-0527 • (415) 540-7282 TLX: 172 029 • ANS: SPXSRFL Functions and Arguments In App-L-ISP, atoms have two values: one used to hold a function or special form, and the other used to hold a normal value. The SET and SETQ functions bind an atom's normal value while DEFINE and DEFINEQ bind the functional or special form value. (The . . . Q form automatically quotes its atomic argument.) The function GETD retrieves a functional value, which is itself an S-expression representing a function or special form. Anything printed immediately after a Control-D will be treated as an operating-system command. App-L-ISP allows users to create LAMBDA (call-by- value), NLAMBDA (call-by-name), and MACRO forms. LAMBDA forms evaluate each actual argument and bind the results to corresponding formal arguments. LAMBDA forms cannot have no-spread parameters; each actual argument is bound to a single formal argu- ment. NLAMBDA forms, on the other hand, do not evaluate their arguments. Instead, they bind the actual argument list to a single formal argument. Consider the form FIRST-REST, for example: (DEFINEQ FIRST-REST (NLAMBDA (ARGS) (LIST (LIST 'ONE (CAR ARGS)) (LIST 'TWO (CDR ARGS)) ))) Running this form, we have: (FIRST-REST HELP I AM STUCK IN THIS MACHINE) = = > ((ONE HELP) (TWO (I AM STUCK IN THIS MACHINE))) Notice that nothing after the form name is evaluated. Also, all the actual arguments of the form are passed into the formal argument ARGS. MACRO special forms are also available in App-L-ISP. As explained in the earlier article, MACROs allow manipulation of the complete list expression that invokes the MACRO. Control Structures Sequential evaluation in App-L-ISP is specified with the PROGN or PROG forms. PROGN sequentially evaluates its subexpressions, returning the results of the last subexpression evaluation. For example: (PROGN (SETQ Z (+ 3 4)) (PRINT (CAR '(A B))) (*Z5)) binds 7 to Z, prints A, and returns 35. 222 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 194 on inquiry card. Circle 241 on inquiry card. Check out a real data base management system. dama9 ,«vOoesAP'^ a S^e access For further information contact In G.S.: ISE-USA 350 West Sagamore Parkway West Lafayette. IN 47906 Tel: (317) 463-2581 TWX: 810-342-1881 In France: ISE-CEGOS Tour Chenonceaux 204, Rond-Point du Pont de Sevres 92516 Boulogne Billancourt Cedex Tel: 620-61-04 In Germany: ISE-ADV/ORGA GERMANY Lothstr. 19 D-8000 Munich 40 Tel: 089-192 071/4 In Sweden: ISE-DATEMA SWEDEN Box 1056 Huvudstagatan 1 171 21 Solna In Switzerland and Austria: ISE-ADV/ORGA SWITZERLAND Morgartenstrasse 6 CH-6003 Luzern Tel: 041-23 23 60/61 In the UK and Ireland: ISE-PACTEL Rochester House 33 Greycoat Street London SW1P2QF Tel: 01-828 7744 Elsewhere: ISE-INTERNATIONAL 350 West Sagamore Parkway West Lafayette, IN 47906 Tel: (317) 463-4561 TWX: 810-342-1881 Professionals know the difference. ISE is an international consortium of the world's leading consulting and software firms, representing over 5,000 professionals around the world. If you can't answer "YES" to these questions, send for our comprehensive booklet, "How to Evaluate and Select a Data Base Management System." MAIL TO: Your local ISE affiliate. 4B 222 Name . Title Company Address— : — City . _State_ .Zip- Phone- (area code) (ext.) Z80 is a registered trademark of Zilog; PDP-1 1 of Digital Equipment Corp; CP/M of Digital Research; UNIX of Western Hectric; PCDOS of IBM. Please look for us at the NCC Booth No. 3745 and Booth No. 226, Computerama, Toronto. Listing 1: COUNT-DOWN illustrates the use of the GO and RETURN forms to decrement the local variable COUNT and then end the evaluation of the PROG. (DEFINEQ COUNT-DOWN (LAMBDA () (PROG (COUNT) COUNT is a local variable (SETQ COUNT 10) initialize COUNT LOOP the top of the loop (PRINT COUNT) (SETQ COUNT (SUB COUNT 1)) decrement COUNT (COND ((> COUNT) (RETURN 'BLAST-OFF)) (T (GO LOOP))) test and either exit or branch back ))) PROG also evaluates its subexpressions sequentially, but has a number of other features used to construct loops. The subexpressions of a PROG can be either regular expressions to evaluate, an atom that is used as a label, a GO form, or a RETURN form. Regular expres- sions are evaluated sequentially, as in the PROGN. A GO form takes a single atom as an argument and causes a branch to the corresponding label. A RETURN form takes a single expression as an argument and causes the PROG to return with the results of evaluating the argu- ment. PROGs also allow you to declare variables local to the PROG body. These local variables are initialized to NIL upon entry to the PROG and restored to their previous values when the PROG returns. To see how this works, refer to the function COUNT-DOWN in listing 1. (Although App-L-ISP does not have a comment conven- tion, we have added annotations in italics.) App-L-ISP also has the COND, AND, and OR forms. COND is nonstandard in an inconvenient way. It will return NIL if no tests are successful. This makes debug- ging more difficult than if the COND complained when no test was satisfied. The only predicates in App-L-ISP are > (greater than), EQ (equal to), and # (is the argu- ment a number?). Although this is all you really need to determine the expressions to evaluate, such a limited set is an inconvenience. User Environment One of the advantages that the writers of App-L-ISP have, as opposed to the writers of Z80 LISP, is the stan- dard Apple hardware. Unlike Z80 systems, where "CP/M compatibility" is only an ideal at best, an Apple is an Apple. Unfortunately, the editor provided with App-L-ISP does not take advantage of any special fea- tures of the Apple. The editor provided, however, is the best we have seen for a microcomputer LISP. It is a "structure" editor, which means it provides commands that deal explicitly with the list structure of programs and data. Instead of A Advance to next element of the list you are editing. D Down to the first subelement of the current element. The current element must be a list. B Back up to previous element. R Replace current element with . X Exchange all occurrences of with . DEL Delete current element. I Insert after current element. LI Add a set of parentheses around the current element. RE Remove a set of parentheses from around the current element. < Group items into a list. After typing "< ", type "A" until the last element to be grouped is the current element. Then type ">" to close the list. PRE Insert before the current element. PP Pretty print entire list being edited. T Go to top of list, the first element. EX Exit the editor. C Display the disk catalog. E Edit list specified by . S Save the expressions in list on file . L Load expressions from the file . H Help. Display the list of edit commands. Table 1: The Editor commands available in App-L-ISP. dealing with characters, the commands operate directly on S-expressions. For a list of the editor commands, see table 1. The beauty of a structure editor is that you can "cut and paste" pieces of lists (or functions) without destroy- ing the rest of the list. This kind of editor is tricky to use at first, but after a short while becomes well worth the ef- fort. We had several problems using the editor. The Help function only returns a list of the command names, with no explanation. The pretty print function does not gen- erate end-of-line sequences at the right edge of the screen; instead, it counts on the Apple hardware to "wrap" to the next line. This is annoying to read on the screen and im- possible to use with a printer. The most serious problem we had was that the editor redefines global variables. For example, our atom "LC" in the timing tests was clobbered by the editor. This prob- lem took several frustrating hours to locate. Normally, this problem is avoided by using lambda-bound variables or PROG local variables. Even when global variables are necessary, they should be given distinguishable names. For example, many LISP systems put an asterisk (*) as the first character of any global variables that the system will modify. Error Handling Two types of errors occur in App-L-ISP: "fatal errors" and "error traps." Fatal errors are SYS ERR, MEM FULL, and FORMAL ARG ERROR. These all cause a graceful return to the supervisor. You should then save any un- saved functions and restart App-L-ISP. The fatal errors are caught in such a way that system functions — in par- ticular, SAVE — are still executable. 224 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc The Butcher, Baker, (Candlestick Maker PW mis. J ■ -j • 6 jSP*"^^ J WB # They hav e one thing in common - computer business management. Small businessmen, from all walks of life, have invested in so- phisticated microcomputers, but, until now, have had to be satisfied with modified accounting software. # Great Plains Software - a company with an eye on the future - created an easy to understand accounting/management software system which expands as the busi- ness grows. Flexible, quick re- sponse software developed on a hard disk providing in-depth pro- gram opportunities. # Great Plains Software features immediate response at your finger- tips. You'll get a complete data base of every journal entry posted during fiscal year, a CRT display of accounts payable, accounts receiv- able with customer and vendor records. And along with budgeting, payroll and inventory, there's a built-in password security system that keeps all data confidential. • Easy to follow documentation includes step- by-step instructions with cross reference screen displays. • Your computer store has the details on Great Plains Advanced Software Systems. For personal service, call (701) 293-8483. GPS Great Plains Software 123 15th Street N. Fargo, N.D. 58102 (701)293-8483 OVERALL - Password privacy system standard - Written in UCSD Pascal* - Hard disk oriented *TM UC Regents G/L - All entries on line entire fiscal year - Flexible format financial statements - Comparative income statements A/R - Up to 9999 customers - Profit by customer, customer type, salesman and state - Open item or balance forward - Instant screen inquiry - Automatically posts to G/L A/P - Up to 9999 vendors - Instant screen inquiry - Automatically posts to G/L PAYROLL - Up to 9999 employees - Up to 25 deductions per employee - Withholding computed - Prints W2, 941 & checks INVENTORY - FIFO, LIFO, standard cost, weighted moving average or serial number valuation - 5 price levels per part - Concise report including profit by part and line - Point of sale "cash register" program included Circle 206 on Inquiry card. Visit us at Comdex, June 28-30 in Atlanta City 74/izard-37>0 BUFFERED PRINTER OUTPUT Allows new-task input while old-task prints out. STOP WAITING FOR SLOW PRINTER OPERATION WIZARD-BPO is a parallel printer interface that lets you use your Apple while data from a previous operation is being printed. No more wasting of your precious time while your printer prints. The WIZARD-BPO contains a 16K byte "character buffer" that may be expanded to 32K bytes of character buffering. It accepts data at the Apple's rapid transfer rate, stores the data and feeds it to your printer at the rate the printer can accept it. ■ Fully compatible with all Apple II and Apple II Plus* computers / <^v ■ Fully compatible with most Apple II expansion boards ■ Fully compatible with most Apple software including Applesoft BASIC* Integer BASIC* CP/M, Pascal, etc ■ Low power consumption for cool reliable operation ■ Leads soldered directly into board for reliable operation ■ Many formatting features ■ Two-year factory replacement Warranty Backed by the world's #1 independent manufacturer of peripheral controllers Available at all fine Computer Stores $179.00 Telephone (800) 854-8737 -OIiiespeh nimmi Systems SUBSIDIARY OF WESPERCORP •Registered Trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. ^""•.""-■tvr-* +>.* +rv NEXT TASK... WESPERMICRO SYSTEMS TIME- SAVING MICRO- PERIPHERALS ADD VALUE TO YOUR APPLE. The error traps are EVAL ERR, LIST ERR, ATOMIC ERR, SUBR ERR, and NO LABEL ERR. These all invoke the error handler. The handler prints the error name, the current value in the evaluator, and the offending expres- sion. It then allows you to take one of three actions. You can simply restart the supervisor, using the LISP function RESET (not the Reset button). Also, you can tell the evaluator what value to return from the error expression, using the RETURN function. The system then continues execution from that point, using the new value. You can also ask for a history of execution with the function BAKTRACE, which prints the stack of functions that have been invoked on the way to the error. This is the cleanest error-handling system for the microcomputer LISPs we have seen. In addition to calling the error handler on an error trap, user functions can invoke the error handler by call- ing the function BREAK. You can also stop execution of a function and invoke the error handler from the keyboard by typing Control-B. The editor and error handler in App-L-ISP together provide a reasonable environment for developing and debugging programs. This is one of the main advantages to using a LISP system in the first place. User Interaction User interaction in "immediate mode" suffers from the same problems we observed in the other microcomputer LISPs. The same prompt character, "$", is used to prompt for the first line of an expression and all subse- quent lines. This makes it easier to mismatch parentheses. Another problem is that the normal print function makes no attempt to format its output. Atom names can get split between two lines, making the results difficult to read. Saving and Restoring Programs The form (SAVE ) saves func- tions to the disk. The value of is taken as a list of names of functions to be saved on the disk. The value of < S-exp2> is taken as the name of the file to use. Only the functions named in the list of are saved. If the file already exists, it is then overwritten. Functions are loaded from the disk with the form (LOAD ), where the value of is taken as the . Whenever this function is run, an atom named % is generated. The system then binds a list of all the function names loaded to this atom. This list is then available to be used in sub- sequent SAVEs. No provision is made for internal image or binary disk files. The Apple disk operating system (DOS) treats the LISP files as text files. Program Input/Output The function (IN = < S-exper> ) is available to redirect the data source for the input functions to be the file whose name is the value of < S-exper> . READ will read Circle 465 on inquiry card. The UniFLEX Operating System J extracts 4 /' ■ m$ ■■(■■■■■■^■IHH HI from the 8 bit 6809 microprocessor allowing it to outperform many 16 bit systems With the UniFLEX™ Operating System, the 8 bit 6809 microprocessor can perform as well as larger CPUs in a multi- user, multi-tasking environment. Independently developed from the ground up, UniFLEX™ closely models the features found in the UNIX™ Operating System. And in two years of use, UniFLEX™ has proven the a bilities of the 6809 to perform large system functions when incorporated into a properly designed mainframe. Some of the features supported include: • full multi-user, multi-tasking capabilities • hierarchical file systems • device independent I/O • fourGigabytediskcapacities • full file protection • inter-task communication via pipes • I/O redirection • task swapping for efficient memory usage • full random-access files • comprehensive shell command language • foreground-background jobs • electronic mail and printer spooling • system accounting facilities The support software currently available for use under UniFLEX™ is extensive. Asampling of the programs available includes: • native C compiler (full implementation) • native Pascal compiler • FORTRAN 77 ANSI Subset compiler • COBOL compiler with ISAM files, Report Writer8c Sort/Merge • Extended BASIC interpreter • Extended BASIC precompiler • text editing and processing software • enhanced printer spooler • variety of absolute and relocatable assemblers • debug and diagnostic packages Technical Systems Consultants, Inc. also offers a line of single user FLEX™ software prod ucts for 6800 and 6809 processors. For those having an absolute needjora 1 6 bit processor, UniFLEX™ will be avail- able through OEM licensing arrange- ments forthe 68000 microprocessor. Please call orwrite for additional information on individual products or OEM licensing arrangements. UNIX'" is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. FLEX'" and UniFLEX'" are trademarks of Technical Systems Consultants, Inc. technical /y/tem/ con/ultantr, inc. ■111 Providence Road Chapel Hill, North Carolina 2751 4 (919)493-1451 any single valid S-expression and return it as the value of the READ. READA will read a single atom or the single characters open-parenthesis and close-parenthesis. READC will read a single character; it does not wait for a carriage return. Similarly, the function (OUT= < S-exper> ) controls the destination of the functions PRINT, PRINT. , and PRIN2. PRINT outputs one S-expression followed by a carriage return. PRINl outputs an S-expression, remov- ing double quotes from atom names. It does not print a carriage return. PRIN2 is like PRINT, but does not print a carriage return. The forms (OPEN ) and (CLOSE ) create input/output (I/O) buffers in memory for disk transfers and clear those buffers, respectively. These are necessary to allow for file I/O. Although we tried several different schemes, we could not get file I/O to work. The forms (IN# ) and (OUT# ) also redirect I/O. These specify a slot number, , on the Apple interface bus. OUT# causes data to be sent both to the screen and to the device in slot N. IN# and OUT# reset input and output to normal operation, respectively. If no device is present in the slot specified (except for 0), the system will hang. Space Management The NEW and MEM functions allow an App-L-ISP use: to control space management. NEW clears all but the predefined forms from memory. MEM explicitly invokes garbage collection and returns the number of free bytes in memory. It is not clear how App-L-ISP actually manages space. Normally, we would not have complained about this lack of information, as the typical LISP programmer need not be concerned how space is managed. The App-L-ISP manual devotes three appendixes to this subject, how- ever, and none of them is very clear. Interaction with the Apple App-L-ISP provides a number of features for interact- ing with the Apple and Apple DOS. Unfortunately, many of these features are not well explained. For exam- ple, App-L-ISP provides PEEK and POKE functions, but it is not at all clear which memory locations are useful or available to the user. Similarly, it has a CALL function that will execute machine code at an arbitrary address, but there are no instructions about where you could put your own code or what system code might be worth call- ing. As in Apple BASICs, anything printed immediately after a Control-D will be treated as an operating-system command. This capability seems quite useful to us. Some of the more common operating-system commands are also duplicated as functions. For example, (CATALOG) and (PROGN (PRINT '" ") (PRINT CATALOG)) have the same effect. App-L-ISP also includes functions to use the Apple tone generator and graphics. Documentation and Library Software As we have alluded to in several places, the documen- tation for App-L-ISP is far too sketchy. The software is distributed with a small manual and a textbook (LISP by P. H. Winston and B. Horn, Addison-Wesley, T981). The manual claims only to contain "synoptic descriptions of the commands available in App-L-ISP." Users are ex- pected to use the manual as a supplement to the textbook. To support this, App-L-ISP is distributed with a set of App-L-ISP functions that, it is claimed, emulate a num- ber of the MACLISP functions used by Winston and Horn. Saturn Navigator now A2-3D1 licensed! Yes, SubLOGIC's A2-3DA Saturn Navigator is now available as a complete package, incorporating all of the graphic routines necessary for a successful flight from earth to Saturn. If you've been looking for a realistic 3D space flight simulation, this is the one for you. / For the Apple II plus or Apple II with Applesoft ROM. 48K. $34.95. See your dealer! "Apple" is the registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. LOGIC Communications Corp. 713 Edgebrook Drive Champaign, I L 61820 (217) 359-8482 228 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 428 on inquiry card. BUSINESS FORM PROCESSING Application Memo #1= INVOICES ORDER UilJmJ. LUAMUJ-U, IWW/LUllLi UA.IU iW-tUAi CRT SCREEN O I Send for Application Note INV-01 Other VersaForm Uses: Purchase Orders Professional Billing Inventory Ledgers Job Costing Personnel Records REPORTS RECEIVABLES: BY DATE AND/OR CUSTOMER YEAR TO DATE BY CUSTOMER SALES BY PRODUCT DAILY INVENTORY ACTIVITY MONTH'S RESULTS BY SALESPERSON MAIL LABELS I I • i CD i ; i i ; I ED ; Now there's a way to quickly automate specific areas of your business . . . using existing forms. In a single session you can emulate a standard invoice on a personal computer (as shown on side). Automatic filling, calculating and data checking features to speed error-free processing. It's called Business Form Processing, a brand new concept in desktop computing. Producing management reports that used to take days now takes minutes. Just specify which items contained within your form are to be sorted, sub and summary totalled. Each report as shown took only minutes to specify, and minutes to produce. It's the combination of the easy-to-use reporting facility with its powerful forms emulator that makes VersaForm more than just a data base. You can use existing forms. With a simple output formatting module, VersaForm lets you overprint processed information to a pre-printed form, or to blank paper that becomes its own custom form. It even customizes your output to your printer's line spacing and number of characters per line, and can omit confiden- tial data from final customer drafts. If you have a form, we've got the system and solution to higher productivity. Visit your local computer store where Apples are sold. Hard Disk versions available VersaForm Business Form Processor Applied Software Technology 14125 Capri Drive Los Gatos, California 95030 (408) 370-2662 Circle 32 on inquiry card. Stackworks Forth Means Fast Development Stackworks Forth is more than a language- it is a complete approach to Z80 software development. A full, extendable interpreter- compiler producing compact code, optionally ROMable to under 2K, Stackworks Forth is as fast as compiled Fortran, as easy to use as interactive Basic. Completely I/O compatible with CP/M, Stackworks Forth is a simple, self-contained, stack oriented system allowing high level development and instantaneous debugging and modification of complete end user oriented programs. Stackworks Forth is fast and its threaded list structure offers production code approaching and in many cases exceeding the compactness of equivalent assembly code. Stackworks Forth is ideally suited for rapid software design with immediate testing capability, for applications in robotics, hardware development, process control, any field with a need for Stackworks power. Stackworks Forth Means Power Stackworks Forth means compact production code, high speed, high level coding, fast on- the-spot debugging, in-line assembly code capability, simplicity of structure, and more . . . Forty-Five Dollars provides the user with a complete, fully documented system for Z80 CP/M software development (includes 16 bit, 32 bit, and 13 digit BCD math routines). Option B adds the Stackworks Forth assembler and debugger to the base package and includes tutorial for a total of $80. Option C includes the above with ROM option and source code for creating modules in as little as 2K bytes and allows unlimited in- house use of Stackworks Forth for $400. Commercial users are invited to inquire about additional Stackworks Forth licenses. Option D provides Option B software and the Xedex Baby Blue add-in board for the IBM Personal Computer for a total of $600. MasterCard, Visa, or American Express call 800/457-4544 or write The Stackworks, 1414 E University, Box 1596, Bloomington, IN 47402. Stackworks Forth for both CP/M-86 and DOS on the IBM Personal Computer ... in development. Expression evaluated by TESTER Counts LC 119 DC 162 BIGCAR 258 BIGCDR 256 '(HAS-AS-MEMBER-I 'B LONG1) 40 '(HAS-AS-MEMBER-R 'B LONG1) 34 '(REMOVE-ELEMENT-I "B LONG41) 3 '(REMOVE-ELEMENT-R 'B LONG41) 34 Table 2: The results of the timing tests applied to App-L-ISP. For the benchmark programs used, see "Three Microcom- puter LISPs," BYTE, September 1981, p. 388. This series of tests was conducted as in the previous article (except that the Apple had only 48K bytes of RAM). REMOVE-ELEMENT-I was particularly slow because of a very slow recursive ver- sion of APPEND. Trying (TESTER NIL) for more than 10 seconds caused the system to crash. LISP is not standard and you need more than a "synop- tic definition," particularly since App-L-ISP differs in many ways from the MACLISP dialect of Winston and Horn. In fact, the MACLISP emulation functions are relatively crude and do not always work as described. Besides being sketchy, the manual is also inaccurate and confusingly organized. For example, the ADD1 (in- crement 1) predefined function is documented, but not provided. The table of contents is formatted in a confus- ing way and there is no index. In addition to the MACLISP emulation functions and the editor functions (discussed in another section), sev- eral other files of functions are distributed with App-L- ISP. Included is a simple version of Weizenbaum's ELIZA (called DOCTOR here), a tower of Hanoi demonstration of App-L-ISP's graphics capabilities, functions to use the Apple screen for graphics, and functions to pretty print into a text file. None of these packages are adequately documented. An annotated listing of these files would have been quite helpful. Such a listing would help in both documenting the package and giving badly needed ex- amples of App-L-ISP code. Conclusions App-L-ISP provides a minimal, but complete, LISP system that runs at an adequate speed. (The timing tests are shown in table 2. These tests are the same as per- formed in our article on the Z80 LISPs.) App-L-ISP is slower and has fewer features than the Z80 LISPs. The documentation, and much of the library software, is inadequate. The manual could easily be doubled in size and should be better organized. The library software should be rewritten so that the global variables used will not interfere with user code. The editor, while not making full use of the Apple, is quite nice. The pretty printer is not satisfactory, working poorly with the Apple screen and not at all with a printer. App-L-ISP is suitable as an educational tool for teach- ing recursion, applicative programming, and basic LISP.B 230 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Although the Datasouth DS180 matrix printer may not exactly rate as a work of art, our customers have a very high opinion of its value. Over the past year, we have shipped thousands of DS180 printers to customers throughout the world. Many of our sales now come in the form of repeat business —a strong testimonial to the acceptance of a product. The success of the DS180 in a very competitive market did not happen by accident; rather through our sensitivity to the needs of the industry. This sensitivity we carry through research and development, production and quality con- trol and finally to after sales support and service. Recently we introduced new enhancements to make the DS180 printer even more versatile. Dot addressable raster scan graphics produces output of computer generated charts, maps and graphs at a resolution of 75 x 72 dots per inch. Variable horizontal pitch selection allows printing at 10, 12 or 16.5 characters per inch plus double wide printing at 5, 6 or 8.25 characters per inch. The expanded 2K FIFO print buffer handles a full CRT screen dump at up to 9600 baud without de- laying the host system. We also offer transparent mode for isolat- ing communications problems, and for APL users, the dual ASCII/ APL character set option. Check ourlist of features and we thinkyou will agree that the DS180 offers the most complete perfonnance package in matrix printers. « j //// i\\\\ » Mil roprocussoi Control ■ IKIICPS Print Spoad • Bidlrei ii"ii,il/t.ui|l< Soaking loEndofUnaCarriduaKutuni .All fSPawrSow ■ A.lin I..IJ.- I'm, i % ASCII Our, id (Front or El le Format Rat The DS180 is available nationwide through our network of sales/service distributors. SXt '» I t9H "Vf^i&T^Om,,^ 1^ '"M ■ ■ ■ Now Available Nationwide ! Through Participating COMPUTERLAND Stores J Circle 149 on inquiry card. i >~ ita©(s computer corporation P.O. Box 240947 . Charlotte, NC 28224 • 704/523-8500 Technical Forum Find That Disk R. E. Bruninga, LCDR, USN USS Blue Ridge LCC-19 FPO San Francisco, CA 96628 I might never have organized, except that I moved aboard a ship with all my microcomputing junk, and limited quarters dictated more efficient use of space. One of the more annoying problems was what to do with my pile of 5Vi-inch disks — the constant shuffling in search of a specific disk was a little like playing with a deck of awkward cards. Separating and boxing them according to broad catagories was no help because each disk still had to be partially withdrawn to determine its contents. This generally resulted in a small wrestling match with the box and the assorted unused write-protect tabs and labels that always seem to get in the way. There had to be a better solution. There is. And it doesn't cost a cent. Having no use for those labels, and being the reckless sort who doesn't use write-protect tabs, I came up with the following solution: throw the labels away but save one to label the box. Then place the write-protect tabs in different positions on the top edge of each of the ten disks, as shown in figure 1. Don't write anything on the tabs — they are simply markers that correlate to the legend printed on the inside of the box cover. In fact, the order of the disks as you replace them in the box no longer matters: you can always find the correct disk by reaching for the one with the tab located opposite the desired title on the box lid. Another advantage is not having to keep track of disk jackets: since you only use one or two disks at a time, you can leave them in the box. Using a disk then becomes a simple task of reaching for the right subject box, remov- ing the selected disk, and inserting it in the right drive. After use, just place the disk in the box in any available jacket. It will always be retrievable by sightl This system has worked successfully for more then six months and frustration is now a thing of the past. I may have lost my dexterity at card shuffling, but as long as I can continue to ignore write-protect tabs, I look forward to years of happy disk finding. ■ Figure 1: The write-protect tab on the top of each disk is directly opposite a short description written on the inside of the top 232 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc ■z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z- Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-i -z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z- Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-i ■z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z-z- -z-z-z-z-z-: -z-z-z-z-z-z - Two billion characters and still going strong. We build Dataroyal computer printers to perform day after day in the harshest environments. As an example, we ran- domly chose five of our orisinal produc- tion printers and ran them continuously in a life test that lasted 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 2 years. In that time they each printed more than two billion characters. They operated at a 100 per- cent duty cycle and 100 percent print density, and achieved an MTBF of 2,281 hours. This means from eight to ten years of maintenance-free operation in normal applications. Circle 143 on inquiry card. We achieve that kind of product reliability with modern LSI circuitry and fewer moving mechanical parts. Computer systems manufacturers choose Dataroyal with confidence as do Fortune 500 companies who use Data- royal with the finest business computers. If you want a trouble-free computer printer, you want one from the company that's going strong. Call or write Dataroyal Incorporated, 235 Main Dunstable Road, Nashua, New Hampshire 03061, (603) 883-4157. Or contact your local dealer for Dataroyal information. DATA ROYA L INCORPORATED "IBM Personal Computer" USERS YOU DESERVE THE BESTl v k A j j choose what the professionals use Combo Card (User Upgradeable) • MC-064 64K From $435 • MC-1 28 1 28K From $635 • MC-1 92 192K From $835 • MC-256 256K From $1035 • Suffix S = ASYNC comm. option $60 • Suffix P = parallel printer option $60 • Suffix SP= both options $120 • User upgrade document available for sale, order model MC-001SP • Program compatible with IBM's 64KB-256KB Parity Memory • MP-064: $395 • MP-128: $595 • MP-192: $975 • MP-256: $995 • User upgradeable • Fully assembled, tested & burned-in • 1 -year warranty Advanced Communication • CC-232: $295 • 2 RS232 ports • Capable of ASYNC, BISYNC, SDLC, HDLC rWl**«Tt^ ASYNC Communication CC-032: $145 • CC-132: $275 • CC-032 offers 1 serial port • CC-132 offers 2 ports Program compatible with IBM's Serial Com. Card Hardware Prototype • WW-068: $75 • WW-069: $55 • WW-068 wire wrap card (13" x 4.2") • WW-069 extender Get both for $95 Our customers include: IBM, TRW, Bell Labs, Visicorp, Softech Microsystems Inc., Information Unlimited Software, Context Management, Network Consulting Inc., etc. R€S€flRCH INC. 17925 Sky Park Circle, Suite B Irvine, CA 92714 (714) 540-1333 Dealer Inquiries Welcome Software Review Tawala's Last Redoubt Hartley G. Lesser 3243 Oakes Drive Hayward, CA 94542 Broderbund Software has finally released Tawala's Last Redoubt, the fourth and most challenging adventure so far in the Galactic Saga series. Prior action followed the life of the mighty Emperor Tawala Mundo, whose origin was the small planet of Galactica. As his influence spread with the aid of Julian du Buque, Tawala crowned himself ruler of the 20 planets in the Central Galactic System. Many years of restlessness followed. The Emperor cashiered du Buque, the one-time commander of Tawala's armed forces, for unstated reasons. Tawala lacked du Buque's skill in planning and logistics and feared du Buque would use his talents against his rule. Thus, Julian du Buque became a hunted man. Elsewhere dissatisfaction among the merchant class ig- nited a revolution which du Buque ultimately joined. He led the successful overthrow of Tawala Mundo, and the once-proud and haughty ruler was forced to flee when the rebellion toppled his throne and swept aside his re- maining puppets. A newly opened planet, Farside, became Tawala's refuge. Amid a core of powerful supporters, Tawala con- structed a redoubt, a fortification to protect him from those who wanted to destroy him. The Mission The fourth adventure begins on Farside. You take the role of a rebel leader named Benthi. The insurgents' camp is veiled by the southern mountains of the inhabited areas of Farside. Benthi — earth-woman, fighter, and strate- gist — initially leads a small and ill-equipped band of rebels. Your goal is to elicit support from the eight village chieftains, avoid the forays sent by Tawala, and ultimately defeat the Emperor within his redoubt. No easy task here. The pitfalls are many. Yet with cun- ning and forethought you can succeed. Those who have played any of the preceding three Galactic Saga adventures may look forward to the same At a Glance Type Language Adventure-style game Applesoft BASIC; machine- code subroutines for Manufacturer animation Broderbund Software 1938 Fourth St. Computer San Rafael, CA 94901 Apple II and II Plus; 48K 415-456-6424 bytes of memory and one disk drive (also available for Price TRS-80s, cassette and disk) S 29.95 (disk) Documentation Author 27-page instruction booklet Douglas Carlston Audience Format Adventure and simulation 5 'A -inch floppy disk game players (13- and 16-sector) type of challenge. For those who have no prior experience Tawala's Last Redoubt is the best of the entire series. The Software I reviewed the package for the Apple II, although ver- sions for both disk- and cassette-based TRS-80s exist. The single disk boots on either 13- or 16-sector systems. The package includes a well-written and interesting rule book that introduces you to the control functions and gives you a history of the revolution on Farside. Game Features The first outstanding game feature is its speed. Upon loading, you can indicate how fast you want to play. You can thus accelerate play during the waiting periods or slow the pace when several activities are taking place at once. The second worthwhile feature is the ability to save up to nine games on the same disk. You can halt and save the 1 Circle 4 on inquiry card. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 235 game at any point of play and have nine such partially played games awaiting recall. You are able, for example, to examine different strategies for specific results during any stage of the game. The instruction booklet contains the 14 input and out- put routines used in the adventure. Master Menu Play is governed by the entry of single-letter or number commands. After you have determined the game's speed, the screen clears to show Benthi's headquarters, designated by a pitched tent and campfire. The action begins here. A message in the upper left-hand corner of the screen tells you your current location, while the upper right- hand corner displays the passage of time. The master menu is shown in the lower right-hand corner. You have three main options: M)essenger, intelligence, and 0)rders. Military Intelligence Because you will have very little information when you begin play, the intelligence option perhaps should be examined first. After pressing the letter "I," a submenu that contains the four additional selections M)ap, D)ossier, Geographical, and S)end Agent appears. The first selection produces on the screen a map of the area on Farside where the adventure takes place. This consists of Benthi's camp, Tawala's redoubt, and eight villages and their connecting roads. Also shown is your current strength in arms, money, troops, and your cur- rent geographic location. The second selection contains all necessary informa- tion on the eight village chiefs. This is important because negotiations with these leaders are the only way you can increase your supply of arms, money, and troops. If this cannot be accomplished, your defeat by Tawala is cer- tain. The geographical selection deals with the stability of the different inhabited areas, and the fourth selection deals with your two spies. It also opens up communica- tion with your Chief of Intelligence, Paoli. You tell Chief Paoli where you want the spies sent so that the informa- tion they gather can be relayed back to you. Paoli is a valuable ally and is best kept close at hand. The M)essenger function of the master menu brings one of four animated messengers onto the screen. Whoever you call forth runs to the center of the screen, salutes, and asks for orders. At this point you'll tell the messenger to see either one of the village chieftains or one of your own rebels at a certain location. If the former, the messenger may be instructed to ask the chieftain for arms, money, or troops and to determine whether threats should be used to ensure compliance. The messenger then departs; he will tell you when the task is done. The final master-menu option breaks up the camp to move elsewhere or Orders your armed personnel either to attack and hold a village or to loot and pillage it. Such actions depend on the movement of Tawala's agents and forces. The latter option would be used primarily against a chieftain who failed to give you the requested aid. Tactical Considerations Handling the village chieftains is an exercise in skilled negotiation because they all possess different character- istics. Carefully read their D)ossiers, which Paoli will give you on request, to learn as much as possible about them before you try to bargain for needed equipment or personnel. Your defeat at the hands of Tawala can come quickly and without warning if you're careless. Suddenly shots will echo about in your location, and bursts of flame will scatter the graphics. This scene will fade, and an evening sky will appear. A man will walk to the center of the screen and salute the heavens, and a touching speech that eulogizes Benthi will scroll before your eyes. Conclusion I highly recommend this game for those with a daring and resourceful will; for those who are able to see the forest because of the trees; and for those who can remain undaunted by an occasional defeat. ■ ii! ■■■ mm '-■ SagW RAPHIC SOFTWARE GRAPHIC SOFTWARE FOR MICROCOMPUTERS —This self-teaching guide will show you how to write your own graphics software. 61 programs for 2D and 3D graphics: interactive input, translations, rotation, isometric views, perspective, scaling, stretching, clipping, surface intersections, shading, hidden line removal, tablet software, animation and more. Applications to science, engineering and business. "One of the most outstanding books on computer software"— A. Grund, U. Illinois; "The best book available on microcomputer graphics"— Creative Computing Feb, 1982. Book-$21.95; Disk-$18.95. ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING SOFTWARE FOR MICROS —A self teaching guide to developing software for engineering applications of microcomputers. Emphasis is on combining graphics with engineering problem solving. Programs included to interactively create engineering drawings, store on disk file, recall, modify and merge. Other programs for simulation, mechanisms design, heat transfer, circuit analysis, optimizations and including Monte Carlo techniques. Programs for Fourier analysis display frequency spectra graphically. This is a valuable collection of modern engineering analysis software for students and professionals. Book-$28.50;Disk-$19.95. Books contain fully documented program listings in BASIC with theory and equations. Disks contain the same programs as the books but without documentation. When ordering disks, please specify APPLE II Plus48K DOS 3.3 orCP/M. 236 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 254 on inquiry card. Programming Quickies A Word-Counting Utility for Writers Steven K. Roberts 5885 Dublin Rd. Dublin, OH 43017 A microcomputer fully configured for use as a word processor is a valuable and addicting asset to a writer, as anyone who has spent more than a few minutes grappling with a typewriter can well imagine. I doubt that I would be trying to make a living in this volatile word business if my trusty word-processing computer system, BEHEMOTH, weren't here to deal with the brutal realities of somehow getting text from my head to paper. But writing, it turns out, also involves a variety of data-shuffling tasks that are not directly involved with text editing and formatting. And then there's that fairly trivial but age-old problem of counting the number of words in a manuscript. Yes, you can multiply some average word count per page by the number of pages in the manuscript, but that's inelegant and fails to accom- modate stylistic variations that can have significant ef- fects on the length of the average word. The word count of a manuscript, by the way, is more than an idle bit of trivia born of a love affair with infor- mation. Primarily, it is a key specification in article assignments, since the amount of space available to an About the Author Steven K. Roberts has written numerous microprocessor-related ar- ticles and two books. He lives and works in Dublin. Ohio, and offloads as much trivia as possible onto BEHEMOTH, his computer system. editor of a publication is predetermined. (Opening the reference book Writer's Market 1981 at random, I note that Bird Watcher's Digest accepts nonfiction articles in the 600 to 3000 word range and fillers of 50 to 225 words.) Second, word count is a part of most book con- tracts, a fact that is giving me little rest these days (180,000 words, it turns out, is a lot). And finally, ob- serving the amount written each day in some sort of dispassionate and objective fashion can provide useful feedback concerning a writer's output. If all that text is in the form of disk files, it becomes quite easy to let the computer do the counting, and the Z80 assembly-language program COUNT (see listing 1) accompanying this 781-word [Before editing.... Ed.] arti- cle does just that. Designed to be run under the Cromemco CDOS operating system, it can easily be adapted to CP/M-based systems, while the concept behind it can be applied to other personal computers. Use of this utility program is straightforward. To count the words in this article, the program is invoked with the command line: COUNT C:WORDCNT.M62. The text file is called WORDCNT.M62 (the manuscript serial number is 62) and happens to be on floppy disk drive C at the moment. The COUNT program just reads the entire article and accumulates the total number of words, using the space, hyphen, and carriage-return STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ON MICROS -This self- teaching guide contains a series of programs which calculate stresses and deflections in beams, plates, trusses and frames using conventional and matrix techniques. Theory, equations and program listings fully documented. Written for the non-specialist who wants to use his micro for structural analysis with minimum investment in time. Use the programs as is or modify for your own applications. Book -$39.95; Disk -$19.95. DATA PLOTTING SOFTWARE DATA PLOTTING ON MICROS— A collection of programs to process and display all types of data: bar charts, stock market charts, engineering and scientific data, 3D views of surfaces, pie charts, sorting, filtering, running averages, curve fitting, and more. Application to business, engineering and science. All programs fully documented and keyed to theory. Use as is or modify for your own applications. Book-$24.95;Disk-$19.95. To order, send check drawn on U.S. bank, money order in US funds, Vita or Mastercard number with expiration date to KERN PUBLICATIONS 1 90 Duck Hill Road, P. 0. 1 029 A. Duxbury. MA 02332. Add $2 per book 4th cl postage in US and Canada; $3 1 st cl or UPS in US: $4.50 1st cl Canada; $12 air Europe and Central America; $18 elsewhere. Call (617) 934-0445 lor lastar delivery. - J-L FHflH J J A S H D KERN r l i.i; i K .'i i. ' i '; ■ 190 Duck Hill Rd Duxbury.MA 02332 Circle 255 on inquiry card. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 237 Programming Quickies.. Listing 1: This Z80 assembly-language program, COUNT, will return the word count of any text file. A word is defined as any group of characters delimited by a space, a hyphen, or a carriage return. When the end-of-file marker is encountered, the total word count is displayed. The subroutine names listed in the comments (FNAME, ZOPN, etc) are Cromemco CDOS system entry points. Their addresses (or the addresses of the equivalent routines on your system) must be set at assembly time. 0000 1 3A5DO0 0003' FE20 0005' CA6500' 0008' 97 0009' 215C00 OOOC 119600' 000F' CDOOOO* 0012' CD0OO0* 0015' CC0000# 0018' 210000 001B' 229400' 001E' AF 001F' 329300' 0022' 0025' 0028' 002A' 002C 002E' 0030' 0032' 0034 ' 0036' 0038' 003A' 003C" 003E' 0041' 0042' 0044 ' 0046' 0048' 004B' 004C 004F' 0050' 0053" 0055' 0058' 005C 0O5F' 0062' 0065' 0068' 006B' 119600' CDOOOOt FE1A 2829 FE20 280C FE2D 2808 FEOD 2804 0600 1802 0601 3A9300' B8 28DE FEOl 2007 2A9400' 23 229400' 78 329300' 18CD 218C00' ED4B9400 ' CDOOOOt 217F00' CDOOOO* 216B00' CD6300* 53706563 69666963 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 0010 0011 0012 0013 0014 0015 0016 0017 0018 0019 0020 0021 0022 0023 24 0025 0026 0027 0028 0029 0030 0031 0032 0033 0034 0035 0036 0037 0038 0039 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 0045 0046 0047 0048 0049 0050 0051 0052 0053 0054 0055 0056 0057 0058 0059 0060 0061 0062 0063 0064 0065 0066 0067 0068 0069 0070 0071 0072 0073 0074 NAME COUNT This program wanders through a text file and accumulates the total number of words (up to 65,535) . A "word" is any group of one or more characters delimited by a space, a hyphen, or a carriage return. Execution is invoked with the standard CDOS command format: COUNT file-ref The assembled file COUNT. REL must be linked with ASMLIB to provide the disk access and binary-decimal routines. These are characterized a? follows: FNAMF - Sets up extended FCB from an FCB. ZOPN - Opens an existing file. ZIOER - Prints file error message from ZOPN. ABORT GCHAR BTNDB HISTORY: START: LOOP: YUP: TEST: SAVE: EOF: ERROUT: EXTRN LD CP JP SUB LD LD CALL CALL CALL LD LD XOR LD LD CALL CP JR CP JR CP JR CP JR LD JR LD LD CP JR CP JR LD INC LD LD LD JR LD LD CALL LD CALL LD CALL Prints a message and exits to CDOS. Inhales one character from the file. Converts binary number to decimal string. Created 10/3/80 (SKR) Edited for MS62 1/1/81 (SKR) Edited for MS55 1/7/81 (SKR) FN AM E, ZOPN, ZIOER, ABORT, GCHAR, BINDB A , ( SDH ) Z, ERROUT A HL,5CH DE,IXFCB FNAME ZOPN Z, ZIOER HL,0 (COUNT) ,HL A (LAST) ,A DE,IXFCB GCHAR 1AH Z , EOF SPACE Z,YUP DASH Z,YUP CR Z,YUP B,WORD TEST B,INTRVL A, (LAST) A,B Z,LOOP A,INTRVL NZ,SAVE HL, (COUNT) HL (COUNT) ,HL A,B (LAST) ,A LOOP HL, STRING BC, (COUNT) BINDB HL,EOFMSG ABORT HL,ERRMSG ABORT ;If the first byte of the filename ; is blank, print error message ;Set up file control block. initialize word count (and the LAST status bit) Get a character from the file If it is EOF, quit If space, hyphen, or CR, we are between words Otherwise, we're in a word Set B=l and go test Set B=0 and test Get the last status Same? If so, go get another character (Only count word -> interval transitions, not the opposite.) Else, increment the word count then save the new status and loop. Translate binary count into decimal string ERRMSG: DEFB ; P r i n t it ;Print an error message 'Specification Error', 13 Listing 1 continued on page 240 238 June 1982 S BYTE Publications Ire CROSS SOFTWARE TOOLS Terminal Terminal IBM Personal Computer Intel Intellec OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT OS COUPLER Couples the user workstation to the host system such that a) alt host commands are available. b) files can be moved to/from a mounted file system located at the workstation, and c) 8086/8087/8088 files can be executed at the workstation. For example, assume that your editor is written in portable C, is running on the host system, and is giving poor response due to host system loading. To gain real-time response, simply cross-compile it on the host, move it to your workstation, and execute it there. You can move programs, including the C compiler itself, to your workstation as desired. Note that the workstation does not require massive amounts of file storage to provide a host system environment. The workstation can be decoupled from the host for stand-alone operation. Workstations supported: IBM Personal Computer and Intel Intellec system. Coming soon: DEC Personal Computer. PASCAL AND/OR C CROSS-COMPILERS For Pascal, all facilities of the ISO definition are supported. For C, all facilities of the complete language, including floating point for the 8087 and 32-bit pointers, are supported. Optionally, memory can be allocated for optimal use of the 8088. Output is symbolic assembly language. Optionally, the output contains symbolic debug information. "KCROSS ASSEMBLER/LINKER LIBRARIAN/LOADER Assembler syntax is a notable improvement to that used by Intel. Features include optimized branches, symbol table listings, and full 8087 support. Loader output is an Intel OMF file, an Intel hex file, or an IBM PC-DOS file. Host System for 1 : VAX/PDP-1 1 running UNIX. Coming soon: VAX running VMS, IBM running VM/CMS. Host System for 2 and 3: PDP-1 1 running RT-1 1, RSX-1 1 M, UNIX/V6, UNIX/V7; or VAX running VMS, UNIX/32V Intel and Intellec are trademarks of Intel Corporation. UNIX and UNIX/32V are trademarks of Bell Laboratories. DEC, RT- 1 1 , RSX- 1 1 M, PDP- 1 1 , VMS, and VAX- 1 1 are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. IBM, VM, CMS, and IBM Personal Computer are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. dvanced igital Products, Inc. 1701 2 1st Avenue S., Suite 222 Nashville, Tennessee 37212 Phone (615) 383-7520 Circle 11 on inquiry card. Programming Quickies. Listing 1 continued: 6174696F 6E204572 726F720D 007F' 576F7264 0075 EOFMSG: DEFB 'Word count = i 20636F75 6E74203D 20 008C 30303030 30300D 0076 0077 STRING: DEFB '000000 ' ,13 0093' 00 0078 LAST: DEFB ;Word/interval flag 0094 ' 0000 0079 0080 COUNT: DEFW ;Binary word count 0096' 00 0081 IXFCB: DEFB 0097' (0022) 0082 DEFS 34 00B9' BE0O' 0000 0083 DEFW IBUFF, 00BD' 04 0084 DEFB 4 00BE' (0200) 0085 0086 IBUFF: DEFS 80H*4 ;Disk buffer (0020) 0087 SPACE: EQU 20H (002D) 0088 DASH: EQU 2DH (000D) 0089 CR: EQU 0DH (0000) 0090 WORD: EQU (0001) 0091 0092 INTRVL: EQU 1 02BE (0000 ') 0093 END START Errors Program Length 02BE (702) characters as delimiters. When it encounters the end-of- file mark (hexadecimal character 1A), it stops and displays the word count on the console. This final value, it should be noted, includes any output-formatting directives associated with the word- processor that are embedded in the text, introducing a slight error in excess of the actual number of words. The word count of this article includes twenty-three nonprint- ing "words" (formatter commands). If you are paid by the word, it might be worthwhile to add a test for whatever command prefix character your formatter re- quires and suppress the normal toggling of the LAST flag (see listing 1) when one is found — but that may be more trouble than it's worth. For convenience, I have built COUNT into a batch file that takes care of formatting the text on my Diablo printer. Thus, each time an article or chapter is printed, its word count is displayed and can be noted on the title page, used for gambling purposes, or ignored entirely. In a current textbook project (Industrial Design with Microcomputers, to be published by Prentice-Hall), I am adding weekly segments to a graph fondly dubbed the "PFD curve": cumulative word count is plotted against time with a straight reference line drawn from the start of the project to the deadline. Naturally, the actual curve is roughly exponential, with a nice lazy slope at the begin- ning, a knee at the onset of stress, and a nearly asymp- totic rise in the last few weeks as the approaching deadline triggers panic. Oh yes, "PFD" stands for "Pro- crastination Followed by Despair." The word-count program allows informed, rather than naive, dismay at the amount of work left to be done in an ever-dwindling amount of time. Ain't technology wonderful? ■ THE IEEE 488 TO S-100 INTERFACE (lEEE-488) ■Handles all IEEE-488 1975/78 functions ■IEEE 696 (S-100) compatible ■MBASIC subroutines supplied; no BIOS mods required ■3 parallel ports (8255A-5) ■Industrial quality; burned in and tested IDealer inquiries invited! DSW DIGITAL S-100 1524 REDWOOD DRIVE LOS ALTOS, CA 94022 14151 966-1460 240 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 140 on inquiry card. The Alternative BASIS 108 Hardware and Software compatible with Apple II™ Standard Features • 6502 and Z80 Microprocessors • 64K RAM, expandable to 128K • 2K Monitor ROM, plus sockets for 10K additional ROM • RGB and Composite Video Output • Selectable 80 or 40 column text display • High Resolution Graphics: 6 colors, 280x192 or 280x160 with four lines of text • Color Graphic Mode: 15 colors, 40x48 or 80x48: 40x40 or 80x40 with four lines of text • 8 bit Parallel I/O • RS-232C Serial I/O Detached Keyboard: All standard keyboard functions, Upper/Lower case characters, Numeric keypad, Cursor block, and 15 Programmable special function keys Built-in mounting for two 5-1/4 inch floppy disk drives Six Apple compatible slots for plug-in peripherals Game paddle I/O Built-in loudspeaker Two switched accessory power outlets Mounting for up to six DP-25 plugs SEETHE ALTERNATIVE AT BOOTH 1936 JUNE 28-30, 1982 Atlantic City Convention Hall Atlantic City, NJ INCORPORATED |Hfi: 23116 Summit Road Los Gatos, CA 95030 (408) 353-1102 TWX: 910-590-8000 1982 BASIS. INC. Circle 54 on inquiry card. The Input/ Output Primer Part 5: Character Codes Character codes turn computer data into messages that people can understand. Steve Leibson Cadnetics Corporation 5797 Central Ave. Boulder, CO 80301 Last month, we looked at two in- terfaces: the BCD (binary-coded deci- mal) and the RS-232C serial. Our ex- amination of these interfaces and our earlier look at the parallel and IEEE-488 interfaces showed some of the strides made in achieving hard- ware compatibility in data communi- cations. But hardware is only half the battle. All the people of the world share the same hardware for spoken communications: the lips, teeth, tongue, larynx, and the rest of the complex vocal tract for transmitting, and the ears for receiving. Spoken communication, however, is possible This article is the fifth in Steve Leib- son's six-part series, The Input/Output Primer. The series describes the prob- lems involved in communications be- tween computers and the outside world, and explains how some of these problems have been solved. The last article will discuss interrupts, buffers, grounds, and signal degradation. "An I/O Glossary, " which defines many terms used in these articles, appeared with the series' first installment (February 1982 BYTE, page 122). Table numbers are continued from Part 3. only when two people know the same language — the same way of encoding information. Just as speech would be impossible without common languages, commu- nication between computers would be impossible without agreement on character codes. For this month, we will put aside considerations of equip- ment compatibility and concentrate on the codes that enable machines to communicate with one another. As described earlier in this series, digital computers use a binary lan- guage to represent information inter- nally. Since some of the devices to which computers must talk are de- signed for human use — notably printers and video-display ter- minals — it is important that a com- puter communications code be com- patible with human communications. Several methods to achieve such com- patibility are available. Each method involves a different way of encoding the letters and numerals that form the basis of person-to-person communi- cation. The advantages of having all com- puters use the same computer com- munications code are clear. While the quality of codes varies enormously, almost any universal standard would be better than none. The road to a single standard communications code has not run straight, however, and has yet to reach its destination. A look back down this road will make the status of contemporary communi- cations codes easier to understand. The Greek Standard Code Long before the invention of the computer, people encoded informa- tion so they could communicate beyond the range of the human voice. Smoke signals, drumbeats, and flags all served to extend the range of com- munication. Perhaps the first character code was that devised for the Greek alpha- bet in about 300 BC. The 24 letters were placed in a 5 by 5 arrangement, starting with alpha in row 1, column 1, and ending with omega in row 5, column 4. To signal each of the 24 characters, the Greek signalmen set vases atop two walls. The number of vases on one wall indicated the number of the row occupied by a character in the 5 by 5 table; the number of vases on the other wall in- dicated the number of the column oc- cupied by the character. By setting five vases on the row wall and four vases on the column wall, a signal- man could send the character omega. Although understandable in a vase- intensive culture with an abundance of slave labor, this means of commu- 242 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc nication had obvious drawbacks. For one thing, it suffered from the age-old problem of working only as far as the eye could see. Greater range required bigger vases. When vases became so big that men could hardly lift them, however, the rate of transmission must have slowed from say, 1 char- acter every 2 minutes to 1 every 15 or 20 minutes. (This is a hardware prob- lem, it's true; forgive the digression.) Other problems with the Greek system were definitely in the soft- ware. The 5 by 5 table left no room for numerals and punctuation. The code derived from the 5 by 5 table also allowed no provision for error checking. Evidently, no one saw the need for anything like a parity vase. Attempts at handshaking were also doomed. You could have used the twenty-fifth character (five vases on each wall) to mean "start sending," for example, but what could you do to say "stop sending"? Smash a vase? Euclid, who was then living in Alexandria, could probably have straightened out the system in the beginning if someone had turned the matter over to him. The history of telecommunications might have avoided two millennia of needless confusion and grief. Unfortunately, no one bothered asking Euclid, or his consulting fee was too high. As a result, the 5 by 5 table has plagued communications codes down the centuries. More than a thousand years later, prisoners in medieval dungeons communicated by using a similar 5 by 5 table to encode the 26 letters of the Roman alphabet. To squeeze 26 characters into 25 places, the prisoners used the same coor- dinates for both I and J. The prisoners sent messages by tapping out pairs of numbers; one tap followed by one tap meant A. The torments of the 5 by 5 table af- flicted everyone from the bottom of society to the top, from prisoner to intellectual. In 1551, the Italian math- ematician Gerolamo Cardano pro- posed using five torches on five towers in much the same way the prisoners had used sounds. By 1803, inventors in both France and Ger- many had devised optical telegraphs using codes much like Cardano's. Electrifying Changes The discovery and harnessing of electricity introduced many new possibilities, but no one seemed to know quite what to do with them. One of the early proposals for a tele- communications code, submitted to a Scottish magazine in 1753 and signed "C, M.," was simple but had pro- found implications for hardware. C. M. wanted to run 26 parallel wires from town to town, one wire for each letter of the alphabet. A Swiss inven- tor built a prototype system based on this 26-wire principle. Too bad there was a shortage of wire. In 1833, Carl Friedrich Gauss used a code like Cardano's to send mes- sages by deflecting a needle five times, right or left. Samuel Morse and others soon put electromagnets to use in communica- tions. Morse devised his code of dots and dashes by 1835, and demon- S-100 INNOVATORS: c i T R N I C S I N C. See your local from REMOTE CONTROLLER-lnnovative Features: *Complete 256 address control— not just 16 *No ultrasonic link— prevents erractic operation *120,208,240 and 277VAC control-for single & 3 phase operation * Hardware driven— requires minimal software * Complete line of industrial switches available— to 5.5KW REAL TIME CLOCK— Innovative Featuers: *First to use LSI OKI clock chip *Crystal controlled for .002% accuracy *4 software selectable clock generated interrupts * Full clock and calendar data * Lithium battery backup good for 6000 hours! ENERGY WATTCHER™-lnnovative Features: * First microcomputer based energy monitor * Clip on probes for easy installation * Monitors Real Power, not volt-amps *Peak Power and continuous power readings * Single and 3 phase operation computer dealer or contact SciTronics directly for more information. Watch for future innovative products SciTronics Inc., 523 So. Clewell St., P.O. Box 5344, Bethlehem, PA 18015 (215) 868-7220 Circle 403 on inquiry card. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 243 SUPERBRAINS SUPERBRAIN QD 64K List $2995 only $2449 COMPUSTARS Available to Dealers NORTH STAR Minicomputer Performance Green Phosphor Options: Graphics + CP/M List $3,999 Only $2,989 Z-89 48K List $2895 only $2099 Z-90 64K DD 3195 ONLY $2489 ADVANTAGE AMERICAN SQUARE COMPUTERS is organizing a World Wide Association of Computer Dealers. Open a Store or Start Work Out of Your Home! We Charge NO FRANCHISE FEE! (Our Competitors charge a FRAN- CHISE FEE of from $15,000.00 to $45,000.00.) Be a Winner! Let US help YOU get started MAKING MONEY by HELPING PEOPLE to put COMPUTERS to WORK. Write or Phone today. f£N£TH TELEVIDEO TERMINALS. . .910 $518,. . .925 $718 GODBOUTCOMPUPRO Super Sixteen 8085/8088 is the fastest combo 8/16 CPU. LIST $3904 Special $2873 SEATTLE'S 16 bit COMPUTER is here! 8 MHz 8086 CPU the fastest S-100 computer! 128K Static RAM, DD Disk Controller, 22-slot Main Frame, 86-DOS, #2 128K LIST $4185 ONLY $3349 #1 As above but 64K LIST . . . $3190 . . . ONLY 2649 Monitor Green Phosphor $114 i,i, ;! '#'"V' ,; '' , "' J " / '' TERMINALS Z-19 $638 INTERTUBE m Super Smart $710 EPSON MX-80 FT. $598 MX-80 $474 MX-100 $749 ANADEX 9501 $1290 NEC Letter Qual Friction & Tractor call ZENITH printer Z-25 list 1595 only $1256 C. Itoh F10 Letter quality $1449 A ATARI CALIFORNIA COMPUTER 2210A LIST $1995 ONLY $1722 Z80, 64K, I/O, Disk controller + CP/M. Model 302 is the larger system: 2.4 Mb 8" Z80, 64K, and optional OASIS, CP/M, or MP/M operating system. LIST $5295 ONLY $4674 SYSTEMS GROUP SYSTEM 2800 Runs CP/M or OASIS. Supports single user & multi- user & multi task. Up to 5 megabytes with 8" drives. Optional 10-megabyte hard disk. Optional tape back up #2812 $5035 ONLY $3775 ATARI 400 List $399 only $340 800 List $899 only $675 Wonderful Games — Education for your family Main Frames-S-100 $200 up Advanced Micro Digital Superquad Single Board Computer with Z80 64K and FDC $749 Dual 68000 CPU S100-Super Fast— Save CALL TARBELL'S Empire I&n have two 8" disk drives. The I is single sided, the H. is double sided. FREE Business Software Empire I LIST $4888 Only $3666 We sell The Finest Hardware AMERICAN square; 919-889-4577 We sell The Finest Software COMPUTERS 4167 Kivett Dr. *W Jamestown, NC 27282 CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. 919-883-1105 LOWEST PRICE- BEST QUALITY NORTH STAR Horizon 2 2-5 V4" Disk Drives 64K Double Density Factory assem. & tested Factory guaranteed A few left Low Price only $2499 DECISION I Powerful North Star BASIC Free Superb for Business & Science HORIZON STANDARD IS NOW HRZ-2-64K QUAD Factory Assembled & Tested List Horizon-2-64K-Quad $3599 Horizon-1-64K-QHD 5 $5999 Horizon RAM ASM 32K = $424 64K Big Sale on Multi-User Time-Sharing English to Basic Translator North Star Hard Disk 18 Mb $5375 North Star Time Sharing Multi User Zbasic 2 to 5 times faster! $350 Secretary Word Processor Wordstar Word Processor Floating Point Board $399 Oasis Multi-User Software SAVE CP/M for N * Extra features Micro Mike Software SAVE Ecosoft Accounting MICROSTAT Pascal-80 $600 Extra Precision Basic Northwood $199 Mailmanager $299 Infomanager $399 General Ledger $499 Accounts Receivable $499 Accounts Payable $499 Inventory $499 Order Entry $499 PROPAC $1499 DOS + Basic 5.2 Only $2689 $4559 = $594 call $99 $4568 call call $99 $296 $339 call $230 call $265 $515 $50 $179 $224 $349 $429 $429 $429 $429 $429 $1274 27 "The IBM-360 on the Z-80 & S-100 BUS!" Sixteen Programs running simultaneously! Free CPM, Microsoft BASIC and WORDSTAR with Complete system! LIST 0NLY DECISION 1 + 65K Static + 8" Disks $4375 3377 DECISION 1 + 65K Static + 2 - " Disks 4195 3149 DECISION 1 + 65K Static + 5" Disk + 5MB Hard Disk 5990 4784 DECISION 1 3 user 195K Static + 5" Disk + 5Mb Hard Disk + MICRONX 8035 6428 DECISION 1— Z-80 + 1/0= Power 1725 1294 MORROW 8" Disk Discus 2D + CP/M 600K only $834 Discus 2 + 2 + CP/M 1.2 MEGA B $1074 Add Drives 2D = $599 2 + 2 = $795 Discus 2D-dual + CP/M Only $1384 Free Microsoft BASIC from MORROW with Discus system or hard disk M-26 MORROW Hard Disk 26,000,000 Bytes!! List $4495 Only $3394 Free CPM + BASIC M-20 List $4795 . . Only $3835 M-10 List $3695. .Only $2955 M-5 List $2495. .Only $1994 VI/0-1 -with interrupts FDCII Disk Controller 20 slot motherboard InterSystems Z-80A CPU 4 MHz 64K Dynamic RAM Front Panel List $3795 Only $2839 Without front panel as above only $2716 Front Paneless Recommended for Business Save on Memory and Programs Systems Memory 64K A&T $459 Systems Memory 64K Bank $555 Microangelo $985 Corvus Hard Disk SAVE SSM Video BRD VB3 kit $361 Spectrum Color ASM $326 Cat Novation Modem $169 Memory Merchant 16K $159 Which Computers are Best?— FREE. Insured Shipping at Low Rates. Call For Latest Prices, Details. We Beat Advertised Prices. Factory Guarantees AMERICAN Expert Advice square: 919-889-4577 Circle 23 on inquiry card. COMPUTERS 4167Kivett Dr. ▼ Jamestown N.C. 27282 ®CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. 919-883-1105 EXPAND AND ENHANCE YOUR TD \/i PERSONAL I JD IVlCOMPUTER with the complete line of fully compatible multi-function adapter cards and peripherals by Automated Business Machines, Inc. From entry level configurations to full function office support for the sophisticated business user, ABM products offer exceptional flexibility and capability in expanding the potential of your IBM Personal Computer. • OMNI-BOARD" from $165 Fealuring up to five functions on one board, the OMNI-board provides the capabilities of an expansion chassis on a single board. Configure the functions required now and expand to the maximum configuration when needed. Fully IBM compatible adapters provide for a parallel printer and up to two RS232 asynchronous communication ports. Add the game adapter option which is compatible with IBM software and connects to two standard Apple joysticks. The clock/calendar option with rechargeable battery backup maintains correct time and date even when the computer is switched off. Printer only $ 1 65 Printer & RS232 $265 Printer, clock & RS232 $275 Printer, clock & 2xRS232 $435 • MFMORY EXPANSION Printer, game & clock $295 Clock & 2xRS232 $345 Printer, game, clock & RS232 $345 Printer, game, clock & 2xRS232 $485 from $445 To complement the capabilities of the OMNI-board, this memory expansion provides parity protected memory for your IRM Personal Computer. 64KB increments allow for easy growth to 256KB. MFM-64K $445 MEM-128K $625 MFM- 1 92K $805 MF.M-256K $985 CP/M-80* ADAPTER $545 The CP/M-80 adapter makes available for your IBM Personal Computer thousands of CP/M-80 programs developed for the Z80 and 8080 processors. Featuring a Z80 processor and 64K bytes onboard memory, this adapter comes complete with software necessary to implement CP/M-80 on your IBM Personal Computer. TELEPHONE RECEPTIONIST ADAPTER $995 The telephone receptionist adapter connects directly into a modular phone jack and provides a fully featured 300/1200 baud modem with auto dial and auto answer. A voice synthesis unit and touch tone decoder provide interfaces for automatic telephone answering and remote data input. BSR-X10" ADAPTER $215 Convert your IBM Personal Computer into a security watchdog. The adapter allows the computer to control any electrical appliance in your home or office. Inputs are provided for monitoring of sensors for security and safety control. COLOR TO MONOCHROME INTERFACE CABLE $95 Providing the flexibility to use the features of your IBM color graphics adapter with the quality of your IBM monochrome display, this interface cable allows you to upgrade to color display when required. APPLE " JOYSTICK INTERFACE $29 This interface module plugs into any standard IBM game adapter and provides connections for 2 Apple compatible joysticks. PROTOTYPING CARD $49 Providing Space for up to 96 integrated circuits, this full size prototyping card has power and ground busses and provision for mounting of a DB25 or DB37 connector. OFFICE-WRITER" $1195 Offering letter quality output at matrix printer prices, this unit is a fully featured Adler- Royal 1010 electronic typewriter. It produces impeccable letter quality printing at I 8 c.p.s. and connects to your IBM Personal Computer via an RS232 asynchronous communication port or parallel printer port. 5MB WINCHESTER DISK & ADAPTER $2195 Fitting conveniently inside the second floppy drive location of your IBM Personal Computer, this fast access disk comes complete with an adapter and all necessary software for integration into PC-DOS. Jilt Ik OFFICE AUTOMATION THAT MAKES SENSE. Automated Business Machines Incorporated 29352 Avocet Lane South Laguna, CA 92677 (714) 643-0439 All ABM. Inc. products come complete with a one year warranty and IBM compatible documentation. Order By Mail or Call Today — (714) 643-0439 Name Company City. State. Zip- Enclose Check. Money Order or Credit Card Number and Exp. Dale. California residents add 6% sales tax. .4 VAUABLEA T SELECTED COMPUTERLAND STORES Dealer Inquiries Invited, registered Trademark nf Digital Research. Inc.. IBM-PC is a registered Trademark of IBM Corp. Circle 49 on inquiry card. strated the code repeatedly in 1838. (The best-known demonstration took place in 1844, when Morse trans- mitted over a wire from Washington to Baltimore the message, "What hath God wrought?") For a time, 5 ceased to be a magic number in communica- tions codes. Morse's code used com- binations of from one to six dots and dashes — a dash lasting three times as long as a dot — to represent each of the characters and figures, with pauses indicating the end of one char- acter or word and the beginning of the next. The Morse code soon became the standard in the United States. Europeans found Morse code wanting because it didn't include characters with diacritical marks. To correct this deficiency, the Europeans developed an international version of Morse code in 1851. Morse and Machine Decoding Early in the twentieth century, in- terest developed in replacing human telegraph operators with machines. Morse code was unsuitable for ma- chine decoding because of the prob- lems caused by the varying lengths of the characters. On the other side of the Atlantic, J. M. E. Baudot developed a code around 1880 that became one of the standards in international telegraph communications. Since Baudot's code used the same number of binary digits to represent each character, it was better suited to machine decoding. Unfortunately, the number of binary digits was only 5 (there's that number again). The 5-bit code could generate only 32 possible combinations, fewer than necessary to represent the 26 characters of the alphabet, the 10 decimal digits, and the punctuation marks. Baudot used two shift-control characters — the letter shift and the figure shift — to permit the code to represent all the characters thought necessary. The shift codes do not represent printable characters but select one of two character sets, each composed of the 32 characters. Re- ceipt of a letter-shift code causes all following codes to be interpreted as letters of the alphabet; receipt of a figure-shift code causes all the follow- Go For The Gold DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL®. . . The Standard Of Excellence In Electronic Information. Every four years, athletes set their sights on the "gold." Every day, millions of people set their sights on another standard of excellence— information from Dow Jones, the world's leading provider of business and financial news. Now, through DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL , the publishers of The Wall Street Journal offer owners ol personal computers and terminals instant, electronic ac- cess to this same standard of information excellence. Re- liable information you can use to plan, solve problems and make more informed personal money management decisions. News and services that will help educate your family and bring it into the "Information Age." The Best. . .From The Biggest DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL gives you access to a wealth of exclusive information. Quickly. Easily. In the convenience of your home or office. It's the best in business and financial news and data. . .plus the best in consumer information, such as sports reports, weather fore- casts, movie reviews and, coming soon, an encyclopedia service. Our customers appreciate the quality of Dow Jones information. That's why DOW JONES NEWS/ RETRIEVAL is the nation's largest information re- trieval service. Free Introductory Time If you own a personal computer, or are about to buy one, ask your nearest computer dealer about DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL or call our toll free hotline for our free color booklet. We'll give you one hour of free intro- ductory non-prime time after you become a customer. Don't be confused . There are other retrieval services. But only DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL gives you news from The Wall Street Journal and Barron's , along with other news and information essential for business and investing. Step up to the standard of excellence in electronic information that s as good as gold. Subscribe to DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL today CALL TOLL FREE 800-257-5114 (In New Jersey call 609-452-1511) DOW JONES DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL Is a registered trademark i Dow Jones & Comoanv. Inc. Circle 227 on inquiry card. Experts Voted (SPGLLCUARD Software Product of the Year InfoWorld a1/1 'roofreads 4CTpages/minute for spelling errors. Compresses 20,000 word ANI BNG I BCTS: FoH rope, Australia, Asia, anoj His outside Id now has ■national Dig British Ht no extra ■.ctionary.) the U.S a speci dictiona spelling, cost. (Ad Spellgua Ap IBM's Hands now with liable for f/rVl and ■iP/M 86™ aging. SpeUguard ^gio st coml i spelling chqB Hity. Spcllguard wot CP/M word processorand with hum sof machines. It's the only award winner! Has your work been Spellguarded? PLACE innovATivo software applications The Plaza Building 1 150 Chestnut Lane Menlo Park, California 94025 Telephone 415 326 0805 Excellent dealer opportunities! Give us a call today. CP/M/Trademark Digital Kcsearch.Pacific Grove.CA 248 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc ing characters to be interpreted as numerals and punctuation marks. For example, following the letter shift, the sequence 10000 stood for "A"; following the figure shift, the same se- quence meant "1." After designating 2 of the 32 possi- ble codes as shift codes in each character set, Baudot code was left with 30 codes for representing characters in each set. That was still not enough characters for efficient, reliable machine communication. Baudot's code makes all combina- tions of 5 bits meaningful, which leaves no bit for error checking. The loss of a bit could garble an entire message. All the telegraph companies could do to guard against errors was to retransmit all the figures in a message after the end of the message itself. Another 5-bit code, the Murray code, came into use around 1900. Murray code differed from Baudot code only in some of the code assignments to characters. Murray code also used shift characters and lacked error checking. As with Baudot code, the proper interpreta- tion of a message depended on characters previously received. Unless the receiving device knew which character set to use — letters or figures — there was a 50 percent chance of incorrect decoding. The main contribution of Murray code was incompatibility with Baudot code — the first input/output incom- patibility problems. Clearly, 5 bits were not enough. Modern communications required a code that could represent all printable characters and still leave room for error checking. The code had to per- mit decoding without reliance on cor- rect reception of previous transmis- sions, and also had to permit decoding by machine. Perhaps most important of all, the new code needed to be expandable. Machine com- munications should not be trapped in still another dead-end system. The Two New Codes By the time the need for this new code was felt, the technology capable of supporting more complex codes was available. Many manufacturers were building equipment that could potentially use a new character code. Whenever the need arises for stan- dardization, such standards can come into existence in two ways. A single manufacturer can simply invent a solution, expecting the rest of the in- dustry to follow. This is what IBM did. It created the EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) character code, which is an 8-bit code allowing 256 characters to be represented. Since there aren't that many printable characters, several codes in EBCDIC aren't used. No other manufacturer chose to follow IBM's lead. (Maybe no one could pronounce the name of the new code.) ASCII at Last The other method of obtaining a standard is through compromise in a committee. Other manufacturers met and produced a national standard called ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). It's pronounced "ask-key." ASCII is a 7-bit code, formally known as ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard X3. 4-1977. One hundred and twenty- eight characters are represented in ASCII, not all of them printable. In- cluded in the character set are all the letters of the alphabet (both upper- case and lowercase), the 10 numerals, and punctuation marks. Table 4 shows the ASCII characters and their associated codes. The nonprintable codes are control codes, so called because they control the operation of the receiving device. Carriage return and linefeed are con- trol codes familiar to anyone who has used a typewriter. Other control codes include formfeed, bell, and horizontal and vertical tabs. These control codes were clearly set up for printing or display devices, although some manufacturers have pressed the control codes into service for all man- ner of special functions. Finally, as in the 5-bit codes, some codes control how a receiving device will interpret subsequent codes. Two shift characters called shift in and shift out are used to shift between ASCII and character sets other than ■ Childhood's End: V& **> The 68000 ADDRESSING THE WW FRCMTIEFlS THE MICROCOMPUTER COMES OF AGE SAGE COMPUTER TECHMOLOGY IS HOW MAHUFACTURIHG A 68000 BASED SINGLE-BOARD MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM WHiCH 9 DELIVER5 THE HIGHEST. PERFORMANCE PER UHIT PRICE OF AHY COMPUTER lh HISTORY. 1 i y. * THE SAGE II MICROCOMPUTER HAS THE FOLLOWING FEATURES: . • INTERRUPT^DRIVEN, 8*MHZ 68000 MICROPROCESSOR • *2 MILLI0N,IN5TRUCTI0N5 PER SECOND) NO WAIT STATES • WILL ADDRESS 16 MEGABYTES'WITH UP JO 112 MEGABYTE OF PARITY RAM Oh BOARD • UP. TO 1,5^MEGABYJE5JdTs-1I4 INCH FLOPPY DISK STORAGE \ - • • FULLY SUPPORTED IEEE-488 INTERFACE . [ £f\ ' TERMINAL AND MODEM R5-252C SERIAL PORTS • ''CENTRONICS COMPATIBLE PARALLEL PRINTER PORT ■ • UC5D PA5CALZBA5IC, FORTRAN AND ASSEMBLER AVAILABLE . •■ . *TM-U.0FQAUF0PI1IA Y5TEM START AT $5600. CONTACT OUR MARHETIHG EPARTMEHT AT 702-522-6S68 Circle 397 on Inquiry ! ■ ' , fg& NOR\TH EDISON WAY, SUITE 14 • RENO, NEVADA 89502 t> 7 b 6 b 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mnemonic and Mnemonic and Meaning 1 Meaning' Bits b„ b 3 b 2 b, \C0LUMN ROW ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NUL Null DLE Data Link Escape (CC) SOH Start of Heading DC1 Device Control 1 (CC) STX Start of Text (CC) DC2 Device Control 2 ETX End of Text (CC) DC3 Device Control 3 EOT End of Transmis- DC4 Device Control 4 sion (CC) ENQ Enquiry (CC) NAK Negative Acknowledge (CC) ACK Acknowledge (CC) SYN Synchronous Idle (CC) BEL Bell ETB End of Transmis- sion Block (CC) BS Backspace (FE) CAN Cancel HT Horizontal Tabula- EM End of Medium tion (FE) LF Linefeed (FE) SUB Substitute VT Vertical Tabula- ESC Escape tion (FE) FF Formfeed (FE) FS File Separator (IS) CR Carriage Return GS Group Separator (FE) ' (IS) 50 Shift Out RS Record Separator (IS) 51 Shift In US Unit Separator (IS) DEL Delete NUL DLE SP @ P P 1 1 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q 10 2 STX DC2 " 2 B R b r 11 3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s 10 4 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t 10 1 5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u 110 6 ACK SYN & 6 F V f V 111 7 BEL ETB 7 G W g w 10 8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h X 10 1 9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y , 10 10 10 LF SUB * J Z i z 10 11 11 VT ESC + K [ k { 110 12 FF FS , < L \ I I 110 1 13 CR GS - = M ] m } 1110 14 SO RS > N * n - 1111 15 SI US / ? DEL Table 4: The table of ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) characters. Since ASCII is a 7-bit code, it has 128 characters (2 7 ). Some of the characters are printable, but others are control characters. The table shows all the control characters but one (DEL) in the first two columns. DEL is the last character in the last column. The head of each column gives the most significant 3 bits (in both binary and decimal) of the characters in the column. The left of each row shows the most significant 4 bits of the characters in the row. To find the ASCII code for "E," for example, locate-"E" in the table. The 3 bits at the head of that column (100) are the most significant 3 bits in the code for "E. " Then, get the least significant 4 bits from the extreme left of the row that contains "£" (0101). The full code for "E" is 1000101. those used in English. ANSI stan- dards X3. 41-1974 and X3. 64-1979 ex- pand the definition of the escape con- trol code for even greater flexibility. Some control codes delimit text, such as start of text and end of text. These codes are used primarily in block transmissions. ASCII has been a very successful character code. Thousands of in- struments and computer-related products use it for interfacing. Even IBM now offers equipment that un- derstands ASCII. Almost any hardware interface can handle ASCII transmissions. The ex- ception is the BCD interface, designed to handle 4-bit BCD codes. Planning the Escape The developers of ASCII tried to foresee as many different applications as possible. That is why they included the various control codes. They recognized that technological ad- vances could not be well predicted. Therefore, they gave themselves an escape clause. As was mentioned above, one of the ASCII characters is the escape character. It designates that the codes that follow have special meaning. The intent in creating the escape se- quence was to extend the range of the character set by allowing selection from a range of available sets. Graph- ics characters, foreign-language character sets, and special applica- tions sets have been developed. Escape-character sequences allow for a much richer variety of printable symbols than the simple shift in/shift out scheme of the 5-bit codes. The now common video-display terminal has provided the escape se- quence its widest application. The in- clusion of microprocessors in ter- minal design has greatly augmented video-display capabilities. The serial- communications link to these ter- minals has not changed in years. Only one data channel to the host is available. Ordinarily, any characters received via this channel are dis- played on the terminal screen. But the ASCII standard did not foresee capa- bilities for character and line deletion; display enhancements such as inverse video, underlining, and blinking; and even control of tape drives built into a terminal. The escape sequence allows manufacturers to add these system functions while remaining compatible with ASCII. Escape to Chaos Manufacturers of video-display terminals are now using escape se- quences to add increased perfor- 250 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc mance to their products. Unfor- tunately, little standardization of these sequences existed until the X3.64 standard came out in 1979. Without standardization, designers felt free to exercise their creativity. For example, one major feature now found on most video-display ter- minals is absolute cursor positioning. The computer can send a command to the terminal that will place the cur- sor anywhere on the screen. This capability is important for many types of form-filling operations. There are about as many escape se- quences to do this task as there are terminal manufacturers. The Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) has several varieties, depending on the vintage of the terminal. The new DEC terminal, the VT100, is one of the few terminals available today that con- forms to the X3. 64-1979 standard. How does an escape sequence such as cursor positioning work? The host computer starts by sending the escape character. This is followed by one or more characters that indicate the type of escape sequence. Two or more characters then follow giving the desired x and y coordinates for the cursor. Some escape sequences self- terminate. When the receiver has ob- tained the right number of characters, it exits the escape-sequence mode and returns to normal mode. Self-terminating escape sequences don't meet ANSI standards. The X3.41 and X3.64 standards are quite explicit about what kinds of char- acters can appear in escape se- quences. All legal escape sequences have proper terminating characters. This allows for variable-length escape sequences. Characters received in an escape se- quence are not interpreted as printing characters but as control informa- tion. The escape character has the ef- fect of making all character codes available for control of a device. Code Conversion The vast majority of computer equipment available today uses the ASCII character set. Unfortunately, some older equipment does not. In- terfacing these older devices may re- quire conversion of ASCII characters to the character codes the peripheral device would like to see. (We assume that the hardware-interfacing re- quirements have already been met.) In addition, some modern devices have odd requirements that can only be met through code conversion. An example is a printer that automatical- ly inserts a linefeed after receiving a carriage return. Unless the applica- tion calls for double-spaced printing, the printout will not be as desired because most computers send both a carriage return and linefeed to cause printing on a new line. One solution to this problem is to have the computer convert all line- feeds to nonprinting characters, such as nulls. Nulls are supposed to be ig- nored by receiving devices. They serve as timewasters to help in syn- chronizing fast computers and slow III OFF!! OR MORE ! Brand New, Top Quality, Exact Replacement Ribbons & Cartridges. These Ribbons Produce Super Jet Black Impressions and Ultra Reliable Print Life. They Are Delivered to Your Door Promptly for Much Less Than Most Retail Stores • SPECIAL! BUY 10 and GET ONE FREE! YOUR PRINTER ANADEX 9000 Sories CENTRONICS 700-703,737,779 CENTRONICS 100, I0IA. 102, 103,300,301,306,308,330, 358,398, 500, 501,503.508, 588, 620, 820 CENTRONICS 704-705 DEC Vi « 40Y0 DEC 'A x 60YD DIABLO HYTYPE II (M, S BLKJ HI YIELD FITS 70 PRINTERS' EPSON MX70 80 IBM - SILVER DOLLAR" Sys. 34, Sys 32 MDLA, Series IMDL4974. 5256.3287.3770, 3771-3774,4974,5100,5103, 5110, 5228. 5256. 5320MDLA IBM -HARMONICA '//'SERIES I MOD 4973/11, 3200, 3289, MOD 2 NEC SPINWRIJER 00ME (FITS 80 PRINTER MODS) RADIO SHACK DAISY WHEEL II RAOI0 SHACK LPIII, LPV RADIO SHACK LPII, LPIV TELETYPE MOO 33, 28, 35, 37. 38, 88. WANGM/S 5541W, WC, 5581. WO, 6581W, 228IW 1 |ik 3/pk 3/pk 1/pk 3 pk 3,pk 1 pk 1 pk 5,pk 3/pk 4 pk 3/pk I pk one. pk 3 pk 10/ pk 1/pk 14 00 ea 18.95/3 pk 26.33/3 pk 16.95 ea 17.77/3 pk 20.12/3 pk 931 ea 1 6 00 ea 5.80 ea 23.40/3 tart 18 00/3 pk 24 95. 3pk 13 95/cart 18 95/3 pk 2 40 ea 6 85 ea YOUR WHOLESALE PRICE 14.00 11.95/3 pk 17 55/3 pk 13.95/Giant Cart 12 95/3 pk 14.26/3 pk 6.87 ea I 6.00 ea 14 90/5 pk 20 85/3 pk 23 60/4 pk tu reload 13.95/3 pk 8.25 8 95/Reload rib' only 11 95/3 pk 13 90/10 pk 5.95 ea (14 00 eal 13 98 ea) IS 85 ea) l'3 95 ea) (4.32 ea) (4 75 ea) 16 87 ea) (13 95 eal 1 2 98 ea) 15.90 eal (4.65 ea) 18.25 ea) (8 95 ea) 13. 98 ea) II 39 eal (5.95 eal 500 ' < 45' 108' 5 16" « 21 0' I 2" i 120 1 2" < 180 5 16' > High Yield 500"«60' 9 16" <30 1 2" < 51 1 4" .310 250" 500" <45' 563" « 45' 12' > 36 COMMENTS Nylon Jel Blk Nyloo Jet Blk Nyloo Jet Blk 5 mil High Speed Gianl Cart Double Spools Double Spools 300,000 plus im Nylon Jet Blk Nylon Jel Blk Nyloo Jel Blk Nyloo Ex Log Lile Mullistnke Film Mylar Mnllistrike Nylon incl Instt Nylon Jet Blk Nylon Jel Blk Mulnstrike Film C-777 C-700 C-100 C-7045 R-600 R-644 C-511 C-522 R-300 R-400 C-525 C-789 R-T3 C-700 R-450 C-550 TERMS: MINIMUM PURCHASE -$20 PAYMENT BY: C.O.D. (UPS), CHECK, MASTERCARD, OR VISA CHARGE CARD. VOLUME DISCOUNTS: 20-50 PACKS 10% 51 - 100 PACKS 15% •UNDER $20, ADD $5 HANDLING. "APPROX. RETAIL. PRICE VARIES. ANCIE LABORATORIES 5200-J Philadelphia Way 301 -345-6000 (Wash. D.C. Local) Lanham, Maryland 20706 301-792-2060 (Balto MD Local) 800-638-0987 (National) ADDRESS. CITY .STATE. ANCIE Laboratories 5200-J Philadelphia Way Lanham. Maryland 20706 301 -345-6000 (Wash. D.C. Local) 301 -792-2060 (Balto. MD Local) 800-638-0987 (National) □ Check Enclosed □ C.O.D. □ VISA □ MASTER CHARGE ACCT. # EXP. DATE MIN. ORDER $20 PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE Circle 24 on inquiry card. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 251 s&gf HARDWARE Vic Datasette 64 Vic Disk Drive 489 Vic Graphic Printer 329 Vic 8K Memory Expander 49 Vic 16K Memory Expander 139 Vic 24K Memory Expander 179 3 Slot Expansion Unit (Mini-Mother) 59 RS232C Terminal Interface 43 IEEE-488 Interlace 84 Super Expander 49 Programmers Aid Cart 44 VICMON 43 Pro Ref. Guide 14 Intro to Basic Pro 18 Victerm 8 Prog. Chare. Set/Game Ed 11 Joystick/Paddles 19 Reference Card 4 Vic Modem 89 Monitor Cables 12 PROM Simulator (Call (or Into) 199 80 Col. Card CALL Epson MX-70 (Configured tor Vic) CALL CALL FOR COMPLETE SELECTION! SOFTWARE ON CARTRIDGE Spiderman 36 Robot Blasters 30 Meteor Run 36 Sattelites & Meteors 36 Amok 29 Alien Blitz 29 Renaissance (Othello) 36 Alien 19 Cosmic Kamakazi 19 Vic Avengers 21 Super Slot 21 Super Alien 19 Super Lander 21 Draw Poker 20 Midnight Drive 21 ON TAPE Star Wars 11 VicTermA 15 Vi Calc 11 Vi Check - 18 Vi Caf 18 Amok 14 Alien Blitz 18 Sky Math - 11 Space Division' 11 Globbler 18 B-1 Nuclear Bomber 12 Blastoids" 14 Nuke War 13 Planet Miners 12 Lords of Karma 15 Vic Games (3 on one tape) 19 Household Finance Pace (4 programs on 2 cassettes) 26 Home Inventory (2 programs on 1 cassette) 12 Recreational/Educational Pack I (2 on 1 ) 12 Recreational/Educational Pack II (2 on 1) 12 Car Costs (2 on 1 ) 12 •NEEDS 3K "NEEDS 8K N EC pc ar 35 >„ // . ms&zu3mea!&iits : *~'Y h i t afA ^^ /ifsti ■ rj'f'fi-M-i-f t+ NEC I/O Unit 32K RAM 549 NEC Add on Dual Drive 729 The Wedge I/O UnitW/32K 489 32KMem board for use with the Wedge 179 Wordstar lor NEC 299 Super Calc tor NEC 279 NEC Wordprocessing & Accting Software CALL ore CBM 8032 HARDWARE 4016 Pet 749 4032 Pel 959 Super Pet SP9000 1495 CBM 8032 1099 CBM 8096 1459 4022 Dot Matrix Printer 589 4040 Dual Disk Drives 939 8050 Dual Disk Drives (1 meg.) 1299 8250 Dual Disk Drives (2 meg.) CALL 2031 Single Disk Drive 499 8300 P Letter Quality Printer 1699 IEEE to IEEE Cable 36 Pel to IEEE Cable 29 8023 729 8096 Mem Board lor CBM 379 C2N Recorder 65 4010 Voice Synthesizer 289 SOFTWARE Software Encyclopedia 9 Word Pro 4 Plus 325 Wordcraft 80 289 Visicalc 149 BPI Gen Ledger 329 OZ2 Info System 299 Dow Jones Portfolio 114 Pascal 229 Legal Time Accting 449 Create-A-Base 249 Silicone Valley CALL BPI Inventory Control 319 BPI Job Costing 319 BPI Pay Roll 319 COMMODORE 64 $479 NOW SHIPPING The Commodore 64 Is a compact unit (will tit Into briefcase). Full size typewriter keyboard, high res. color, this computer Is the major breakthru you've been waiting lor. • 64K Built in RAM • CP/M option • Upper/lower case • Graphics characters • TV interface • Music synthesizer • 40 col. color display • "Smart" peripherals • Cartridge game slot DISK DRIVES MODEMS NOW AVAILABLE PRINTERS SOFTWARE Computer Specialties' goal is to become the pre- mier dealer of products made lor your IBM P/C. In keeping with that idea — we are now offering a free IBM Personal Computer Catalog, featuring hardware & software made for the IBM Personal Computer. Please call for details. ACCESSORIES PC-mate'" Expansion Chassis (Incl. Adapters & Cables) 789 Time Master 85 Device Tender 159 Device Master 194 Speech Master 335 Winchester Disk, Controller & Assembly 2595 128K Dynamic RAM 629 256K Dynamic RAM 1099 Scribe Tender 169 Scribe Master 335 IEEE 488 Interface 329 Lab Tender 335 Lab Master 859 Video Digitizer Board 289 Amdek Color II (RGB) 789 Electro Home RGB Color Monitor CALL Joysticks & Paddles 47 5 Meg Winchester Disk Drive by Davong 1699 PROM Blasler Card by Apparat 129 Clock Calendar by Apparat 109 Combo Card by Apparat 239 (adds parallel Printer. RS232 Asynch & Clock Calendar Functions) Hardware Print Spooler Card (64K) by Apparal 339 QUADRAM PRODUCTS CALL MORE MEMORY Plugs into any I/O expansion slot available in the IBM Pc. Access time is 225NS permitting maximum utilization of CPU speed. On board DIP switches assign the address space for easy customer configuration 64K by CI 469 128K by CI 579 192K by CI 629 256K by CI 689 256K by Seattle CALL 256K Combo card by AST (includes, parallel port & 1 serial port) 1094 SOFTWARE Home Accting Pius by Continental 129 Visicalc (Standard) by Visicorp 175 Visicalc (256 K Reg.) by Visicorp 199 Easy by Denver Software 594 Super Writer by Sorcim 289 Super Calc by Sorcim 219 Easy Speller by IUS CALL Easy Filer by IUS CALL Temple of Apshai 29 Zork I & Zork II by Infocom 29 Deadline by Infocom 39 Joystick by TG 47 Mathemagic by ISM 69 For a complete list of our current selection of Software, Languages, and utilities for your IBM personal computer... please call. AATARr80016K$695 Atari 400 W/16K (Mem Expanders Avail ) 319 410 Recorder 79 810 Disk Drive 449 825 80 Col Dot Matrix 699 850 Interface 159 Ramcram 149 Ram Disk 499 BASIS 108 The Alternative 6502 and Z80 Microprocessors 64K RAM, expandable to 128K RGB and Composite Video Output Selectable 80 or 40 column text display High Resolution Graphics: 6 colors, 280x192 or 280x160 with four lines of text 8 bit Parallel I/O • RS-232C Serial I/O Detached Keyboard: All standard keyboard functions, Upper/Lower case characters, Numeric keypad, Cursor block, and 15 Pro- grammable special function keys Built-in mounting for two 5-% inch floppy disk drives Six Apple compatible slots for plug-in peripherals • Game paddle I/O ACCESSORIES Disk Drive W/Controller by Fourth (100% Compatable) 499 ■ Disk Drive (100% Compatable) by Fourth 419 • 16K RAM Card (2 yr Warranty) 88 Videoterm (80 col. card) by Videx 259 Softswitch for Videoterm 29 Z-80 Card by Microsoft 269 A10 II by SSM CALL CCS Asynch K7710A or 7710D 129 CPS Multi Function Card 159 Joystick by TG 47 Mtcromodem II fi by Hayes 295 Micro Sci Drives CALL >EE AD PAGE 273 ALL 3 OF THESE SYSTEMS ARE 100% COMPATABLE WITH THE ACCESSORIES & SOFTWARE LISTED BELOW (CiPpkZ ][ PLUS48K FOURTH DISK DRIVE WITH CONTROLLER Chronograph® by Hayes V. . . . 190 Keyboard Enhancer II by Videx 124 Microbulfer II by Practical Peripherals CALL 32K RAM (Incl. Software) by Saturn 209 Lowercase for Apple 29 Numeric Keypad (23 Key) by Keyboard 119 Sup R Mod (TV Interface) 35 Music System W/Software by Mtn. Hardware 299 Expansion Chassis by Mtn. Hardware 559 The Clock by Mtn. Hardware 219 D-Cat Modem by Novation 169 Corvus Hard Disk CALL Corvus Mirror CALL A/D + D/A (no cable) by Mtn 269 Supertalker SD200 by Mtn 154 8" Disk Controller by SVA 199 The Grappler by Orange Micro 124 Versawriter Digitizer 209 SHIPPING (with prepaid cash orders) )RDER TOLL FREE! 1-800-854-28 PRINTERS in stock MAJOR BRANDS CALL FOR BEST PRICE & FAST SERVICE EPSON VIX-70 V1X-80G WX-80 F/T MX-100 SPECIAL THIS MONTH ONLY! LETTER QUALITY O ^ $1095 IDS PRISM — NOW SHIPPING! ^oirmwra^ FRANKLIN ACE lOO Apple II software & hardware compatable 64K of RAM memory Upper and lower case Typewriter-style keyboard Twelve key numeric pad Alpha lock shift key VisiCalc friendly 50 watt power supply Built-in fan NEW!!! RANA Systems Drives CALL Metacard by Metamorphic 895 Sooper Spooler (16K) 289 Microsoft Softcard Premium System 589 Signalman Modem 79 Supercolor Board by Electrohome 269 NTSC Interface by Electrohome 76 APP-L-CACHE 256K by SVA 995 SOFTWARE Bus. Pkgs by Continental 199 ea. DB Master by Stoneware 169 Desktop Plan by Visicorp 189 Home Money Minder by Continental CALL Magic Window by Art-Sci 88 Peach Tree Accting Pkgs CALL Personal Filing System 95 Screen Writer II (formerly Super Scribe II) 99 TASC by Microsoft 159 The Last One 449 Visifile 199 Visicalc 189 Visidex 189 Visischedule 239 Visitrend/Visiplot 199 Entertainment Alkemstone 34 Apple Panic 24 Castle Woltenstein 24 Gorgon 35 Olympic Decathalon 24 Time Zone 79 Softporn 29 Complete Selection. . . in Stock CALL CP/M Basic 80 284 Basic Compiler 299 Calcstar 166 Mailmerge 79 Spellstar 159 T/Maker 229 Wordstar 239 'APPLE IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK. c^c> TO ORDER: Phone orders invited using Visa, Mastercard or bank wire transfers. Visa and MC service charge of 2%. Mail orders may send charge card number (Include expiration date), cashiers check, money order, or personal check (allow 10 business days for personal or company checks to clear). Please add 3% ($5.00 minimum) for UPS shipping, handling, and insurance. APO and FPO include 5% ($7.00 minimum) for postage. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. Please include phone number on all orders. FOREIGN ORDERS include 1% handling — shipped air FREIGHT : COLLECT only. Credit cards not accepted on foreign orders. : All equipment is in factory cartons with manufacturer warranty. Opened products not returnable. Restocking fee for returned merchandise. Equipment subject to price change and avail- : ability. Retail prices differ from mail order prices. WE SHIP THE : SAME DAY ON MOST ORDERS! : MAIL TO: 1251 BROADWAY EL CAJON, CA. 92021 (714) 579-0330 = Circle 117 on inquiry card. = llllllllllllllllllllllll peripheral devices. A null is ASCII character code 0. As you can see, character codes are still a source of incompatibility in the world of I/O. If a computer has a programming language that is rich in I/O capability, however, a program- mer can overcome character-code in- compatibilities. Outputting Characters This series is concerned with the in- terconnection of computers and pe- ripheral devices. Such connections produce systems that process data and perform important tasks. During the development of a system, the pro- grammer communicates with the machine through a programming language. This language could be at the machine level, though that prac- tice is growing less common. The language may be at a high level; that is, a sophisticated programming langifage provided by the machine's manufacturer. After the system software is developed, people will have to use it. The computer must be able to inter- face with people in an effective man- ner; the people are not concerned with the software running the system. They just want results. Software must make information easy for people to use. Many different kinds of informa- tion are now being used — prices, quantities, voltages, written docu- ments, drawings, and innumerable other forms. Information is the most powerful tool people have. One of the reasons that computers have become such a major factor in current human endeavor is their information- processing power. Yet, for all this capability, computers can only store information in two forms: numbers and nonnumbers. Prices, inventory quantities, or voltages are not recorded in a com- puter's memory. It only has numbers with which a program associates these values. My text-editor program doesn't have any pages; it only has character data that the software pro- cesses to cause the printing of pages. The software of I/O tells the com- puter how to accept data from the outside world and how to provide in- ternally stored data to the world in a form that people can understand. We must first see how information is stored in the computer in order to understand the software of I/O. Numbers are usually stored in some- thing called internal format. The author of the programming language for the computer decided the best way or ways to represent numbers in- side the machine. In any internal rep- resentation, the Is and 0s that make up a number are not easy for people to recognize or understand as a number. For example, the number 21 in 16-bit binary is 0000000000010101. In addition, though we have many ways of writing numbers- -such as $2.69, 6.02X10 23 , and 3.14159— the computer has only a limited number of numeric types. The most common types are in- teger and floating point. Whatever type a number is stored in, the com- BUY A 212A-TYPE MODEM AND GET A $212 REBATE. Now, as an introductory offer, when you buy Cermetek's new fully featured Bell 212A compatible modem, the CERMETEK 212A, you'll get a $212 rebate. Just consider the CERMETEK 212A's features: • Integral Auto-Dialer • 0-300 or 1200 BPS Operation • Bell 212A Compatibility. Bell 103/113 compatibility or 0-300 BPS mode • Auto-originate/Auto Answer/ Auto-Speed sense • User option menu • Full Duplex operation • Seven (7) diagnostic modes • One year limited warranty To get your CERMETEK 212A modem, contact: A.C.T. A.C.T. P&L Associates Rocky Mountain 15800 Addison Rd. 11 Laura Lane 2640 Youngfield Addison TX 75001 P.O. Box 481 Lakewood (214) 980-1888 East Setauket CO 80214 NY 11733 (303) 233-4431 (516) 221-7623 Offer expires September 30th, 1982. Limited to two modems per customer. 254 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 85 on inquiry card. "Only VR Data can offer you a Winchester Hard Disk Drive for your IBM Personal Computer. ...with the same level of excellence and state-of-the-art technology you'd expect from IBM." Warren Rosenkranz, President, VR Data We are tremendously impressed with the IBM Personal Computer. When we set out to increase its capability with our exclusive, OTHER QUALITY PRODUCTS FROM VR DATA Winchester Hard Disks Memory Boards with 6.3 Megabytes Error Correction 96 Megabytes 64 Kbytes 192 Kbytes 19 Megabytes 128 Kbytes 2x 6.3 Megabytes 2x 9.6 Megabytes 2x 190 Megabytes In The Queue D-Con Direct connect internal modem The Echo Winchester Backup totally compatible Winchester Hard Disk Drive and Memory Board, we dedicated ourselves to making the very finest products possible. Some very knowledgeable dealers and users say we've totally succeeded. See for yourself!! As with our Winchester Hard Disk Drive, all our designs are tested, re-tested and "burned in." We're so sure of our quality con- trol that we offer an unconditional 120 day extended warranty covering full costs of parts and labor on all VR Data products. Insist on the best. Ask for us by name. 1* ™ 1 mm J IL. ~"V \ mm 777 Henderson Boulevard N-6 Folcroft, PA 19032 800-345-8102 MICROCOMPUTER EXCELLENCE SINCE 1972 puter should print the number in a format that makes sense to the user. Bank tellers will laugh if a payroll program prints checks that read 6.02E2 dollars, and wage earners will weep when that number is interpreted as $6.02 instead of $602. Most high-level languages can make the computer input or output numeric values in the form desired. This capability is called formatting. It may come as a format statement in the language or as a format field within the statement that causes the computer to output information. In either case, the format specification describes exactly how the number is to be output or input — how charac- ters are to be presented to the user. We can use the above check-writ- ing example to demonstrate format- ted I/O. Suppose our program has the following statement in it: 210 PRINT Pay That is a very simple program state- ment. The computer, being the simple machine it is, will print the value of the variable Pay in whatever format the computer is set for at the time the statement is executed. If the machine is in fixed 2 format (two decimal places) and Pay = 602, we get the cor- rect "602.00" printed. If the machine were in fixed format, we would get "602," which is close. However, if the machine were in floating-point 9 for- mat, we would get "6.020000000E02." This last printout is not the sort of thing I want to see on my paycheck. What can we do about this PRINT statement to prevent unacceptable output? A first attempt might be to change the default format of the machine just before the PRINT state- ment: 200 210 FIXED 2 PRINT Pay This approach is taken by pro- grammers who don't know about or don't want to learn about formatting output. The disadvantage of this ap- proach is that the state of the machine S-100 BUS (CP/M) Heath H89, H90 (CP/M, HDOS) Zenith Z89, Z90 (CP/M, HDOS) TRS 80 Model III (CP/M, TRS DOS) Xerox 820 (CP/M) IBM Personal Computer (CP/M 86, IBMDOS) AMTs EZ8X5 is a complete, ready to plug in Winchester Hard Disk Sub- system. Featuring easy implementation, enhanced system interface cards, an extensive disk test package. The EZ-8X5 delivers a full 5, 10, or 20 megabytes. Dealer and Distributor inquiries are being accepted null: Route 30 West Greengate Professional Building Greensburg, PA. 15601 412/837-7255 or call Toll Free 1-800/245-6908 Its What's Inside That Counts. is altered, and all subsequent printing will be done in the fixed 2 format unless another FIXED or FLOAT statement is executed. We are also missing the dollar sign that should precede the number on the printout. The program could be changed to: 200 FIXED 2 210 PRINT "$",Pay Then we would get "$ 602.00" on the printout. Clearly, the machine is just not understanding what we want. In most languages, the instru- ment for telling the computer exactly how the number is to be printed is the format field in a PRINT USING state- ment. In many languages, changing the program to 210 PRINT USING "A, 000. 00";"$", Pay would result in a printout that reads "$602.00," exactly what is desired. just as different computer lan- guages have different statements for performing similar functions, format techniques vary widely from lan- guage to language. Even differing dialects of languages such as BASIC may vary as to how formatted I/O is performed. The best way to learn how to perform formatted I/O in a given language is to read the manual several times. Stringing Things Together As mentioned earlier, not all data can be represented in numeric form. Text, such as this article, is best rep- resented as a linear array of char- acters. Such arrays are almost always called strings. This data type is useful for storing letters, instructions, and even command sequences for some instruments. Character codes are used to repre- sent text data in a form that can be transferred from machine to machine. Each character is represented by 5 to 8 bits. As we have seen, ASCII, the most popular code, is a 7-bit code. Eight bits is a convenient size to store data in most modern digital computers (there are exceptions). Strings are usually composed of 8-bit 256 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 3 on inquiry card. GP-100A: US$389 COMMAND PERFORMANCE. Seikosha gives you all the best features — including economy and super-clear graphics. Unlike some graphic printers, Seikosha's new GP-100A Gni-Hammer Graphic Printer puts full dot addressable graphic at your command. The GP-100A lets you repeat a column of data as many times as needed with just one command. Software control enables double-width character output, and the positioning is both character and dot addressable. Designed for simple operation, it ranks among the most cost-efficient graphic printers on the market. Command performance tech- logy that not only works for you now, but takes you well into the future. Other valuable features: •Graphics, regular and double width character modes can be intermixed on the same line. • Automatic printing. When the text exceeds the maximum line length, there is no loss of data due to overflow. •Self-test printing is a standard feature. •Centronics type parallel interface. •Paper width is adjustable up to 10 inches. • Optional lnterface:RS232C,IEEE488,applell,etc. Distributed by AXIOM CORPORATION 1014 Griswold Avenue San Fernando, Calif. 91340 Phone (213) 365-9521 TWX (910) 496-1746 Manufactured by SEIKOSHA SYSTEM EQUIPMENT DIV. 4-1-1 Taihei Sumlda-ku Tokyo Japan. Phone: 03-623-8111 Telex: 262-2620 Circle 406 on inquiry card. parcels of data. Since ASCII is only 7 bits, 1 bit of each string character is usually wasted. Input and output of strings is much simpler than for numerics. The inter- nal representation for strings is almost what the printout would look like. The exception to this statement is the terminator, which marks the end of a message. Input of a string must stop at some point so that data can be processed. The terminating character tells the computer when it has reached the end of the message. A common default terminator is the linefeed character. It is so common that most input state- ments default to terminating upon receipt of a linefeed. Most output statements automatically append a linefeed at the end of a string output. As with numeric I/O, everything runs fine until you don't want the defaults any more. Eventually, you will have to read data in from a device that outputs a carriage return as a message terminator. Or perhaps you have a printer that needs an ENQ (Enquiry) character as a terminator instead of a linefeed. Eventually, a situation will arise where the defaults don't work. What can you do? Use a format statement. If a device requires only a carriage return as a message ter- minator, the program might contain the following statement: 200 PRINT A$ This program will output the string A$ and follow it with the carriage return and linefeed characters. Since the device to which you are output- ting will terminate one message on the carriage return, it will interpret the linefeed as the start of a new message. In some languages, this may be suppressed by changing the pro- gram to: 200 PRINT USING "#,B",A$,CHR$(13) The "#,B" specifier tells the com- puter to refrain from adding any embellishments to the string being output. The CHR$(13) is a carriage return, which is the proper ter- minating character. Again, the for- matting capabilities of the language have allowed you to specify exactly what you want the I/O to do. The software of I/O is an extreme- ly important topic in interfacing. Software is the interface between the programmer and the computer. By understanding how to control system I/O needs through explicit software statements, a programmer can turn a "dumb" computer into a flexible problem solver. This month, we've seen some of the problems associated with character codes and also some of the software provisions needed to turn stored characters into acceptable printed output. Next month, we'll see how software can take advantage of buf- fers and interrupts to control in- put/output. We'll conclude by look- ing at problems associated with grounds and resulting signal degrada- tion.! Model II 26-4002 3279 8 Megabyte Hard Disk * oo $ (Primary) 26-4150. 3994 DISCOUNT TRS-80® Computers We have the Largest Inventory in the Central United States. Discount prices on all software and accessories for your TRS-80 computer needs. BUY DIRECT Toll Free Order: 1-800-835-9056 Kansas Residents: 1-800-362-9091 * No out of state Taxes * Immediate Shipment * Several Payment Methods * Direct Buying 00 Jimscot, Inc. P.O. Box 607 - 1023 N. Kansas Liberal, Ks. 67901 ' TRS-80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corporation WRITE TODAY FOR YOUR FREE CATALOG! 258 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 251 on inquiry card. COMPUTERS INTERSYSTEMS DPS 1, DPS 1A, DPS 2A, . C all for Prices ALTOS List Less 20% NorthStar HORIZON 2Q-64K ..$2685 ADVANTAGE Call TeleVideo COMPUTER SYSTEMS CALL SUPERBRAIN 64 DD NEW LOW PRICE- %ms 64 QD .' ! .' .' .' '.'.'.'.'.'. 'fiWfP. K f */?£! ! $2395 DSS-10 Meg. Hard Disk $2895 Cromemco CS-l List, $3995 Our Price $3195 CS-2 List. $4695 Our Price $3549 CS-3 List $7995 Our Price $5595 Z 2H List, $995 Our Price $7995 r £tfirN | data systems Z-89 List $2895 Our Price $2099 Z-90, $2299 TERMINALS TeleVideo TeleVideo 910C $569 912C $659 920C $719 925C $719 950C $915 INTERTEC INTERTUBE $725 EMULATOR $725 OKIDATA Microline 80 $329 Microline 82A $469 Microline 83A $739 Microline 84 Call C.ITOH Call for Prices SOROC 1Q-120 $629 IQ-130 $585 IQ-135 $719 IQ-135 w/Graphics $789 IQ-140 $995 HAZELTINE 1420 $789 1500 $845 1510 $1029 ZENITH Z-19 $699 Prices apply 10 prepaid orders only, and reflecl a cash discount. Charge card orders are slightly higher. Most items in stock for immediate delivery in fact- ory sealed cartons, with a full factory warrenty. N.Y. State residents add appropriate sales tax. Prices do not include shipping. C.O.D. orders require 25% deposits. Prices subject to change and offers subject to with- draw! without notice. PRINTERS CENTRONICS CENTRONICS 730-1 Parallel $349 739-1 Parallel $499 739-3(RS232) $599 704-11 Parallel $1569 704-9 (RS232) $1519 Texas Instruments TI-810 Basic $1289 TI-810 Full Option $1549 TI-820 RO Basic $1545 Tl-820 KSR Basic $1739 NEC 3510 (RS232) Call NEC 7710 (RS232),7730 (Parallel) $2295 NEC 7720 (RS232) $2795 QUME Call for Prices DIABLO 630 RO $2049 Paper Tiger Prism 80 w/o color $895 Prism 132 w/color $1495 EPSON MX 80 $441 MX 80FT $548 MX 100 $745 DISK SYSTEMS MORROW Discus 21) $X35 Dual Discus 2D $1385 Discus 2 + 2 $1069 Dual Discus 2 + 2 S1855 M5 5Meg. Hard Disk $1949 M 10 10 Meg, Hard Disk $2995 M 26 26 Meg. Hard Disk $3349 CORVUS 5Meg. Hard Disk $2555 CORVUS 10 Meg. Hard Disk $3955 CORVUS 20 Meg. Hard Disk $4755 P.O. Box 144 Camillus, N.Y. 13031 Circle 122 on inquiry card. Prices subject to change without notice A General-Purpose I/O Board for the Color Computer Build this low-cost interface for less than $25 and plug it into the ROM cartridge slot. In previous articles in this series, I've gone to some extremes to imple- ment input/output (I/O) ports by using the Color Computer's cassette input and output, joystick inputs, and RS-232C port. In this article, I'll show you the "right" way to connect discrete (on/off) lines to the outside world from the Color Computer. It's not that you can't use the other designs to control and monitor out- side events — the previous implemen- tations work fine — it's just that you can easily build a general-purpose I/O (GPIO) board that can plug into the Color Computer's ROM connec- tor and provide 24 lines (bits) of I/O. Each of the 24 lines can be pro- grammed for either input or output. The entire board costs less than $25. With a few inexpensive components, you can use it to control sprinkling systems and coffeepots, and to monitor burglar alarms and door- About the Author William Barden Jr. is the author of several books on microcomputers, including Z-80 Microcomputer Design Projects. William Barden Jr. 28122 Orsola Mission Viejo, CA 92692 bells. You can even use an interrupt with the board to run a real-time, foreground task while also running a BASIC program or other task in the background. To understand the design of the GPIO board, you must first know how the Color Computer handles read-only memory (ROM) and other input/output operations. Color Computer I/O Structure Figure 1 shows a logic diagram of Color Computer I/O. In fact, a large portion of the I/O structure is defined by two chips — the 6809E micropro- cessor and the synchronous address multiplexer (SAM) chip. The 6809E is closely related to the Motorola 6800 chip. If you want an in-depth understanding of both, I suggest getting the Motorola Micro- processors Data Manual, which con- tains specifications on both the 6800 and 6809E. I'll capsulize some of the basic information here. The 6809E is basically an 8-bit microprocessor with some 16-bit pro- cessing capability. It has 16 address lines, designated A15 (most signifi- cant) through A0 (least significant). The address lines are used to define memory addresses for instruction fetches, access of operands, and read- ing and writing of data. It also has eight data lines, designated D7 (most significant) through DO (least significant). The data lines are used to transfer instruc- tion bytes to the processor during in- struction fetch and operand bytes during instruction execution. D7-D0 are also used to transfer I/O data. All data transfers are done one byte at a time. The 6809E (the "E" designation specifies an external clock) uses two clock inputs, QIN and EIN. The SAM chip (described below) generates the E and Q clock inputs for the 6809E, using a pulse from a crystal oscillator. The three interrupt inputs to the 6809E are *IRQ, *FIRQ, and *NMI. The asterisk prefix indicates that these are "active low" signals that must go to volts (V) for action. *IRQ is the primary interrupt input to the 6809E. It signals the 6809E that an interrupt has occurred. If the inter- rupts are enabled by software, the 260 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Que On Systems IBM's PERSONAL COMPUTER Que Corporation's new 300 page book, IBM's PERSONAL COMPUTER describes the hardware, peripherals and IBM's program library. Whether you are an IBM Personal Computer user or prospective buyer, you will discover the significance of IBM's new product to your personal or business applications. ...at computer stores and fine book stores $14.95 and... PERSONAL COMPUTER AGE The Definitive journal For The IBM Personal Computer User Keeps you updated monthly with the latest news and applications for your IBM Personal Computer. Featuring: Hardware and Software Reviews — New Product Announcements — Technical Articles — Problem Reporting — Vendor Directory — Classified Ads — Special Interest Columns. $18.00/YR. (12 issues) BOTH FOR ONLY $22.95 Que On Systems IBMs PERSONAL COMPUTER 'Mm - 'Sfi^S PERSONAL COMPUTER AGE For Credit Card Orders, Dial Toll Free (800) 227-2634 ext. 936 In California (800) 772-2666 ext.936 □ I Want Everything — PERSONAL COMPUTER AGE and IBM's PERSONAL COMPUTER for $22.95 □ NEW □ RENEWAL □ Send the Book only for $14.95 □ Just enter my subscription to PERSONAL COMPUTER AGE for $18.00 □ Payment Enclosed PERSONAL COMPUTER AGE P.O. Charge my: □ VISA □ MASTER CHARGE Card # Expiration Date: Authorized Signature Name Addr City State Zip BOX 70725 Pasadena, California 91107 Dept.BI Circle 496 on inquiry card. POWER ON, OR MANUAL RESET V ^ NOT USED O- O- ;D MC6809E PRESET TSC A15-A0 BUSY, LIC, BS, BA, VMA *FIRQ *1RQ *NMI D7-D0 zy TO MEMORY AND INTERNAL I/O A15-A0 ADDRESS LINES u 14.31B OSCILLATOR *R/W SIGNAL A15-A0 SYNCHRONOUS ADDRESS MULTIPLEXOR (SAM) D7-D0 DATA LINES TO MEMORY AND HAL I/O -«, / AND ) I INTERN* MISCELLANEOUS CONTROL SIGNALS u *RESET *NMI *HALT A15-A0 D7-D0 *R/W ROM CARTRIDGE CONNECTOR 74LS138 DECODER Y7 ~\ VIDEO DISPL -V GENERATOR AY LOGIC TO REFRESH LOGIC E,Q OTHER SELECTS SCS* CTS* Figure 1: Color Computer input/output is controlled primarily by the 6809E microprocessor and the synchronous address multiplex- er (SAM) integrated circuits. One set of SAM outputs defines the address selection for system RAM, ROM, and I/O devices. 6809E goes into a predefined interrupt processing routine at the location de- fined by the contents of a fixed memory location (BFF8-BFF9 hexa- decimal in the Color Computer). The *FIRQ input is a "fast" inter- rupt that saves less of the "environ- ment" (processor registers) when an FIRQ occurs. *NMI is a "nonmaskable" interrupt that cannot be disabled. It is generally used for major conditions that must always be detected, such as a real- time clock pulse or an impending power failure. The *HALT input halts the pro- cessor at the end of the current in- struction. It is an orderly way to stop the processor and allow control of the program by an outside source. A typical application might be in single- instruction stepping. The *RESET input is used to ini- tiate a start-up action, either at power-up or when the processor is "hung up" due to improper program- ming or I/O protocol. The *R/W output signal tells the external memory or I/O devices whether a read (high, logic 1, or + 5 V) or write (low, logic 0, or V) is taking place. The TSC, BUSY, LIC, BS, BA, and VMA pins are not used in the Color Computer configuration. Many of these signals relate to controlling the address and data bus lines for direct memory access — independent control of system memory for I/O action. The lines from the processor dis- cussed above constitute part of the system bus that is brought out to the ROM cartridge connector, a 40-pin edge connector on the Color Com- puter printed-circuit (PC) board. The SAM Chip The 6809E works in conjunction with the synchronous address multi- plexer (SAM) chip, an important chip in the Color Computer. The SAM handles refresh of the 4116 dynamic memory in the Color Computer. This type of memory must be accessed periodically to re- tain the voltage charge and, hence, memory data. Since this refresh is done during times in which no pro- cessor memory addressing is taking place, there is no conflict in using the memory address lines. Another major task of the SAM is to synchronize video-display updates and processor operation. The 6847 video display generator uses random- access read/write memory (RAM) data to update the video display, so it must know when valid data appears from the video-display portion of RAM. The SAM chip integrates the processor and video-display memory addressing. The timing-signal generation of the SAM was discussed above. 262 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc The World's First ■ M *«* ' r ■gaga ■imv i it 1 ' ' ■:. i >■■■■■■■-, .inrtH« lB »U»»» V Z-80A™ CPU, Floppy Disk Controller, 64K of Memory, Serial & Parallel I/O Ports ... all on a SINGLE S-100 BOARD! Don't Buy Another One of Those 3 Board Sets Till You See What One Can Do! Advanced Micro Digital has been producing the SUPER QUAD for some time now and it's truly one of a kind. Just plug this board into any S-100 mother board and hook-up your disk drives to it. It flies, Runs with CP/M, MP/M, and turbo-DOS. You can also plug in additional boards, I/O, hard disk controllers, etc. SUPER QUAD is a BUS master. The cost of this board Is one third to one half of what you have been paying for the three board set. Just take a look at these features: NOTE: no custom logic used (no PAL' Also introducing SUPER/SLAVE to run multi-processing operating systems such as turbo-DOS™. With 128/64K of memory, serial & parallel I/O, you can plug multiple of the slaves with the master and each user will have its own CPU and memory local. 7201 Garden Grove Blvd. ©Registered Trademark of Digital Research Corp. '■ Registered Trademark of Software 2000 Inc. . IEEE S-100 Standard . Z-80A CPU • 64K of Bank Select Memory as well as extended addressing • Double density floppy disk controller. Both 8 or 5%" Disk Drives • 2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports (RS-232 and Intelligent hard disk interface). . 2K or 4K of monitor EPROM • Runs with CP/M®, MP/M®and turbo-DOS'" • One year warranty. • Free copy of bios disk. S) makes it easy for field service. Now it's time to replace or throw away the old S-100 boards and plug the SUPER QUAD in. Save space, money and power. Retail price is $875. For more information write or call: Sales Dept. Suite E • Garden Grove CA 92641 • (714) 891-4004 TELEX: 678401 tab irin Circle 12 on Inquiry card. * Copyright 1981 Advanced Micro Digital Corp Type Pin Name Source Description Power 1 -12V CC 2 + 12V CC 9 + 5V CC 33 GND CC 34 GND CC Data 10 DO CC-6809E 11 D1 CC-6809E 12 D2 CC-6809E 13 D3 CC-6809E Data Bus 14 D4 CC-6809E 15 D5 CC-6809E 16 D6 CC-6809E 17 D7 CC-6809E Address 19 A0 CC-6809E 20 A1 CC-6809E 21 A2 CC-6809E 22 A3 CC-6809E 23 A4 CC-6809E 24 A5 CC-6809E 25 A6 CC-6809E 26 A7 CC-6809E Address Bus 27 A8 CC-6809E 28 A9 CC-6809E 29 A10 CC-6809E 30 A11 CC-6809E 31 A12 CC-6809E 37 A13 CC-6809E 38 A14 CC-6809E 39 A15 CC-6809E Clock 6 E CC-SAM Clock Signals 7 Q CC-SAM Select 32 CTS* CC-74LS138 ROM or I/O Select 36 SCS* CC-74LS138 40 SLENB* External Decode Disable Other 3 HALT' External Halts Processor 4 NMI* External NMI Interrupt 5 RESET* CC Power-on or Reset 8 CART External Cartridge Sense 18 R/W. CC-6809E Read/Write Signal 35 SND External External Sound CC = Colo Computer External = Input to CC Table 1: Signals available on the Color Computer ROM cartridge port. The last function of the SAM is to decode and control the memory map- ping of the system. Three signals, S2, Si, and SO, are output from the SAM into a 74LS138 decoder chip. Only one of the eight outputs (Y0-Y7) of the 74LS138 is active (low) at any time. The one chosen depends upon the states of S2, Si, and SO, which in turn depend upon the A15-A0 inputs. If Y0 is active, RAM from address 0000-7FFF hexadecimal is being ad- dressed. (Unless otherwise noted, all addresses are in hexadecimal form.) If Yl or Y2 is active, ROM area 8000-9FFF or A000-BFFF is being ad- dressed. If Y3 is active, cartridge ROM at C000 and up is being ad- dressed (CTS*). If Y4 is active, the PIA addresses at locations FF00-FF1F are being addressed. If Y5 is active, the PIA addresses at locations FF20- FF3F are being addressed. If Y6 is ac- tive, memory locations FF40-FF5F are being addressed. These locations are nonexistent in the Color Computer, but come out to a ROM cartridge pin (SCS*) and can be used in external logic. Signal Y7 is not used. ROM Cartridge Signals The ROM cartridge connector uses 40 pins with signals from the 6809E processor, SAM, power supplies, and some additional logic. The ROM cartridge port is more than just a port that enables the Color Computer to execute a program in ROM or erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM); it is a general-purpose port that enables in- terfacing RAM memory or I/O devices of many types. Table 1 lists the ROM cartridge- port pins, signal names, source, and description. Signals D7-D0 and A15-A0 are the data and address lines from the pro- cessor, respectively. These are essen- tial in connecting memory or I/O devices to the system. Bringing out all 16 address lines allows any of the 65,536 addresses in the 6809E ad- dressing space to be specified. The *RESET signal to the processor is also brought out on pin 5 of the ROM cartridge port. A power-on or manual reset can reset an external device with this signal, in addition to causing the processor reset. The CART and *HALT processor inputs are generated from external logic connected to the ROM cartridge port. The EIN and QIN clock outputs from the SAM are also sent to pins 6 and 7 of the ROM cartridge port. I'll soon explain how these signals work in the cartridge ROM. The *R/W signal from the pro- cessor is brought out on pin 18 of the connector. This signal is necessary to define whether a read or write should be done during I/O between an exter- nal device and the system. The *NMI signal to the processor is generated only by external logic. It can be used to cause a nonmaskable interrupt to the processor, but is not used in the standard ROM configura- tion. The SCS* signal is the select signal from the 74LS138 chip that indicates that an address in the range FF40- FF5F is being used. This spare address is not normally used in Radio Shack software, although I'll be using it in this design. The SLENB* signal is generated by logic connected to the ROM cartridge port. Bringing this input low (0 V) 264 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc one apple now get a ..^j*^ 75© Typewriter Interface pple to IBM Electronic 50, 60, 5 Typewriters Interface ■ eads IBM keyboard in parallel ith Apple keyboard ■ Sup- arts the IBM code functions sing an escape sequence ■ ypes at about 13 characters per acond ■ Prints from Integer r Applesoft programs ■ Sup- arts the "Control I Number N" arallel line length mode se- uence ■ Has switch selec- ible upper/lower case I/O 60, 5, 78 continuous from feed age lengths, 40+video, 80, 95, 32 character line lengths uggested price $225.00 IMECARD III© lulti-function time utility for the PPLE III computer system, ontains the year of the century, le month, the date, the day of eek, the hour, the minute, the 3Cond. ■ A countdown timer ith a range of one millisecond > 999 hours, 59 minutes, 59 sconds, 999 milliseconds ■ electable 12 or 24 hour time irmats ■ Diagnostic error sporting ■ Fully compatible ith the APPLE SOS operating /stem uggested price $195.00 MODEL 150 TYPE AHEAD BUFFER ■ Up to 40 character type ahead capability ■ Enter commands or data while your Apple Is pro- cessing previous instructions ■ Compatible with all Apple computers, keyboards and software ■ No cuts — no jumpers — no software patches required ■ Includes complete instructions for quick and easy installation Suggested price $49.95 A800© FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER ■ High speed DMA transfer of data (1 micro-second/byte) ■ Documentation provided — in- cludes theory of operation, schematics and diskettes ■ Uses all standard Apple DOS commands (OPEN, CATALOG, LOCK. DELETE. LOAD, etc.) except for I NIT which has been improved and enhanced in a Vista format routine ■ Com- patible with Apple DOS 3.3. Pascal 1.1 and CP/M 2.2 (with the Z80 soft card by Microsoft)" 2K x 8 PROM contains Autoboot functions and all eight-inch iFilITtm driver code allowing complete compatibility with Apple DOS 3.3 Suggested price $595.00 PROM DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM© ■ Menu driven program devel- opment monitor ■ Programs 2708. 2716. 2532. 2732and 48016 EPROMS ■ Simulates PROM from RAM 4K ■ Data and ad- dress interface for operator location and control ■ Com- plete user documentation Suggested price $495.00 VISION 80 ■ Full upper and lower case character with 3 dot descenders ■ 9x10 dot matrix per line U.S. (9x11 Europe) ■ 128 ASCII character set ■ BASIC. FOR- TRAN and Pascal languages supported ■ Z80'" and CP/M'" comtible ■ Compatible with all standard Apple'" peripherals COMPUTER COMPANY. INC. Vista Circle 459 on Inquiry card. ^Copyright 1981 Vista Computer Company, Inc. '"Apple Computer Company, Inc Shift and lock for upper nBer case ■ Source switches Wllween 40x24 and 80x24 soft- ware and hardware ■ Rated »1 video card by Softalk and Call Apple Suggested price $395.00 VISION 40 Softscreen programmable char- acter/generator card for the Apple II computer ■ Allows use of DOS tool kit upper/lower case character sets in Apple 40 column mode ■ Permits crea- tion of new alpha/numeric and graphic characters under Am- inatrix ■ Ideal for non-English language applications ■ Compatible with most popular word processing software pack- ages Suggested price $195.00 VISION 20 ■ Cost effective ■ Compat- ible with the latest Apple II ■ Complete easy to follow instal- lation guide ■ 120 day war- ranty ■ Immediate delivery Suggested price $29.95 1317 E. Edinger Santa Ana, CA 92705 (714) 953-0523 '"Digital Research, tnc ^Designed by Burtronix QO 01 02 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 07 E vss vcc MCM68A364 8K X 8 ROM J A12 All A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 Al AO -E>° 7 -(lF> D6 -jTT> D5 -fl4^> D4 -fIP>D3 -fl2^>D2 -E>D1 -(To^> DO [JF> A15 UNUSED < (38^> A14 -CTS * -pP> CART * [TiP> R/W # n~^> - i2v |1P> +12V [T^> HALT * PQ>NM1 * |~iP>RESET * [jr> SCS * r7T> SLENB * 35> SND Figure 2: A typical ROM cartridge contains a program in up to 8K bytes of ROM. Minimal logic is required in addition to the ROM chip itself. disables the address decoding by the 74LS138 (Y0-Y7 remain inactive). This signal enables the device con- nected to the cartridge port to "turn off" all internal devices. It is not nor- mally used in Radio Shack software. The SND input from logic con- nected to the ROM cartridge port enables an external sound to be routed through the system to televi- sion audio. ROM Operation A typical ROM plug-in cartridge is shown in figure 2. The data lines D7-D0 connect to the data lines of the ROM memory. When any address in the range of C000-DFFF is addressed by the pro- cessor, the CTS* line goes active. The CTS* signal from the 74LS138 ad- dress decoder goes to the ROM car- tridge and enables the ROM. The ac- tual ROM address for the ROM chips is defined by the state of address lines A12-A0. These 13 lines go to the ad- dress inputs of the ROM chips. The ROMs may be any size up to 8K bytes, requiring 13 address bits, which are supplied by the remainder of the C000-DFFF address. No *R/W signal is required in the ROM case, since by definition a ROM must always be a read device. The ROM plug-in cartridge routes the Q signal from the SAM to the CART input. This causes an FIRQ in- terrupt that results in a hardware branch to the address found at FFF6- FFF7 (BFF6-BFF7 in the Color Com- puter). Normal Radio Shack software at this address contains an FIRQ in- terrupt processing routine that transfers control to the program found in the ROM. I/O Device Operation I/O operation is similar to memory addressing as used in the ROM car- tridge or in RAM addressing. I/O in the 6809E is memory mapped. This means that an input/output device is treated just as another memory loca- tion, rather than using separate I/O instructions. Reading 8 bits of data from an I/O device is done by an "LDA AD- DRESS" or similar instruction; "AD- DRESS" may be a memory location or an I/O device. The programmer must know how the 65,536 memory addresses in the addressing space of the 6809E are mapped — which ad- dresses are RAM, which are ROM, and which are I/O devices. Writing is handled in similar fashion. An "STA ADDRESS" can store 8 bits of data either to a memory location or to an I/O device, depend- ing on how the system is mapped. PEEK and POKE instructions in BASIC operate in identical fashion to LDA and STA; the two commands can read or write data from either memory or I/O devices. 266 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Announcing the Printing Breakthrough of the Century: Smith-Corona TP-1 Text Printer s ««s, • LOW COSt Daisy Wheel Printer $ 845 it • Microprocessor Electronics • Serial or Parallel interface Simple, Reliable Mechanism act NOW: Limited Supply, low, low Cost Smith Corona, one of the largest manufacturers of small printers in the world, gives a whole new perspective to printing with their electronic text printer— TP-1. The tp-1 is a microprocessor controlled, high quality daisy wheel printer. it produces perfectly formed, executive quality printouts at the speed of 120 words per minute. Typewriter quality printing at dot matrix prices. Simple, durable and dependable, TP-1 may be used with word processing systems, microcom- puters and most small business systems. Compact and attractively I Micro" Printer Marketing Circle 303 on inquiry card. Additional daisy print wheels S4.95 Additional ribbons S2.95 styled, the TP-1 blends well with any setting. Now, all your letters, documents forms and reports can have the crisp, professional look you demand— for business or personal use— at an affordable price. TP-1, the electronic text printer. Don't delay. Order your TP-1 TODAY at the low price of $845. Micro Printer Marketing offers same day shipping, nationwide ser- vice and invites dealer inquiries. Catalogues available, no shipping charges on pre-paid orders. Call Micro-Printer Marketing 1-800-523-9859 CALL TOLL FREE in PA Call collect 215/433-3366 MasterCard and Visa Accepted ONE READ CYCLE OF "LDA" (<2^s) ' E CLOCK ISAM) General Input Operation In general, reading from an exter- nal device plugged into the ROM car- tridge connector would proceed as follows: Q CLOCK (SAM) R/W* FROM CPU CTS*, ADDRESS BUS FROM 74LS138, CPU DATA BUS SUPPLIED BY EXTERNAL DEVICE LOGIC CPU "STROBES IN" DATA HERE (WAVEFORMS GENERALIZED AND APPROXIMATE) Figure 3: Generalized input for transfer of data from an external I/O device. Data is supplied by the I/O device after detection of the CTS* and an R/W* signal of 1. ONE WRITE CYCLE "OF "STA" (< 2^s) E CLOCK (SAM) Q CLOCK (SAM) LOGIC CTS*, ADDRESS BUS R/W* FROM CPU FROM 74LS138, CPU SUPPLIED BY CPU EXTERNAL LOGIC "STROBES IN" DATA HERE (WAVEFORMS GENERALIZED AND APPROXIMATE) 1. An LDA $xxxx or PEEK &Hjcj:j:x would be executed by the pro- gram, where xxxx is an address in the range C000-BFFF. 2. The CTS* signal would become active and the address lines to the cartridge would contain the entire xxxx address. 3. The *R/W line would, at a certain point, go to a logic 1, indicating a read. 4. The external I/O controller logic would detect the CTS* and *R/W, and deduce that a read instruction was being executed by the pro- cessor. 5. The controller logic would supply 8 bits of data on the data bus lines. 6. The processor logic would strobe in the data from the data bus. In fact, this operation would occur very rapidly over a portion of one LDA instruction, as shown in figure 3. Notice that the controller did not use the address lines. All it needed to know was that it was being ad- dressed, and this was apparent by the CTS* line (the controller's address is the address range C000-DFFF). Either the CTS* or SCS* signals could have been used as the controller's address. In fact, the SCS* is probably better, since it defines a smaller range of ad- dresses, more suitable for an I/O device. In this case, the controller's address would have been FF40-FF5F. If the controller had to pass many different types of data, it might well decode all or a portion of the address lines A15-A0. It depends upon the ap- plication. A paper-tape reader, for example, might use address FF40 as the address for "reading the next byte of data from paper tape " and FF41 as the address for "reading the status of the paper tape (jammed, moving, etc.)." It depends upon the complexi- ty of the I/O device. Figure 4: Generalized output for transfer of data to an external I/O device. Data is sup- plied to the I/O device along with CTS* and an R/W* signal of 0. General Output Operation In general, writing to an I/O device 268 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc SEC PC-8000 SYSTEM "The end of the compromise." PC-8001A CPU/32K $745 PC-8012A I/O - 32K $490 PC-8023A 100 CPS Printer: Friction, Tractor, Graphics $485 PC-8031A Dual Disk $745 JB-1201M1A) 12" Green $159 JC-1202DH(A) 13" RGB Color $830 PC-8091A RGB Cable $19 PC-CPM CP/M DOS FOR NEC $1 19 PC-GA Gen. Accounting $245 PC-AR Acct. Receivable $245 PC-INV Inventory Control $245 PC-JC Job Cost $245 PC-WP Word Processor $350 PC-RM 3-D Report Mgr $139 PC-32K 32K Card $155 °C-SER RS-232 Card $199 PRODUCTS FOR APPLE \P-16 W-128 \P-B1 \P-B2 \P-K6 VP-111 VP-K11 \P-PAR 16KRamCard $95 128K Ram Floppy $700 Bison Drive W/3.3 $475 Bison Drive Add-On $365 Konan 6MB Hard Disk $2265 Konan 1 1 MB Hard Disk $2750 Konan 16MB Hard Disk $2970 Parallel Printer Card $72 PRODUCTS FOR IBM 8-B2 Bison Drive- 1 Side $275 B-B3 Bison Drive-2 Side $465 B-A64 AST 64K Card $375 B-A128 AST 128K Card $530 B-A192 AST 192K Card $710 B-A256 AST 256K Card $815 B-A2S AST Dual Serial $235 20% Discount! - Entire Line. Uixcftl VCS8000-14SIMTU 208K,4USER,Z80A .5M Floppy 40MB Winchester 17MB Tape Cartridge Backup Nationwide Service L-40M List .$15,500 BISON $12,400 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER 64K • Z-80A (4MHZ) 2 Serial • Hard Disk Expansion 2 Parallel • CP/M DOS 5"/8" Floppy Controller (Double Density) ust add drives, power supply, cables, and CRT ter- ■inal $900 IDEO MONITORS -ACl AmdekColorl ...$310 -ACU Amdek Color II -Apple $Call -A300G Amdek 300 Green $150 -Z12G Zenith 12" Green $115 -J13 JCS 13" RGB $625 -J12G JCS 12" Green $166 PRODUC MAIL ORDERS: P.O. Box 9078-184 Van Nuys.CA 91409 WILL CALLS: 16709 Roscoe Boulevard Sepulveda, CA 91343 (213) 891-5702 Please confirm price and availability by phone prior to ordering. We accept VISA and Mastercard. Shipping additional ■ $3 minimum. Calif, residents add 6 r i sales tax. Overseas orders and dealer inquiries accepted. All merchandise is new and comes with factory guarantee. SIERRA DATA SCIErVCES S- 1 00 BOARDS Z" 80 Master/Slave Single Board Computers Master: • 4MHZ • 64K • Serial • 4 Parallel • 16KEPROM • 8" Floppy Disk Controller (Double Density) • Winchester Interface S-S4M $690 Slave: Without Disk Controllers S-S4S $625 Winchester Adapter: Uses Micropolis Drives S-SW $145 7 ffi*% . DISKETTES ?H* F-D8SD Dysan 8" SSDD, 10 PCS $45.00 F-W5SS Wabash 5'/4"SSSD, HUB ....$23.50 F-W8SD Wabash 8" SSDD $33.00 F-W8DD Wabash 8" DSDD $40.00 PRINTERS P-MX80 Epson MX100 $405 P-MX80F/T Epson MX-80 F/T $515 P-MX100 Epson MX-100 $685 P-OK82 Okidata 82A $468 P-OK83 Okidata 84, Serial $1125 P-PC8023A NEC PC-8023A $485 P-PRO C. ITOH Prowriter, 120 CPS . . . $485 P-PROII C. ITOH Prowriter II $Call P-F10 C. ITOH 40 CPS Daisywheel . . $1395 AP-PAR Parallel Int/Cable/ Apple $72 Circle 62 on inquiry card. (fTMCfOPlCJ ). SOFTWARE MP-WS8 Word Star, 8" $250 MP-WSA Word Star, Apple $192 MP-MM8 Mail Merge, 8" $ 77 MP-MMA Mail Merge, Apple $ 63 MP-SS8 Spell Star, 8" $127 MP-SSA Spell Star, Apple $ 53 MP-DS8 Data Star, 8" $175 MP-SR8 Super Sort, 8" $127 MP-SRA Super Sort, Apple $100 MP-SII8 Super Sort II, 8" $105 MP-CS8 CalcStar, 8" $149 Many additional software packages are available at similar discounts. DISK DRD7ES D-S801R Shugart801R $390 D-QDT8 Qume DT-8 $495 D-T81 Tandon Thinline 8", SS $390 D-T82 Tandon Thinline 8", DS $485 SIGNALMAN MKI 300BPS MODEM • RS-232 to Telephone Link, Full Duplex • Direct Connect, FCC Approved • 1 Year Warranty • Low Power Design M-S300 List $115 BISON $89 AB DIGITAL DESIGN LABS 256K BYTE - 128K WORD DYNAMIC MEMORY • 4MHZ with Extended DMA • IEEE696, Multi-Layer • 1 Year Warranty S-B810A List $1245 BISON .. $975 BUB STATIC MEMORY SYSTEMS 64K • 24 Line Addressing • 200NS, Lower Power CMOS • Intermix RAM and EPROM • New Super Low Price S-ST64 List ^$594 BISON $440 ■ 8 MHZ 8086 S- 100 SET • 128K70NS Static RAM • DD Disk Controller • 22 Slot Mainframe • Cable for 2 8" Drives • MS-DOS (86-DOS) • Add Drives and Terminal! SC-SYS2 System 2 List . .$4185 BISON . . .$3450 SC-2/3 8086 2 BRD Set w/DOS List $795 BISON $595 8086 SUPER MICRO QTS-100&8" Floppy Drive Mainframe • +8V(u25A/^16V(u5AS-100 Power • + 5V(a2.5A/-5V(«.5A/ + 24V(u3ADrive • Keyed Power Switch • Shielded Motherboard • Rugged Card Cage • 9%" x 17" x 21" (HxWxD) • Strappagle 1 10V or 220V AC QT-MF6 6 Slot, 2-8" Drive QT-MF8 8 Slot, 2-8" Drive QT-MF12 12 Slot, 2-8" Drive 5) Power .$525 .$550 .$575 r» QT S-100 & 5'/4" Floppy Mainframe • Similar to 8" Mainframe • Power for 5'A" Drives • 7" x 17" x 20" (HxWxD) • 7" x 17" x 20" (HxWxD) QT-5MF6 6 Slot, 2-5'/." Drive $350 QT-5MF8 8 Slot, 2-5'/." Drive $375 QT-5MF12 12 Slot, 2-5'A" Drive $400 DRIVE CABINETS H-BT8 BISON 2 Dr, Vert, 8", Thinline $245 H-QT8 QT 1 Drive, 8" Vertical $215 H-QT8-2 QT 2 Dr, Horizontal, 8" $305 Circle 230 on inquiry card. Main/Frames • 30 Models of Enclosures • Assembled and tested • Quasi-Coax Motherboards • Power Supply • Card cage and guides • Fan, line, cord, fuse, power & reset switches 8" Floppy Main/Frame 8" Disc Enclosure Phase/80 8" Floppy Mainframe Phase/80 Desk + Mainframe Write or call for our brochure which includes our application note: "Building Computers — A Recipe" INTEGR4ND 8620 Roosevelt Ave. • Vlsalla, CA 93291 209/733-9288 We accept BankAmerlcard/Vlsa and MasterCharge plugged into the ROM cartridge port would proceed as follows: 1. An STA $xxxx or POKE &Hxxxx,v would be executed, where xxxx is the ROM cartridge- port address of C000-DFFF and v is the 8-bit value to be transferred. 2. The CTS* signal would become active and the address lines to the cartridge would contain the entire xxxx address. 3. The *R/W line would, at a certain point, go to a logic 0, indicating a write. The processor would sup- ply the 8 bits of data on the data bus lines. 4. The external I/O controller logic would detect the CTS* and *R/W, and deduce that a write in- struction was being executed by the processor. 5. The controller logic would strobe in the data from the data bus. All of this would occur in the space of a single "STA" instruction, even if a BASIC POKE was involved (see figure 4). Again, additional address- line decoding might be required, and it would be convenient to use the SCS* signal in place of the CTS*. A General-Purpose I/O Board Figure 5 shows the logic diagram of a general-purpose I/O (GPIO) board that plugs into the ROM cartridge connector. It operates in a similar fashion to the general input/output described above. The board is built around an Intel 8255 programmable peripheral interface (PPI). It uses three 74LS240 bus buffers to provide higher current-drive capability to 24 lines, 8 of which are inputs and 16 of which are outputs. The 8255 PPI The 8255 is a general-purpose I/O device that operates in several modes. I've chosen the simplest mode for this application, the mode in which each of three sets of lines can be pro- grammed to be inputs or outputs. In this case, I've arbitrarily made the "A" and "B" lines outputs, and the "C" lines inputs, although the sets could have been either inputs or out- puts by simply outputting the proper control byte. Many of the signals previously described are used in this design. The addresses of the device are FF40, FF41, FF42, and FF43. The SCS* signal enables the 8255 (CS is chip select), and address lines Al and A0 choose the two lower address bits. Since the 8255 requires a write sig- nal of (WR) and a read signal of (RD), I've added some additional logic (74LS00) to provide the proper signal from the basic R/W* signal. The 8255 is cleared by a RESET sig- nal of logic 1; another section of the 74LS00 changes the active low RESET* from the 6809E to an active high signal. The 24 lines go to three 74LS240 chips. These are octal buffers that provide up to 40 milliamps (mA) of "sink" current and invert the 8255 sig- nal. Software for the GPIO Board Programming the board is easy. First, the 8255 must be initialized to mode 0, the simplest I/O mode that it can use. This is done by outputting a value of decimal 137 to address FF43 hexadecimal (the 8255 control reg- ister), either by a BASIC POKE 65347,137 or by an assembly-lan- guage instruction. This initialization should be done on power-up or after every system reset. To write to port A or B, do a POKE 65344,u or a POKE 65345,u, with v set to the 8-bit value for lines PX7- PX0. The value will be latched into the 8255 and remain on the outputs until overwritten by a new value. To set lines PB7, PB6, and PB0, for ex- ample, do a POKE 65345,193. The outputs of the 74LS240 will be in- verted. To read port C, do a PEEK (65346). The value will be returned as an 8-bit number, corresponding to lines PC7- PC0. The inputs from the 74LS240 are inverted. Using the GPIO Board A small reed relay can be driven by a 74LS240 output. The maximum cur- rent required to pull in the relay can- not exceed 40 mA. Radio Shack relays (275-228) were used in the pro- 270 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc upet Brain II TM INTERTEC DMA SYSEMS 1 SUPRBRA1N. ' o ■ t " P 1 \\ 1 ~ 1! ""• 1 Wife i t ' y ■ . i ' MM1 111 v\ Sum ma Cum Laude! Just three years ago, Intertec stunned the microcomputer industry when its SuperBrain™ desktop computer gradu- ated with honors . . . outperforming all the others by achieving the best price/ performance ratio in its class. Today, that scholastic achievement remains un- challenged. At least until now. . . Announcing SuperBrain II"'. . . our latest microcomputer marvel that's des- tined to be the "Most Likely to Succeed" in the Class of '82. With thousands of SuperBrains in use worldwide, it's no surprise that SuperBrain II users have given our new model the highest honors yet. Standard features include a powerful 64K of internal memory, a CP/M* oper- ating system, a 24 line x 80 column display on a 12-inch non-glare screen, a full-featured ASCII keypad with operator convenience keys, twin Z80 processors and dual RS-232 communications and printer ports. But SuperBrain II out- smarts its Class of 79 counterpart by offering leaner pricing, more features and better overall system performance. New SuperBrain II features include a faster, enhanced disk operating system, a li- brary of new visual attributes including reverse video, below-the-line descen- ders and impressive graphics capabilities and Microsoft BASIC — all included at absolutely no extra cost! SuperBrain II's internal circuitry has also been completely redesigned and is now computer tested to ensure optimum field reliability. Plus, there are four new SuperBrain II models from which to choose, offering disk storage capacities from 350K bytes to 10 megabytes! But, best of all, prices start as low as $2,495, including software! Of all the single-user microcomputers available today, our SuperBrain II is certainly in a class by itself. Not only does it outprice and outperform its com- petitive classmates, it's also backed by our comprehensive customer protection programs — depot maintenance, ex- tended warranties, a satisfaction guaran- tee and a factory sponsored users group. All in all, the SuperBrain IF" represents the most incredible microcomputer value we've ever seen (or probably ever will see) in a long, long time. Contact your local dealer or call or write us at the address below for more information on our full line of single and multi-user microcomputers. Ask for our SuperBrain II "Buyers Guide" and find out why so many microcomputer buyers who insist on quality and value . . . insist on Intertec. 3 C NTE3TEC DATA SYSTEMS, •Registered trademark of Digital Research ^Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. 2300 Broad River Rd. Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 798-91 00 TWX: 81 0-666-21 1 5 Circle 75 on inquiry card. *NMl[T">- v cc[E> R/w*[ir>- ROM CARTRIDGE CONNECTOR SCS*[I£>- Al 20 AofTF^ p6[ir>- D5[ir>- D<[l4^>- D3[n^ D2|Tr>- Di[n>- do[TF>- RESET*["5~^ GND 133 S> 1X vcc J •(INTERRUPT LOGIC) 1/4 74LS00 36 27 28 29 31 32 33 [f> 1/4 74LS00 RD WR CS Al D7 06 D5 04 D3 02 Dl DO v C c A V C C 8255 PPI GND T O.VF PA 7 PA 6 PA5 PA 4 PA3 PA 2 PA1 PAO PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3 PB2 PB1 PBO PC 7 PC6 PC5 PC4 PC3 PC 2 PCI PCO 38 39 10 12 16 15 14 7h vcc 13 15 20 0.1 M F 74LS240 (OUTPUT) Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 1G 2G GND 2 14 12 10 m 25 2 24 4 23 6 22 8 21 11 20 13 19 15 IB 17 vcc a O.ljiF Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 74LS240 (OUTPUT) Yl Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 1G 2G GND 19 1 14 10 m vcc ■ I I- ■ Hh 16 14 12 20 74LS240 (INPUTI Yl Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 1G 2G GND Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 19 2 4 6 8 11 13 15 17 — o — 5VDC VCC 7 1N4001 -oOUT n A (3/4 AMP) -oOUTnB 1 -°OUT n A (TTL) r vcc MAY BE ANY RELAY TYPE- -olN n A m r™" -0IN n A (TTL) r IN„B OPTIONAL LOGIC Figure 5: The general-purpose I/O board consists of a programmable peripheral interface (PPI) chip, 3 bus-driver chips, and minor logic conversion. The PPI provides 24 discrete lines that can be used to drive relays or other devices. In this configuration, 16 of the lines are outputs and 8 are inputs. 272 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Take a bite out of the high cost of drives ^ for the Apple™ Buy the SUPER DRIVE ™ by Fourth Dimension ORDER NOW - $30 REBATE 1 year warranty 100% compatible 1/2 track Quiet, accurate tracking Controller card available Just plug tbe Super Drive into, an Apple and hear the quiet sound of dependable & accurate mechanics. Buy a Super Drive for only $419 before Aug. 31, 1982 & get a $30 rebate from Fourth Dimension. Quality & value is the bottom line. Order Toll Free 1-800-854-2833 accept VISA • Mastercard • Checks • Money orders • COD • Calif, residents add sales tax *■%*« ■ Ui444U i ' 1251 Broi Oealer Inqultln inultea • «in ' > | El CajOn, CA 92021 ■ © CUT ALONG FIRST COLUMN OF HOLES © CUT ALONG SECOND COLUMN OF HOLES 36 PINS EACH SIDE BEFORE CUT © CUT OFF 8-PIN AREA © PEEL OFF AND DISCARD "ETCH" FOR HALVES OF 8TH PINS Figure 6: A Vector Electronics 3719-1 DIP plugboard can be cut to fit the 40-pin edge connector and cutout for the Color Computer ROM cartridge port. totype, drawing 22.5 mA. These relays will handle up to 3 A ampere (A) on the contacts and can be used to drive a larger relay or small load at a local or remote location. On the input side, the Radio Shack relay can be used in reverse. The con- tact closure pulls down a signal input from logic 1 to 0, as shown in figure 5. The control voltage can be 5 to 6 V DC from a remote location. The output side can also drive any other transistor-transistor logic (TTL) circuit, as long as the length of wire from the 74LS240 output to TTL in- put is kept shorter than three or four feet. Devices such as optoisolators or solid-state relays can be driven by the outputs to control virtually any device. Construction of the GPIO Board The board is constructed on a Vec- tor Electronics 3719-1 DIP plugboard. This board is not available at Radio From To Signal CC-18 74LS00-1 R/W* 74LSO0-1 74LS00-2 R/W« 74LS00-3 8255-5 RD 74LS00-1 8255-36 WR CC-36 8255-6 SCSWCS CC-20 8255-8 A1 CC-19 8255-9 A0 CC-17 8255-27 D7 CC-16 -28 D6 CC-15 -29 D5 CC-14 -30 D4 CC-13 -31 D3 CC-12 -32 D2 CC-11 -33 D1 CC-10 -34 DO CC-5 74LS00-4 RESET. 74LS00-4 74LS00-5 RESET* 74LS00-6 8255-35 RESET CC-9 V cc Bus V C c CC-33 GND Bus GND 8255-37 74LS240-2 PA7 -38 -4 6 -39 -6 5 -40 -8 4 -1 -11 3 -2 -13 2 -3 -15 1 -4 -17 8255-25 74LS240-2 PB7 -24 -4 6 -23 -6 5 -22 -8 4 -21 -11 3 -20 -13 2 -19 -15 1 -18 -17 8255-10 74LS240-18 PC7 -11 -16 6 -12 -14 5 -13 -12 4 -17 -9 3 -16 -7 2 -15 -5 1 -14 -3 To V cc Bus: 74LS00-14 8255-26 74LS240-20 (3) To GND Bus: 74LSO0-7 8255-7 74LS240-1 (3) 74LS240-19(3) 74LS240-10(3) 0.1 -/iF capacitors between: Vcc and GND Buses V cc and GND Pins on 5 IC Sockets Table 2: General-purpose I/O board wire list. Shack stores, but is probably one of the most popular "prototype" boards around. The Vector board comes with a 36-position edge connector, as shown in figure 6. Cut the board as shown in 274 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Peripherals Unlimited.. FANTASTIC PRICES! OUR FAST SERVICE, PRODUCT SELECTION AND OUR CUSTOMERS' SATISFACTION MAKE US #1. ZENITH Z-89-48K Z-90-64K DO Z-19 Terminal Z-121 Monitor 12' S2299 $2588 $777 $149 ATARI COMPUTERS Atari 800 16K $688 Atari 400 $318 Atari Interface Module $174 Atari 810 Single Disk $444 Atari 815 Dual Disk TBA Atari 830 Modem $166 Programmer $59 Entertainer $84 Star Raiders $34 16K Mem. Exp. for Atari $74 32K Mem. Exp. for Atari $114 NEC PRINTERS 771 0/30 Spinwriter R/O $2279 7720SpinwriterKSR $2649 351 0/30 Spinwriter R/O $1 699 3500 Serial Spinwriter $1599 NEC DOT MATRIX PC-8023 $474 Call for prices on ribbons, etc. MORE PRINTERS Anadex 9500/9501 $1295 Anadex DP-9000 $1049 Okidata Microline 80A $339 Okidata Microline 82A $474 Okidata Microline 83A $724 Tractor(OKI80 + 82only) $60 Diablo 630 $2044 MONITORS Sanyo 12" GRN Phosphor $266 Sanyo 12" Black + White $239 Amdek 12" 300 GRN Phosphor $164 Amdek 12" Color $344 NEC 12" GRN Phosphor $164 NEC 12" Color $344 EPSON PRINTERS MX-70 MX-80 w/Graphics MX-80 FT (Friction + Tractor) MX-1 00 (15 "Carriage) Call for prices on Ribbons, Cables and Interfaces $288 $444 $544 $744 NEC-PC 8000 Series Microcomputer PC-8001 A Computer w/32K PC-8012AW/32K + Exp. Slots PC-8031A Dual Mini Disk PC-8032A Add-on Mini Disk Call for Software Prices $888 $588 $888 $777 TOLL FREE 1-800-343-4114 ORDERING INFORMATION Our order lines are open 9AM to 6PM EST Monday thru Friday. Phone orders are welcome; same day ship- ment on orders placed before 10AM. Free use of Mastercard and VISA. Per- sonal checks require 2 weeks clearance. Manufacturer's warranty included on all equipment. Prices sub- ject to revision. C.O.D.'s accepted. For service, quality and delivery call: PERIPHERALS UNLIMITED (617)655-7400 62 N. Main St.* Natick, MA 01760 Circle 362 on Inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 275 (TOP VIEW OF PC BOARD) o o o o c 14 GAUGE BARE WIRE (BOTTOM SIDE) 20-PIN SOCKET 20-PIN SOCKET 14 GAUGE BARE WIRE ( BOTTOM SIDE) 20-PIN SOCKET o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ■ = SOLDER PAD O • PIN 1 GND BUS 20 8255 21 © 40 10 11 74LS240 © 20 © 20 GND BUS VCC BUS © He BUS (BOTTOM VIEW OF PC BOARD) Figure 7: GPIO board component mounting. Five IC sockets and two sets of buses con- stitute the major mechanical construction of the board. the figure so that it will be able to fit into the ROM cartridge hole and con- nector. Once the board is cut, mount five IC sockets (see figure 7). At least one pin of each socket should be soldered to a copper pad on the board. Wiring will provide additional mechanical support for the sockets. Four buses are constructed out of 14-gauge bare wire, as shown in the figure. Enlarge the holes slightly to pass the wire and solder the ends to the solder pads on the top side of the board. Two 0.1-microfarad (ji¥) disk capacitors are mounted between each set of buses. After mounting the IC sockets and ( BOTTOM SIDE OF VECTOR BOARD) 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 O □ o □ o □ o □ o □ o D o □ o □ o □ o □ o D o □ o D o □ o □ o □ o □ □ o □ □ o 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Figure 8: GPIO pin connections viewed from the bottom side. buses, wire the board as shown in table 2. I used wire-wrap wire (30 AWG) for all logic connections and larger-gauge "hook-up" wire for power and bus connections. The wire-wrap wire can be soldered to the IC socket pins, or, if you wish, you can wire-wrap the pins. Edge-connec- tor connections are soldered. Add five additional 0.1-/xF disk capacitors between the V cc and ground pins of each socket for noise immunity. The pin-position numbering for the 40 pins of the edge connector is shown in figure 8. Pin numbering for the board and Color Computer con- nector is shown in figure 9. 276 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc Circle 344 on Inquiry card. he Grappler' " is the elligent Apple interface avail- le. Simple commands from the aboard or user program, are all j need to dump screen graph- to your printer. The Grappler's ;lusive EPROM chip makes |h resolution graphics that »y. There are Grappler ver- ms to accommodate the : adex, Epson Series* IDS per Tigers, Centronics 739, C 8023, C. Itoh Pro-writer, idata 82A* Malibu 200, and ure graphic printers. luires Graphics Upgrade. PririTH rappler's features me: • Graphics Screen Dump • Inverse Graphics • Emphasized Graphics • Double Size Picture • 90° Rotation • Center Graphics • Chart Recorder Mode • Block Graphics • Bell Control • Skip-over-Perf '• Left and Right Margins • Variable Line Length • Text Screen Dump. The Grappler™ works with Pascal and CPM. Orange micro J inc. 3150 E. La Palma, Suite G, Anaheim, CA 92806 (714)630-3620 -1 1 ^ (TOP VIEW OF BOARD) 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 1 3 5 1-1 a a I— a — a 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 ■a — a — □ — □ — n — □ — □ — a — o — a — o — o — □ — □ — □ — □ — □ — a— 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 S 3 1 {J {J \y ^J ^j ^ ^ w w w w ^> w w ^ w w lj O v^ r\ n a r\ r-, (-i Q n n n r^ a a SI r^ a r> n fil a (LOOKING IN TO BOARD) (LOOKING IN TO CONNECTOR ) 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 6 4 Figure 9: GPIO and Color Computer cartridge-connector pin designations. COMMON PINS FIT NICELY INTO IC SOCKET HOLES D D \ o D \o D X) D D> t? a ALLIGATOR CLIPS WITH INSULATION TO CONTINUITY TESTER (OHMMETER, BUZZER, ETC.) TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW 1 5/8" PC BOARD Wllx Oil -FLAT HEAD SCREWS 2 REQUIRED DRILL OVERSIZE HOLES IN PC BOARD FRONT VIEW TAP INTO PLASTIC OF BOTTOM HALF Figure 11: The GPIO protective cover is made from two cut-down plastic cassette-tape cases. The cover holds the GPIO board in place and acts as a guide in inserting the board. After wiring, check all connections by "buzzing out" the sockets with a continuity tester. I use two common pins to get into the IC socket holes, as shown in figure 10. Once the board connections have been checked out, you can add the protective cover. By a strange coin- cidence, the Color Computer ROM cartridge hole is almost an exact match for a common cassette-tape case inserted widthwise. Two covers can be sacrificed to make a workable cover that will align the board prop- erly in the ROM cartridge hole (see figure 11). Figure 10: The GPIO may be convenient- ly "buzzed out" with a continuity tester or ohmmeter and two common pins that fit into IC socket holes. The plastic on the case is easy to work with, and I found that a sharp razor blade will cut through the plas- tic quite easily, albeit with a dozen passes. File off the cut edges for aesthetics. Add two screws to hold the cover in place. Testing the Board Turn off the Color Computer and insert the board into the cartridge cut- out. The PC board should go in easily and the cover should clear the sides with no binding. Enter the program shown in listing 1. The first part of this program prints the input lines and allows entry of output data. The second part tog- gles the output lines on and off at a slow rate. You can test the outputs by using a common light-emitting diode (LED) with a current-limiting resistor, as shown in figure 12. Inputs may be carefully grounded as shown in the figure; you should see the values change on the display as you vary the inputs. The relay connections for both in- put and output are shown in figure 13. Using the Nonmaskable Interrupt The NMI* signal on pin 4 can be generated on the GPIO board quite easily by grounding pin 4. When this signal goes to ground (logic 0), it causes the following hardware ac- tions to occur: 278 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc How to chart your company's fortune without spending one It's a fact. A single chart or graph can tell you instantly what it takes hours to interpret from printouts or other raw data. Now, with the Strobe 100 Graphics Plotter and Software package, you can create superb hardcopy graphics directly from your computer. And you can do it for an investment of only $995. The Strobe System transforms complex data into dynamic, colorful visuals with a few simple commands from your computer. Charts and transparen- cies that once took hours to pro- duce are plotted within minutes. Information can be presented as bar charts, pie charts, curves or isometrics in a variety of colors. And with a resolution of 500 points per inch, the Strobe 100 matches or surpasses the quality of plotters costing thousands of dollars more. You can also save and modify your graphics through Strobe's menu-driven programs. A broad selection of software — including a VisiCalc* -compatible program — is now available. When the Strobe Graphics System is interfaced to your computer, an 8-1/2 x 11 inch sheet of paper can speak any- one's language — visually. Visit your local dealer and learn how to start charting your for- tunes today. Because a perspective on the present can also be your window on the future. O Q STROBE V, INCORPORATED^ Strobe Inc. 897- 5A Independence Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043 Telephone 415/969-5130 The Strobe Graphics System Seeing is believing Circle 427 on inquiry card. 'VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp. Listing 1: This test driver for the GPIO board allows manual entry of output values or a slow-speed toggling of output lines. GENERAL-PURPOSE I/O 100 ' TES T DRIVER FOR 110 POKE 63347.137 120 POKE 65344.. 130 POKE i S5343.0 140 PRINT FEEK< 63346 > 130 IF INKEYf-"" THEN 160 INPUT fi.B 170 POKE i S5344.Fl 180 POKE i S5345.B 190 GOTO 140 1000 POKE 63347.137 1010 POKE 63344.0 1020 POKE 63343.0 1030 FOR I»0 TO 1000 M 1040 POKE 63344.233 1030 POKE 63343.233 I860 FOR 1-0 TO 1000 '1 1070 GOTO 1010 GOTO 140 NEXT I NEXT I Listing 2: This simple interrupt-handling program increments location 3FFF hexa- decimal for each NMI interrupt received. 100 •' NMI INTERRUPT EXERCISER 110 POKE &H109. 126 ■ POKE &H10R. 63 'POKE &H10B.240 120 POKE &H3FF0. 124 'POKE &H3FF1 . 63 < POKE &H3FF2.233 130 POKE feH3FF3.59 140 POKE &H3FFF.0 150 PRINT PEEK< 8.H3FFF ) 160 GOTO ISO TESTING OUTPUTS 33011 LED ILLUMINATES FOR 1 DARK FOR "0" TO GROUND BUS OR PIN • = SOLDER POINTS TO IC PIN TESTING INPUTS ALLIGATOR CLIP COMMON PIN *■ TO GROUND BUS CAREFULLY TOUCH OR PIN C PIN (MAKE CERTAIN IT IS PROPER PIN! ) Figure 12: Outputs are tested by a common LED in series with a 330-ohm resistor. The LED should illuminate for a logic 1 output. Inputs are tested by grounding the input pins and observing the value read. 1. The processor completes the cur- rent instruction. 2. The processor saves the contents of the program counter in the stack. 3. If the "E" bit is currently set in the condition codes, all the processor registers are saved in the stack. If the "E" bit is not set, only the con- dition codes are saved in the stack. 4. The processor reads the NMI vec- tor address from memory location FFFC-FFFD. It then transfers con- trol to the address found at that location. In the Color Computer, the NMI vector is actually at location BFFC- BFFD, which normally holds address 0109. Locations 0109, 010A, and 010B would normally contain a jump instruction to the machine-language NMI processing routine in RAM. The NMI processing routine would handle the NMI and then, as a last instruc- tion, perform an "RTI," or return from interrupt, instruction. This would return processing to the inter- ruption point, which could be in the BASIC interpreter or in a machine- language program in RAM. I can't provide a complete course in reentrant interrupt processing, but I can give you a flavor of what is in- volved in using the NMI. The pro- gram in listing 2 shows a simple BASIC program that pokes a "JMP $3FF0" instruction into locations 0109-01B and "INC $3FFF" and "RTI" instructions into locations 3FF0-3FF3. This short NMI process- ing program will increment location 3FFF for every NMI. To see the effects of the NMI, con- nect a short piece of wire from pin 4, with the opposite end loose. Key in the program after first protecting high RAM by a "CLEAR 200, &H3FEF". Run the BASIC program and ground the NMI pin by grounding the wire on the ground bus or ground pin. You'll see the count in location 3FFF change rapidly. Each time it changes by one, an NMI interrupt has occurred, and the NMI interrupt pro- cessing routine at location 3FF0 has been entered. The count changes by more than one because the connec- 280 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc LETTER-PERFECT PRINTER DOUBLES AS DATA CRUNCHER. Print two ways. . .correspondence quality and high speed data processing. Now priced under $2000! The new T-1805 dual purpose serial printer uses a unique 40 x 18 matrix dot pattern for high quality correspondence printing; or, flip a switch, it uses a 7 x 9 matrix for high speed data processing printing. In the high speed mode, it generates reports at time-saving throughput rates reaching 200 lines per minute. In the reduced speed correspondence mode, its pivoting print head lays down overlapping dots to create a letter-perfect character that looks like it came from an office typewriter. The T-1805 is the latest evolution in the popular and proven T-1000 series of serial printers. As such, the T-1805 offers the same quality construction, high reliabil- ity, ease of operation and operator conveniences. Plus, for the benefit of the office crew, the T-1 805 is exception- ally quiet. Its 53 dbA noise level ranks it as the quietest impact printer on the market. There's much more to tell, so visit or call your Mannesmann Tally sales outlet today. Mannesmann Tally, 8301 South 180th Street, Kent, WA 98031. Phone (206) 251-5524. Printers for the long run. MANNESMANN npA T T "V NCC HOUSTON J- 1 234 ABCDEFGH I JKLMN abcde-f ghi j klmnQBCVEF&HIJKLMN ahcd&fgbi fkl mr> 01234 ABCDEFGH I JKLMN abcde-f gh i jkl mnfiBCVEFGHUKL MHabcde fghi Jkl mn 1 234 ABCDEFabcde^ jQ J3C Z?£ Fsfoc «=/«=* ^iZJ ± S3^S 79 C 13 £ f <3> H .T J K L. M H .» ft-c: «/ «• f & f? .i j fr I »»|8123'» ABCDEF0HIJKLHN0P0R3TUVWX «bcd»f gh 1 j h 1 mnopqr »t uvwx ABCBEf BH I JUL HHOPOKS 7 MUX mbedm fghi jkl mnopqrs t »»« (1234967 Circle 187 on Inquiry card. User's Column Terminal Madness, The Word, Grammatik, and Then Some The critic reviews some new computer terminals, word-processing software, BASIC compilers, and M-drive. Jerry Pournelle c/o BYTE Publications POB 372 Hancock, NH 03449 As if we didn't have enough prob- lems here at Chaos Manor, we had to buy a new terminal the other day. We've had the Godbout 8085/88 running for a couple of months now. (Incidentally, I need a name for that machine; preferably one not too blasphemous.) We set it up with a Zenith Z-19 terminal, which works all right (except that all three that my consultant friend Tony Pietsch bought had a loosely soldered wire in the horizontal amplifier); but I don't like it. The dislike is purely personal: the keyboard is too close to the screen for me. I wear bifocal glasses, and I'm torn between moving my head for- ward and looking down, or moving back and not being able to see the let- ters at all. So, what I wanted was a terminal with detached keyboard. Preferably one with a video output on the back so that I could switch the output onto my big 15-inch Hitachi monitor that I may one day buy an IBM— but not until I get over the shock of that ruined keyboard. sits 29 inches from my head. I also re- quired a really nifty keyboard, one that has a good feel and a Selectric key layout. "DEC VT-100," said my engineering-genius friend Tony. "Costs a little more but has everything you want. And DEC equipment is reliable. It's also main- tainable. If I've got to work on it, I prefer DEC." Only there's no store that sells VT-lOOs in Los Angeles County, which is weird, but there it is. "Televideo 950," said Bill Godbout when I asked him. "We're converting to Televideo 950s everywhere, and our people really like them." That, at least, I could look at, so off I went to Dick Dickenson's estab- lishment, which seems to be named Compu-Plus this week. (It began as Computer Components, where my mad friend and I bought our old memo-wreck keyboards and some other surplus equipment; changed to Computer World; changed again to, 286 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc "Wfe provide business programs as individual as your business needs." "Allow me to introduce myself. I'm a Vector computer, dedicated to the advancement of society. And I'd like to tell you how a computer can help you man- age your business more efficiently. Especially if that computer is a Vector, like me. Because we're prob- ably the most flexible and cost-effective computers you can find. "Our programs are the key. Because they enable me to handle sales forecasting, budgeting, job costing and proposals, commissions, personalized mass mail- ings, charts and graphs. We Vectors can even talk to each other and to other bigger computers. "Unique combinations of our individual pro- grams can actually customize me to meet your specific requirements. Any combination of our software pack- ages can be assembled right off the shelf, to help you realize your full potential as a salesman, merchant, stockbroker, clergyman, contractor, real estate or insur- ance agent or whatever your business. "Choose from Memorite III for word processing and mail list management, Execuplan for financial plan- ning and forecasting, Business Accounting, Data Management for filing and sorting information, Com- munications and a host of others. And, of course, all we Vectors come with the popular CP/M operating system. "For more information and your local dealer, call us at (805)499-5831 or (800) 235-3547. In California, call (800) 322-3577. Or write to us at 500 North Ventu Park Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. "We'll show you how we small information systems can mean big business for you!' Circle 457 on Inquiry card. Vector Graphic, Inc. COMPUTERS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SOCIETY. Sold and supported by 400 dealers worldwide. Vector Products are approved on General Services Administration authorized ADP scheduled price list. Dan Mac Lean, RIP 7 often start these columns with a quote from my mad friend. Alas, I'll never be able to do that again. Dan Mac Lean died of cancer in December. He'd known for a good year that he had about a year to live. My mad friend never published much, but he had a great and beneficial effect on the microcomputer world. For one thing, any influence I may have is due to him; he talked me into getting my first machine, held my hand while I learned to use it, and encouraged me to do these columns. More than that, he was insatiably curious. He examined everything in the microcomputer field: programs, hard- ware, and you name it. He'd used it or knew someone who had; and he had strong opinions. I suppose he was sometimes wrong, although I can't think of an instance just now; but because he had strong opin- ions, with good reasons for holding them, he shook up a lot of prejudices. Winning an argument with Mac Lean was possible, but it was never easy; and whether you won or lost, after you dis- cussed a matter with him, you under- stood it much better than you did when you began. Mac Lean was an expert software thief: I don't suppose there was a single program in all the world that he hadn 't got, somehow. When George Tate first met him, he offered Mac Lean copies of any programs Ashton-Tate had on the grounds that, if he gave them to him, Mac Lean would feel some ethical obligation; and Mac Lean would cer- tainly get them one way or another, anyway. Understand, my mad friend didn't do anything unethical with his booty. He never sold anything and was reluctant to give programs away, except to peo- ple he knew wouldn't have bought them. But he did analyze programs and try to use them, and his views often got into this column. (At the direction of his widow, all of Mac Lean's disks except . those containing his own writings have been reformatted; we'll never know precisely what he had on those disks, which is probably just as well.) He also wrote letters. Lord Almighty, did he write letters. Some of them were hilarious. Some were very serious, and many of his suggestions were taken by major firms. He had a lot more in- fluence than you see on the surface. Mac Lean worked off and on for the U.S. government, as a consultant to private firms, and as a collector of general information. He helped hun- dreds of people, and we're all going to miss him. I certainly do. and I kid you not, "The Place You Go To Buy Computers Incorporated"; and now has become Compu-Plus. My son Alex says that next week they'll be Xylophone Computers, but I don't believe that.) Dickenson had a Televideo 950 set up there, and I played about with it and liked the feel of the keyboard. The screen was rock steady and easy to read. The character set looked good. He had them in stock, and my son Alex needed a terminal for his machine down in San Diego, so if I bought the 950 on the spot, Alex could take my Z-19 away with him. But there was one other alternative to explore: buy an IBM Personal Computer and teach it to be a ter- minal. That would be an expensive solution, but just at the moment that's not a problem; so off we went to Computerland, where IBM machines are set up and working. After all, I've worn out three IBM Selectric typewriters. I know that keyboard and its feel and layout, and I love it. From Gregg Williams's review of the Personal Computer (see "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer," January BYTE 1982, page 36), I could see I would like the graphics and letter set, and IBM sells complete technical manuals for the computer. Meanwhile, Bill Godbout called to say he was sending me a new God- bout disk controller that would han- dle Qume DT-5 double-sided double- density 5V4-inch disks in IBM- compatible format. So there was everything going for getting an IBM. Only IBM has ruined the keyboard! What ought to be its strongest point, the thing IBM always excelled at, is its worst mistake. What IBM did was to put extra keys between the space bar and the Shift key. Why, I don't know. The result is that when you think you've typed, say, a capital T, you get in- stead /t, which isn't useful at all. There is also no line-feed key; in- stead IBM seems to have manipulated the Carriage Return key to give both carriage return and line feed when struck. Unfortunately, many pro- grams won't be able to stand that. I suppose there's a way to filter that madness; but there's no help for the Shift key being mislocated, nor for the egregious amount of space be- tween the home keys and the Return key. I may one day buy an IBM — but not until I get over the shock of that ruined keyboard. I've never been so disappointed in my life. So back to Dick Dickenson's place for a Televideo, which we took home with us. Installation was no problem. The documents are absolutely clear, the data-rate switches and other such stuff are on the back and clearly marked, and the stop-bit settings are simple enough to understand. Bill Godbout's 8085 BIOS (basic input/output system) is also clear, so I was able to set up the 950 in no time. At first, the only thing I didn't like about the 950 was minor: the key- board cable attaches in back of the terminal, so that the cord has to come around the side of the machine. It should attach in front. So we set it up and turned it on, and it worked the first time, control- ling the Godbout perfectly. I played about with it a bit, then I loaded Wordmaster. Blooey. "Why?" I wondered. So I ex- perimented some more. And sure enough, any time I sent an escape character, the terminal went into a different mode, until eventually it got into a block mode where it didn't send anything to the computer at all. I looked through the manual. Nothing on that problem. Try logic. The Televideo 950 uses the Escape key to send an escape character out, while Shift-Escape is used to tell the 288 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications !nc VERSAbox The only intelligent SPOOI ER/BUFFER with an optional hfai timi CI ock interface/ display. For use with all Centronics parallel and MS 232C INPUT/OUTPUT interfaces PLUS VERSAbox FOR EVERYBODY AUTO-DOC vi RSAbox's high speed input combined with sion) frees ii|i your computer from the slow job of 'printing Moderns and other compatible devices can also be buffered Multiple software selectable outputs permit you to choose be tween two 01 more vi RSAbox outputs or uso I. VERSAcard Foul cards on one I"' Appk AUTO-DOC saves riMI , ENERGY, and MONl Y hy identifying problems in yom Apple before they make themselves known hy sys (3) Precision Clock Calendar, and (4)BSR Control All on one card With TRUI SIMULTA Nl OUSOI'I HAIION ard, ask these quei Add the optional HI Al 1IMI CLOCK lo VI RSAbox and you get a six digit LI D numeric via the HS ;\'i,''C port Another useful optio Ihe SWITCH! I) 120V SOCK I r thai can I external devices on and off hy clock control Can I use CP/M and Appl modification? Does it have interrupts? Will I be able to read and acal with NO disk to insert a disk DOC automatically identifies system problems before you run your pro grams hy doing extensive system diagnostics it DOC finds a failure, ii indicates Ihe problem area and, in some cases, the specific chip 01 componenl that's responsible DOC includes a memory lest, processor lost, ROM lest, and more In addition, extensive disk based diagnostics are Included lor lurthoi lesl inq and subsystem Checks lor many popular VI RSAbox is supplied in an attractive, com pacl II" wide. 8" deep. 3" high cabinet interface cables are available from your dealer Can I use DB Master'' Ascu I xpross? VISI Dex? I asy Writer? WORDSTAR? / ll mm PRO? visiii MM 7 other software packages? owners liny a VI HSAhox this month and yc will receive a free oarallel interface and cable $249.00 VI HSAhox. If the answer is Yl S lo all of Ihe nhovo, then you're talking about vi RSAcard and oniy Vf RSAcard And. the list price has been reduced by $50 to $199.00 AUTO DOC is simple and easy to install And once installed. DOC will always be there work ing AUTOMATICAI I Yeverylime you power up Can you afford to be without AUTQ DOC? AUTO DOC I ist Price $99.00 VI RSAbOX, with liolli Cenlronic andRS 232C INPUT/OUTPUT buffet $299.00 HI Al IIMI CI OCK option with DISCI AY add $150.00 SCI CIAI Ol I I It MuyaVI RSAcard and we'll sell you CiltAf IHIX, a sophisticated screen dump graphics package, with $25 off Ihe regu lar list price of $(i'> for only $40.00. option add $50.00 Additional 1 6K BUFFI HMFMORYKITS each add $50.00 if m u_. PROMETHEUS PRODUCTS INCORPORATED 45277 Fremont Blvd. • Fremont, CA 94538 • (415) 490 2370 Circle 503 on Inquiry card. Circle 493 on inquiry card. K'cw software Wordlndex II™ $195 Automatic generation of subject index and tables of contents, figures, etc. Wordlndex commands placed in any docu- ment produced by WordStar™ automati- cally number chapters and 8 levels of sec- tions; create tables of contents, figures, and tables, and a sorted subject index with page references. Wordlndex II is loaded with new features: Multiple files. Wordlndex II supports the WordStar™ .fi dot command. Free choice of page number format. Multiple choice of layout of all tables. No limit on size of subject index. Automatic generation of headings and footings. Alternating page offset for even and odd pages simplifies printing procedures. SPECIAL OFFER for owners of all previous versions of Wordlndex: return your original Wordlndex diskette directly to us and re- ceive Wordlndex II at a nominal cost of $50. MicroPlot™ $395 100% Tektronix Plot-10 TCS compatible graphic package. Previously available on minis and main- frames only. Supplied with the original Tektronix™ documentation, MicroPlot fully implements the entire Tektronix Terminal Control Sys- tem on your 8080/Z80 based microcompu- ter at a fraction of the original cost. This package enables you to run even mainframe-developed software for the Plot-10 TCS on your microcomputer using Tektronix compatible peripherals. MicroPlot is supplied as Microsoft™ .REL files to be used with Fortran-80™. Menu Master™ f Stop messing around with CP/M commands. MenuMaster makes all your software menudriven. Simply create your own menus directly on-screen using any text editor, The menu dispenses of long and hard-to-remember CP/M™ commands. The user may simply select programs from the menu using sim- ple commands of his own choice. Order your copy today directly from us by phone, telex, or mail. Please send cashier's check or state Visa or Master Charge ac- count no. Detailed descriptions may be requested at no cost. Just circle reader service. Dealers may apply for free demo-versions of all programs. BORLAND Ltd. 69, Upper Georges Street Dun Laoghaire Dublin, Republic of Ireland Phone 1802514. Telex 92188 GSOP ATTN. BORLAND machine "This is a setup. Don't send out the next character, but execute it as an internal setup instruction." Un- fortunately, this particular machine was broken; Shift-Escape worked fine, but Escape did both: that is, it sent out the escape character all right but also executed the next character as an instruction (and sent it out as well). The results were maddening. So. Back to Compu-Plus. "Take it back," I told Dick. "I want a DEC VT-100." "Sure you can have your money back," he said. "But I have a Televideo at home, and we've had that one out there as a demo for a year, and nobody ever had any prob- lems with either of them." It was Saturday, and Alex wanted to go back to San Diego, and he need- ed a terminal, and they had three more 950s in stock. "Okay," I said. "I'll take a different one in exchange. Only this time we try it out here." "Right," said Dick. "We'll plug it in right here where the demo is." So we did. The first one didn't work: it couldn't set the proper data rate. The next one didn't work. It couldn't set something, I forget what. The third one didn't work. It didn't even turn on. And that was surely enough. So I've got my money back, and I'm using the Z-19 just now, and I've ordered a DEC VT-100. You can con- clude anything you want from my ordeal. One lesson for sure is that, although Dick Dickenson's price for a Televideo 950 is about $150 above the discount houses, he was right there and ready to take care of it for me when I had a problem. It's worth dealing with established firms with a reputation for good service; or so say I. Words I have here the biggest software bargain I know. It's called The Word, and it comes from Oasis Systems. The Word is a spelling program; but it's also a lot more. It counts words for you. It makes files of words. It will make a list of each unique word in a text file and sort it alphabetically. It will also do a list of each word used and the number of times you used it, sorted by frequency of use. I've used The Word to find strange character names: that is, I'm working on. Janissaries Two right now. That story takes place on a planet settled by successive waves of Celts, Minoans, Romans, and Franks, so that the character names tend to be a little strange. They have to be kept consis- tent with the culture in which they ap- pear. This is all right for major characters, but what if I'm writing along and need a minor character name? I grab one of my reference works (such as Robert Graves's Greek Myths or R. W. Munro's Highland Clans and Tartans) and find a suitable name in the index; and if I'm sensible, I make a note of that somewhere. But usually I don't make the note or can't find it, and I can't remember where this particular spear carrier appeared when I need to use him (her, it) again. But with The Word, I can simply run the text through the spelling program, and the program makes a file of all the words it doesn't recognize. I can now examine that file, and, lo!, there will be my strange character name. Then with the Find program I got from Barry Workman (Utility Disk One) I can go right into the text files and find that word in context. Saves no end of time. The Word does much more; and it sells for under $100, which is why I say it's the biggest bargain in word- handling software I know. Incidentally, I'm still using Spell- guard too. The Word, while excellent, isn't quite as convenient for the straight job of checking spelling, particularly at three in the morning when I don't want to think about options and toggles and command lines. I want a fully menu- driven program that just does what I ask it to without quibbles; and that's Spellguard. But for really sophisticated word work fully under user control, you just won't beat The Word. [Editor's Note: Oasis Systems has just announced The Word Plus. Priced at $150, several features have been added including display of suspect words in context, the ability to use LOOKUP from within REVIEW, and the ability 290 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire MORROW What EDN said: "The (Disk Jockey™ DMA floppy-disk controller) offers two to three times the performance of comparable controllers." And that's for either 5M" or 8" floppy-disk drives operating from an S-100 (IEEE-696) bus. How we do it? With channel drive that's almost identical to IBM 370® channel controllers. The DJ/DMA uses 24-bit address- ing. The host writes commands into memory. The DJ/DMA picks up commands from the host processor via memory on the system bus, and transfers data during DMA cycles. Channel com- mands may be located anywhere in the 24-bit address range. Upon completion of the command, the controller returns status. It may also generate an interrupt. Chained commands allow the controller to return status, or to execute a number of com- mands in succession. The controller board also contains logic which allows other IEEE-696 temporary bus masters to contend for memory cycles. That's the Morrow "channel concept" Fast and Simple. On-board Z-80A* By managing both memory and disk transfers, the resident Z-80A allows reading or writing to almost any floppy-disk media. 8" or 5M". Single or double density. Single or double-sided. And up to eight drives per controller board (no more than four of each type). System compatible. Disk Jockey DMA sub-systems are compatible with al IEEE-696, S-100 systems (such as the Morrow Decision I™). And, with most S-100 like systems. Faster Winchesters. Hard disks put micros in the mini category. Now, Morrow's channel driven Morrow HDC/DMA Direct Memory Morrow DMA Controllers Supercharge Disk Systems. DMA controller concept makes Winchesters lightning fast. Which Winchester? Industry standards— Seagate's 5%" ST506/512, or 8" drives from Shugart/Quantum. DMA Transfer (Burst Mode). The Morrow Direct Memory Access Hard Disk Controller (HDC/DMA) picks up commands from the host processor via memory on the system bus. Commands are accessed and data is transferred during DMA cycles. Commands and data transfers may occur anywhere in the 24-bit address range. Interrupts. The controller can generate an interrupt at the end of each command and/or at the end of each command chain. Imbedded nP. An on-board 8X300 supervises data transfers between the Winchester drive(s) and main memory. Microcode in this 7 MHz bipolar microprocessor implements the com- mand structure of the controller. Expansion. The HDC/DMA addresses one to four drives, one to 16 drive heads and an unlimited number of tracks. These capabilities allow system upgrades to additional platters and tracks as Winchester technology advances. S-100 sub-systems. The HDC/DMA is compati- ble with all IEEE-696 systems and most existing S-100 systems— providing the bus clock is 2.5 MHz or faster. Fast answers. Give us a call, or write us for more details on our new DMA controller boards and disk sub-systems. LOOK TO MORROW FOR ANSWERS. V-80A is a trademark of Zilog, Disk Jockey DMA Floppy Disk Access Hard Disk Controller Controller IBM/370 is a registered trademark of IBM Corp. Disk Jockey and Decision I are trademarks of Morrow Designs. Circle 325 on inquiry card. MORROW OE5IGN5 5221 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804 (415) 524-2101, TWX: 910-382-8132, (Power Key-Richmond) n Photo 1: The critic at work at his California home. Photo by Frank Pournelle. to have the software actually make the correction in your text file. Present owners of The Word will be able to upgrade to Plus for the difference in cost between the two packages. The original version of The Word will still be available for $75. . . . M.H.] Pascal, Anyone? My son Alex is a senior in computer science at the University of California, San Diego. Since they developed UCSD Pascal there, you will under- stand that he's become fairly proficient in it. When we got the Godbout 8085/88 running here, Alex undertook to write some utilities for me, using Sorcim's Pascal-M on the new Godbout machine. Consequently, I had the fascinating experience of watching someone familiar with computers and Pascal, but unfamiliar with CP/M, try- ing to get programs running. So, as it happens, did Barry Workman, who happened to be over. (He's an assistant scoutmaster in the troop my younger boys belong to.) There was no problem with Pascal itself. The Sorcim documentation is adequate for that, provided that you're fairly familiar with Pascal. Hooking to CP/M was another story. Of course Pascal is notoriously deficient in input-output (I/O) to begin with, and it's not so hot in handling strings. But the Sorcim Pascal has a "feature" that sometimes makes things even worse. When Sorcim Pascal looks at a file using the "read line" Pascal command, it ignores line feeds. A story goes with that. The American Standard Code for Informa- tion Interchange (ASCII), while nice enough to work with in many respects, has one defect: there's no new-line character. Instead, there are carriage return and line feed, two separate characters which together give you a new line. Many programs will insert a line feed when they see a carriage return. Others will not. All have to deal with this somehow. Sorcim Pascal-M solves the problem by ignoring line feeds altogether. Now this is a good thing under cer- tain circumstances because some text editors (for example, Wordmaster and Wordstar) put both carriage return and line feed into the text, while others (Electric Pencil, Magic Wand, and WRITE [Writer's Really Incredible Text Editor]) insert carriage returns only. (To make the confusion complete, Elec- tric Pencil and WRITE mark the ends of paragraphs when you hit the Line Feed key; but the mark they actually insert in the text is not a line feed, but a car- riage return!) In any event, what ap- pear to be identical files can be dif- ferent, depending on the editor that created them. What is the poor Pascal programmer to do? So the Sorcim solu- tion is as good as any, except. . . . Unfortunately, Sorcim has not pro- vided a way to turn this feature off; so that if you want to make an exact copy of a file, you must go through massive contortions to test for whether or not there were line feeds in the original file. Now the way I intended to learn Pascal was to go through the excellent book Software Tools in Pascal by Ker- nighan and Plauger (Addison-Wesley, 1981) and implement all their utilities as I came to them. Alas, one of the first utilities was a Copy utility, and what could I do about the line-feed and carriage-return problem? Worse, none of that is explained in either Kernighan and Plauger or the Pascal-M documen- tation. (The documentation tells you that the read-line utility ignores line feeds but doesn't tell you the conse- quences and the way to get around the problem if you want to see if there were line feeds.) Eventually Alex managed a way around the problem, and after that he turned out programs in rapid fire order. Hell shortly have written a really good text formatter and printer that will do everything but wash the dishes; the basic program and most of its features work now. He also got many of the programs from Kernighan and Plauger running and, for good measure, set up some of the demonstration programs for me from Peter Grogono's really excellent Programming in Pascal (Addison- Wesley, 1980) so that they work with CP/M. The result is that now I can use Kernighan and Plauger, and Grogono as tutorial guides to learning the Pascal language. And the books are really good. I can learn more in a couple of hours of play- ing about with those books and getting the programs up than I can in a week of reading; and when I'm through, I often have useful utilities as well. At this point enter Barry Workman. 292 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc How to get hold of any information your company has... There's a big gap between having information in your company and having it in your hands. First you have to know where it is. Sometimes you don't. Then you have to send for it (or go get it yourself). It might be in your secretary's office. It might be in your Hong Kong office. It might even be in your data processing de- partment where you need a specialist to get it for you. Now there is a better way. ...in seconds. With Datapoint's Integrated Electronic Office™, you can find the letter, report, or data you want on the screen of your Datapoint workstation in seconds. The Integrated Electronic Office (or IEO) includes com- plete data processing, word processing, electronic mes- sage, color graphics, intelligent printing, facsimile and telecommunications capabilities in one system. Two fea- tures make it a more productive way to get hold of informa- tion: One, it does the searching. Two, it gives any number of people access to the same information. It does the file searching You don't need file numbers or special codes. Just type in something that occurs in the document you're looking for, like a name, a date, or a title. All documents containing that word or words are identified and listed on the screen. Select the one you need and the system will display the entire document. Only Datapoint® systems have this unique search capability. Every workstation has every file All your Datapoint workstations will have access to all your information, no matter where the information is physically located. (Except, of course, where you want security. ) This gives your people the facts they need faster and eliminates the need to duplicate information in several locations. The IEO is expandable, so you buy only what you need when you need it. You can start with one function like data processing and add, or begin with multiple functions. Every component is compatible with every other component so you won't have to scrap old equipment or programs when you add something. And there is no practical limit to the number of users you can add. The Datapoint IEO isn't just a nifty idea for the office of the future, it's a working reality. Let us show it to you. Call (512) 699-7059. Or write for our free brochure: A Capsule Look at Datapoint. Datapoint Corporation, Corporate Communications, T41PM, 9725 Datapoint Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78284. D DATAPOINT SYSTEMS THAT WORK TOGETHER NOW Circle 147 on Inquiry card. 'That's worth something," he said. 'There's lots of people who want to learn Pascal and get discouraged because they don't know where to start. You take those programs Alex did, his notes, your notes, and the two books, and you've got a complete guide to learning the language." "Not me," said I. "I write books for a living, articles for fun, and programs for a hobby, and I'm damned if 111 get into the software publishing business." "But I'm in the software publishing business," said Barry. "At least by default." (His normal business is con- sulting on new installations, but he's slowly built up the mail-order publish- ing end as a sideline.) "Let me put that out for you." So, Workman offers a package deal on learning Pascal. The disk with Alex's programs (sources and notes) and my notes on what I thought I needed to know is $50, and whether or not it's worth it depends entirely on how badly you want to learn Pascal and how much of a duffer you are when you begin work. I can truthfully say I wish I'd had the package when I started; it would have saved me a week and perhaps more. But it is not the Earth. You'll still need to work. Understand that you will also need Grogono's Programming in Pascal and Kernighan and Plauger's Software Tools in Pascal. Each sells for about $15.95 in book stores and computer shops. Workman will send the two of them postpaid for $20 each, so that his total package is $90 if you want it all. And understand that this is imple- mented for Sorcim's Pascal-M. Since Alex's programs are in Pascal, you will not be able to run them if you don't have the Sorcim compiler. (Alex has done exactly the same job on Digital Research's Pascal-MT+. See Items Reviewed, page 298.) Barry Workman has now put together a package that in- cludes Pascal-M (or Pascal-MT-f-), Alex's programs and notes, my notes, and the two books. Alex's evaluation of the two Pascals is that both are very good. If you're do- ing a lot of experimental programming, you'll want the Sorcim Pascal — which is also the best one to learn the lan- guage on. This is because Sorcim's Pascal-M compiles like lightning, much faster than UCSD Pascal or MT+ will compile. The error messages are very complete and informative. Thus you can do a lot of programming work in a short time. Pascal-M's shortcoming is that it compiles to an intermediate code, and thus the programs written in Pascal-M tend to be slow. Not egregiously slow, but certainly slower than programs written in Pascal-MT + , which com- piles to machine language. So if you're more interested in your programs run- ning fast, you'll want Digital Research's MT+. Me, I keep both and develop pro- grams with the Sorcim package. Then when they're running I use MT + to get them running fast; translation isn't all that difficult. But that's an expensive solution. The Great BASIC Compiler Debate I recently received several letters im- ploring me to choose between Micro- soft's BASCOM and Digital Research's CB-80. Both are, of course, BASIC compilers; the difference is that BASCOM compiles Microsoft's inter- pretive BASIC, while CB-80 compiles CBASIC, which is itself a pseudocom- piled language. Unfortunately, those were no easy letters to answer. As usual, the answer is "it depends." First, let's establish something: of the two languages, CB-80 is unquestion- ably better if your criteria are ease of use and ability to write structured pro- grams. CB-80 has "functions" that are indistinguishable in operation from Pascal procedures and calls by label (GOSUB DO-ONE is a perfectly legal statement). CB-80 has a whole host of features that Microsoft's BASIC simply doesn't support. Why, then, don't I simply recom- mend CB-80 and be done with it? It's a bit like Pascal-M vs. Pascal- MT+. Microsoft's BASCOM, used in conjunction with Microsoft's inter- MEMORY EXPANSION MODULE for IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER ■ Directly expands memory to 256K Bytes. Replaces three 64K Byte cards, (larger configurations available) ■ Each card aged at high temperature and voltage margined; less than 350 mA of +5v; one year warranty. ■ Available at participating COMPUTERLAND stores: contact factory for further information. ■ Intermedia Systems: 10 year old company; also produces CAD and Medical Graphic Display systems for Hewlett-Packard computers. o STAINLESS STEEL BRACKET $579 EACH o CARD GUIDE INCLUDED EXTENDED FOOT FOR VERTICAL STABILITY s 1 intermedial systems 10601 S. DeAnza Blvd. ■ Cupertino, CA 95014 (408) 996-0900 FULL WIDTH CARD FOR HORIZONTAL STABILITY- 294 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 235 on Inquiry card. Mdmm li±LM \pmxmmymXMmi Parallel muiltiprocessor power. We've put nine 4 Mhz Z-80's working in parallel to give you this performance. Here's the key: eight SLAVENET™ proces- sors, each a com- plete S-100 com- puter that can handle two timeshared users, with 128KRAM plus parity, 2K EPROM, full interrupts, software bank boundary and two serial ports for synchronous and asynchro nous protocol. We have full compatibility with UCSD PASCAL II™ and CP7 M™ through IBS PASCAL™ and TURBODOS™, which are fully interrupt driven, allowing up to 16 simultaneous and inde- pendent users. Our operating system includes such features as semaphores, concurrency, chaining and true word processing. And we have an impressive library of applications software too. Store up to 600 Mbytes on hard disk. Hang on 5", 8" or 14" Winchester disk drives with from 5 Mbyte to 600 Mbyte storage. Or go with 5" or 8" floppies. With our system you can even use your video tape recorder for backup. Get up to 100 Mbytes on a single videotape cartridge. Get the most computer bang for the buck. That's because you can get started with a low-cost, single user system and grow from there. Just plug in boards to go from one to sixteen users. And we've made it easy to reconfigure our I/O system so you can interface a remarkable variety of peripherals and controllers without special programming. INDEPENDENT BUSINESS SYSTEMS (415)443-3131 5915 Graham Ct. Livermore, CA 94550 OUR DEALERS: DOMESTIC • CEB3, Los Gatos, CA, (40B) 559-0288 • Donald Coffman, Cupertino, CA (408) 253-2327 • ICE, Gaithersburg, MD, (301) 869-2896 • QUALI-TYPE, Livermore, CA. (415) 447-6121 • ERS, Brea. CA, (714) 524-2470 • Innovative Interfaces, Berkeley, CA, (415) 524-8416 • Khalsa Consultants, Cambridge, MA, (617) 235-3580 • Khalsa International, Herndon, VA, (703) 437-4177 • FOREIGN • Philip Baksh, London, England, Tel: 44 1 7413707 • EEI, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Tel: 971 6 354 688 • JH Systems, Etoblocoke. Ontario. Canada, Tel: (416) 621-0538 • ELIF, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Tel: (514) 337-3214 • FDM, Madrid, Spain, Tel: 34 1 255 14 04 • Micro Service, Saint-Clement La Riviera, France, Tel: 33 67 84 31 88 • Servonic, Munich, Germany, Tel: 37 089 483253 • Terrace Computer Services, Terrace, British Columbia, Canada, Tel: (604) 635-7606 • Technlsch Bureau Muller, Amsterdam. The Netherlands, Tel: 31 20 8681 10 • ICE, 6 Youset Abbaf #808, Nasr, Cairo, Egypt • UCSD PASCAL II is a trademark ol the Regents of U. of C. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc. TURBODOS is a trademark of Software 2000. IBS is a trademark of IBS. Inc pretive BASIC, isn't as fast or as conve- nient as CB-80; but you can get your program running much more easily because of the interpretive feature of the language. With Microsoft's BASIC you can write a complex program and run it (slowly) in the interpretive mode. You'll be able immediately to correct all the syntax errors and other trivia, after which you can check the program logic to see that the damned thing really does what you wanted it to do. Only then must you invest the time in actual com- pilation. With CB-80, you must write the pro- gram; compile it, at which time you'll undoubtedly find a dozen trivial errors; put it back in your editor and fix the trivia; compile again, when you'll find more trivial errors that were masked by the first set of errors; etc. After about four to five iterations of the above, you'll finally be ready to check pro- gram logic, which may also drive you crazy because you can't jump around in the program at will the way you can in an interpretive language. So, what do you want? As for me, I find I do the following: for a quick and dirty program, one I want to get run- ning right noWj I invariably use Micro- soft's BASIC; if I'm going to use it very much, I then compile it with BASCOM. For a program that will be part of my permanent inventory, meaning that it's complex and will need modifications over the years, and for which I'll want lots of comments and a rigid structure, I almost always start with CB-80. That's because CB-80 programs are in- herently better structured than BASCOM programs. Sometimes I'll use Microsoft's BASIC to get started, then translate to CB-80 later; but that's rare because CB-80 has so many nifty features that Microsoft's BASIC lacks. But that's me. I discussed this with my mad friend not long before he died, and he said — not unsurprisingly — that the answer is "none of the above." Mac Lean was enamored of Digital Re- search's PL-I/80, which is admittedly harder to learn than either of the above BASICs, but which he claimed was far more powerful than either. And my son Alex, not surprisingly, argues that Pascal is much better; a sen- timent shared by Carl Helmers, the former editorial director of this magazine. And if all that's not enough, I can find no end of people to tell you that you must ignore all of the above and adopt the C programming language. The latter is a view for which I have surprisingly friendly sentiment; but the problem is that there is no good C com- piler for microcomputer systems. Now true, Leor Zolman's BDS C (B.D. Soft- ware C, available from Lifeboat Asso- ciates, and worth the price even if you're only mildly curious about C) is a truly amazing product; but it isn't the full C language, and the omissions are not trivial. The Whitesmiths C com- piler is a full C compiler (provided you have more than 60K bytes of free mem- ory), but it is slower than molasses in January and has perhaps the worst error-reporting features of any lan- guage I've ever seen. You can spend days trying to get the simplest program running in Whitesmiths C. And yet, the C language compiles to the tightest code of all the higher-level languages. It runs fast and is suitable for operating-system programming— something you certainly can't say for any of the other higher-level languages. If there were a really decent C for microcomputers I'd be inclined to sup- port it; and I'm very much looking for- ward to the development of a good C for my Godbout 8088. As of this writing, I've no definitive advice. If I could buy only one higher- level language, I suppose I'd get CB-80, an opinion which I suspect is causing my mad friend to revolve rapidly because he didn't care much for BASIC in any of its guises. The second one I'd buy would be BDS C, followed by BASCOM, and PL/I-80. But that's me, and I've different problems from many of you. I wish I could be more definitive. Goodies One reason you'll probably want the BDS C compiler is the BDS C User's Group. It puts out a truly amazing pile of useful software at practically no cost. You can purchase file com- parators, Game of Life, graphics for the Z-19 terminal, Pong games, Rally games, and the like. If you like playing with computers, you really ought to have BDS C and belong to the user group; if you get something you like only once a year, that's worth the cost. I'm also pleased to say that WRITE, devised for Larry Niven and myself by Anton Pietsch, is now available from Ashton-Tate for terminals as well as for memory-mapped video. I'm using it on the Z-19 right now, and it has a mind- staggering pile of features that really work. George Tate tells me that by the time you read this it will have been an- nounced and demonstrated at the West Coast Computer Faire. WRITE will, in my judgment, blow Wordstar out of the market. I know that's a heavy statement, given the number of people using Wordstar; but I still think it's true. WRITE is a truly transparent editor. To use it, you just type. If you want to go back and insert and delete and in general mess about with your text, WRITE reformats the paragraphs automatically; there aren't any danglers poking out at the end as if your sentences had rigor mortis. WRITE lets you change disks while your text is in the machine, so that paranoids (like me) can make safety copies that are truly safe. (The worst power failure isn't going to go across the room to the bookcase to clobber my disk.) And so forth. Obviously I'm pre- judiced. Not that I get any profit from WRITE, because I don't; but the pro- gram was written to make Larry Niven and me happy. All I can say is, get a demonstration; if you're a creative writer, I can't believe you won't prefer WRITE to any other text editor you've seen. Meanwhile, Tony is also doing a programmer's version of WRITE that, he says, will more than compete with Wordmaster. Grammar, Anyone? One real problem with artificial in- telligence is that we can teach com- puters to spell, but we can't really teach them grammar. For all the rules that appear to be rigid, when you get right inside the grammar of English, there is far too much of the "you-know-what-I- mean" type of statement. One valiant attempt to change this comes from the Aspen Software Com- pany, which makes Proofreader and 296 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc We speak the language of word processing. In plain English. If you're thinking about bi cessor, or if you want to get the mc system you have, these two SYBEX required reading. Introduction to Word Processing by Hal Glatzer, $12.95, contains over 200 pages of easy-to- understand information on what a word pro- cessor can do for you, how to evaluate what kind of system best fits your needs, and a step-by- step guide on how to use a word processor. "This book . . . takes a tough, contemporary subject, crucial to every business reader, and renders it comprehensible." Seattle Business Journal "For anyone wondering what a word processor is, ... or even remotely considering buying one, this is a very important book'.'The Atlanta Journal Introduction to WordStar™ by Arthur Naiman, $8.95. Learn how easy it is to use WordStar, to- day's most popular and powerful word process- ing program. Get off to a smooth start with this clear, complete reference manual which teaches you the program, step-by-step. You'll learn how to: . edit copy • move and delete blocks of text • create and merge files • check copy for spel- ling accuracy • format on-screen • create special print effects • and more! Graphically designed for the convenience of the reader, Introduction to WordStar™ is a finger-tip guide and Indispens- able reference for both beginners and experi- enced users. When you look for information on business or personal computing, remember SYBEX. We have the most comprehensive library available, from introductory to business to hardware, pro- gramming and assembly language titles; all writ- ten by computer professionals. The thorough, readable approach of SYBEX books is well known and favored by both non-technical people and computer specialists. SYBEX is the name you should think of when you want computer literature. Circle 431 on Inquiry card. a books or get a free catalog, fill out or call TOLL-FREE: 800/227-2346. within California) 415/848-8233. "Wordstar Is a registered trademark ol MicroPro int'l. Send me: D free catalog □ Introduction to Word Processing $12.95 D Introduction to Wordstar $8.95 Add: D $1 .50/Book UPS □ 75«Book 4th Class D $8, 00/Book Overseas Mall Charge my D VISA D MasterCard □ American Express Card # Total Amount Enclosed $_ .Exp. date- Signature— NAME ADDRESS- CITY . STATE - .ZIP. fSYBEX MAIL TO: SYBEX Inc. 2344 Sixth St., Dept.C-1 Berkeley, CA 94710 Items Reviewed Ashton-Tate 9929 Jefferson Los Angeles, CA 90230 WRITE (Writers' Really Incredible Text Editor for terminals) $395 Aspen Software Company POB 339 Tijeras, NM 87059 Proofreader and Grammatik (combined) IBM Personal Computer $250 TRS-80ModelIorIII $139 TRS-80 Model II $179 CompuPro/Godbout Oakland Airport, CA 94614 M-Drive 128K memory $1590 256K memory $3100 Digital Research POB 579 Pacific Grove, CA 93950 Pascal-MT+ 5.5 system $350 CB-801.1 $500 IBM Information Systems Division Entry Systems Business POB 1328 Boca Raton, FL 33432 IBM Personal Computer $1600 Lifeboat Associates 1651 Third Ave. New York, NY 10028 BDS C Compiler $150 Microsoft 400 108th Ave. NE Suite 200 Bellevue, WA 98004 BASCOM BASIC Compiler CP/M and Apple $395 Oasis Systems 2765 Reynard Way San Diego, CA 92103 The Word $75 Osborne Computer Corporation 26500 Corporate Ave. Hayward, CA 94545 Osborne 1 $1795 Sorcim Corporation 405 Aldo Ave. Santa Clara, CA 95050 Pascal-M $395 Televideo Systems Inc. 1170 Morse Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Televideo 950 $1195 Whitesmiths Ltd. POB 1132 Ansonia Station New York, NY 10023 C compiler for CP/M $750 Workman & Associates 112 Marion Ave. Pasadena, CA 91106 Utility Disk One (including FIND) $32.50 Pascal Primer $50 with Grogono's Programming in Pascal and Kernighan and Plauger's Software Tools in Pascal $90 with both books and Sorcim's Pascal-M compiler $350 with both books and Digital Research's Pascal-MT + compiler $425 Books Reviewed Software Tools in Pascal by Brian W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981. $15.95 Programming in Pascal by Peter Grogono, Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, 1980 $15.95 Grammatik. Proofreader is another spelling program. It's not very good, compared to the best; it's certainly not up to Spellguard's standards of perfor- mance as far as convenience. For one thing, the Aspen spelling checker doesn't know about dot com- mands: that is, whereas the best spell- ing programs know that a line begin- ning with a period is a command line and contains words to be ignored, Proofreader faithfully offers all my for- matting commands as candidate mis- spelled words. It's also quite slow, even on the 8085 at 6 MHz. What makes the Aspen program unique is Grammatik, which is an at- tempt to teach a computer elementary rules of grammar. Grammatik is an in- tegral part of Proofreader and is in- voked from within that program. It first makes a table of words by frequen- cy (just as The Word does); the idea here is to let you see if you've over- worked any words. Then it looks for "grammatical errors." Now, no program yet written actual- ly understands English grammar; cer- tainly none that work on 8-bit micro- computers can. Grammatik can look for strange errors, such as doubled words ("the the") and STicky SHift KEy (more than one letter capitalized in a word). It makes sure that the first let- ter of each sentence (defined as the word following a period; be wary of abbreviations) is capitalized. It can find misplaced or unbalanced quotation marks, and it can look at a table of trite and overworked phrases that are best avoided and indicate them on the screen. In other words, it's useful if your work has to do with words. I've been using it since it arrived with no regrets. Proofreader is apparently available without Grammatik; I wouldn't recom- mend getting Proofreader alone. There are much better spelling programs. I'm not sure that Grammatik will work without Proofreader, which com- promises its value. So it goes. Integrity and High Speed We now have four major computers: Ezekial, my five-year-old Cromemco Z-2 Z80; the Osborne; the Godbout 8085/88; and Alex's CCS (California Computer Systems) Z80. There's also Dr. Stefan Possony's CCS in Palo Alto, California, and we have a cousinly relationship with the L-5 Society, which has installed a Godbout. Amazingly, we're happy with all of them. The Osborne, just at the mo- ment, is in the shop; we got one of the really early ones made before they shook the bugs out of it. The dealer to whom Alex took it doesn't know that I 298 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 441 on inquiry card. First, the IBM Personal Computer, The Next Step . . . Tecmar The TECMAR Expansion series is the first and only, complete line of expansion options available for the IBM Personal Computer. Now totaling over twenty-five separate options, the TECMAR series gives you the broadest range of expansion available for your IBM Personal Computer. ^00K SYSTEM EXPANSION with a comp- lete Expansion Chassis providing six additional system slots, a separate power supply and styling that com- plements the IBM system. MEMORY EXPANSION in 64K 128K, 192K and 256K Byte incre- ments of Dynamic RAM with parity. 32K Bytes of Static RAM, 32K Bytes of CMOS RAM with battery backup, or up to 128K Bytes of Read Only Memory. PRACTICAL EXPANSION with two Serial ports and one Parallel port on a single board, or a Time of Day calendar with battery backup, a Voice Synthesizer with vocabulary in ROM and phoneme speech generation, even a BSR XI 0™ device controller for lights and appliances. DISK EXPANSION through the addition of a five or ten megabyte Winchester disk. The disk options come enclosed in the TECMAR Expansion Chassis, providing additional expansion slots as well as Winchester disk storage. This approach assures you of unmatched system expandability for nearly any application. FUNCTIONAL EXPANSION is also available with TECMAR Speed Disk™ and print Spooling Software that give new functionality to memory options. UNMATCHED EXPANSION for the serious IBM Personal Computer user through these and the many other TECMAR Expansion products available through participating COMPUTERLAND stores, and other fine computer retailers nationwide. LABORATORY/INDUSTRIAL EX- PANSION through an IEEE 488 interface, the Lab Tender with an 8 bit A/D and D/A, or the Lab Master for 12 bit A/D and D/A, a two axis Stepper Motor Controller, or the Parallel Digital-In/Digital-Out Base Board™, Video Digitization with Video VanGogh'". DEVELOPMENT EXPANSION using an E+EEPROM programmer, Proto- zoa prototyping boards or a TECMAR Extender card. NEW PRODUCTS are currently un- der development with many soon to be announced. At present shipping 26 unique IBM add-on products, we are still looking for needs to meet. If you have an need for a new product for the IBM Personal Computer, and would like to ask us about it, give a call on our Product Input Hotline at (216)464-8317. For IBM Personal Computer Expansion, TAKE THE NEXT STEP . . . Tecmar Inc. PERSONAL COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION 23600 Mercantile Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44122 Telephone: (216)464-7410 Telex: 241735 got mine direct from Adam Osborne or that I'm going to write a review. As far as he's concerned he's got an early model, well past its warranty date, but with an early main board known to be defective. And he's having it fixed. There is, it seems, a directive from Osborne headquarters covering such cases. Consequently, they're installing completely new electronics, at no cost. And, I hasten to add, the Osborne you can buy now comes already with the newly designed board. So, where does this put Osborne? As one of those companies that uses its customers as its quality-control depart- ment? No. There is, after all, one company around with a prodigious reputation for delivering DOA equip- ment (that is, equipment dead on ar- rival) and doing nothing at all about the problems. It hasn't redesigned Multiperipherals For Your Multibus Need large disk capacity for your Multibus system? Xylogics has what you need. Multi Disks • CDC Hawk (10 MB) • CDC cartridge modules (32-96 MB) • CDC storage modules (80-300 MB) • CDC Lark (8 MB/8 MB) • BASF (24 MB) • NEC (20-80 MB) Multi Interfaces Choice of Xylogics Peripheral Processors for either storage module or Diablo 44B interface. Multi Benefits • Bit-slice control technology • Compatible with INTEL, NATIONAL 80/20,86/12 • SMD configurations of up to four drives in any mix of storage capacities • Fast delivery • Low prices U.S. Headquarters: 144 Middlesex Tnpk., Burlington, MA 01803 Tel: (617) 272-8140 (TWX 710-332-0262) European Headquarters: 46-48 High St., Slough, Berks SL1 1 ES U.K. Tel: (0753) 78921 ; Telex 847978 anything, nor has it made contact with all its dealers to tell them how to handle the problems. It just goes on buying advertising. Osborne, on the other hand, ob- viously wants to make his customers happy. He keeps sending software up- dates, for example; and when he finds a design defect in his early models, he eats the cost of updating them. So, sure, it would have been better if there hadn't been problems with the first three hundred machines delivered; but that was, after all, a fairly small number, and Lord knows Adam Osborne has worked prodigiously to rectify any early problems. And until the flaw showed up, as mentioned above, the Osborne per- formed more than satisfactorily. We've amazed a lot of friends with it. And we've now got it talking to our other machines, so that we can put programs in it and get text out. I use it at all my meetings and conferences, and I've missed it the past few days that it was gone. Then there's the Godbout 8085/88: built like a Mack truck and every bit as reliable; the only thing to report about its operations is that there's nothing to report. We do have a new feature, though. We've just installed Bill Godbout's M-Drive, which is a way of fooling your computer programs into thinking that a lot of extra memory (in our case 512K) is a disk drive; and you can't believe how fast that runs. Compila- tions and assemblies are nearly instan- taneous. Of course the data isn't saved that way; if the power goes off, you've lost it. But for compilations and the like, who cares? Compile once with M-Drive, and if it compiles without er- rors, save it on disk. If there are errors, you get the result instantly and can fix things. I wouldn't recommend M-drive for people primarily concerned with text and creative writing because they'll mostly be concerned with preservation of their output. I, for instance, want to see a copy of my text disks in a box on the other side of the room before I'm completely satisfied. But for program- mers with frequent test compilations and the like, the Godbout M-Drive is a real godsend. ■ 300 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 477 on Inquiry card. Krteci [a*sc *tl programs Son JeUrles and Glen Fishex INEER1NC YOUR [fiflEfi COMPUTER a guide ro ATARI' 400/800" personal computers W 6502 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE SUBROUTINES LANCE A LEVENTHAL WINTHROP SAV1U.E OMICRCKOMr T»>e B^iiuk-Ts Book FXavid Bunnell A USER GUIDE TO THE UNIX' SVSTTEWI - Introduction To Microcomputers: Volume 0— The Beginner's Book, Third Edition by Adam Osborne and David Bunnell One of our most popular titles.Volume has been expanded and revised to include new sections on software and communica- tions. Written for the complete novice, this book introduces the construction and operation of microcomputers. Paper $12.50 6502 Assembly Language Subroutines by Lance Leventhal and Winthrop Saville This book includes over 50 indispensible, ready-to-use subrou- tines. A boon to every 6502 programmer, it will save hours of programming time. Includes array, bit and string manipulation, sorting and searching operations, much more. Paper $12.99 Assembly Language Programming for the Apple II™ by Robert Mottola This comprehensive, easy to understand introduction provides solid groundwork for getting started in assembly language programming on the Apple II. Many subroutines written in assembly language are provided, and most explanations are shown with equivalent examples in BASIC. Paper $12.95. Discover FORTH: Learning And Programming the FORTH Language by Thorn Hogan Using a friendly approach, the author explains the history and uses of FORTH, as well as how to program to an intermediate level. Includes notes on logical extensions and alterations to the current standard FORTH syntax. Paper $14.95. Your Atari® Computer: A Guide to Atari® 400/800™ Personal computers by Lon Poole with Martin McNiff and Steven Cook Your Atari® Computer provides invaluable reference material for Atari® home computer users. This "how-to" guide written for the novice covers all the common external devices, including disk drives and printers. The reader can also learn to program in Atari® BASIC. Paper $16.95. Trade Secrets: How to Protect Your Ideas and Assets by James Pooley Attorney James Polley provides legal advice on a "hot" topic: who owns your ideas in today's business world. Employers can learn to tighten company security systems and protect their intel- lectual assets. Employees can become familiar with their rights to take "commercial" ideas to new jobs or start competing busi- nesses without being sued. Cloth $19.95. A User Guide to the UNIX™ System by Rebecca Thomas and Jean Yates Designed to ease the novice through the difficult learning stages, this volume is also an excellent reference for those already famil- iar with the UNIX™ operating system. Computer-side tutorials teach forty basic commands plus there's a list of UNIX™ system resources, and a bibliography for further study. Paper $15.99. VisiCalc®: Home and Office Companion by David M. Castlewitz and Lawrence Chisausky with Patricia Kronberg. Illustrated by L. D. Chukman Contains 50 models that can be used immediately for personal and business applications. Provides models for loans and invest- ments, advertising and sales, inventory control, personnel, household aids and more. Designed to accomodate most micros and every version of the VisiCalc® program. Paper $15.99. Now at your dealer, or write Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA 94710. Phone orders: CALL TOLL FREE 800-227-2895. In California call 415-548-2805. Canadian orders contact L.A. Varah (416) 561-9311, McGraw-Hill-Ryerson (416) 293-1911. Osborne/McGraw-Hill 'M Atari* 4007800™ are trademarks of Atari. Inc. PET™ is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines, Inc.CUKSOR™ is a trademark of The Code Works. Unix™ is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Apple II® is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. VisiCalc* is a registered trademark of VisiCorp. Circle 350 on inquiry card. The Atari Tutorial Part 10: Human Engineering The interaction between the computer and its human user is easily the most important — and most often neglected — aspect of commercial software. The Atari home computer is first and foremost a consumer computer, being designed to make it easy for people to use. Many of the hardware features protect the consumer from inadvertent errors. Because the average consumer is unfamiliar with the conventions and traditions of the computer world, software should reflect an equal concern for the con- sumer. If a program is understand- able, it will be used correctly most of the time. Occasionally, a user will be careless and make mistakes. It is the programmer's responsibility to pro- tect the user from as many mistakes as possible. Human engineering refers to the in- teraction between the design of tools and the resulting ease of use by peo- ple. The current state of human engi- neering found in personal computer software is dismal. Many programs This article appears in slightly different form in De Re Atari, published by Atari Inc., and is reproduced with its express permission. De Re Atari is available from the Atari Program Exchange, 155 Moffett Park Dr., POB 427, Sunnyvale, CA 94086. Chris Crawford Atari Inc. 1265 Borregas Ave. POB 427 Sunnyvale, CA 94086 being sold contain atrocious design decisions that reflect unawareness of human engineering. Although the worst offenders are written by amateur programmers, even software written at some of the largest firms shows occasional lapses in this respect. Can you Imagine what Star Raiders would be like without animation? Human engineering is an art, not a science. It demands great technical skill, but it also requires insight and sensitivity. As such, it is a highly sub- jective field devoid of absolutes. Since this article is the work of one hand, it betrays the subjectivity of its author. A full treatment of the many opinions on the subject would be both lengthy and confusing. I therefore chose the simpler and more pleasant task of presenting only my own point of view, giving appropri- ate lip service to the most serious ob- jections. The result is contradictory enough to satisfy even the most academic of readers. The Computer as a Sentient Being An instructive way of viewing the problem of human engineering is to cast the programmer as a sorcerer who conjures up an intelligent being, a homunculus, within the innards of the computer. This creature lacks physical embodiment but possesses intellectual traits — specifically, the ability to process and organize infor- mation. Although the user of the pro- gram enters into a relationship with this homunculus, these two sentient beings think differently. The human's thought patterns are associative, in- tegrative, and diffuse; the program's thought processes are direct, analytical, and specific. These dif- ferences are complementary and pro- ductive because the homunculus does well what the human cannot. Unfor- tunately, these differences also create a communications barrier between the user and the homunculus. They have much to say to each other because they are so different, but because they are different they cannot communicate well. The central aim of good program- ming should therefore be to provide better communications between the user and the homunculus. Sad to say, 302 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc IT TAKES A HOT COMPUTER TO RUN NON-STOP IN A DEEP' Smoke Signal's Chieftain™ computer series: The kind of tough reliability you need today on your business team. Chieftains are preferred by discerning buyers when extra performance has In be delivered under less-than-ideal operating conditions. The track record this computer has achieved in hundreds of demanding installations world- wide is proof that a Chieftain can meet any challenge your business environment has to offer. Select from a family of field-proven systems. Chieftains range from floppies to this 5 1 /?-inch Winchester hard disk system with 20-megabyte tape streamer option. It's available with the new OS-9 Level I and II, multi-user, UNIX comparable operating system lor mainframe-like performance. All CI 6809-based Chieftains deliver six months of continuous operation at Arctic Circle Two Chieftains accompanied an Adak research expedition during the frigid winter of 1981. The computers fulfilled a vttal support role for an earthquake prediction study. In sub-zero temperatures, rain, snow, ice and wind-driven weals and dust, the extraordinary Chieftains — supported hy Smoke Signal's factory-based staff — proued they were up to the challenge. Chieftains are so cost-effective and advanced, they obsolete most other systems available today at any price. Whether you select an upward-compatible 5W- or 8-inch floppy disk system, or 5W- or 8-inch hard disk configurations of 4- to 60-megabyte capacity, you'll receive Chieftain's widely acclaimed quality — plus value that makes your dollar go a lot further. Smoke Signal's huge software array begins at comprehensive business programs, and expands into esoteric applications lor rare and specialized tasks. Here's a sampling of the latest additions to the Chieftain hard disk computer systems that are destined to change the way you think about data processing: □ THE CHIEFTAIN 95W4 'i megabyte 5'4-inch Winchester with .i 360k floppy disk drive □ THE CHIEFTAIN 98W15 15-megabyte. .Vt-imh Winchester with a I -megabyte 8-lrtch floppy disk drive □ THE CHIEFTAIN 95XW4 4-me.gabyte, SU-inch Winchestei with a 750-k octo-densily floppy disk drive □ THE CHIEFTAIN 9WL5T20 15-megabyte, s'viiuh Winchester with a 20-megabyte tape streamer WRITE OR CALL TODAY FOR DETAILS ON THE TOTAL CHIEFTAIN SERIES ... AND ON DEALERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES STILL AVAILABLE Smoke Signal Broadcasting • 31336 Via Colinas, Westlake Village, CA 91362 • (213) 889-9340 I SMOKE SIGNAL Chieftain Computers For dealers only, circle 414 All other inquiries, circle 415 Name. Title . Company Address City State_ .Zip. Telephone ( many programmers expend the greater part of their efforts on ex- panding and improving the process- ing power of their programs. This only heightens the tragedy by increas- ing the intelligence of the homunculus while leaving him blind, deaf, and dumb. Today's personal computers have sufficient computing power to meet many of the average consumer's needs. The primary limiting factor is no longer clock speed or resident memory; the primary limiting factor is now the thin pipeline connecting our now-intelligent homunculus with his human user. Each can process in- formation rapidly and efficiently; only the narrow pipeline between them slows down the interaction. Human-Machine Communication How can we widen the pipeline be- tween the two thinkers? We must focus on the language with which they communicate. Like any lan- guage, a man-machine language is re- stricted by the physical means of ex- pression available to the speakers. Because the computer and the human are physically different, their modes of expression are physically different. This forces us to create a language that is not symmetric (as human lan- guages are). Instead, a man-machine language will have two very different channels: an input channel and an output channel. Just as we study human language by first studying the sounds that the human vocal tract can generate, we begin by examining the physical components of the man- machine interface. Output (Computer to Human) Two primary output channels go from the computer to the user. The first is the television screen; the sec- ond is the television speaker. For- tunately, these are flexible devices that permit a broad range of expres- sion. For the purposes of this article, it is better to discuss these devices in terms of the human point of view. Of ETHERNET and the S-100 Bus Now, it's possible for any S-100 Bus Microcomputer to plug into the high speed, 10 megabits per second ETHERNET local area network. The FILTABYTE S 2.0 plugs into any standard S-100/IEEE 696 bus and allows the user to collect, from the ETHERNET, up to 8 or 32, two thousand byte message packets, back-to-back. • Available in either 16K or 64K dual ported memory • Memory may be used for data or program storage if not used for buffering • Polled or vectored interrupt modes available • Controller's address inserted automatically • 32 bit CRC • Meets DEC, INTEL, and XEROX ETHERNET specifications version 1.0 • Connects to ETHERNET using any transceiver which conforms to the ETHERNET specifica- tion • $1,295 in OEM quantities 1798 Technology Drive, San Jose, CA 95110 j InC. (408) 280-7566, TELEX: 171-647, TWX: 910-338-7067 the two devices (screen and speaker), the display screen is easily the more expressive and powerful device. The human eye is a more finely developed device for gathering information than the human ear. An electrical engineer might say that the eye has more "bandwidth" than the ear — that is, it can interpret a far more complex in- put stream. The eye can process three major forms of visual information: shapes, color, and animation. Shapes Shapes are an ideal means for pre- senting information to the human eye. The human retina is especially adept at recognizing shapes. The most direct use of shapes is for the depiction of objects. If you want the program to tell the user about some- thing, draw a picture of it. A picture is direct and immediately recogniz- able. The second use of shapes is for symbols. Some concepts in the human lexicon defy direct depiction. Concepts like love, infinity, and direction cannot be shown with pic- tures. They must instead be conveyed with symbols, such as a heart, a horizontal figure 8, or an arrow. These are a few of the many symbols we all recognize and use. Sometimes you can create an ad hoc symbol for limited use in your program. Most people can adapt to such a symbol quite readily. Although symbols are a compact way to express an idea, they should not be used in place of pictures unless compactness is essential. A symbol is an indirect expression; a picture is a direct expression. The pic- ture conveys the idea more directly and more forcefully. The third and most common use of shapes is for text. A letter is an in- direct symbol; we put letters together to form words. The language thereby produced is extremely rich in its ex- pressive power. Truly it is said, "If you can't say it, you don't know it." This expressive power is gained at the price of extreme indirection. The word that expresses an idea has no sensory or emotional connection whatever with the idea itself. We are forced to carry out extensive mental 304 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc Circle 361 on Inquiry card. ALPHANUMERIC or GRAPHIC? M If high resolution required, install O BMC color/green monitor in your system. ice Board for Appie-ll is available now. BM-12A i ANG6LEI Manhai BNM400CLU BM- 1401 RGB BM-1402RGB Iry card. IC USA, IIMC. NEW YORK ( 1 ■1 ■I gymnastics to decipher the word. Of course, we do it so often that we have become quite fluent at translating strings of letters into ideas. We do not notice the effort. The important point is that the indirection detracts from the immediacy and f orcefulness of the communication. One school of thought maintains that text is superior to graphics for communication purposes. The gist of the argument is that text en- courages freer use of the reader's rich imagination, while graphic depiction of reality always falls short of our imaginative expectations. This argu- ment fails to convince me because it seems to arbitrarily draw a line be- tween the user's need for information and the ability to supply information through the use of imagination. If the user has an active imagination, why is the program needed at all? Why doesn't the user simply imagine the entire program? Conversely, if a small amount of information pro- vided in the form of text is the seed for the user's imagination, would not more information, provided in the form of graphics images, encourage even grander flights of imaginative fancy? An equal exercise of imagina- tion with graphics should provide even greater results. The eye can process three major forms of visual Information: shapes, color, and animation. A more compelling argument for text is that its indirection allows it to pack a considerable amount of infor- mation into a small space. The space constraints on any real communica- tion make text's greater compactness valuable. Nevertheless, this does not make text superior to graphics; it simply makes text more economical. Graphics requires more space, time, memory, or money, but it also com- municates better than text. To some extent, the choice between graphics and text is a matter of taste, and the taste of the buying public has never been in doubt. Compare the populari- ty of television with that of radio, or the popularity of movies with books. Graphics beats text easily. Color Color is another vehicle for con- veying information. Since it is less powerful than shape, it normally plays a secondary role in visual presentations. Its most frequent use is to differentiate between otherwise in- distinguishable shapes. It also plays an important role in providing cues to the user. Good color can salvage an otherwise ambiguous shape. For example, a tree represented as a character must fit inside an 8- by 8-pixel grid. The grid is too small to draw a recognizable tree. By coloring the tree green, however, the image becomes much easier to recognize. Color is also useful for attracting attention or signaling important PRODUCTS FOR YOUR RADIO SHACK MICROTEXT COMMUNICATIONS VIA YOUR MODEM! Now you can use your printer with your modem! Your computer can be an intelligent printing terminal. Talk to timeshare services or to other personal computers; print simultaneously through a second printer port; and re-display text stored in memory. Download text to Basic programs; dump to a cassette tape, or printer, or both. Microtext can be used with any printer or no printer at all. It features user-configurable duplex/parity for special applications, and can send any ASCII character. You'll find many uses for this general purpose module! Available in ROMPACK, ready-to-use, for $59.95. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM The Micro Works Software Development System (SDS80C) is a complete 6809 editor, assembler and monitor package contained in one Color Computer program pack! Vastly superior to RAM-based assemblers/editors, the SDS80C is non- volatile, meaning that if your application program bombs, it can't destroy your editor/assembler. Plus it leaves almost all of 16K or 32K RAM free for your program. Since all three programs, editor, assembler and monitor are co-resident, we eliminate tedious program loading when going back and forth from editing to assembly and debugging! The powerful screen-oriented Editor features finds, changes, moves, copys and much more. All keys have convenient auto repeat (typamatic), and since no line numbers are required, the full width of the screen may be used to generate well commented code. The Assembler features all of the following: complete 6809 instruction set; complete 6800 set supported for cross-assembly; conditional assembly; local labels; assembly to cassette tape or to memory; listing to screen or printer; and mnemonic error codes instead of numbers. The versatile ABUG monitor is a compact version of CBUG, tailored for debugging programs generated by the Assembler and Editor. It features examine/change of memory or registers, cassette load and save, breakpoints and more. SDS80C Price: $89.95 GAMES Star Blaster — Blast your way through an asteroid field in this action-packed Hi-Res graphics game! Available in ROMPACK; requires 16K. Price: $39.95 Pac Attack — Try your hand at this challenging game by Computerware, with fantastic graphics, sound and action! Cassette requires 16K. Price: $24.95 Berserk — Have fun zapping robots with this Hi-Res game by Mark Data Products. Cassette requires 16K. Price: $24.95 Adventure — Black Sanctum and Calixto Island by Mark Data Products. Each cassette requires 16K. Price: $19.95 each. ROMLESS PAK I — is an empty program pack capable of holding two 2716 or 2732 EPROMs, allowing you up to 8K of program! The PC board inside comes with sockets installed, ready to go with the addition of your custom EPROMs. Price: $24.95 2-PASS DISASSEMBLER — with documentation package. 16K; cassette. 80C Disassembler Price: $49.95 CBUG — Machine language monitor. CBUG Cassette Price: $29.95 CBUG ON 2716 EPROM: Can plug into Romless Pak I. CBUG ROM Price: $39.95 PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE — serial to parallel converter allows use of all standard parallel printers. PI80C Price: $69.95 Assembly Language Programming, by Lance Leventhal. Price: $16.95 MEMORY UPGRADE KITS: 4-1 6K Kit Price $39.95. 16-32K (requires soldering experience) Price: $39.95 PARTS & SERVICES: SAMs, 6809Es, RAMs, PIAs. Call for prices. THE WE SHIP FROM STOCK! GOOD STUFF! Master Charge/Visa and COD Accepted P.O . BOX 1 11 DEL MAR, CA 9201 4 71 4-942-2400 306 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 306 on inquiry card. SANYO MONITORS When you're ready to stop playing around. Maybe your home TV was OK as a display when all you were concerned with was blasting Klingons. But if you spend more than a couple of hours in front of your TV screen, you'll start to pay the price in eyestrain. Maybe even headaches. It's not worth it. Mot when you can get a Sanyo data moni- tor that's specifically designed for long-term, day-in, day-out use. r'. j i:t< r c ". HLIH ui nun 5*3 ftllN c ?i; CQLOR 53! HUH 580 HLIH 585 HLIH 598 COLOR 4 HLIN P + 1 688 UTAB GH FI Compare display quality of a typical home TV (left) with a Sanyo professional monitor (right). Sanyo monitors have been the industry standard for as long as there's been a personal com- puter industry— in fact they're recommended by computer dealers and manufacturers alike. That's because when you buy a Sanyo, you're notjust getting a stripped-down TV set. You're getting a truly professional dis- play system. Sanyo offers a complete selection of monitors for any ap- plication. You can choose from 9" models with either white or easy-on-the-eyes green phosphors. Or a sleek new 12" model with a special anti-reflec- tive screen (green or white), and an optional desk stand with ad- justable tilt. If color graphics are your thing, check our 13" full- color models— one with TV- compatible video input, and a new ultra-high resolution RGB model for computers like the IBM, MEC and Apple III. Visit your computer dealer and find out how much better things look on a real, professional monitor from Sanyo. Anything less isjust playing around. © 1982 5anyo Electric, Inc Communications Products Division 5anyo Electric Inc., 1200 W. Artesia Blvd., Compton, CA 90220 (213) 537-5830 Circle 399 on inquiry card. Circle 347 on inquiry card. r M — WOryx software What does the Oryx, an African antelope, have In common with reliable service? They are both almost extinct. Oryx Software wants to bring trustworthy ser- vice back to life. We're here to stay! GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES! We will match any advertised price. Just show us the ad. ORDER TOLL FREE - Outside wi 1-800-826-1589 SOFTWARE APPLE Mailing List Program 48 Supertax! II 128 C.O.H.P. I 235 Estimator 295. Magic Window 7g Vlstrend/Plol igg' Visiterm 120. Supercalc 269 Locksmith 4.0 99 Tax Preparer '82 127. Real Estate Analyzer 127 , Creative Financing 127 DB Master , , 174/ Mlcropro Wordstar 248! Context Connector 180. Easy Writer (Pro) ig5 Easy Mailer 160. Datadex 249 Nevada Cobol , 129 Visicalc 3.3 15g Spellguard 239 PFS S Report 80 Systems plus Acct'g. Module 425. Electronic 1, 2, 3 3g, Wizardry 42 Apple Panic 25 Sub-logic Flight Simulator 28^ Micropainter 34 Zork II 33.' Edu-ware 35. Raster Blaster 25 Intnl. Grd. Prix 26 Graphic Software 19 Logic Simulator 135 AND MANY MORE! CP/M Word Processor I 425. Mail Management 250! Mailmerge gn, Spellstar '.'.'.'.'. m. Supersort II 15g Mlcrop/an Basic 419 Micro Pro Wordstar 297' AND MANY MORE! Others for CBM, NEC, ATARI, IBM, ETC. . Prices valid for stock on hand and subject to change without notice. Write for our FREE catalog. For Peripherals see our other ad, page 456 Please • Wisconsin residents - add 4% sales tax • Add $2.50 for shipping per software and small item. Call regarding others. We Welcome Visa, Mastercharge - (Add 4% • Checks (Allow 1-2 weeks for clearing) • COD (Add $1.50 per shipment) ORDER TOLL FREE - Outside Wl 1-800-826-1589 For Technical Info & in Wisconsin: 715-848-2322 Oryx Software 205 Scott St., Dept. BB P.O. Box 1961 • Wausau. Wl 54401 & material. Hot colors attract attention. Finally, use of color enhances the aesthetic appeal of any program. Colored images are more pleasing to look at than black-and-white images. Hard-boiled programmers may question the relevance of aesthetic considerations to communications. The obvious attention to the design of highway advertising billboards and television commercials indicates the importance our culture attaches to the aesthetic aspect of communica- tion. These carefully planned and very expensive ads are little more than exquisite aesthetic trappings (skin, glitter, and chrome) wrapped around a corporate logo. Animation I use the term animation here to designate any change in the display. Animation includes colors or shapes that change, moving foreground ob- jects, or a moving background pat- tern. Animation's primary value is for showing dynamic processes. In- deed, graphics animation is the only way to successfully present highly ac- tive events. The value of animation is best demonstrated by a game like Star Raiders. Can you imagine what the game would be like without anima- tion? For that matter, can you imag- ine what it would be like in pure text? The value of animation extends far beyond games. Animation allows the designer to show dynamic, changing events clearly. The ability to do animation is one of the major advan- tages that computers have over paper-and-ink as an information technology. Animation is very powerful in sensory terms. The human eye is organized to respond strongly to changes in the visual field. Animation attracts the eye's atten- tion. Finally, animation increases the energy level of the program, conse- quently increasing the user's emo- tional involvement. Many program failures are due to user failures, which in turn can be traced to user inatten- tiveness. If you want the user's atten- tion, you've got to jump up and down. Sound Graphics images must be looked at to have effect. Sound can reach a user's ears even when the user is not paying direct attention to the video display. Sound therefore has great value as an annunciator or warning cue. A wide variety of beeps, tones, and grunts can be used to signal feed- back to the user. Correct actions can be answered with a pleasant bell tone. Warning conditions can be noted with a honk. Sound has a second use: providing realistic sound effects. Quality sound effects greatly add to the impact of a program because the sound provides a second channel of information flow that is effective even when the user is overlooking the visual component of the program. Sound is ill-suited for conveying straight factual information; most people do not have the aural acuity to distinguish fine tone differences. Sound is much more effective for con- veying emotional states or responses. People associate many sounds with emotional states. A descending se- quence of notes implies deteriorating circumstances. An explosive sound denotes destruction. A fanfare an- nounces an important arrival. Cer- tain note sequences from widely recognized popular songs are im- mediately associated with particular feelings. For example, in Energy Czar, a dirge indicates that the user's energy mismanagement has ruined America's energy situation; a frag- ment of "Happy Days Are Here Again" indicates success. Input (Human to Computer) Three input devices are most com- monly used with the Atari 400/800 home computer: the keyboard, paddles, and joystick. The keyboard is easily the most powerful input device available to the designer, with more than 50 direct keystrokes immediately available. Use of the Control and Shift keys more than doubles the number of dis- tinguishable entries possible. The Caps/Lowr and Atari keys extend the expressive range of the keyboard 308 /une 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Our f ^Personal Improvement Plan MICROBYTE Add-Ons for the IBM Personal Computer from ASAP MICROBYTE lets your IBM Personal Computer be- come all that it can be with a wide variety of enhance- ments. We can stretch memory, increase computing ability, provide printer support, improve storage capacity and expand the overall capability of your system to reach limits you never thought possible. With MICROBYTE and ASAP your Personal Computer has all the potential you need for a variety of applications: video games, educa- tional use, home budget applications or business use. All MICROBYTE add-ons are constructed of high quality components and feature gold contacts and clear solder mask. Built to MICROBYTE's rigid standards, each board is fully assembled and tested. Choose the IBM add-ons you need for your applications. Then call ASAP today, and start your own "Personal" improvement plan. • Expansion Chassis with 5-slot motherboard • 256K RAM Board • Winchester Disk Drive and Controller, 6 and 12 megabytes (specify) • Expansion Chassis with one or two 5W floppy disk drives, either 48 TPI or 96 TPI, single-sided or double-sided, double-density • 32K Serial Printer Buffer Board • 32K Parallel Printer Buffer Board • EPROM Board up to 32K ASAP offers a 15-day buyer protection policy: full money-back guarantee if not totally satisfied. Ordarlng Inlormatton: name, address, phone; ship by: UPS or Mail. Shipping charge: add $2.90 up to 1 lb. (UPS blue), U.S. Mail add $1.50 (U.S. only) ($25.00 minimum order). T«rm»: We accept cash, check, money orders, Visa and Master Charge (U.S. funds only). Tax: 6% Calif, res., COO's and terms available on approval (School PO's Accepted). Toll free outside California: (800) 421-7701 inside California: (213) 595-6431 (714) 891-2663 ASAP Computer Products LTD., 116 Viceroy Road., D-12 Concord, Toronto, Ontario, Canada L4K 1A9 (416) 738-0500 (800) 268-1996 Circle 37 on Inquiry card. asaii computer ■ products, inc. 1198 E. Willow St.. Signal Hill, CA 90606 Hi even further. Thus, with a single key- stroke, the user can designate one of 125 commands. A pair of keystrokes can address more than 15,000 selec- tions. Obviously, this device is very expressive; it can easily handle the communications needs of any pro- gram. For this reason, the keyboard is the input device of choice among pro- grammers. While the strengths of the key- board are undeniable, its weaknesses are seldom recognized. Its first weakness is that few people know how to use it well. Programmers use keyboards heavily in their daily work; consequently, they are fast typists. The average consumer, however, is not too comfortable with a keyboard, which can lead to many wrong keys being pressed. The very existence of all those keys, and the knowledge that one must press the correct key, is itself intimidating to many people. A second weakness of the key- board is its indirection. It is very dif- ficult to attach direct meaning to a keyboard because it has no obvious emotional or sensory significance. The new user has great difficulty relating to it. All work with the keyboard is symbolic, using buttons marked with symbols that are as- signed meaning by the circumstances. The nested indirection of this can be most confusing to the beginner. Keyboards also suffer from their natural association with text displays; I have already discussed the weaknesses of text as a medium for information transfer. Another property of the keyboard that the designer must keep in mind is its digital nature. The keyboard is digital both in selection and in time (i.e., keyboard input is divided into keystrokes, and only one keystroke can be entered at a time). This pro- vides some protection against errors. Because keystroke reading over time is not continuous but digital, the keyboard is not well suited to real- time applications. Since humans are real-time creatures, this is a weakness. The designer must realize multiuser WICAT system 150 The WICAT 150-WS set a new standard of price/ performance with its powerful Motorola 68000 processor, large memory, hard disk, floppy disk, and complete system software. Now there is a flexible efficient multiuser System 150. Memory and resources are assigned dynamically to each user as needed. Program code is shared to avoid multiple copies. Backround processing can be initiated. All of the power of the top of the line WICAT System 100 is here. Concurrent Corporation will be adding full network database and screen management software as well as applications soon. We can discuss your needs with you and help select the proper configura- tion. Please write or call (513) 281-1270. $9450 WICAT System 150-WS (single user] Motorola 68000, terminal. 10MB Winchester, 960KB (loppy, 256K memory, 1 parallel and 2 serial ports, system software $9450 WICAT SYSTEM 150-3 (three user) Motorola 68000, terminal, 10MB Winchester, 960KB floppy. 256K memory, memory manage- ment. 1 parallel and 2 serial ports, system software $10650 WICAT SYSTEM 150-6 (six users) Motorola 68000. terminal. 10MB Winchester, 960KB floppy, 512K memory, memory manage- ment. 5 serial and 1 parallel ports, system software $12850 TM Concurrent 1870 Madison Road Cincinnati, Ohio 45206 Corporation that use of the keyboard will lengthen the distance from real-time interac- tion with the user. Paddles Paddles are the only true analog in- put devices readily available for the system. As such, they suffer from the standard problem all analog input devices share: the requirement that the user make precise settings to get a result. Their angular resolution is poor, and thermal effects produce slightly fluctuating readings in even an untouched paddle. The primary value of paddles is twofold. First, they are well suited for choosing values of a one- dimensional variable. People can readily absorb the idea that the pad- dle sweeps through all values and that pressing the trigger makes the selec- tion known. Second, the user can sweep from one end of the spectrum to the other with a twist of the dial, which makes the entire spectrum of values immediately accessible. An important factor in the use of paddles is the creation of a closed in- put/output loop. In most input pro- cesses, it is desirable to echo inputs to the screen so that the user can verify the input that was entered. This echo- ing process creates a closed in- put/output loop. Information travels from the user to the input device (paddles) to the computer, then back through the video display to the user. Because it is difficult for the user to verify the position to which the pad- dle has been set, it is essential that the program echo the paddle input. Any set of inputs that can be mean- ingfully placed along a linear se- quence can be addressed with a pad- dle. For example, menus can be ad- dressed with a paddle. The sequence is from the top of the menu to the bot- tom. It is quite possible (but entirely unreasonable) to substitute a paddle for a keyboard. The paddle could sweep through the letters of the alphabet, with the current letter being addressed shown on the screen. Press- ing the paddle trigger would then select the letter. While this scheme would not produce any typing speed records, it could be useful for 310 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Ire Circle 129 on inquiry card. NO RISK* MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS SPECIAL • SPECIAL OF THE MONTH • SPECIAL OF THE MONTH • SPECIAL • 16K RAMBOARD • for Apple II g Computers S by ConComp -j ASSEMBLED & TESTED $69 RAMBOARD KIT $50 * SPECIAL • SPECIAL OF THE MONTH • SPECIAL OF THE MONTH • SPECIAL At Consumer Computers we're experts in the business of selling computer products by mail. We have become one of the leaders not only because our prices are better, but because of the reputation we've worked hard to earn. Over the years we have learn- ed what you, the customer, want and need from a mail order company. If we offer any merchandise that you're In the market for, you should seriously compare what we have to offer over the others. Here are just a few of the reasons. Our helpful salespeople are prepared to meet any currently advertised price on anything we sell (call for details. ..it's Toll Free!). We pay shipping and insurance NEC Microcomputer The NEC PC-8001A has so many Ihings thai are op- lions on other computers built fighl in thai you may never have lo buy another accessory! The quality that the NEC name has come lo stand tor has been buill-ln. loo. 8001 A Microcomputer (32K) Dual Disk Drives I/O unil with 32K ram CALL Trie Wedge 32K Expansion mod NEC 8023A Printer FOR Peachtree Business Sof (ware Report Manager . . . BEST Wordstar by Micropro . 32K Memory Card PRICE Select Word Processor Supercalc BPI Accounting Solt ware Qcommodore NEW! Commodore 64 8032 Computer with 32K 4022 Dol Matrix Printer 4040 Dual Disk Drive (5") 8050 15") Dual Drive system CALL FOR l6KPet 32KPel BEST SuperPel OZZ Information Wizard PRICES Visicalc Dow Jones Portfolio Mgt A ATARI Atari 800 (16K) CALL Atari 400 w/l6K 349 410 Program Recorder 85 810 Disk Drive 449 825 80 Col. 7x8 Dot mairlc Impacl printer 595 822 40 col Quiet Thermal Printer 275 850 Interlace Module 159 Atari 1BK Ram Module 69 Axion Ramcram 32K Module 199 Caverns of Mars on Disk .... 32 Microtek 16K Memory Board APPLE II ACCESSORIES as Novation fJSCl i idex £| Mountain Computer Inc. /IfCRpSOfT CmkfoPiQ ) Q)Hayes 16K RamBoard by ConComp Industries . .99 Hayes Micromodem II 299 Hayes Smailmodem 229 Hayes Chronograph 199 Novation Apple-Cat . -339 Novation Cat Modem . . 169 Novalion Expansion Mod .39 Novation Handsel 29 Novalion BSR ■ .19 Videx Vrdeoterm 80 Column care . ... 249 Vldex Keyboard Enhancer (Rev. 6) 115 Videx Keyboard Enhancer (Rev. 7) 99 Vldex Keyboard Enhancer II (Rev 7 & up) 129 Vldex Swltchplale . . . , 15 Videx Sof! Video Swilch . . 29 Z-80 Sollcard by Microsoll 299 Applesoft Compiler . 149 16K RamCard by Microsoll '59 Thunderclock clock/calendar card 129 ThunderclockX-IOInler/Scheduler 49 SmarlermSOcol.card ... 299 Corvus Winchester Disk Drives CALL ALF 3 Voice Music Card 199 ALF 9 Voice Music Card 149 Alphasytaun keyboard system CALL Lazer Lower Case +..... 55 Lazer Keyboard Plus + 99 23 Key Numeric Keypad by Keyboard Co 120 Joyslick by Keyboard Co 45 5809 CPU Card (The Mill) by Slellalion . 319 AlO Serial* Parallel Inlerf ace by SSM A&T 189 DB Master by Stoneware 189 MusicSystem|16voices). 299 A/D * D/A Inlerlace 279 Expansion Chassis (8 slols) . . -569 Introl/X-tO Controller card 169 Clock/Calendar Card 225 SuperlalkerSD-200 -159 Romplus + card ■ 135 Romwriter card • • ■ - 149 Symlec Hi-Res Lighl Pen . . . 210 Sup-R-Fan d 5 Sup-R-Terminal 329 SVA 2Vx4 Megabyler 8" Disk Controller 649 SVA 2+2 Single Den 8" Disk Conlroller 349 Versawriter Digillzer Tablel 229 Asychrorous Serial Interlace card by CCS 139 Cenlrpnics Parallel Inlerfacecard byCCS 119 VisiCalc version 3.3 189 VisiFile(NEWdala base manager) 189 VisiTrond/VisiPlol 229 VisiDex 189 VisiTerm 85 Desktop Plan II 189 EasywrllerWord Processor 199 Tax Preparer '82 version 129 Real Estate Analyzer 129 Creative Financing . 139 Personal Filing Syslem(PFS) 79 PFS. . .Report 79 Peachtree Accounting Software CALL System P us Accounting Software CALL Wordstar by Micro Pro 299 DalaSlar oy Micro Pro 249 Apple ///Joyslick .. 55 Microtek 16K RamBoard 129 Grappler Inteface ... 145 Apple Cache 256K CALL Micro-Sci Disk Drives A2 (Compatible wtlh Apple) with cont 469 A2 (Compatible wilh Apple) w/o cont 399 A40 with con! ^ A40williculconl 3B9 A70 wtlh cont 5g 9 A70 without conl 499 Micro-Sci Controller card 95 Popular Games Typing Tutor 20 Microsoll Adventure 25 Olympic Decalhalon 24 Sargonll 32 Jawbreaker ,25 Rasier Blaster 29 Gorgon 39 Flight Simulalor 29 charges on prepaid cash orders (with destinations in the continental US). We ac- cept major credit cards for your conve- nience. If the product you receive is defec- tive, even up to 30 days after you purchase it, we'll repair or replace it and pay for ship- ping back to you. Consumer Computers carefully selects the hardware and software it offers to in- sure that quality is maintained in everything we sell. Our attention to quality is why we can stand behind our policy, because we stand behind our products. You'll never regret becoming a member of our growing customer family. You have our word. VIDEO MONITORS sOMOEK # SANYO Amdek/Leedex Video 100 12" B&W 129 Amdek/Leedex Video 100G 12" Green Phospher .149 Amdek (Hitachi) 13" Color w/audio output ..... 389 Amdek Color II 769 NEC 12" Green Phospher Display JB 1201 M CALL NEC 12" LoRes Color Display CALL NEC 12" Hi-Res RGB Color Display CALL Sanyo9"B&W Display 185 Sanyo 9" Green Display 199 Sanyo 12" B&W Display 269 Sanyo 12" Green Phsopher Display 285 Sanyo 13" Color Display 449 Zenith 12" Green Phospher Display 13 . ACCESSORIES XEROX. JAM VIC-20 $249 820 System wilh 5- '/."drives CALL 820 System wilh 8" drives Xerox 630 (RS-232t Printer FOR Forms traclor lor printer Xerox 820 5V."CP/M 2.2 BEST Xerox 820 8" CP/M 2.2 no.^i- Sysiems Plus software for Xerox PRICE CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG 8K Ram Carlridge lor VIC-20 $50 3KRamCarlridgetorVIC-20 S34 Super Allen $24 Jupiter Lander $24 Draw Poker S24 VIC Software 6 pack -A' 549 VIC Software 6 pack 'B - 549 Dataselie Casselte I/O Unit S69 VIC IEEE-48B Interface $79 Vlcmon Machine Lang Monitor $47 VIC Super Expander $54 VIC RS232C Terminal Inlerlace .539 VIC Printer CALL 16K Memory Card by Microtek $99 Viclerm $16 Ordering Information; Phone orders using VISA. MASTERCARD. AMERICAN EXPRESS. DINERS CLUB. CARTE BLANCHE, bank wire Iransler. cashier's or cer- tified check, money order, or personal check (allow ten days to clear) Unless prepaid with cash, please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance (minimum 5.0C). California residents add 6% sales lax. Foreign customers please add 10% for shipping, (Minimum 50.00). OEM's, Institutions and corporations please send for a written quotation. All equipment is subject to price change and availability without notice. All equipment is now and complete with manulaclurer's warranty (usual- ly 90 days). Showroom prices may differ from mail order Send Orders to: a*^SJ^ G®0QgfflDD0@F § Mailorder 8338 Center Drive La Mesa, CA 92041 In California and outside continental U.S. (714) 698-8088 ORDER TOLL FREE 800-854-6654 Vicalc $16 Vlcalc $11 VIC Portlolio Mgl $19 Vicheck $19 Voice Synthesizer CBM/PET $319 PgrmCha' Set/Game Graphics ED $13 Spiders of Mara $39 Outworld $32 Satellites and Meleorlles $39 Allen Blitz $32 RS-232 Communicator Interlace $40 18 In. Communicator Cable M/M $13 35 In. Communicator Cable M/M $15 3K RAM Expander VIC-20 by UMI $65 8K RAM Expansion lor VIC-20 by UMI $99 IBM Joysticks Easywrlter II L.ALL Visicalc __ 256K Dynamic Ram Card rUH Expansion Chassis qcct Time Master Btb I Scribe Tender noire Scriber Masler HHIL-t We Carry More IBM Accessories. Please Call PRINTERS <3S C. Itoh OKJDATA EPSON nnaaex •£. * EPSON AMERICA, NC ^ * »■— , f+ *£' w .,i,».„.,s „s„„ /VjfcC Anadex 9501 w/2K Buffer 1349 C. Iloh Starwriter F-10 1595 Epson MX-70 CALL Epson MX-80 & MX-80 FT CALL Epson MX-100 CALL NEC Splnwrilers (Latest models) CALL Qume Sprint Daisywheels (Lalest models) CALL Diablo 630 Daisywheel 40 CPS CALL NEC 8032 Impacl Dot Matrix 629 Paper Tiger IDS-560G w.'graphics 1099 New! Prism 80 by IDS w.color 979 New! Prism 132 by IDS w/color 1649 Okidala82Aw/trador 469 Okidala 83A w/traclor 725 Okidala84A CALL WE CARRY THE NEW COLOR PRISM PRINTERS COMING SOON! T£NiTM Telex 695000 Beta CCMO Circle 130 on inquiry card. children, and the concept can be ap- plied to other selection problems. Joysticks Joysticks are the simplest input devices available for the computer. Since they are very sturdy, they can be used in harsh environments. They contain only five switches (one for the red button on the joystick and one for each of the four principal direc- tions of the compass). For this reason, their expressive power is frequently underestimated. Joysticks, however, are surprisingly useful input devices. When used with a cursor, a joystick can address any point on the screen and can indicate a selection with the red button. With proper screen layout, the joystick can thus provide a wide variety of control functions. I have used a joystick to control a nuclear reactor (in the game Scram) and run a war game (in Eastern Front 1941). The key to proper use of the joystick is the realization that the WHAT A BEAUTIFUL COMPUTER! That's the reaction we get from BRIDGE computer system customers. BRIDGE computer system? Yes, that's a familiar InterSystems computer. Starting from there we have taken the hassle out of getting a complete system up and running. In a BRIDGE system, the terminal, printer and software speak the same language. Then we integrated some unique BRIDGE software and hard- ware enhancements. Result — BRIDGE has configured a very good com- puter into a more versatile, high performance, truly integrated system. ]ust consider . . . THE SOFTWARE • BRIDGE MEM-DISC memory buffering runsCP/M 2.2 6-10 times faster. • InterSystems Cache BIOS. • BMATE™ screen oriented text editor/word processor, including drivers for popular terminals and printers. • BRIDGE FORTRAN Development System— includes RATFOR preproces- sor, symbolic debugger and scientific/math library. • System diagnostic package. • Regularly scheduled user seminars. THE HARDWARE • New 6 MHz Z80 CPU with memory management system and 256K RAM memory. • BRIDGE AUTOCHEK™ automatic hardware/software check on startup. • Disk Drive Options— two 8" (2.4M) or 5.25" (0.8M) Disks, or 8" or 5" Hard Disk. Complete BRIDGE systems start as low as $5900! No wonder they're saying — a BRIDGE computer system is beautiful. Circle the reply number, today, for complete information. Dealer inquiries invited. L^J MEM-DISK, BMATE and AUTOCHECK are trademarks of BRIDGE Computer Company, Division of Sea Data Corporation. Computer Company DIVISION OP SEA DATA CORPORATION ONE BRIDGE STREET NEWTON, MASS. 02158 U.S.A. PHONE: (617) 244-3203 critical variable is not the selection of a switch, but the duration of time for which the switch is pressed. By con- trolling how long the switch is pressed, the user determines how far the cursor moves. This normally re- quires a constant-velocity cursor, which introduces a difficult trade-off. If the cursor moves too fast, the user will have difficulty positioning it on the item of choice. If the cursor moves too slowly, the user will become impatient waiting for it to traverse long screen distances. One solution to this problem is an ac- celerating cursor. If the cursor starts moving slowly and accelerates if it re- mains in motion past a set length of time, the user can have both fine posi- tioning and high speed. The real value of the joystick is its high tactility. The joystick involves the user in inputs in a direct and sen- sory way. The tactility of the keyboard is not emotionally signifi- cant. A joystick makes sense — push up to go up, push down to go down. If the cursor reflects this on the screen, the entire input process makes much more sense to the user. Joysticks do have their limitations. Although it is possible to press the joystick in a diagonal direction and get a correct reading of the direction, the directions are not distinct enough to allow diagonal entries as separate commands. Just as some words (e.g., "library," "February") are difficult to enunciate clearly, some diagonal orders are difficult to enter distinctly. Thus, diagonal values should be avoided unless they are used in the pure geometrical sense: up on the joystick means up, right means right, and diagonally means diagonally. Recap We have discussed a number of features and devices that, taken together, constitute the elements of a language for interaction between the computer and the user. The features are: •shapes • color • animation •sound 312 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 70 on inquiry card. Which personal computer can make you better at what you do best? .- *A — " -'■ PERSONAL MAXIMUM MEMORY SOFTWARE SELECTIONS ^OMPU™COMP^^^^l IBM PC Apple HI 256 K VlslCalc® Communications Word Processing 256 K HP-87 544 K For you, choosing a personal computer means making an intelligent decision. And isn't that what you do best? VtaiCaWHI !« 8PLUS D c a o t mmunicat,ons| £ omr™nic.tions Word Processing Data Base Mgt- Business ^Jggfte^ Graphics CP/M® 86 CP/M® Library Apple II Library Word Processing Data Base Mgt. Graphics Presentations Statistics (3 pkgs.) | Financial Decisions Linear Programming Math AC Circuit Analysis Waveform Analysis CP/M® Library Series 80 Users' Library t^ viz*- NjfS^ EASE OF USE Programmable SoffKeys Error Messages Built-in Disc Operating System | Built-in Screen Graphics RELIABILITY Self Diagnostics Operating Temperature 14 38 J 107 No Yes Yes Yes 1 No 1 No figures available 32-133°F Sft** The first step in your decision-making process is analysis. You look at all the numbers, and all the facts, before you leap. So you don't want a computer that's going to run short on memory. Not when you can have the HP-87 and a memory that expands to over half a million bytes. Hewlett-Packard will make sure you don't run short on analytical software, either. For example, our VisiCalc® PLUS will let you turn up to 16,000 cells of data into bar graphs, pie charts or whatever you need to present your results graphically. And our CP/M® module gives you access to the expanding world of CP/M software. We call it HP- Easy. Turn on the HP-87, and it's ready to go. The ROM -based operating system puts our built-in, enhanced BASIC to work for you. Instantly. The HP-87 has built-in commands and editing keys that eliminate complicated keystroke sequences. Whether you're generating a complex graph, writing a program or correcting errors. And interfacing peripherals is as easy as putting a plug into a socket. That's the kind of craftsmanship that's putting all our Series 80 computers on the map. We're building power, friendliness and reliability into every one of them. From our portable partner, the HP-85, to the high-powered HP-87. The most intelligent thing to do now? Get your hands on an HP-87. And then on the competition. You won't have any trouble making the right decision. Not if you want to get better and better at what you do best. For the HP dealer nearest you, call TOLL FREE 800/547-3400 or in Oregon, Alaska and Hawaii call 503/758-1010. For addi- tional product information, write Hewlett-Packard, Dept. 276L, Corvallis, OR 97330. Introducing the new HP-87. If s very good at what you do. 612/02 VisiCalc* is a registered trademark of VisiCorp— Personal Software. CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Circle 218 on inquiry card. w\ HEWLETT PACKARD The devices are: • keyboard • paddles • joystick How do we assemble all these elements into an effective language? To do so, we must first determine the major traits we expect of a good language: • completeness • directness • closure Completeness The language must completely ex- press all the ideas that need to be communicated between the computer and the user, but it need not express ideas internal to either thinker's thought processes. For example, the language used in Star Raiders must express all concepts related to the control of the vessel and the combat situation. It need not express the player's anxiety or the flight-path in- tentions of the Zylon enemy ships. These concepts, while germane to the entire game function, need not be communicated between user and computer. Completeness is an obvious func- tion of any language, one that all pro- grammers recognize intuitively. Problems with completeness most often arise when the programmer must add functions to the program, functions that cannot be supported by the language the programmer has created. This can be quite ex- asperating, for in many cases the ad- ditional functions are easily im- plemented in the program itself. The limiting factor is always the difficulty of adding new expressions to the language used between the human and the computer. Directness Any new language is difficult to learn. Nobody has time to waste in learning an unnecessarily florid language. The language a program- mer creates must be direct and to the point. It must rely as much as possi- ble on communications conventions that the user already knows and must be emotionally direct and ob- vious. For example, a CTRL-X key- stroke is obscure. What does it mean! Perhaps it means that something should be destroyed; X implies elimination or negation. Perhaps it implies that something should be ex- amined, expunged, exhumed, or something similar. If none of these possibilities is indeed the case, the command is unacceptably indirect. Keyboards are notorious for creating this kind of problem. Closure Closure is the aspect of com- munications design that causes the greatest problems. The concept is best explained with an analogy. The user is at point A and wishes to use the program to get to point B. A poorly designed program is like a tightrope stretched between points A and B. The user who knows exactly what to Olympic Sales f* SERVING YOU SINCE 1947 Company CABLE:"OLYRAV" LSA Main Showroom & Offices: 216 So. Oxford Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90004 Telex: 67 34 77 WE HONOR VISA and MASTERCHARGE VISA E. Bi ORDER DESKS open 6 days a week! 7:00 am to 7:00 pm Mon thru Sat Order Desks: (213)739-1130 TOLL-FREE TOLL-FREE (outside Calif.) (within Calif.) 800-421-8045 800-252-2153 Prices shown are for mail or phone orders; Walk-in slightly higher. Goods subject to availability; OSC will meet or beat almost any advertised price as long as the competition has the goods on hand; not responsible for typographical errors; prices & specifications subject to change without notice; this ad supercedes all previous ads: min shpg & hndlg $5.95; Send $2 for 1 12-pg catalog! m it EWLETT PACKARD $1865.00 HP-87 32K Bytes standard 82907A 32 K Mem. mod. 64K Mem. mod. 128K Mem. mod Computer Computer Prog, scientific Prog, scientific Card reader Printer Optical wand 41 C Memory module 41 C Quad mem. mod. HP IL interface Cassette drive HP-IL printer Prog, scien/printer Scientific Prog, scientific Adv. prog, scientific Business Prog, financial Prog, scientific Prog, financial Impact printer 5%" dual drive 8" dual drive Impact printer Letter qual. ptr. Mass storage ROM Plot/print ROM I/O ROM 85-15004 Matrix ROM 8515005 Adv. prog. ROM Assembler ROM 16K mem. module HP-IB interface Serial interface GPIO interface BCD interface Parallel ptr. int. HP-7470A Hi-speed color graphic plotter w/interfaca 82908A 82909A HP85A HP-125 HP-41 C HP-41 CV HP-41 HP-41 HP-41 821 0GA 82170A 821 60A 821 61 A B2162A HP-97 HP-32E HP-33C HP-34C HP-37E HP-38C HP-11C HP-12C 82905A 82901 M 9895A 2631 B 2601 A 85-15001 85 15002 85-15003 85-15007 82903A 82937A 62939A 82940A 82941 A 82949A 239.00 337.00 537.00 SI 985.00 1985.00 186.00 248.00 169.00 297.00 99.00 26.00 84.00 109.00 437.00 397.00 5B4.00 55.00 74.00 114.00 74.00 119.00 114.00 127.00 619.00 1699.00 4499.00 2999.00 2999.00 124.00 124.00 239.00 124.00 124.00 239.00 169.00 328.00 338.00 408.00 408.00 239.00 1269.00 NewTI-99/4A-48KRArVI 100% Tl parts w/Extended Basic or Tl LOGO Re:$1300 1VC. $$689.95 $ 229 95 Retail S325.00 wtttiel fiLKTMntrsr iNtEUiX/iSiON Most animated TV game! Large selection of cartridges! Texas Instruments Home Computer TI-99/4A 10" color monitor high res 32 K memory module Extended Basic Speech synthesizer Disk memory drive Telephone coupler (modem) Printer (solid state) TI-LOGO Only $29995 HE TAIL Your Cost 374.95 339.95 399.95 314.95 100.00 75.00 149.95 129.95 499.95 394.95 224.95 189.95 399.95 319.95 250.00 99.95 Lsedex High Quality Monitors Your Model Description Retail Cost 100 12" B/w. 12 MHz 189 00 149.00 300 n 1! " Green. IIMHi 269.00 199.00 Color I 13" Color, NTSCcomp. input, ludio imp & spkl 499.00 359.00 Color II 13" Color. RBG input, hi res arephics. spkr 1295.00 799.00 f SANYO w resolution, number one seller! 15" Black& white 13" color (DM 6113) RGB, High Res 13" color (new) high quality! 12" Green phosphorous 12" Black & white 9" Black & white (the best seller) 9" Green phosphorous MONITORS Retail Your Cost 390.00 199.00 1195.00 650.00 360.00 340.00 235.00 295.00 98900 449.00 269.00 249.00 179.00 199.00 Ce commodore SK Personal Computer If IVrT ell (Expands to 32K) Works with any TV! Retail: $300.00 Your SPECIAL Cost. $259.95 FREE with purch of VIC 20 one $49.50 LCD Pen Watch! Commodore Oatasette Recorder for VIC 20 Your Cost:$68.95 We carry all peripherals, software & access. for the VIC-20 (we will beat any price!) ATARI® in stock COMPUTERS Model 800 16K 800 48 K 800 1E0K (80II-32K + 128 RAM disk) 810 Disk drive Atari VisiCalc 825 Impact Ptr 1080.00 689.95 1280 00 789.95 1299.95 600.00 469.95 200.00 169.95 1000.00 779.95 SUPER SPECIAL-ATARI 400 (16KI You. Cosi $299.95 Retail S595 00 400 Lang, card opt. $49.95 FOR ATARI 400 & 800- GHOST HUNTER (similar to Pac -Man) Disk $34.95 Cassette $29.95 ATARI Programmable Color TV Gams Your Cost: $13995 _ Atari's game cartridge - Pac-man 35 95 APPLE DM, with controller DOS 3.3 Piial-Forlun Co bo I linguigci COMPUTERS Griph.a Tablet Stcanddiik dnves Vii.CjIclor Apple M Mil mote available! EPSON MX70 MX80 MX80 with graftrax MX80 FT MX100 Graphtrax chip PRINTERS »ou, cm $299.95 429.95 499.95 599.00 749.00 95.00 AXLON HOTLINE Model 1 HAND-HELD Personal Communication TERMINAL with BUILT-IN Modem //C.S399.95 AXLON Memory Expansion for ATARI & APPLE RAMCRAM instant 32K boost for your Atari 400 oi BOO Re:SlB9.00 Y/C S1 19.95 RAMDISK 128K for Atari BOG comp w/existing Atari S0O software; can be used as addt'l disk-function for function. Retail: S699. 00 Your Cost $499.95 RAMDISK for APPLE, 320K bytes of RAM (200NS) mem. designed to function like 2 35 track floppy disk drives; comi atiblew/Apple DOS 3.3 8. Apple Pascal 1.1 Retail SI 395.00 Your Cost S1095.00 314 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 341 on inquiry card. SIGGRAPH '82 Plan now to attend SIGGRAPH '82, The Ninth Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, July 26-30 in Boston. SIGGRAPH '82 is a complete technical conference covering every phase of computer graphics. The conference features: — Exhibits by more than 140 companies displaying the latest graphics hardware, software, peripherals, and services — 24 diversified courses including introductory tutorials and advanced seminars — Technical sessions featuring the latest in research and innovative applications — Detailed vendor forum presentations — Computer-generated film and art shows The premier national event in computer graphics, SIGGRAPH '82 is the only conference where you can get a well-focused and in-depth perspective on both the present and future directions of this challenging aspect of computer technology. For registration information, call or write- SIGGRAPH '82 Convention Services Department 111 East Wacker Drive Chicago, Illinois 60601 U.S.A. | 312/644-6610 acm Sponsoied by the Association tor Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics in cooperation with the IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Graphics. Eurographics. Harvard Graphics Week, and the Summer Institute o> Media Arts. Circle 410 on inquiry card. do and performs perfectly will suc- ceed. More likely, he or she will slip and fall. Some programs try to help by providing a manual or internal warnings that tell the user what to do and what not to do. These are analogous to signs along the tightrope advising "BE CAREFUL" and "DON'T FALL." I have seen several programs that place signs underneath the tightrope, so that the user can at least see why the fall is happening. A somewhat better class of programs provides masks against illegal entries, equivalent to guardrails alongside the tightrope. These do help, but they must be well constructed to ensure that the user does not thwart them. Some programs have nasty messages that bark at the errant user, warning against making certain entries. These are analogous to scowling monitors in school corridors, and they are useful only for making an adult feel like a child. The ideal program is like a tunnel bored through solid rock. There is but one path, the path leading to success. The essence of closure is the nar- rowing of options, the elimination of possibilities, and the placement of rock-solid walls around the user. Good design is not an accumulative process of piling lots of features onto a basic architecture; good design re- quires the programmer to strip away minor features, petty options, and general trivia. While the strengths of the keyboard are undeniable, its weaknesses are seldom recognized. This contention clashes with the values of many programmers, who crave complete freedom to exercise power over the computer. Their most common complaint against a pro- gram is that it somehow restricts their RESCUER 1... all new Z80 versatility , from Eltec. Eltec's New Z80 Board provides CPU, EPROM, RAM, Serial and Parallel I/O with STD* Bus and more... all on one board! For the first time you can have the powerful Z80 CPU, up to 8K EPROM and 2K RAM plus the added capability of adding external memory. The New Eltec RESCUER I Board accepts four of the popular 2716 or two 2732. It provides RS232C interface with baud rates from 1 1 to 4800 (2 mhz version) or 110 to 9600 baud (4 mhz version). Interface is via the on-board RS 232 con- nector. Zilog parallel I/O chips provide two completely independent channels of I/O, accessed via 26-pin ribbon header on the board. RESCUER I comes complete with Z80, one EPROM, one RAM, full capability described above. Operating system included provides minimum utilities such as display memory, enter memory, select baud rate, etc. 2 mhz version $289.00; 4 mhz version, $31 4.00. Use your Visa or Mastercard. Phone or write for details. _. Electrotechnics X"^V Corporation ^»//^»^» P.O. Box 8122 Shreveport, Louisiana 71108 Ph.(318)636-0563 omy $289 complete! "95% complete options. Thus, deliberate advocacy of closure is met with shocked increduli- ty. Why would anyone be so foolish as to restrict the power of this wonderful tool7 The answer lies in the difference between the consumer and the pro- grammer. The programmer's life is devoted to the computer; the con- sumer is a casual acquaintance at best. The programmer uses the com- puter so heavily that it is cost- effective to take the time to learn to use a more powerful tool. Since the consumer does not have such time to lavish on the machine, a simple, quick operation is required. The fine points that a programmer dotes on are not important to the user; nor are the bells and whistles cherished by programmers. As a programmer, you may not share or approve of the con- sumer's values. But if you want to maintain your livelihood, you had better cater to them. Closure is obtained by creating in- puts and outputs that do not admit il- legal values. This is extremely dif- ficult to do with a keyboard, for a keyboard always allows more entries than any real program would need. This provides an excellent argument against the use of the keyboard. A joystick is much better because you can do so little with it, making it easier to conceptually exclude bad in- puts. The ideal is achieved when all necessary options are expressible with the joystick and no further options will fit. In this case, the user cannot make a bad entry because it doesn't exist. More important, as in the language Newspeak in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four, the user cannot even conceive bad thoughts because no words (inputs) for them even exist. Closure is much more than mask- ing out bad inputs. Masking makes bad inputs conceivable and expressi- ble, but not functional. For example, a keyboard might be used with the "M" key disabled because it is mean- ingless. The user can still see the key, can imagine pressing it, and can wonder what would happen if it was pressed — all wasted effort. The user can waste even more time by pressing 316 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 180 on inquiry card. Express yourself past check-in lines onTWA, With TWA's Round-Trip Check-In and Advance Seat Selection you can express yourself past check-in lines Express yourself straight to the gate and. . . express yourself straight to your seat. It's easy with TWA's Airport Express. Nothing gets you past check-in lines and through the airport faster than TWA's Airport Express.'"' And that's because with TWA's Round-Trip Check-In^" Connection Check-In sm and Advance Seat Selection you can get boarding passes and seat assignments for your outbound, connect- ing and return flights before you depart. So on your trip home you can go straight to your seat on the plane. Instead of straight to the back of a check-in line. Ask for TWA's Airport Express. And express yourself past check-in lines. Get 2 free First Class tickets to Europe At TWA we believe in rewarding our frequent business flyers for making us their number one choice. In addition to our current Frequent Flight Bonuses sm which begin at 10,000 miles, we've just added 2 new Frequent Flight Bonus levels. So now if you fly 75,000 miles in the U.S. on TWA during the course of our program, we'll give you 2 free First Class tickets to anywhere we fly in the U.S. And if you fly 95,000 miles anywhere we fly in the U.S., we'll give you 2 free First Class tickets to Europe. You can take advantage of both tickets yourself, or use them to treat a friend or colleague to a free trip. Airport Express and Frequent Flight Bonus. Two ways TWA is helping to make business travel a pleasure. For complete details, and reservations, call your travel agent, corporate travel department orTWA. You're going to like us it and wondering why nothing hap- pened. The waste is compounded by the programmer imagining the user doing all these wasteful things and putting in code to stop the symptoms without eliminating the disease. Why are these people wasting so much time over a button that doesn't do anything in the first place? A proper- ly closed input structure avoids all these problems because it uses an in- put device that can express only the entries necessary to run the pro- gram — and nothing more. The user can't waste time dealing with something that isn't there, and the programmer can't waste time mask- ing out bad inputs that can't be entered. Closure provides an important feature for the beginning user: securi- ty. Imagine the naive user peering down at an army of deadly keys, each one laden with the potential for trig- gering World War III, or at least destroying the computer. A properly closed program offers fewer choices and fewer lurking disasters. Less perceived opportunity for failure generates confidence that, in turn, generates more fluent use of the pro- gram. The designer must carefully weigh the capabilities of the machine and the needs of the user. Many advantages accrue to the programmer when closure is properly applied. Code is tighter and runs faster because there need be no input error checking. Program structure is simpler because there are fewer logical tests and branches. Less testing is needed because there are fewer input conditions to test. Music and Art Cross Paths at the Computer DIGITAL HARMONY On the Complementarity of Music and Visual Art By John Whitney BYTE Books is pleased to offer Digital Harmony, a major new work by John Whitney. Digital Harmony lays the foundation for the new field of audiovisual art made possi- _ m ble by microcomputers. Whitney, whose film art has been an influence on technolo- gical arts and cinematic special effects from STAR WARS to 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY, explores the special union of music and computer graphics. Colorful illustrations as well as the program listings that generated them are included. The descriptions are sufficient for any composer or computer experimenter to transform the small computer into an ideal in- strument for creating composi- tions in aura/ and visual art. EITI Please send me:" . copies of DIGITAL HARMONY $21.95 Add 75T per book lo cover postage and handling. Please remit in U.S. funds or draw on a U.S. Bank. □ Check enclosed in the amount of $ _ [ ) Bill VISA I 1 Bill MasterCard Accl No. Expires Name __^ Title Company __^_ . Street „ City State/Prov. O Call our toll-Free Number 70 Main s 800-258-5420 Peterborough. NH 03458 WZ The primary problem with closure is the design effort that must be ex- pended to achieve good closure. The entire relationship between the user and the program must be carefully analyzed to determine the minimum vocabulary necessary for the two to communicate. Numerous schemes of communication must be examined and discarded before the true minimum scheme is found. In the process, many bells and whistles that the programmer wanted to add will be eliminated. An objective view- point will conclude that the bells and whistles are more clutter than chrome. Conclusions The design of the language of com- munication between the user and the program will be the most difficult part of the design process in con- sumer software. The designer must carefully weigh the capabilities of the machine and the needs of the user. The information that flows between the two sentient beings must be precisely defined. The language is then designed to maximize the clarity (not the quantity) of information flowing to the user while minimizing the effort the user must expend to communicate with the computer. The language must utilize the machine's features and devices effectively while maintaining its own completeness, directness, and closure. The result will be a program that eliminates mental distance between the user and the computer. The two thinking beings achieve a mental resonance, an intellectual commu- nion.! The Atari Tutorial ends this month with Chris Crawford's essay on human engineering. We at BYTE have been proud to present it to you, and we want to thank Chris Crawford, Bob Eraser, Kathleen Pitta, and Lane Win- ner for making it possible. In the past year, the Atari 400/800 computer has become one of the most popular microcomputers. We plan to continue coverage of the Atari in BYTE, and we are very interested in seeing Atari-related articles from you. . . .G. W. 318 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc WHEN AMERICAN BUSINESS HITS THE ROAD, AMERICAN BUSINESS MERGES AT HILTON. HILTOW AMERICAS BUSINESS ADDRESS" BYT€ Books Carry Wait fl New Primer Scries Apple Backpack Humanized Programming in BASIC By Scot Kamins and Mitchell UJaite 8086/8088 16-Bit Microprocessor Primer By Christopher I. Morgan and Mitchell UJaite By Mitchell UJaite and Julie Rrca rxm •GwMtiiPuriatlf. ttuffMiK trut iiO C.nott. •i i »»"■»>• r-ou-im. mm an in* aoos Mh tCMtl lOdO. •HI. HOdMOIlB, PLUS 111, 2*0 By Scot Kamins and Mitchell UJaite If you're a computer user tired of software that assumes an understand- ing of programming and hardware design, or a programmer Interested in writing more effective and easier-to- use programs, then you'll appreciate this presentation of concrete methods for developing "user-friendly" soft- ware. Scot Kamins and Mitchell Walte show you how to humanize those once- Intlmldatlng screens and keyboards. In a readable and engaging style, the authors give you complete details on such topics as screen formatting, crashprooflng programs, developing built-in verifications and validations, presenting directions on the video display screen, and writing helpful, clear documentation. Full listings of programs In the popular Applesoft BASIC language complement the authors' witty and sensitive solution to one of the major problems preventing microcomputers from reaching their full potential in home or office. Every computer user and program- mer owes a debt to Kamins and Walte for this thorough course in humanized programming. ISBN 0-07-033356-4 $14.95 By Chrlstupnet v.. muiyun and Mitchell UJaite The new, vastly more powerful 16-blt microprocessors, representing the latest magic In solid-state Integrated circuits, are destined to replace today's 8-blt processors in the micro- computers of the 1980s. You don't have to be a hardware engineer to follow the authors' clear, down-to-earth descriptions of the design, capabilities, and potential of the Intel 8086/8088 16-blt micropro- cessors. The authors also introduce you to two major 16-blt "coproces- sors," the 8087 Numeric Data Proces- sor and the 8089 I/O Processor, and present 11 sample CP/M programs dis- playing the power of 16-bit microcom- puting. Finally, the authors survey the cur- rent scene in terms of available soft- ware (like cross-assemblers, 8080 emulators, and operating systems for the 8086/8088) and new products such as the IBM Personal Computer, which is based on the 8088. With Its thought- ful presentation aided by numerous Il- lustrations, 8086/8088 16-bit Micropro- cessor Primer will put you on the cut- ting edge of current microcomputer technology. ISBN 0-07-043109-4 $16.95 □y iv\iccnt3ii ujQice ano juiii The first book to focus primarily the Inexpensive microcomputer-baa text-editing products, Word Processlr Primer gives you a thorough rundow on this new and powerful way to elei tronically generate, correct, an manage all kinds of typewritten doci ments. The authors begin with an overvle\ of the word-processing field, detallln potential applications, suggestln ways to get started, and describin word-processing equipment and pre grams. A later section on text forma ting shows you how to control the ar. pearance of your final printed cop\ while another describes programs the will check for spelling errors, create ir dexes, and generate personalized forr letters. Selecting a word-processing syster Is made easy as the authors descrlb the seven most important features t look for. Also, a mini-catalog of aval able products compares capabilities features, limitations, and prices. All of these features, enhanced b many illustrations, make this the mo; valuable, informative, and up-to-dat word-processing guide available toda; ISBN 0-07-067761-1 $14.95 prepayment required Ca " Toil-Free 800/258-5420 plus $1.00 postage and handling fee per book BYTE/MCGRAW-HILL m Available Summer 198 at your local book or computer stor Upward Migration Part 1: Translators Using translation programs to move CP/M-86 programs to CP/M and MS-DOS In software migrations as in any other, the first thing you must know is where you are and where you are going. If a Calif ornian decides to move to Australia, he can call an airline, ask for a ticket from San Francisco to Sydney, and the airline clerk will be happy to reserve a seat for him. If the Calif ornian asks for a ticket from Los Angeles-or-San Fran- cisco to Sydney, however, the airline clerk will find the request confusing. If the Californian asks for a ticket from Los Angeles-or-San Francisco to Sydney under Catholic rule, or a ticket from Los Angeles-or-San Fran- cisco to Sydney under Protestant rule, the airline clerk will probably say, "You've already spent too much time in the hot tub, buddy. Stay in California. You're right where you belong." In this little parable of modern Roger Taylor and Phil Lemmons c/o BYTE Publications Inc. POB 372 Hancock, NH 03449 times, Los Angeles is the 8080, San Francisco is the Z80, Sydney is the 8086, Catholicism is CP/M-86, and Protestantism is MS-DOS. The XLT86 takes 8080 source code and converts it into 8086 source code in an intelligent manner using data-flow-analysis techniques. operating systems are represented by religions because they generate similar passions, controversies, true believers, and skeptics. Is there really any need to explain why Los Angeles stands for the 8080 and San Francisco for the Z807 Or that the airlines stand for the software houses that have written translation programs? You've probably guessed who the guy is who's trying to buy the ticket. He's the experienced 8080 or Z80 pro- grammer, and the hot tub symbolizes his strong preference for staying right where he is — on one familiar pro- cessor with one familiar operating system. What could be cozier? The programmer may not have the urge for going, but he has to go to one unfamiliar processor and to both operating systems. And so do the rest of us. We're lucky to have software from at least three companies to help us along. In this article, the first of two parts, we will review three CP/M-80- to-8086 translator programs. We'll Circle 237 on Inquiry card. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 321 D7-D0 BI-DIRECTIONAL DATA BUS DATA BUS BUFFER/LATCH (8 BIT) INTERNAL DATA BUS (8 BIT) INTERNAL DATA BUS 7S TEMP. REG. (8) ACCUMULATOR (8) ACCUMULATOR LATCH (8 ) FLAG (5) FLIP-FLOPS ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU) (8) iZ INSTRUCTION REGISTER (g) DECIMAL ADJUST i*2. INSTRUCTION DECODER AND MACHINE CYCLE ENCODING TIMING AND CONTROL DATA BUS INTERRUPT HOLD WAIT WRITE CONTROL CONTROL CONTROL CONTROL SYNC CLOCKS POWER SUPPLIES t WR + 12V + 5V • -5V ■GND INTE INT HOLD WAIT SYNC $1 a>2 RESET HOLD READY Figure Is Architecture of the 8080 microprocessor showing the internal registers. ?*> MULTIPLEXER W (8) TEMP REG. B (8) REG. D (8) REG. H (8) REG. Z (8) TEMP REG. C (8) REG. E (8) REG. L (8) REG. STACK POINTER (16) PROGRAM COUNTER (16) INCREMENTER/DECREMENTER ADDRESS LATCH (16) , REGISTER / ARRAY ±*d ADDRESS BUFFER (16) A15-A0 ADDRESS BUS show the output that each of the three translators produced from the same original code. In addition, we'll make some observations about the dif- ferences in adapting the translated code to CP/M-86 and MS-DOS. Next month, we'll take a closer (although still not comprehensive) look at CP/M-86 and MS-DOS. Orientation to the 8086 The first thing we have to do is ex- amine the differences between the familiar 8080 and Z80 microproces- sors and the 8086. For reference, figure 1 shows the registers and ar- chitecture of the 8080; figure 2 shows the registers and architecture of the Z80. We'll make few comments about these registers because they are familiar to you if you have 8080 or Z80 source code that you want to translate. Figure 3 shows the registers and ar- chitecture of the 8086. Since the 8086 is less familiar, we'll take a brief look at it for orientation. (For further enlightenment, see The 8086 Book, Russell Rector and George Alexy, Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1980, and The 8086 Primer, Stephen P. Morse, Hayden, 1980.) The 8086 is, of course, a 16-bit microprocessor. The 8088 is the same as the 8086 inter- nally. Externally, however, they ap- pear different due to the 8-bit bus of the 8088 and the 16-bit bus of the 8086. This means that programs that run on the 8088 will also run on the 8086 assuming that the memory resources and peripheral resources are the same. In general, statements in this article that apply to the 8086 apply to the 8088 as well. The 8086 can access up to 1 megabyte of memory and as many as 65,000 input/output ports. The megabyte of memory is 2 20 8-bit bytes; any two consecutive bytes are a 16-bit word. Some 8086 instructions access bytes; others access words. 322 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Mi* wevewoN TH€ PRIC€ WARS When it comes to Intertec microcom- puter equipment we've won the battles over pricing, service, and support. And we fully expect to keep on winning. The Battle Over SuperBrain™ The micro with the best price/perfor- mance ratio in the industry just got bet- ter. When Intertec reduced its prices, we were ready. With machines in stock at the absolute lowest prices anywhere and 72-hour warehouse burn-in, we won the battle over SuperBrain with little opposition. It's just what you'd expect from Intertec's largest dealer in the Northeast. The Strategy of the CompuStar™ Network Just the system for the dealer or OEM who wants to make it big in the business market. The expandability of the CompuStar network lets you answer your clients' needs today and tomorrow. And our low prices let you offer a pack- age your customers can afford to buy and you can afford to sell. Because we're experts in network- ing and support, Intertec has chosen us to distribute this incredible, expandable business system. Our Foreign Wars No matter where the need for micro- computer equipment arises, TriStar is Circle 453 on inquiry card. there. Our products, our prices, and our support sound good in any language. We welcome all international inquiries. Our Infiltration Into the Government We've infiltrated the government on the local, state, and federal levels with the kinds of systems, support, and prices that governments require. To TriStar, there's no such thing as red tape; just special customers with special needs that we can easily satisfy. The Secret to Our Success It's called SSDS — Single Source Dealer Support. With well over 10 years in the computer industry, we've got the knowl- edge, experience, products, support, and flexibility that dealers and OEMs look for. We've got a full line of printers to meet any customer's requirements. We've got a library of software, from the most common to the most unusual. We've got a substantial inventory of spare parts and we offer 24-hour turn- around on replacement modules. And most importantly, we've got the ability to develop new support capabilities as quickly and as expertly as anyone in the industry. If You Want to Sign Up Your commitment can be as large or as small as you want. You can buy one machine or 100. No matter, we'll give With SuperBrciins From $1995 you all the support you want on product knowledge, hardware service, marketing and sales support, and pricing. For instance, the leads we get from our national advertising are passed on to you. Our hardware service is fast and reliable. And our technical personnel are always available to ■ help with software development, systems configuration, communications, and installation. It's tough out there, but the re- wards are great. And with the strong support TriStar can give you, chances are you'll win some wars of your own. You and your customers are wel- come to visit our facilities for a tour and free demonstration. For more infor- mation, call 609-424-4700 or 215-629-1289. To order, call toll free (800) 257-5217. See us at COMDEX/SPRING '82, Booth 1011. 2 Keystone Avenue ' Cherry Hill, NJ 08003 SuperBrain and CompuStar are trademarks of Intertec Data Systems © 1982, TriStar 13 CPU AND SYSTEM CONTROL SIGNALS INSTRUCTION DECODE AND CPU CONTROL A FLAGS A' FLAGS' B C B' C D E D' E' H L H' L' 1 R IX IY SP PC +5V GND CLOCK Figure 2: Architecture of the Z80 microprocessor showing the internal registers. Sixteen bits are not enough to ad- dress a megabyte of memory. The 8086 manages to do so, however, by dividing the megabyte of memory in- to a number of segments of 64K bytes each. Each segment begins at an ad- dress that yields an even result when divided by 16. All calculations of memory addresses in the 8086 involve four special registers called segment registers. The 8080 family has a 16-bit address bus that allows addressing of 65,536 bytes of memory. While the internal registers of the 8088/8086 family also have 16 bits, the external address bus has 20 bits. To get the 20-bit address, the 8086 extends a seg- ment register with 4 low-order bits of 0, and adds the segment register to a 16-bit address from another register, as shown in figure 4. Each segment register defines what is known as its own "current" seg- ment. Each instruction specifies an offset into a segment. The segment registers, which cannot be used inter- changeably, are as follows: C MEMORY \ VinterfaceJ CS DS c INSTRUCTION STREAM BYTE QUEUE CONTROL SYSTEM A-BUS AH AL B H BL CH CL DH DL SP BP SI Dl ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT OPERANDS Figure 3: Architecture of the 8086/8088 microprocessor showing the internal registers. CS — The Code Segment register defines the 64K-byte current code seg- ment. When an instruction is fetched, the contents of the program counter are added to the CS register contents to calculate the address of the instruc- tion to be fetched. DS — The Data Segment register defines the current data segment. With three exceptions, all data memory references are understood in relation to the DS register. (The ex- ceptions are that the stack pointer is used to calculate stack addresses, any data memory addresses calculated using the BP register are taken in rela- tion to the stack segment, and any string operations involving the destination are taken in relation to the extra segment. See SS and ES im- mediately below.) SS — The Stack Segment register iden- tifies the current stack segment. References to data memory that use the BP or SP register in calculating the address are understood -in relation to the SS register. For example, the PUSH, POP, CALL, INT, and RET instructions use the SS register. ES — The Extra Segment register plays 324 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc lake yoat pick of the litter. When you're ready to let your computer out and introduce it to the rest of the world, one of the Cat family of Modems is the way to do it. Take your pick. You can't go wrong. They're all purebreds — from Novation, the recognized world leader in personal communications. Gat Acoustic Modem Fast, accurate, reliable originate/answer modem- with built-in diagnostics. Just add your computer and phone. Then dial up the world. $189** Super Mike Replace your phone's carbon mike with Super Mike. No more carbon granule problems. Making things perfectly clear has never been so easy. $14.95** Auto-Cat Answers automatically and stores data in your computer until you're ready. The world's first LSI 103 modem. State-of-the-art, all digital, crystal controlled direct connect. You're off the hook for under $250** NEW Apple-Cat II Major breakthrough — the intelligent modem. Slips into your Apple. All auto functions, selectable baud rates, Serial RS-232 port, BSR X-10 controller** 51 easy-to-use self-prompting format. Other options available. From $389** including software D-Cat Get the performance and reliability of a direct connect modem (up to 20dB improvement) with the portability and price of an acoustic. Use it at home. Use it at work. Truly unique. So's the price. $199** Call for details (800)423-5410 In California (213) 996-5060 Available from Avnet Electronics, Hamilton Electro, Hamilton Avnet, Kierulff Electronics, Byte Shops, Computerland, and your local computer store. Novation, Inc., 18664 Oxnard Street, Tarzana, California 91356 *Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. Cat is a trademark of Novation, Inc. which does not make Apple computers. **Suggested retail price ***BSR is a trademark of BSR Corporation Circle 339 on inquiry card. 15 LOGICAL ADDRESS SEGMENT REGISTER 0000 19 PHYSICAL MEMORY ADDRESS OFFSET ADDRESS SEGMENT ADDRESS ACTUAL PHYSICAL ADDRESS Figure 4: The 8086 extends a segment register with 4 low-order bits ofO. It then adds the segment to a 16-bit address from another register to achieve a 20-bit address. 8088/8086 DATA REGISTERS 8080/Z80 DATA REGISTERS AX CX DX BX AH AL CH CL DH DL BH BL PSW BC DE HL FLAGS A B C D E H L POINTER INDEX POINTER INDEX 15 15 SP BP SI Dl Z80 ONLY SEGMENT 15 CS DS ss ES INSTRUCTION POINTER FLAGS 15 INSTRUCTION POINTER PC 8088/8086 808O/Z80 Figure 5: Register-usage mapping between the two processor families is shown. Note that the IX and IY registers of the Z80 do not exist for the 8080/8085. More registers are in the 8088/8086 than in either the 8080 or Z80. Observe that the 8088/8086 segment registers have no parallel in the 8080/Z80 family. The 8080 family has a 16-bit address bus that allows addressing of 65,536 bytes of memory. While the internal registers of the 8088/8086 family also have 16 bits, the external address bus has 20 bits, formed by extending a segment register with 4 low-order bits of 0, and adding it to a 16-bit address from another register. a role in string operations. All destinations of string operations use the DI register in calculating ad- dresses, and are taken relative to the ES register. Besides the four segment registers, the 8086 has the following: • Four general-purpose registers: AX, BX, CX, and DX. Each is addressable as a 16-bit register or as two 8-bit registers. When addressed as 8-bit registers, the pairs are called: AH, AL; BX, BL; CH, CL; and DH, DL. The general-purpose registers hold the intermediate results of operations. • Four pointer and index registers; these locate data within a specified segment of memory. SP is the stack pointer, BP the base pointer, SI the source index, and DI the destination index. • One program counter. • One 16-bit flag register (program status word, or status register) con- taining nine flags. Now that we've looked inside the 8086, we can take a look at how register usage in the 8080/Z80 pro- cessor family corresponds generally with that in the 8086. Figure 5 shows the sets of registers alongside each other so that you can see the general correspondence clearly. Note that the IX and IY registers of the Z80 do not exist for the 8080/8085. On the other hand, the alternate register set of the Z80 (not shown) as well as the I and R registers have no parallel in the 8086 register set; operations involv- ing these will require special attention from the programmer after the con- version is done. Clearly, the 8086 has more registers than either the 8080 or Z80. Since the 8086 also has a more powerful in- struction set, translation should be possible with minor restrictions. Complications Since all CP/M-80 programs had to exist in a 64K-byte region, there should be little trouble fitting a translated program into a 1-megabyte (1,048,576-byte) region. If you're translating from the Z80, however, things are complicated slightly 326 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc trying to sell and manage your potential customers, turn to Sales Pro™. The only CP/M® -80 soft- ware that solves your selling problems. Have you ever lost a sale because you forgot to call someone back? Or spent too much time selling the wrong person? Anyone who sells knows that these are just a few of the headaches associated with trying to make a sale. Sales Pro offers a solution to the many problems of selling. It's easy to use, quickly adapts to almost any selling environment and stores a wealth of prospect information. It also prioritizes prospects, tracks quota and sale infor- mation and even lets you Soles Pro, TM Winters Assoc. • SB-BO, TM Lifeboat Assoc. « CP/M-8Q, reg.TM Digital Research » MS. TM Microsoft.lnc. | create questions to be asked that are uniaue to your type of selling. Sales Pro also generates a variety of sorted reports giv- ing you a "Centralized Sell- ing Note book"™ that goes wherever you go. Sales Pro's many features are covered in a new 24 page booklet that's available to you free for the asking. At only $395.00, Sales Pro is a sure way to in- crease your sales. \ ' For more detailed informa- tion about current SB-8O™ or CP/M-8O & IBM PC DOS (MS™-DOS) versions call or send in the coupon below. 4T' Mail coupon to: Lifeboat Associates 1651 Third Avenue. New York, NY 10028, (212) 860-0300 Please send: □ Free Sales Pro Booklet. □ Sales Pro Dealer/ Distributor information, D OEM Information, Lifeboat Associates Worldwide, offers you the largest library of software. Name Title _ Company Street City State Phone Number ( )_ -Zip. Telex: 640693 (LBS0FT NYK) TWX: 710-581-2524 (LBS0FT NYK) Copyright © 1982, by Lifeboat Associates, Circle 264 on inquiry card. See us at NCC Booth #5049. (Jircie JM5 on inquiry cara. S-100 Boards from S. C. Digital 6t 256K DYNAMIC RAM features: Model 256KE • 16 or 24 bit address. • 8/16 bit wide data • Transparent refresh with unlimited DMA, immune to Wait States, halts, resets. • Fast access time IBOnsec from Smemr or Psync high, will run with 280, 28000 to 6mhz, 8080, 8085, 8086 to 8mhz without Wait States. • Accepts 4116, 4164s. 64K DYNAMIC RAM Uniselect: 2' features. Model 64KUS • 16 or 24 bit address. • 8 bit data. • Bank select by SW sellable port, bits in two blocks. • Two 32kb (128kb) addressing. • Transparent refresh - same as M:256KE. • Fast access time - 220nsec, will run with 280, 28000 to 4mhz, 8080, 8086, 8086, 8088 to 5mhz without Wait States. • Can be configured to various multiusers OS's. • Expandable to 256KB using 4164's. 32K STATIC RAM 'Uniselect: 3' features: Model 32KUS • Fully Static using 2k by 8 NMOS chips. • 16 or 24 bit address. • 8/1 6 bit wide data. • Bank Select by port and bit in 32K block. • Two 1 6K block addressing with window capability in 2k increments. • EPROM can be mixed with RAM. • Fast access - 250nsec from address valid - will run with 280. 28000 to 4mhz, 8080, 8085, 8088, 8086 or 68000 to 8mhz without Wait States. • Provision for Battery Backup. Z80 CPU Boerd features: Model CPUI Z80 • 2 or 4mhz clock. • Jump on Reset. • 8 levels of prioritized vectored interrupts. I/O, Memory Interface 'Interface: 1' features: Model 3SPC • 3 serials using UART, RS-232C or 20ma current loop. • 1 Parallel I/O with hand shakes. • 4k Ram, 4k EPROM (not supplied). • Built in Kansas City Audio Cassette interface. • Baud rate generator from 19.2kbaud to 110 baud. 2K Z80 Monitor Program available for M:3SPC features: many routines including breaker points, cassette record and play back . . . etc. Comes in 2 EPROMs and IK RAM. All boards conform to IEEE696/S100 specifications, fully socketed, screened legends, masks, Gold contacts. Guaranteed One Full year. Modal Prices with 256KE S795 256KB A&T 256KE-128 S535 128KB A&T 84KUS-64 S39S 64KB (41641) A&T 64KUS S395 64KB (41I6'1) A&T 6-1KIJS 18 S285 16KB A&T 32KUS S399 32KB A&T 32KUS-16 S289 16KB A&T 32KUS-N S149 no memory A&T CPUI-ZBD S2I9 with interrupt A&T CPUI-Z80-K SI49 no intemjpt Kit 3SPC S229 with cassette A&T 3SPC-KC SI 59 with cassette Kit 2k Monrtoi S 55 with IK Ram Delivery is within 3 working days. MC, Visa or COD orders accepted. Illinois residents add 5'/i% sales tax. OEM & DEALER PRICING AVAILABLE S. C. DIGITAL P.O. Box 906, Aurora, Illinois 60507 Phone: (312) 897-7749 because its extensive instruction set has to be mapped to the 8086 instruc- tions, as well as the 8080 registers. The 8086 does, however, have a rich instruction set that covers all the bit instructions and most of the block instructions. The problems en- countered in mapping instructions and registers can be formalized and solved by using a variety of software tools. To convert a source file running under CP/M-80 so as to assemble it with an 8086 assembler requires either the use of a code translator or a considerable effort with a program editor. At least three commercial products come under the translator category: • XLT86 from Digital Research Inc. • TRANS86/ACT86 from Sorcim • The Z80-to-8086 translator from Seattle Computer Products Intel also has a translator, CON- VERT 86, but it is sold only as part of a large software package intended for its OEM customers and doesn't run under CP/M. In addition, some reports indicate that Microsoft may soon bring out a translator. Two issues must be addressed when converting from a CP/M-80 source: 1. Where is the source coming from? Z80 instruction mnemonics? (a) Zilog (b) TDL (Technical Design Labs) (c) Intel (Digital Research with macros) (d) Sorcim/ACT-80 or Straight 8080/8085 code with no macros? 2. Where is the resultant code going? CP/M-86 or MS-DOS? The three translators under review do not always approach these issues in the same way. Furthermore, they all handle register mapping somewhat differently. We'll look at the translators now one at a time. Then we'll see how they translated the same CP/M-80 listing. With the listing in hand, we'll see how each of the translators handled register mapping. Finally, we'll turn to the subject of how the two different 16-bit operating systems affect program translation. XLT86 from Digital Research Digital Research's XLT86 takes standard 8080 source code in a format compatible with ASM, MAC, or RMAC assemblers and converts the 8080 source code to 8086 source code in a format compatible with ASM86 operating under either CP/M-80 or CP/M-86. Since XLT86 is written in PL/I-80, the translator can run either stand-alone under CP/M-80 or for cross development under VAX/VMS. It produces optimized 8086 code in a five-phase, multipass process, doing global data-flow analysis to deter- mine optimal register usage. Although macro definitions are not supported, conditional-assembly directives are. The XLT86 User's Guide suggests that if you want macro expansion, you can use a pass through MAC or RMAC to produce a PRN file that can be edited (removing the first few columns of generated hexadecimal code) to produce an ex- panded source file for input accept- able to XLT86. XLT86 does not recognize Z80 instructions. XLT86 passes repeat loops through to the 8086 source code. XLT86 analyzes the source pro- gram in its entirety, determining the block structure and the register/flag usage. Working from this informa- tion, it translates the code to 8086 assembler code in an optimized way. The decision algorithm for each in- struction type is given in a section of the manual to allow the user to see what happens in each situation. Register mapping generally follows the correspondence shown in figure 4, with a loose relationship between the 8086 AX and the 8080 PSW; the exact relationship is determined from register usage at translate time. Many run-time options are avail- able to control the translation pro- 328 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc We offer new super competitive memory prices for your LSI 11, Motorola, IBM PC, S100, and Multibus microprocessor based systems. Our new add-in expansion memory for IBM's Personal Computer has capacity up to 512KB on a single card with one RS232-C port and parity. The CI- 1123 add-in memory has capacity up to 256KB on a single board, parity is standard. The CI-8086 is compatible with the Multibus 8 bit and 16 bit microprocessors. The memory has capacity up to 512KB on a single card, and parity is standard. YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD MEMORY DOWN EXCEPT IN PRICE AND AT CHRISLIN WE PROVE IT! Our CI-S100 64KB single card is compatible with most S100 bus systems. The CI-6800/2 expansion memory for EXORCISOR I and EXORCISOR II microprocessors has a capacity of 64KB on a single card, parity is standard. DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH. £t* Chrislin Industries, Inc. yMP- J 31352 Via Colmas • Westlake Village, CA 91362 • 213-991-2254 ^^— y TWX 910-494-1253 (CHRISLIN WKVG) Circle 90 on Inquiry card. cess, both on the command line and embedded in the 8080 source text. The options control the disks that the work and output files are on, whether the block-analysis information is out- put to disk, whether code and data segments are to be intermixed or kept separate, and whether the condition flags are active on exiting from subroutines. XLT86 is a sophisticated program that does a reasonable job of optimiz- ing the translation of 8080 source code to 8086 source code. BDOS calls from CP/M-80 are mapped into BDOS calls that are compatible with CP/M-86. XLT86 has special features for handling translation of conditional JMP and CALL instructions in 8080 source code. In the 8080 instructions, JMP and CALL instructions are capable of reaching any address within the 64K-byte region. The 8086 conditional JMP instructions can reach only 128 bytes on either side of the IP (Instruction Pointer) register. XLT86 examines the target of the con- ditional JMP. If the target cannot be reached, XLT86 changes the sense of the conditional JMP and skips over a long JMP to the target address. Since there are no conditional CALL or RET instructions in the 8086, the sense of the condition is changed and a short conditional JMP is performed The 8086 can access up to 1 megabyte of memory and as many as 65,000 input/output ports. to skip over an unconditional CALL or RET. As noted earlier, the segment registers allow for separation of code and data regions. To reference data, you have to tell the 8086 whether data is in the code segment (CS) or the data segment (DS). For the Digital Research ASM86 assembler, the Off- set directive handles this chore. XLT86 examines an expression and determines the proper segment for the particular instruction. XLT86 does have limits on the size of the 8080 source files that it can translate because the flow-analysis in- formation must be in memory. In a 64K-byte CP/M system, the max- imum source file that can be translated is approximately 6K bytes, depending on the structure of the pro- gram. Nothing is said in the manual about being able to deal with modular code using RMAC and external references. This implies that the entire source program must be converted at once, limiting the size of the program that can be translated by using XLT86 to 6K bytes. In summary, if you're starting from 8080/8085 assembly code written for ASM or MAC and you want to go to CP/M-86, and if the source program does not exceed 6K bytes, XLT86 is the most useful translator. Code writ- ten for Z80s using MAC requires careful examination after the transla- tion process to make sure that no For your students' first course in computing... pick the program that's first in delivering actual computer skills Michael Moshell, Project Director A hands-on approach to computer literacy Students do a lot more than read about computers. They also... • become capable beginning computer programmers who can program the computer for business, personal, and school use • strengthen their problem-solving skills and attention spans • sharpen their planning skills by analyz- ing sub-tasks • learn about career opportunities in the computer field Classroom-tested materials that are easy to use The student text and courseware reduce computer anxiety by offering lively instruc- tion featuring graphics and animation. And the Teacher's Manual offers thorough, step-by-step guidance to the new- to-the-computer teacher. Text, 224 pp. (65773-4) $7.50* Teacher's Manual, 372 pp. incl. 7 disks (65774-2) $385.00* To learn more, just fill out and mail the cou- pon. Or dial toll-free: 800-223-4180. (From New York State, call collect: 212-997-2646.) Computer Power Gregg/McGraw-Hill 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 m Note: *For better service, Gregg's educational courseware is available under a license agree- ment, rather than through sale. To take full advantage of Computer Power, you need the following equipment: Namp Title Institution Strppt Arirlrpsc; City State Zip APPLE II Plus micro- computer, equipped with a video monitor (color or black and white), UCSD APPLE Pascal-language card, and game paddles. □ Rpst Timp tn Hall GREGG SOFTWARE Area Code & Phone # BYTE 6/82 -m_* -^ 330 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Many ate the doors that lead to the underground. The top prose adventure bestsellers, ZORK I and ZORK II. Now available for Apple II. ATARF400/800, IBM Personal Computer. NEC PC -8000. CP/M!and PDP'-ll. Few are they who come back alive. Your greatest challenges lie ahead — and below. ZORK I: The Great Underground Empire, and ZORK II: The Wizard of Frobozz will transcend any computer age adventure you've ever encountered. Those who live to tell the tale of ZORK's mysteries speak of becoming immersed in a dimension where the extraordinary is common- place, and the dangers are as real as any in human experience. It is said that once you have known the forbidden realm, you are changed— and that he who dares ZORK's depths twice will never be the same again. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc. ATARI is a registered trademark of Atari. Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc. PDP is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. inpocom 55 Wheeler Street. Cambridge. MA 02138 Now your door to ZORK has opened to beckon you below. The journey begins where Infocom's new worlds of INTERLOGIC™ prose adventure — including the new mystery thriller DEADLINE™ —await you. at fine computer stores everywhere. Open your door to the underground— here's $2 for openers! To get your $2 ZORK rebate by mail, just send Infocom this coupon with your completed warranty card and sales slip from ZORK in their original form. No repro- ductions will be accepted. Limit 1 rebate for household, address or organization. Offer good only in U.S.A. Void where prohibited, taxed or otherwise restricted. Rebate request must be postmarked before midnight 7/31/82. Infocom is not responsible for lost. late or misdirected mail. Allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery, Infocom, 55 Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138 OFFER EXPIRES JULY 31, 1982 flags were inadvertently changed. You have to expand macros before using XLT86 unless the number of in- vocations was small. In that event, expanding the macros by hand with an editor might be just as easy. Sorcim's TRANS86 TRANS86 is an 8080/ACT80- to-8086 translator. It takes 8080 or ACT80 source code as input and creates a file compatible with the in- put to ACT86, an 8086 assembler. The output of TRANS86 is incom- patible with any assembler other than ACT86. The ACT86 mnemonics are different enough so that, unless the programmer has a sophisticated text processor and the talent (or patience) to do a great deal of text manipula- tion, TRANS86 should be used only with ACT86. Both TRANS86 and ACT86 run on either 8080 or Z80 processors under CP/M-80, MP/M, or CDOS with a minimum of 24K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory). TRANS86 consists of an executable file, an overlay file, and a translation table. The input assembly source code must be in a form acceptable to the standard CP/M-80 assemblers (ASM, MAC, or RMAC), or to ACT80, Sorcim's Assembly Code Translator for 8080/Z80 processors. Translation occurs on an instruc- tion-by-instruction basis with some optimization rules applied to condi- tional jumps. There appears to be no limit as to the size of the source file that can be translated. A file is pro- duced on the same disk as the source file with the same name and an ASN extension. If a file by that name already exists, the user is asked if the file should be deleted or if the pro- gram should be aborted. TRANS86 flags the following Z80 instructions as errors: Zilog/Mostek .CT80 code equivalent code Mov A,R LdA,R Mov R,A LdR,A Mov A,I Ld A,I Mov I, A LdI,A In,C reg In reg,(C) Inir Inir Otir Otir Rid Rid Rrd Rrd TRANS86 supports macros in the ACT80 format. Although TRANS86 acts on macros in the MAC format, there is no guarantee that the macros will expand correctly. The user is cau- tioned to examine the result of a macro expansion to determine if the sense of the macro has been main- tained. Examples are given of some macros that work and some that do not. The TRANS86 User's Reference Manual includes a section that gives hints on how to hand-optimize the output of TRANS86; specifically, ac- cumulator indirect loads through the DE and BC registers, 8080 conditional jumps, and Z80 block instructions. Another section describes the dif- ferences between ACT80 and Z80 mnemonics. This information allows the programmer to manually convert assembly source code to a form ac- ceptable to TRANS86. The ACT80 instruction set has some ASM-style instructions, some Z80-style instruc- tions, and some instructions that are unique to the ACT80 assembler. If the source code is written in 8080 ASM mnemonics, TRANS86 will process it and output ACT86 assembler code. The 8080 instruction SPHL, however, was translated in- correctly in the current version of TRANS86. Another section in the manual con- tains suggested constructions that can be manually entered to deal with Z80 op codes that are flagged as errors. Block input/output instructions and input/output through register C are described in detail. NEW FROM EXTENDED PROCESSING THE BURNER I/O FOR THE S-100 BUS if ttu UituiiMtitttitiuiii t^ B fe^- The BURNER I/O has a complete EPROM programmer, two serial ports, one parallel I/O port with handshaking and memory management. Programmer features: ■ Most EPROM types from 2704 thru 2764 and 2508, 2516 and TMS2716. ■ CPM compatible software supplied in EPROM that can be easily written on a diskette. ■ Programming socket is zero insertion force type. ■ Programming voltages generated on board. ■ Programmer is totally I/O mapped. I/O features: (serial) ■ 2 fully independent RS-232 serial ports. ■ RS-232 data ready supported. ■ Each serial port has independent baud rate ■ generators that are software programmable from 50 to 19,200 baud. ■ Serial ports may be polled and/or interrupt driven. I/Ofeautres: (parallel) ■ Independent 8 bit output, input and status flags. ■ All I/O including flags are latched. ■ In addition, there are 4 direct sense lines. Memory management features: ■ Controls the S-100 address lines from A16-A23. ■ Uses output instruction to load the address. Normally 40H. We are offering this board with all options, or just the portions that are needed may be pur- chased. Regardless of which version that is purchased, documentation for the entire board is supplied. All combinations are assembled and tested. Option A: Complete board with programmer, I/O and memory management. $324.95 Option B: Programmer only. $199.95 Option C: I/O only. (2S + P) $199.95 Option D: Option B and C. $299.95 Option E: Memory management only $150.00 Memory management may be added to options B or C for $25.00. AVAILABLE FROM Microbyte Computer Systems 2798 So. Bascom, San Jose, CA 95124 (408) 377-4685 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 332 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 308 on inquiry card. Smith-Corona introduces the only daisy wheel printer for under $90Q* You're putting together a desktop computer system for your office or home. And you want to add a letter quality printer so you can do word processing, too. But you don't want to spend a fortune. Until now, you really had little choice but to settle for dot matrix printers. True, dot matrix doesn't produce letter-perfect printing, but daisy wheel printers just cost too much. That is, they did. Now, Smith-Corona® offers a daisy wheel printer at such an incredibly low price, you can't afford not to get it. (The fact is, you won't find a daisy wheel printer anywhere at a price so low.) The Smith-Corona TP-F" printer operates with microprocessor controlled daisy wheel technology, and is available with either standard serial or parallel data interface. It is compatible with most microcomputers currently on the market. And, unlike many printers, it's made in America. Best of all, the TP-I produces results identical to those of our very finest office typewriters— printing with real character. So it can be used to send out letters that have to look perfect. As well as financial statements, inventory reports, direct mail campaigns, manuscripts. Even a letter to your son in college! Anything at all you need printed. The basic TP-I will handle letter or legal sized paper. An option that will be available soon will enable it to handle either fanfold or single sheet paper. The TP-I is easy-to-use— just turn the power on, load the paper, and away it goes. There are drop-in ribbon cassettes and a choice of easy-to-change, snap- on daisy print wheels for a variety of fonts. So stop thinking you can't afford a daisy wheel printer. Because, thanks to Smith-Corona, a printer with real character is O . . f f* no longer expensive. OtTlltn~V_X)rOricL I 1 Please send me more information on the Smith-Corona TP-I i daisy wheel printer. I Name ' Title ! Company Name I Business Address , City -State _Zip_ Mail Coupon to: ' Dwight R Newcomer, National Sales Manager— Office Products Smith-Corona 1 65 Locust Avenue | New Canaan, Connecticut 06840 B6 ' I *Manufacturer's suggested retail is under S900, but prices may vary. LIGHTNING FAST SAFE AND SOUND Rapidly write programs and save your files with Audio Light utilities for CP/M: BACKFIELD MPL-MENU PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Our Quality Software will improve your productivity. THE BACKFIELD Our backfield software saves and protects your hard disk data with these fine features: •Backs up a hard disk to floppies •Backs up selected files or all files •Automatically selects files that have changed since iasl backup The BACKFIELD consists of three programs: FULLBACK backs up an entire disk to another set of disks frle-bv-file, optimizing the use of all available memory. It writes a special checksum directory file for later use bv QUARTERBACK. HALFBACK backs up a large file to multiple disks. QUARTERBACK automatically determines which tiles have been changed since the last backup, and backs up these files only. MPL-MENU PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE MPL simplifies application programming by using menus to structure programs: • Data is displayed as items in a menu • Data is organized by connecting menus together •Selecting an item in a menu may call an application module •Message area at top of each menu for module communication •Selection causes data to be placed in the message area •Interfaces with other programming languages MPL is a revolutionary new programming language for the system developer or end user to structure applica- tions in a natural easy-to-use manner. The design of MPL allows application modules to be written in any compiled language supported by CP/M. PRICE-ORDER INFORMATION THE BACKFIELD $150.00 MENU PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 5175.00 Backfield available third quarter 1982 MPL requires a 24x80 CRT. All software is supplied on 8" single density diskette for CP/M 2.2. Call (408) 395-0838, or send check to: AUDIO LIGHT, INC. 146 Town Terrace, Suite 4 Los Gatos, CA 95030 'California res/dents add 6% for safes tax Dealer Inquiries Welcome MPL is a trademark of Audio Light, Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. Seattle Computer System Seattle Computer Products' (SCP) translation system consists of two programs: a Z80 translator (called TRANS86 on the disk, though not the same as Sorcim's) and a compatible 8086 cross assembler (ASM86). Both programs run on Z80 processors under CP/M-80 with a minimum of 24K bytes of RAM. The programs do not run on 8080/8085 processors. The translator accepts source files in Zilog/Mostek mnemonics and pro- duces an 8086 assembler source file in a form acceptable to the SCP 8086 cross assembler. Since the 8086 source format required by the SCP 8086 cross assembler is different from any other 8086 assembler that we know of, you must use these two pro- grams together. The translator places its output on the same disk as the Z80 source code and gives it an .A86 file extension. The translation is on an instruc- tion-by-instruction basis with no op- timization. There appears to be no limit on the file size that may be translated. Not all Z80 instructions are translated, however. Those in the following list will produce an op code error: Cpd Ldi Cpi Otdr Ind Otir Indr Outd Ini Outi Inir Rid Ldd Rrd These op codes are mostly in the block-manipulation set of instruc- tions. Although programmers do use these instructions, they must be manually coded when converting to the 8086. The SCP translator does not support macros and permits use of the following pseudo-ops only: Db Dm Ds Dw Equ If/Endif Org If the Z80 index registers IX and IY are used, they are mapped into memory locations with the labels IX: and IY:. The programmer has to define these locations; otherwise, they will show up on the assembly listing as undefined labels. The Z80 alternate register set (BC',DE',HL/) is treated the same way, as memory locations that the programmer must define. Either the DI or SI register can be used as a temporary IX register by loading one of them from the location IX when required to do indexed in- structions. The programmer has to take care of this substitution; the translator does not. When using the DI register, you must always keep in mind that the only 8086 segment base that can be used with the DI register is the ES seg- ment; the SI register, on the other hand, can reference all the segment bases, defaulting to the DS segment. If this 8086 source code is going to be run under CP/M-86, you have to be careful about using the ES segment register. The CP/M-86 documenta- tion specifically states that ES is not saved through a BDOS call. For the SCP Z80-to-8086 trans- lator's register usage, see figure 6b. Translating the Test File To determine how the three pro- grams actually translate source text, we prepared a file acceptable as input to an assembler and containing all the op codes of the 8080 and Z80. Since the SCP translator could accept only Zilog/Mostek mnemonics, the test text was run through an 8080-to-Z80 filter program before the translation. Listing 1 presents, side by side and line by line, the original 8080 code, the Sorcim TRANS86 translation, the Seattle translation, and the XLT86 translation. Here are reminders of some things to consider when you ex- amine the translations: • Because of the differences in the ar- chitectures of the 8086 and the 8080/Z80, some choices must be made when translating from one architecture to the other. Therefore, some difference in translation is to be expected. 334 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Explore the excellence of your ZX81 with a OTEPlOPfiK 64H memory extension for $179.95 Give your diminishing memory more byte. MEMOPAK 64K RAM $179.95 The Sinclair ZX81 has revolutionized home computing. The MEMOPAK 64K RAM extends the memory of ZX81 by a further 56K to a full 64K. It is neither switched nor paged and is Directly Addressable. The unit is user trans- parent and accepts such basic com- mands as 10 DIM A (9000). It plugs directly into the back of ZX81 and does not inhibit the use of the printer or other add-on units. There is no need for an additional power supply or leads. Description of memory 0-8K . . . Sinclair ROM 8-1 6K . . . This section of memory switches in or out in 4K blocks to leave space for memory mapping, holds its contents during cassette loads, allows communication between programs, and can be used to run assembly language routines. 16-32K . . . This area can be used for basic programs and assembly language routines. 32-64K . . . 32K of RAM memory for basic variables and large arrays. With the MEMOPAK 64K extension the ZX81 is transformed into a powerful com- puter, suitable for business, leisure and educational use, at a fraction of the cost of comparable systems. Memory Extention Specialists Memotech Corporation 7550 West Yale Ave., Suite 220 Denver, Colorado 80227 Ph.(303) 986-0016 MEMOPAK 16K RAM $79.95 With the addition of MEMOPAK 16K, your ZX81 will have a full 16K of Di- rectly Addressable RAM. It is neither switched nor paged and enables you to execute longer and more sophisticated programs and to hold an extended data base. The 16K and 64K Memopaks come in attractive, custom-designed and engi- neered cases which fit snugly on to the back of the ZX81 giving a firm connec- tion. Free service on your MEMOPAK Within the first six months, should any- thing go wrong with your MEMOPAK, return it to us and we will repair or replace it free of charge. I Mf Memotech Corp. 7550 W. Yale Ave. Try MEMOPAK with no obligation You can use our MEMOPAK in your home without obligation. After 10 days if you are not completely satisfied, simply return it for a full refund. Coming soon A complete range of ZX81 plug-in peripherals: MEMOTECH Hi-Res Graphics MEMOTECH Digitising Tablets RS232 Interface Centronic Interface and Software Drivers All these products are designed to fit "piggy-back" fashion on to each other and use the ZX81 power supply. Further information forthcoming. Suite 220 Denver, Colo. 80227 Yes! I would like to try the Memopak. I understand that if I'm not complete satisfied, I can return it in 10 days for a full refund. Price + Qty. Amount □ Check □ Visa □ MC Memopak 64k RAM Memopak 16k RAM Shipping and Handling $ 179.95 S 79.95 4.95 Act. No. Name Exp. Total $ 4.95 t U.S. Dollars Street City. State Z]p_ BYT06 Circle 290 on inquiry card. NEW FROM NETRONICS AUTO-PATCH HARD DISK With plug-in multi-user ports Automatically Installs Itself Into Your Present CP/M® 2.2 Operating system & Floppy Disk Hardware. It's Exclusive! 6 megabytes . . . $2995.00 12 megabytes . . . $3495.00 What's the big concern of S100 owners when Ihey consider adding Hard Disks? They worry that it will be difficult to install, that it wont be compatable with their present software and hardware, and that it may cause down-time on their S100 system. Worry no more — Netronics new AUTOPATCH Hard Disks Systems are here. AUTOPATCH installs in just one-lwo-three: (1) plug in the hard disk S100 card; (2) run three short programs supplied on disk; (3) disable the boot on your floppy controller and enable the boot on your hard disk controller (this step not required if you wish to continue to boot to your floppy drives). And thats it: The AUTOPATCH feature automatically finds the end of your existing BIOS and then self relocates and patches itself into the existing BIOS. A virgin copy of CCP and BIOS are loaded into memory, a customized SBOOT is added to the front of CCP and the whole memory image is written to the reserved tracks on your hard disk. You can add up to 4 hard disks to the controller supplied. The new BIOS will automatically rename any old devices as B: and C: and define the hard disk as drive A:. All with the lift of one finger!!! If your BIOS is large you may have to re- sysgen your system down 1 or 2 k. If this is necessary the AUTOPATCH program will prompt you to do so. AUTOPATCH Hard Disk Systems are available in 6 and 12 megabyte models. Included in the system: 6 or 12 megabyte Hard Disk Drive . . . Controller for up to 4 Hard Disk drives . . . S100 Hard Disk card with provi- sions for adding 8 additional I/O ports to be used when adding a multi-user operating system . . . Power Supply . . . Deluxe Steel Cabinet ... All necessary cables . . . AUTOPATCH Programs supplied on either 8" or 5v<" IBM formatted single density diskettes (specify style required) . . . Complete installation in- structions . . . Fully wired and tested, ready to go. SPECIFICATIONS Unformatted Recording Capacity: 6.4 or 11.6 MB . . . No. of tracks: 612 or 1380 . . . Data Transfer Rate: 3 ms Bytes/sector format: 512 . . . Communication Port: DO (other ports available on special order) . . . Pro- grams supplied on 5V?" or 8" single density IBM for- matted diskettes (North Star CP/M' version available on special order) 10 DAY MONEY BACK OFFER Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Conn. CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428 To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375 NETRONICS R&D LTD. Dept. 333 Litchfield Road, New MiKord, CT 06776 Please send the Items checked below: □ AUTOPATCH/6 Hard Disk System . . . $2995.00 D AUTOPATCH/12 Hard Disk System . . . $3495.00 □ Additional 6-megabyte drive with power supply, cabinet, cables and necessary software . . . $1995.00 D Additional 12-megabyte drive with power supply, cabinet, cables and necessary software . . . $2495.00 All plus $15.00 P&l (postage & insurance). For Cana- dian orders, double the postage ($30.00). Conn. res. add sales tax. Total Enclosed $. D Personal Check a Cashier's Check/M.O. □ VISA D MasterCard (Bank No. ) Acct. No. Exp. Date Signature Print Name Address City State Zip (a) 8086/8088 8080/8085 TRANS86 Seattle XLT86 8-bit A AL AL AL registers B CH CH CH C CL CL CL D DH DH DH E DL DL DL H BH BH BH L BL BL BL 16-bit register PSW AX(1) AX AX pairs BC cx CX(2) CX(2) DE DX DX(2) DX(2) HL BX BX BX 16-bit register SP SP SP SP pairs PC IP IP IP (1) TRANS86 does not preserve 8080 byte order on the stack. (2) The Seattle translator uses SI on loads from memory and Dl for stores to memory. TRANS86 and XLT86 do a register exchange between BX and the appropriate register to allow indirect addressing through BX, then a register exchange to fix up BX and the appropriate register. (b) 8086/8088 Z80 TRANS86 Seattle XLT86 R I (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) IX IY Dl SI (4) (4) (5) (5) BC DE' HL' (5) (5) (5) (4) (4) (4) (5) (5) (5) 8-bit 16-bit alternate registers set (3) Since the 8086 does not have equivalent registers, none of the translators support these registers. However, they can be mapped to a memory location by the programmer. (4) Seattle's TRANS86 handles these registers by generating memory references to storage locations defined by the programmer. (5) Although these registers are not mapped by the translators, the programmer can define storage locations and deal with them through macro definitions. Figure 6: 8080/ 8085/ Z80-to-8086/ 8088 register mapping. Figure 6a shows 8080/8085- to-8086 register mapping by the three translator programs. Figure 6b shows Z80-to- 8086 register mapping by the three translator programs. • In general, when the 8080 does 16-bit arithmetic, only the carry bit is affected; this is definitely not so in the 8086. • The Z80 and 8086 do string and block operations differently; the 8080 has no primitive block operations at all. • As noted earlier, the segment registers in the 8086 allow addressing of up to 1 megabyte; no correspond- ing registers exist in either the 8080 or Z80. • Registers used for indirect memory references in the 8080/Z80 are dif- ferent from the corresponding mapped registers in the 8086. • Conditional jumps in the 8080/Z80 can reach anywhere in its address space; conditional jumps in the 8086 can reach only 128 bytes on either side relative to the IP register. • No conditional calls in the 8086 cor- respond to the conditional calls of the 8080/Z80. Listing 1 makes it apparent that the three translators treat most instruc- tions the same way, allowing for the differences in the target instruction set. The following comments high- light the differences found. The only incorrect translation is TRANS86's rendering of the SPHL in- struction. The transfer is in the wrong direction. The comment field of the instruction was wrong in the 336 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc '•■■"■■■■■■■■•■■■■■■■■■■■■■mil iiiiiiiiib FOR ONLY $129.95 Learn Computing } From The Ground Build a Computer kit that grows wilti you, and can expand to 64k RAM, Microsoft BASIC, Text Edi- tor/Assembler, Word Processor, Floppy Disks and more. EXPLORER/85 Here's l!» low cost way to team the fundamentals of com- puting, the all -important basics you'll need more and more as you advance in computer skills. For just $129.95 you get the advanced- design Explorer/65 motherboard. wilh all the fealures you need to learn how lo write and use programs And it can grow into a syslem that is a match for any personal computer on the market. Look at these features: H0H5 Centra J Processing Unit, the microprocessor "heart'' of the Explorer/85, (loin the millions who will buy and use the 8080/8065 this year alone!) . Four fl-hif p/iisone fi-hit input/output ports from which you can input and output your programs, as well as control exterior swiii.hes. relays, lights, etc . a cassette interface that lets you store and reload programs you've learned in write deluxe 2.000 hyfe operating system/monitor makes it easy to learn computing in several important ways • It allows simpler, faster writ- ing and entering of programs • It permits access by you lo all parts of the syslem so you can check on the status of any point in the program • ll allows tracing each pro- gram step by step, wilh provision for displaying all the contents of the CPU (registers flags, etc.) • . . . and it does much more/ You gel all this in (he starting level (Level A) of ihe Bxptoeef/BS for only $129.93. Incredible! To use. just Clug in your 8VDC power supply and terminal or ey hoard /display — if you don't have them, see our special offers below. D Level A computer kit (Terminal Version) . . $12995 plus S3 PM.* □ Level A kit (Hex Keypad/Display Version) . . . $129.95 plus $3 PAl ' LEVEL B — This building hlock' converts ihe mother- board into a two-slot SlOO bus (industry standard) com- putet Now you can plug in any of the hundreds of S100 cards available. D Level B kit $49.95 plus $2 PM ' D SlOO bus connectors frwo required) S4.B5 each. postpaid LEVEL C — Add still more compuling power: this "build- ing hlock'' mounts directly on the motherboard and expands ihe SlOO but lo six slots □ l^velCkil $39.95 plu PA I * D SlOO bus required) postpaid. LEVEL D — When you reach Ihe point in learn quires more memory, we itfftfr rwo choices: eit of a memory tlireclly on ihe motherboard, or f>4k of memory hy means of .i single SlOO cant, our famous "JAWS" Level D kit: (CHECK ONE) ... D 4k on- board ..$49.95 phis $2 P»r: D 16k SlOO "|AWS". $149.99 plus 12 P*I*:D 32k SlOO "JAWS" $199.93 plus S2 Pft I *:□ 4Bk SlOn "JAWS" $249.93 plus S2 Pftl*; □ 64k SlOO "lAWS" $299.95 plus $2 PAl". LEVEL E — An important "huilding block." it activates ihe8k ROM/EPROM space on the motherboard Now just plug in our 6k Microsoft BASIC or your own custom programs D Level E kit $3.93 plus SOC Pftl * ,M i'Tiisofi HAS1C — lis Ihe language thai allows you lo Utlk English to your computer! It is available three ways: Q flk cassette version of Microsoft BASIC Inquires Level B and 12k of RAM minimum: we suggest a 16k SlOO '■JAWS" — see above) $64.93 poslp.iid. flk ROM version of Microsoft BASIC (requires Level B A l-evel E and 4k RAM, just plug inio your Level E sockets. We suggest either the 4k Level D RAM expansion or a lfik SlOO "|AWS ") $99.95 plus $2 Pftl * □ Disk version of Microsoft BASIC (requires Level R. :v>V. .if RAM. floppy disk conlmller. H" floppy disk drive) . $325 postpaid mneclors (five $4.85 each, TEXT EDfTOR/ASSEMBLER — The edi lor/assembler is a software tool (a program) designix! to simplify the task of writing programs. As your programs become longer and more complex, the assifaibler can save you many hours of programming lime This software includes an edilor program thai enters ihe programs you write, makes changes, and saves ihe programs on cassettes The assem- bler performs ihe clerical task of translating symbolic code into Ihe computer- readable object code The editor/ assembler program is available either in cassette or a ROM version □ Editor/Assembler (Cassette version: requires Level B and Bk (mm ) of RAM — we suggest lfik "JAWS' — see above) $39.95 plus $2 Pftl.* a Editor/Assembler (ROM version supplied on an SlOO card: requires Level B and 4k RAM [mm ) — we suggesi either Level D or lfik "JAWS' ) $99.95 plus $2 Pftl." 8" FLOPPY DISK — A remarkable building block.' Add our H" floppy disk when you neiil faster operation. more convenient program slorage. perhaps a business ap- plication, and access to the literally thousands of programs and program languages available today You simply plug Ihem inlo your Explorer/flS disk system — it accepis .ill IBM-formatted CP/fvKprograms. □ H" Floppy Disk Drive $499.95 plus $12 PAL' n Floppy Conlmller Card . $199.95 plus $2 Pftl. Q Disk Drive Cabinet A Power Supply S3 Pftl * O Drive Cables (set up for two drives) SI SO PA! * □ CP/M 2 2 Disk Operating System: includes Texl Editor/Assembler, dynamic debugger and other fealures th.il give your Explorer/RS access lo thousands of existing CP/M-hased programs . . $150 00 postpaid. NEED A POWER SUPPLY? Consider our API. It can supply all the power you need for a fully expanded Ex- plore r/R5 [ note: disk drives have their own power supply) Plus Ihe AP-t fits neatly into the attractive Explorer steel cabinet (see below) □ API Power Supply kit (BV ft 5 amps ) in de luxe steel cabinet, $39.95 plus $2 Pftl* NEED A TERMINAL? We offer you choices the least ex- pensive one is our Hex Keypad/Display kil that dis- plays Ihe information on a Calculator-typfl screen. The other choice is our ASCII Keyboard/Computer Terminal kit, that can be used wilh either . $69. 95 phll $25.00 phe •I Plug in Lev cents Microsoft BASIC lex Edilor/AssemWn l.Plug in Nelri.niir's Hex f-rli I or/ Assembler in HUM Keypud/Displuy S Ailil (ivoSlOO boiirds 2. Add Laval B in mnvcrl lo fi Add you own custom cif £ SlOO Mills (prototyping un-a) a Add 4k RAM 7 Conner! lerininul a CRT monitor or a TV set [if you have an RF modulator a Hex Keypad/Display kit $69.95 plus S2 PAL* CI FASTERM - 64 TERMINAL KIT - Featuring a 56 key ASCII Keyboard. 128 character set upper and lower case 75 ohm output, 6 baud r able), RS232/C or 20 MA output. 32 line formats, complete with Deluxe Steel Cabinet and Powei Supply $199.95 plus s:ipai • D RF Modulator kit (alii monitor) $8.95 postpaid □ 12" Video Monitor (10MH: plus S5 Pftl ' □ Deluxe Steel Cabinet for the Explnrer/llfi . . $49.95 plus S3 Pftl* □ Fan foi plus SI .SO Pftl :abinel ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE EXPLORER/85 PAK— THERE'S ONE FOR EVERY NEED. □ Beginner Pik (Save S20.00) — You get Level A (Ter- minal Version) wilh Monitor Source Listing (S2S value) AP-1. 5-amp. power supply. Iniel H0H5 Users Manual (Reg. $199.95) SPECIAL $169.95 plus $4 Pftl.* □ Eiperimcmcr Pik (Save $53.40) — You gel Level A (Hex Keypad/Display Version) with Hex Keypad/ Display, Intel 8085 User Manual. Level A Hex Monitor Source Listing, and AP-1.5-amp. power supply (Reg $279.95) SPECIAL $219.95 plus SB Pftl ' D SpecifJ Microwfl BASIC Pik (Save 5103 00)— You get Levels A (Terminal Version). H. D (4k RAM), E, 8k Microsoft in ROM, Inlel 8085 1 Iser Manual. Level A Moni- ior Source Listing, and AP-1. 5-amp power supply . (Reg. $439.70) SPECIAL 1329.95 plus $7 Pftl.' D Add a Rom-Version Text Editor/Asscmbler (Requires levels B «nd D or SlOO Memoryl- $99.95 plus SI PftJ* Stmer 8" Disk Sritera - Includes Level A. H floppy disk controller, one CDC 8" disk-drive, two-drive cable, two SlOO connectors, jusl add your own power supplies cabinets and hardware D (Reg S106S 00) SPECIAL $999.95 plus $13 PAl * O 32k Starter Syslem. $1045.95 plus $13 Pftl * a 4Bk Starter System. $1095.95 plus $13 PAl *D MkSiarler Syslem $1145.95 plus S13 Pftl * D Add lo any of above Explorer steel cabinet. API five amp. power supply. Level C with two SlOO connectors, disk drive cahinel and power supply two sub-D connec- tors for connecting your printer and terminal |Reg. $225.95) SPECIAL $199.95 plus $13 Pftl * Q Complete 64K Sfttm Wired A Tesled S1650.00 plus $25 Pftl.* Special! Complete Business Software Pak (Save $fi25.D0)— Includes CP/M 2.2 Miixosnfl BASIC General Ledger, Accounts Receivable. Accounts 1'avable Payroll Package . (Reg. $1325) SPECIAL $699.95 postpaid " For Ctl iiIkiii i Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut: TO ORDER Call Toll Free: 800-243-7428 To Order From Connecticut, or For Technical Assistance, Call (203) 354-9375 CP/M is a rtR trader jjf (Clip tind moA entire adj 7^ SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED ABOVE Total Enclosed (Conn, Residents add sales lax)' S Paid by; D Personal Check D Cashier's Check/Money Order □ VISA D MASTER CARD (Hank No Signalure_ Pnnl Name jyWvJETRONICS Research& Development Ltd ||Sr2?. 3 . I-JtchjFjeld^Road^ New MilJFord\ CT 06776 ______ ANNOUNCING TWO NEW TERMINALS Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer Netronlcs announces a state of the art breakthrough In terminals. Now at prices you can afford, you can go on-line with data-bank and computer phone-line services. It's all yours: "electronic newspapers," educational services, Dow-Jones stock reports, games, recipes, personal computing with any level language, program exchanges, electronic bul- letin boards . . . and more every day!!! Netronics offers two new terminals, both feature a full 56 key/128 character typewriter- style keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, a rugged steel cabinet and power supply. The simplest one, FASTERM-64, is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serial printer port for making hard copy of all incoming data, and optional provisions for block and special character graphics. The "smart" version, SMARTERM-80. features either 24 line by 80 characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, it offers on-screen editing with page-at-a- time printing, 12,000 pixel graphics, line graphics, absolute cursor addressing, underlining, reverse video, one-half intensity and much more . . . simply plug them into your computer or our phone modem and be on-line instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or our delux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer. Price breakthrough!!! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit, ready to plug in for just 5199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit for just $299.95, (both available wired and tested.) Be on-line with the million-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply the necessary subscription forms. More good news: All the components in our terminals are available separately (see coupon), so you buy only what you need!!! FASTERM-64 , . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) ... 8 baud rates: 150, 300. 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19, 200, (switch sel.) . . , LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1V P/P (EIA RS-170) . . . CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of line, erase cursor line, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling . . . REVERSE VIDEO . . . BLINKING CURSOR . . . PARITY: off. even or odd . . . STOP BITS: 1. 1.5, 2 ... DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 6, 7 or 8 . . . CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrix in a 7 by 12 cell . . . PRINTER OUTPUT: prints all incoming data . . . 1K ON BOARD RAM . . . 2K ON BOARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY . . . OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphics characters . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 characters. SMARTERM-80 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characters by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines 128 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) 8 baud rates: 110, 300, 600, 1200. 2400. 4800, 9600, 19. 200 .. . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1V pp (EIA RS-170) . . . EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, for- ward/back tab . . , LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT . . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSI- TIONING: up. down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back . . . VISUAL ATTRIBUTES', underline, blink, reverse video, half intensity, & blank . . . GRAPHICS: 12,000 pixel resolution block plus line graphics . . . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR . . . PARITY: off. even or odd. . . STOP BITS: 110 baud 2. all others 1 . . . CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 11 character in a 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT ... 60 OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH . . . BLINKING BLOCK CURSOR . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . 2K ON BOARD RAM . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY. TELEPHONE MODEM 103 O/A . . . FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED . . . DATA RATE: 300 baud . . . INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY . . . CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect and disconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel . . . NO POWER SUPPLY RE- QUIRED. ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII-3 ... 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCII ENCODED . . . UPPER & LOWER CASE . . . FULLY DEBOUNCED . 2 KEY ROLLOVER . . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH POS STROBE . REQUIRES +5 & -12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS) PRINTER COMET I . . . SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 80 CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) . . . 10" TRACTOR FEED 1 . . . UPPER/LOWER CASE . . . INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS . . . 4 CHARACTER SIZES ... 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX . . BI-DIRECTIONAL PRINTING Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428 To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375 NETRONICS R&D LTD. d. p i. 333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776 Please send the items checked below: [ 1 COMPLETE FASTERM-64 TERMINAL (includes FASTVID-64 video board ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l . . . wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l . . . graphics option: add $19.95 to each of above [ I COMPLETE SMARTERM-80 TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 video board, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $299.95 plus $3 P&l . . . wired and tested $369.95 plus $3 P&l □ FASTVID-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & -12V DC) . . . kit $99.95 plus $3 P&l . . . graphics option add $19.95 . . . wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&l . . . graphics option add $19.95 □ SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & +/-12V DC) . . . kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l . . . wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l n DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET . . . $19.95 plus $3 P&l LJ ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires +5 & -12VDC) ... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&l . . . wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&l G POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCII-3 keyboard & video boards) ... kit only $19.95 plus $2 P&l n ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor) . . . wired & tested $149.95 dIus $6 P&l □ TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A . . . wired & tested $189.95 plus $3 P&l D DOT MATRIX PRINTER Comet I . . . wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&l Ll RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&l D 3FT-25 LEAD MODEM/TERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTOR CABLE . . . $14.95 ea plus $2 P&l For Canadian orders, double the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax. Total Enclosed $ □ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order D VISA □ MasterCard (Bank No ) Acct. No. Exp. Date Signature Print Name Address City State Zip Circle 330 on Inquiry card. M17 stocks 'em all for faster delivery. Ask about our "QEO "discounts. VISA and MasterCard orders accepted. MTI VIDEO TERMINALS Price VTIOODECscope $ 1595 VT18X Computing option 2395 VT101 DECscope 1215 VT131 DECscope 1785 VT132 DECscope 1995 ADM 3A (dumb terminal) 595 ADM 5 (dumb with visual attributes) . 645 ADM 31 (two page buffer) 1095 ADM 21, 24, 32, 36, 42 Hazeltine Esprit 645 Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 20 1495 Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 30 1715 1410 (Hazeltine dumb terminal) 575 1421 (Consul 580 & ADM 3A comp.). 595 1500 (dumb terminal) 825 1520 (buffered, printer port) 1 105 RETRO-GRAPHICS TERMINALS VT100 with graphics pkg 3250 VT125 (DEC graphics) 3280 ADM 3A with graphics pkg 1795 ADM 5 with graphics pkg 1845 300 BAUD TELEPRINTERS LA 34-AA DECwriter IV 1095 LA 36 DECwriter II 1095 Diablo 630 RO 2295 Diablo 630 KSR 2695 Diablo 1650 KSR 2635 Tl 743 (portable) 1190 Tl 745 (port/built-in coupler) 1485 Tl 765(port/bubble/b.i. coupler) 2595 600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS Epson MX-80 645 Tl 825 KSR impact 1570 Tl 825 KSR pkg 1795 1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERS Epson MX-100 995 LA 120 RA (receive only) 2095 LA 120 AA DECwriter III 2295 Tl 783 (portable) 1645 Tl 785 (port/built-in coupler) 2270 Tl 787 (port/internal modem) 2595 Tl 810 RO impact 1545 Tl 810 RO pkg 1795 Tl 820 RO impact 1850 Tl 820 RO pkg 2025 Tl 820 KSR impact 2025 Tl 820 KSR pkg 2195 Lear Siegler 310 ballistic 1945 2400 BAUD Dataproducts M200 (2400 baud) 2910 DATAPRODUCTS LINE PRINTERS B300 (300 LPM band) 5455 B600 (600 LPM band) 6930 B1000I1000 LPM band) 11330 BP1500 (1500 LPM band) 19700 ACOUSTIC COUPLERS A/J A242-A (300 baud orig.) 242 A/J 247 (300 baud orig.) 31 5 Vadic VA3413 (300/1200 orig.) 845 Vadic VA 3434 11200 baud orig.) 845 MODEMS GDC 103A3 (300 baud Bell) 395 GDC 202S/T (1200 baud Bell) 565 VA 3212 (Bell 212A comp.) 825 VA 103 (300 baud modemphone) 235 VA 3451 (orig/ans triple modem) 885 VA 3455 (1200 baud orig/ans.) 770 VA 2450 (Bell 201 comp.) 725 CASSETTE STORAGE SYSTEMS Techtran 816 (store/forward) 735 Techtran 817 (store/for/speed up) 915 Techtran 818 (editing) 1225 Techtran 822 (dual) 1640 FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS Techtran 950 (store/forward) 1395 Techtran 951 (editing) 1995 * Please call for quote. mti Applications Specialists & Distributors Computer Terminals, Peripherals & Systems NewYork: 516/621-6200, 212/767-0677, 518/449-5959 Outside N. Y.S.: 800/645-6530 New Jersey: 201/227-5552 Ohio: 216/464-6688 Listing 1: The original 8080 code, the Sorcim TRANS86 translation, the Seattle transla- tion, and the XLT86 translation. Original 8080 code Stax B Inx B Dad B TRANS 8 6 Xchg BX,CX Sto AL, [BX] Xchg BX,CX Inc CX Add BX,CX Ldax B Stax D Ldax D Dad H Xchg BX,CX Ld AL, [BX] Xchg BX,CX Xchg BX,DX Sto AL, [BX] Xchg BX,DX Xchg BX,DX Ld AL, [BX] Xchg BX,DX Add BX,BX Dec H Inr M MVi M,3 Dad SP Dec BX Inch [BX] Stob #3, [BX] Add BX,SP Seattle Mov DI,CX Stob Lahf Inc CX Sahf Lahf Add BX,CX Rcr SI Sahf Rcl SI Mov SI,CX Lodb Mov DI,DX Stob Mov SI,DX Lodb Lahf Add BX,BX Rcr SI Sahf Rcl SI Lahf Dec BX sahf XLT86 Mov SI, CX Mov [SI],AL Lahf Inc CX Sahf Lahf Add BX CX Sahf Mov SI,CX MOV AL, [SI] Mov SI,DX Mov [SI],AL Mov SI,DX Mov AL, [SI] SHL BX,1 Dec BX Inc B,[BX] Inc Byte Ptr 0[BX] Mov B,[BX],3 Mov Byte Ptr 0[BX],3 Lahf Add BX,SP Add BX,SP Rcr SI Sahf Rcl SI Dcx SP Mov M,A Rnz Jnz Help Dec SP Sto AL, [BX] Jz :G1 Ret :G1: Jz :G2 Jmp Help :G2: Lahf Dec SP Sahf Mov [BX],AL Jnz Ret Jnz Help Dec SP Mov Byte Ptr 0[BX],AL Jz L 1 Ret L 1: Jz L 2 Jmp Help L 2: Listing 1 continued on page 340 338 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc NEECO C- Commodore Computer VIC 20 Personal Computer $ 299.95 VIC1515GraphicPrinter $395.00 CBM4016 $ 995.00 CBM 4032 $1295.00 CBM8032 $1495 00 CBMSuperPet9000 $1995.00 CBM8050 Dual Disk Drive $1795.00 CBM4040Dual Disk Drive $1295.00 CBM 2031 Single Disk Drive $695.00 CBM 4022 Tractor Printer $ 795.00 CBM8010 IEEE Modem $279.00 CBMDatasette $ 74.95 CBM-IEEE InterfaceCable $ 39.95 IEFF-IEEE InterfaceCable $ 49.95 Professional Software/tor cbm computers WordPro™ — a Family of CBM Word Processing Programs WordPro 2 Plus $ 199.95 WordPro 3 Plus $ 295.00 WordPro 4 Plus $ 450.00 WordPro 5 Plus (for CBM 80%) $450.00 TheAdministrator(DataBaseforCBM) $ 650.00 Power lM (Programmer's Utility ROM) $ 89.95 lnfoPro 1M (DataBaseforCBM) $ 295.00 Amdek Monitors Video 100C $ 179.00 Video 300C $ 200.00 Colorl $ 449.00 Color 2. $ 999.00 , A Atari Atari 400 16K * 399.00 Atari 800 16K (incl BASIC cartridge) $ 899.00 Atari 410 Recorder $ 99.95 Atari 810 Disk Drive $ 599.95 Atari 822 Thermal Printer $ 299.95 Qume Sprint 9/45 $2495.00 Tractor Option $ 210.00 745.00 945.00 Epson Printers MX-70 $ 299.95 MX-80w/Craphtrax $ 645.00 MX-80 FT $ MX-100FT ... .. $ INTERFACE CARDS 8141 RS-232 Interface Board $ 75 00 8145 RS-232 Interface Board w/2K Buffer $ 149.00 8151 RS-232 Interface Board w/X/ON-X/OFF $ 170.00 8161 IEEE Interface Board $ 55.00 8131 Apple InterfaceCard $ 85.00 8232 Apple InterfaceCable ... $ 35.00 8220 TRS-80 Cable $ 35.00 CMD Mupet MC-800AMupet Controller $ 995.00 (Multi-User Controller tor C'liM Computers) CM-100 Channel Module $ 250.00 Printer Module ... $ 350.00 Diablo 630 Printer Diablo630 Tractor Option $2710.00 $ 350.00 NEC Spinwriter Printer NFC 7730 .... NEC 7710 NFC7720 NEC 3510 NFC3500RD Tractor Feed Options are available $3085.00 $3085.00 $3610 00 $2290.00 $1895.00 'WordPro, POWER, & InfoPro are registered trademarks of Professional Software Inc. (All FOR OUR 70 PACI CATALOG FOR COMPLtTI PRODUCT LINE AND PR1C1 IISIINOS Wl WILL MATCH SOMF ADVI RTISI D PROS ON CrRTAIN PRODUCTS LISFID UNDI R SIMILAR "IN STOCK" CONDITIONS. NEECO 679 Highland Ave. Needham, MA 02194 (617) 449-1760 TELEX: 951021 MON-FRI 9:00- 5:30 E.S.T. VI'.A MASTERCARD * UlSA Circle 334 on Inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 339 Listing 1 continued: Cnz Help Jz :G3 Jz XOOO Jz L 3 Call Help call Help Call Help :G3: XOOO: L 3: Xthl Mov BP,SP Pop SI Mov BP.SP Xchg BX, [BP] Xchg SI,BX Push SI Xchg BX, [BP] Pop PSW Pop AX Pop AX Pop AX Sahf Xchg AH,AL Xchg AL,AH Sahf Sahf Push PSW Lahf Lahf Lahf Push AX Xchg AH,AL Xchg AL,AH Push AX Push AX Xchg AH,AL Xchg AL,AH Sphl Mov BX,SP Mov SP,BX Mov SP,BX ( Z80 opcodes ) Djnz Label Dec CX Dec CH Jnz Label Jnz Label Cpir Xchg BX,DI UP Cld Mov DI,BX Repnz Repnz Scasb Scab Xchg BX,DI MOV BX,DI Ldir Xchg BX,SI up Xchg DX,DI MOV SI,BX Cld Mov DI,DX Repnz Rep Movsb Movb Xchg BX,SI Mov DX.DI Xchg DX,DI Mov BX,SI Push Ix Push DI Push [Ix] Pop Iy Pop SI Pop [Iy] translated text, also. We therefore suspect that the program has a minor bug with regard to this particular in- struction. Since this test program was nonsense as far as logical program flow is concerned, XLT86 was at a loss to determine the active registers, and sometimes chose simpler instruc- tions than it would have in a real pro- gram . The results for XLT86 could be different in different situations. The conditional jumps for TRANS86 and XLT86 can vary, depending on the distance of the target label from where the jump is. The conditional return in Seattle's translator references a label called RET. This refers to any RET within 128 bytes on either side of the state- ment. This is one reason why Seattle's translator should be used with ASM86; no other assembler will take advantage of this feature. Note that TRANS86 and the Seattle translator treat the DJNZ in- struction differently. TRANS86 uses a 16-bit register, CX, and the Seattle translator uses CH, an 8-bit register. A warning message comes out of the Seattle translator reminding the pro- grammer that DJNZ does not affect the flags in the Z80 but that this se- quence of instructions will affect the 8086 flags. Register Mapping Figure 6 shows a detailed, side-by- side comparison of the differences in register mapping performed by the three translators. Figure 6a deals with the 8080/8085-to-8086 mapping; figure 6b, with Z80-to-8086 mapping. As the notes there state, TRANS86 does not preserve 8080 byte order on the stack. The Seattle translator uses SI on loads from memory and DI for stores to memory. TRANS86 and XLT86 do a register exchange between BX and the ap- propriate register to allow indirect addressing through BX, then a register exchange to fix up BX and the appropriate register. Since the 8086 does not have some of the registers of the Z80, the translators can't support them. The programmer can, however, map those registers to a memory location. TRANS86 generates memory ref- erences to storage locations supplied by the programmer to take care of the Z80's IX, IY, BC, DE', and HL' registers. Summing Up the Translators A general view is that Sorcim's TRANS86 is a useful product if the original source is in 8080 or ACT80 form and the user has ACT86 as a target 8086 assembler. The register and flag usage appear to be a little looser than for the other two pro- grams. This requires more knowledge and more involvement from the pro- grammer to make sure that the sense of the translated code is maintained. No limitations exist as to the size of the source file and macros are sup- ported if the input is in ACT80 for- mat. Sorcim's TRANS86 is sold separately from ACT86, but they should be used together. The Seattle Computer Products' Z80-to-8086 translator is a straightforward code translator that uses Zilog mnemonics and runs only on Z80-based processors. There ap- pear to be no limitations as to the size of the source program that may be translated since the program translates one instruction at a time. Register and flag usage are very con- servative, protecting the source ar- chitecture as much as possible and providing warnings when potential problems could arise. The converted program has more of a chance of working the first time than a less con- servative translation would have. 340 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc PERSYST ADD-IN MEMORY When Only The Very Best Will Do! You wanted the very best.. .that's why you waited for the IBM Personal Computer. Now you're ready to expand your memory capacity and again, you want the very best. The best is here now. Introducing the PGRWTT Memory Expansion Module (MEM). Available in a variety of configurations from 64K to 256 KBytes on a single board, the PGRWCT "MEM" has been designed with the same dedica- tion to quality, performance and ease of use as your IBM Personal Computer. Each "MEM" undergoes extensive test and high-temperature burn-in to ensure quality, reliability and depen- dability. Key features include: Competitively priced. Completely IBM compatible. Permits utilization of the 1 megabyte addressing capability. Can be placed in any expansion slot. Expandable up to 256K Bytes on one board. Parity generate and check. J Completely tested and burned-in.. ' No Wait States. 1 One year warranty. PQWTTalso makes Single and Dual line Asynchronous Communication Controllers. • Fully compatible with IBM's Asynchronous Communication Controller. • All standard baud rates up to 19,200. • Full modem signal support on both lines. • Operates with IBM's Asynchronous Communications Software Support. • Single board. • Simple Installation. Don't settle for less. ..insist on PGRWTT. See the expanding line of PGRWTT products at your local PQWCT dealer or contact: Don McDonald. PEKVST, IMC. 22957 LA CADENA LAGUNA HILLS, CA. 92653 (714) 859-8871 Mffiffiiiil iinmummimmmmiii e 364 on Inquiry card. Circle 179 on inquiry card. CHOOSE... Choose an Apple Desk A compact Bi-Level desk ideal for the Apple com- puter system. This 42" x 29W' desk comes with a shelf to hold two Apple disk drives. The top shelf for your TV or monitor and manuals can also have an optional paper slot to accomodate a printer. It is shown here with the optional Corvis shelf which will hold one Corvis disk drive. The Corvis shelf is avail- able on the 52" x 29V2" version of the Apple desk. Choose a Micro Desk The Universal Micro desk accommodates the S-100 type microcomputers. The desk is available in four sizes: 17.75 inch, 19.06 inch, and 20.75 inch wide openings with 24 inch front-to-rear mounting space. The fourth size is a 20.75 inch wide opening with a 26.50 inch front-to-rear mounting space. Choose a Mini Rack Mini racks and mini micro racks have standard vent- ing, cable cut outs and adjustable RETMA rails. Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60", or 72" desk model in a variety of colors and wood tones. A custom rack is available for the Cromemco. Choose a Printer Stand The Universal printer stand fits the: Centronics 700's Dec LA 34 NEC Spinwriter Lear Siegler 300's Diablo 1600's & 2300's T.I. 810 & 820 Okidata Slimline Anadex 9500's Delivery in days on over 200 styles and colors in stock. Dealer inquiries invited. ELECTRONIC 51696 Asteroids ^ Miss*) Conv^ 32 50 SupBrkOut Assem Edit - 49°° Star Raiders -45P° Basketball- 28°° Chew -32°° ♦ MONITORS* zenithLTJ 12in 15MHI JC.S. CD 12in18MHz amdekOO 12in12MHz. "lin Color 1 — 1 1 Green Phos (jreen Phos *.._,._ H,-Res-~ $118.50 *155.50 ^ $165.50 2 Green Phos. Hi-Res. - Non glare Screen 3 Green Phos JOEL. - $375.50 CONCORD 1971 SO STATE COLLEGE ANAHEIM. CALIF 92806 (714)937-0637 ■», ""^CMtCK — MA> J, *NO COO ^ COMPONENTS 74LSOO 24 74LS02 24 74LS03 24 74LS04 24 74LS05 24 74LS06 30 74LS06 26 74LS10 24 74LS11 33 74LS12 33 74LS13 45 74LS14 89 74LS20 24 74LS21 24 74LS26 30 74LS27 28 74LS28 32 74LS30 24 74LS32 32 74LS37 50 74LS38 32 74LS42 50 74LS4B 70 74LS51 24 74LS55 35 74LS74 35 74LS75 4e 74LS76 38 74LS78 5C 74LS SERIES 74LS83 70 74LS86 38 74LS90 60 74LS91 85 74LS92 65 74LS93 60 74LS95 BO 74LS107 38 74 LSI 09 38 74 LS1 12 40 74LSH3 40 74LS114 45 74LS122 40 74 LSI 23 85 74LS125 90 74LS126 85 74LS132 70 74LS136 50 74LS138 65 74LS139 65 74LS145 1 10 7*LS151 70 74LS153 70 74LS157 70 74LS158 70 74LS161 85 74LS162 85 74 IS 163 85 74 LSI 64 85 MIS 74LS165 85 74LS169 1 55 74 LSI 70 74LS174 74LSI75 74LS190 74LS191 74LS221 1 10 74LS240 74LS241 74LS244 85 74LS245 1 65 74LS248 74LS249 90 74LS251 74LS253 80 74LS257 74LS258 74LS259 74 LS260 74LS273 74LS275 74LS279 74LS283 74 L S3 73 74 LS374 74LS377 "™ m 7400 SERIES DYNAMIC RAMs 4027 4116 200ns 4164 200ns 2 00 8'175». 4g 8 ' 138y STATIC RAMS 200 2111 2112 2114 2114L 200ns mm6116 200ns ? il 8/2 5Q ea 8' 2 50m 4/14 00 4/2 00aa 4/10 50 M MISC 8T26 8T2B 8036 8080A 8155 I 8255 MC1330 MCl 350 MCi358 I MC1458 I LM380 I LM386 I LMS65 I LM741 I LM1310 I LM180O 1 1. M 1889 Z80 ZBOA Z 80 A CIO I 6502 I 6502A I 8065A LMC6800 1 20 1.20 2 75 375 1050 4.50 1.65 MORE MISC 8212 8216 1103A UPD765 AYS 1011 A 1488 1489 MC6802 MC6821P MC6B50P 74S00 74S02 74S03 74S04 74 505 74S08 74S10 74S1S 74S20 74S22 74S30 74S37 74S51 74S65 74S74 74S8S 741 74161 74166 74174 74181 74393 74 S SERIES 74S86 74S112 74S132 74S138 74S140 74S158 74S174 74S175 74S161 74S182 74S188 74S240 74S244 74S471 74S472 95 400 2 75 3 50 350 3 50 9 50 1500 14 96 4 95 4 50 1702 2708 2716I5V) TMS2716 2732 <5V> TMS2532 8/3 95 aa 8/2 65 aa B/4 50 M 8 96 8'8 OOtJ 10 50 8/9 25 m 11 50 8/10 25ea 4 25 2 95 500 2 90 2 95 1.45 8 50 6 00 6 00 6 OO 12 00 B 50 7 75 VOLTAGE REGULATORS IC. SOCKETS W530 10/5 70 we 70 KVQ.70 a «/i 20 W 10/1.30 16 10/140 18 10/1*0 20 10/2 70 10/12 70 22 10/2 70 10/1370 24 *0/2 70 10/14 70 28 10/3 00 10/17 70 40 10/3 90 344 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 128 on Inquiry card. YOUR BEST FRIEND FOR FRIENDLY COMPUTING Commodore VIC-20 from ASAP ASAP brings you the Commodore VIC-20, the triendly computer that costs little more than a video game. The VIC-20 plays great space games, but it can also im- prove learning skills, help with household budgets and much, much more. The VIC-20 features color, sound, graphics, programmable func- tion keys, built-in BASIC and expandable memory. The Friendly Computer connects to any TV or monitor. And ASAP gives you the VIC-20 complete with RF modu- lator, switchbox, cables and a self-teaching instruction book at a great low price. ASAP also carries a full line VIC-20 peripherals and software, including: Part Number Description VIC1530 Commodore Datassette VIC1540 VIC1540 Single Disk Drive VIC1515 VIC Graphic Printer SPECIAL CARTRIDGES VIC1210 VIC 3K Memory Expander Cartridge VIC1110 VIC 8K Memory Expander Cartridge VIC1011A RS-232-C Terminal Interface VIC1112 VIC IEEE-488 Inter- face Cartridge APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE ON CARTRIDGE VIC1211A VIC-20 Super Expander — 3K RAM memory expan- sion, high resolution, graphics plotting, color, paint and sound com- mands. Graphic, text, multicolor and music modes. 1024 x 1024 dot screen plotting. VIC1212 Programmers Aid Cartridge — More than 20 new BASIC com- mands help new and experienced pro- grammers renumber, trace and edit BASIC programs. VIC1213 VICMON Machine Language Monitor — Helps machine code programmers write fast, efficient 6502 assembly language programs. RECREATIONAL GAMES ON CARTRIDGE VIC1901 VIC Avengers VIC1904 Superslot VIC1906 VIC Super Alien VIC1907 Super Lander VIC1908 Draw Poker VIC1909 Midnight Drive COMPUTER PROGRAMS ON TAPE VT 106A Recreation Program Pack A VT 107A Home Calculation Program Pack A VT 164 Programmable Character Set/Gamegraphics Editor VT 232 VICTerm I - Ter- minal Emulator TEACH YOURSELF PROGRAMMING SERIES VL101 Introduction to Computing VL102 Introduction to BASIC Programming VIC-20 BOOKS AND MANUALS VM 101 Personal Computing on the VIC-20 VM 110 VIC-20 Programmers Reference Guide ASAP Add-Ons for VIC-20 5 1 A" Floppy Disk Drive Subsystems, single or double- sided, single or double density 80 x 24 Video Card 27K Memory Board (static) Expansion Chassis with Motherboard ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. CALL FOR BEST PRICE. ASAP offers a 15-day buyer protection policy: full money- back guarantee if not totally satisfied. Ordering information: name, address, phone; ship by. UPS or Mail. Shippinq charge: add S2.90 up to 1 lb. (UPS blue). U.S. Mail add S1.50 (U.S. only) (S25.00 minimum order). Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders, Visa and Master Charge (U.S. funds only). Tax: 6% Calif, res., COD'S and terms available on approval (School PO's Accepted). Toll free outside California: (800) 421-7701 lnsideCalifornia:(213) 595-6431 (714) 891-2663 ASAP Computer Products, LTD.. 116 Viceroy Rd. D-12 Concord, Toronto, Ontario, Canada L4K 1A9 (416) 738-0500 (800) 268-1996 nHtm computer ■ products, inc^i 1198 E Willow St., Signal Hill, CA 90806 Circle 38 on inquiry card. with our variety of qualify disk miws. Announcing the latest addition to ASAP's broad product line —disk drives from Mitsubishi. The Mitsubishi M2894-63 is a double-sided, double-density 8-inch drive featuring high- performance characteristics at a surprisingly low price. LSI microprocessor-based electronics provide sophisticated logic control functions, assuring signal and data integrity. And a unique Gimbal Head design assures a smoother drive for longer-wearing media. Mitsubishi's 5W drives provide improved storage capacity over that of conventional drives. The M4853 features 96 tpi density: twice that of many others. And the M4854 provides the storage capacity of 8-inch drives. M2894-63 Call for price M4853 Call for price M4854 Call for price Additional drives from ASAP: Data Trak™ 5 (ANSI 5W compatibility) Call for price Data Trak™ 8 (IBM compatibility) Call for price Shugart Model 801 (standard floppy) $390.00 Shugart Model 850 $600.00 ASAP also provides a full line of high reliability disk drive subsystems. For superior quality, high reliability disk drives, contact ASAP today. Part No. — Description* Price CAB5V — Single cabinet for either Shugart or Qume 5 1 /4" floppy disk drives (cabinet only) $ 75.00 CAB5V/1 — Single cabinet with (1) Qume® DT-5 double-sided double-density 5VT floppy disk drive installed $ 425.00 CAB8H — Dual cabinet for 8" floppy disk drives (horizontal mounting) $ 225.00 CAB8V — Cabinet for 8" floppy disk drives (vertical mounting) $ 250.00 CAB8H/V+1S — Dual cabinet with (1) Shugart SA801R 8" floppy disk drive installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $ 635.00 CAB8H/V+2S — Dual cabinet with (2) Shugart SA801R's 8" floppy disk drives installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $1050.00 CAB8H+1M — Dual cabinet with (1) Mitsubishi double-sided double-density 8" floppy disk drive installed $ 690.00 CAB8H+2M — Dual cabinet with (2) Mitsubishi double-sided double-density 8" floppy disk drives installed $1055.00 CAB8H/V+1 — Dual cabinet with (1) Qume® DT-8 double-sided double-density drive installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $ 750.00 CAB8H/V+2Q — Dual cabinet with (2) Qume® DT-8's double- sided double-density drives installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $1200.00 HDC8/1-HD — Cabinet with (1) Priam 10 megabyte hard disk drive with Microbyte Controller Call for price HDC8/1F+1HD — Cabinet with (1) Qume® DT-8 double-sided, double-density drive, and (1) Priam 10 megabyte hard disk drive with Microbyte Controller Call for price CAB8V/2F-9SMB — Desk top cabinet for (2) 8" Shugart or Qume floppy disk drives, 9-slot motherboard, card cage, fan, dust filter, power supply, and all power and drive cables Call for price "All cabinets come complete with power supply, fan and internal cables. Circle 39 on Inaulrv card. Terminals Manulacturer Model D Price Ampex Dialogue 80 S 875.00 Lear Siegler ADM-5 S 660.00 Lear Siegler ADM-3A S 635.00 Lear Siegler ADM-3A* S1225.00 Lear Siegler ADM-31 S1095 00 Lear Siegler ADM-32 $1225.00 Leai Sieglei ADM-42 S1 195.00 Televideo TVI 910 S 625.00 Televideo TVI 912C S 725.00 Televideo TVI 925 S 825 00 Televideo TVI 950C S 925.00 Components 4116s (200 nS)/5290-3 Apple TRS-80 Heath 1-15 ... . S1 70 each 50-99 St 50 each 16-49 . . . S1 60 each 100 up . . . . S1 30 each 2114L-Z/Z00nS _ow-Pnwei IK x 4 Sialic RAM 1-16 S2 80 each 50-99 . . . . S2 60 each 17-49 ...S2 70 each 100 up . . . S2 45 each '708/450 nS \Kx8EPROM S4 00 each nr 8/S28 00 27)6/5 Volt >K x 8 EPROM S4 95 each Regulators 120T5 S 80 M0T5 S 70 120TI2 S 80 140112 S75 Connectors 19 10-24 25 up 1B25P S200 SI 90 SI 75 IB25S S2 95 S2 75 S2 50 1B25C S 95 S 85 S 75 00 Pin IMSAI inld/S-100 Soldertail Connectors 2 60 each or 10/S240each Capacitors ('•■ 12 Voll Ceramic 8c each oi 100/S7 00 IIP SOCketS — Low Profile Tin Soldertail escriplion 1-9 10-49 50-99 100 up 4 pin tin 51 S 15 S 13 S 12 S 11 Spin tin Si S 16 S 14 S 13 S 12 6 pin tin si S 19 S 18 S 16 S 14 3 pin tin si S 25 S 23 S 21 S .20 1 pin tin SI S 26 S 24 S 22 S 20 i pin tin st S 32 S 30 S .29 S 27 ) pin tin s! S 42 S 40 S 38 S 34 SYSTEMS WITH SPICE from CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS OR S-100 USERS 2K Static RAM Board ai t Number 2032C Price S595 00 5K Static RAM Board artNumhei 2116C Price S300 00 1K Dynamic RAM Board art Number 2065C Poce S550 00 MA CPU Board nl Number 2810A Price: S270 00 oppy Disk Controller nl Number 2422A Price S370 00 P/M'" Version 2 2 Free With Purchase 100 Mainlrame art Number 2200A Price S475.00 100 Motherboard nl Number 2501A Price S150 00 Port Serial I/O Interlace art Number 2710A Price- S285 00 Serial. 2-Parallel I/O Board irt Number 2719A Price S280 00 Port Parallel I/O Board HI Number 2720A Price: S195.00 OR APPLE IF" USERS rnchronous Serial Interface irt Number 7712A Price: S149 00 ogrammable Timer in Number 7440A Price' S 95 00 ;ynchronous Serial Interlace irl Number 7710A Price: S139 00 ilendar/Clock Module rrt Number 7424 Price S 99 00 ■ Digit BCD A-to-D Converter art Number 7470A Price S 95 00 2K ROM/PROM Module art Number 71 14A Price: S 85 00 arallel Interlace HI Number 7720A Price S125 00 ithmetic Processor rrt Number 7811A Price: S349 00 intronics Printer Interlace irt Numbei 7728A Price- S125 00 Printers Epson MX-80 80 Column Dot Matrix Printer Character set: full 96-character ASCII with descenders Graphics characters: 64 block characters Cenlionics-style 8-bit parallel interface standard: Apple. TRS-80. RS-232 interfaces optional. MX-80 FT/Friction Feed MX-100/132 Column Okidata Dot Matrix Printers 82A — 80 column printer w/tractor Throughput @ 80 characters pel line: 76 lines per minute Print Speed: 120 CPS 83A — 136 column printer w/tractor Throughput (S 136 characters per line. 76 lines per minute Print Speed: 120 CPS 84A — 136 column printer w/lractor Throughput @ 136 characters per line: 114 lines per minute Print Speed: 200 CPS Centronics & RS-232C interfaces standard on models 82A & 83A 2K serial buffer board [RS-232) optional on all models 84A: Centronics 8-bit parallel interface optional: Hi-RES Graphics standard. CALL FOR PRICE & DELIVERY Apple Parallel Interface: AEI-1 W/Cable $69.95 • Standard Interlace • Compatible with Epson & Okidala Pr inters • On-board Firmware (2708) Optional Cables- S20.00 AEC-2/ Atari lo Epson Printer TREC-2/TRS-80 to Epson /Okidala Piinlei RSC-1/RS-232 imale to rnalel Serial Interface SEI-1 S55.00 • Asynchronous 300. 1200. 2400 oi 9600 BPS • Compatible with Epson Printers • 75 to 9600 BPS Manufacturer/Model ft Price Anariex-9501 W/2K buffer S1295 00 Diablo-630R0 S2095 00 Cltoh Pro/Writer II Call for puce C lloh F-10 Printmaster Call for price Texas lnslruments-810 S1650 00 Modems Manufacturer Model if Price Novation CAT S 149.00 Novation d-CAT S 16000 Novation Auto-Cat S 229.00 OC Hayes Smart Modem S 235.00 OC Hayes Micro Modem II S 32000 (Apple) DC Hayes Micro Modem 100 S 320.00 Lexicon Lex-11 S 13900 Livermore LIV-Slar 20M S 149.00 UDS UDS 103 LP (300 Bdl S 185.00 UDS UDS 202 LP (1200 Bd) S 245.00 Monitors Manufacturer Model # Price Amdek 100/12" B8.W S 110.00 Amdek 100-80 S 169.00 Amdek 100G/12" Grn. S 120.00 Amdek Color-1 13" S 350.00 Sanyo DM5109CX/9" Grn. S 175.00 Sanyo DM 5012/12" B&W S 270.00 Sanyo DM 5112ex/12" Grn. S 290.00 Sanyo DM C6013/13" Color S 450 00 Zenith ZVM-121/12"Grn. S 115.00 ATARI COMPUTER PRODUCTS ATARI BOO (16K) Personal Business Computer Features: • Computer console • Atari 8K basic • 57 full stroke alpha-numeric keyboard with four function keys • Operators manual • RF modulator • Power supply Call for price ATARI 400 S349.00 Atari Optional Accessories Model # Description Price 410 Program Recorder S 80.00 810 Disk Drive System S 455 00 822 40 Column Thermal Stampede Cartridge 18 50 Printer S 299 00 Ice Hockey Cartridge 2395 820 40 Column Dot DISKETTES from ASAP Matrix Printer S 279.00 Verbatim 825 80 Column Dot 5'.." Diskettes Matrix Printer S 625.00 Part # Sector Price 830 Acoustic Modem S 159.00 MD525-01 Soli 10/S2750 BSD Interface Module £ 169 00 MD525-10 Haul 10 10/S27 50 850 interlace Module S 169.00 msa . K H ard 16 10/S27 50 CX30-04 Paddle Controls S 17.95 B" Diskettes CX40-04 Joysticks (pair) S 17 95 FD32-1000 Hard 10/S3500 FD34-10O0 Soli 10/S35 00 INTRODUCING ASAP's Memorex Atari 800 16K RAM Module: S55.00 bw Diskettes 1 uoarwarrantu nartcA hiw Par " Side/Dens Sector Price 1 year warranty parts & labor mMmi 1/Dbl Soil 10/S26 50 Software MEM 3483 1/Dbl Hard 10 10/S2650 A lari MEM3485 1/Dbl Hard 16 10/S2650 Basketball . S 27 00 MEM 30ffl , , Sg| So(| 10;s35 w super BreaKoui 5 xw MEM3101 2/Sgi soft io/S45 00 Uless S 3Z00 MEM 3090 1/Dbl Soil 10/S4500 ™ eo Easel S 25.00 MEM 3102 2/Dbl Soil 10/S55O0 3-D Tic Tac Toe S 25.00 Star Raiders S 36.00 Scotch 3M Asteroids S 3200 iV Diskettes Music Composer S 42 00 Part # SiOe/Oens Sector Price Assembler/Editor S 45 00 744 -° 1'Sgl Sod 10/S33 00 Telelink I S 24 00 7 ^- w 1/s 9' Hard 10 10/S33O0 Space Invaders '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.$ 3000 744 - 16 1,s 9> Haitl 16 1u,s33(M MwaTr„' mm ,'nH c oorm 74M0 2/Dbl Har(l 10 10/S49 00 Missile Command S 32.00 2/n Biorhythm S 12.95 Graph It S 17.95 Maxell Energy Czar S 12.95 5V Diskettes Mailing List S 19 95 p ar i# Side/Dens Sector Price Touch Typing S 19.95 MD1 1/Sgl Soil 10/S32 00 Stock Charting S 22.95 MD2D 2/Dbl Solt 10/S44 00 Stock Analysis S 19.95 MH1 1/Sgl Hard 16 10/S3900 Bond Analysis S 22.95 MH2D 2/Dbl Hard 16 10/S5O.0O Word Processor S119.00 8" Diskettes Personal Finance S 64 95 FD1-128 1/Sgl Soft 10/S41 00 Microsoft BASIC S 75.00 FH1-32 1/Sgl Soft 32 10/S41 00 D3tas0 H FD2-XD 2/Dbl Soft 10/S5000 Alan Mailing List Disk 1995 rl . „ . Atari Character Generatoi Disk 16.95 Elephant Memory Systems Text Wizard Disk 89 95 ™ » Sl % eriS Sector Price ... , .,,, -in .. icnc EMS 1 1/Sgl Soft 10-62500 Miciopamlei Album 1 Disk 16 95 c ,,c, 1/n Ai c« m;co7tn ... . , ... „ „. . ._„ EMS 2 1/Dbl Soft 10/S2750 Micropamter Album 2 Disk 1695 EMS3 ,,„„, Har(j ,„ wis2 7ss Le Stick Accessory 30 00 EMS 4 , m Hard 16 10 /S27.50 Innovative Design Sollware. Inc. EMS 5 2/Dbl Soft 10/S33.00 Pool 1 5 HI-RES 48K S28 95 EMS 6 2/Dbl Hard 10 10/S33 00 On-Line Systems EMS 7 2/Dbl Hard 16 10/S33.00 HI-RES Adv '0 - Mission Asteroid Disk 19 95 HI-RES Adv »2 - Wiz 8, Princess Disk . . 25.00 Control Data Roadwork Disk 29.95 5V«" Diskettes Jawbreaker Disk 25.00 1241-00 1/Sgl Soft 10/S25 00 Sottpoin Adventure (X-rated) Disk .... 25.00 1241-10 1/Sgl Hard 10 10/S2500 The Next Step Disk 29.95 1241-16 1/Sgl Hard 16 10/S250O . . |, 1242-00 1/Dbl Soft 10/53000 Personal software 1242 _ 10 1/nw Hard 10 10/S30.00 Vislcalc Disk mw 1242-16 1/Dbl Hard 16 10/S30O0 Arcade Plus 1244-00 2/Dbl Soft 10/S4000 Ghost Hunter (Cassette) S 25.00 1244-10 2/Dbl Hard 10 10/S40 00 Ghost Hunter (Disk) S 30.00 1244-16 2/Dbl Hard 16 10/S40 CO FOR HOME ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEMS 8" Diskettes Activision Part ** Side/Dens Sector Price nranstoj rartrirtrip 1850 1221-60 1/Sgl Solt 10/S3800 Rnxinl fart doe 18 50 '223-00 1/Dbl Soft 10/S43 00 Fishing Derby Cartridge 18.50 FLEXCASE Disk Storage : . . Call lor price Skiing Cartridge 18.50 Bridge Cartridge 23.95 . ™* „ Tennis Cartridge 18.50 Medla Sl0ra 5 6 Cases Laser Blast Cartridge 18.50 Part # Size Price Freeway Cartridge 18.50 SRW-5 5'." S2 50ea Kaboomi Cartridge 18.50 SRW-8 8" S325ea All prices subject to change without notice. Call for best price. ASAP offers a 15-day buyer protection policy: full money-back guarantee if nol totally satisfied. Ordering Information: name, address, phone, ship by: UPS or Mail. Shipping charge: add S2.90 up to 1 lb. for UPS blue; add $1.50 for U.S. Mail (U.S. only) ($25.00 minimum order). Call for larger shipments. Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders. Visa & Master Charge (U.S. Funds only). Tax: 6% Calif, res. COD's and terms available on approval (school PO's accepted). ASAP Computer Products LTD., 116 Viceroy Road, D-12 Concord, Toronto, Ontario, Canada L4K 1 A9 (416)738-0500(800)268-1996 ^l^^l^^^Bi^ Toll free outside California: 2I9S3II! < 8 °°) 421 - 7701 computer I ^JjgL.. products, inc. RSSvan 1198E. Willow St., Signal Hill, CA 90806 l * «-«"« Circle 40 on inquiry card. Hardware Review The Osborne 1 Mark Dahmke Consulting Editor The Osborne 1 is Adam Osborne's solution to the problem of incompatibility among personal computers. Designed to use industry-standard software, it combines the best of several designs while compromising in only a few areas, such as color and graphics. The Osborne 1 can best be classified as a business sys- tem because it was designed to run a word processor and have the standard printer and modem interfaces that would be most useful to a business person. If you are looking for a computer that you can play games on, the Osborne 1 is not for you. If you need a solid, well-sup- ported, well-documented business system at a reasonable price, you should give it a great deal of consideration. You really do get a lot for your money when you buy an Osborne 1. Just out of curiosity, I added up the manu- facturers' suggested retail prices of all the software in- cluded with the system. The total came to about $1530 (allowing for some variation in retail prices). If we sub- tract this amount from the retail price of the Osborne 1, the computer hardware itself would cost only $265 — not bad for a Z80 with 64K bytes of memory, two 5V4-inch disk drives, printer and modem ports, and a built-in 5-inch video display. Of course the software is being dis- tributed for much less than normal retail prices, but in a way you are getting a software package with a computer thrown in for (almost) free. Hardware The Osborne 1 is approximately 9 inches high, 20.5 inches wide, and 13 inches deep. The case is weather- proof when closed and can fit under an airline seat. The power cord can be stored in the case with a plastic panel About the Author Mark Dahmke is a Consulting Editor for BYTE and Popular Com- puting. Photo 1: The Osborne 1 personal computer. with velcro strips, which also covers the power switch and the red circuit breaker. The unit operates at 120 volts (V) AC and 50 or 60 Hz (three-wire grounded plug) and draws about 37 watts (W). It can be set to operate at 230 V AC by changing an internal jumper. The unit is con- vection cooled, so there is no built-in fan. A 69-key detachable keyboard with 12-key numeric keypad (all with sloping key tops) is standard. The soft- ware supports full key -rollover operation. Two 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives mounted on either side of the display screen each provide 102,400 bytes of secondary storage. The processor board uses the Z80A microprocessor op- erating at 4 MHz. Main memory consists of 60K bytes of user-programmable memory and 4K bytes of ROM (read-only memory), which are bank switched. Bank switching gives the maximum use of the address space to the user by allowing physically separate memory areas to occupy the same logical address space. Memory-access time is 250 nanoseconds. 348 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc TEST-FLY A s 20 MILLION JET ON AN APPLE? YES. WITH MICROSPEED. At the Bethesda Naval Research Center, they've discovered the power of MicroSPEED. The Navy's engineers use this remarkable hardware/software combination to "fly" an advanced fighter aircraft in real time — even making vertical landings on a simulated carrier deck. A "crash" is merely another learning experience, and an opportunity to modify the research aircraft — inside the Apple — to improve tomorrow's combat planes. Surprised that such a sophisticated task is possible on the Apple? So were the Navy's officials, and many others who have discovered... THE MICROSPEED DIFFERENCE This extraordinary Language System exploits the real potential of the microcomputer for the first time. The difference between MicroSPEED and other programming lan- guages is that with MicroSPEED, there is virtually no limit to what you can achieve. It may well be the ultimate language for the Apple II and III (and soon the IBM Personal Computer). MicroSPEED literally combines the performance of a minicomputer with an exhaustive set of user-friendly capabilities: hard- ware math processing, fast hi-res graphics and text, turtle graphics, print formating, two text editors, unlimited data types, and incredible FORTH extensi- bility—all at speeds up to 100 times faster than Basic. USER-FRIENDLY, EASY-TO-LEARN Starting with simple commands that are comfortable even for non-programmers, MicroSPEED extends and builds, allowing you to create your own tailored application languages. The capability of your computer will grow exponentially, as you work in an active part- nership with the machine, exploring and develop- ing new problem-solving facilities — creating, cor- recting, refining your increasingly powerful system. DEMANDING JOBS AT LOW COST Developed by a team of standout computer professionals, MicroSPEED has been put to the test in fields as diverse as medicine, the stock market, oceanography, and the arts. In even the most challenging appli- cations, MicroSPEED users have been unanimous in their praise of the System and manual. Typical comments are: "Very high marks',' Thomas Tosch Phd., Tosch Information Management. "The more I use MicroSPEED, the more I love it" James L. Hockenhull, University of Washington. "Great!... A joy to use" Henry Harris, Mission Designer, Cal Tech's Jet Propulsion Lab. "If you plan to use the Apple or IBM Personal Computer for any demanding task, then we built MicroSPEED fo r you" Sam Cornell, President of Applied Analytics. MicroSPEED requires the Apple or IBM Personal Computer with single disk. MicroSPEED II includes 2 MHz math processor. MicroSPEED 11 + includes 4 MHz math processor. Applied Analytics Incorporated 8910 Brookridge Drive Upper Marlboro, Maryland 20772 (301) 627-6650 | I'm interested! My computer is: Please send me: Name:- .MicroSPEED II, $495.00 .MicroSPEED II +, $645.00 _160 Page Manual, $15.00 .Detailed Information Company- Address Citv_ _State_ _Zip_ .Phone No.( )_ Use this coupon to order, or for more information. MicroSPEED APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER INC. Circle 31 on inquiry card. ^ ZVX4 """^ FOUR TIMES I iiii 1 1 "////. THEDYTE ff AMLYN COMPATIBLE The ZVX4 MEGABYTER is for the APPLE II user who wants to DOUBLE file size, expand the capability of existing business software, and make other SERIOUS applications more viable. Now you can have compatibility with IBM, INTEL, CP/M*, Z80 Softcard*, UCSD Pascal, and others. Look what the MEGABYTER dual density 8" floppy disk controller, with its LSI circuitry and reliable industry standard IBM 3740 format, means to you: INCREASED STORAGE • Increase online storage to 2 Mega bytes • Double your maximum accounts and file size • Add high capacity efficient hard disk backup • Control up to 4 Shugart SA800/SA850 drives IMPROVED COMPATIBILITY • Operate APPLE DOS 3.1/3.2/3.3, mini disks • Preserve existing software investment • Interchange data with other computers SIMPLIFIED OPERATION • Reduce disk handling and I/O slot usage • Gain automatic single/double density operation • Change to double sided drives with one switch Available at your Apple dealer. Call or write today! >sva>> SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES 1722 SORRENTO VALLEY ROAD SAN DIEGO, CA 92121-1084 (714| 452-0101-TWX 910-335-2047 * CP/M trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Z80 Softcard trademark of Microsoft, Inc. At a Glance Name Osborne I Manufacturer Osborne Computer Corporation 26500 Corporate Ave. Hayward, CA 94545 [415) 887-8080 Hardware Z80A microprocessor running at 4 MHz; 64K bytes of main memory; 4K-byte video display organized as 32 lines of I 28 characters each; white on black display, 52 characters by 24 lines visible with scrolling screen to view remainder of display; built-in 5-inch video monitor; half- or full-intensity video with optional underlining; 96-character ASCII set with 32 graphics characters; dual lOOK-byte, 5'A -inch disk drives; 69-key keyboard with numeric keypad and four-direction arrow keys; serial RS-232C in- terface with separate modem connector (modem adapter allows simultaneous use of modem and printer); and IEEE-488 interface Software 60K CP/M 2.2 (operating system), Wordstar with Mailmerge, Supercalc. CBASIC, MBASIC, XDIR (extended directory display). Help (system help file), FMT (disk formatter program). Copy (disk copy program), Setup (system configuration program), CP/M stan- dard utilities (i.e., PIP, SYSGEN, MOVCPM, ASM, DDT, Dump, Load, Submit, and XSUB) Options External video, battery adapter, double-density disk drives, 80-column display Price SI 795 Warranty 90-day limited Audience Anyone who needs a complete business computer system or a portable computer at a reasonable price A recent ad for the Osborne 1 shows a man carrying a briefcase and another carrying an Osborne 1. While I can see many reasons for carrying along a computer in my work, I doubt I would carry an Osborne 1 in the same way I would carry a briefcase. First, the Osborne 1 weighs about 24 pounds, which would tire out all but the most athletic of travelers. Second, though the Osborne 1 was designed to fit under an airline seat, I don't think I would want to put one there. In fact, some of the com- muter flights I have taken won't allow anything that size to be carried on, and the thought of checking my com- puter as baggage makes me a bit nervous. Remember, in- side that rugged-looking package is a small video monitor and two disk drives, all of which are vulnerable to sud- den shocks. Cathode ray tubes have been known to im- plode from less stress than a two-foot drop onto concrete. Also, disk drives can be thrown out of alignment fairly easily. The Osborne 1 would be portable enough for many people, provided sufficient care is taken to avoid bouncing it around. The Osborne 1 comes with two single-density disk 350 June 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc Circle 419 on inquiry card. 10 reasons why... the new Moore Computer Supplies Catalog is the only one you'll ever need! £5* 'woo^ppues com^log INow, you can buy the best, ■ top-quality computer and word processing supplies from Moore— serving business for 100 years. 2 Moore offers you a large selec ■ tion of leading brand name supplies. High-performance prod- ucts for today and tomorrow that have passed rigorous examination by our team of Product Specialists. 3 Low prices. Our skilled buyers are in touch with ■ market trends, worldwide, and use Moore's buying power to bring you real savings. 4 All prices guaranteed to August 31, 1982, regard- ■ less of inflation. 5 We move fast. Our standard practice is to process . and ship every order within 24 hours from one of Moore's four regional warehouses. 6 You save money and ■ time. All products stocked in our own warehouses. No middlemen. No hassles. And, no delays. Emergency overnight delivery when you need supplies NOW. It's easy to order by mail. Or, call us toll-free any business day, 8 a.m.— 5 p.m. (yourtime anywhere in the continental U.S.) for fastest delivery. The only toll-free technical assistance line in the industry. Practical, professional help is always as close as your telephone. Another free service from Moore. 10 Moore guarantees your 100% satisfaction, no strings attached. Every product is backed by our no nonsense, unconditional written guarantee. To get your free copy of The Moore Computer Supplies Catalog, call us toll-free, 800-323-6230* ext. 152, or fill in and mail the coupon below. tlr Call toll-free TODAY! 800-323-6230, ext. 152 •In Illinois, call 312-459-0210, ext, 152 »ln Alaska and Hawaii, 800-323-4185, ext. 152. Send for your FREE catalog today! Complete and mail this coupon or call the toll-free number above. © 1982 Moore Business Forms, Inc. Name. Title _ Company. Address City . State. -Zip. Catalog Group MOORE BUSINESS CENTER A Division of Moore Business Forms Moore Computer Supplies Catalog Dept. 152 P.O. Box 20 Wheeling, IL 60090 Phone. _ext. Circle 324 on inquiry card. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 351 Circle 167 on inquiry card. DISCOUNT PRICES Ecr NorthStaf^ OKJDATA JfrKjm 1 data WE'RE ON THI AST COAS DUPRE ENTERPRISES, inc MICROCOMPUTER SALES DIVISION SUITE 6 NELSON BLDG. 271 FORT LEE ROAD LEONIA, NJ 07605 (201)461-8086 9 AM-3 PM MON.-FRI. THE COST OF LIVING. GIVE TO THE AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY.! Photo 2: The keyboard of the Osborne 1 . The four arrow keys on the upper right next to the Return key can be configured for use with CP/M or Wordstar, but not both. Numeric keypad is at the far right. drives, each capable of storing 102,400 bytes or charac- ters of information on a single 5V4-inch floppy disk. A double-density option is also available, allowing the Osborne 1 to store as much as 204,800 bytes or characters per disk. According to the user's manual, data is physical- ly stored on each disk as 40 tracks, each track divided into 10 sectors (soft-sectored). Each sector contains 256 bytes of data. This works out to 100K bytes, which matches the 102,400-bytes-per-disk figure mentioned in the manual. Tracks 0, 1, and 2 contain the CP/M 2.2 op- erating system. On track 2, sectors 3 through 6 hold the customized BIOS (basic input /output system), sectors 7 While I can see many reasons for carrying along a computer in my work, I doubt I would carry an Osborne 1 in the same way I would carry a briefcase. and 8 hold the initial screen display (the Osborne logo), and sector 9 holds information such as the serial number and some system test procedures. Thus, about 92. 5K bytes remain for user storage. The video display of the Osborne 1 has some unique features and some problems. The "real" display window provides 32 lines of 128 characters per line. To accommo- date the small video monitor (5 inches diagonally), how- ever, only 24 lines of 52 characters each can be seen at any one time. The user may scroll the screen both hori- zontally and vertically to look at any 24-line by 52-char- acter portion of the total display window. Scrolling is ac- complished by holding down the control key while simultaneously using one of the four arrow keys. The dis- play doesn't jump as one would expect but instead scrolls smoothly causing no eyestrain. 352 June 1982 © BITE Publications Inc PERSONAL COMPUTERS PERSONAL COMPUTERS PERSONAL COMPUTERS Amdek Video-300 1 99.00 Amdek Color- 1 Monitor 359.00 Atari 400 16K 349.00 Atari 810 Disk Drive 449.00 Atari 850 Interface 169.00 Atari 830 MODEM 1 59.00 Atari800 16K 749.00 Diablo 630 2095.00 Epson MX-70 329.00 Epson MX-80 FT 549.00 Epson MX-100 FT Printer 739.00 Hayes Micromoderm II (Apple II) 299.00 Microtek 16K Ramboard for Atari 800 79.00 Microtek 32K Ramboard for Atari 400 & 800 . . 149.00 M&R Sup-R-Terminal 279.00 Microsoft Soft Card (Z-80) 329.00 Microsoft Soft Card Premium System for Apple 649.00 Microsoft Ramcard 64K for IBM-P.C 439.00 Microsoft Ramcard 16K for Apple 159.00 NEC 3510 Spinwriter 1795.00 NEC 3515 Spinwriter 1845.00 NEC 3530 Spinwriter 1795.00 NEC PC-8023 Printer 569.00 NEC JC1 201 M(A) - Color 1 2" Monitor 359.00 NEC GREEN JB1201M- 12" Monitor 169.00 Okidata Microline-80 Matrix Printer 329.00 Okidata Microline-82A 499.00 Okidata Microline-83A 729.00 Televideo910 559.00 Televideo912C 669.00 Televideo 920C 749.00 Televideo 925 849.00 Televideo 950 929.00 CALL TOLL FREE! 800-343-0873 Stock Shipments Same Day or Next No Surcharge for Credit Cards All Equipment Factory Fresh w/MFT Warranty Prices do not Reflect Shipping Charges Mass. Residents Please Add 5% Sales Tax PRICES ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE OMEGA SALES COMPANY I 430 PEARL STREET, STOUGHTON, MA 02072 (617)344-6645 Circle 342 on inquiry card. Circle 262 on inquiry card. THE ENCRYPTOR TM ».. mi ENCRYPIOS ~1! UMuTliuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii DATA SECURITY * HELPS PROTECT: 1) PAYROLL DATA 2) MODEM COMMUNICATIONS 3) SENSITIVE INFORMATION * S-100 COMPUTERS, IEEE-696 DESIGN. * CIPHERMASTER-TM SOFTWARE FOR CP/M* SYSTEMS AVAILABLE. * NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM. * HIGH SPEED A.M.D. 9518 DATA CIPHERING PROCESSOR. * 1.3 MEGABYTES PER SECOND THROUGHPUT. * 3 ENCRYPTION/DECRYPTION FORMATS. * OVER 72 QUADRILLION 56 BIT MASTER KEYS. * PLUG SELECTABLE I/O PORT ADDRESSES AND INTERRUPTS. * GOLD PLATED FINGERS, CARD EJECTORS AND SOLDER MASK. * ASSEMBLED, BURNED-IN AND TESTED. » 1 YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY. * $425 SINGLE QUANTITY. * DEALER AND O.E.M. INQUIRES INVITED. LEHIGH VALLEY LOGIC, INC. 2503 NORTH COURT ■ P. BOX 3216 - BETHLEHEM. PENNSYLVANIA 18017 - (215) 865-1222 PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE CP/M IS A REGISTERED TRADE MARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH, INC. UV CPROM '49.95 • ERASES ALL UV ERASABLE EPROMS (2708, 2716, 2564, etc.) • QUICK FIFTEEN MINUTES ERASE TIME • ERASES OVER FIFTEEN EPROMS AT A TIME • LAMP LIFE, 7700 HOURS • INDUSTRIAL MODEL $68.50. • INDUSTRIAL MODEL WITH TIMER & SAFETY INTERLOCK SWITCH $97.50. (Rugged steel enclosure with bottom drawer) THE BEST 6809 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER AVAILABLE • Happy Controller • SWTPC compatible • Printer Port • Runs TSC Flex • RS-232Port • Fun Documentation PRICE: FOR THE SS-50 AND S-100 BUS ASSEMBLED, TESTED, 48 HOUR BURN-IN, 90 DAY WARRANTY $389.00 2716 EPROMS 250 ns $4.95 DIRECT FROM FACTORY SS-50 6809 CPU CARD: 1 MHZ $149.00 2MHZ $189.00 RS-232 INTELLIGENT EPROM PROGRAMMER . . . $489.00 Programs: 2716, 2516, 2532, 2732, 8748, 8749 ANTISTATIC FOAM 4" x 8" $3.95 we accept visa, mastercard, c.o.d., checks phone orders (305) 776-5870 TWX: 510-955-9496 * Engineering Hot-Line: (305) 9744)967 LOGICAL DEVICES INC. 781 W. OAKLAND PARK BLVD. • FT. LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA 33311 ADD: $3.00 SHIPPING. $2.00 C.O.D. CHARGES Photo 3: Front view of the Osborne 1. The 5-inch diagonal video display is seen at center, and the 5Vt-inch disk drives are on either side of the display. Storage space for disks is provided below the two disk drives. RS-232C, IEEE-488, and modem cable connectors are in the lower left. An insulated ribbon cable connects the keyboard to the rest of the computer just below the video display. Brightness and contrast controls and external video connectors are found up front. The reset switch is also up front but is not likely to be pressed accidentally because of its location. The last connector is for the external battery pack. Surprisingly, the size of the display doesn't cause eye- strain either. I asked a friend with bifocals to try it, and he claimed he wasn't bothered by staring at the small screen. This is interesting because if you stand 3 feet away from the screen, it is almost unreadable. But if you sit at the keyboard with the screen about 15 inches away, it is quite clear. Characters on the display screen are formed in an 8 by 10 dot matrix. The character generator holds 128 charac- ter shapes, and a standard 96-character ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) set is pro- vided, plus an additional 32-character graphics set. Unlike many personal computers, the character set can- not be changed by the user. The display does allow for underlining and half-intensity display of individual char- acters on the screen. The keyboard of the Osborne 1 is detachable. In fact, there is no way it can be attached, except when the unit is closed up. After it is unlatched from the computer cabinet, all that connects it to the computer is a flat, in- sulated ribbon cable. Although the connector looks like it is ready to break off, it is quite solid. Keyboard decoding is done on the main circuit card, so no complex circuitry is present in the keyboard housing itself. The hardware supports full key-rollover operation, meaning that no matter how fast you type, the computer can keep up with you. The only characters missing from the keyboard are ( } ~ ' and DEL. However, these can be entered by depressing the control key simultaneously with . , / = and ?, respectively. These keys are not that important except, perhaps, for programming in certain high-level languages such as Pascal. Also, the backspace function is provided by the Left Arrow key. Since the ar- 354 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 267 on Inquiry card. Tired Cf your GENERAL LEDGER? • THE ULTIMATE PERSONAL CHECK REGISTER • A PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM • A PERSONAL FINANCIAL MANAGER • A SMALL BUSINESS ACCOUNTING SYSTEM • A COMPLETE GENERAL LEDGER CI • JL im^O SOTWIHSS HCW IT WGCKS VERSALEDGER is a complete accounting system that grows as you or your business grows. To start, your VERSALEDGER acts as a simple method of keeping track of your checkbook. Just enter your check number, date and to whom the check is made out to. As you or your business grows, you may add more details to your transactions .... account number, detailed account explanations, etc. VERSALEDGER VERSALEDGER can give you an instant cash balance at anytime. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) VERSALEDGER can be used as a small per- sonal checkbook register. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) VERSALEDGER can be used to run your million dollar corporation. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) VERSALEDGER prints checks. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) VERSALEDGER stores all check information forever (IF YOU WANT IT TO) VERSALEDGER can handle more than one checkbook. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) VERSALEDGER can be used to replace a general ledger. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) VERSALEDGER HAS AN ALMOST UNLIMITED CAPACITY .... (300 checks per month on single density 5Vi" disk drives such as the TRS-80 Model-I) (500 checks per month on the Apple II) (2400 checks per month on the TRS-80 Model III) (6000 checks per month on the TRS-80 Model II) (3000 checks per month on single density 8" CP/M) VERSALEDGER will soon have an add-on payroll package. (IF YOU NEED IT) — CAN BE USED WITH 1 or MORE DISK DRIVES — INTRODUCTORY PRICE $ 99. 95 VERSALEDGER HAS BEEN CREATED WITH THE FIRST TIME COMPUTER USER IN MIND iCQMPLJTRQNXCS 50 N. PASCACK ROAD SPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977 HOUR ORDER LINE * ADD $3.00 FOR SHIPPING IN UPS AREAS * ADD $4.00 FOR COD. OR NON-UPS AREAS * ADD $5.00 TO CANADA AND MEXICO * ADD PROPER POSTAGE OUTSIDE U.S., CANADA & MEXICO ^5 24 (914) 425-1535 NEW TOLL-FREE ORDER LINE (OUTSIDE OF NY. STATE) (800) 431-2818 ALL PRICES & SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE Circle 207 on Inquiry card. Circle 407 on inquiry card. Heaflf/Zenith News Buss: The Independent Newsletter of Heath Co. Co mputers publishes the news and information you need on Heath®/Zenith computers. Each issue has the most complete coverage of new product announcements from independent vendors. Read about all the latest developments in hardware and software that will help you to maximize the value of your computer. Buss is not affiliated with the Heath Co. or the Zenith Radio Corp. Each issue carries candid reports from Heath®/Zenith owners and offers you the opportunity to communicate your experiences to over 5,000 readers. Start your subscription today with the latest issue or any available back issues (about 20 in stock). Buss is mailed to you first class (airmail overseas) about every three weeks. A full refund is guaranteed any time you're not satisfied. US & Canada Overseas 24 issues $32 $45 18 issues $26 $35 12 issues $20 $25 Payment must be in U.S. dollars payable on a U.S. bank, by international postal money order, or charged on VISA or MasterCard. Send your order right away to: Buss , 325-B Pennsylvania Ave. SE, Washington, DC 20003 or for faster response call Buss, 202/544-0900. On March 2, 1981 the Genetic Time-Bomb started ticking. The waiting begins for another potential victim of Huntington's Disease. And because the symptoms (the only way to diagnose HD) don't develop until midlife, the sons and daughters of HI) carriers spend an agonizing lifetime wondering if and when this terrifying, fatal illness will strike. And that's no way to live. Give to the National Huntington's Disease Association. Help make this generation its last^ , mm _ National Huntington's Disease Association fc ..:."» 128A East 74 Street New York, N.Y. 10021 \\\\\\\>\\\>\\\\\>N\\\\\\\\\\\V\\\*\\W%Wi>J»«» \ • in hi i. ; in far hmu,, Imnn Mif f-l • I I t DRIVE' » | | i IHCM I | f-GSIWl 6 | | MONITOR I I SRI Din * l } ! . ohro C-— J Iff I .1 .;. •' TWw ™W^^^^^& Photo 4: The Osborne 1 video display is arranged as 32 lines of 128 characters per line, but only 24 lines of 52 characters can ac- tually be seen at one time with the built-in display. The four ar- row keys (when used in conjunction with the control key) can be used to scroll horizontally and vertically. row keys (cursor controls) cannot be set up for use in CP/M and Wordstar simultaneously, the user must choose one or the other configuration. If Osborne had simply defined the arrow keys to work in Wordstar (where they are much more useful), then a separate back- space key could have been assigned for CP/M. Consider- ing how many products have been ruined by poor key- board layouts, I find it difficult to understand why a few keys were left off an otherwise excellent design. The Osborne 1 comes complete with an RS-232C con- nector and a separate modem connector. You need a sep- arate interface box to use a standard modem when it is connected to the modem connector. It is important to note, however, that if you want to use a modem by itself, you can connect it directly to the RS-232C port and eliminate the need for the interface box. Therefore, the only limitation is that you can't use a modem and a serial printer at the same time without the interface box. Ap- parently, a single serial interface is used to talk to both the RS-232C port and the modem. The IEEE-488 interface has two uses. First, as the name implies, you can use it as a full IEEE-488 port with hand- shaking, thus allowing the use of several interesting pe- ripherals, such as a hard disk. It may also be used as a Centronics-compatible printer port, if you purchase a cable with a Centronics-type connector at one end. Software The Osborne 1 comes with an impressive array of soft- ware. Included as standard are the CP/M operating sys- tem, Wordstar (with Mailmerge), Supercalc, CP/M 2.2, CBASIC, and MBASIC. Also included are several useful utility programs. Wordstar, the popular word processor, is fully imple- mented on the Osborne. The only annoying feature is the scrolling of the 52 -character display. If your text line becomes longer than 52 characters, the screen has to 356 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc UB . .. Are your operators making computer errors with their feet? As they walk and move about, your operators build up a static charge. Just by taking a couple steps across the floor in a well air- conditioned room, they can generate 5,000 volts or more. Or, in the wintertime, 1 0,000 volts or more. Static can also be generated just by sitting down in a chair. And if the operator's next move is to touch one of your termi- nals, the result can be a blank screen, erratic data, spewing paper, or an altered memory. Another result . can be annoyed customers. 3M Static Control Floor Mats create an island of protection. But, for less than the cost of a single service call, you can effectively control static at every terminal, every word processor and ^ microprocessor- based unit. ^ With 3M Static Control Mats, you keep static from coming between you and your customers. 3M Static Control Floor Mats and Runners create inexpen- sive islands and pathways of protection around and be- tween sensitive areas. Static, charges drain harmlessly from operators and other personnel as they walk, stand or sit. Available in a choice of colors, and in many sizes, 3M Static Control Mats are carefully engineered for performance, comfort, durability, ease of cleaning and safety. For standing and sitting applications. Send the coupon for a free catalog and more information. Send coupon to: Data Record- ing Products Division/3M, 223-5N, 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144. Or, if you've already put up with static problems too long, call this toll-free number for the name of a distributor] or dealer near you: 1-800-328-1300. Free catalog shows 3M's complete selection of mats and runners. I 3M: Please send free catalog and other information on | Static Control Mats and Runners. I NAME I COMPANY ADDRESS _ CITY, STATE.ZIP Mail to: Data Recording Products Division/3M. 223-5N, 3M Center. St. Paul, MN 55144 3M Hears You . . . Circle 450 on inquiry card. 3M Circle 374 on Inquiry card. Keep Magazines, Catalogs, Manuals, Journals NEAT & ORGANIZED End Clutter In Home, Office, Workshop With SHELF FILES Eliminate the mess of loose magazines, catalogs and newspapers. Find what you want when you want it by using these handy shelf or desk top files. Attractive brown front panel. Adhesive ID labels included. 6 POPULAR SIZES AVAILABLE From digest size to newspaper size! Popular letter and magazine size (9" x HV2", 3W box width) - 8 for $13.95. 25 for $31.95 prepaid. Sturdy, heavy- duty fiberboard will last for years! Charge it! Call or mail coupon today. Professional Aids Co., Suite 1 63 3685 Commercial Ave., Northbrook, IL 60062* 312/291-0558 Please rush postpaid Fiberboard Desk and Shelf Files as checked below: n rh k , Free Catalog. I enclose $_ How Many Qty. Size Price Total Price 8 Letter Size $13.95 25 Letter Size 831.95 full payment. Ship postpaid. Illinois Residents add 6% Sales Tax, please. Other sizes from digest to newspaper available. a Charge it to DVISA □ MasterCard TOTAL: Card No.. Exp. Date ^R Name _ IBB Address , _J City, State, Zip, L I S E SPECIAL OFFER for the Apple FOR JUNE: P-LISP is supplied on P-LISP: $99.95 diskette with a binder sound manual, a function P-LISP is a lull LISP inter- editor, and several samole preter for the Apple 11. which programs normally sells for S199.95. We For Ihose of you who do not are offering a limited special ully understand P-LISP, we opportunity lor BYTE readers lave available the P-LISP only, to purchase P-LISP for Tutorial lor S25 00 This $99 95 through July 15. 1982 expertly written tesl is bound P-LISP contains HI- n a handsome binder and is RESOLUTION graphics. packaged to include a disk FLOATING POINT math, lull containing all the sample LISP iunctions. full support for programs referenced in the Apple disk files (including ext al no extra charge sequential or random access. €S and writing Lisp Junctions or full workspaces to disk). PEEK. Applesoft in "OM 01 a language caid is needed POKE. CALL, and a memory scheme fo let you take advantage of ALL available memory, while letting you protect any pages (for hi-res shape tables or assembly language code) in 4005 Chestnut Stree t— Philadelphia, PA 19104 Orders Only: 800-523-0725— Pen na. Residents: 215-387-1500 Pennsylvania resident add t>% sales tax Appl is a trademark ol Apple Compulei Inc Photo 5: The power cord, on/off switch, and circuit breaker are located on the back of the unit covered by a plastic panel with velcro strips, scroll horizontally. Also, you must run Setup (a utility program) and choose whether the four arrow keys on the keyboard are to work in Wordstar or in CP/M. Ap- parently, you can't have both. Otherwise, Wordstar operates just as it would on any other computer. Supercalc may be the best buy on the system. Similar to Visicalc, Supercalc lets you set up electronic spread sheets for budgeting, balance sheets, or just about any columnar information. Supercalc may be the best buy on the system. CBASIC and MBASIC are provided so you can test BASIC programs with interpretive MBASIC, then com- pile them with CBASIC to run faster. Both are fairly stan- dard versions of BASIC. Utilities Utilities provide the user with the basic tools necessary to manipulate the computer system and data. I found the utility called Setup, which comes with the Osborne 1, to be the most useful. It allows you to change certain char- acteristics of the system. For example, Osborne included a number of standard printer protocols in the BIOS. These allow the computer to communicate successfully with a variety of printers. You can choose between stan- dard serial (no protocol), Qume (ETX, ACK), Diablo (XON, XOFF), Centronics, or PET IEEE-488. You can also change the serial-port data rate to 300 bits per second (1200 bps is the default). You may choose a different screen size — 52 for a fixed screen, 128 for scrolling — or you can enter a width of your own choice, such as 80. The automatic horizontal scrolling mode can be enabled or disabled, and the four arrow keys can be set to work either in Wordstar or in CP/M. 358 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 205 on Inquiry card. UPMANSHIP. We opened our doors with two basic goals: To distribute as many software packages to as many dealers as possible. And to make money doing so. Our success on both counts is the result of hard work, a positive busi- ness attitude and a recognition that you, as a retailer, have a right to be treated fairly and honestly by your distributor. We're 1-up for three good reasons: 1. We always offer a wide selection of the latest and best microcom- puter software packages available anywhere. (Why should you have to hunt for what you need?) 2. Our dealer discounts start with quantities of 1, (Remember all those times you just wanted one or two to see how they'd sell?) 3. We don't play The BackOrder Game. (If we can't ship your order within 48 hours we'll let you know, instead of hanging you out to dry.) If there's anything else we can do for you, just let us know. Because we're 1-up and we intend to stay that way. Software Distributors, 9929 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90230. Telex 4990032 BVHL, ATT: SOFT For our dealer info packa ge, call (213 ) 559-9330. SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTORS We won't leave you holding the bag. Circle 416 on inquiry card. BIT! Back Issues For Sale The following issues are available: $2.00 ea. $2.75 ea. $2.75 ea. $3.25 ea. $3.25 ea July 76 May 78 June 79 May 80 May 81 May 77 June 78 July 79 June 80 June 81 June 77 July 78 Aug. 79 July 80 July 81 July 77 $2.75 ea. Sept. 79 Aug. 80 Aug. 81 Aug. 77 Aug. 78 Oct. 79 Sept. 80 Sept. 81 S2.75 ea. Sept. 78 $3.25 ea. Oct. 80 Oct. 81 Sept. 77 Oct. 78 Nov. 79 Nov. 80 Nov. 81 Nov. 77 Dec. 78 Dec. 79 Dec. 80 Dec. 81 Dec. 77 Jan. 79 Jan. 80 Jan. 81 $3.70 ea Feb. 78 Feb. 79 Feb. 80 Feb. 81 Feb. 82 Mar. 78 Apr. 79 Mar. 80 Mar. 81 Mar. 82 Apr. 78 May 79 Apr. 80 Apr. 81 Apr. 82 May 82 The above prices include postage in the US. Please add $.50 per copy for Canada and Mexico; and $2.00 per copy to foreign countries (surface delivery). Send requests with payment to: BYTE Magazine 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458 Attn: Back Issues ' Payments from foreign countries must be made in US funds payable at a US bank. * Please allow 4 weeks for domestic delivery and 8 weeks for foreign delivery. DECLSMl Components Dependable service at discount prices Domestic and Export isMft i ii ■ i 3 ^J w w w w U mini Computer Suppliers, Inc. 25 Chatham Rd., Summit, N.J. 07901 Since 1973 (201) 277-6150 Telex 13-6476 ©Mini Computer Suppliers, Inc. 1979 Photo 6: The Osborne 1 when closed up. The handle makes it easy to carry, but the sloping keyboard (which becomes the bot- tom) makes it sit at an angle. It has the feel of a lightweight sew- ing machine. The keys on the numeric keypad can be programmed as function keys if you don't plan to use them to do numeric entry. The through 9 keys can be redefined us- ing Setup to any sequence of characters. For example, you could define the "0" key to be "XDIR", which would enter the extended directory display command (in CP/M). When you make system changes with Setup, typing "X" when asked for the destination disk will return you to the CP/M level without saving the changes on disk. They will remain in effect only until you reset the system or power down. However, system changes can be stored permanently on one or more disks so the options are ac- tive the next time you boot the system with that disk. FMT is a utility that will format a disk for use with the Osborne 1. Because the computer cannot use soft- sectored disks before they are formatted for a particular track/sector layout, you must run this program on all new disks. The Copy utility allows you to make a complete copy of a disk for backup purposes, or just the data or user portion, or the system or CP/M portion. A separate pro- 360 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 319 on inquiry card. Apple' en CASTELLANO id Tercer Medio presenta su sistema administrative (T.M.A.) para Apple Disenado de acuerdo con los principios contables aceptados en todos los pafses de habla hispana. APLICACIONES COMERCIALES Y CIENTIFICAS • CONTABILIDAD GENERAL Diario General Resumen del Diario Consulta parcial al Diario Mayor General Balance de Comprobaci6n Balance General Ganancias y Perdidas Catalogos de Cuentas Consultas por pantalla CUENTAS POR COBRAR Catalogo de Cuentas Listado de Transacciones Antigiiedad de Saldos Saldos por Veneer Relacion de Cobranzas Relacion de Pagos Estado de Cuentas Consultas varias por pantalla INVENTARIO Y FACTURACION CONTROL DE BANCOS PERT/CPM CUENTAS A PAGAR CONTROL DE COSTO DE OBRAS VENT AJ AS DEL SISTEMA T.M.A. • Son completamentes conversacionales. • El chequeo de la informacion es instantaneo. • Los reportes impresos o por pantalla guardan los formatos generalmente aceptados. • Estdn pensados para adaptarse a cualquier empresa. • Toda la informacion esta instantaneamente disponible • Precision Expandida. • Numeros de hasta + 999.999.999.99 on inquiry card. Tercer Medio Sistema de Informacion C. A. APARTADO DE CORREOS 62533 CARACAS 1060 - A - VENEZUELA TELEX: 27.876 - CPB TH - VE. TELEFONOS: 283.60.88 - 284.74.68 Apple es marca registrada por APPLE COMPUTER INC. gram called Backup will direct you through a backup procedure to save your files. Documentation Many popular personal computers have such poor documentation, I am amazed the average user can make any sense of it. The Osborne 1 comes with one of the most impressive user's manuals I have seen. No doubt Adam's publishing background helped in this area. The manual begins by showing how to set up the computer and gives you a tour of all its connectors, the video dis- play, the keyboard, and the disk drives. It then explains how to handle floppy disks and how to "boot" the CP/M operating system. For many users, the lack of simple start-up instructions can be the first in a long series of frustrations. When the Osborne 1 is first turned on, the display tells you to insert a disk in drive A and press the Carriage Return key on the keyboard. Most other personal computer manufacturers assume the user understands this. After CP/M is loaded from disk into memory, the dis- play lists a menu of options such as "Just starting" and "Self portrait." Each of these menu entries gives the user a quick explanation of the hardware and software of the computer and how to use it. Even without the bound in- struction manual, most users would be able to run the system after a few hours of experimenting. Another advantage to the Osborne 1 is that all disks that come with the system have a copy of CP/M on them. Each disk is a "master." You can insert any of the disks into drive A, and the system will boot properly. While this doesn't mean that you won't have to make backups, it does mean that some of the frustration is eliminated when you first use the system. Most com- panies give you just one copy of the disk operating sys- tem, expecting that you will make backup copies your- self. Of the disks provided with the Osborne 1, one is a CP/M system disk and another is a CP/M utilities disk. Also included are ready-to-go disks with Wordstar, Supercalc, MBASIC, and CBASIC on them. Conclusions •The Osborne 1 definitely has a lot going for it. It has the best features of all the business computers, plus enough software to satisfy all but the most demanding of require- ments. •It is well designed with a rugged all-in-one enclosure, making it easy to move and set up. •The major complaints have been the stark "military" look and the small video display (52 characters wide). Also, 5V4-inch disks hold only 100K bytes of data, just under half that of a single-density 8-inch disk. •Apart from these limitations, the Osborne 1 comes closer to being the ideal business system for low-end ap- plications. ■ Give Your TRS-80* a Tremendous Boost with RACET computes Software RACET computes Utility Software makes the TRS faster, more efficient, and easier to use. Our programming aids improve your productivity. Our reputation is for products that are professional In design and work as advertised!!! FIELD PROVEN HARD DISK DRIVES AND OPERATING SYSTEM Now you can use RACET's Hard/Soft Disk Operating System (HSDS) with the ARM Winchester Disk Drive on the Model II. This cost effective combination provides 15 Megabytes per drive including ECC Error Correction Code and an advanced sequencer to further ensure data integrity. An incremental backup to (loppy is provided so that only those sectors that were changed from the last backup are saved. A full monthly service contract is available at $30 per month per drive. The HSDS Software has more than One Year's FIELD Experience. The latest HSDS version adds several enhancements including maintenance of system files on the hard drive, files as large as the disk, the ability to segment the disk as logical drives, definable directory size, and many utilities including bulk copies between floppy and hard drives, multiple purge, Superzap, and Directory Catalog System. Full program compatibility with TRSDOS 2.0a is maintained. Mixed floppy and hard drive operation is supported. HSDS is available for the Cafheo, Cynthia Bull, Corvus, Data Peripherals, and Santa Clara Systems hard disk systems as well as the ARM Winchester Drive. ARM 15 Megabyte Drive Subsystem $3895. HSDS Software $400 Cameo 5/5 Cartridge Drive $5995. Cynthia Bull 10/10 Drive $7995 new product • Model II Fast Backup Utility • $75 5 to 10 times faster backups!!! Full disk backup (including verify) 55 seconds!!! on two drive system — 2:15 on single drive system. In business, time is money and one BACKUP is worth 1000 tears! ! new product • INTEGRATED BUSINESS SYSTEM • ISAM File Structure — Multi-Company Capability. Modular structure. Each module includes complete user documentation which guides the user through installation and allows "practice" using a sample data base. When ready, the user simply names his data base and begins. The Integrated Business System program set includes General Ledger, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, Payroll. Inventory, General Journal, Asset Management and more. Business Programs $250/module Mod III, $300/module Mod II, $795 for all four Mod III, $995 lor all four Mod II. General Ledger and Accounts Receivable available now. Accounts Payable and Payroll 1 st Quarter 1 982. p" RACET COMPUTESt ' n'lnw 181 asSFl I riiitf m nRAMn.c pa nocci 1330 N. GLASSELL SUITE M, ORANGE, CA 92667 CIRCLE READER RFSPONSE BELOW FOR FREE CATALOG CHECK. VISA. M/C CO . PURCHASE ORDER •TRS-80 IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORPuKATION TELEPHONE ORDERS ACCEPTED (714] 997-4950 362 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 507 on inquiry card. GET THE MOST FROM YOUR NEC PC-8001 WITH RACET computes SOFTWARE!! RACET NECD0S $175 RACET NECD0S does more lor your PC-8001 than any other DOS. It's faster more efficient and easier to use. It's loaded with extra features to let you stretch the limits of your system. This advanced operating system works with the ROM MBASIC lo give lull compatibility with color and other BASIC commands USER FRIENDLY — Emphasizes Integrity. No MOUNT or REMOVE commands 111 Excellent protection from improper diskette swapping. AGAIN. HELP, FIND and REF commands. File password protection. ADVANCED DESIGN. RACET NECD0S utilizes the computer in the 8031 for most disk I/O functions minimizing memory utilization in the PC-8001. The Dynamic Transient Area (DTA) allows multiple transients to be scatter loaded and relocated in memory simultaneously. This unique capability optimizes use of valuable memory, yet provides an almost limitless growth potential. ADVANCED FEATURES. All DOS functions and commands may be used directly in a BASIC program!!! Special RUN option allows merging of programs retaining all variables in memory. Fixed block spanned records. AUTO and DO commands Machine language loads and saves. MATPRiNT and MATINPUT to disk Complete directory. ALL supervisory calls documented and available to the machine language programmer. Superzap utility included. CONVERT TRS-80* PROGRAMS TO RACET NECD0S WITH 'PROTRAN' $99.95 COMPLETE utilities for file transfer and BASIC program conversion Model III diskettes may be read directly. Model I and II via RS-232 Transfer BASIC programs, data files, or machine language files. NO support is provided lor conversion of machine language files or PEEK'S, POKE'S, or USR's to function on PC-8001. Includes Mod I, Mod II and RACET NECD0S Datadisk with complete documentation on conversion requirements and syntax differences. MULTI-KEY SORT 'MKS' $60 SUPER FAST Machine Language In-Memory Sorts. Three-key sort on 500 elements in 4 Seconds! ! ! Simple one-line BASIC functions — SORTV and S0RTC verbs. Mixed ascending and descending keys. KFS-80 KEYED FILE SYSTEM $150 Machine language BASIC ISAM utility provides keyed and sequential access to multiple hies. Simple interface to BASIC. Binary tree keyed-tile index system provides rapid access to records. RACET computes software for the NEC Is distributed by the Waybern Corporation and is available from your local NEC Dealer. IK Waybern Corporation 1 391 1 Enterprise Dr. , Garden Grove, CA 92643 (714)554-4520 • (213)222-7514 CIRCLE READER RESPONSE BELOW FOR FREE CATALOG RACET COMPUTES Circle 385 on Inquiry card. ■mg0b-**'»<*~- Are you and your small copier giving each other breakdowns? It's a vicious circle. You get a small copier without realizing how many copies you'll be making. You overwork the copier and it has a breakdown. Then you can't get your work done and you feel like you're ready for a breakdown. It's nobody's fault, certainly not the small copier's. It just wasn't built to handle big work loads. Which brings us to the Minolta EP 530R. It can take on work loads that would overwhelm an ordi- nary small copier. And it takes big-copier options. Like a sorter. A document feeder. And a counter to keep track of how many copies ^ you've made. It has a self-diagnostic system to catch small problems before they become big headaches The Ep 5 j 0R The bigger small It makes copies up to 1 1 x 17". And it has Minolta's exclusive micro-toning system for crisp, clear copies. From edge to edge. It even makes reduced copies. If you don't need copy reduction, you can get the EP 530R without the R. The Minolta EP 530. So get the bigger small copier. And give yourself a break instead of a breakdown. For the name of your nearest authorized Minolta dealer, look under our trademark in the Yellow Pages. Or call toll-free 800-526-5256. In New Jersey, 201-797-7808. c 1982 Minolta Corporation copier. MINOLTA Circle 322 on inquiry card. Hardware Review Applescope Stores Dual Traces Gregory MacNicol 211 Maple Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Imagine an easy-to-use digital-storage oscilloscope with a computer's high-resolution video display. The Applescope, selling for $595, is just that and more. If you've ever used an oscilloscope and wanted to store the display, whether just to examine it for a few seconds or to At a Glance Name Applescope Manufacturer R. C. Electronics Inc. 7265 Toulumne St. Goleta, CA 93 1 1 7 (805) 968-6614 Dimensions Two printed-circuit boards, 7.6 by 23 cm (3 by 12 inches) each Price S595 Hardware required Apple II computer with 24K bytes of memory and two free expansion-bus slots Power requirements + 5 V at 420 mA; - 5 V at 50 mA; +12 V at 80 mA; at 80 mA 12 V Features Single- or dual-trace storage oscilloscope, I ^s to 999.999999 sec- onds per division time scale, 25 mV to 8 V per division voltage scale [±11.1 V maximum input), 44 kfi input impedance, up to 1020 samples pretrigger or posttrigger, 1024-byte memory buffer with DMA, 2K-byte software in EPROM Audience Any user of oscilloscopes, especially in the fields of education, medicine, and audio Warranty Covers parts and labor for 90 days from date of purchase make a permanent record, you can already appreciate the Applescope's foremost virtue. Even if you want to show timing relationships, graph slow audio-spectrum sweeps, create Fourier transforms, or smooth data, the Apple- scope can help. For those who have never used an oscilloscope, this tool will allow you to learn about digital-storage tech- nology without great expense. Although the Applescope is geared toward the experienced amateur, the 48-page manual makes the unit easy to use. Construction The circuitry of the Applescope interface is simple when compared with typical digital-storage oscilloscopes on which the plethora of knobs tends to confuse the user. All functions of the device are activated through simple keyboard entries. The Applescope consists of two printed-circuit boards (see photo 1) that separate the digital and analog circuitry to avoid noise problems. The quality of the boards is Photo 1: Applescope's two boards. Noise is reduced by separating the analog and digital circuitry. The boards are con- nected by a 20-conductor flexible cable. 364 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Made by Seikosha, AXIOM'S new GP-]00 is the finest printer a little money can buy. It uses standard 8-1/2 x 1 1 paper and has AXIOM'S fabulous graphics interfaces for Apple, TRS-80, Atari, PET, HP and more! See the GP-100 at your AXIOM dealer today! Seikosha is the leading company of the worldwide Seiko Group. /mm AXIOM CORPORATION 1014 Griswold Avenue, San Fernando, CA 91340 -Telephone: (213) 365-9521 -TWX: 910-496-1746 Circle 51 on inquiry card. .188 UOLT/DIU B 8.00 UOLT/DIU TRACE A TRIG A > PRETRIG = 888 TIHE SCALE 882.881 888 SECONDS/DIU INPUT COMMAND = I .198 UOLT/DIU B §.88 UOLT/DIU TRACE A TRIG A > PgETRIG =888 TIHE SCALE 882.881 888 SECONDS/DIU INPUT CONN AND = ■ 2c 8.88 UOLT/DIU B TRACE A B TRIG A > TIHE SCALE 888.802 888 INPUT COMMAND « I 8.88 UOLT/DIU PRETRIG = 858 SECONDS/DIU 8.88 UOLT/DIU B 8.88 UOLT/DIU TRACE A B TRIG A > PRETRIG = 058 TIHE SCALE 888.882 888 SECONDS/DIU INPUT COMMAND I Photo 2: Images produced by Applescope. Photos 2a and 2b demonstrate the expansion function: 2b is the first segment of 2a, ex- panded along the horizontal axis 64 times (expansion by 256 is possible). Photos 2c and 2d show a combination of the pretrigger and expansion functions: 2d is the expansion of 2c, where the pretrigger parameter was set at 50 samples. Note the three-line status display at the bottom of the screen. very clean and professional; all parts are labeled. All 45 integrated circuits are installed in sockets, allowing easy maintenance. Both channel A and channel B inputs enter through a small 5-pin connector manufactured by Berg. Personally, I don't like this arrangement because probes made by most manufacturers use BNC connectors. (There is, how- ever, a $95 option that includes two standard probes and their mating BNC connector. This is a sensible addition to the unit that both makes it easier to use and reduces input-signal noise.) Operation The installation procedure is easy; however, the manual provided does assume that you have prior knowledge of electronics. Setup requires that you go into the Apple II 's monitor program, change the interrupt code, and execute the G (go) instruction specifying the expansion-slot location of the Applescope's digital board. The manual does not help you to distinguish between the analog and the digital board. All instructions to the software are entered through 22 keyboard codes. They control settings for the trigger, voltage scales, time scale, sweep mode, expansion factor, and pretrigger (see photo 2). Pretrigger is a feature that allows you to view a record of the trace that occurred before or after the trigger point. This is great for digital troubleshooting when you wonder what happened first; for instance, it might let you find a glitch, or voltage tran- sient, that occurred several clock cycles before a problem became obvious. How It Works If you were to try to design an Applescope, you would encounter two problems: size and power limitations. Laudable but invisible to the user, the ADC (analog-to- 366 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc I „i, :1 WB _, ' ' *^yj f* JSL ^ $|i ^ II ^lt .///////////////////////// nmiimu nil fmffli If rmmfffi ffffTllfTTi The high speed, cool, reliable static ram without waitstates. Our RAM67 static RAM offers low power for cool operation and high reliability. It is the first SI 00 mem- ory of its size to offer battery back up. The RAM67 will run without waitstates with any present SI 00 bus CPU. Advanced features of the static RAM67: □ Low power CMOS RAM □ 100 ns access time □ No wait states with our 10 MHz Lightning One™ □ 8/16 bit operation □ Phantom disable □ Battery back up option If you need high performance and high relia- bility at an affordable price, the RAM67 is the memory for you. 128K RAM $1495.00 Battery back-up option $100.00 The Lightning One The Lightning One is the fastest S100 CPU board presently available. The 8086 processor with its two co-processors, the 8087 and 8089, provide exceptional data manipulation, nu- meric processing and I/O handling capability. The Lightning One features: □ 8086 or 8088 16 bit processor □ 4,5,8, or 10 MHz jumper selectable operation □ Optional 8087 and 8089 co-processors □ Onboard monitor with diagnostics □ 9 vectored interrupts expandable to 65 RAMS When you need mini-computer performance at micro-computer prices, the Lightning One should be your choice. Benchmarks available. Prices start at $395.00 Other LDP Products In addition to the RAM67 and Lightning One, Lomas Data Products offers the following fine products: □ HAZITALL System Support 2 serial ports, 2 parallel ports, clock/calendar, 9511 or 9512 math support (option), hard disk controller host interface A & T, $325.00 □ LDP72 Floppy Disk Controller Single or double density operation, single or dou- ble sided disks, controls both 8" and 5 Vt " floppy For 16 bit computing on the S100 bus, come to the leader . . . LDP drives, digital data separator for ad- justment free reliable operation .... A & T, $274.95 □ LDP128/256K Dynamic RAM ^^^_ An advanced dynamic RAM with static like performance. An ideal choice for large memory configura- tions where cost is an important con- sideration. No DMA, or reset restrictions .... A & T, 128K $795.00, 256K $1395.00 □ LDP88 8088 CPU Board Ideal for inexpensive systems requiring the pro- cessing power of a 16 bit instruction set. The LDP88 has up to 8K of on-board EPROM, IK bytes of RAM, 1 serial RS232 port, 9 vectored interrupts, 5 MHz operation. Useable as a single board 8088 processor A & T, $349.95 Software Available □ CP/M-86* Full track buffered BIOS, memory disk support, double density format $300.00 □ MP/M-86* Full MP/M-86 implementation, hard disk and floppy disk support, plus memory drive. 1, 2 and 5 user configurations. □ MS-DOS" The IBM Personal Computer operating system, includes macro assembler $250.00 □ Other software: BASIC86, BASCOM86, FORTRAN86, C, FORTH. 'CP/MS6 Gr MP/M-86 trademark of Digital Research. **MS-DOS trademark a j Microsoft. Ughtnitlg One trademark of Ijomas Data Products, btc. Dealer and O.E.M. inquiries invited. LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS, INC. 729 Farm Road, Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752 □ Telephone: 617-481-2822 Circle 269 on inquiry card. Go with McGraw-Hill's ft THE PASCAL HANDBOOK. By Jacques Tiberghien. 471 pp. A sin- gle reference manual that tames this unruly language. Every feature of Pascal isexplained in a brilliantly organized format that covers the major Pascal dialects, including Jensen and Wirth's original defini- tion, with the CDC implementation . . . the proposed ISO Standard . . . UCSD Pascal . . . Pascal 1000 (HP1000). . .OMSIPascal-l.,.and Pascal/Z. 582365-9B $35.00 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books) MICROCOMPUTER INTERFACING. By Bruce Artwick. 352 pp., 117 il- lus. In this up-to-date, complete design guide you'll find the de- tailed descriptions and explana- tions necessary to enable you to select, build, and interface micro- computer systems to virtually all applications. Advanced interface devices and methods are thor- oughly examined and illustrated. 789/436B $26.00 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books) TAKE ANY 3 BOOKS FOR ONLY $1°° EACH when you join the COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS' BOOK CLUB (values up to $75.00) program iCFViei COMPUTER CAPACITY. By Melvin J. Strauss. 288 pp.. tables and charts. The key purpose of the book is to provide both senior manage- ment and DP practitioners with a methodology for identifying and quantifying issues of capacity and demand within the data center without becoming entrapped by language problems 582317-9 $24.95 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE. Edited by Anthony Ralston and C. L. Meek. 1,500 pp., 60 ///us., 100 charts, 7 x 10 format. This first and only in-depth coverage of the entire field of computer science in a single volume is comprehensive and completely up to date. 769/01XA $60.00 (counts as 3 of your 3 books) BUILD YOUR OWN Z80 COMPUTER. By Steve Ciarcia. 330 pp., dia- grams, softbound. Written for peo- ple who don't need an introductory electronics handbook. Its admira- bly achieved objective is to present a practical, step-by-step analysis of digital computer architecture and the construction details for a complete and functional micro- computer. 109/621 $15.95 DATA STRUCTURES USINC PAS- CAL. By Aaron M. Tenenbaum and Moshe J. Augenstein. 544 pp., II- lus. With its emphasis on struc- tured design and programming techniques, this definitive work takes you on a trailblazing journey through Pascal. Separate chapters aredevoted tothe stack, recursion, queues and lists, Pascal list pro- cessing, trees, graphs and their applications. 582230-X $23.95 AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING HANDBOOK. Edited by The Diebold Group. 976 pp., 269 illus. Written by a staff of internationally recog- nized authorities on ADP, this com- prehensive handbook explains sys- tems, programming and the lan- guages, communications pro- cesses, and the design and instal- lation of today's computers. 168/075B $49.95 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books) APPLE PASCAL: A Hands-On-Ap- proach. By Arthur Luehrmann & Herbert Peckham. 426 pp., spiral- bound. Finally, a how-to-use- PASCAL book for Apple computer users that makes a complex lan- guage as easy as (forgive us!) applesauce. Takes you from "total ignorance" all the way up to very impressive competence in the use of that rather complex language, PASCAL. 491/712 $14.95 MICROPROCESSORS/MICROCOM- PUTERS/SYSTEM DESIGN. By Texas Instruments LearningCenter and the Engineering Staff of Texas Instruments, Inc. 634 pp., illus., outsized 7 l k x IOVa format. The book takes you through the devel- opment of memory-to-memory ar- chitecture, shows you the compo- nents, and details programming methods and techniques. 637/58XB $26.95 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books) THE ADA PROGRAMMING LAN- GUAGE. By I. C. Pyle. 293 pp., il- lus., softbound. Written primarily for practicing programmers of em- bedded computer systems, this book provides a full presentation^ the power of Ada. It will also prove of great interest to other program- mers as well as to managers of pro- gramming projects. 582447-7 $14.95 MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS HANDBOOK. By David F. Stout. 472 pp., 284 illus. This BIG book on SMALL chips will help you make your systems timely, versatile and cost-effective. The 16 expert con- tributors provide in-depth treat- ments of both hardware and software so you can completely analyze, design, construct and program. 617/988B $35.00 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books) OPERATING SYSTEMS. By Harold Lorin & Harvey M. Deitel. 378 pp., 56 illus. With the relationship of operating systems to both hard- ware and the systems software en- vironment, this timely book offers stimulating insights and opinions on basic questions — what operat- ing systems should be and what they should do. 582354-3 $19.95 EXPERIENCE ! THE SOUL tOFANEWj JMCHINE * Tracy Kidder j# AUTOMATIC THE DEVILS DP DICTIONARY. By Stan Kelley-Bootle. 160 pp., softbound. This devilishly clever lit- tle book is guaranteed to fill anyone who has ever slaved over a hot ter- minal with savage delight. Some 500 computer words and terms are misdefined. from abacus to your pro- gram. 340/226 $7.50 SOFTWARE DEBUGGING FOR MI- CROCOMPUTERS. By Robert C. Bruce. 351 pp.. illus. Takes you through the fundamental methods for finding errors, glitches, and faults in programs . . . goes on to techniques for tracking down and exterminating program bugs . . . then combines these techniques into a complete debugging plan. 582075-7 $18.95 PERSONAL COMPUTING: Hard- ware and Software Basics. Elec tronics Book Series. 224 pp., 175 illus., SV2 x 11 format. Gives you comprehensive guidance to the present state of the art in personal computers — an overall survey of the technology and methods avail- able to perform various tasks, facts about the work others are doing— and just how they are doing it. 191/514 $24.50 THE SOUL OF A NEW MACHINE. By Tracy Kidder- PULITZER PRIZE WINNER-293 pp. You may have already lived what happens in this true story ... or you may never live what happens here. But if your life touches computers in any way, you'll finish this book in one stay- up-all-night reading. 582439-6 $13.95 Z80 USERS MANUAL. By Joseph Carr. 326 pp., with diagrams, charts and tables. Takes you through every opportunity the ZAP can offer. It covers Z80 pin defini- tions, CPU control signals, support ships, interfacing peripherals, and much more. It also includes a 177- page Z80 instruction set so you can study the instructions on a one- by-one basis. 582336-5 $18.95 ELECTRONIC GAMES: Design, Programming, and Trou- bleshooting. By w H Buchsbaum and R. Mauro. 335 pp., 338 illus. Information you need to design, program, and trou- bleshoot electronic games is right here in this widely popular hands- on guide. 087/210B $26.95 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books) THE WORD PROCESSING HAND- BOOK. By Russell A. Stultz. 237 pp., with tables and diagrams. This book gives you the basics — and the many extras — that you need to cope intelligently with the outsized choice of word processors on the market today. It provides a com- prehensive understanding of what they do, and which one to select. 582463-9 $17.95 BIT-SLICE MICROPROCESSOR DE- SIGN. By John Mick and Jim Brick. 398 pp. All in one place — the cru- cial information you've been need- ing about the 2900 family of bit- slice microprocessor components. This remarkable "first" designs right before your eyes not just one but two complete 16-bit machines! 417/814 $24.00 Be sure to consider these important titles as well! 6502 SOFTWARE DESICN. By L. J. Scanlon 582138-9 $12.95 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING: Theory and Practice. By R.C Linger, H.D. Mills, & B.I. Witt 788/537 $22.95 THE BYTE BOOK OF PASCAL. Edited by B. W. Liffick 789/6738 $25.00 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books) COMPUTER PERIPHERALS FOR MINICOMPUTERS, MICROPRO- CESORS AND PERSONAL COMPUT- ERS. By L.C. Hohenstein 294/518 $19.50 16BIT MICROPROCESSOR AR- CHITECTURE. By T. Dollhoff 582003-X $24.95 PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS. By W. M. Newman & R. Sproull 463/387B $28.95 /Counts as 2 of your 3 books) THEORY & PRACTICE OF MICRO- PROCESSORS. By K. G. Nichols & E. J. Zaluska 582414 OB $36.50 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books) COBOL BOOK OF PRACTICE AND REFERENCE. By R. L. Grauer 582316-0 $19.95 THE SCIENCE OF PROGRAMMING. By D. Gries 582452-3 $19.80 SOFTWARE VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION. By M. S. Oeutsch 580501-5 $21.95 *If'you join now for a trial period and agree to purchase three more books — at handsome discounts — during your first year of membership. (Publishers' prices shown) MAIL THIS COUPON TODAY ■ Why YOU should join now! ■ BEST AND NEWEST BOOKS IN YOUR FIELD -Books are selected from a wide range of publishers by expert editors and consultants to give you continuing access to the best and latest books in your field. ■ BIG SAVINGS — Build your library and save money too! Savings rang- ing up to 30% or more off publishers' list prices — usually 20% to 25%. BONUS BOOKS — You will immediately begin to participate in our Bonus Book Plan that allows you savings of between 70% — 80% off the publishers' prices of many professional and general interest books! ■ CONVENIENCE — 12-14 times a year (about once every 3-4 weeks) you receive the Club Bulletin FREE. It fully describes the Main Selection and alternate selections. A dated Reply Card is included. If you want the Main Selection, you simply do nothing — it will be shipped automatically. If you want an alternate selection — or no book at all — you simply indicate it on the Reply Card and return it by the date specified. You will have at least 10 days to decide. If, because of late delivery of the Bulletin you receive a Main Selection you do not want, you may return it for credit at the Club's expense. As a Club Member you agree only to the purchase of 3 books during your first year of membership. Membership may be discontinued, by either you or the Club at any time after you have purchased the 3 additional books. Other Mi (.ran Hill Book Clubs: Accountants' and Controllers' Book Club • Architects' Book Club • Chemical Engineers' Hook Club • Civil Engineers' Book Club • Electronics and Control Engineers' Book Club ■ Mechanical Engineers' Book Club For more information! write to: McGraw-Hill Book Clubs 1221 Avenue of the Americas, 26lh fl„ New York, NY 10020 McGraw-Hill Book Clubs Computer Professionals' Book Club P.O. Box 582, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520 Please enroll me as a member and send me either (he ENCYCLO- PEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, billing me only $3.00. or any three ot-her books, billing me only $1.00 each, plus local tax, shipping and handling. I agree to purchase a minimum of three additional books during my first year of membership as outlined under the Club plan described in this ad. A shipping and han- dling charge is added to all shipments. □ □ Check here if you want ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (769/01X). Check here if you prefer three other volumes, and indicate below by number the books you want. A few expensive books (noted in the description) count as more than one choice. Name Address/Apt. City/State/Zip Corporate Affiliation This order subject to acceptance by McGraw-Hill. All prices sub- ject to change without notice, Offer good only to new members. Orders from outside the U.S. cannot be accepted. P39558 ANALOG BOARD 20 CONDUCTOR CABLE DIGITAL BOARD APPLE BUS Figure 1: Block diagram of Applescope's circuitry. The interface occupies two slots on the Apple lis expansion bus; the amplifiers and conditioning circuits for analog input signals are kept separate from the digital electronics to reduce interaction and noise. digital converter) has been carefully designed to work within the Apple II's interface requirements; otherwise, the power supply would sizzle from overuse. The Applescope's major components are shown clearly in figure 1. All input signals are clamped to ±11.1 volts (V); the two channels are individually amplified. The analog board digitizes the processed signals through two modified tracking ADCs; 1024 samples (512 in dual-trace mode) are obtained at 0.286 microseconds per sample. The digital board has IK bytes of memory on-board that temporarily stores the digitized data as it comes in. This board also has the triggering logic, DMA (direct memory access) support logic, and the PROM (program- mable read-only memory) that contains the Applescope's operating software. Data is eventually transferred over the Apple II's bus in two's-complement form and is read at locations 0C00 through OFFF hexadecimal. This data is stored on disk in its raw form. Roughly 200 milliseconds later, this infor- mation is displayed on the video monitor as an oscillo- scope trace with 280- by 160-pixel (picture element) reso- lution. The various parameters and settings chosen are displayed at the bottom of the screen as three lines of text. Because uses of the Applescope might vary, the de- signers have provided places for extra capacitors and resistors on the analog board. The idea is that additional components might be necessary in some applications to alter the response of the clamping and amplifying cir- cuits. These vacant locations are all labeled. THIN is IN! State-of-the-art 8" disk drive subsystems give you o remarkable 2.4 MB in the space of a single-drive cabinet, 4.8 MD storage capacity in the space of a 2-drive cabinet. Perfect add-ons fot IBM, Apple, Radio Shock and all 8" Shugorr compatible computets. Systems Introductory Price Retail 2-Drive $1695 $1995 4-Drive $2995 $3495 2-Drive Horizontal $ 1 750 $2050 write protect switch option — $30/drrve Columbia microsystems, Inc. 905 E. Broadway, Columbia, MO 65201 (314) 875-8900 Circle 499 on Inquiry card. 370 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc *ADDS* VIEWPOINT TERMINALS . $495 DEC COMPATIBLE CRTS IVT-100] $995 (VT-100 AVO& PRINTER PORT $1295 (VT-132) $1395 IVT-100 COLOR| $2295 |VT-132 COLOR| $2495 DATA GENERAL COMPATIBLE |D100 & D200| $995 (D100 & D200 COLOR $2295 MODEMS 300/1200 212A COMPATIBLE $699 ECONOMY PERIPHERALS INC. (404) 952-0213 Circle 500 on inquiry card. SPEECH SYNTHESIZER ItedHKt $70 Each (5 or more, i-HJ-f-m+4-t $55 each) Order in Ones or Thousands The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely self- contained solid state device. This single chip phoneti- cally synthesizes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulaty. The SC-01A contains 64 different phonemes which are accessed by a 6-bit code. Computer interlaces and text-to-speech algorithms also available for prod- uct development. Voirax is a Irademark ol Federal Screw Works Call 1-800-645-3479, in N.Y. 1-516-374-6793 MICROMINTINC. 917 Midway Woodmere, N.Y. 11598 Call lor quantity pricing. Circle 501 on inquiry card. The MICROMINT Z8 BASIC COMPUTER/CONTROLLER board repre- sents a milestone in microcomputer price- performance. It is cheap enough to be programmed directly in a high level lan- guage, and efficient enough to be battery operated if required. The entire computer is 4" by 4V2" and includes a tiny BASIC interpreter, 4K bytes of program memory, one RS-232 serial port and two parallel ports, plus a variety of other features. Us- ing a powerful Z8 microcomputer chip and Z6132 4K X 8 RAM, the Z8 BASIC COMPUTER/CONTROLLER board is com- pletely self-contained and optimized for use as a dedicated controller. The unit is assembled and tested and comes with over 200 pages of documentation. The price, in single quantity, a tiny $195. * Optional power supply ( + 5, + 12 and -12V) $35. Please include $4 for shipping and handling. 'Call Micromint for quantity pricing Z8 MICROCOMPUTER • On board tiny BASIC interpreter. • Parallel and serial I/O ports. • 6 interrupts. RS-232 CONNECTOR •Just attach a CRT terminal and immediately write control programs in BASIC. 4K BYTES OF RAM •Z6132 4K X 8 low power quasi-static RAM. EPROM pin compatible. SWITCH SELECTABLE BAUD RATES •110-9600 BPS. FULLY EXPANDABLE • Data and address buses available for 124K memory and I/O expansion. • 2 onboard parallel ports. • 7.3728MHZ crystal for fast control operations. JUMPER SELECTABLE MEMORY OPTIONS •4K RAM, 2716 or 2732 EPROM operation. LOW POWER •Consumes only 1 V2 WATTS at +5, +12 and -12V (optional power supply available). To Order: Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479 For Information Call 1-516-374-6793 MICROMINT INC. 917 Midway Woodmere, N.Y. 11598 Micromint will put both a computer development system and an OEM dedicated controller in the palm of your hand for only $195. 1 1 K'X'YWVV As featured in Byte Magazine, July, August, 1981. IB is a trademark of Zilog Inc. A .455 UOLT/Dj TRACE A B TRIG B '. TIME SHALE mhm.mmm fifi- INPUT COM MM AND i.SS LI ML Mi in PRETRIG=O0O SECOND S/DIU Figure 2: Hard copy is available from a printer. Figure 2a is a simple sine wave that shows Applescope's resolution. Figure 2b demonstrates that Applescope suffers from neither overshoot nor crosstalk. .188 UOLT/DIU TRACE A TRIG A > TIME SCALE 002.801 000 INPUT COMMAND > I 3.00 UOLT/DIU PRETRIG = 888 SECONDS/DIU Photo 3: Typical audio-spectrum plot. Information collected during the input cycle is stored on disk and may be used or modified by other Apple programs. Software Remarkably, the Applescope's software is all packed into 2K bytes of EPROM (erasable programmable read- only memory). The software contains all the commands and display directives that the average user needs. There is also a disk-based software package, available for $49, that lets you do signal averaging, real-time display up- date, and exact voltage measurement. Provision is made for hard copy from a printer (see figure 2). The Applescope's manufacturer, R. C. Electronics, has promised to provide customized software for specialized applications. Other companies are showing interest in this type of software. For example, W. H. Nail Company in Oroville, California, is providing physiologic-related software for educational use that includes biofeedback, heart-rate analysis, and histograms — all with hard-copy output. I can also see a need for a logarithmic package that displays signals with a decibel scale for audio work. Sound Applications Because I'm involved with speaker design, I went about applying the Applescope to create a spectrum plot of speaker-system response. Setup was a snap: I wanted a 20-Hz-to-20-kHz near-field spectrum plot as might be seen on standard audio test equipment. Normally this would mean using a Polaroid camera to photograph an oscilloscope screen while an audio generator made a 70-second sweep of the spectrum. With the Applescope (see photo 3), I simply set the time scale at eight seconds per division and triggered it and the generator. The la- beled result was displayed, printed out, and put in my notebook for reference. This was easier, faster, and less expensive than the Polaroid technique. A product of this sort has tremendous potential. So far, a mix of current and future applications might in- clude audio and speech analysis, physiologic recording, biofeedback applications, education, chart recording and documentation of analog data, and fast Fourier trans- form experiments. Conclusions The Applescope acts like a digital-storage oscilloscope, storing information in memory and freezing the signal image on screen. It is very well designed and constructed. However, before you pull the plug on your trusty Tek- tronix, it is important to determine the Applescope's limi- tations. While it is excellent for digital signals slower than 3.5 MHz, the Applescope, like any tool, requires careful use. The images it produces can suffer from aliasing and Apple-bus noise — problems not encountered in an analog oscilloscope. (The display time is quicker with an analog oscilloscope too.) If you need fast response or work with high voltage, keep your analog oscilloscope around, but if you require graphic display of digital data or sophisti- cated storage of signal traces, the Applescope is the tool you need.l 372 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc \ ' \\\\ \\\ FTL makes Applesoft faster! FTL is the easy way to speed up your Applesoft programs. You can run all your Applesoft programs with no changes, and without 'compiling' them. Plus, FTL doesn't reduce your available memory. The key is ALF's AD8088 Processor Card, which adds a fast, 16-bit computer to your Apple. FTL, the Formula Transfer Link, sends Applesoft formulas (*, /, t , LOG, EXP, COS, SIN, TAN, and ATN) to the card for fast processing. FTL runs programs that compilers won't, like programs with embedded assembly language. But FTL is compatible with most Applesoft compilers, so you can use TASC or Expediter II and FTL for even faster execution! ALF's dependable Processor Card easily meets Apple's 2 watt power recommendation. The Apple's 6502 processor runs at full speed while the Processor Card runs programs from its on-board memories. Several AD8088's can be used simulta- neously. WITH ALF's FTL 10 PRINT "2 3 ": 20 FOR B = 5 TO 1000 STEP 2 30F0RC=3TU S0RIBISTEP2 40 IFB/C = INT (B/QTHEN70 50 NEXT 60 PRINT B." ": 70 NEXT B Program to compute prime numbers from 2 to 1000 execution time in seconds FTL is just one use for the powerful AD8088 Processor Card. There's a Multiple Event Timer (MET) for timing critical routines in your programs, with resolution to 50 uS for scientific applications. Coming soon are MS- DOS (the IBM Personal Computer's DOS), CP/M-86, and a fast 3-D high- res graphics card that connects through the AD8088's versatile expansion port. $345 is the suggested price for the AD8088 Processor Card with FTL and MET. An Apple II with Language Card (or 16K RAM Card) and disk drive is required. See your local Apple dealer, or write for more information. Trademarks: "Apple": Apple Computer. "TASC", "MS-DOS": Microsoft. "Expediter II": Einstein/Goodrow, "CP/MB6": Digital Research. ALF, 144B Estes Denver, CD 8Q215 [303] 234-OB71 ATARI HOME COMPUTERS ESljMMl^l "_-_-.-------------_"-;lH A ATARI ruimi: mini iTAfB400 4 Texas Instruments ATARI 800 16K...$679 32K . . . $749 48K...$819 410 Recorder $76.00 B10 Disc Drive $449.00 822 Printer S269.00 825 Printer S629.00 830 Modem $159.00 820 Printer $269.00 850 Interlace $-169.00 New DOS 2 System $29.00 CX30 Paddle $18.00 CX40 Joy Stick $18.00 CX853 16K RAM $89.00 Microtek 16K RAM . . $69.00 Microtek 32K RAM $139.00 Ramdisk (128K| $449.00 Inteck 48K Board $249.00 One year extended warranty $70.00 481 Entertainer $83.00 482 Educator $130.00 483 Programmer $57.00 484 Communicator S344.00 ATARI HOME COMPUTER PROGRAMS HOMEOFFICE CX404 ATARI Word Processor S1 19.00 CX8102 Calculator $29.00 CX412 Dow Jones Investment Evaluator S99.00 CX4109 Graph II. Joystick optional $17.00 CX4104 Mailing List $20.00 CX4115 Mortqaqe & Loan Analysis $13.00 CX4103 Statistics 1 $20.00 CX8107 Stock Analysis $20.00 CXL4015 TeleLink 1 . $23.00 HOME STUDY CX4101 An Invitation to Programming 1 S20.00 CX4106 An Invitation to Programming 2 $23.00 CX41 1 7 An Invitation to Programming 3 S23.00 CX4107 Biorhythm $13.00 Conversational Languages (ea.) $46.00 CX4121 Energy Czar $13.00 CX4114 European Countries & Capitals $13.00 CX4108 Hangman. Joystick optional $13.00 CX4102 Kingdom $13.00 CXL4007 Music Composer $47.00 CX4123 Scram, uses joystick $20.00 CX41 12 States & Capitals $13.00 CX4110 Touch Typing S20.00 HOME ENTERTAINMENT PAC MAN $35.00 CENTIPEDE $35.00 CAVERNS OF MARS $32 00 CXL4013 Asteroids $35.00 CXL4004 Basketball $27.00 CX4105 Blackjack $13.00 CXL4009 Computer Chess $33.00 CXL4012 Missile Command $35.00 CXL4008 Space Invaders $35.00 CXL401 1 Star Raiders $42.00 CXL4006 Super Breakout $33.00 CXL4010 3-D Tic-Tac-Toe $27.00 CXL4005 Video Easel $24.00 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND AIDS CXL4003 Assembler Editor $47.00 CXL4002 ATARI BASIC $47.00 CX8126 ATARI Microsoft BASIC $70.00 CXL4018 PILOT $72.00 CX405 PILOT (Educational) $105.00 ATARI 400 16K...$329 32K . . . $478 48K . . . $555 ATARI PROGRAM EXCHANGE: Eastern Front '41 $25.50 Avalanche $15.50 Outlaw $15.50 747 Landing Simulation $15.50 Babel $15.50 Dog Daze $15.50 Downhill $1 5.50 Attack! $15.50 Blackjack-Casino $15.50 Reversi II $15.50 Domination S15.50 Solitare S15.50 Disk Fixer $15.50 Supersort $1 5.50 Data Management $15.50 Chameleon $15.50 Instedit $15.50 Insomnia $1 5.50 My First Alphabet $25.50 Mapware $18.00 Number Blast $11.50 Family Cash Flow $15.50 Weekly Planner $15.50 Bowler's Data Base $13.00 Banner Generator $1 1.50 Crystal Software Bermuda Fantasy S26.00 Beneath Pyramids S20.00 Galactic Quest $26.00 House ot Usher $20.00 Forgotten Island S26.00 Haunted Palace $33.00 Compumax (Acct. Rec. Gen. Ledger. Inventory. Payroll, ea.l $1 10.00 Synapse File Manager 800 $69.95 Dodge Racer 519.00 Chicken S24.00 Slime $24.00 Nautilus $24.00 Disk Manager $24.00 Foil Apocalypse S24.00 Assembler S39.00 Protector $24 00 EXPY Ricochet $14.50 Crush Crumble & Chomp $24.00 Star Warrior S29.00 Rescue at Rigel $24.00 Datestones $16.00 Invasion Orion S18.50 Mission Asteroid $22.00 OnLine Jaw Breaker $27.00 MouskATTACK S31.00 The Next Step $34.00 Sottporn $27.00 Wizzard & Princess $29.00 Arcade Plus Ghost Hunter (cassette) $24.00 Ghost Hunter (disk) $30.00 KByte KBYTE Krazv Shoot Out (ROM) $39.00 K-DOS $69.00 Visicalc $179.00 Letterperfect (Word Processor) S109.00 Data Soft Textwizzard $89.00 TI-99/4A $ 299 PHA2100 R F Modulator $29.00 PHP 1600 Telephone Coupler $1 79.00 PHP 1700 RS-232 Accessories Interface $179.00 PHP 1800 Disk Drive Controller $239.00 PHP 1850 Disk Memory Drive $389.00 PHP 2200 Memory Expansion &32K RAM) $319.00 PHP 1100 Wired Remote Controllers (Pair) S31.00 32K Expansion $329.00 PHP Printer Solid State $319.00 PHM 3006 Home Financial Decisions $26.00 PHM 3013 Personal Record Keeping S43.00 PHD 5001 Mailing List $60.00 PHD 5021 Checkbook Manager S18.00 PHM 3008 Video Chess $60.00 PHM 3010 Physical Fitness $26.00 PHM 3009 Football S26.00 PHM 3018 Video Games I $26.00 PHM 3024 Indoor Soccer $26.00 PHM 3025 Mind Challengers $22.00 PHM 3031 The Attack $35.00 PHM 3032 Blaslo $22.00 PHM 3033 Blackjack and Poker S22.00 PHM 3034 Hustle S22.00 PHM 3036 Zero Zap $18.00 PHM 3037 Hangman $18.00 PHM 3038 Connect Four $18.00 PHM 3039 Yahtzee $22.00 Tombstone City 21st Century S34.00 Munch Man S34.00 T I INVADERS $34.00 CAR WARS $34.00 Printers Centronics 739-1 $519.00 Centronics 739-3 $619.00 Diablo 630 Special $1799.00 Epson MX80 w/Graftrax $449.00 MX80FT Call MX100 Call NEC 8023 $549.00 7730 Call 7720 Call 7710 Call Okidata 82A $499.00 83A S749.00 84 S1 129.00 Citoh Starwriter F10-40 CPS $1469.00 F10-55 CPS Call Prowriler $479.00 Talley 8024-7 S1399.00 8024-L $1629.00 MPC Apple Parallel Board & Cable $69.00 IDS Paper Tiger SCall Prism $Call 2 Meter RS232-RS232 S29.95 Cables Available For Most Interfacing Purposes Computer Covers ATTRACTIVE DUST COVERS FOR YOUR COMPUTER AND DISK DRIVE. Commodore VIC-20. $6.99 Atari 400 $6.99 Commodore 8032. $14.99 Atari 800 $6.99 Commodore Atari 810 $6.99 8050/4040 $10.99 All Atari Covers are All Commodore covers Be 'ge- are Royal Blue. Most software tor Atari 400/800 available on cassette or disk. computer mail order west CALL TOLL FREE Franco Habla Espanol 800- 648-33 1 1 IN NEVADA. CALL (702) 588-5654 P.O. BOX 6689. STATE LINE. NEVADA 89449 374 BYTE June 1982 Circle 113 on inquiry card. Wm HEWLETT mJcM PACKARD HP»85 s 1899 80 Column Printer S799.00 HP- 125 S1999.00 HP-83 S1699.00 HP'85 16K Memory Module $169.00 5 ' • " Dual Master Disc Drive . . S1 769.00 HP'87 S1769.00 Hard Disk w/Floppy S4349.00 Hard Disk $3440.00 "Sweet Lips" Plotter S1 149.00 HP»41CV Calculator .... $239.00 41C S1B9.00 11C 5104.00 12C S114.00 34C S114.00 38C $114.00 HP-41 Printer S340.00 HPIL CALCULATOR PERIPHERALS IL Modual S104.00 Digital Cassette $449.00 Printer/Plotter S419.00 Card Reader $1 64.00 Optical Wand $99.00 NEC 8001A S749.00 8031 S749.00 8012 S549.00 Accounls Receivable S295.00 Word Processing S395.00 General Accounting S295.00 Inventory Control S295.00 Job Cost S295.00 Disks Maxell MD I (box oMO) S36.00 MD II (box ot 10) $46.00 MFD I (8") S44.00 MFD II (8" Double Density) $54.00 Syncom (box ol 10) $29.00 (scommodore BUSINESS MACHINES SOFTWARE Word Pro 5 Plus S319.00 Word Pro 4 Plus $299.00 Word Pro 3 Plus 5199.00 Commodore Tax Package 5589.00 Visicalc $1 79.00 Medical Billing $449.00 The Source $89.00 OZZ Information System 5289.00 Dow Jones Portfolio $129.00 Pascal $239.00 Legal Time Accounting S449.00 Word Craft 80 $289.00 Power $79.00 Socket-2-Me $20.00 Jinsam scall MAGIS SCall CPA SCall Real Estate Package $799.00 The Manager $209.00 Softrom $129.00 BPI Inventory Control $319.00 BPI Job Costing S319.00 BPI Payroll $319.00 BPI General Ledger S329.00 Creative I SAM $79.00 Creative General Ledger $229.00 Creative Accounts Receivable $229.00 Creative Inventory $229.00 VIC 20 $ 249 CBM 8032 $ 1039 COMPLETE CALL FOR AVAILABILITY AND PRICE FORNEWVIC-64 16K VIC Expansion $99.00 VIC 6 Pack Program S44.00 VIC 1530 Commodore Datassette $69.00 VIC 1 540 Disk Drive S499.00 VIC 1515 VIC Graphic Printer $339.00 VIC 1210 3K Memory Expander $32.00 VIC 1 10 8K Memory Expander $53.00 VIC 1011 RS232C Terminal Interlace $43.00 VIC 1 1 12 VIC IEEE-488 Interface $86.00 VIC 1211 VIC 20 Super Expander $53.00 VT 232 VICTerm I Terminal Emulator S9.00 VIC 1212 Programmers Aid Cartridge S45.00 VIC 1213 VICMON Machine Language Monitor , , S45.00 VIC 1901 VIC AVENGERS S23.00 VIC 1904 SUPERSLOT S23.00 VIC 1906 SUPER ALIEN S23.00 VIC 1907 SUPER LANDER S23.00 VIC 1908 DRAW POKER $23.00 VIC 1909 MIDNIGHT DRIVE 523.00 4032 S969.00 4016 $769 00 8096 Upgrade Kit $399.00 Super Pet $1599.00 2031 $529.00 8250 Doubled Sided Disk Drive $1699.00 5 Megabyte Hard Disk $2399.00 8050 $1299.00 4040 $969.00 8300 (Letter Quality) S1799.00 8023 $769 00 4022 $599 00 Pet to IEEE Cable $37 00 IEEE to IEEE Cable $46.00 Tractor Feed for 8300 $240 00 C"° • l/IC=20 " \ / *. f..»..(.ij..ii|. i,itf.|..|..f..| i \ i .-. i a 7 ■\ Terminal S13.00 Un Word S13.00 Grafix Menagerie $11.00 VIC PICS S15.00 Ticker Tape $1 3.00 Banner Headliner $1 3.00 RS 232 $39.00 VT 106A Recreat on Pack A $44.00 VT107A Home Calculation Pack A S44.00 VT 164 Programmable Character/Gamegraphics. $12.00 Household Finance $27.00 VIC Games S19.00 VIC Home Inventory $13.00 VIC Rec/Ed II S13.00 VL101 Introduction to Computing $19.00 VL 102 Introduction to BASIC Programming S19.00 VM1 10 VIC 20 Programmers Relerence Guide . . S15 00 Apple Call for availability and prices on all Apple computers and peripherals. In-stock items shipped same day you call. No risk, no deposit on C.O.D. orders. Prepaid orders receive free shipping within the continental United States with no waiting period for certified checks or money orders. All prices shown are cash prices. Add 3% for Mastercard and Visa. NV and PA residents add sales tax. All items subject to availability and price change. Televideo 910 $579.00 91 2C $699.00 920C $749.00 925C S749.00 950 $939.00 Call lor computers 802 SCall Monitors Amdex 12 B&W $129.00 12 "Green $139.00 13" Color $349.00 NEC 12" B&W $169.00 12" Color $339.00 Tl 10 Color S349.00 Zenitli ZVM 121 (Green) S1 19.00 Modems Livermore Star . Si 19 00 Hayes Smart S239.00 Chronograph S199.00 Novation Auto S239.00 D Cat S169.00 Cat 5159 00 Micromodem II S279.00 Micromodem 100 S309.00 Nev. & Pa. residents add sales tax. computer mail order east CALL TOLL FREE 800-233-8950 INTERNATIONAL CALLS AND IN PA. CALL (717) 327-9575 477 E. THIRD ST.. WILLI AMSPORT, PA 17701 Patricio Habla Espanol Circle 113 on Inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 375 Software Review NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 Mahlon G. Kelly 268 Turkey Ridge Rd. Charlottesville, VA 22901 NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 is the latest in a line of DOSes (disk operating systems) produced by Apparat for the Radio Shack TRS-80. The series was started with NEWDOS 2.1 so as to overcome deficiencies in Radio Shack's original DOS, TRSDOS 2.1. Since then the pro- cess of evolution and change has resulted in what may be the most powerful operating system for any microcom- puter. A disk operating system determines the whole environ- ment within which the user works. The DOS controls not only input and output from a disk, but also all of the operating commands, the configuration of the system (disk -drive types, data density, and so on), the data-file types, various extra features in BASIC, and new editing procedures. NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 (hereafter called V2) enhances all of those features of a DOS and provides several important utility programs as well, such as Super- zap, an excellent machine-language monitor for disk files and main memory, a new disassembler, and an enhanced editor /assembler. A disk operating system is complex. In unaltered form, At a Glance Name NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 Language Z80 machine language Type Disk operating system Manufacturer Computer TRS-80 Model 1 or III with disk drives Apparat Inc. 440 South Tamarac Parkway Denver, CO 80237 |303J 741-1778 Price S149 Documentation More than 260 pages in three-ring binder Audience Any TRS-80 user with a need for advanced DOS Format 5 'A -inch floppy disk V2 occupies nearly an entire 35-track disk — that's almost 90,000 bytes (although parts can be deleted to provide space on a single-drive system). The source code for the system is some 10,000 lines long. More than 800 com- binations and permutations of commands, statements, and so on are possible. The user's manual is more than 260 pages long and it's lean; there's no redundancy or wordiness. Features V2's features are comprised of three parts: commands, enhanced BASIC language features (including new file structures), and utility programs. Commands include things like DIR, COPY, and FORMAT; i.e., instructions that are issued directly from the keyboard to the operating system but do not invoke user programs. Among the BASIC enhancements are new statements and commands, new editing features, and new file structures. Several newly modified utility programs, such as Super- zap, are provided along with a variety of other attrac- tions. For example, simultaneously pressing the "jkl" keys sends the screen contents to the printer. Commands The command set for V2 is summarized in table 1. Most of the commands used by TRSDOS are found there (with some exceptions like BACKUP, which is supersed- ed by COPY). New commands have been added, and the format and function of other commands have been changed. There's not enough space to completely describe all of the commands and their differences so I'll concentrate on the most important ones; the others should be clear from table 1. SYSTEM and PDRIVE are V2's most important com- mands. They provide the tremendous flexibility that is characteristic of V2. SYSTEM allows you to set up the operating environment, that is, it specifies whether an uppercase modification is installed, whether the cursor should blink, what the cursor should look like, and so on. Figure 1 shows the result of typing SYSTEM with 376 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc For serious business microcomputing, only one operating system exactly fits. Whether you're in business and do microcomputing, or in computing and sell to business, you'll like OASIS* Not a hobby or scientific system warmed over for business use, ^^^^ mm OASIS is the only operating system designed from the ground up for business. SERIOUS BUSINESS COMES IN ALL SIZES. Whatever your business need, OASIS has the oper- ating system to match: 8-bit or 16-, single-user or the multi-user system that professionals tell us makes micros run like minis. And that's even truer now with new OASIS-16** (OASIS exact business fit #1: choice.) ANY SYSTEM IS ONLY AS GOOD AS THE BUSINESS PROGRAMS IT RUNS. available, type 'HELP' and the command function title — OASIS displays the syntax and options available. And it's all in your language — not computerese. (OASIS exact business fit #5: user-friendliness.) AND, AND, AND... OASIS ♦ A W HOBBY SCIENCE BUSINESS Some of the best, most extensive documentation in the industry; a packed Application Software Directory; multi-level train- ing; direct telephone support; worldwide sales & service; options like CONTROL Relational Data Base Management System and MASTERPLAN Financial Modeling Package; OASIS has it all. (OASIS exact business fits #6 through #12.) The acid test for any business operating system is the application software available to run on it. There's plenty for OASIS — for nearly any job. And it's top quality, too, because our integrated tools are top quality — and there are more of them. Like a high-level BASIC Interpreter/Compiler/Editor/ Debugger; ISAM/Keyed/Direct/ Sequential Files; a smart Print Spooler; Automatic Record Locking ( OASIS exclusiyesj); plus COBOL & 'C Languages. These tools are mandatory for high-quality business application program development — ask any developer, (OASIS exact business fit #2: high-quality application software.) PORTABILITY PROTECTS BUSINESS SOFTWARE INVESTMENTS. OASIS is custom-fitted to manufac- turers' hardware so application software developed to run on one OASIS equipped machine can also run on others — and is upwardly compatible from 8-bit OASIS Single-User to Multi- User, on up to OASIS-16. This kind of ap plication software portabilit y is exclusive with OASIS. Device independence allows various printers and terminals to be used — with no modification to application Circle 365 on inquiry card. software: OASIS system software com- pensates for differences. (OASIS exact business fit #3: portability.) ACCURATE DATA & A SECURE SYSTEM REDUCE BUSINESS RISKS. Data integrity — a challenge for any multi-user system — is insured by OASIS File & Automatic Record Locking. With it, normally all users can view a record at the same time. BUT, if the record is being updated by one user, other users are automatically denied access until the update is complete. That means data is always accurate and up-to-date. And it's still another OASIS exclusive. For system security, there's OASIS Logon, Password & Privilege Level. User Accounting keeps track of who used the system, when. (OASIS exact business fit #4: data integrity /system security.) A FRIENDLY SYSTEM IS GOOD BUSINESS. For user-friendliness, OASIS sets new standards. Example: the EXEC Job Control Language is so smart it walks users through their applications — and around the operating system. With our 'HELP' feature, if you are unsure of the functions and options Now you know why there's no reason to struggle trying to put a square peg in a round hole. For serious business microcomputing, there is one operating system that exactly fits: OASIS. Call or write us today for details. * For Z80. ** For 8086, 68000, Z8000, LSI-11, & others ■ STRICTLY BUSINESS ■ PHASE ONE SYSTEMS, INC. 7700 Edgewater Drive. Suite 830 Oakland, CA 94621-3051 Telephone 415/562-8085 TWX 910-366-7139 I'm serious about my business — please send me : D OASIS-16 Manual, $75 □ OASIS Manual, $60 □ Free Application Software Directory and put me on your mailing list. (Add S3 for shipping: California residents add sales tax. ) Name St. (No Box#)„ City D Check enclosed D VISA D Mastercharge State Zip__ □ UPS COD. Card No._ Signature. Exp. date_ BYTE June 1982 377 NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 Commands APPEND.filesped ,filespec2 ATTRIB, filespec, (options) AUTO,program/CMD BASIC2 BLINK,(Y,N) BOOT BREAK(Y.N) CHAIN,file/JCL CHNON CLEAR CLOCK,(Y,N) CLS COPY.(options) CREATE, filespec, (options) DATE.nnlnnlnn DEBUG dfg DIR.(options) DO,file/JCL DUMP, filespec, (options) ERROR.W7 FORMAT.nn, (options) FORMS.(options) FREE HIMEM,(number) jkl KILL,filespec Description Append (attach) the text of filespec2 to the end of filesped. Change the protection status of filespec as specified by (options). Executes the program with extension /CMD immediately on "booting" or powering up the system. Activate nondisk BASIC. Enable or disable the flashing cursor. Reboot the system. Enable or disable the Break key. Execute a job-control-language instruction file. Start or stop chaining during a job-control-language run. Clear user memory and some parameters. Continuously show the time in the upper right-hand corner of the screen. Clear the screen. Perform a wide variety of file- copying functions. Create a new file with specified characteristics. Set or display the system date. Enter the debugging monitor; also accessed by simultaneously pressing "123." When pressed simultaneously enters a limited version of DOS. Show a disk directory of files. See CHAIN. Dump memory to disk. Show the error message for error number n. Format disk number nn using various options. Set printer page length and width (Model III). Display free storage space on each disk drive. Set the top of user memory at (number) or HIMEM alone displays the top of user memory. When pressed simultaneously these keys will send screen con- tents to printer. Remove the specified file from disk. LC,(Y,N) LCDVR LIB LIST,filespec,n1,n2 LOAD, filespec MDBORT MDCOPY.(options) MDRET PAUSE PDRIVE.(options) PRINT.filespec PROT.(options) PURGE.nn R RENAME.filesped ,TO,filespec2 ROUTE, (options) SETCOM.(options) STMT.(words) SYSTEM.(options) Tl ME, nn:nn:nn VERIFY,(Y/N) WRDIRP Enable or disable lowercase input (Model I). Load a lowercase drive routine (Model I). List the available commands. List on the screen the contents of filespec from line n~\ to line r?2. Load a machine-language pro- gram with name filespec into memory. Exit the Mini-DOS to the operating system command level. Perform a limited disk-data copy while in the Mini-DOS. Return from Mini-DOS to execu- tion of a program. During execution of a job- control-language task, pause and wait for the operator to press ENTER. Specify the characteristics of the disk drives. Same as LIST, but output goes to printer. Set the password and user pro- tection for a disk. List the files on driveli n and give the operator the option to delete or retain them. Repeat the previously issued command. Change the name of a file from filesped to filespec2. Direct the output and input be- tween devices (e.g., printer, keyboard, memory, RS-232C interface). Set the status of the RS-232C interface (Model III). Display a statement during execution of a job-control- language task. Specify the characteristics of the operating system and the working environment. Set or display the system time. Require (or don't require) that everything written to disk from memory be checked. Change the protection status of disk-directory sectors to enable cross-recognition of single- density disks between Models I and III. Table 1: NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 commands. Many options give this system flexibility . The word filespec refers to a file name in the format name/ext:n, where ext is a three-letter extension and n is the drive number. my configuration. Each pair of letters is followed by a Y or N that specifies whether an option should be used or not, or each pair is followed by a number that specifies options such as the number of drives in the system. The options are summarized in table 2. Notice the great flex- ibility this provides and the protection that may be given to files and programs. PDRIVE is similar to SYSTEM, but it specifies the characteristics of the system's drives. It allow great flex- ibility in intermixing different types of drives as well as for reading disks written on other drives. An example of PDRIVE is shown in figure 2. Drive is a 40-track double-density unit, while drives 1 and 2 are double- density double-sided 80-track units. In this configuration more than 1.5 megabytes of storage are available with three small floppy-disk drives. 378 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Distributed Microprocessing Local Area Network Compare HiNet: The era of the local area network has arrived. What was once a quiet experiment has become today's computer phenome- non. And Digital Microsystems is proud to be among the few who recognized the network's potential long ago. In fact, the HiNet Local Area Network is the first of its kind to be delivered. Just what you'd expect from Digital Microsystems— the first company to deliver microcomputer business systems, double density floppies, and Winchester hard disk systems. Over 500 HiNet installations are already up and running in 16 countries. More are being added every month. Why? Because HiNet delivers power, flexibility and special features that network users demand. For little more than the cost of a good typewriter HiNet gives a high performance microcomputer to each user— there's no central processor to overload. No big-computer backlogs either. Compare HiNet 's quality, reliability, design, and perform- ance. Contact DMS today: 1840 Embarcadero, Oakland, CA 94606 (415 ) 532-3686. TWX: 910-366-7310 . . . ^V^P^% or DMS International in England & Europe: m M m ■ Extel House. East Harding m m m M St., London; EC4P-4HB Dfirf/fo/ m M M M 01-353-1081, Telex 23721. t/fM«Cff MW^m Digital Microsystems NOW WITH THOUSANDS OF INSTALLATIONS AROUND THE WORLD. HINET IS COMPLETE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE LOCAL AREA NETWORK TECHNOLOTY. HiNet builds 8 or 16 bit processors in single board or Miltibus™ configurations with advanced memory management and data storage; high-speed local network data and telecommunications; real time processing redundancy and back-up capabilities; multi-level data security provisions; end-to-end diagnostics and automatic error correction routines; total CP/M* applications software compatibility; international support and comprehensive training. Specially dedicated stations: print spool, telex or voice store & forward, and graphics. For a catalog and complete specifications contact your local computer dealer or distributor. Multibus is a trademark of Intel Corporation. CP/M is registered trademark of Digital Research. Circle 158 on inquiry card. SEE VS AT NCC BOOTH #A749 SYSTEM Command Options AA = yn AB = yn AC = yn AD = yn AE = yn AF = yn AG = yn AH = yn A\ = yn AJ = yn AK = yn AL = nn AM = nn AN = nn AO = nn AP = nn AQ = yn AR = yn AS = yr7 AT =yn AU = yn Description AV = nn AW = nn enable/disable passwords. AX = nn enable/disable a run-only mode enable/disable debounce for the Model I AY = yn enable/disable screen printing using command jkl AZ =yn enable/disable DEBUG invocation with command BA = yn 123 BB = yn enable/disable Mini-DOS invocation with command DFG BC = yn enable/disable the Break key BD = yn not used BE = yn enable/disable uppercase or lowercase (Model I) enable/disable the keyboard intercept routine BF = yn not used specify the number of drives BG = yn the number of read attempts before an error is BH = yn found Bl = nn specifies which drive is searched for a directory Bj = nn on default default drive where a new file will be written BK = yn highest unprotected memory address enable/disable the Clear key enable/disable COPY without password BL change BASIC strings from lowercae to upper- BM case (Model I) BN = yn take single character JCL inputs from keyboard enable/disable repeat of input when key is held down pause before repeat of key held down number of disk-write and verify attempts allowed ASCII code of highest character allowed to printer ask operator for date and time when power turned on? ask operator for date and time after RESET? allow system headers after reset? are clock interrupts at 50 or 60 microseconds (Model III) can operator cancel or pause JCL chaining? can operator stop AUTO execution at reset? can the R command be used to repeat com- mand? enable/disable loading of lowercase driver at power-on (Model I) enable/disable shifted uppercase mode (Model I) should the cursor blink? the ASCII value of the cursor character slow disk read/write when speed up modification is installed enable/disable conversion between Model I and III single-density disks using WRDIRP or DIRCHECK not used not used use Model I (N) or Model III (Y) directory address protocol for Model I single density? Table 2: SYSTEM command options. A yn indicates that a yes or no response is required; an nn requires a decimal number. L u^eTc^rpersonalcomputerT^ Jffegitf FOR FUN AND PROFIT!^ aiT T,*i* n YOU CAN PLAY THE STOCK & BOND ' ■ IIML MARKETS WITH YOUR PERSONAL O 5 □ YOU CAN PLAY THE STOCK & BOND 1 _ MARKETS WITH YOUR PERSONALS "+~ COMPUTER! New! One-of-a-kind 308 page illus- trated Source Book can teach you how to use computers in the Investment Field. For Novice or Advanced Computer Hobbyists who want MORE from their machines and make money! Shows how to get started in Stock & Bond Markets PLUS how to use your computer as a data source for determining profitable stock selections, buy-sell de- cisions, market evaluations: Order #T1251 Delivered $11.75 *SEND FOR "JUMBO" 94 PAGE "ALL SUBJECTS" CATALOG $2. (REFUNDABLE WITH ORDERI) ^ a NEW! A TO Z BOOK OF COMPUTER GAMES! HOME N' OFFICE FUN-TO-MAKE PROJECTS! 9> Tested, Ready-to-Run Programs with Adult & Kids Varia- tions, Poker, Black Jack, Roulette, PLUS Gunners, Knights, Hot-Shot W More! 308 Pages 73 lllust. Order T1026 Delivered $9.75. YOUR POCKET CALCULATOR NOW COMES ALIVE! HUNDREDS OF ADVANCED ^J0> USES STARTING TODAY! Q HANDBOOK JUST OFF THE PRESS! 304 Pages, 275 Tables and lllust. Get NEW Horizons, Money Making Potentials, Time Saving, Problem Solving Answers to be found in those Marvelous Little Machines. Use with any Calculator! Order #T824 Delivered $7.75. — MONEY BACK RLJARANTEF g' CHECK YOUR SELECTION ABOVE! M " J Check M.O. □ VISA □ MASTERCARD Exp. Name Address . City . State . .Zip. \ CONSULTORS INTL. BOX 6589 — BC «— — — —DENVER, CO 80206 — — — I PDRIVE parameters are summarized in table 3. Notice the flexibility. The parameters can be changed in the same way as the SYSTEM command's parameters and they can also be changed en bloc. In figure 2 the asterisks beside drives through 2 indicate that they are actually physical drive units (the computer knows that because of the SYSTEM option AL specification). Drives 3 through 9 do not exist; those are dummy specifications. However, if you type PDRIVE 0,1 =3, A, drive 1 will accept a disk written on a 35-track single-density drive (the dummy specification for drive 3). Parameter A tells the TRS-80 to make the change immediately; otherwise, you would have to reboot the system. Thus, the TRS-80 thinks that drive 1 is a 35-track single-density unit. Disks written on a Model III can be accessed in this way by a Model I and vice versa. Of course, you need a double-density modifi- cation (on a Model I) to read double-density disks, and to read 80-track disks you need 80-track drives. In other words, you can "retrogress"; you can access disks created on a less sophisticated system, but a 35-track drive can- not read 40- or 80-track disks. Another point is that 80-track drives skip a track when reading 40-track disks. Although it is possible to write 40-track disks using an 80-track drive, the result will not be reliably read by a 40-track drive. Therefore, it's not a good idea to convert all of your drives to 80-track units. The meaning of most of the commands should be clear, from table 1, but some are quite complex. For example, 380 June 1982 © byte Publications tac Circle 126 on Inquiry card. Announcing the mbp COBOL Compiler for CP/M-86*... available now. Recently, 16-bit microcomputers have been the big news. And here's more news just as big: the mbp COBOL Compiler for 16-bit systems. Not a 'sometime-in-the-future' product, it's here now —we're already delivering. For commercial and administrative applications, COBOL has long been recognized as the language. It's standardized and maintained like no other lan- guage — witness its popularity on mainframes for the last twenty years. Now, as 16-bit micros grow in popularity, so will COBOL. How can it miss? For business micro users, it opens up a whole range of benefits that previously only mainframe and mini users enjoyed. For application software developers, it's a completely new market— for dealers, too. The mbp COBOL Compiler's fine features include: meets ANSI 74 Standard (low intermediate), certification applied for* real executable machine code — run-time efficient, memory efficient • use- proven reliability • user-friendly (example: over 500 error messages) • maximum portability pro- tects software investments. And it's available now for CP/M-86, iRMX-86* and ISIS*; available soon for OASIS-16* and MS-DOS* Who is mbp? We're a worldwide company with more than twenty-five years of system software experience — more than twelve in custom COBOL Compiler installations for mainframes and minis. Now, this vast experience is also available to micro users. Take advantage of it — send the coupon or call today and start getting mainframe capabilities from your CP/M-86 micro. Why wait? - AMrl I I™ SofTW/ARE.ANd . SySTEMS TECHNOlOqy INC. 7700 Edgewater Drive, Suite 626 B Oakland, California 94621 Phone 415/632-1555 mbp COBOL is what I've been waiting for. Please send me today: Special introductory offer D mbp COBOL for CP/M-86 at single copy special introductory price of $990.' (User's Manual included. Offer expires June 30, 1982 when retail price will become $1400.) □ mbp COBOL User's Manual only, $95. □ Complete mbp COBOL information. D Please have a representative contact me with information about OEM and distributor arrangements. Name Title. Company. Street (no PO Box numbers) City .State. .Zip. □ Check enclosed □ VISA □ UPSC.O.D. □ Mastercharge (Add $3 for shipping. California residents add sales tax.) Card Number. Signature .Exp. date_ Hardware required: 96K memory, hard disk, 8-inch floppy. 'CP/M-86 is a Digital Research trademark; iRMX-86 and ISIS are Intel TMs; OASIS-16 is a Phase One Systems, Inc. TM; MS-DOS is a Microsoft, Inc. TM. _ bee us at mbp COBOL Now. COMDEX Booth 1467 SYSTEM AA=N,AB=N,AC=Y,AD=Y,AE=Y,AF=Y,AG=N,AI=Y,AJ=Y,AL=3/3H,AM=10/AH,AN =1/1H,AO=1/1H,AP=0/OH,AQ=Y,AR=N,AS=Y,AT=Y,AU=Y,AV=30/1EH,AW=2/2H ,AX=90/5AH,AY=Y,AZ=N,BA=N,BC=Y,BD=Y,BE=Y,BF=N,BG=N,BH=Y,BI=127/7 FH , BJ=1/ 1H , BK=Y , BM=N , BN=N NEWDOS/80 READY Figure 1: SYSTEM command display. This screen shows the result of entering the command SYSTEM 0. o* l* 2* 3 4 5 6 7 =CK,TD=E,TC= =CK,TD=G,TC = =CK,TD=G,TC = =AL,TD=A,TC= =CKL,TD=E,TC =A,TD=A,TC=3 =CKL,TD=E,TC =A,TD=C,TC=8 =A,TD=C,TC =CK,TD=G,TC= 39,SPT=18 7 9,SPT=3 6 79,SPT=36 35,SPT=10 =39,SPT=1 5,SPT=10 39 : SPT=1 0,SPT=20 0,SPT=20 ■79,SPT=36 TSR= ,TSR; ,TSR' ,TSR: 8,TSR TSR=3 8,TSR TSR=0 TSR=0 ,TSR O.GPL 0,GPL= 0,GPL^ '3, GPL >3,GPL ,GPL=2 =3, GPL ,GPL> ,GPL=4 0,GPL= 2.DDSL 8,DDSL 8,DDSL 2,DDSL= 2,DDSL ,DDSL=1 ,= 2,DDSL ,DDSL=2 ,DDSL=1 8,DDSL= 17,DDGA=2 35,DDGA=6 35,DDGA=6 17,DDGA=2 17,DDGA=2 7,DDGA=2 a7,DDGA=2 0,DDGA=6 7,DDGA=6 3 5,DDGA=6 NEWDOS/80 READY Figure 2: PDRIVE command display. This screen shows the result of entering the command PDRIVE 0. ATTRIB changes the protection "attributes" of a file. It has the form: ATTRIB, filespec, (options) The options are shown in table 4. In general, this com- mand regulates who can access the file. I find that I have little use for this command, since all my files are open. However, I have written some teaching programs that I don't want students to see or modify. ATTRIB provides the needed security. The CHAIN and DO commands both perform the same function. They execute a file of commands, instruc- tions, or statements as if the instructions came from the keyboard. DO and CHAIN provide a powerful feature known as a JCL (job control language). With JCL, the computer will automatically execute a task without user input. The command file must have the suffix /JCL. The files can be written with the CHAINBLD program sup- plied with V2, or by using Scripsit, Electric Pencil, or other text editors. A very simple job-control-language file, ENHBAS/ JCL, is shown in listing 1. If the command AUTO DO ENHBAS or AUTO CHAIN ENHBAS has been entered beforehand, each time the system is booted the program ENHBAS /CMD, which calls an enhancement of disk BASIC, will be executed, a variety of byte values will be entered in memory, and the system will return to the DOS command level. Without prior use of the AUTO command, the same sequence will take place if you type DO ENHBAS or CHAIN ENHBAS. Some commands are used mostly from within a /JCL file: CHNON will stop the job so that input from the keyboard will be accepted; PAUSE will stop chaining, display a message, and wait for the operator to press ENTER; STMT will display a message to the screen. Otherwise, a /JCL file will use commands, statements, and so on that are recognized by PDRIVE Command Options TI = LL Description Types of drive interfaces and their specifica- tions. A combination of letters may be used: A) TRS-80 standard B) Omikron mapper interface (Model I) C) Percom doubler with TRS-80 interface (Model I) D) Apparat disk controller (Model III) E) LNW interface (Model I) H) head settle delay? I) lowest sector is 1; Model III TRSDOS specifications J) tracks start at 1; not normally used K) format of track density opposite to the rest of disk. Needed for system disks when using double density on Model I or single density on Model 111. Model I reads the BOOT data in track in single density; Model III does the opposite. L) two step-pulses between tracks: lets 40-track disks be read on 80-track drives M) disks are from Model III TRSDOS F-G) reserved for future use specifies single- or double-density, single- or double-sided 5'A- or 8-inch drives number of tracks on disk number of sectors per track rate of stepping between tracks granules per lump specify location of directory disk area allocated for directory Table 3: PDRIVE command options. The LL indicates that a letter must he entered. TD = nn TC = nn SPT = nn TSR = nn GPL = nn DDSL = r7n DDGA = nn ATTRIB Command Options Descri ption INV makes the files invisible VIS makes invisible files visible PROT = nn specifies protection or access level of the file: 7) LOCK no access allowed 6) EXEC execute only; no reading or 5) changes READ read and execute; no editing or 4) changes WRITE read, execute, or change; no 3) name changes not used 2) NAME read, execute, change, or rename, do not delete 1) KILL complete access, including removal 0) FULL total and complete access ACC = pwd UPD = pwd ASE = yn specify the password that allows access specify the password for changing the file can the allocated file space be increased? ASC = yn can the allocated files space be decreased? UDF = yn mark the file as updated or not Table 4: ATTRIB command options. The pwd indicates that a password is required. 382 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 16 Bit 8086 Multi-User Microcomputer System .75% F0R MP/M- oe iTM • II FOUR USER SYSTEM THE TEC 86M ONLY $1899' PER USER 1/2 MEGABYTE OF MEMORY TWO 8 INCH D.D. FLOPPY DISKS STANDARD FEATURES 16 BIT 8086 CPU - Processor performance is the most critical element in a Multi-User System. Speed, power and the increased throughput of our 16 Bit 8086 CPU are just a few of the reasons why our TEC 86M Multi-User Systems really perform. 1/2 MEGABYTE OF MEMORY - The second most important factor which affects system performance is available user memory. Our 1/2 Megabyte, four user system gives each user well over 100K Bytes of memory, eliminating program size compromises which lead to poor Multi-User system performance. MP/M-86™ COMPATIBILITY - The TEC 86M includes a ROM Boot for MP/M-86™ and is designed to provide optimal support for MP/M-86™. The MP/M-86™ Operating System is available separately from Tecmar for $600. See Software Options listed below for important MP/M-86™ features. FULLY INTERRUPT DRIVEN - The TEC 86M provides terminal and disk I/O interrupts to MP/M-86™, allowing for maximum system performance in Multi-User operation. TWO 8 INCH DOUBLE DENSITY FLOPPY DISK DRIVES - The two Double Density floppy disks total 1.2 Megabytes of storage. Options include double sided floppy disk drives and Winchester drives. FOUR SERIAL USER PORTS - Four serial user ports are provided. Each port can be independently set for speeds from 50 to 19200 Baud. MULTIPLE PARALLEL PORTS - Parallel ports are provided for operating printers as well as other parallel devices. EASILY EXPANDABLE - The modular design of the Tec 86 and Tec 86M assures you of continued system expandibility. All options are easily field installable. Available options include: Memory 64K and 256K, additional users, double sided floppy disks, Winchester 31 Megabyte hard disk, terminals, and printers. ATTRACTIVE DESKTOP ENCLOSURE - Tecmar Single and Multi-User systems come in your choice of an attractive desk top enclosure with wood grained side panels to blend nicely into your office surroundings, or an industrial quality cabinet for more hostile environments. Rack mount enclosures are available as options. ONE YEAR WARRANTY - Tecmar Systems are fully assembled and thoroughly tested. All Tecmar Components carry a full One Year Warranty. SOFTWARE OPTIONS MP/M-86™ - Multi-User interrupt driven Operating System for the 16 Bit 8086 TEC 86M Microcomputer System. FILE PASSWORD PROTECTION - Access to user files can be restricted to require proper passwords prior to access. CONCURRENT FILE ACCESS -Files may be accessed by multiple users, each reading and/or writing the same file, with protection provided at both the file and the record level. FILE TIME AND DATE STAMPING - Files contain creation, and modification Times and Dates for ease and accuracy in determining the latest or most useful file versions. PRINT SPOOLER - Files may be submitted to the System Spool file for printing. This frees the user terminal to continue operation during the independent printing function. LANGUAGES - BAS I C-86™ FORTRAN-86™ PASCAL-86™ CBASIC/86™ CIS-COBOL™ PASCAL/M86™ FORTH *NOT INCLUDING MP/M-86 and User Terminals. OTHER FINE SIOO and APPLE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE, INCLUDING: ANALOG to DIGITAL CONVERTERS (12, 14, 16 bit accuracy; 30, 40, 100, 125 KHz Conversion rates; 16 to 256 Channels; programmable gain; timer/counters). DIGITAL to ANALOG CONVERTERS (12 bit accuracy, 3 microsecond conversion rate). 8086 CPU Board, I/O Boards 64K/256K Memory Boards, Real-time Video Digitizer and Display. Complete Systems also available for Data Acquisition, Video Digitization, and General Purpose Applications. REQUEST OUR CATALOG FOR COMPLETE LISTING, AND SPECIFICATIONS ON THE ENTIRE TECMAR PRODUCT LINE. EC HR DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 23600 Mercantile Rd. • Cleveland, OH 44122 TECMAR, INC. (216)464-7410 tP'M 16 la) MP/M-86 m lltistlttt tndtmnks if OgiM Itttrtk be. PJISC-66. I0PIMH-I6 lid HSUl-16 III iijilliiK tndnilks ll kkiisift k PASCA1/M8E is I itgittiaj tlltalk ll SOU [MSIE/16 is I iigsliml Imknfk If Compiler Sylttns Inc. DS-NBDL is I repitMHl ludtnit ll Mmlus lit CANADA: Our Ontario Distributor is OCTANT COMPUTER SERVICES INC., 146 Front Street West, Suite 485, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2L7 (416) 598-1046 Circle 442 on inauirv card. BYTE June 1982 383 Daisy Wheel Printer. smith-corona tp-i SAVE $200.00 SUGGESTED RETAIL $895.00 •Letter Quality Printing •Centronics Type Parallel Interface Con- nects To TRS-80 & Other Microcomputers •Serial Interface Available •Compatible With Most Microcomputers •Full Form Characters 10 or 12 Pitch *Manufactured By A Name You Can Trust* eem SMITH-CORONA MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. INC. PARCEL DIVISION - DEPT. N0.1TP 2803 THOAAASVILLE ROAD CAIRO, GEORGIA 31728 800-841-0856 GA. & INFO 1-912-377-7120 Listing 1: A job-control-language file that first enters ENHBAS, specifies certain control parameters (the two POKES), defines the printer line width at 132, and exits BASIC to the disk operating system. ENHBAS POKE 16409,1 POKE 16419,127 CLM=132 CMD"S" the system. For example, listing 1 could be followed with instructions to reenter BASIC, load a program, execute the program, make certain entries, and turn operation over to the user. This is useful for teaching programs where the student should not have to remember all of the details for initializing a program. In general, nearly anything that can be executed from the keyboard can be executed from a /JCL file. COPY is V2's most complex command. It can be used to copy single files, several files from one disk to another, or everything on a disk. It also incorporates the function of formatting disks and it replaces the BACKUP function in TRSDOS and other systems. Additionally, COPY has a number of options that allow various types of drives to be used and allow copying on a single drive. It will be the first command you will use because it must be drawn on to produce copies of the source disk. COPY has six dif- ferent formats. The simplest is: COPY FILE1/FIL:1 TO FILE2/FIL:2 which will copy FILEl/FIL from drive 1 to FILE2/FIL on drive 2. An example of the general format for copying several files or a whole disk from one drive to another is: COPY 1 TO 2,date, (options) The date can be left out (the commas must remain), in which case the present date is put on the new disk. The option FMT will format the disk and produce a complete backup from drive 1 to drive 2; CBF will specify that the files be copied one by one; NFMT will not format the disk first. There are several other important options. For example, CFWD lets the user specify which files will be copied. Disks from "foreign" systems can be copied, and, if you buy a Model III with the intention of transferring files from an old Model I system, the COPY command will do the job. If you have a more sophisticated system, say double-density double-sided drives and so on, your first use of COPY to backup the V2 disk could be dif- ficult. Careful reading of the manual and use of the ex- amples, however, will make it possible. The command CREATE, new to V2, allows creation of 384 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 354 on inquiry card. YOUR COMPUTER HEADQUARTERS apple SUPER SPECIAL! THE NEW APPLE III • Apple III plus I28K • Apple III SOS package •12" High Resolution Green Monitor 00 s 2999 THE HOME (ACCOUNTANT PACKAC • Apple II plus 48K ' Apple II Disc Drive w/ DOS 3.3 12" High Resolution Green Monitor • The Home Accountant M934 00 WORD PROCESSOR SYSTEM > Apple II plus 48K | • Apple Disc Drive II w/DOS 3.3j • 12" High Resolution Monitor 1 • OKIDATA Microline 80 Printer^ • Printer cable w/interface • IUS Orig. Easywriter s 2399 00 Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE Videx Videoterm- 80 Col . 5 269 ! ° Videx Keyboard Enhancer II s 119 s ° DC Hayes Micromodem II s 289" Microsoft Z-80CP/M Card >289°° Microsoft 16K Ram Card . s 159" Saturn 32K Ram Card ...'199" VC Expand for Saturn Card ! 84" Mountain CPS Multifunction Card >179°° Mountain Clock ! 239" Keyboard Company Numeric Keypad '135" Apple Pascal '209" Apple High Speed Serial Interface "158" Dan Paymar Lower Case Chip s 39" System Saverpfan with Line Search Suppression S 74 B5 Apple Graphics, Tablet . .'649"" Verawriter Graphic Tablet ! 249°° Special! Game Paddles . . .'19" WORD PROCESSORS IUS -Pro Easywriter '149" lUS-ProEasymailer ....'119" Orig. Easywriter '79" Apple Pie (W/P 40 Col.) ..'104" LJK Letter Perfect M29" Supertextll '129" Screenwriter (70 Col.) . . . '104" Executive Secretary .... s 199" Magic Window '84" PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS Micro Buffer II 16K '214" Micro Buffer II 32K s 249" Don't tie up your computer while your printer is printing! FOR EPSON ONLY Micro Buffer Parallel 16K '135" Micro Buffer Serial 8K . . .'135°° SOFTWARE FOR APPLE Fortran 80 '154'° A.L.D.S '99" Basic Compiler '295°° Tasc Compiler '149" Cobol-80 s 595°° Context Connector '145°° USA Apple World '49" 3D Super Graphics '33°° SENSIBLE The Apple Speller ! 59" MICRO PRO Wordstar 3.0 s 269" Spell Star '169" Mail Merge s 94" Super Sort-1 '139°° MICROLAB Data Factory s 119" Invoice Factory s 159" Tax Manager '119" HOWARD SOFTWARE Tax Preparer New 1982 . .'119" NEW! Real Estate Analyzer 2nd Addition M49" PERSONAL SOFTWARE Visicalc3.3 '199" Visiplot '159" Visidex M49" Visitrend/Visiplot '239°° Visiterm '79" Visifile '199" Desktop Plan II '199" Desktop Plan III '253°° THE SOURCE Telecommunication '89°° AARDVARK Personal Tax Plan '104" Individual Tax Plan '199" SYSTEM PLUS Accounting Plus II CALL ASHTON TATE DBase II '524" HIGH TECHNOLOGY Info. Master '119°° Store Manager >199°° Data Master '79°° Job Control System 5 595°° Client Billing System s 279°° SOUTHEASTERN SOFTWARE Data Capture 4.0 40 Col. ..'49" Data Capture 4.0 80 Videx . '69" SOFTWARE PUBLISHING PFSNew! '97" PFS Report New! '97" PHOENIX SOFTWARE Zoom Graphics '34" Master Diagnostic (Formerly Brain Surgeon) .'42" STONEWARE DB Master Vers. 3 '1 79" Utility Pack I '89" Z-Term(CP/M) '99°° ASC II Express 3.3 '65°° Brodebund Payroll »299" GAME AND HOBBY Temple of Asphai '32" Hellfire Warrior '32" Rescue at Rigel '24" Crush, Crumple & Chomp . '25°° Jabber Talky s 24" Major League Baseball ...26" Alien Rain '21'° Apple Panic '24" Snack Attack '24" Joy Breaker s 24" Space Quarks '24" Genetic Drift '24" Red Alert '24" Ultima '32" StarThief '24" Bug Attack '24" Sargon II '30°° Pool 1.5 '30°° Shuffle Board '24" Trick Shot s 32" Dog Fight '24" Olympic Decathlon '24" Three Mile Island '32" ABM '21°° Robot War '32" Castle Wolfenstein '24°° Zork '32" Zorkll '32" Falcons °24" Beer Run '30°° Raster Blaster '24" Space Eggs '24" Gorgon '32" Cops and Robbers '30°° Tigers in the Snow s 32" The Battle of Shiloh '32" The Shattered Alliance . . . '48'° Computer Baseball s 32" Computer Quarterback . . .'32" Sneakers '24" TG Joystick s 48" TG Game Paddles '34°° NEW! LOGO for Apple . . .'149" apple' 'THE COMMUNICATOR PACKAGE • Apple II plus 48K • Apple Disc Drive II w/controller DOS 3.3 • DC Hayes Micromodem II , ..■• 12" Green Monitor Y Source Telecommunication^ 00 s 2255 BUSINESSMAN'S SPECIAL • Apple II plus 48K • Apple Disc Drive II w/interface DOS 3.3 • 12" High Resolution Green Monitor • Visicalc 3.3 Software $2074 00 THE FAMILY SYSTEA/V NOW ONLY 5 2099 00 NEW! FIBERBUILT CASE , FOR APPLE! • Fits Apple & 2 Disc Drives^ • Detachable Cover s 65 95 Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. VP-3501 Videotex Data Terminal Turn your home TV into a time-sharing videotex display. ncii Only 3 359 ft com modore VIC 20 COMPUTER w/RF Modulator PRICED TOO LOW TO PRINT 8K Memory Expansion 53.95 Phone Modem f/VIC by Bizcom 139.95 DATACORDER (f/Cass. Prog.) 69.95 Jupiter Landers (cart.) 24.95 Super Alien (cart.) 24.95 Midnight Driver (cart.) 24.95 Household Finance(cass.) 29.95 Car Cost (cass.) 13.95 Loan Analyzer (cass.) 13.95 Amok (cass.) 15.95 Alien Blitz (cass.) 20.95 VT 106A 6 Pk. Recreational Prog 49.95 Super Expender 57.95 Snackman 14.95 QUANTAM DATA RS 232 Interface 47.95 24K Memory 179.95 Amok 20.95 Household Finance 29.95 Home Inventory 1 3.95 * SHARP MINI PC-1500 LED POCKET COMPUTER Extended BASIC system capable of 2 dimens. arrays. Full graphic commands. Now Only s 249 95 PC-1211 POCKET COMPUTER Formidable computing power. Program- mable with BASIC language. 24 digit LCD. Now Only S"|3g95 COMPUTERS • CE-122 16-DIGIT MINI DOT PRINTER Print out program & program performance CASSETTE INTERFACE: Saves data or pro- grams on cassette tape. Search saved data by file name. Now Only S 1 04 95 CE-150 Color Graphics Printer with Cassette Interface 214.95 4K and 8K Memory Expansion IN STOCK! Texos Instruments Tl 99 /4A COMPUTER NEW LOW PRICE s 329 95 FREE! RF Modulator with purchase of Tl 99/4A Tl LOGO PHM 3040 s 89 95 Full line of hardware, software and accessories in stock! ATARI ATARI 800 W/16K s 699 es ATARI 400 s 329°° 810 Disc Drive S 459 9S 850 Interface s 179" 410 Programmable Recorder . . . S 79 9S IAxLon32KRam s 134 ,s POPULAR ATARI GAMES IN STOCK! UIM HEWLETT K'fLM PACKARD HP-85A A Complete Computer System In One Small Package. The HP-B5A is a powerful BASIC language computer, complete with key- board, CRT display, printer and disc drive all in one self contained 20 lb. unit. New Low Price s 1982 00 Special! HP-83(Ud.Qty.) . . . . s 1295 00 New! HP-87A Oniy s 1885 00 32K and 64K Memory Expansion Modules for HP-87 In Stock! HP-125 Reg. '2750 Only s 1982 M HP 82091 M 544" Disc Drive s 1650 00 HP 82905 Serial Printer s 595 00 We carry the full line of Tl and HP Programmable Calculators. CORPORATE ACCOUNTS WELCOME PRINTERS GRAPPLER Graphic Inter/Cable .139.95 OKIDATA 82A 120 CPS, Bidirectional, Friction and Tractor Feed, Serial & Parallel, 80/132 Columns 474.95 OKIDATA 83A 120 CPS, Bidirectional, Friction & Tractor, 136 Col. Serial & Parallel, Takes 15" Paper 719.95 Tractor Feed, (optional) 54.95 OKIDATA OKIGRAPH™ Create il- lustrations, Graphs, Charts or whatever a CRT screen tells it to 69.95 CENTRONICS 739-I Graphics, 100 CPS Monospaced Mode, Right Justification, Friction and Tractor 514.95 XEROX Diablo 630 with word process- ing enhancement 2299.95 Bi-directional Tractor(optional) . .204.95 NEW! C.ITOH F10-40 Parallel, Daisy Wheel, Letter Quality Printer . . .1549.95 C.ITOH 8510 Pro Writer, 120 CPS, 136 Columns, Parallel, Bidirectional, F/T, High Resolution Graphics 509.95 NEC 8023 Pro Writer, 100 CPS, 136 Col. Parallel, Bidirectional, Tractor and Fric- tion, High Resolution Graphics . .484.95 • • • EPSON • * • MX-80 449.95 MX-80FT ....549.95 MX-100FT 719.95 MONITORS SANYO VM-4509 9" B&W 169.95 SANYO DM-8112CX 12" Green . . . .269.95 SANYO DMC-6013 13" Color 449.95 NECJB1201 12" Green 179.95 NEC JC1201 12" Color 349.95 BMC 1200 154.95 ©1982^^1 _ 67 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 115 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 MAIL ORDER ADDRESS: 36 E. 19th St. New York, N.Y. 10003 (212)260-4410 TOLL FREE OUT-OF-STATE 800-221-7774 800-221-5858 800-223-5661 Items on sale for limited time only, and are subject to limited availability. Not responsible for typographical errors. This ad supersedes all other ads prior to June '82. Prices effective as of April 23, 1982, and are subject to change without notice. Ail orders subject to verification and acceptance. Minimum shipping and handling $4.95 Circle 1 on inquiry card. Listing 2: NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 directory. If the command DIR S, I, A, P is entered, the following information is provided: file name, number of full sectors, number of bytes in the last sec- tor, the logical record length, number of logical records in the file, number of granules, and the number of extensions used. NEWDOS80 08/04/81 35 TRKS BOOT/SYS SYS6/SYS SYSJ.4/SYS BASIC/CMD DIR/SYS SYS7/SYS SYS15/SYS NWD80V2/XLF SYSO/SYS SYS8/SYS SYS16/SYS CHAINTST/JCL NWD80V2/ILF SYS1/SYS SYS9/SYS SYS17/SYS ASPOOL/MAS CHAINBLD/BAS SYS2/SYS SYS10/SYS SYS18/SYS LMOFFSET/CMD SYS3/SYS SYSll/SYS SYS19/SYS SYS4/SYS SYS.12/SYS SYS20/SYS DISASSEM/CMD DIRCHECK/CMD EDTASM/CMD SYS5/SYS SYS13/SYS SYS21/SYS SUPERZAP/CMD EOF 5/000 35/000 5/000 18/000 10/000 5/000 5/000 2/054 15/000 5/000 5/000 1/050 2/002 5/000 5/000 5/000 10/000 19/059 5/000 5/000 5/000 10/000 5/000 5/000 5/000 5/000 5/000 5/000 25/000 15/000 35/000 5/000 5/000 5/000 30/000 LRL 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 2 9 FDES 1 GRANS RECS GRANS EXTS SIUEC....UAL 1 1 SI UA6 7 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 4 1 .IU U.6 2 1 SI UA5 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 . .U 3 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 . .U 1 1 . .U 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 2 1 . .U 4 1 . .U 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 2 1 . .U 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 5 1 . .U 3 1 . .U 7 1 . .U 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 1 1 SIU UA7 6 1 . . U 5 35 5 18 10 5 5 3 15 5 5 2 3 5 5 5 10 20 5 5 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 25 15 35 5 5 5 30 Listing 3: A short program to demonstrate the generation of a cross-reference table using the command REF$. 10 LPRINT "THIS IS A PROGRAM" 20 GOTO 2000 500 FOR 1=1 TO 2 510 FOR J=l TO 5 520 IJ=I*J 530 A$="SIN OF" 540 LPRINT AS;IJ;" = ";SIN(IJ) 550 NEXT J 560 NEXT I 570 RETURN 2000 LPRINT "TO DEMONSTRATE" 2010 LPRINT "EDITING ENHANCEMENTS" 2020 LPRINT "IN NEWDOS/80 VERSION 2.0' 1 : LPRINT 2030 GOSUB 500 2040 END REF S 1 500 510 2 500 5 510 500 2030 2000 20 A 530/$ 540/$ I 500 520 560 IJ 520 540/2 J 510 520 550 RUN THIS IS A PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE EDITING ENHANCEMENTS IN NEWDOS/80 VERSION 2.0 SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF SIN OF 8 SIN OF 10 .841471 .909298 .14112 -.756802 -.958924 .909298 -.756802 -.279416 .989358 -.544021 an empty, blank file, but with specified attributes and length. Generally it has the form: CREATE,filespec, (options) where the options control the record count for the file, the record length, specify whether the file length can be automatically extended, and whether unused file length can be cleared. Sometimes a user program expects a file to exist already or requires pre-allocated file space; CREATE allows that possibility. The DEBUG command enters the system's debugging and monitor utility. Suffice to say, the original TRSDOS DEBUG has been praised by reviewers as an excellent piece of software, and Apparat's version is much better. One brief point, DEBUG can be entered from within a program by simultaneously typing "123." DIR, available in all operating systems for the TRS-80, displays a directory of the files on a specified disk. For V2, it's been greatly enhanced. Listing 2 shows the direc- tory for the V2 source disk using the command: DIR 0,S,I,A,P where is the drive number, S displays the system files, I specifies "invisible" files, A asks for various specifications on each file (without A, the listing would show only the names), and P sends the output to the printer. I could have added U, which would have shown only those files that had been updated, and /CMD (or some other exten- sion), which would have displayed only those files with the specified extension. Listing 3 gives the following in- formation: the file name, the number of full sectors in the file and the number of bytes in the last sector (e.g., 12/123), the logical record length used for the file, the number of logical records in the file, the number of granules (a granule is five sectors and is used to allocate file space), and the number of extensions used. In listing 3, eight flags describe the file, as shown at the end of each file entry. These flags explain whether the file is a system (S) or invisible (I) file, if it's been updated (U), whether it can be allocated more space (E for no), whether space beyond the end of file can be cleared (C for no), whether it has an update password (U) or access password (A), and the protection level (L, specified as a number). The DUMP command simply writes a memory block to disk with a specified file name, start and end address, and an entry address (if it is a program). New to V2, DUMP allows the load locations for machine-language code to be changed. One important feature is that prob- lematic main memory contents can be dumped to disk and later examined and modified as if the code were in memory by using Superzap's DMDB (display memory dump block) feature. V2's FORMAT command is more powerful than similar commands in other TRS-80 operating systems. It allows many of the options of the COPY command and it 386 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Great Buy! On a great terminal. The Hazeltine 1420 display terminal delivers all the features you need for today's conversational appli- cations at a new low price. Just $595 per terminal. A $440 reduction from list price. Great warranty: With the 1420, you get the industry's most comprehensive warranty. Free board replacement for two full years. Great performance: You get a high quality, 1920- character display with upper and lower case, multiple intensities and separate numeric key pad. Great value: It's a lot of terminal for very little money. Your Hazeltine distributor has 1420 terminals in stock, for immediate delivery. Contact your local distributor today, or call Hazeltine toll free at 800-645-5300. At $595, the 1420 is too good a bargain to pass up. Hazeltine Corporation Computer Terminal Equipment Greenlawn, NY 11740 (516) 549-8800 Answers for the^jf^/^ XXXXXX X XX "XXX 1 xx xxxxx; x xx xx"" X XXXXX\ xxx xx - "xx xx xx (X xx xx. ..xx xxxxxx xxx" - xxx xx xx xx Circle 170 on Inquiry card. MICROSTAT® - Release 3.0 MICROSTAT® + baZic® = PERFORMANCE The best just got better! MICROSTAT has been the leader in the statistics field for microcomputers since 1979, and the new release 3.0 outperforms and is noticeably faster than previous versions. Just a few of the features include: GREATER ACCURACY BCD with up to 14 digit precision; PROGRAM ENHANCEMENTS Missing data capabilities and many more; FASTER EXECUTION Calculation time greatly reduced; DYNAMIC FILE ALLOCATION Data can be inserted, added, or deleted; SPECIAL PRICE: For a limited time get MICROSTAT plus baZic complete with program disk and documen- tation for each for $395.00, save $50.00! The MICROSTAT - baZic version requires: a Z80 CPU, CP/M T " and 48K of memory. Available formats: 8" SD disk or 5V4" North Star only. Check with your dealer for other formats. Also available for: Microsoft's Basic-80 T ", North Star DOS and IBM. For more information, call or write: ECOSOFT INC. P.O. Box 68602 FHPI Indianapolis, IN 46268-0602 '■"■" (317) 255-6476 MICROSTAT is a registered trademark of ECOSOFT, INC. baZic is a registered trademark of MICROMIKES. INC. CP/M is a registered trademark of DIGITAL RESEARCH Basic-80 is a registered trademark of MICROSOFT MULTI-PROGRAMMER eatures SYSTEM-10 edicated keys and large splay vocabulary for ease of use. «S- *1 <)AF O - 6 baud rates, 13 formats including ^ lffc«7w tellec, Textronix and Motorola. 3 ROMs, E 2 PROMs and bipolars. PROGRAMS ang option - programs eight at once. emote control option. OVER 250 DEVICE TYPES FUNCTIONS: DISPLAY DEVICE DATA LOAD DATA CRC - DEVICE/RAM EDIT RAM DATA COMPARE FIELDS CRC - RAM DEVICE PROGRAM FILL MEMORY FIELD I/O HOST PROMPT TYPE SELECTION BLOCK MOVE DIAGNOSTICS I6MT16IKI COMPUTER SYSTEMS CORP 100 East Linton Blvd. Delray Beach, Fla. 33444 (305)272-2051 tan i_.,«,,A«nT».u:...i i_, rir^la 70 nn Innnlrv r-arri mand is executed and operation is returned to the BASIC program. If the program includes the line: 200 CMD"DIR" a directory will appear on the screen and then execution will be returned to the program. CMD also calls func- tions that are unique to BASIC. It can be used either from within a program or from the keyboard. From within a program, it allows language enhancements using the forms CMD'T" and CMD"0." The first of these has the format: In CMD'T = function" where In is a line number and "function" determines what happens. Briefly, the CMD functions, POPS, POPR, and POPN, allow a variety of options in exiting FOR . . . NEXT loops. For example, they permit exiting a loop before its limit is exceeded or stopping the loop "early," ignoring the NEXT statement. The SASZ option lets you change the memory area allocated to string variables without affecting or clearing the variables; i.e., it clears string space without really executing a CLEAR. When followed by a variety of variables, ERASE clears the specified variables to zero. KEEP does the opposite; it clears all variables except the specified ones. SWAP, fol- lowed by two variables, exchanges the values of the vari- ables. SS executes a program step by step, which pro- vides a much more sophisticated form of debugging. In operation, SS displays the current line number. With SS, the line number where single-stepping should be started can be specified, and single-stepping can be stopped by using the suffix N. CMD'T", DELETE lnl — ln2 will delete the program code between line numbers lnl and ln2, which lets you remove a subroutine from memory and bring in another subroutine from disk. For example: 1000 CMD"F",DELETE 25000-30000 1010 MERGE "NEWSUB/BAS" would delete the specified lines and bring in a new sub- routine named NEWSUB/BAS (which must be between lines 25000 and 30000). (Note that the MERGE function no longer requires that the new code be stored in ASCII format.) This is potentially very powerful; for example, a menu could be used to select different subroutines to be loaded at different times during execution of a program. In essence, a program can "call" a variety of subroutines from disk. Another important enhancement provides a sorting feature by using the statement: In CMD"0",«, (array variable list) where n is the number of elements in the array to be II YOU BUY BEFORE JULY 1, „ YOU GET A $100 SUBSCRIPTION TO THE SOURCE Micro- Courier is the electronic mail software for Apple™ computers. It lets you send anything in your Apple computer to any other Apple, in any other office, anywhere in the world. It's fast, 100% error-free, and inexpensive. You can send and receive charts, graphs, VisiCalc™ reports and entire programs. Micro-Courier also takes you right to THE SOURCE. Teach >our little Apple bjgtime electronic mail. You can access one of the largest data bases in the world, including news, travel service, commodity updates, educational programs, electronic games and more. And if you act now, you can get a free $100 subscription to THE SOURCE with your Micro-Courier package. See your Apple dealer for complete details. TURN YOUR MOM INCREDIBLE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM. M1CROCOM Wi'inik'lilllL'L.-nipiiloM.ilkhi: SOURCE MICROCOM We make little computers talk big. 1400A Providence Highway Norwood, MA 02062 Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp., Inc. THE SOURCE is a servicemark of Source Telecomputing Corporation, a subsidiary of The Readers Digest Association, Inc. Circle 296 on inquiry card. sorted. The specifications allow for ascending and descending sorts, sorting a limited part of an array, and tagging other arrays onto sorts. Both strings and numbers can be sorted. It's not possible to describe all of the possibilities here, but the function is powerful and fast. Changes in BASIC Invocation Bringing up BASIC from the system mode is done by using the form: BASIC n,m,line, where line is any BASIC program line or statement, n sets the number of files to be made available, and specifying m will set the upper limit on available memory (n,m, and line are all optional). (BASIC may still be entered by typ- ing the word BASIC alone.) The command can be fol- lowed by RUN or LIST with a program name, and the program will be run or listed. For example, entering the line: BASIC 5,30000,CMD"DIR":RUN"TESTPROG/BAS" would bring up BASIC, set up five files, protect memory from location 30000 on up, display the disk directory, and start to run the program TESTPROG/BAS. The command BASIC * is quite useful: it allows recovery of a program even after an accidental reset. If the program is still in memory, the computer will reenter BASIC, list the program, and allow it to be executed. Of course, it will not work if something destroyed the pro- gram in memory. While BASIC is still enabled, RENEW performs a similar function by reinstating a program eliminated by the BASIC command NEW. Editing and Program Manipulation The original Level II BASIC provided a good line- oriented editor. V2 doesn't change this, but it adds many useful features. The REF$ utility, for example, sends a cross-referenced list of all variables and integer numbers (mostly line num- bers) to the printer (see listing 3). REF* sends the list to the screen. REFA gives all line numbers where variable A appears, and REF200 displays all references to integer 200, including line number 200. REF'The" finds all strings containing the word "The," and REF = FOR locates all references to FOR (not as strings, but in statements) in the program. The CMD"C" utility compresses and manipulates the text of a program. CMC'C'alone removes both comment lines and spaces. CMD"C",R removes remarks alone, and CMD"C",S deletes only spaces. RENUM renumbers a program in almost any con- figuration. Simply typing: RENUM , ORDER: 1-800-547-2492 IN OREGON CALL SERVICE: 503-479-4150 APPLE HARDWARE ATARI HARDWARE ATARI'A 400 (16K) 800 (16K) $325 $675 $1049 $1249 $1549 $749 EPSON l.D.S. MX-80 $439 560G Printer MX-80FT $539 Prism 80 w/color MX-100 $699 Prism 132 w/color SMITH CORONA - Letter Quality Printer SYNERGIZER - WORDSTAR, 80 Column, w/enhanced character set, Z-80 & 16K Card by ALS $1049 MAGNUM SYSTEM -OLIVETTI 121 Printer/Typewriter w/RS 232 or Parallel Interface $1495 TERMS: SHIPPING: Add 3% of total transaction foi UPS hrown (ground) or 5% for UPS hluc (air), Parcel Posl. or any special arrangements. PAYMENT: Cashier's checks, certified checks, money orders, and hank wires honored immediately. Wire transfer funds to U.S. National Bank of Oregon, South Grants Pass Branch. Credit RCE, account number 501-981 , Add 3% for Visa and Master Charge. Allow 20 days for personal checks to clear, REFUNDS: 10% restocking charge on all returns or exchanges. No refunds on opened software. Call first. GUARANTEE: All products with full manufacturer's warranty. Sanyo and Apple warranty available. We have full repair and service facilities for all electronic repairs with HP, Dynascan, Pioneer, Sanyo and Apple trained and certified technicians. For any technical service call them for instant advice nr questions right on their benches al (503) 4 79-4150. REPAIRS: Out of warranty guarantee: Lahor 30 days from date of your receipt, 90 days on parts. Call for details on quality guaranteed discount repair and reconditioning service. We have been repairing electronic equipment for 12 years and love ill SPECIAL ON APPLE REPAIRS - ALL PRICES PLUS PARTS APPLE II $50 DRIVES $40 PRINTERS $100 APPLE HI $100 SILENTYPE $50 PERIPHERAL CARDS $45 "A unique combination ol Quality Products. Competitlue Prices, anil Seruice" MICRO SCI DISK DRIVES 410 PROGRAM RECORDER $85 IDIRIICT APPLE REPLACEMENT A-70 1489 820 PRINTER 822 PRINTER $249 $339 CONTROLLER 3.3 & 3.2 CCS 7710A SERIAL INT S139 CCS 7710D SERIAL INT *1 39 850 INTERFACE MODULE $165 VIDEX 80 COLUMN $269 853 16K MEMORY EXPANSION $79 VIDEX ENHANCER II $139 LOWER CASE ADAPTOR $39 SOFTWARE MICROSOFT OR MPC $149 VISICALC (ATARI) $159 Z-80CARO (MICROSOFT) $299 BASIC (ATARI) VISICALC VISIDEX $49 $179 $179 MICKOMODEM (HAYES) SMART MODEM (HAYES) $289 $229 NOVATION MODEMS APPLE CAT $309 VISITERM $75 AUTO CAT $209 VISITREND/PLOT $21-) CAT HIZCOMP MODEM MOUNTAIN CLOCK $139 $239 DESK TOP PLAN #2 DESK TOP PLAN #3 MICROLAB DATA FACTORY $179 $214 $129 MOUNTAIN A/I) CONVERTER $299 D B MASTER (STONEWARE) MOUNTAIN INTROL/XIOCARD $169 SUP-R TEXT 11 MOUNTAIN C.P.S. $199 WORDSTAR $349 KRD 23 KEYPAD $139 B. P. (.SOFTWARE (each) SUP-R-TERM (80 COLUMN) SUP-R-MOD 11. F. MODULATOR $299 ZORK SARGON CHESS $35 $29 JOYSTICK {T.G.) 9" B&W MONITOR (SANYO) $45 $145 12" 8&W MONITOR (SANYO) $189 $22 12" GREEN MONITOR (SANYO) $229 VERBATIM DISKS 12" GREEN MONITOR ZENITH) $119 13" COLOR MONITOR (SANYO) $385 EPSON CAHI.E & INTERFACE $79 EPSON GRAFTRAX POWERLINE PROTECTOR $70 $39 MINIMUM ORDER-$100.00 MINIMUM SHIPPING CHARGES-$4.00 PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE WRITE FOR CATALOG VISA' Tiastei charge RALSTON-CLEARWATERS ELECTRONICS 530 N.E. 'E' Street • Grants Pass, Ore. 97526 ALL BRAND NAMES ARE REGISTERED TRADE MARKS 392 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 389 on inquiry card. . " 7 m - ■ 11 " " I V -5 - --_-. *i «at*w ■"■■■* ■ | r r~ r — " 'i r .... V / s ^%l. // / /« THE OHASAR HHC TAKES COMPUTERS WHERE THEY'HE HEVER REEK BEFHRE. Make Every Minute Count. The Quasar HHC puts com- puter power into a package you can hold in one hand. It can be your constant companion wherever you go. You can create or up- date files, access a data- base, perform complex routines, Dr keep an itinerary up-to-date. The HHC can transmit in- formation directly to another computer through the HHC RS232C interface, or via telephone through the HHC acoustic coupler. A handy Micro Printer provides hard copy records. The HHC and all seven of its peripherals fit in an attache case. Time Management Software Software capsules tailor the HHC for specific applications. The Time Management capsule, for instance, is perfect for lawyers, accountants, agency executives, consultants — anyone who bills time to clients. With just four keys, users can record time by client and by job type; view each day's results, including billed and unbilled time; and accumulate time by client and by job for the month, quarter, and year-to-date. All while performing other jobs. By increasing time-tracking efficiency, the HHC can usually increase billable time. Some day, there may be other computers like the Quasar HHC. If you can't afford to wait, write on your letterhead to Quasar Group Director HHC for information, including how to become a dealer or distributor. ONE GREAT IDEA AFTER ANOTHER.. USE QUASAR COMPANY, Division of Matsushita Electric Corporation of America , 9401 West Grand Avenue, Franklin Park, III. 60131. (312) 451-1200 Circle 504 on inquiry card. Circle 178 on inquiry card. WARNING! Electric Power Pollution Spikes & Lightning HAZARDOUS to MICROCOMPUTERS!! Patented ISOLATORS provide protection from . . . • Computer errors cause by power line Interference • Computer errors due to system equipment interaction • Spike damage caused by copier/elevator/air conditioners IS0 • Lightning caused damage MONEY BACK GUARANTEE! Pat * 4 269 ' 706 • ISOLATOR (ISO-1) 3 isolated 3-prong sockets; Spike Suppression; useful for small offices, laboratories, classrooms $69.95 • ISOLATOR (ISO-2) 2 Isolated 3-prong socket banks; (6 sockets total); Spike Suppression; useful for multiple equipment Installa- tions $69.95 • SUPER ISOLATOR (ISO-3) similar to ISO-1 except double Isolation & oversize Spike Suppression; widely used for severe electrical noise situations such as factories or large offices $104.95 • SUPER ISOLATOR (ISO-1 1) similar to ISO-2 except double Isolated socket banks & Oversize Spike Suppression; for the larger system in severe situations $104.95 • MAGNUM ISOLATOR (ISO-17) 4 Quad Isolated Sockets; Multiple Spike Suppressors; For ULTRA-SENSITIVE Systems In extremely Harsh environments $181.95 • CIRCUIT BREAKER, any model (Add-CB) Add $9.00 • REMOTE SWITCH, any model (Add-RS) Add $16.00 AT YOUR DEALERS MasterCard, Visa, American Express ORDER TOLL FREE 1-800-225-4876 (except AK, HI, PR & Canada) IS? Electronic Specialists, Inc. 171 South Mam Street. Bon 389. Satick. Mass 01760 (617) 655 1532 FLEX Color Computer SWTPC Smoke Signal Gimix Hazel wood Software & Hardware Games Word Processing Business Applications BASIC Programming Tools System Software Off-the-Shelf & Custom Systems COMPUTERWARE ® 6809 Specialists Box 668 Encinitas, CA 92024 • (714) 436-3512 Computerware is a trademark of Computerware will renumber everything with increments of 10 between lines. Entering: RENUM 30000,5,15365,18112 would renumber all lines between 15365 and 18112 with an increment of five; the new numbering would start with 30000. Thus, 15365 would become 30000, 15366 would be 30005, and so on. All branches are kept track of, and you can't mix up two parts of the program. The function RENUM U is slightly different: it produces a list of all ref- erences to undefined lines (i.e., GOTO 1000 would be shown as an error if line 1000 didn't exist). The DI and DU functions are closely related to RENUM. Entering the command: DI 1005,2010 will displace (DI) line 1005 to 2010. DU 1005,2010 will duplicate (DU) 1005 at 2010— but 1005 will still be at its original location. Similarly, D 1005 will delete (D) line 1005, which is the only way it can be done. You can no longer accidentally remove line 50 by typing the number 50. Additional enhancements provided include a variety of abbreviated, single-character functions that are a great aid when writing and editing programs. For example: "." lists the current program line "," puts the current program line into the edit mode ";" or "shift up-arrow" lists the first program line "/" or "shift down-arrow" lists the last program line "up-arrow" displays the preceding line "down-arrow" displays the following line " + " scrolls one display page down ":" scrolls one display page up The editing character must be the first and only entry on a line; backspacing is not allowed. However, pressing BREAK will reset things, permitting character entry. These functions allow rapid and simple program editing. I find myself editing programs on the screen that would have required a printed output with TRSDOS. (TRSDOS for the Model III, however, has many of these features.) File Types File types are the most confusing aspect of V2, although they are intuitively easy to grasp. The file struc- tures and input/output procedures are similar to those normally found on much larger computers. The new files are powerful, but they're hard to describe, both in a review and in the documentation (Apparat devotes 80 pages to the file types). Both the sequential and random files supported by TRSDOS and similar systems are maintained by V2, but V2's sequential and random files have new features. First, 394 June 1982 © BYTE Publications he Circle 124 on inquiry card. Announcing The Most PowerfuLFIexible. Sophisticated . S-IOO Bus, Board Level System Ever Available l""-: ■--ik-i.. ....;;-.: ■"-—■ iSfc •itasM-iT'W — uri-^...: ■iiatiif :..'..' - '" "•»&*? ..-• f j^Gw-^u l-jcw - „ )a - ,•""•■•• ..••• l"""""""l '"":3~} """?•" "! I I. """' G1? r-^ •• »ii^4. RM4 • O f , |H*l : '• • ■*-" 1.1 ii) i MS: tEEE CPZ-48000 From Intercontinental Microsystems No bull, just a beefed up product A lot of people have been claiming the title of best S-100 bus. board level micro. Some with only prototype or paper boards, ntercontinental Micro's CPZ-48000 is in production now. and we think it's the most powerful. Here's why: D Z80A'" based system. Complies with IEEE 696.1/D2 S-100 BUS specifications. □ Single or Double Density Floppy Disk controller. Controls up to four 8" or 5%" floppy disk drives in either DMA. Interrupt or Programmed I/O mode. □ 64 Kbytes of onboard Dynamic RAM with Memory Bank Selection of 4 Kbytes to 64 Kbytes under software control. □ Four Channel Direct Memory Access Controller. □ Two synchronous or asynchronous Serial I/O channels with one channel programmable in either DMA. Interrupt or Programmed I/O mode. ojwo Parallel I/O channels with one channel programmable in either DMA. Interrupt or Programmed I/O mode. □ Memory Management capable of addressing 16 Megabytes of system memory. □ Eight Vectored Priority Interrupts chained together with I/O Interrupts for use with Z80 Mode 2 Interrupts. □ Provisions for either a 2 Kbyte or 4 Kbyte onboard EPROM. (Monitor in a 2 Kbyte EPROM supplied with board.) P CP/M'* and MP/M'" operating systems available, TurboDOS'" and CP/NET" available soon. □ Turbo-Disk'" Implementation included. Flexibility CPZ-48000 can be used in many applications, including: □ Single board, stand alone computer □ Network master. Handles IBM Bisync, HDLC and SDLC protocols □ Multiuser host □ Multiprocessor host We've Got Personality Power and flexibility are great, but not enough. You've got to be able to interface with a variety of peripherals, and you get tired of nearly redesigning stock boards for your applications. Intercontinental Micro Systems' complete line of "Personality" boards combine to make the CPZ-48000 compatible with: Centronics, 8" floppy disks, 5W' floppy disks, full modem and RS232C interfaces. NEC, Diablo, Qume, Archive and RS422 high speed serial interfaces available soon. Not only a great product, but a great line of products Intercontinental also manufactures a 256K, 16K increment, fully bank selectable memory board, compatible with Cromix'" as well as other popular systems. Also, our hard disk controller controls both 5 1 A" and 8" units. If you're looking for sophisticated S-100 bus board level computing for anything from process control to a multiuser host look to Intercontinental Micro. Call or write for further information and pricing. Dealer inquiries are welcome. 4 fqpk _ MICRO SYSTEMS CORPORATION ^r-ij— I — #-+- 1733 South Douglass Road, Suite E Anaheim, California 92806 (714) 978-9758 -Telex: 678401-TAB-IRIN vl— Z80 is a registered trademark of Zilog. Inc. Turbo-Disk is a registered trademark ol Intercontinental Micro, Inc. CP/M. MP/M and CP/NET are registered trademarks of Digital Research, Inc. irboDOS is a registered trademark of Software 2000. Inc. Cromix is a registered trademark of CROMEMCO Listing 4: Superzap program menu. APPARAT 'DD' 1 DM ' 'DFS' 'DTS' ' DMDB ' 'VDS' 'ZDS' •CDS' 'CDD' 'DPWE' 1 DNTH ' 'EXIT' of variables as well as the space allocated to each. Both file types can be used for random access. DRV 00 5F20 0000 0053 5953 3120 2020 10 5678 1234 0500 1000 FFFF FFFF OH 20 5F20 0000 0053 5953 3920 2020 30 5678 1234 0500 1320 FFFF FFFF DRS 40 5F20 0000 0053 5953 3137 2020 175 50 5678 1234 0500 0A2O FFFF FFFF AFH 60 1020 0062 0042 4153 5255 4E20 70 9642 9642 3900 0804 1906 FFFF 80 1020 0000 0041 5350 4F4F 4C20 90 9642 9642 0A00 1C21 FFFF FFFF A0 1020 003B 0043 4841 494E 424C B0 9642 9642 1400 1D23 FFFF FFFF FRS CO 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 5 DO 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 5H E0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 P F0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 S SUPERZAP/80. INPUT ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS: OR NULL - DISPLAY DISK SECTOR DISPLAY MAIN MEMORY DISPLAY FILE'S SECTOR ., ., „ display track's sector Utility Programs - DISPLAY MEMORY DUMP BLOCK , ii.,, .i . ..w .!_ . 1 1 J verify disk sectors In addition to the various utilities that have already cop? disk tfclolt been described (e.g., REF and RENUM), V2 has several - C displ.ay K passwop.d encode machine-language utility programs, including Superzap, - display name/type hash code DISASSEM, LMOFFSET, DIRCHECK, EDTASM, - END SUPERZAP, EXIT TO DOS omiiimr, a „„««, PRINTER OUTPUT. APPEND ,P TO DD , DM, DFS, DTS OR DMDB CHAINBLD, and ASPOOL. The most useful is Superzap. The menu shown in list- ing 4 describes its functions. The display mode (using Listing 5: A directory sector as displayed by Superzap. rj^ DM, DF S, DTS, or DMDB) gives sectors and 256-byte blocks of memory as shown in listing 5. The 2053 5953 SYS1. SYS ffff ffff v. . 4 ! '.'.'.'.... location and other data are on the left, the hexadecimal- ffff ffff v! '. 4 '. ... . '. '. '. '. f! S byte values are in the middle, and the ASCII equivalents *°*l mi v'.'.V.^.f. 1 . ;;;!!! or tne hexadecimal values are on the right. If a hexa- l°£ £** -^ ■ -basrun. .cmd decimal-byte value lacks an ASCII equivalent, a period is 204D 4153 ASPOOL.. MAS shown FFFF FFFF .B.B...1 _ ' . ,. r 4442 4153 . . . ; .chainbldbas Several editing functions are available while in Super- oooo oooo '..'..'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. zap's display mode. The most important of these is oooo oooo ."I. ."."!.".!!! MOD, which allows modification of a byte within the 0000 000 ° displayed sector. Here's how it works: a cursor appears that can be moved around as you see fit; modifications a sequential file can be opened at its end with data being are made by simply typing over byte values. Preceding added at that point (Model III TRSDOS also does this). and following sectors can also be displayed. When you You would normally open a sequential file at the begin- type ENTER, the system asks if the modification should ning with the statement: be written to disk. This is how Apparat's updates (zaps) are made on system programs. The modify option can be OPEN"0",l,"FILE/FIL" used to change file names and dates, to repair disk director- ies, and to change text files. Two other editing functions, which would open the file at the beginning only. The F and L, are available. F is quite important: it searches a statement: disk, file, or memory for a value up to four bytes. For ex- ample, entering the command F,2A,5C,33,AC would OPEN"E",l,"FILE/FIL" find those four hexadecimal bytes. Another function, SCOPY (DD and DTS modes only), allows the displayed will now open it at the end. sector to be copied to another sector on the disk. A second new feature is that random files can have DISASSEM/CMD is capable of disassembling object variable logical record lengths, or LRLs. (In TRSDOS for code from a tape, disk, or memory, displaying the Z80 the Model I, the length is fixed at 256 bytes.) BASIC must mnemonics, providing a printed listing, and sending the be invoked by a statement such as BASIC 3V; the V in- generated source code to a new disk file. The source code dicates that the files will have variable LRLs. Entering the may then be modified and reassembled using the statement: EDTASM /CMD program. There are a variety of other options, and this is a very powerful disassembler. OPEN"R",l,"FILE/FIL",128 LMOFFSET/CMD reads a machine-language program from tape or disk, displays the start, end, and entry loca- will produce an LRL of 128 bytes. This arrangement is tions, allows relocation of the program load address, op- easier than using the complex bookkeeping required with tionally sets up the program so that it can be loaded from other systems and it saves space. disk and executed under the nondisk BASIC Level II Additionally, V2 has two file types that are found in no SYSTEM command, and dumps the code to tape or disk, other operating system: marked item files (with three I have found little need to offset program locations using subtypes) and fixed item files (with two subtypes). this routine, but its ability to tell me the start and end Marked item files are intended to be similar to sequential locations is handy. Most important, however, is its abili- files, but they use less disk space and are easier to access. ty to dump a machine-language program from disk to Also, some other limitations of sequential files are tape (new to V2); this is invaluable for transferring pro- removed. Fixed item files are similar to random files, grams to systems without disk drives, although the FIELD statement, LSET, RSET, and other DIRCHECK/CMD performs a simple but essential buffer-formatting statements are not used. The PUT and function: it checks the disk directory. It also lists the GET statements define the sequence of storage and recall directory, characteristics of the files, and gives messages We'd like your ;cippkz to meet The Executive Secretary The professional word processing system for the Apple™ computer GENERAL Editing, printing, form letters, mail- merge, and electronic mail all in one package at one price? User's manual designed for the user? User-controlled configuration of printers, slots, drives, and 40/80 column editing? THE MANUAL Complete index included? Organized as a set of lessons? Easel-bound for ease of use? THE DOCUMENT PRINTER Integrates files from DB MASTER'S Utility Pack"', The Data Factory"', Visicalc™, Information Master"', and most DIF"'' files. Accepts keyboard input at print time? Supports all major printers, including Centronics 737 and IBM ET- series? Has IF and related commands to allow conditional printing of information based on the contents of a database or on keyboard input? Prints page headers of arbitrary complexity? Prints page numbers wherever you want them? Automatically generates alphabetical index for words you specify? Supports file chaining and file nesting? Has multi-level outline indenting? Has left- and right-justified tab stops? Gives full control of all margins, dynamic text reformatting, centering, and justification? Supports Thunderclock™ and the CCS clockcard for automatic dating? v» \S check this chart: INTEGRATES CARD FILE FEATURES Allows multiple card files per disk? Allows user to define size and content of 'cards' in each file? Generates new subset card files based on search or sort criteria for an existing file? Incorporates one/multiple line report printer for card files? Allows totals and subtotals during report printing? THE DOCUMENT EDITOR Keeps up with professional typing speeds? User-defined phrase abbreviations? 40 or 80 character edit modes user-selectable? Supports Smarterm"', Superterm", Videoterm™ and Full View 80"'. Uses real shift key? Supports file merge and unmerge? Global search and replace? Block operations: move, transfer, delete? Character/word/line: insert/replace/delete? Allows embedded commands to control special printer functions? ELECTRONIC MAIL SYSTEM Menu driven? Multiple document queuing? Fully automatic with Hayes modem? i/ 1 i/" i/* \f S y \t Published by: Available at computer stores nationwide. $250 suggested retail. SOF/SYS, inc.) 4306 Upton Avenue South Minneapolis, Minnesota 88410 Phone (612) 929-7104 Now available: The Executive Speller™ . Allows on-the-fly corrections and specialized dictionaries. 25,000 word capacity. Suggested retail $75.00. relating to any problems. The error messages can be dif- ficult to understand without careful reading of the documentation. EDTASM/CMD is best understood by quoting the V2 user's manual: Thirty-five months ago Apparat converted TRS-80's tape-oriented editor/ assembler to: the 1. Read text from disk as well as cassette. 2. Write text and/or object to disk as well as cassette. . . 3. Allow scrolling to display up to 15 text lines. 4. Prevent the confusing printer output associated with DEFM. 5. List symbols in alphabetical order with reference list. 6. Accept and convert lowercase to upperjcase]. The manual also states that EDTASM is a modification of Radio Shack's copyrighted product, so all users must buy the original. In addition, Apparat provides documentation for the enhancements only. If you want to use EDTASM, you must have the manual for Radio Shack's tape-based editor assembler. CHAINBLD/BAS is a BASIC program that constructs or edits a job-control-language file (see above). The same file can be written more easily using Scripsit; however, with earlier versions of NEWDOS, you had to write a BASIC program to create the JCL file. The DEC TERMINALS FROM TRANSNET PURCHASE PUN • 12-24 MONTH FULL OWNERSHIP PLAN • 36 MONTH LEASE PUN PURCHASE PER MONTH DESCRIPTION PRICE 17 MOS 74 MOS 36 MOS LA36 DECwnler II $1,095 S1D5 $58 S 40 LAM DECwriler IV 995 95 53 36 LA34 DECwriler IV Forms Ctrl. .. 1,095 105 5B 40 LA120 DECwriler III KSR 2,295 220 122 83 LA120 DECwriler III RO 2,095 200 112 75 VT100 CRT DECscope 1,695 162 90 61 VT101 CRT DECscope 1,196 115 67 43 VT125 CRT Graphics 3,295 315 185 119 VT131 CRT DECscope 1,745 167 98 63 VT132 CRT DECscope 1,995 190 106 72 VT18XAC Personal Computer Option 2.395 230 128 86 TI745 Portable Terminal 1,595 153 85 58 TI765 Bubble Memory Terminal . 2,595 249 138 93 Tl Insight 10 Terminal 695 67 37 25 TI785 Portable KSR, 120 CPS. . . 2.395 230 128 86 TI787 Portable KSR. 120 CPS .. . 2,845 273 152 102 T1810 RO Printer 1,695 162 90 61 TI820 KSR Printer 2,195 211 117 80 ADM3A CRT Terminal 595 57 34 22 ADM5 CRT Terminal 645 62 36 24 ADM32 CRT Terminal 1,165 112 65 42 ADM42 CRT Terminal 1.995 190 106 72 EXCEL 12 CRT Terminal 1.695 162 90 61 EXCEL 42 Smart Buttered CRT . . 995 96 54 36 COLORSCAN 10 Color CRT 3,195 307 171 116 925 CRT Terminal 850 82 46 31 950 CRT Terminal 1,075 103 57 39 Letter Quality, 7715 RO 2.B95 278 154 104 Letter Quality, 7725 KSR 3,295 316 175 119 J^I-Mli-llVuJ-IIJ 2030 KSR Printer 30 CPS 1,195 115 67 43 q^HiMUMiHiiin 2120 KSR Printer 120 CPS 2,195 211 117 80 WWrHNT^M Executive 80/20 1,345 127 75 49 Uullkl^H Executive 80/30 1.695 162 90 61 MX-80 F/T Printer 745 71 42 27 MX-100 Printer 895 86 48 32 E0400 4 Channel Stat Mux 1,525 147 82 55 E0800 8 Channel Slal Mux 2,050 197 110 74 FULL OWNERSHIP AFTER 12 OR 24 MONTHS • 10% PURCHASE OPTION AFTER 36 MONTHS TEXAS INSTRUMENTS LEAR SIEGLER DATAMEOIA TELEV1DEO NEC SPINWRITER TIMEPLEX MICROCOMPUTERS APPLE • COMMODORE • HP85 • DEC LSI 1 1 ACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT ACOUSTIC COUPLERS • MODEMS • THERMAL PAPER • RIBBONS • INTERFACE MODULES • FLOPPY DISK UNITS ransNeti KAIVdlVt.1 CORPORATION 1945 ROUTE 22 • UNION, N.J. 07083 • (201) 688-7800 TWX 710-985-5485 800-526-4965 OUTSIDE N.J. CHAINBLD/BAS program is better than other versions that are on the market. The ASPOOL utility speeds program execution while output is being sent to a printer. Print-data is sent to a disk buffer and from there to the printer without delaying the program. Because disk output is much quicker than printer output, program execution continues when the printer would normally be active. ASPOOL was written by a consultant (H.S. Gentry), not by the Apparat staff, and it's an excellent program. One reviewer has said that the value of the spooler equaled the price of NEWSDOS/80. Compatibility The TRS-80 Models I and III have different ROMs, and no operating system can make them completely compati- ble. Yet, the ROMs are similar, and most programs will operate on both. The main problem is the transfer of soft- ware. TRSDOS for the Model III permits a limited trans- fer from the Model I's single-density disks, but not the reverse. V2 allows two-way transfers, and you can copy double-density disks created on either computer. If PDRIVE and SYSTEM are set correctly, either computer can read files and execute programs written by the other. With single-density disks, the WRDIRP command may have to be used, but that's simple. V2 seems to allow as much compatibility between the two computers as is possible. V2 for the Model I is a different system than that for the Model III. If you have both a Model I and a Model III, you will need V2 on both computers to use the disks interchangeably. Documentation The documentation for NEWDOS has been notorious- ly poor. The first versions were simply supplements to the TRSDOS documentation. NEWDOS/80 Version 2's documentation is much better. It consists of more than 260 pages of very detailed text with an index and a good table of contents, packaged in a three-ring binder. For the machine-language programmer, the documentation has a lot of technical detail. But the first-time user may have a problem. All the information you will need is in the documentation, but you need some understanding of operating systems to use it. The text is not a tutorial for the newcomer, but Ap- parat has tried to include examples for the novice, and it has mostly succeeded. Although you may have to do some studying, everything is spelled out in regard to com- mands, BASIC enhancements, and so forth. The problem is that the documentation is written by experts for ex- perts. For example, I doubt that anyone will be able to understand the file types without first understanding se- quential and random files in TRSDOS. Reference is even made to the TRSDOS manual. If V2 is a stand-alone sys- tem, it seems odd to expect people to buy the TRSDOS manual. If you want to use the most important features of V2, you should have no problem with the documenta- 398 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 451 on inquiry card. STOP SOFTWARE FAILURES Using a micro in a product sounds easy... One piece of software can make the difference between success and failure. What do you do when the software doesn't work? Over the years, we have seen many good products fail, either before or after they reached the market, because the microprocessor software did not do its job. WHAT WENT WRONG? Many of the failures occurred because the people programming the micro did not know how to organize a large control program. Those responsible for the pro- duct implementation were wizards at hardware design and had easily coded small micro control programs before. But the programming techniques that worked for less than 2K bytes of code simply fell apart as the program grew beyond 4K bytes. Unfortunately, the loops and tests and flags that work so well for a small pro- gram get out of control very rapidly as the program grows. Pretty soon, some of the things the program must do are not being done fast enough. The code gets too complicated, difficult to modify and unreliable. The result: another software failure! Fortunately, these problems can be avoided by using a program manager. You can divide your complex control pro- gram into a number of separate, more manageable programs, called tasks, each designed to do one job. For exam- ple, a Keyboard Task might handle user input; a Printer Task might generate re- ports. Each task can be written and tested separately and then combined to form a reliable, finished system. The program manager, called a multi- tasking executive, supervises the orderly execution of these tasks, assuring that the most important jobs always get done first. Tasks appearto be executing simul- taneously. It's almost like having a separ- ate CPU for each task! That is why professional software des- igners are now turning to AMX as the starting point for their product and sys- tem designs. They know that AMX will shield them from the difficulties of mana- ging the micro, freeing them to concen- trate on their application. AMX is our multitasking executive for the 8080, 8085, Z80 and 6809 proces- sors. We're rather proud of it. We made AMX compact, very fast, and ROMable to meet our own application needs. Even though the AMX nucleus is less than 1400 bytes in size, it features multiple task priorities, intertask message pas- sing with priority queuing, external event synchronization, and interval timing with 32-bit precision. Each feature is clearly explained in the AMX Reference Manual. RELIABILITY BUILT IN We don't know anyone who can write an executive without errors, so we thoroughly tested AMX in real applica- tions before ever offering it as a product. That is why not one system malfunction has ever been attributed to AMX. That kind of reliability just isn't an accident. HARDWARE INDEPENDENCE AMX does not require a particular hardware configuration. Of course, it does need a microprocessor, but even there we offer you a choice. You control your environment. You pick the I/O method. You decide the most optimum interrupt service technique for your sys- tem. AMX will support your choice. High level language interface modules are available separately to allow AMX to be used with most popular program- ming languages including PASCAL, C, PL/M and FORTRAN. Of course, you can also code in assembly language if required. Users of the CP/M and FLEX Opera- ting Systems can utilize our AMX inter- face modules to access information on diskette in realtime. COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION AMX can be judged by the quality of our documentation. The positive re- sponse from our users has exceeded our expectations. Our manuals are es- pecially valuable to those just being introduced to real-time multitasking. More experienced users will appreciate the fact that we deliver AMX source on diskette to permit AMX to be moved to the software development system of your choice. HOW TO ORDER A specification sheet and price list are available, free. Your check or money order for $75 will purchase the AMX Ref- erence Manual for immediate evaluation (specify 8080, 8085, Z80 or 6809 proces- sor). Add $25 for postage and handling outside USA and Canada. The standard AMX Multitasking Executive package, including source code, is available for $800 after signing our liberal license agreement. AMX is the choice of professionals the world over. Make it yours, today. KADAK Products Ltd. 1847 West Broadway Avenue Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6J 1Y5 Telephone (604) 734-2796 Telex 04-55670 IF CP/M is a trademark Of Digital Research Corp.; FLEX is a trademark ol Technical Systems Consultants. Inc.: Z80 is a trademark of Zilog Corp. Circle 253 on Inquiry card. tion that's supplied. But if you have no experience using a DOS, then you should expect to do a lot of studying. I hope that someone will write a V2 manual for the newcomer. Apparat has not done it. Conclusion The TRS-80 is now served by more than nine operating systems. In my opinion, a satisfactory system must pro- vide double-density operation, optimal compatibility be- tween the Model I and the Model III, and flexibility in system configuration. At least two DOSes meet these criteria: LDOS and NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0. (See "LDOS— Disk Operating System for the TRS-80," by Tim Daneliuk, March 1982 BYTE, page 372.) They are both superior to any operating system I have used on any mini- or microcomputer. If they were designed for a less common machine, they would cost many thousands of dollars. In fact, if purchased separately, the cost of a few of the utilities in NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 would prob- ably be more than the complete operating system. I believe that NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 is the most powerful operating system available for the TRS-80 Models I and III. As far as I know, it has all of the impor- tant features of other operating systems for TRS-80s. Some DOSes may have other options, such as the filter- ing procedures of LDOS, but those are made up for by such things as V2's BASIC enhancements, Superzap and other utilities, and by improved file types. Above all, V2's flexibility in supporting various system con- figurations and allowing compatibility between the Models I and III is outstanding. Given my choice, I would rather own an Aston Martin than a Ferrari, but I recognize that the choice is subjec- tive. The choice between NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 and some of its competitors may be equally subjective, but it's one of the best operating systems ever designed. ■ For The Best In Price, Selection and Delivery, Call Now TOLL FREE 800-368-3404 (In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695) Special! While Th SOROC TERMINALS ONLY S625 ONLY S525 ONLY S659 AMPEX'INTERTEC'TEXAS INSTRUMENTS'GENERAL DATA COMM.»ANDERSONJACOBSON»C.ITOH»QUME • BEEHIVE* DATASOUTH- DIABLO -CENTRONICS • NEC • PRENTICE ONLY $1 975 ONLY $2350 ONLY $2750 BZBEiEE Call SUPERBRAIN MICROS INTERTEC: 64K DD 64KQD 64K SD (S6TPI) DDS-10Meg (Hard Disk) .. . DATASOUTH: NEC: 7710 $2196 7715 Call for Special Price 7730 $2196 7720 Call for Special Price 7725 Call for Special Price Std. Forms Tractor $ 200 3510 $1690 DIABLO: 630-R102RO . . $1995 QUME: Sprint 5, 55RO $2339 Sprint 5, 55KSR Call Sprint 9, 45RO, Limited Panel $1845 Full Panel $1969 Std. Forms Tractor $ 199 Bi-Dir. Forms Tractor $ 199 CENTRONICS: 739-1 (Parallel) $ 649 739-3 (Serial) Call for Special Price TERMINALS AMPEX: Dialogue 30 $ 775 Dialogue 80 $ 939 BEEHIVE: (SMART DISPLAY) DM5 Call DM5A Call DM31 0(31 01 Emulator) Call NOTE: IBM and Burroughs compatible ter- minals available. Please inquire. C. ITOH CIT 101 $1350 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS: 745 Standard $1390 745 Std. (Reconditioned) . . . Call 810 Basic $1249 810 Package $1439 820 Package RO Package $1610 820 RSR Package Call 840 RO Basic $ 795 840 RO Tractor Feed Pkg. .$1059 COUPLERS STAR: 300 Baud $ 124 DISC DRIVES QUME: Data Trak 5 . . . $325 or 2 for $599 Data Trak 8 . . $549 or 2 for $ 1 049 SOFTWARE BISYNC-80RJE $ 769 Wordstar $ 319 Data Star $ 215 Cobol $ 789 Forms2(CobolGen.) $ 179 Mail Merge $ 99 Spell Guard $ 229 Plan 80 $ 249 Super Calc $ 249 Milestone $ 249 In addition, we can make EIA RS232 or RS449 cables to your order, and supply you with ribbons, printer stands, print wheels, thimbles for all printers listed. And many, many more items. CALL NOW. All items shipped freight collect either motor freight or UPS unless otherwise specified. VISA and MasterCards welcomed; add 3% for credit card pur- chases. Virginia residents, add 4% Sales Tax. For fastest delivery, send certified check, money order or bank-wire transfer. Sorry, no C.O.D. orders. All equipment is in factory cartons with manufacturers' warranty. Prices subject to change without notice. Most items are in stock now. MasterCard TERMflBLS TeBBIFtt J Terminals Terrific, Incorporated, P.O. Box 216 , Merrifield, VA22116, 800-368-3404 (In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695). 400 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 447 on inquiry card. EPSON PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES If you buy your EPSON somewhere else you'll probably pay too much! Common Features of the MX80, MX80FT A MX 100 Printers * 80 characters per second * Tractor/pin feed paper flow * Replaceable print head by user * Extreme reliability * User projjramable from BASIC " 12 type fonts under software control * Bi-directional logic seeking prlnthead * 9x9 & 9x18 matrix ' 96 ASCII characters * Programable form feeds * Programable tabs (vert./horz.) * Compressed/expanded letters ' Cartridge ribbons * Parallel interface standard * Self-test mode * Double strike & emphasized modes MX80 . ...The Printer that started it all. All of the above features plus extreme ease of use. Complete TRS80 block graphics set as well as user selectable international symbols. Gives correspondence quality printing in several user selectable modes. Dip switch pins may be set for dedicated applications. Complete forms programability from BASIC software. MX80FT All the features of the MX80 but with FRICTION feed as well for the use of single sheets of paper or roll paper. An exceptional buy for the user needing the single sheet capability. In the compressed mode 132 characters can be printed acrossthe width of a page which means it can be used for any printouts that normally need a 15 inch wide printer. MX100... An exceptional printer with a extra quiet printhead and extra heavy duty construction for the intense use of a business environment. Does not havethe TRS80 graphic blocks but comes standard with Bit-Image graphics which allow the user control of individual dots for designing specialized graphs, symbols, etc. A best buy for business use. MX70 For the budget minded a excellent entry level printer. It has most all of the features mentioned above including Bit-Image graphics in place of the TRS80 graphic blocks set. The Printer is unidirectional only. Expandable text can be printed but not compressed. Only single density printings is supported on the MX70. An inexpensive heavy duty printer. BEST prices on Epson Printers All Printers & accessories in STOCK now!!! EPSON ACCESSORIES, INTERFACES & CABLES GRAPHTRAX 80 option (bit-image/italics).$79 EPSON PACK 2 - GRAFTRAX CABLE Model I interlace 4 Model III $35 version for MX80, SOFT & MX100. This $25 if purchased with EPSON printer package includes updated versions of CABLE 4 INTERFACE to Model I key board. .$85 modules in original Epson Pack. A screen APPLE interlace 4 cable $89 oriented BIT IMAGE GRAPHICS generator util- GRAPPLER Apple hi resolution graphics..$Call 'V is provided. Create your special iccc r„.»rfo^» i -ohiwrnu/D,.!! «7o characters, symbols, etc. directly on your *ta J? h? ? ?£ ( «™ ■ ? L i Ill monilor and *« send '° P" nler WntwS In- ATARI cable (must have 850 interface) $35 c \ u< j BS co q e to generate graphics and will SERIAL RS232 2k buffered int. card $149 save needed code as BASIC program line to RS COLOR computer to Epson card/cable. .$59 disk. Then MERGE these into your BASIC pro 8ram. Also demo programs showing use of •J*P»8*a r i , P hies. Full documentation. INTRO SPECIAL: $24.93 with printer or ___ ._„ _..„, QRAFTRAX. $34.95 separately. $7.50 for $CALL 800-433-5184 upd.t. c ^ Ep .on P « k PRINTERS MATRIX PRINTERS EPSON MX70 $CALL EPSON MX80 $CALL EPSON MX80 FT $CALL EPSON MX1 00 FT $CALL LINE PRINTER VII RS $325 NEC 8023 A $495 C. ITOH8510 $495 OKI DATA 82A $499 OKI DATA 82A w/tractor $559 OKI DATA 83 A $769 LINE PRINTER VIII RS $649 CENTRONICS 739paral el $599 CENTRONICS 739 seria $749 OKIDATA84/200cps $1295 LINE PRINTER VI RS $988 CENTRONICS 704 $1559 ANADEX 9500/01 2k but $1295 TEXAS INST. 810 Basic $1595 LINE PRINTER V RS $1549 Centronics 352 / 200 cps $1795 Centronics 353 / dual m ode, 200cps data proa, 50cps super letter quality $2495 LETTER QUALITY Daisy Wheel / Splnwrlters C. ITOHF-1 0/40 cps $1595 DAISY WHEEL MRS $1695 NEC SPINWRITERS 3510RS232 $1795 3530 Centronics pa'lel $1795 7710 Read Only $2375 7710 R/O w/tractor $2575 7720 kybd w/tractor $2750 7730 R/O parallel $2375 7730 R/O par.w/tract. $2575 DIABLO 630 R/O $2350 DIABLO 630 keyboard $2850 QUME 9/35 R/O $1850 QUME 9/35 keyboard $1950 QUME 9/45 limited $2295 QUME 9/55 limited $2395 Interfaces & cables available for most printers with any TRS80, Apple, Atari & most other com- puters. $$$$CALL FOR PRICES! LINE PRINTERS CENTRONICS 6080/81 600 lines per minute high speed band printer. For ser- ious business applications. 608I standard $7676 6080 quietized cabinet $6399 HIGH RESOLUTION MONITOR NEC green monitor NEC color monitor $179 $349 ALTOS COMPUTERS $CALL TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS Offers Lowest Prices on l CORVUS HARD DISKS CALL FOR PRICES $$$$$ MODEL II 64k $3248 MODEL I1 1 Drive Expansion. ..$995 MODEL II 2 Drive Expansion. .$1495 MODEL II 3 Drive Expansion.$1995 Radio Shack HARD DISK $3995 TCS 1 Drive/single cabinet $849 TCS 1 Drive/triple cabinet $949 TCS 2 Drive/triple cabinet.. .$1424 TCS 3 Drive/triple cabinet.. .$1899 TCS uses original Shugart drives MODEL 16 1 Drive $4499 MODEL 16 2 Drive $5199 DT-1 DATA TERMINAL $629 Add 5, 1 or 20 megabytes of storage to your TRS80, Apple, Atari, Heath, Zenith, Intertec, IBM, S-100and many others. One or sev- eral computers can share a hard disk. Get simultaneous access to data for multiple users. Available NOW at SUPER SAVINGS! DEALERS-You can buy CORVUS from us for lest. Call & SAVE. COLOR COMPUTERS Orginal mfg. warranty on these items: 4K Level 1 $308 16K Level 1 $439 16K Extended Basic $459 32K Extended Basic $569 Color Disk 0...$499 Disk 1...$349 TCS 180 day Limited warranty on TCS items: 16K Level 1 $369 16K Extended Basic $439 32K Extended Basic $499 32K Upgrade Kit (TCS) $79 EPSON/COLOR lnt.& cable $59 MDDPI III fcl RVTF P.ihliraUnn^ Inr NOW YOUR COMPUTER CAN MAKE PERSONAL-TO-PERSONAL PHONE CALLS. A Hayes modem makes it possible. Your personal computer could be do- ing a lot more for you. It could be communi- cating over ordinary telephone lines with any location in North America. . .any time of the day or night. With the help of a Hayes modem (Smartmodem™ Micromodem II™ and Micromodem 100®), you can send and receive reports from your home or office, and exchange messages or pro- grams with personal computer owners hundreds of miles away. You can even get the stock reports, today's Washington Post, airline schedules and movie reviews by subscribing to one of several informa- tion utilities. The possibilities seem end- less. Modems are clearly the way of the future. And Hayes leads the way— today Smartmodem is a smart buy. When it comes to features and per- formance, Smartmodem tops the 300-baud modem market. With the Smartmodem, your IBM Personal Computer, TRS-80 Model II™ XEROX 820 -or any computer with RS-232C I/O —can communicate with all other computers using Bell 103- type modems. Smartmodem can answer calls, dial numbers, receive and transmit data, and disconnect ... all automatically. Many cheaper modems connect to a telephone receiver, which can cause distortions and transmission losses. Smartmodem plugs right into your telephone jack ... no phone needed! And thanks to an internal speaker, you can actually listen to your connection being made. That way you'll know immediately if the line is busy or if you reached a wrong number. No wonder Smartmodem is, well, a 35. uirect-uurirteui iviicrurn mto see why more Apple Hayes smart modem. And it stacks neatly atop other Hayes peripherals, like the Hayes Stack Chronograph™ RS-232C calendar/clock. Micromodem II... exclusively for Apple ll®owners. The same quality and automatic features associated with Hayes Smartmodem are built right in the Hayes direct-connect Micromodem II. It's easy to see why more Apple II owners choose Hayes Micromodem II than any other modeminthe world. Don't settle for anything less than Hayes. . .Smartmodem, Micromodem II and Micromodem 100 for S-100 bus computers. Available at com- puter stores nationwide. Put your personal computer on the line! I'm ready to talk! Please send info on: □ Smartmodem □ Micromodem 100 □ Micromodem II □ Chronograph Name Address Zip MAIL TO: Hayes Microcomputer Products .. 5835 Peachtree Comers East Norcross, Georgia 30092 OR CALL: (404) 449-8791 Smartmodem, Chronograph, Micromodem II and Micromodem 100 are trademarks of Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc. © 1982 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. TRS-80 Model II is atrade- mark ot Radio Shack. XEROX" and 820 are trademarks ot XEROX CORPORATION. Apple II is atrademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Circle 209 on Inquiry card. System Notes Adapting "Harvesting the Sun's Energy" for the Commodore PET Jerry Berry 11558 East Wesley Ave. Aurora, CO 80014 My July 1981 BYTE with "Harvesting the Sun's Energy" by George Mobus (page 48) arrived just as I was completing the framework for mounting solar collectors at my home in Aurora, Colorado. I wasted no time in adapting his program, which helps determine the amount of solar energy received by a flatplate collector, to run on my PET, which uses the upgraded ROMs (read-only memories). Though the majority of the changes necessary were in the print routines, it was also necessary to replace the backslash with the PET colon for multiple statements on a single line. The program in listing 1 directs the questions and answers to the PET video display and then formats and directs the output to a printer (identified as device #4 on the PET IEEE-488 bus). Lines 140 to 250 perform this function and can be modified if a different output channel or device is desired. Lines 240 to 244 set up the format for the printer and assume that a formattable printer, such as the Commodore 2022, is available. A run for my Aurora location is shown in listing 2. A comparison of this run with others at various tilt angles convinced me that 55 degrees was the best compromise between winter performance and overall yearly heat gain.B Listing 1: BASIC program adapted to run on the Commodore PET with the upgraded ROMs. It calculates the total energy falling on a flatplate collector for various combinations of tilt angle, azimuth (south = 0°), and location. This program is an adaptation of the one by George Mobus that appears in the July 1981 BYTE, page 50. 10 REM. . .COMPUTE AND PRINT DRILY SOLAR 30 REM... FLUX ON FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR 35 REM... FROM JULV 81 EVTE, 0. E. M0EUS 40 RESTORE 50 CLOSE 1 •• CLOSE 2 : CLOSE 3 SO PR I NT "3" 70 DIM I ai) :F=rr/180 30 PR I NT "TABLE OF BEAM RADIATION SOLAR 90 PRINT: PRINT 100 PRINT"ENTER DATA (DECIMAL VALUES;' 110 PRINT: INPUT "LATITUDE". ;L-"L=L*F 120 PRINT •• INPUT "TILT ANGLE" , T ■' T=T*F 130 PRINT •' INPUT "AZIMUTH ANGLE" , fl : A=A*F 140 OPEN 1,4 150 CMD 1 ISO PR I NT "3".; TAB (26: 170 PRINTTAB(24)"BT! 171 PRINT 172 PRINTTAB(10>, "LATITUDE 404 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc AS REQUESTED" "TABLE OF SOLAR RAD I AT I OH" PER SQUARE FOOT PER HOUR" ".;L/F.; TILT ANGLE T/F.:" AZIMUTH^ " .; fl/F Listing 1 continued on page 406 THE FORTH SOURCE TM FORTH DISKS WITH DOCUMENTATION PRICE flg-FORTH Model and Source Listing, with printed Installation Manual and Source Listing. □ APPLE II B'A □ 8080/Z80® 8 □ 8086/8088 8 □ H89/Z89 5% $65.00 D APPLE 11/11+ by MicroMotion. Version 2. FORTH-79 Standard, editor, assembler, 200 pg manual, 5A 100.00 a APPLE II/II+ COMBO 1 by MicroMotion. Version 2. All of the above plus floating point and HiRes Turtle graphics 140.00 □ APPLE II by Kuntze. fig-FORTH editor, assembler, source listing and screens, 5Y, 90.00 □ ATARI* by Pink Noise Studio. fig-FORTH, editor, assembler, missile graphics, sound and handle drivers, 5A 90.00 □ CP/M by MicroMotion. Version 2.x. FORTH-79 Standard, editor, assembler. 200 pg manual, 8 100.00 □ CP/M Combo 1 by MicroMotion. 2.x. All of the above plus floating point. 140.00 □ CROMEMCO® by Inner Access fig-FORTH editor, assembler, 5'A or 8 100.00 D H89/ZB9 by Haydon. fig-FORTH Stand Alone, source, editor, assembler & tutorial on disk. 5'A 250.00 D H89/Z89 by Haydon. fig-FORTH, CP/M* , source, editor.assembler, & tutorial on disk, 5/, 175.00 □ HP-85 by Lange. fig-FORTH, editor and assembler, 5% 90.00 D IBM® PC/FORTH by Laboratory Microsystems, fig- NEW FORTH, editor and assembler. Manual, 5% 100.00 □ IBM-Floating Point by Laboratory Microsystems. Requires PC/FORTH. Specify software or for AMD 9511, AMD 9512 or Intel 8087 100.00 □ IBM-Cross Compiler by Laboratory Microsystems. Requires PC/FORTH. (Nautilus Systems Model) D PET® by FSS. fig-FORTH editor and assembler, 5/, □ PET® with floating point, strings, disk I/O D TRS-80/I by Nautilus Systems. fig-FORTH, editor and assembler, 5'A D TRS-80/I or III by Miller Microcomputer Services. MMSFORTH, FORTH-79 subset, editor, assembler, dbl-precision, arrays, utilities & applications. 210 pg. manual, 5'A Q 6800 by Talbot Microsystems. fig-FORTH, editor, assembler, disk I/O, FLEX" 5!4 or 8 D 6809 by Talbot Microsystems. fig-FORTH, editor, assembler, disk I/O, FLEX® 5/, or 8 □ 6809 Enhanced 2nd screen editor, macroassembler, tutorial, tools and utilities, FLEX 250.00 □ Z80 by Laboratory Microsystems. Editor and assembler, CP/M, 8 50.00 □ Z80, floating point, requires Z80 above 150.00 □ Z80, AMD 9511 support, requires Z80 above 150.00 □ Z80 by Inner Access. Editor, assembler and manual, CP/M, 8 100.00 □ 8080 by Inner Access. Editor, assembler, and manual, CP/M, 8 100.00 D 8086/88 by Laboratory Microsystems. Editor, assembler, CP/M-86® , 8 100.00 □ 8086/88 with floating point, CP/M-86 200.00 D 8086/88 with AMD 9511 support CP/M-86 200.00 I J "FORTH PROGRAMMING AIDS" by Curry Assoc. PRICE NEW Decompiler, Subroutine Decompiler, Callfinder and Translator requires fig-FORTH nucleus. Specify CP/M, 8" or Apple 3.3, 5% 150.00 CROSS COMPILER DISKS Allows extending, modifying and compiling tor speed and memory savings, can also produce ROMable code. Nautilus (NS), Talbot Microsystems (TM), Laboratory Microsystems (LM) and Inner Access (IA). □ CP/M (NS) 200.00 O H89/Z89 (NS) 200.00 □ TRS80/1 (NS) 200.00 a Northstar (NS) 200.00 D 6809 (TM) 350.00 ' Requires FORTH disk FORTH MANUALS, GUIDES, & DOCUMENTS a IBM (LM)' 300.00 D 8086 (LM)' 300.00 O Z80 (LM)' 200.00 D CP/M (IA) 450.00 a Cromemco (IA) 450.00 I i "All About FORTH" by Haydon. Ideograms (words) of NEW fig-FORTH, FORTH-79, Starting FORTH and much more. A MUST! A public domain product. "FORTH Encyclopedia" by Baker and Derick. A NEW complete programmer's manual to fig-FORTH with FORTH-79 references. Flow Charted □ "Starting FORTH" by Brodie. Prentice Hall. Best user's manual available, (soft cover) I I "Starting FORTH" (hard cover) '. "METAFORTH" by Cassady. Cross compiler with 8080 code. Proceedings of Technical Conferences □ "1980 FORML" (FORTH Modification Laboratory) D "1981 FORML" Two Volume Set □ "1981 Rochester University" MORE FORTH BOOKS & MANUALS □ "Systems Guide $20.00 25.00 16.00 20.00 30.00 25.00 40.00 25.00 □ 300.00 to fig-FORTH" 90.00 □ "Using FORTH" 150.00 □ "A FORTH Primer" 90.00 D "Caltech FORTH Manual" D "Threaded Interpretive 130.00 Languages" □ "Invitation to FORTH" 100.00 □ "PDP-11 FORTH User's Manual" 100.00 D "AIM FORTH User's Manual" 25.00 25.00 25.00 12.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 12.00 "APPLE® (MicroMotion) User's Manual" "CP/M® (MicroMotion) User's Manual" "TRS-80® MMSFORTH User's Manual" "FORTH-79 Standard" "Tiny Pascal in fig-FORTH" "FORTH-79 Standard Conversion" INSTALLATION DOCUMENTS ! Installation Manual for fig-FORTH, contains FORTH model, glossery, memory map, and instructions Source Listings of fig-FORTH, for specific CPU's and computers. The above installation manual is required for implementation. Each 20.00 20.00 18.50 15.00 10.00 10.00 $15.00 15.00 LJ 1802 Li 6502 □ 6800 □ AlphaMicro □ 8080 □ 8086/88 □ 9900 □ APPLE II® □ PACE □ 6809 D NOVA □ PDP-11/LSI/11 FORTH PROGRAMMING DISKS D "MVP-FORTH" byHaydon & Boutelle. An extended NEW program development system. Based on "All About FORTH" and optimized for CP/M and 8080/Z80. A public domain product. 8 inch $ 75.00 ORDERS ONLY (415) 961-4103 DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED Ordering Information: Check, Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC.), VISA or MasterCard accepted. No COD'e or unpaid PO's. California residents add 6V4 % sales tax. Shipping costs in US Included in price. Foreign orders, pay In US funds on US bank, Include for handling and shipping by Air: $5.00 for each Item under $25.00, $10.00 for each item between $25.00 and $99.00 and $20.00 for each Item over $100.00. Minimum order $10.00. All prices and products subject to change or withdrawal without notice. Single system and/or single user license agreement required on some products. Specializing in the FORTH Language MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC. PO BOX 4656 MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 (415)961-4103 Circle 327 on Inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 405 System Notes — — — — — ^ — ■^^^— ^^— Listing 1 continued: 174 PRINT ISO PRINT :PRIHTSPC<35>.;"S0LHR HOUR" 1*50 PRINTSPCC'18^ i "MORNING" ; SPC < 1 2 > .; "NOON"; SPCdO), "AFTERNOON' 208 PRINT" MONTH".:: FOR J=7 TO 12 : PRINTSPC<2) i J J ■ NEXT J 210 FOR J= 1TO 5:pRINTSPC<2); J; -NEXT J ■'PRINT" TOTAL" 220 PRINT'SPC<3)-'F0R I = 1 TO 70-'PRINT"="; -NEXT I : PRINT"*" 230 PRINT#1 : CLOSE 1 240 OPEN 2,4,2 24i PRINT#2'" 99 93999 9'39 339 99'3'J 9999" J 242 PPINT#2-" 9999 999 999 999 999 999 99999" 244 CLOSE 2 250 OPEN 3,4,1 260 FOR Q=l TO 12 270 READ N^H=75:P=0 280 FOR E = 1 TO 11 290 Hl=H*F^OOSUE 350 : I = I : H=H~15 : P=P+I CB) 300 NEXT E 318 PR I NT#3 , SPC < 5 > ; Q ; ■' FOR 2=1 TO 1L PR I NT#3 ,1(2); : NEX i 320 NEXT Q 330 PRINT#3: CLOSE 3 340 PR I NT "END OF RUN": END 350 REM ...SUBROUTINE TO COMPUTE 360 REM. ... SOLAR INSOLATION PER HOUR 370 I =42y* ( 1 + ( . 034*CQS < 368*N/3b5*'F ) > ) 380 D=23.45*SIN(360*<284+N)/3b5*F> :E=D*F 390 S=SIN'::L>*SIN(D> + (COS(L>*COS*COS> 400 M=SQR < 1 229+ ( 6 1 4*8 > t2 ) - ( 6 1 4*S ) 410 IF M>94.976 THEN El=0 : GOTO 438 428 E1=EXP<-.65*N> 430 E2=EXP-:-.095*M) 440 1=1*. 56* ( E 1 + E2 ) 450 C=SIN**COS*SIN>) 468 C=C+COS(D; i *COS(Hl>*(COS(L>*COS(T) + (SIN(L)*SIN(T)*COS(Fl 470 i":=C+COS ( D > *S I N < T ) *S I N < H > *S I N '■■ H 1 > 480 I=I*C-R=INT : 0=.I-R 490 IF 0>.5 THEN I=R+l:COTO 51 6 500 I=R 510 IF KS THEN 1=0 520 RETURN 53Q DHTH21 , 52, 88, 1 1 1 , 141 , 172, 282, 233, 264, 294, 325, 355 REfiDV. FRINT#3,F Listing 2 is on page 408 YOUR LAP: WORK STATION Turn your favorite chair into a computer work station. The Northern Bytes Keyboard Lap Desk holds information to be entered right above the keyboard at an eye-pleasing angle. No neck craning. No sliding papers. No hands. Works with all computers/keyboards up to six inches high. Easily holds an open magazine (enter programs from Byte'.). Made of light but sturdy, smokey-gray plexiglass in a flowing shape. $3zg5 . Includes shipping. 'West of Mississippi, add $2.00. Try our ten-day money-back offer. Send check or money order. NORTHERN BYTES Box 309, Spofford, NH 03462 603/363-8908 406 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 338 on inquiry card. Circle 425 on inquiry card. - ■%, ■ ij* ■ »S^\ . * ; . fe* " LASTING MEMORY™ The LASTING MEMORY 1 " uses byte-wide electrically eraseable PROM's (E 2 PROM's) to bring ease of firmware development and non-volatile memory to the S100 bus. An E 2 PROM programmer on this 32K (8 bit only) board gen- erates all required timing and voltages. Single bytes can be erased and written using normal memory write instructions. E 2 PROM's can be operated and programmed in the same socket. All sockets also accomodate static RAM's and 2716 type EPROM's. Prices for the LASTING MEMORY 1 " start at $299 without memory IC's. Call or write for pricing on additional configurations. For your general memory needs, remember THE LAST MEMORY 7 " 64 K static RAM/EPROM board for 8 bit S100 systems. Prices start at less than $100. r-* static memory systems inc. 15 So. Van Burcn Ave. Suite 209 Freeport, Illinois 61032 (815) 235-8713 9 A.M. to 4 P.M. Monday - Friday MC, VISA accepted All prices net, FOB Freeport, /L OEM discounts available Dealer inquiries invited. System Notes — — — — — — — — — — —^— — — ^ — — mm ^ m — Listing 2: Sample output of the program in listing 1. By running the program for various values of tilt angle, I determined that 55 degrees provided the best compromise of winter performance and overall yearly heat gain. TABLE OF SOLAR RADIATION BTUS PER SQUARE FOOT PER HOUR LATITUDE : 39. S TILT ANGLE-' 45 AZIMUTH' SOLAR HOUR noRNiNi: j NOOK 1 AFTERHL ii MONTH _____ 9 10 11 12 1 2 :sssss 4 5 TOTAL i 66 143 207 243 264 243 207 143 66 1534 2 20 95 173 233 mmVmm 237 k'yii' 233 173 35 20 1315 3 41 116 194 253 301 316 301 253 134 116 41 2138 4 43 123 138 2 c i9 299 313 233 259 138 123 43 2163 5 49 120 130 247 284 237 284 247 1 90 120 43 lit 1 1 i 6 48 117 185 240 276 lioo 276 240 185 117 48 2020 mm t 49 119 183 245 mm Vim 235 282 245 189 113 43 2063 8 49 122 136 256 236 303 236 256 136 122 43 2147 3 41 115 132 256 238 312 238 256 132 115 41 2116 10 19 33 170 235 lit i y 232 235 170 33 13 1 882 11 64 140 204 246 261 246 204 140 64 1 563 12 50 127 131 ,_ J-.! 247 "w 131 127 50 1443 A REFURBISHED DAISY WHEEL TERMINAL FOR PERSONAL COMPUTER USERS AND SMALL BUSINESSES. Now you can have letter-qualit y printin g and professional features for just $1,295.* £» AJ daisy wheel printer terminals are renowned for exceptional performance, high reliability, and applications versatility. Now you can have all this for only $1,295* in our special limited offer. • 30 cps letter-quality printing J • Changeable type faces • Full ASCII keyboard with numeric pad • High resolution X-Y plotting • Complete electronic forms control • 128-character buffer • Asynchronous RS-232 interface • Printwheel, ribbon cartridge, , and cable included f • 30-day parts/labor warranty M Q: And you can choose from a list of options including forms tractor, pin-feed platen, paper trays, side shelves, extra printwheels, APL keyboard and 2K buffer Call your nearest AJ regional i office for details: San Jose, CA (408) 946-2900; Rosemont, IL 9(312) 671 -7155; Hackensack, NJ (201) 488-2525. Or check the phone book for the number of your local AJ sales/service office. 'Price excludes options and is subject to change without notice. Model shown includes certain options. Otter available only in the contiguous U.S. v ANDERSON JACOB5QN 408 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 26 on inquiry card. BOY IS THIS COSTING YOU It's really quite basic: time is money. And BASIC takes a lot more time and costs a lot more money than it should every time you write a new business software package. Especially when you could speed things up with dBASE II. dBASE II is a complete applications development package. Users tell us they've cut the amount of code they write by up to 80% with dBASE II. Because dBASE II is the high performance relational database management system for micros. Database and file handling operations are done automatically so you don't get involved with sets, lists, pointers, or even opening and closing of files. Instead, you write your code in concepts. And solve your customers' problems faster and for a lot less than with BASIC (or FORTRAN, COBOL or PL/I). dBASE II uses English-like commands. dBASE II uses a structured language to put you in full control of your data handling operations. It has screen handling facilities for setting up input and output forms. It has a built-in query facility, including multi- key and sub-field searches, so you can DISPLAY some or all of the data for any conditions you want to apply. You can UPDATE, MODIFY and REPLACE entire databases or individual characters. CREATE new databases in minutes, or JOIN data- bases that already exist. APPEND new data almost instantly, whether the file has 10 records or tens of thousands. SORT the data on as many keys as you want. Or INDEX it instead, then FIND whatever you're looking for in seconds, even using floppies. Organize months worth of data in minutes with the built-in REPORT. Or control every row and column on your CRT and your printer, to format input and output exactly the way you want it. You can do automatic calculations on fields, records and entire databases with a few keystrokes, with accuracy to 10 places. Change your data or your entire database structure without re-entering all your data. And after you're finished, you can protect all that elegant code with our run- time compiler. Expand your clientbase with dBASE II. With dBASE II, you'll write programs a lot faster and a lot more efficiently. You'll be able to write more programs for more clients. Even take on the smaller jobs that were out of the economic question before. Those nice little foot-in-the-data- base assignments that grow into bigger and better bottom lines. Your competitors know of this offer. The price of dBASE II is $700 but you can try it free for 30 days. Call for our Dealer Plan and OEM run-time package prices, then take us up on our money-back guarantee. Send us your check and we'll send you a copy of dBASE II that you can exercise on your CP/M (S) system any way you want for 30 days. Then send dBASE II back and we'll return all of your money, no questions asked. During that 30 days, you can find out exactly how much dBASE II can save you, and how much more it lets you do. But it's only fair to warn you: business programmers don't go back to BASIC'S. AshtonTate, 9929 Jefferson, Los Angeles, CA 90230. (213) 204-5570. Ashton-Tate ©Ashton-Tate 1981 ©CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Circle 42 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 409 T AFT Terminal Apple with File Transfer Low-cost telecommunication capability for the Apple II Has your Apple computer ever sat around alone and unused on a Satur- day night? TAFT (Terminal Apple with File Transfer) is a short but use- ful program that turns an Apple II into a simple CRT terminal. With it, you can access the host computer at school or work and reach data in computer bulletin-board systems. TAFT has two main functions. First, it handles the interchange of in- dividual characters between a serial communications port, the keyboard, and the CRT display to make the Apple function as a simple terminal. Second, the program transfers the contents of text files (bidirectionally) between the Apple floppy-disk drives and the host computer disk storage. Like any CRT terminal, your Apple can give commands to, and in- terchange data with, a host com- puter. The host computer could be located in the same building as the Apple or, with the aid of a modem (modulator/demodulator) and your telephone, it could be across the country. Rather than staying late at work to finish what you're doing on the host computer, you can have din- ner with your family at home, use your Apple II to call the host com- puter, and finish your task later in the evening. The user load on the host computer during off hours is prob- About the Author Tom Gabriele has been an electrical engineer for more than 15 years. He is interested in the application of microcomputers to music and chess. Tom Gabriele Cardigan Rd. Timonium, MD 21093 ably much lighter. Therefore, the host computer can give you more of its undivided attention and will ex- hibit faster response and throughput. TAFT Ignores any input from Its keyboard and communication line while It writes the contents of Its receive buffer to disk. You should be able to use TAFT, without modification, as a terminal with any host computer. As written, however, TAFT will exchange disk files only with a DEC (Digital Equip- ment Corporation) VAX-11 time- sharing host computer running the standard VMS operating system. (VAX and VMS are trademarks of DEC.) But without access to a VAX-11, you can still use TAFT to exchange files with your host com- puter because only two of its Apple- soft statements (280 and 630) are "VAX -specific." The purpose and content of both statements are thoroughly described here, allowing you to easily modify TAFT to ex- change files with other hosts. TAFT communicates with its host computer using the RS-232 serial interface. The only hardware re- quired by TAFT is a serial I/O (in- put/output) interface board. (An ap- propriate board is available from Electronic Systems, POB 21638, San Jose, CA 95151, telephone (408) 448-0800.) This board provides the full-duplex (send and receive simultaneously) bipolar voltage in- put/output as specified by the RS-232 standard. It is available without parts as a "bare board"; with all parts as a kit; and assembled and tested. (I pur- chased the kit and had it assembled and working in one evening.) The RS-232 serial interface is asyn- chronous, meaning that the serial se- quence of bits for each character is synchronized independently — mak- ing a separate clock signal unneces- sary. The data-in, data-out, and ground signals from this board may be connected directly to the host com- puter at one of its RS-232 ports. Alternately, the board can be at- tached to a modem for remote com- munication with the host computer. TAFT has been extensively tested with the serial board speed set at 300 bps (bits per second), about 30 char- acters per second. The majority of readily available, inexpensive modems operate at this data rate and most are compatible with the Bell-103 standard. Although 30 characters per second may seem a little slow (and it is for large file transfers), it permits you to immediately monitor what the host computer is sending as it is send- ing it. Faster data rates flash the char- acters by on the screen too rapidly to be read. If the Apple is directly con- nected to the host computer, much faster data rates are practical. Since the heart of the program's 410 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Shugart, Qume, Tandon, MPI, Siemens, Remex, Altos, Apple, Epson, NEC, Tally and more. Apple II Add-on Disk Drive (Runs 3.2 or 3.3 DOS) MPI 92-M (( for only $339£Q~)) DISK DRIVES Shugart SA 400 $230 SA 450 $285 SA 800/801 $385 SA 850/851 $535 Qume DT-8 $479 DT-5 $285 Tandon TM100-1 $225 TM100-2 $285 TM100-3 $285 TM100-4 $399 TM848-1 $449 TM848-2 $549 COMPUTERS Altos 8000-1 8000-12 8000-14 Call for price $389 Siemens FDD 200-8 $525 FDD 100-8 $370 Tandon Winchester TM 602-5MB $1040 TM 603-1 0MB $1199 Corvus 5MB $2999 10MB Call 20MB for Mirror Backup price Contact F PRINTERS Epson MX-80 $469 MX 80 FT $569 MX 100 $769 Tally MT1602 $1399 MT1605 $1399 MT1802 $1699 MT1805 $1699 NEC - Spinwriter Model 7710 $2339 Model 7720 $2690 Model 7730 $2340 Model 7715 $2599 Model 7725 $3100 PC 8023 $ 625 Data Products D50 $1499 Prices are subject to change without notice. RDSJnc. PERSONAL COMPUTERS 2630 Walnut Avenue, Suite H, Tustin, CA 92680 (714) 730-7207 •INCLUDES CABLE AND CABINET Circle 375 on Inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 411 character-handling portion is written in assembly language, it should be able to operate as a terminal and transfer files at speeds much higher than 300 bps. A problem could de- velop with high-speed file transmis- sion from the Apple to the host if the Apple sends characters faster than the host can accept them. Some hosts will send a Control S character back to the terminal telling it to delay sending more characters. When the host can once again accept the transmission, it will send a Control Q, telling the ter- minal that it's okay to continue. A problem may arise with rapid (greater than 300 bps) file transmis- sion because TAFT ignores the host computer while it is sending the con- tents of a disk file. If when verifying the contents of a "high-speed" trans- fer you discover portions of the file missing, you may assume that the host lagged behind the Apple II. Should this occur, a simple solution is to insert a short delay (by means of a FOR . . . NEXT loop) after each line of characters is transmitted. Use the shortest delay that avoids any character loss for your host. This 'Bine tip your LA36 V The DS120 Terminal Controller makes your LA36 perform like a DECwriter® III. The Datasouth DS120 gives your DEC writer® II the high speed printing and versatile performance features of the DECwriter® III at only a frac- tion of the cost. The DS120 is a plug compatible replacement for your LA36 logic board which can be installed in minutes. Standard features include: • 165 cps bidirectional printing • Horizontal & Vertical Tabs • Page Length Selection • 110-4800 baud operation • 1000 character print buffer • X-on, X-off protocol • Self Test • RS232 interface • 20 mA Current Loop interface • Top of Form • Adjustable Margins • Double wide characters • Parity selection • Optional APL character set Over 5,000 DS120 units are now being used by customers ranging from the Fortune 500 to personal computing enthusiasts. In numerous instal- lations, entire networks of terminals have been upgraded to take advan- tage of today's higher speed data communications services. LSI microprocessor electronics and strict quality control en- sure dependable performance for years to come. When ser- vice is required, we will respond promptly and effec- tively. Best of all, we can de- liver immediately through our nationwide network of distributors. Just give us a call for all the details. data computer corporation 4740 Dwighi Evans Road • Charlotte, North Carolina 28210 • 704/523-8500 problem should not arise at 300 bps operation, a data rate that should be acceptable to even the slowest host computer. To handle high-speed file transfer from a host to the Apple, TAFT buf- fers (temporarily stores) the entire contents of the received file in main memory (RAM) as it is received. TAFT does not store early portions of the incoming file on disk while por- tions of the file are still being re- ceived. If it did store them, TAFT might lag behind high-speed trans- fers, losing some data as a conse- quence. This design decision limits the largest file size transferable from the host computer to the Apple II. The file cannot be larger than the RAM buffer of a 48K-byte Apple II. The buffer begins at memory address 6144 (decimal) and ends at memory ad- dress 36864. Therefore, the largest file transferable to the Apple II is 36864 - 6144, or 30,720 bytes (or characters), a large file by normal Apple standards. The size of a file sent from an Apple to a host is limited only by the Apple disk's capacity. TAFT has three modes of opera- tion: terminal mode, transmission mode (file transfer from Apple to host), and reception mode (file transfer from host to Apple). Terminal Mode You will use TAFT most often in the terminal mode, where it begins operation. Terminal mode is used to sign the host on and off, to give the host any command, and to receive the host's response. The only reason to ever leave the terminal mode would be to transfer a disk file. In the terminal mode, every char- acter from the Apple keyboard is sent to the host immediately, except one: the Control T. When a Control T is keyed, TAFT exits from the terminal mode. The Control T was chosen to exit because this control character does not have a special function on most host computers, and "T" is a good mnemonic for file Transfer. (If your host computer supports Control T functions, you can choose another control character to exit the terminal 412 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 150 on inquiry card. IM\ COItOI MAKES IT ACROSS! ...FROM ONE OPERATING SYSTEM TO ANOTHER! A VITAL WAY TO PROTECT YOUR SOFTWARE INVESTMENT FOR THE FUTURE!! The KiM/COIIOli language runs on more different Operating Systems and more different-sized computers than any other similar language. For starters, it runs on NCR and Tl minicomputers and, in the micro field, on the CP/M 2 , MP/M 2 , CP/M86 2 . MP/M-86 2 , TRSDOS 2 , OASIS 4 , MOASIS 4 . and UNIX 5 , (ONYX version) Operating Systems ... to mention only a few. IMt/COKOLand CRT! from CYBERNETICS ARE GOING STEADY. . . ...AND YOU'RE GONNA LOVE 'EM TOO!! Use your computer to program itself. "Y" THEN 150 230 HIMEM: 38400 240 PRINT : PRINT "GOOD-BYE!": PRINT 250 END 260 INPUT "APPLE SOURCE FILENAME?" ; AF* 270 INPUT "HOST DESTINATION FILENAME?"; VF* 280 A* = "CREATE " + VF* + R* 290 FOR I = 1 TO LEN (A*) 300 POKE LAST, ASC ( MID* (A*. 1,1)) 310 CALL OUTCHR 320 NEXT I 330 ONERR GOTO 520 340 PRINT D*;"OPEN ";AF* 350 PRINT D*;"READ " ; AF* 360 L* = "" 370 GET C* 380 POKE LAST, ASC 390 CALL OUTCHR 400 IF C* = R* THEN GOTO 430 410 L* = L* + C* 420 GOTO 370 430 PRINT R*;D* 440 PRINT CA*;L* 450 GOTO 350 460 REM EOF DETECTED, FINISH TRANSFER 470 POKE LAST, ASC (CZ*) 480 CALL OUTCHR 490 GOSUB 920 500 FOR I = 1 TO 50O: NEXT I 51 O GOTO. 150 520 BOO = PEEK (222) 530 PRINT D*; "CLOSE " ; AF* 540 IF BOO = 5 THEN GOTO 470 550 PRINT "ERROR NUMBER " ;BOO;" OCCURRED." 560 GOTO 470 570 REM FILE TRANSFER FROM HOST TO APPLE 580 INPUT "HOST SOURCE FILENAME?" ; VF* Listing 1 continued on page 418 416 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc POPULAR. making COMPUTING ,s computing more popular . . . and simple . . . and enjoyable! Month after month after month, Here it is! A magazine that provides the computer news, how-to's, and feature articles necessary for you to keep abreast of how computers do, and will, affect your work and your play. Best of all, it's delivered in plain language, without technical razzmatazz and jargon. POPULAR COMPUTING is so excit- ing, so important, so informative, that everyone will fully understand what's r eal/y happening. Every issue is en r iched with dollar-saving product reviews, special news briefs, and feature articles by famous contributors (like \saac Asimov). POPULAR COMPUTING is a magazine that must be read to be truly relished. That's why we've mounted a . . . SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER :hat enables you to try POPULAR COMPUTING 3t NO RISK whatsoever. POPULAR COMPUTING M P.O. Box 307 Martinsville, NJ 08836 SUPER SAVINGS FOR ME. ..I'm enclosing my check or credit card number to take ad- vantage of this super introductory offer of 12 issues for only SI 1.97 saving me S3.03 on the basic rate of SI 5. 00— and saving me SI 8.03 off the newsstand rate of S 30.00. If my 30-day review of your first issue doesn't 100% please me, I may cancel my subscription and you will promptly refund ALL my money or give me a FULL credit on my charge card marked below. Mail Today to: POPULAR COMPUTING P.O. Box 307 Martinsville, NJ 08836 □ Bill me at S I 2.97 D Check Enclosed for S 11 .97 TJ Charge S I 1 .97 to: D Visa □ Mastercard Card No Signature Expires Name |Please Pnnt| Address City State Zip- Please allow six to eight weeks for processing 7B62 Listing 1 continued: 590 INPUT "APPLE DESTINATION FILE?";AF* 600 CNV = O 610 INPUT "UPPER CASE CONVERSION? ";C* 620 IF LEFT* 650 POKE LAST, ASC ( MID* (A*, 1,1)) 660 CALL OUTCHR 670 NEXT I 680 FOR I = 1 TO lOOO: NEXT Is REM DELAY FOR ECHO OF COMMAND IN 560 TO CLEAR. 690 POKE LAST, CNV 700 CALL HOTAP 710 UL = 256 * PEEK (PTR + 1) + PEEK (PTR) 720 ONERR SOTO 890 730 PRINT D*; "OPEN " ; AF* 740 PRINT D*; "DELETE " ; AF* 750 PRINT D*;"OPEN " ; AF* 760 PRINT D*; "WRITE " x AF* 770 L* = "" 780 FOR I = 6144 TO UL: REM STARTS AT HIMEM+1 790 C = PEEK (I) BOO IF C < > 13 THEN L* = L* + CHR* (C) : SOTO 820 810 PRINT L*:L* = 820 NEXT I 830 PRINT D*; "CLOSE " ; AF* 840 PRINT D*: GOSUB 920 850 PRINT D*; "CATALOG": PRINT D* 860 PRINT "PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE. " 870 GET C* 880 GOTO 150 890 BOO = PEEK (222) 900 PRINT ''ERROR NUMBER ";B00;" OCCURRED." 910 GOTO 830 920 PRINT : INVERSE : PRINT "END OF TRANSFER.": NORMAL : PRINT : RETURN 930 DATA 173, 145, 192, 41, 128, 240, 17, 32, 56, 144, 173, 144, 192, 32, 63, 144 940 DATA 9, 128, 32, 240, 253, 32, 51, 144, 44, O, 192, 16, 227, 173, O, 192 950 DATA 44, 16, 192, 201, 148, 240, 55, 32, 74, 144, 141, 109, 144, 32, 95, 144 960 DATA 76, O, 144, 169, 96, 76, 58, 144, 169, 160, 164, 36, 145, 40, 96, 201 970 DATA 97, 144, 6, 201, 123, 176, 2, 73, 32, 96, 201, 157, 208, 3, 169, 91 980 DATA 96, 201, 136, 208, 3, 169, 127, 96, 201, 149, 208, 2, 169, 9, 96, 173 990 DATA 145, 192, 41, 1, 240, 249, 173, 109, 144, 141, 146, 192, 96, O, 169, 24 lOOO DATA 133, 255, 160, O, 132, 254, 174, 109, 144, 169, 13, 141, 109, 144, 32, 95 1010 DATA 144, 32, 164, 144, 32, 164, 144, 201, 26, 240, 22, 224, O, 240, 3, 32 1020 DATA 63, 144, 145, 254, 9, 128, 32, 240, 253, 200, 208, 232, 230, 255, 76, 132 1030 DATA 144, 132, 254, 96, 173, 145, 192, 41, 128, 240, 249, 173, 144, 192, 96 1040 FOR PLACE = TERMA TO TERMA + 175 - 1 1050 READ X: POKE PLACE, X 1060 NEXT PLACE 1070 RETURN 1080 REM (C) 1981 by Tern Gabriele 418 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc THE WORLD'S LARGEST COMPUTER MAIL ORDER FIRM Computer Exchange ■ ALL MAIL: P.O. Box 1380, Jacksonville, OR 97530 ^B DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED HARDWARE i lor Apple M/ll* ^ CALL CALL CALL CALL S2950 16% $2499 30% CALL 50% CALL 30% ~K Applell48Kor64K Disk II W/orW/O controller Apple III 128K Apple III Profile 5 Meg H.D. Apple Interface Cards Silentype Direct Substitute for Apple Drives Micro-Sci A2 is a direct substitute for Apple II drives. It will run all Apple II software. Save 2350 on a dual A2 disk system. Micro-Sci 5" Drives for Apple II A2 Drive, 5". 143K Controller Card for A2 A70 Drive. 5", 286K A40Drive,5", 160K Controller Card for A70 or A40 MONITORS: 12" Color 12" Green 9" B&W 9" Green 12" B&W 12" Green 13" Color 12" Green . box of 10: NEC SANYO: ZENITH DISKETTES, Memorex Maxell Dysan $395 $ 95 $489 S369 $ 79 $359 $169 $149 $159 $219 $229 $399 $ 119 SAVE 18% 15% 20% 18% 21% SAVE 24% 22% 31% 31% 30% 30% 28% 20% $ 25 $ 39 $ 45 45% 33% 20% 80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS: Videx Videoterm $ 249 18% MSB Sup R Term $ 295 22% ALS: Smarterm $ 269 30% MISCELLANEOUS: save CCS: Serial Interface 7710A $139 22% Other CCS Cards In Stock, CALL Hayes: Micromodem II $289 Smartmodem $229 ISC Videostick Paddle $ 35 Keyboard Company: Joystick II $ 45 Game Paddle $ 25 Numeric Keypad $119 M&R: RF Modulator $ 25 SUPR FAN $ 39 if Microsoft: Z80 Softcard $279 I6K RAM Card $159 Sottcard Premium Pack $ 579 Mountain: CPS Multifunction Card Clock/Calendar $209 $195 Novation Applecat Modem $329 Orange Micro Grappler $129 Dan Paymar LCA New rev. $ 34 Saturn Systems: 32K RAM Card $189 64K RAM Card $359 128K RAM Card $509 , SSMAIO Serial /Para. Interface $159 W ALS: Smarterm 80 Col Card $269 Z-Card (Z-80) $ 209 Addram 16KCard $119 Synergizer Package $549 ~W Videx Videoterm 80 col. S 249 28% Soil Video Switch $ 25 29% Enchancerll $ 99 34% Full Videx Line, Call up to 35% PAPER: Fan Fold. Call for sizes, thickness and prices LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS: SAVE Qume Sprint 9 45RO $2195 23% Sprint 5 45RO $2395 20% NEC 3510 RO Serial $1995 20% CALL 25% 20% 23% 10% 17% 21% 27% 25% 33% 20% 25% 13% 30% 16% 21% 33% 24% 16% 15% 20% 30% 22% 20% 27% TEC Translar140 $ 1495 12% Olympia (Typewriter/Printer) ES-100, 18CPS. with tulf cable and interface to Apple II $1295 24% PRINTERS: Epson, See special Epson section at right Intergral Data Prism 132. Color Printer w/Graphics S1695 16% Prism 80, Color. ASF, W/Graphics $1395 19% 445 Tiger W/Graphics &2K $695 23% 560 Tiger W/Graphics $1095 22% Okidata Microline82A S 495 25% ORDERING INFORMATION: Mm/mum order $100. Cashiers Checks and Money Orders welcomed. Personal Checks allow 20 days to clear. Add 3% for shipping, insurance and handling UPS is standard. Additional 7% for US Postal or APO. Additional 3% for VISA or MC. Include telephone I*. No COD. Prices subject to change and type crors. Call to verify. Order desk hours are 8 to 6 PST. 10 to 3 Saturdays. ALL MAIL: P.O. Box 1380, Jacksonville, OR 97530 ^J WAREHOUSE AND OFFICES, BY APPOINTMENT AT6791 APPLEGATE ROAD. Ad# 932B jcipplc supply center SOFTWARE on disk for Apple II/II + $269 30% $349 30% S 21 30% $ 32 30% $ 21 30% S 18 30% CALL CALL $ 22 27% $ 30 25% Apple Software: SAVE *5C% off Apple III Software 50% The Controller $425 32% Dow Jones News & Quotes $ 42 50% How to! $ 25 50% Microcourier $ 189 24% Many others CALL CALL Applied Software Technology Versa Form S 289 26% Artsci Magic Window $ 75 25% Ashton-Tate CP/M dBase II for Apple II $495 30% Beagle Bros. DOS Boss $ 18 25% Broderbund Software: fa Payroll General Ledger Apple Panic Arcade Machine Red Alert Space Warrior Many Others In Stock Budgeco Raster Blaster Cal. Pacific Ultima Cavalier Computer Bug Attack $ 23 23% Central Point Software: fa Copy II Plus ver. 4 $ 35 10% Will copy most copy protected software for your backup in 45 seconds! N EW Continental Software: Home Accountant Home Money Minder Data Most: Snack Attack Thief Denver Software Financial Partner Epson MX 80 Graphics Dump $ Edu-Ware Compumath Fox & Getler: Quickscreen for dBasell Ouickcode for dBasell Hayden: Sargon II (chess) Apple Pie (specify brd.) High Technology ■Jf Job Control System $469 40% Howard Software: Tax Preparer 1982 ver. $ 115 25% Real Estate Analyzer $149 25% Creative Financing $149 25% $ 56 25% S 26 25% $ 22 25% $ 22 25% $185 25% $ 9 30% $ 29 25% $ 129 13% $259 13% $ 29 22% $ 99 25% Infocom Zork II Info Unlimited Easywriter (PRO) Innovative ■^ Apple Speilguard CP/M Insoft: Electric Duet NEW ALD System II or III TransFORTH II or III if Insoft Accountant CP/M GraFORTH NEW! ISA Speilguard Lighting Software Mastertype LJK Letter Perfect Micro Lab: Data Factory, ver. 5.0 Invoice Factory Tax Manager MicroPro all CP/M ■jf Word Star Mail Merger Spell Star Data Star Calc Star Super Sort Microsoft: A.L.D.S. BASIC Compiler Cobol80 Fortran 80 Olympic Decathlon TASC Compiler Typing Tutor II Muse: Super Text II Castle Wolfenstein Robot War Omega Microware Locksmith Rev 4.0 On-Line: Expediter II Superscribe II Lisa 2.5 Pegasus II Threshold Cranston Manor Mission Astroid Mystery House Softporn Ulysess $ 29 $139 $150 $ 25 $110 $ 110 $355 $ 69 S219 $ 29 $ 112 $249 $129 $ 95 $239 $ 79 $159 $189 $189 $ 129 $110 $299 $559 $ 149 $ 24 $ 159 $ 19 $ 113 $ 23 $ 29 SAVE 30% 25% 50% 20% 10% 10% 66% 25% 25% 25% 25% 20% 35% 38% 36% 36% 36% 36% 36% 36% 10% 25% 25% 25% 24% 22% 30% 25% 25% 25% 27% 26% 25% 25 % 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% STAR INDICATES BEST BUYS Osborne/C.P. Solt. (Disk and Book) •Jf Some Common Basic Programs, 75 Business. Statistics and Math programs for the Apple II S 49 Peachtree Software all CP/M Magic Wand GL. AR. AP. PR or Inv Personal Software/VisiCorp: VisiCalc3.3 VisiDex VisiFile Desktop Plan II VisiPiot Desktop Plan III VisiSchedule VisiTrendand VisiPiot VisiTerm Zork Sof/Sys Inc. Executive Secretary-WP Softech Int'l: ■^•Stockfile $250 S 189 $189 $199 $199 $ 199 $159 $199 $239 $239 S 79 $ 33 $189 $250 $423 Stockseller Software Publishing: PFS II or III $ 69 Report II or III $ 69 Sorcim Supercalc $219 Southwestern Data ASCII Express $ 59 Stoneware: DB Master (new version) $179 DB Utility $ 75 Sub Logic Flight Simulator $ 28 Tymac Super Pix $ 20 50% 37% 38% SAVE 25% 25% 25% 25 % 20% 35% 20% 20% 20% 20% 25% 60% 30% 26% 26% 25% 25% 22% 10% 20% 20% OTHER BRANDS IN STOCK: Accent, Adventure International, Astar, Auto. Sim., Avalon, Avant-Garde, Beagle CPU. Datasoft. Delta, Edu-Ware, Info Com, Lazer, LJK, Phoenix, Quality, Sensible. Sentient. Sirius. Strategic, Synergistic and United. CP/M Software 8" and 5" All Ashton-Tate, Insoft, Micro Pro, and Peachtree CP/M software available for most 5" and 8" drives, and computers at similar discounts. 3101-10 Terminal CLOSEOUT $995 SAVE 30% ft commodore VlC-20 Home Computer $249 16% INTE?TEC DATA 3E SYSTEMS" SUPERBRAIN 64KQD m HEWLETT H/P85A PACKARD H/P 85 Microcomputer/Moniter/Printer H/P 87 CP/M Microcomputer NEW! H/P 125 CP/M Microcomputer NEW! H/P82901M5" Dual Drives H/P 7225B Professional Graphics Plotter H/P 7470A Graphics Plotter H/P 41C Calculator H/P 41CV Calculator 2. 2K Full Accessories and Software Line EPSON PRINTERS MX80 M X80 F / T MX100F/T w/graphics 70/80/100 Apple Interface and Cable MX80 Friction feed adapter MX80 Graftrax Chip Corvus 6 Meg Hard Disk 11 Meg Hard Disk 20 Meg Hard Disk Apple Interface Other Interfaces, Omni-Net, Constellation Mirror. All In Stock 800 16K 400 16K Microtek 16K RAM Microtek 32K RAM 410 Recorder 810 Disk Drive 850 Interface Other Hardware Full Line of Software Visicalc Pac Man Avail 5/82 Communicator Kit Educator Kit $666 $333 SAVE 17% 26% $ 75 $149 $ 79 $449 $ 169 25% 25% 17% 26% 25% 20 10 30% 25% $159 21% $ 34 25% $345 25% $129 27% Microcomputer save 8001 32K Computer s 750 25% 286K Total Dual Drive PC8031 $750 25% 32K addon and I/O Unit PC8012 $495 24% Ren Tec "The Wedge" 32K $495 17% 8023 Impact Printer F/T $595 25%. Impact Printer Cable $ 49 25%. 3510 Letter Qual. Printer S 1995 20% NEC PC Software CALL CALL FRANKLIN COMPUTER CORPORATION Ace 100 Features A/"*C • Apple II+ Software Compatiable fll rT • Apple I1 1 Hardware Compatiable • 64Kof RAM uilt-in 12 Key Numeric Pad Upper/Lower Case 50 Watt Power Supply KX) $1195 The Ace 100 has all the features of the Apple plus the last four features listed above, but no color. NO SALES Oregon Order Desk nfOT T TT'D'E'C TflY (503) 772-3803 L\JL*L* V lYCH TAX (503 > Call for references. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Compute NATIONAL ORDER DESK Ad# 932 B (800)547-1289 Circle 108 on inquiry card. Text continued from page 414: available to the next program to be run. (Before terminating TAFT oper- ation, you should remember to sign off or log off the host computer.) Understanding TAFT Discussion of the program in listing 1 is divided into four parts: • Initialization of constants and POKEing the machine-language code into high memory • Terminal mode • File transfer from Apple to host computer • File transfer from host computer to Apple The Applesoft BASIC statements used to implement each of these four parts are described next so you can master the programming techniques used and modify TAFT to your own needs (see listing 1). Initialization Line 70 causes the TAFT program to be stored below memory location 6144. This insures that locations at and above that address are free to hold the machine-language code and the file-transfer receive buffer. Should the user make any significant additions to TAFT, it is necessary to increase the number of the memory address, in this case, 6143. For conve- nience, that number should always be one less than an even multiple of 256 (in this case, 6143 = 24 X 256 - 1). If this number is changed, two other constants in lines 780 and 990 must also be changed. The lower limit of Symbol Table SLOT $01 IN PORT $C090 STATUS $C091 OUTPRT $C092 CH $24 BASL $28 PTRLOW $FE PTRHI $FF START $9000 DOWN $9018 UNFLSH $9038 INCONV $903F MSBLAB $9010 FLASH $9033 ENDOUT $905E OUTCON $904A LAST $906D OUTCHR $905F FLDWN $903A ENDINC $9049 DELETE $9051 TAB $9058 HOTAP $906E INCHR $90A4 CLOOP $9084 ENDHST $90A1 NOCONV $9092 Table 2: Sy mbol tab e for listing 2, show- ing subroutine label ■ and their assigned locations in memory the FOR . . . NEXT loop in line 780 must be the even multiple of 256; in this case, 6144. The last number in the data statement in line 990 must be the integer multiplier of 256; in this case, 24. Line 80 defines the memory address where the machine-language portion of the file-reception section stores the address of the last character received. The address is held in the receive buf- fer for later use by its Applesoft por- tion. This 2-byte character address is stored in the two highest memory locations in page of Apple memory, locations 254 and 255 (see table 1 for all TAFT variables). Line 90 initializes control-character variables. CZ$ contains a Control Z character, which is used as an end-of- file character. This is a very common convention. In the unlikely event that your host computer requires a dif- ferent end-of-file character, simply change the "26" in this statement to the decimal equivalent of the alter- nate control character (once its most significant bit is set to zero). Line 100 defines the address of the machine-language subroutine used to output a character on the serial com- munication line. Line 110 defines the address of the character to be output by the ma- chine-language subroutine located at OUTCHR. To send a character, TAFT simply POKEs the character's ASCII code into location LAST and CALLs OUTCHR. Line 120 defines the CALLing ad- dress of the host-to-Apple machine- language subroutine, HOTAP. This address is located immediately after the 1-byte character buffer LAST. Line 130 defines the calling address of the terminal-mode machine-lan- guage subroutine TERMA. The ma- chine-language code stored at (and above) this address contains refer- ences to its own location and is there- fore said to be nonrelocatable. This means that the machine code cannot be moved in memory and that the values of TERMA, OUTCHR, LAST, and HOTAP defined in this line and previous lines cannot be changed without major modifications to lines 930 to 1030. Line 140 calls the Applesoft sub- routine to store machine-language code. Lines 920-1030 contain the 175 decimal equivalents of machine-lan- guage code to be stored in sequential memory locations. To change the character to exit from the terminal mode, you must change the "148" in line 950. To determine the new value, turn to page 7 of your Apple II Reference Manual and consult the table listing all Apple keys and their associated ASCII codes. The "$" before each two-character entry means that each code is given in hexa- decimal notation, so a conversion from hexadecimal to decimal is re- quired. For example, the Control T entry is "$94". Take the more significant character, multiply it by 16, and add the less significant char- acter to that product. In this example, 9 X 16 + 4 = 148. This is the origin of "148" in line 950. Those interested in 6502 assembly language can review the assembly-language listing of the program that produced these 175 values (see listing 2). The listing is thoroughly' commented, so even if you have no assembly language ex- perience, you should be able to follow what the machine-language portion of TAFT is doing. This pro- gram uses ROM-based subroutines at high addresses in Apple memory to do such things as display a character on the Apple screen. (A complete listing of the contents of this ROM- based monitor begins on page 155 of the Apple II Reference Manual.) For TAFT to use it, the serial I/O board must be installed in slot 1 of the Apple. If the slot is already in use, five values must be changed in these data statements to permit installation of the serial board in another slot. Add 8 to the slot number that you wish to use and multiply that sum by 16. (In the case of slot 1, this final product is 144.) The new value must replace the 144 near the end of state- ment 1030 and the 144 in statement 930, between the 173 and the 192. Add 1 to the product computed above. This new value must replace 145 in statements 930 and 1030. Finally, add 2 to the product com- 420 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Get Omni quality for as little as $L99. even if all you wantisa 10 pack. ♦ ♦ Call toll-free for great savings on Omni's complete line of 5'/t" premium disks. Each is certified error-free at a minimum of twice the error threshold of your system. Each is rated for more than 12 million passes without disk-related errors or significant wear. And each is precision fabricated to exceed all ANSI specifications with such standard features as reinforced hub rings and Tyvec sleeves. Get same day shipment and an unconditional, no hassle money-back guarantee. 23 Alvarado Ave., Worcester, MA 01604 (800) 343-0314; In Mass: (617) 756-2960 Call toll (800) 343-0314 In Mass: (617) 756-2960 Call if you're not sure which disk is compatible with your system. Call for prices on 96 tpi and special formats. We offer an unconditional money-back warranty. We're here to help. Be sure to indicate system name and model # at right. r-] n #of 10 Packs 5 'A" Disks Single side/single density Single side/double density Double side/double density Flip/Floppy reversible Double side/double density Protective plastic library case (in lieu of soft storage box) Shipping and handling 5% sales tax (Mass. only) Price Per 10 Pack $19.90 $23.90 $39.90 $39.90 $ 2.99 Total Total Price □cod Card t 1 I Master Card □visa Exp. System and model i Name Addn 1.50 TeL, Circle 35 on inquiry card. puted above. This new value must re- place 146 in statement 990. Lines 1040-1060 store the 175 ma- chine-language bytes that were de- fined in lines 920-1030. Note that the lower limit of the FOR . . . NEXT loop begins POKEing bytes at the exact address defined in line 130. Terminal Mode Most host computers automatically echo every character when operating in a full -duplex communication link. That is, each character the host receives from a terminal is returned to that terminal to verify that it was received correctly. In the terminal mode, the echoed character is displayed so that you can monitor the development of any communication problems. This process happens so quickly that you don't realize the interchange has taken place. The TAFT terminal mode is written en- tirely in machine language to keep any delay, from key depression to character display, as short as pos- sible. Line 150 clears the screen and in- forms you that TAFT has entered the Whitesmiths, Ltd- is now shipping Pascal Compilers for 10 (count em ten) different operating system families: 'Available in source form only. Idris is a trademark of Whitesmiths, Ltd. ■ UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories ■ CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research ■ RSX-11M, RSTS/E, RT-11, LS1-11, VAX, and VMS are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation ■ VERSAdos is a trademark of Motorola Inc. All implementations support the full ISO Pascal (Level 0). All pass the Tasmanian Validation Suite with flying colors. You can partition your Pascal program into separately maintainable files. You can write library functions to add to the extensive set we give you. And you can mix in modules written in other languages, like assembler or C. In fact, a C Compiler comes with every Pascal Compiler we sell. Prices start at $950.00. Write or call. Distributors: Australia, Fawnray Pty Ltd. P.O.B 224 Hurtsville NSW 2220 570-6100 japan, Advance Data Controls Corp. Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 03263-0383 United Kingdom, Real Time Systems, Newcastle upon Tyne 0632 733131 Whitesmiths, Ltd.- Parkway Towers, 'B,' 485 US Route 1 So., Iselin, New Jersey 08830 (201 ) 750-9000 Telex: 645592 terminal mode. Line 160 transfers control to the machine-language terminal subrou- tine that was POKEd into memory. Lines 170-180 determine if you want to transfer a file from the Apple to the host computer. If so, these lines transfer control to the transmission mode, Part 3 of TAFT. Line 170 ex- ecutes upon return from the machine- language terminal subroutine. This return is caused by keying a Control T. Lines 190-200 determine if you want to transfer a file from the host computer to the Apple. If so, they transfer control to the reception mode, Part 4 of TAFT. Lines 210-220 determine if TAFT operation is to be terminated. If not, control reverts to the terminal mode in Part 1 of TAFT. Line 230 resets the upper memory limit available to Applesoft (see pages 141-142 of the DOS manual). Lines 240-250 politely terminate the program. Transmission Mode Line 260 requests the name of the Apple disk file to be sent to the host and stores it as AF$. Line 270 requests the name for the new file to be created on the host disk and stores that name as VF$. Line 280 composes the host-com- patible command to create a file on the host disk, with the name specified in VF$. The command is stored as A$. (This line will probably have to be changed to use TAFT with a host other than a VAX -11. Most hosts will have a simple command for creating a disk file and then accepting input from the terminal. In this case, the VAX command CREATE is followed by the specified file name and a carriage-return character. If your host computer does not use the term CREATE, then adapt line 280 to your own host system by using the ap- propriate host command as the first part of A$. ) Lines 290-320 send the host com- mand (composed in line 280) to the host computer. The FOR . . . NEXT loop successively stores each com- mand character in the 1-byte charac- 422 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Condor database obsoletes compilers! Condor relational database management system makes your personal/business computer far simpler to use and much more useful to own... for less money... than other software. Plain English, no computerese. Condor relational database manage- ment is a complete development and operation system. It eliminates BASIC, PL/1, COBOL, FORTRAN, or other compilers in almost every case. It allows you to deal directly with your information without complex code words. In plain English, /'/ lets you manage your business instead of your data. ( b)«ic ] ( Pb 23 kHz Ji_ TRANSDUCER The future trend of com- puters will certainly include 16-bit and possibly 32-bit ma- chines, but 8-bit machines will definitely not become "out- dated pieces of junk. " Look to the bright side of 8-bit ma- chines: 'they have been around for several years 'virtually every home com- puter is an 8-bit machine 'documentation and software abound for these machines +12V 8 v C c TRG THR GROUND .0.001/iF r m rh IK ADJUST FOR 23 kHz m 'at least a half million of them are in use I doubt that you will see 16-bit computers taking over in the near future, so don't fear buying an 8-bit machine. If your goal is to write and sell software, you will certainly have a larger market with the 8-bit machines. Atari even of- fers the part-time programmer an advantage, since it will help market good software written for its machine. At this time, I am not aware of any effort by Atari to market a 16-bit machine, but I assume that Atari may even- tually feel market pressures to do so. . . . Steve Sensing Motions Dear Steve, I'm interested in adding sen- sors to my driveway and con- necting them to my security system. In the articles that you've written on security systems, you mentioned that you were using sensors in your driveway. (See "Build a Computer-Controlled Securi- ty System for Your Home," Part 1, January 1979 BYTE, page 56; Part 2, February 1979 BYTE, page 162; Part 3, March 1979 BYTE, page 150.) What devices do you use? I'm planning on installing two sensors about 10 feet apart mounted on split-rail fence posts. (That way I can sense the direction of move- ment.) I will have to run at least 250 feet of wire from the house to the sensors. The distance from the source to the sensor across the driveway is about 12 feet. Any ideas that you have would be great- ly appreciated. Charles Finn Fayetteville, GA / have tried a number of dif- ferent sensors in my drive- way, and I found that the most reliable is a microwave motion-detector combined with an ultrasonic beam that goes directly across the drive- way. I have a fairly long, U-shaped driveway. The ultrasonic transmitter (see lb 16-42mH MILLER 6211 0.001 M F r T -Jf rs"23 kHz L> TRANSDUCER ;22K •22fl N2907 /^N\ ■ SINK \*J/ HEAT REQUIRED 470fl ioon — wv, * IN R x l ^,, T M OD OUT !N IC1 LM1812 + 5V ft LM309H OUT IGND Tj^lOfiF /t) il.5K IC3 7404 ;0.01/jF m ,0.01/iF + I2V OUT IC 2 NE555 •t*2K < ADJUST FOR 23 kHz ;o.oi m f m iO.OOl^F Figure 1: Ultrasonic transmitters. 436 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc THE ANN ARBOR AMBASSADOR "300 Why settle For an emulation when you can have an AMBASSADOR 300 ? AAA 300 DECVT100* AAA 300 DEC*VT100* Display Lines 60 24 Send/Print Controls 12 Screen Size 15" 12" Send/Print Modes 30 Cursor Controls 22 15 Operator Convenience Mode 24 10 Graphic Renditions 6 5 Programmable Keys 48 Tab Controls 12 4 Line Drawing Yes Yes Erase/Edit Controls 25 4 Non-Volatile Setup Yes Yes Form-Filing Controls 10 Non-Volatile Control String Yes No The Ann Arbor Ambassador 300 supports most of your VT100* software without asking you to give up other features you'll like. Its selectable 60-line display lets you see more of your program or report. And you still get all the capability of the standard Ambassador. Things like editing, formatting, printer output and programmable function keys. For more information, call Ann Arbor Terminals at (313) 663-8000. 'DEC and VT100 are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation, RnnRRBOR 6175 JACKSON ROAD • ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 48103 • TEL: 313-663-8000 • TWX 810-223-6033 :i> : : • . ..:- .:■■■■■■... ■ • • Circle 489 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 437 Ask BYTE. TTL LEVEL OUT LOGIC SIGNAL PRESENT LOGIC 1 SIGNAL NOT PRESENT Number Type +5V GND +12V IC1 LM1812 IC2 NE555 IC3 7404 14 5, 10, 15 12 1 7 Figure 2: Ultrasonic receiver. figure 1) projects a 12-foot beam across the driveway to an ultrasonic receiver (see figure 2, above). It has a usable range of about 20 feet. (These are the circuits from my articles.) The transmitter is built into a couple of small, sealed aluminum boxes and mounted across the road. Fur- ther down the driveway, where the space opens up, I have a microwave motion- detector. I used microwave because the standard infrared and ultrasonic motion- detectors have too many false alarms. While the microwave units cost much more ($300 or so), their reliability makes up for the difference in price. In your application, it sounds as though you can use an ultrasonic transmitter/ receiver pair aimed across the driveway. When something passes through the beam, the connection is broken and the logic-level output of the receiver changes. The 250 feet of wire you mentioned shouldn't inhibit operation. You may find it advisable to add a level-shifting transistor to the output of the receiver. This will give you a 0- to 12-volt signal, which will be easier to transmit 250 feet. I'd be interested in hearing from you after it's set up. . . . Steve A One-Shot Solves All Dear Steve, In your article "Build an In- telligent EPROM Program- mer" (October 1981 BYTE, page 36), why did you imple- ment the 50-ms (millisecond) programming pulse in hard- ware instead of using a soft- ware loop? George Kaplan Spring Valley, NY J implemented the 50-ms programming pulse on my EPROM programmer in hard- ware rather than software for simplicity. It was easier for me to add the "one-shot" circuit than to set up a software timing loop (regular readers of the Circuit Cellar will notice a definite tendency toward hardware solutions). How- ever, either method is perfect- ly satisfactory. If I had used a software timing loop, the write pulse would have been tied to pin 18 through the 74LS04 and 7406 circuits in the same manner that pin 20 of the 2716 was tied (see figure 4b, October 1981 BYTE, page 43). If you take this route, be sure that a constant high level is not applied in the program- ming mode. The one-shot cir- cuit gives built-in protection against this happening. . . . Steve ■ In "Ask BYTE," Steve Ciarcia answers questions on any area of microcomputing. The most representative questions received each month will be answered and published. Do you have a nag- ging problem? Send your inquiry to: Ask BYTE c/o Steve Ciarcia POB 582 Glastonbury CT 06033 If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questions by electronic mail or chat with Steve |TCE317) directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address. 438 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Got a computer? WiWWsw.wn.v*^ \>}C«NSX«««^ Get a Giltronix Selector Switch. Eliminate unplugging and re-plugging your CPU's, peripherals, and modems. Eliminate expensive duplication of interconnection hardware. Connect three components to Giltronix Selector Switch #S8Aii. Then select your connection with a simple turn of the dial. Only $79 in OEM quantities. Monitoring options available. Full 5 ] ear warranty on all Giltronix units. SWITCH TO GIITRONIX. JNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS 970 San Antonio Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94303 Get Greedy! GetyourTRS-80a Giltronix Switching Unit. Maximize price' performance by connecting your TRS-80 and two peripherals to Giltronix Switching I'nit #GTRS-2AB-AP2. Then select your connection with a single turn of the dial. Eliminate duplicate interconnection hardware. Eliminate wasted time spent unplugging and replugging components. Off- the-shelf availability with a wide selection of I/O configurations. Call for vour FREE product catalog. SWITCH TO GIITRONIX. c JNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS 970 San Antonio Ave., Palo Alio, CA 94303 Circle 202 on Inquiry card. Circle 203 on Inquiry card. Got to expand? » * » * •• » • * •• »* «* *« » Get a Giltronix Dual Switching System. Expand and upgrade your 19" rack mounted dual switching system with a Giltronix Switching System #GDnS24 Superior design features: PCB technology' for increased reliability . . . Vertically mounted connectors for easy access . . . Optional 3rd position and monitoring functions. For only SI 39. Quantity discounts available. Dealer inquiries invited. SWITCH TO GIITRONIX. c VERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS 970 San Antonio Ava., Palo Alto, CA 94303 Circle 204 on Inquiry card. RIBBONS at GREAT DISCOUNTS Multistrike ribbons (black) for: Refill- New Reloaded Ribbon Ribbons Cartridges Pancakes Qume (Ours) $3 ea. $2 ea. $1 ea. Diablo (Univ.) $4 ea. $3 ea. S2 ea. NEC (Orig.) S4 ea. S3 ea. S2 ea. Wang (Ours) $4 ea. $3 ea. S2 ea. Ricoh (Orig.) S6 ea. S4 ea. S3 ea. (Cloth ribbons will be available shortly.) 'Minimum order 3 pancakes with instructions. Add 25 percent for orders of less than 1 doz. We "trade" for RELOADABLE used cartridges. Write for price lists on diskettes, printwheels and other ribbons. Order our new 150 page book HOW TO RELOAD MULTI-STRIKE DAISY WHEEL WORD PROCESSING RIBBONS. $49. This book puts you in business reloading ribbons at home. WILLIAM WALKER Word Processing Supplies 306 West 46th St. New York, NY 10036 $73.80* Single Board Computer MKfc| ?AQSU>1*ca rate*, modal MCili.... 6800 MPU. serial I/O, parallel I/O, RAM. EROM, 44-pln 4VS" x 614" PCB EXPANSION MODU1ES RAM, ROM, CMOS RAM/battery, analog I/O, serial I/O, parallel I/O, counter/ timer, 468 GPIB, EROM programmer, power fail detect/power on reset Circle 461 on Inquiry card. WINTER Circle 472 on Inquiry card. FORECASTING EASI/ARIMA — The first and only microcom- puter program to develop and run ARIMA (Box-Jenkins) models. ..all automatically. De- signed for the stock or commodity trader. Create a database or read Compu Trac files directly. Requires no knowledge of statistics. Recommended by Chase Economet- rics. $300. TWG/ARIMA — The statistician's version of EASI/ARIMA. Complete control and more op- tions, such as seasional models and Box-Cox transformations. $300. ELF is our general purpose statistical package. $200. All are for the Apple II" with 48K of memory, Applesoft* and DOS 3.3. Visa and MasterCard accepted. Call or write: 3907 Lakota Road P.O. Box 10114 Alexandria, VA 22310 (703} 960-2587 'Trademarks of Apple Computer. Inc. Circle 471 on Inquiry card. SUPER SALE 2716 2732 EPROM 1-7 8 up 3.90 8.85 4.15 9.70 50 up CALL CALL 16K RAM EXPANSION KIT For TRS-80 Model III Set of 8 pieces UPD41 6-2 (200nS) $13.95 ith purchase on request. WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG jfc SUNTRONICS CO., inc. 12621 CRENSHAW BOULEVARD — HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250 ^^^p^^ 'LOCATED NEXT TO FORMULA INTERNATIONAL! •^m^- STORE HOURS- M.-'i-Fp. <0.i- 10 6 30pm — Sal lOamm 5ij»i IN CALIFORNIA OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FREE 1213) 644-1149 1-800-421-5775 Mailorder— Minimum Order- SI 0, Send Money Order or Check to: P.O. BOX 1957-Dept B HAWTHORNE. CA SO250. Use your VISA 01 Mastercard Iplease include expiration date) Arid S2.00 postage and handling to order. California residents add 696 sales tax. O) <5 LOOK ALIKE One Year Full Warranfy De I i very from stock '©true©! :0J 1500 NW. 62 Strwt Ft. LaudardaW FL. 33309 Surt. 409 QJJ 30S-774-7I77 m SOFTWARE AUTHORS 20% Royalty! We give you personalized service, offer a non- exclusive marketing agreement, plus other specialized services. We seek: high level language compilers, cross-assemblers, utili- ties. DMBS, new OS, educ. and business ap- plications, and any other marketable program. We offer full development and documenta- tion. Don't hesitate, contact us immediately. Michael L. Dean, V. P. R&D InfoSoft Computer Systems 2699 Clayton Rd. Concord. CA 94519 (415)680-0202 Single Source Solution Circle 417 on Inquiry card. Circle 226 on inquiry card. I ■ News and Speculation about Personal Computers Conducted by Sol Llbes R, Landom Rumors: Add the following items to the NCC (National Computer Conference) rumor list I gave in last month's BYTELINES: Hitachi is expected to show a personal computer prototype with specifications very similar to the IBM machine. It will use the Intel 8088 pro- cessor and will also have three operating systems: MS- DOS, CP/M-86, and Pascal. It should be on the market be- fore year-end. . . . Also ex- pected at NCC is a scaled- down version of the Star work station from Xerox, expected to sell for 50 percent less and to be called (what else?) the Starlet. Incidentally, although the Star was a hit at last year's NCC, I am not aware that any units have been shipped to customers. . . . Other antici- pated new entries at NCC in- clude a videodisc-to-micro- computer interface and a videodisc with a 250-mega- byte legal database from Xedex, New York, and a 120K-byte, 6809-based multi- user system, with a Unix-like operating system, from Cimix, Chicago, Illinois. . . . Also at NCC you can expect to see at least four manufacturers run- ning Microsoft's Xenix multi- user DOS on their systems. Look for Panasonic to short- ly introduce a $199 personal computer; a color version will sell for $299. Later the firm ex- pects to introduce voice I/O for the unit. Options will in- clude memory expansion, disk drives, joysticks, and an 80-column printer. Software packages will include word processing and business appli- cations under standard CP/M and Apple CP/M. . . . Several IBM look-alikes are expected on the market shortly. R, Landom News Bits: Digital Research has con- firmed what was previously rumored in this column, namely that it is working on a 68000 implementation of the CP/M disk operating system. Hitachi is expected to be the first to use it. . . . Vector Graphic has reported a 156 percent increase in income for the last quarter of 1981 — $1 million, up from $395,000 the year before. Sales for the quarter were $9.68 million. . . . Commodore reported that its net income rose 63 percent on a sales increase of 55 percent for the second half of 1981 ($124 million). . . . Diablo reportedly will shortly begin making video- display terminals. . . . Cromemco, Mountain View, California, has disclosed that it is working on a 2-megabyte S-100-card memory, designed primarily for its new 68000 system. With just eight cards, the user can have 16 mega- bytes of directly addressable memory! . . . C & G Engineer- ing, San Leandro, California, has introduced "IBM-ulator" for S-100 CP/M systems. Using an 8088 processor card, the IBM-ulator can read and write CP/M-compatible files from and to an IBM 5'/4-inch disk. . . .Later this year Toshiba will introduce a dot- matrix printer with a 24-pin head mechanism capable of producing fully formed char- acters at 100 characters per second (cps) and draft-formed characters at 160 cps. . . . New England Digital Corpora- tion, White River Junction, Vermont, and Hazelcom In- dustries Ltd., Toronto, On- tario, have announced machines with piano-like key- boards that transcribe whatever music is played on them. M arketlng Is the Name of the Game: Com- puterland Corporation has disclosed that it is planning to set up franchised stores that will sell only software. The company's goal is to have 400 software stores open by 1984. . . . Sears is so delighted with the performance of its five computer stores that it will shortly open 45 more in 17 cities. The stores will be known as "Business System Centers" and will employ an expected 300 sales personnel. The Sears stores currently carry IBM, NEC (Nippon Elec- tric Company), and Vector Graphic computer systems, Tl (Texas Instruments) and HP (Hewlett-Packard) calculators, Exxon and Olivetti type- writers, Saxon copiers, and Wang word processors. There is no doubt that suc- cess in the personal comput- ing marketplace now is less a function of having a well- designed product than of hav- ing adequate distribution. I recently made a brief survey of all the computer stores in the 10 largest U.S. cities to determine system distribu- tion. I checked Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Fran- cisco, and Washington, DC, and I discovered that in these cities a total of 165 computer stores were carrying 37 dif- ferent makes of computers. Ranked in order, the 20 leading systems and the number of dealers for each system were: Apple, 120; Atari, 60; HP, 43; IBM, 38; Commodore, 37; Vector Graphic, 35; Radio Shack Computer Centers, 34 (full- line stores not included); Cromemco, 30; Tl, 21; North Star, 18; Dynabyte, 18; Data General, 16; DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), 15; Zenith, 15; and Altos, 15. Some interesting conclu- sions can be drawn. First, Apple is far and away the most popular with dealers, probably due to the large amount of advertising done by Apple that, in effect, pre- sells the system for the dealer. Second, most of the leading systems are made by large companies to whom com- puters are only a small part of the total business. Most of the companies that grew out of garages, so to speak, are now only a small part of the in- dustry. Third, none of the Japanese suppliers has yet achieved acceptance from computer stores. I found only six dealers who carried the NEC system, and only one carried the Sharp system. I ntegrated Circuits: Fujit- su has disclosed that it will shortly begin providing samples of a 64K-bit CMOS EPROM (erasable program- mable read-only memory). . . . DEC will soon start sup- plying the integrated circuits used in its base-level PDP-1 1 machines. . . . Motorola is making final plans to intro- duce the MCM2816, an EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) that will be a pin- for-pin replacement for the popular 2716 EPROM. The company will follow this shortly with a 32K-bit version. The days of the ultraviolet 440 Junt 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc At last, full feature general business software for micro-computers. Officially authorized derivations from the popular MCBA® mini-computer packages, these packages have been eased down to micros and made even more user friendly. The mini versions of these pack- ages are distributed by over 900 OEMs and dealers, and are in use at over 9,000 end user sites worldwide. And already these micro versions themselves are in use by thousands of end users. Written in RM/COBOL™, these pack- ages run underCP/M®, OASIS'", UNIX®, COS-990 ® and other operating systems. They run on dozens of brands of micro-computers, including properly configured models from Radio Shack II, "Our current recommendation for a big five accounting package is MBSI" Computer Dealer magazine January, 1982 Apple III, Zenith, Hewlett Packard 125, Xerox 820, ALTOS, ONYX and many more. Tens of man-years have gone into these packages, which comprise over 230 programs, 165,000 lines of struc- tured source code, and 1,800 pages of user and technical documentation. Our claim is simple: THIS IS THE BEST MICRO-COM- PUTER GENERAL BUSINESS SOFT- WARE AVAILABLE. And we stand behind that with a moneyback guarantee. If s no accident that Computer Dealer magazine recently endorsed MBSI soft- ware. So if you' re a re-seller looking for first class micro-computer software, contact us today. Micro Business Software, Inc. Dover Rd., Dept. BY2 Chichester, NH 03263 U Phone: (603) 798-5700 MCBA. RM/COBOL. CP/M. OASIS. UNIX. COS-990 are trademarks respectively of Mini-Computer Business Applications. Inc.; Ryan McFarland Core.: Digital Research; Phase One Systems. Inc.; Bel! Laboratories; and Ryan-McFarland Inc. BYTELINES. EPROM eraser appear to be numbered. . . . IBM News Items: Soft- ware Techniques, Alexandria, Virginia, has published a report that provides engineer- ing data on the custom inte- grated circuits and proprietary devices used in the IBM Per- sonal Computer system. It in- cludes schematics, parts lists, timing diagrams, etc., not pro- vided by IBM in its documen- tation. The report costs $5000. . . . Xedex Corpora- tion, New York, has intro- duced a plug-in Z80 processor card with 64K bytes of memory (similar to the Micro- soft Softcard for the Apple II) that allows an IBM Personal Computer to run CP/M-80 software. The price is $600. Xedex hopes that IBM users will take advantage of this un- til there is a decent amount of software available for the IBM system. ... IBM is expected to open soon a Personal Com- puter manufacturing plant in France. . . . Several Comput- erland stores are reportedly offering quantity discounts on the IBM Personal Computer. . . . Corvus Systems, San Jose, California, is rumored to be working on a networking system for the Personal Com- puter that should be available later this year. . . . Several C compilers for the Personal Computer are due for release this summer. IBM has also introduced a robot, called the 7535 Manu- facturing System, that can be programmed using an IBM Personal Computer system with a special version of IBM's new robotics language called AML (A Manufacturing Lan- guage). The robot is built in Japan and will cost $28,500. The program costs $5575. IBM is also test-marketing the RS-I robotic system, which has an arm that can move in six directions and a two- fingered hand. The RS-I is presently being used to assemble IBM computers. ATpple Happenings: Microsoft's Z80-based pro- cessor card for the Apple III will be marketed exclusively through Apple Computer Inc. Microsoft disclosed that 20 percent of all Apple lis are using the company's Softcard with CP/M. . . . Franklin Computer Corporation, Penn- sauken, New Jersey, has intro- duced a computer that is compatible with the Apple II. The machine will do every- thing the Apple II does ex- cept display color graphics (that would infringe on Apple patents). The Franklin com- puter, however, has extra keyboard functions, more memory, and sells for $300 less than the Apple II. 1 suspect that Franklin should find several mail-order dealers very interested in selling its product. . . . Several imita- tions of the Apple II are reportedly being made in the Far East. Apple is investigating action against these copiers as the machine is protected by four or five patents. WP/M News: Digital Re- search reports that CP/M-80 has now been implemented on over 450 different com- puter systems. Can there be any doubt that CP/M is the standard for single-user 8-bit disk-operating systems? . . . Lifeboat Associates, New York, has released EM-86, a software module that will allow CP/M-86 software to run under the control of Microsoft's MS-DOS without any modifications. The module costs $75. . . . Dasoft Design Systems, Aloha, Oregon, has introduced a design-automation system called Magic. Running under CP/M, it aids in the design of circuits, documentation, and printed-circuit generation. It includes a design editor, de- vice library, schematic gener- ator, and more. It produces camera-ready artwork and is priced at $729. . . . Virtual Microsystems, Berkeley, California, has introduced a CP/M-80 simulator for DEC PDP-1 1 and VAX-1 1 systems. Running as a task under RSTS, RSX, or Unix, it allows the reading and writing of stan- dard 8-inch CP/M disks and the running of CP/M pro- grams. M I S-DOS Versus CP/M: When Microsoft wanted to implement many of its lan- guages and applications pack- ages on the Apple II, the com- pany chose what it con- sidered the easiest, fastest, and most economical way to do it: creation of a "hardware bridge"— a Z80 processor card for the Apple II that allows the running of CP/M- based versions of Microsoft's software. There is no doubt that CP/M has become the most success- ful microcomputer DOS. It has the broadest support from language- and application- software suppliers and public- domain software (I challenge anyone to tell me, with any accuracy, how many software packages are currently avail- able for CP/M-based systems). CP/M has been licensed, ac- cording to Digital Research, on over 450 different types of systems (this probably trans- lates into over 450,000 actual machines). Microsoft, with extensive experience in system software development, last year decid- ed to introduce its own DOS, called MS-DOS, naturally (for Microsoft disk operating system). Actually MS-DOS was created a few years earlier by Seattle Computer Products for its 8086-based S-100 system when the com- pany gave up waiting for Digital Research to introduce CP/M-86. Microsoft acquired exclusive rights to the DOS, hired its author and invested a considerable effort in enhanc- ing it. The battle lines have now been drawn— picture CP/M as Goliath and MS-DOS as David. In just six short months, MS-DOS has gained a strong foothold in the single- user/single-task DOS market- place. The greatest coup, of course, is the IBM Personal Computer: although IBM has announced three different op- erating systems for the Per- sonal Computer, at this writing only one is avail- able—MS-DOS. Microsoft has further announced that MS- DOS has already been imple- mented on 20 different ma- chines and that 32 more (1 1 of which will be from Japan) should be announced by year-end. In other words, MS- DOS will have been imple- mented on over 50 machines by the end of 1982. Microsoft took a close look at CP/M— its strengths and particularly its weak- nesses—in developing MS- DOS. There is little doubt that the firm has created a DOS that is much more user- friendly, faster, with many more advantages, and fewer disadvantages than CP/M. One of MS-DOS's biggest disadvantages appears to be the lack of a floppy-disk- format standard that allows users of different systems to exchange disks. One of CP/M's greatest advantages is that software vendors can supply CP/M software on 8-inch single-density soft- sectored disks and cover most of the CP/M marketplace (although the increasing popularity of 5'/4-inch disks is becoming a problem). Micro- soft is attempting to convince its MS-DOS original equip- ment manufacturers that a 5'/4-inch disk format is impor- tant. With IBM's help the 5'/4-inch format may become 442 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc NNC HAS A NEW LOOK We've given our Series 80 microcomputers a bold new look. Now you can have a computer that will enhance the appearance as well as improve the effi- ciency of your installation. Our new die-cast front panel has improved the integ- rity and strength of the chassis, while adding protection for the reset switch. And, behind our pretty face you'll find a solidly-built, high performance computer that is ideal for stand alone as well as multi-user, multi-tasking applications. The Model 80W shown below features an IEEE stan- dard 4MHz Z80 CPU, 64KB of Dynamic RAM, 2 Serial and 3 Parallel ports, 10MB Winchester disk storage, 8" Floppy disk drive for file loading and backup, profes- sionally prepared documentation, and has complete upgrade capability. Here are several reasons why NNC should be your next computer: RELIABILITY— standard proven components, quality parts, professional industrial design techniques and intensive quality control add up to outstanding reliability. FLEXIBILITY— NNC computers have been designed to meet a wide variety of applications. COMPATIBILITY-NNC utilizes CP/M* and OASIS* operating systems which provide access to exten- sive single and multi-user application packages. SERVICE ABILITY- NNC's modular design and use of standard, readily available, quality components improves maintainability and minimizes down time. See the new look of NNC at your nearest computer dealer. He'll be glad to demonstrate the Series 80 and show you the total beauty of NNC computers. ESQ63 ELECTRONICS 15631 Computer Lane, Huntington Beach, CA 92649 Telephone: (714) 895-8000 TWX: 910 596 2360 f CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research OASIS is a trademark of Phase One Systems NNC— The Difference Between toys and Tools in Microcomputers Circle 490 on Inquiry card. BYTELINES. a standard. In other words, while machines may be able to read other formats, they should at least be able to read the standard format. Microsoft has announced that this fall it will introduce Version 2.0 of MS-DOS; among the new features are a visual shell, more user friend- liness, network interface (so the system can be used as a work station in a local net- work), improved utilities (print spooler, debug, etc.) and standard terminal inter- face including graphics using ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard escape sequences. Microsoft has disclosed that it is working on MS-DOS enhancements (version 3?) that will include MS-DOS recoded in the C language for easy conversion to other microprocessors, a C compiler to be included with MS-DOS, file I/O trans- parency across networks, and diskless work stations. Microsoft has also revealed that it is working on language enhancements that will in- clude support for the Intel 8087 floating-point math pro- cessor. As an aside, Microsoft, a privately held company, dis- closed that last year it grossed $1 6 million and this year it ex- pects to double that figure. M, lore 32-Bit Micros: Bell Laboratories and Hewlett-Packard have dis- closed that they will shortly begin manufacturing 32-bit microprocessor integrated cir- cuits. The Bell Labs version is called Bellmac-32A. It is a full 32-bit microprocessor; the data and address buses, inter- nal and external, have 32 lines. All of the registers are 32 bits wide and all instructions operate directly on 32-bit data words. The device, which has close to 150,000 transistors, can directly address a giga- byte of memory. It has been designed with the Unix oper- ating system and the C lan- guage in mind. The HP 32-bit device is a set of ICs that will be used in a new product to be introduced in about a year. The set in- cludes the processor, memory controller, read/write and read-only memory, I/O pro- cessor, and clock generator. The processor is on a ^-inch- square chip that has three to eight times the circuit density of any current IC, according to HP, and contains 450,000 transistors. M lotorola Adds to 68000 family: Motorola has reached an agreement with six other semiconductor man- ufacturers whereby the com- panies involved will design new devices to add to the MC68000 family of micro- computers. The joint contri- butions of Motorola and the six members of the design group (Mostek, Signetics, Rockwell, Hitachi, Thompson CSF, and Philips) allow the addition of far more products to the 68000 product line than any company could do by itself. The new products an- nounced are 8-bit-bus and 32-bit-bus versions of the 68000 microprocessor, a virtual-memory version of the 68000, and a floating-point mathematics processor. Some of the products will not be available until late 1983 or early 1984. The following is a brief look at the announced products. The 68008 is a 48-pin ver- sion of the 68000 that has data and address buses compatible with conventional 8-bit micro- computers. Motorola ob- viously hopes it will find a market analogous to that of Intel's 8088, an 8-bit-bus variation of the 8086 micro- processor. The 68008 will address one megabyte of memory. Samples will be available in the fourth quarter of 1982. The 68020 is reported to be the beginning of a 32-bit family of microprocessors. It will have 32-bit-wide data and address paths and will come in several configurations, the largest of which will be a package with 100 pins. Because of mechanical prob- lems with a device of this size, Motorola is discarding the dual-inline design of present ICs for a new package. The address space of this largest configuration will be 4 billion bytes of memory. The 68020 will have several interesting features, including a cache memory, a 16-MHz clock (al- lowing it to execute 1.5 million instructions per sec- ond), and an interface to aux- iliary coprocessors. One in- teresting technical note: the chip, which is primarily conventional NMOS (nega- tive-channel metal-oxide semiconductor), will have a small portion of grafted-on CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) circuitry. According to Motorola, this will signif- icantly reduce power con- sumption. Motorola is calling this new process HCMOS III or "merged MOS." Samples are promised for the fourth quarter of 1983. The 68881 is a floating-point math coprocessor that is said to be the first of a line of co- processors for use with the 68020 microprocessor and other members of the 68000 family. The unit will handle several degrees of precision, conform to the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) floating-point stan- dard, coprocess with the 68020 whenever possible, and do over 150,000 opera- tions per second. It will also use the HCMOS III tech- nology described above, and samples will be available by the fourth quarter of 1983. The 68452, a bus-arbitration module, and the 68440 dual DMA (direct memory access) coprocessor will be intro- duced in late 1983 or early 1984. The 68010 is a microproces- sor, pin-compatible with the 68000, that will work with the existing 68451 Memory Man- agement Unit (MMU) to create a microcomputer that implements virtual memory (i.e., the majority of the memory will actually reside on a disk and will be swapped in and out of random-access memory automatically). . . . G. W. •Spreadsheets Prolif- erate: Visicalc, introduced in late 1 979, was the first spread- sheet program. Now about 24 such programs are on the market. Visicalc, without doubt, is the most successful, and to a great extent it has made the Apple II the success that it is. But Visicalc has some limi- tations: restricted memory capacity; crude editing, text processing, and formatting; and lack of conditional state- ments. However, the most serious shortcoming has been the lack of a CP/M version. Competing spreadsheet programs have capitalized on these limitations. Most run under CP/M. Some offer modeling-language exten- sions to allow manipulation of the work sheet itself (e.g., Microplan, Plannercalc). Some allow different spread- sheets to associate with one another by means of a sheet- linkage feature (e.g., Multi- plan, Calcstar, Forecaster). One (NEC Report Manager) even allows a three-dimen- sional sheet. Many allow their spreadsheets to share data with other programs. It is also interesting to note that some software suppliers now offer versions for mini- computers. One supplier (Digicalc) offers a spreadsheet 444 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 287 on inquiry card. Circle 115 on inquiry card. STOCK ORDERS SHIPPED IN 24 HOURS ADDS VIEWPOINT $499 * QTY1 Granges ' ir ! ir ] ■': ' ' I Stanaar d Adjustable (facta Feed StandarG Parallel interface Standard Setiul iniertoca Stanciara Daia Buffet K Sionaora CoTfesoondeftcelofit 11 1 1 Slanaard Punt Speed IOOCPS Number of Couirim 80 96 13? VariotMe forms Length SfandarO Ampi $649 _ .dwlace cotw=s toi TflMQ 1 " '« Apce A nf M it • i ■ I" J J Cemronca Mart on QUME: DT-8...$525.00«,„, TANDON: TM-10O-2...$335.0O - TM-848-l...$475.00 > TM-6O2...$995.O0\ DISC DRIVES DT-5...$310.00-.rv, TM-100-4...$425.00'« 5'A DSQCiflft m TM-848-2...$550.00 TM-603...$1175.00 '«, QUME LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS SPRINT 9/45 §2245' . OlHf » MODll ANO CON FiGUBAI IONS AVAILABLE (408) 438-5454 l SCOnS VALLEY DR., SCOTTS VALLEY, CA 95066 TERMS: Cashiers Check, VISA, M/C, COD Shipping charges added to all orders ' Quantify Discounts Available /MEDIK DISTRIBUTING YOU'VE JUST FOUND THE MISSING LINK! (C= CD/npUTCR SHO&PBR Computer Shopper is your link to individuals who buy, sell and trade computer equipment and software among themselves nationwide. No other magazine fills this void in the marketplace chain. Thousands of cost-conscious computer enthusiasts save by shopping in Computer Shopper every month through hundreds of classified ads. And new equipment advertisers offer some of the lowest prices in the nation. Computer Shopper's unbiased articles make for some unique reading among magazines and there's a "help" column to answer difficult problems you may have with interfacing, etc. For a limited time you can subscribe to Computer Shopper with a six month trial for only $6. 6 month trial, *6°° Call Toll Free g 800-327-9920 or send a check to: OOmPUTSR SHOPPSR P.O. Box F301 • Titusville. FL 32780 305-269-3211 TWO Programmers! Unshackle yourself from chores and devote more time to creative work. Here are two powerful tools for faster, easier retrieval of data: S 200 PFAS *fl«2!2- The fastest, portable ISAM for UCSD p-System™ CP/M™ and Pascal MT + ™ PFAS is a set of routines written in Pascal which al- low programmers to access data records by a primary key and any number of sec- ondary keys. A profession- al, easy-to-use program de- velopment tool which sup- ports variable length rec- ords, multiple key access and unlimited number of records in a file. PFAS can find and read records in less than half a second on floppy disk systems. Truly machine independent - from Apple to Zenith, from HP125 to HP1000. •UCSD Pascal and UCSD p-Syslem are trademarks of the Regents of the University ol California. 'CP/M and Pascal MT+ are trademarks ol Digital Research. Inc. PHOSFORM Allows you to easily design, write and modify programs that use fill-in-the-form in- put. An editor and a set of portable input routines help you quickly create and cus- tom design forms to fit your needs. Form headings and the order of information are easily changeable. The PHOSFORM editor will doc- ument the finished form. PHOSFORM and applica- tions are portable and run on any terminal. AVAILABLE FOR IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER GRYPHON SYSTEMS 1917A Edinburg Avenue Cardiff-by-the-Sea, CA 92007 714-436-1455 • TLX 4990529 Circle 470 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 445 Circle 232 on Inquiry card. c Powerful Lab Graphics For Your Apple II + ® Computer A SCIENTIFIC PLOTTER CURVE FITTER « • i \ i— -/ \ S i * i v — H i jy — i — ■ — * SCIENTIFIC PLOTTER 48K APPLE II +,$25 Draws professional-looking graphs of your data. EASIER, FASTER, NEATER and more ACCURATE than handplotting. You choose data format, length and position of axes, 20 symbols, error bars, labels anywhere in 4 orientations, etc. Includes 5 DEMOS on disk with 30-PAGE MANUAL. CURVE FITTER 48K APPLE II +,$35 Selects the oesl curve to lit your data. SCALE, TRANSFORM, AVERAGE, SMOOTH, INTERPOLATE (3 types), LEAST SQUARES FIT (3 types), EVALUATE UNKNOWNS from fitted curve. Includes 5 DEMOS on disk with 33-PAGE MANUAL. VIDICHART 48K APPLE II +,$75 NEW tools for lab data management. FAST plots of 4 data sets with SCROLL- ING in 4 directions, ZOOM scaling on X and Y axes, 2 types of graphic CUR- SORS and on-screen STATUS REPORT. PLOTS A/D INPUT while sampling. ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, INTEGRATE, DIFFERENTIATE, AVERAGE or NORMALIZE data sets with SIMPLE COMMANDS. Ideal lor spec- tra, chromatograms, rate curves, etc. Includes SAMPLE DATA on disk with 28-PAGE MANUAL. SPECIAL! All 3 programs on one disk, only $120. Since each program uses the same data format on disk, data may be shared. BUY THESE PROGRAMS AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER OR ORDER DIRECT. For more information, ask for FREE brochure or send $5 for any manual {$12 for all 3), deductible with purchase. Add $1.50 shipping on all orders. For fastest service, call in your VISA or Master Card order. iffli INTERACTIVE MICROWARE, INC. P.O. Box 771, Dept. B State College, PA 16801 CALL (814) 238-8294 for IMMEDIATE ACTION • Trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. SWEET-TALKER, IT GIVES YOUR COMPUTER AN UNLIMITED VOCABULARY. '' Parallel Version Apple II Version "As Featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Byte Magazine, September 1981. The Sweet-Talker voice synthesizer allows you to add speech of unlimited vocabulary to your computer. Utilizing the VotraxSC-01 A chip, you can output any message by programming individual phonemes. Comes in two versions; one plugs directly into your Apple II, the other connects to any computer with an 8-bit parallel printer port. + 12 volts and + 5 volts required for parallel board. •Contains 64 different phonemes ST01 Sweet Talker Parallel accessed by a 6-bit code. Port Board AST $139.00 • Automatic and manual inflec- ST02 Sweet Talker Apple II tion modes. plug in board 149.00 • Parallel port uriven or plug-in ST06 Text-to-Speech compatible with Apple II. algorithm on disk •Super text-to-speech algorithm for Apple II 35.00 on disk for Apple II. Makes SC01A Votrax Speech Sweet-Talker equivalent to Synthesizer chip 70.00 units 3 times the cost. 5 or more 55.00 each •On board audio amplifier UPS01 Universal Power Supply- •Sample program on cassette A & T 35.00 with Apple ll board. Md $200 fgr snippirig 4 handling. •Optional power supply for parallel board. To Order: Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479 ^^" "^^t\ (In N.Y. State Call: 1-516-374-6793) ^^^ y^" ~V<3CV For Information Call: 1-516-374-6793 ^| ~ / yvSr^^V MICROMINTINC. W / / ,-' V^SS* 917 Midway V / , *V^ Woodmere N.Y. 11598 ■' III > BYTELINES. program for DEC VAX ma- chines at only $6,000. ^■olor-Graphlcs Costs Drop: Color-graphics-display terminals are being intro- duced at new low prices, some under $1000. This is ex- pected to bring color graphics into the business market- place. In fact, in a few more years, color may become standard. Leading the way now is Intelligent Systems Corporation (ISC), Norcross, Georgia, which is shipping a color-video terminal priced at $995 for single units. Televideo and Applied Digital Data Systems Inc. are ex- pected to introduce compet- ing units by year-end. The ISC unit can display eight fore- ground and eight background colors on a 13-inch video screen. It includes function keys and firmware for draw- ing vectors, bar graphs, and point plots. (Incidentally, Megatek Corporation, San Diego, California, has an- nounced a three-dimensional color-graphics terminal: prices start at $50,000.) Color-printer prices are dropping quickly too. Integral Data Systems has a color im- pact printer for under $2000 that produces eight colors using a four-band ribbon. In- tegrex Ltd., England, has developed a color printer based on the Epson MX-80 that it sells for $1995. A host of companies are producing color pen plotters. The lowest in cost is currently the Radio Shack 6-pen plotter at $1995. The Japanese have not yet entered this market, although they are known to be devel- oping color printers. When they do enter, substantial price reductions can be ex- pected. ■ loppy-Disk News: Last year 568,000 double-sided 5%-inch disk drives were made. This year the figure should double to 1.1 million drives. Also, track densities are increasing. The 96-tpi (track per inch) density will soon dominate the market. The result is that companies such as Micropolis have an- nounced 5'/4-inch drives with 2-megabyte storage capaci- ties. Delivery of these drives has been slowed pending the availability of improved disks. Better materials are necessary because uneven disk coating and thermal and hygroscopic distortion of the disk surface increase errors. Several companies have an- nounced they will soon start production of 1.6-inch-high 5'/4-inch drives. Thus two drives will fit into the space previously occupied by one drive. Half-high 8-inch drives are already available. Sony's 372-inch disk drive is being used in Sony's word- processing system. However, because it is available from only a single source, other manufacturers have been leery of designing it into their products. Sony has an- nounced that it will soon in- troduce a dual-sided version of the drive. r fnally, 68000 Soft- ware: I receive many letters from readers of this column regarding the availability of 68000-system software and low-cost hardware. The following, I think, answers most of the questions raised. It should be noted that Intel introduced its 8086 16-bit microprocessor in 1 977 — almost five years ago. The first systems using the 8086 became available the follow- ing year. However, it was not until 1980-81 that the first DOS development software became available. And it is only now, in 1982— five years later— that applications soft- 446 June 1982 © BYTE Publications uic Circle 502 on inquiry card. Circle 144 on inquiry card. Circle 64 on inquiry card. Overcome CP/M Limitations TurboDOS • CP/M Compatible Virtually any CP.M {ver. 2.x) program will run under Tur- boDOS without modification. Fully media compatible with standard CP/M-format diskettes. • Spectacular Performance Programs run 3-10 times faster than TRSDOS or CP/M. Benchmark results to 20 times fas- ter with some applications, as tested by an independent firm. • Double-Sided Drive Support Provides 1 .25 MBytes of Storage per 8" double- sided/density disk. Intermix combinations of single or doubles sided drives on line. • Expanded Directories Store more files and information per disk. • Automatic Density/Side Recognition Detects changes in disk format automati- cally. Change disks at any lime without compromising data or "8DOSRead- Only" errors. • Fast Disk Backup Copy an 8" S& DD dis- kette (61 OK) in less than 80 seconds. The Professional CP/M-Compatible Operating System Copy a double sided density diskette (1 .25 MBytes) in under 1 min. 45 sec. • Hard Disk Drive Support Supports large hard disks in excess of 1,000 MBytes without partitioning. • Advanced Utilities Complete set of disk utilities, system date and time functions, communications channel interface, and more included. • Enhanced Automatic Print Spooling Run multiple printers simultaneously. Supports multiple queues and printers on spooling versions, standard. • Advanced Mainframe-like Features In- cludes read-after-write validation of all disk update operations, type-ahead buf- fers, incremental disk backup utility, password/log-on security, system date and time functions, accepts string of multi- ple commands, and many other capabilities not available under CP'M or TRSDOS. Multi-user networking versions also available. Versions for TRS-80 Mod It & Xerox 820. Print spooling option $50 additional. Adaptable to any Z80-based computer. DATA-RX, INC. 686 Lighthouse Ave., Monterey, Ca 93940 (408) 375-2775 9 JHjL Only $249 Manual $25 refundable with purchase. TURBODOS is ttie registered trademark ot Software 2000 CP/M. MP/M. and CP/NET are registered trademarks ot Digital Research Dealer/OEM Inquiries Invited. BDOS ERROR ON B:BAD SECTOR Before disk errors ruin your work again order BADLIM. ■ BADLIM assures the reliability of your CP/M computer. ■ You can use your disks 1 times longer without losing your data AND your time. ■ BADLIM checks thoroughly your disk marking all the blocks which have defective sectors. The operating system will know that those sectors should be skipped. ■ BADLIM is the only program that gives protection for soft and hard errors. ■ The first time BADLIM will list which files in your disk are on bad sectors, so you can take action to correct it. • But thereafter the bad areas in your disk will be automatically by-passed. ■ For CP/M 1 .4 single density and for CP/M 2.xx of any format and density. It is a must for Winchester as the media cannot be replaced. BADLIM cosl only $73. Whatever the reason you have to use a computer you need BADLIM. Contact your dealer or call us today: BLAT R&D Corp., 8016 188th. St SW, Edmonds WA 98020. Phone: [2061 771-1408 _ ^ _ T __ _ DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED. D-A-D-Li-M. INDUSTRIES, INC. In Texas Orders Questions & Answers 1-713-392-0747 21969 Katy Freeway Katy (Houston) Texas 77450 To Order 1-800-231-3680 800-231-3681 SAVE BIG DOLLARS ON ALL TRS-80 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE TRS-80 BY RADIO SHACK. Brand new in cartons delivered. Save state sales tax. Texas residents add only 5% sales tax. Open Mon.-Fri. 9-6, Sat. 9-5. We pay freight and insurance. Come by and see us. Call us for a reference in or near your city. Ref: Farmers State Bank, Brookshire, Texas. WE OFFER ON REQUEST Federal Express (Overnight Delivery) Houston Intercontinental Airport Delivery (Same Day) U.P.S. BLUE (Every Day) References from people who have bought computers from us probably in your city ' TRS80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corp ED McMANUS \-.\ In stock TRS-80 Modal Ll II and III pi No Tax on Out of Texas Shipments! ss 10% 15% OR MORE Reserve Your Model 16 Today Telex 77-4132 (Fleks Hou) WE ALWAYS OFFER NO extra charge for Master Card or Visa. PI We use Direct Freight Lines. No long waits. PI We always pay the freight and insurance PI Toll free order number Pi Our capability to go to the giant TRS-80 Computer warehouse 5 hours away, in Ft. Worth, Texas, to keep you in stock. JOE McMANUS Circle 282 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 447 BYTELINES < ware packages are beginning to appear. The 68000 was introduced by Motorola in 1980, and the first 68000 system became available last year. The disk operating systems are only now becoming available, and languages should start becom- ing available early next year. Therefore, I do not expect to see any significant amount of 68000 applications software becoming available until 1984. I doubt that the 68000 will have much of an impact on the single-user/single-task per- sonal computer market. Its great strengths will be in the multi-user/multi-tasking market competing against traditional minicomputers. Keep in mind that Microsoft's 68000 DOS (Xenix) requires 50K bytes of 1 6-bit-wide user memory, as compared to 8086 DOS (MS-DOS), a single-user/single-tasking DOS that occupies only about 5K bytes of memory. I am not currently aware of any com- panies developing low-cost 68000-based personal com- puter systems. I would ap- preciate hearing from anyone who knows of one. Large Direct-view LCD: Kylex Inc. of Mountain View, California, a subsidiary of 3M Company, has developed a new type of alphanumeric liquid-crystal display (LCD) called the TAD (thermally addressed dye) display that has been incorporated into what is possibly the largest direct-view panel LCD ever made: a 6- by 7-inch, 288- by 357-pixel flat display screen. Each pixel is 15 hundredths of an inch square, and in alphanumeric use 24 lines of 50 characters each can be displayed. The TAD display could make possible a new generation of portable com- puter terminals. The TAD technology uses a so-called guest molecule of dichroic dye attached to host molecules of liquid crystal; the two types of molecules have a similar physical struc- ture. In the normal nematic molecular orientation, the dye is invisible. When the liquid-crystal molecules are reoriented in the display, the dye molecules are also re- oriented, causing the dye to become visible. For the liquid-crystal mole- cules to be changed in orien- tation, they must first be heated; in the display one row of pixels is heated at a time by an electric heating current passed through heating elements in the panel. The heating places molecules into random orientations, allowing the dye to show up. Then, while all the molecules in the row are cooling down, the pixels that are to be restored to the blank state (i.e., dye not visible) are addressed along the appropriate column by pulses of current. A unique property of the TAD display is the perma- nence of its images. Because the pixels must be heated for their states to change, they do not revert to blankness when not in use. You can unplug a TAD display from its control circuitry and keep it in a drawer for a year— and when you take it out, it will still show the image it contained when it was unplugged. The TAD display is driven by a control module contain- ing a Z80A microprocessor, 4K bytes of read/write mem- ory, 16K bytes of read-only memory, and various other components; the control $495. SBC can be redundant!! D Z80A 4MHz, 64K RAM, 2K ROM □ 2 serial, 2 parallel, 4 timer ports □ Bi-directional inter-processor channel □ Multi-processor architecture capability □ Redundant processor manipulation capability □ Matching double-density disc controller with SASI and PRIAM interface □ Application note for system configurations JC SYSTEMS (415)657-4215 1075 Hiawatha Ct. Fremont, CA 94538 MAILORDER DISCOUNTS tcippkz // SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES VISICALC 169 VISITREND/VISIPLOT 215 VISIFILE 210 DESKTOP PLAN II 1 59 BPI BUSINESS SOFTWARE 335 CONTINENTAL BUS. SOFTWARE 215 SUPERSCRIBE II 110 SUPERTEXT II 105 EASYWRITER 219 WORDSTAR (CP/M) 299 REAL ESTATE ANALYZER 120 TAX PREPARER 85 CREATIVE FINANCING 1 20 HAYES MICROMODEM II 299 MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD 299 MICROSOFT 16K RAM CARD 169 VIDEX80 COLUMN CARD 269 Eps On PRINTERS EPSON MX-70 350 EPSON MX-80 450 EPSON MX-80FT 550 EPSON M X- 1 00 730 QUME SPRINT 5/45 2499 MONITORS AMDEX LOW-RES 1 3" COLOR I 369 AMDEX HI-RES 13- COLOR 11 850 SANYO 9" BSW 1 85 ZENITH 12-' GREEN 125 NEC 12" GREEN 169 NEC 1 2" LOW-RES COLOR 365 NEC 1 2" HI-RES RGB COLOR 875 SEC ATARI 800 & 400 NEC PC-8000 PC-8001 A SYSTEM W/32K 750 PC-801 2A I/O & EXPANSION SLOTS W/32 K 525 PC-8031 A DUAL DRIVES 750 PC-8023A MATRIX PRINTER TRACTOR/FRICTION 550 PC-8033A I/O PORT FOR DISK DRIVES 145 THE WEDGE-DISK RS232 & GAME I/O W/32K 515 DISKETTES BASF 6ft" DISKETTES (10) 25 BASF 8" DISKETTES (10) 29 ATARI 800 (16K) 675 ATARI 400 ( 1 6K) 335 810 DISK DRIVE 439 16K RAM MEMORY MODULE 89 850 INTERFACE MODULE 165 830 ACOUSTIC MODEM 159 ATARI WORD PROCESSOR 1 25 XEROX 820 "SAW SYSTEM I (5'V DRIVES) SYSTEM II (8" DRIVES) XEROX 630 PRINTER WORD PROCESSING (WORDSTAR] . 425 CP/M OPERATING SYSTEM 175 2395 2995 2325 TO ORDER: Please send cashier's check, money order or personal check (allow 10 business days to clear): VISA and Master Card credit card service add 3%. Shipping, handling and insurance in U.S. add 3% (minimum $5). California residents add 6% sales tax. Foreign orders add 10% for shipping. Equipment is subject to price change and availability. All equipment carries factory warranty. TELEX: 697120 DATAMAX-SDG COMPUTER HORIZON 1 6766 Bernardo Center Drive, Suite 1 1 0B, San Diego, CA 92 1 28 (714) 565-7092 (800) 854-1941 448 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 244 on Inquiry card. Circle 110 on Inquiry card. Circle 396 on inquiry card. Circle 177 on inquiry card. S 100 USERS WZl*-*% a feg g g fw w,>m!» =*yj 3w HSuCZ u las : ■■< INTERFACE 9-TRACK TAPE DRIVES With the DTI - DMA Tape-Unit Interface • Transfers data via DMA up to 200K bytes per second • Allows full control over all tape-drive functions SPEED NUMBER-CRUNCHING SOFTWARE 5-10 X's AND MORE With the FMP - Fast Math Processor • Kit or assembled • 32-bit floating point operations for arith., trig., exponential, etc. functions • Or 64-bit floating point operations for arithmetic functions Both the DTI and FMP meet the IEEE S-100 standard. Software is available. For further information contact: A MEMBER OF THE SPC GROUP SPC TECHNOLOGIES, inc. P.O. Box 248, Arlington, VA 22210 (703) 841-3632 SINGLE BOARD COLOR VIDEO AND SOUND GENERATOR KIT S350' COLOR VIDEO KIT S320 - •STANDARD KIT INCLUDES TMS9918. ADD S25 FOR TMS 9918A COLOR VIDEO PROCESSOR • Text, Graphics, Animation • 16 Colors • 256x192 Reso- lution • NTSC Composite Video Output • Uses TMS 9918 • Includes I/O Mapped 16K Video Memory • 3D Simulation with 32 Video Sprites • 2 Byte X-Y Positioning • Real Time Clock • 8 Level Interrupt Selection • Inexpensive RF Mod- ulator allows easy connection to any color TV • Video over Video and Extended Graphics II Mode with TMS 9918A • PROGRAMMABLE SOUND GENERATOR • Music, Sound Effects, ToneSignaling, Ultrasonics • 27 Hz to 111 KHz Range • 3 Programmable Analog Channels with Separate Frequency, Volume and White Noise Control • 10 Selectable Envelope Wave Shapes under Software Control • Two 8-Bit Programmable I/O Ports for use as External Keyboard/Display Interface • Power Amplifier for driving External Speaker • Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Prices include complete documentation with programming examples. PC board is solder-masked with gold contacts. Add S100 lor assembled and tested units. Send $14.50 for 120 page manual, refundable with order Compatible with 280. 8085 and 8080 at 2 or 4 MHz on S-100 buss. EDA ELECTRONIC DESIGN ASSOCIATES P.O. Box 94055 Houston. Texas 77018 (713)999-2255 SAVE $$ [apple computer APPLE COMPUTER SYSTEMS SOLD ONLY IN STORE. CALL FOR PRICES. RAM MEMORY FOR TRS-80. APPLE II 16K SET4116's (200 NS) 24.95 General Information: We carry a large selection of hardware and software by other companies Send for our catalog. We are an authorized repair center for APPLE, ATARI, NORTH STAR, AND EPSON. DISCOUNT PRICES A ATARI 400 16K 349.00 800 16K 699.00 410 Recorder 89.00 810 Disk 449.00 822 Printer 359.00 825 Printer 779.00 830 Modem 159.00 850 Interface Module 179.00 CX853 RAM 89.00 CX70 Light Pen 64.00 CX30 Paddle 18.00 CX40 Joystick 18.00 VERBATIM DISKETTES Box of 10 5V,," 29.50 Box of 10 8" 39.50 NoithStar ADV-2Q-64K ADV-1Q-64K-HD-5 3150.00 519500 HRZ-2Q-64K HRZ-1Q-64K-HD-5 HRZ-1Q-64K-HD-18 5 MB HARD DISK 18 MB HARD DISK 2795.00 4695.00 6295.00 2350.00 4195.00 SAVE $$ PRINTERS EPSON MX-70 299.00 MX-80 469.00 MX-80 F/T 569.00 GRAFTRAX 90.00 INTERFACE (APPLE) 75.00 CABLE (APPLE) 22.50 IDS 560G 1450.00 PRISM 1795.00 NEC 3510 35CPS 1995.00 7710 55CPA 2650.00 8023A 599.00 OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 389.00 MICROLINE82A 549.00 MICROLINE 83A 849.00 MICROLINE 84 1245.00 C.I.T.O.H. STARWRITER 25CPS 1595.00 STARWRITER 45CPS 2195.00 FORMS TRACTOR 275.00 PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. MARYLAND RESIDENTS ADD 5% SALES TAX FREDERICK COMPUTER PRODUCTS, INC. TO ORDER CALL: (301) 694-8884 5726 INDUSTRY LANE Store Hours: MON.THRU THURS. FRI. AND SAT. 9:30 AM-9:00 PM 9:30 AM-5:00 PM FREDERICK, MD. 21701 Circle 193 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 449 Circle 190 on inquiry card. AIM for Control For process control or in- dustrial development systems, put Rockwell's AIM 65 to work for you. Use off-the- s shelf AIM-Mate ^j^ Series and STD BUS expansion prod' ucts to configure the sys tern you need. The AIM 65 includes: typewriter, alpha numeric LED display, and fast thermal printer. Plug-in options include: memory (to 48K), ROM languages, parity protection, video display, floppy disk storage, STD BUS expansion cage, TTL and real world interfaces, and complete system soft- ware. Call or write for complete AIM-Mate Series infor- mation. Ill FORETHOUGHT l^=PRODUCTS 87070 Dukhobar Road, Eugene. Oregon 97402 (503) 485-8575 BYTELINES, TELEPHONE VOICE RESPONSE The V100 interactive voice synthesizer with telephone interface is an Apple li®or IBM Personal Computerfa compatible, low-cost, solution to remote data base access arrangements. $39500 vioo-a • Direct telephone connection, auto-dial/answer • Touch-tone 1 " generation and detection • Includes 1000 word, LPC allophone vocabulary • Software tor sentence/library construction • Expandable with 300 ($150) or 1300 ($495) high quality LPC words For a demonstration call toll free (800) 538-7002 In California call (408) 942-1595 WTOST ©@IMP®KMtj©M] 2405 Qume Dr., San lose, CA 95131 (408) 942-1037 module keeps track of the temperature of the pixel rows to keep the display operating within the most efficient range while using a minimal amount of energy. The inventor of the TAD technology, Dr. Sun Lu, de- scribed his research in a paper delivered in May at a confer- ence of the Society for Infor- mation Display. . . . R. S. S, w ideo Games Battle in Court: Pac-man has replaced Space Invaders in computer- game popularity. In fact, Pac- man has generated nearly $1 billion in arcade sales. Atari is now selling Pac-man car- tridges for its home units and expects sales to top that of the arcade version. Warner Com- munications, Atari's parent company, expects that Pac- man will gross more money than its Star Wars film. But there are problems. Magnavox is marketing a game called K.C. Munchkin that Atari claims is "a knock- off of Pac-man." Atari took Magnavox to court and suc- ceeded in enjoining the latter from marketing the game on the basis of copyright infringe- ment; however, a second rul- ing stayed the first ruling until a full trial could be held. Pac-man was licensed from Namco of Japan by Bally Manufacturing Corporation, which also licensed the ar- cade version of Space In- vaders (Atari sells the home cartridge version). Bally is now shipping Ms. Pac-man games to arcades, and this is expected in cartridge version also. M mpology Due: In my February 1982 BYTELINES column I reported on Condesin, a small research and development company using a new technology to de- velop a 4-megabit nonvolatile memory. I reported the com- pany as being in Cupertino, California. I have been in- formed that the company has moved to Texas. As yet I have not been able to locate its new address. Wftuote of the Month: "There are eight different ways to insert a disk into a drive. . . only one of which is interesting." Eddie Currie, Vice President Lifeboat Associates MAIL: I receive a large number of letters each month as a result of this column. If you write to me and wish a re- sponse, please include a self- addressed, stamped envelope. Sol Llbes POB 1192 Mountainside, NJ 07092 BYTE's Bits Graphics Printing System If you are interested in the Graphics Printing System mentioned in the January and February 1982 BYTEs (see pages 443 and 222, respec- tively), please note that Pro- gressive Software has gone into bankruptcy and will no longer sell or support the pro- gram. However, Crow Ridge Associates is selling and sup- porting the program. It should be noted that the sys- tem must be used with the Apple serial interface card with the P8A PROM (pro- grammable read-only mem- ory). It costs $109.95. Con- tact Crow Ridge Associates Inc., POB 90, New Scotland, NY 12127, (518) 765-3620. ■ 450 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 460 on Inquiry card. Circle 456 on inquiry card. MODEM HEADQUARTERS Connect any computer or terminal to the phone lines! 1200 Baud — 120 Characters per Second Penril 300/1200 $739 Bell 212A identical. Full duplex, RS232. 1200 and 300 Baud. Originate/auto-answer. Phone connection via RJ11C standard phone jack. One year warranty. Self-test. Fits under phone. 300/1200 Auto-Dialer $225 Allows any computer to automatically dial out through the Penril 300/1200. 300 Baud — 30 Characters per Second Phone Link Acoustic Modem $129 Originate and Answer. Half/Full duplex. RS232. Operates with any standard telephone. Indicators for On, Carrier, Self-test. Send Data, Receive Data. One year warranty. Micro-link $179 Originate/ Auto-Answer, Half/Full duplex. RS232. Phone connection via RJ11C standard phone jack. Indicators for On, Carrier Detect, Self-test, Send Data, Receive Data. Two year warranty. Fits under phone. ADDS Viewpoint CRT $529 GE2120 Printing Terminal $1,799 150 CPS. 300/1200 Baud. GE2030 Printing Terminal $999 60 CPS. 300/1200 Baud. All equipment is in stock. Your satisfaction guaranteed. Any product may be returned for full credit. Write or call for full product information. U.S. ROBOTICS iNc 203 N. WABASH SUITE 17IB CHICAGO, ILL BOBOI 34B-5B50 » Circle 72 on inquiry card. Buckeye DESK TOP ENCLOSURES ASK ABOUT OUR NEW BRACKET MOUNTING SYSTEM FOR DWC CASES DWC-1-0850 T $54.70 DWC-1-1133 60.60 DWC-1-1600 68.80 BKS-2-0850 $41.50 BKS-2-1133 44.80 BKS-2-1600 48.30 Send check for case in width desired. Call or write for detailed literature The Buckeye Stamping Co. 555 Marion Rd., Columbus, OH 43207 614/445-8433 YOU'VE NEVER SEEN DISCOUNTS LIKE THESE! SYSTEM ONE SYSTEM 1H $2999 5395 SYSTEM THREE $5999 NEW CROMEMCO PRODUCTS 8 and 16 BIT DUAL PROCESSORS CSID2E(256KRAM) CSID5E(512KRAM) CSI H D2E (256K, 5 Meg. H.D.) CS3D5E(512KRAM) CS3HD40E(5Meg.H.D.,4Meg.RAM) $4299 4999 5999 7299 20995 MORE SPECIALS SYSTEM TWO $3995 SYSTEM Z2H 7495 VIDEO TERMINAL 3102 $2099 MAXELL DISKETTES Boxes of 10 MD1 MD2 $39.95 49.95 FD1 FD2 $42.95 57.95 ATARI 800 $ 699 Tl 810 Printer 1349 QANTEX Printer 1049 ADDS Viewpoint 599 ADDS Regent 25 879 EPSON MX80 $ 499 EPSON MX80 FT 599 EPSON MX100 759 S0R0CIQ130 699 DEC LA34 949 CALL FOR INFORMATION ON NORTHSTAR, HAZELTINE, INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS, LEARSIEGLER, MORROW DESIGNS, QUME, OKIDATA, TELEVIDEO, DIGITAL MICRO SYSTEMS, CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS All prices are CASH. American Express, Visa, Master Card, add 5% Prices subject to change without notice DATA DISCOUNT CENTER P.O. BOX 233, Greenvale, New York 11548 576-869. 8537 BYTE June 1982 451 Maintenance Alternatives for Personal Computers Repair service options to consider before you buy a computer and preventive maintenance steps to perform once you've made the purchase. Whether you have already chosen your personal computer or are in the process of making that important decision, there is something you must consider that is as important as bits, bytes, bauds, and software — main- tenance. Suppose you sat down to work at your system and found that the video terminal wouldn't light, the printer wouldn't print, or the com- puter just wouldn't compute. Where would you turn for help? Ideally you should determine the options for repairing your system before buying About the Author Lew Whitaker has spent 20 years in sales and marketing, primarily with companies in the magnetic media field. He was the Western Regional Manager for the Computron (BASF) magnetic tape company and has worked for Data Devices, KYBE Corporation, and In- novative Computer Products. He has had a number of articles published in the Journal of Data Management, Interface Age, and Digital Design. Lewis A. Whitaker 18360 Oxnard St. Tarzarta, CA 91356 it. However, even if you have pur- chased a computer already, you do have options for obtaining service. A recent incident taught me the im- portance of planning maintenance You can take steps to maintain the components of your computer before a failure occurs. alternatives before disaster strikes. A friend, who had purchased a personal computer through a mail-order catalog, saw his printer stop in the midst of printing a long document. He called me frantically to ask where he could go to have someone fix his machine quickly. Not having an im- mediate answer, I looked in the Yellow Pages under "computer main- tenance." That heading referred me to "computer store," where I found listings for twelve businesses. At this point, I decided that it might be in- teresting to call each company myself. I called them and the results were surprising, to say the least. Three were no longer in business, four specialized in computer games and video equipment, four were more interested in selling new computers and didn't service my friend's type of equipment anyway, and only one store said it would take a look at the machine if I brought it in. I wondered whether the results of my little survey were typical. If it proved difficult to get quick and efficient service in computer-conscious West Los Angeles, what could the personal computer user in more remote areas expect? It was not many years ago that all data-processing or scientific com- puter installations had on-site field 452 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 168 on inquiry card Circle 358 on inquiry card. LINE VOLTAGE*" TRANSIENT SUPPRESSORS Features Parallel Operation 5000 Hits CfyAfotf AND Gfyjl&l 'A 5000 Hits/Second TM PROTECTS: •Computers • Micro-Computer Systems • Word Processors •Cash Registers • Power Supplies MARC INDUSTRIES. INC. PROTECTS AGAINST: • High Energy Voltage Transients • On-Otf Switching •Lightning Induced Transients • Inrush of On/Ofl Power Clipstrip Clipper 977E 67BF ® © DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED LISTED LISTED 7133 Rutherford Rd. Baltimore, Md. 2120 (301 ) 298-31 30 800-638-9098 BUY DIRECT TRS-80S Full Line WE PAY SHIPPING in the 48 continental states on prepaid orders of $100.00 or more. NO TAXES are collected on out-of-state shipments. WE ACCEPT Visa, MasterCard and American Express, or you can save additional money by paying cash. TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 800/531-7466 Pan American Electronics 1117 Conway • Dept. B Mission, Texas 78572 Phone 512/581-2766 Telex Number 767339 FORT WORTH BRANCH 2912 N. Main Ft. Worth, Texas 76106 Phone 817/625-6333 Telex Number 794836 TM — Trademark of Tandy Corporation CUSTOM PRODUCTS DESIGN • LAYOUT MANUFACTURING 64K STATIC RAM FULLY STATIC MEMORY SPECIALIZING IN QUALITY MICRO COMPUTER HARDWARE S-100 PRODUCTS BUILDING BLOCKS FOR MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS, DEDICATED CONTROLLERS AND TEST EQUIPMENT CARD CAGES, POWER SUPPLIES MAINFRAMES, CPU'S, MEMORY I/O, OEM VARIATIONS TT-10 TABLE TOP MAINFRAMES MULTIBUS® PRODUCTS MULTIBUS IS A TRADEMARK OF INTEL CORP. ELECTRONIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY, INC. 763 Ramsey Ave., Hillside, NJ 07205 (201) 686-8080 Circle 176 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 453 Circle 466 on inquiry card. SUPTCBRAIN 4 4 r # PRICE BREAKTHROUGH SUPERBRAIN II $1895 350K Disk-64 RAM SUPE3BRAIN QD . . . $2275 00K Disk-64K RAM SUPE3BRAIN SD . . . $2655 1.5 MB Disk-64K RAM List DAZY CHAINED $495 $350 (Includes All Hardware and Software) STARGRAPH List $3890 $ Call Includes 350K Disk-64K RAM. Emulates Tektroni>!"4010 Graphics Terminal, Supports SAS-Graph and all Tektronix Plot 10 Software. (Larger Configurations Available) 90 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE* 120 DAY EXTENDED WARRANTY** Ordering Information: Money Orders, Cashier Checks or Bank Wires Welcome. Personal or Company Checks, allow 1 5 days to clear. Surface Freight Standard FOB Origin. Include your telephone number. No COD's, Please. Prices are subject to change without notice. Order desk hours are 9 to 5 CST. CALL OR WRITE (214) 931-9069 WESTST*R Micro 16990 Dallas Parkway -Suite 151 Dallas, Texas 75248 * Refunds are Prorated. "Extended Warranty offered by WestStar. SuperBrain is a Registered Trademark of Intertec Data Systems. Dazy Chainer is a Registered Trademark of Gemini Computer, Inc. StarGraph is a Registered Trademark of Tektronix. engineers with proper training and enough spare parts to solve whatever problem might arise within a system. Service contracts for computer systems were mandatory and were written as part of the system purchase or lease. The development of solid- state chips has not only accelerated the trend toward smaller and less ex- pensive computer systems but has also greatly improved reliability. There is still a huge segment of the market that addresses large-scale computer systems, which require on- site or on-call field engineers. As the computer system shrinks in size and cost and as the reliability of all com- ponents increases, however, there is a need for practical alternatives for computer maintenance. It does not make sense for the Apple or PET user to retain a full-time field engineer. But where should the user go if he wanted to obtain the services of a qualified engineer to perform on-site maintenance? Are there local places where he can bring his machine for service? Must he send his machine back to the factory for even the simplest repairs? Is there anything that the average nontechnical person can do at home to keep costs down and efficiency up? What are the alter- natives from which a personal com- puter user can choose before the first component failure ruins his love af- fair with his computer? Where to Go for Help Computer stores: Many computers are sold through computer stores. In addition to the best-known manufac- turers, a number of smaller com- panies sell their computers through these same stores. The questions that the buyer should ask the seller are the same as if the product under con- sideration were an automobile or a kitchen appliance: Does the seller of- fer a maintenance contract? What is the length of the warranty? What does the warranty include? Is the repair site local or are repairs made at a distant facility? Does the seller do the work or does he farm it out to a third party? Does the service provider offer loaner units? Investigation has shown that there is no such thing as an industry-wide, standard service policy for small computers. My initial disappointing experience in searching for a service company prompted me to make a wider investigation throughout the Los Angeles area. I found that most computer stores offered maintenance of the computers that they sold, but most were also reluctant to discuss turnaround time for repairs. Often they were not even able or willing to quote their hourly service rates. Radio Shack was the only store that had a printed parts and labor price sheet available to the customer. Cer- tain manufacturers, such as Radio Shack and Apple, offer extensions of their warranty, which guarantee that a user can bring his system in for repair anytime during the covered period However, while Radio Shack service policies are uniform from store to store, the same cannot be said for Apple service policies. I discussed service of Apple computers with several retail outlets. While some were vague at best about turnaround and uncertain about hourly rates, other Apple retail outlets welcomed inquiries into their service policies, offered quick turnaround for most problems, and not only stated rates for service but estimated the time each type of problem would require. The price of an annual service con- tract varies from company to com- pany, but it appears that about $2000 is average for an extended warranty contract for a complete personal com- puter system. Whether you wish to spend the money to purchase a maintenance contract is obviously a personal decision. It is an expensive undertaking to be sure, but a com- puter sitting idle is both expensive and sad. Manufacturers: I asked three manufacturers about their factory- direct service policies. Digital Microsystems, Vector Graphic, and Intertec all had similar policies. They preferred the user to go to a local ser- vice outlet, but each offered to service the unit at the factory if the customer wished, whether the unit was under warranty or not. The objections to having a machine returned to the fac- tory are simple: time and trouble. Seldom does anyone have the time to 454 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 473 on Inquiry card. WINTERHALTER & ASSOCIATES, INC. SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR YOUR MICROCOMPUTER Circle 285 on inquiry card. Software for Your Microcomputer 313 N. First. Ann Arbor, Ml 48103 313-662-2002 ADVANCED GRAPHICS SOFTWARE NOW— FOR MICROCOMPOTERS! 512 x 240 RESOLUTION FOR COMPUSTAR® SUPERBRAIN® TRS-80® MODEL II Z-89/90 USE WITH HARDWARE RETROFIT from §59500 XCEL GRAPHICS SOFTWARE •Symbol Generator •Graph Plotter •3D Generator •Surface Plotter •Graphics Terminal Emulator •Screen Printer ANADEX EPSON IDS $175.00 $175.00 $345.00 $395.00 $395.00 $65.00 A>< p ,^ s (213) 320-6604 ZJ5cL\|VI,AXTEK: i II\JC. 2908 Oregon Court, Torrance, CA 90503 Available in Europe from Micronex Ltd., Chew Magna, England 3042 (STD 027-589 3042) i^ec ,.,]*„•,,■(, kademar* TanOyCofj)* SupuibraU, nadomatK Inleffljc Data Syslunss LEASE YOUR FLEET FROM THE COMPANY THAT MANAGES THE LARGEST FLEET IN THE WORLD. When you lease from Hertz you get something no other leasing company can offer you: Hertz experience. We can lease you any make, any model and any number of cars. And no matter what your leasing needs are you'll find Hertz has a plan to meet them. So call 1-800-847-4068 or write to Kevin McDonald, Hertz Hgrbz Car Leasing, 3 Entin Road, Parsippany, New Jersey 07054. And get the same company that manages the #1 fleet in the ffi He ^ /eases Fords and olher „ necars world helping you manage yours. Circle 211 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 455 Circle 348 on inquiry card. WOryx software GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES! We will match any advertised price. Just show us the ad. ORDER TOLL FREE - Outside Wl 1-800-826-1589 ACCESSORIES Mountain Expansion Chassis 625. CPS Multifunction 199. 100.000 Day Clock 375. Mountain Clock 252. A/D + D/A 299. CCS 12K R0M/PR0M Board 99. CCS A/0 Converter Board 99. CCS Serial Asynch. Board 139. CCS Calendar/Clock Board 99. VOTRAXType-n-Talk 375. ABT Pascal Tools I or II 75. Scitronic Remote Controller 249. ApplB Speed Controller 69. Applescope(your Apple as an Oscilloscope) 595. Scope Driver 49. Videx Enhancer II 149. K&D Enhancer 115. Videx Character Sets 29. Echo Speech Synthesizer 225. Upper/Lower Character 39. ALS Smarterm 379. ALSZ-Card 269. SSM A10 s/p interface + cable 195. Percom Doubter II 167. PRINTERS EpsonMXBOW/GralhTrax 495. MX80F/T 615. MX 100 CALL NEC8023A 515. Okidata 82A 535 83A 785. 84 CALL MONITORS Amdek 300 Hi Res Green 196. Color II Hi Res CALL NECJB1201M. 12" Hi Res Green 215 JC1201M. 12" Lo Res Color 349. Sanyo 12" Hi Res Green 275. 13" Color w/Sound CALL KAGA Green-Inset 172 MODEMS Hayes Smartmodem 225. Chronograph 198. Micromodem 295. DISK DRIVES call . . . AND MANY MORE! Prices valid for stock on hand and subject to change without notice. For Software see our other ad, page 308 Please: • Wisconsin residents ■ add 4% sales tax • Add $2.50 (or shipping per software and small item. Call regarding others. We Welcome: • Visa, Mastercharge - (Add 4%) • Checks (Allow 1-2 weeks for clearing) COO (Add $1.50 per shipment) I ORDER TOLL FREE - Outside Wl 1-800-826-1589 For Technical Info & in Wisconsin: 715-848-2322 Oryx Software 205 Scott St., Dept. BB P.O. Box 1961 • Wausau, Wl 54401 pack a bulky machine and ship it back to a factory. No one I know keeps the original cartons long, and that helps make long distance ship- ping complicated. In addition, few owners can afford to be without their machines for the time required. For practical reasons, therefore, factory maintenance should be considered a last resort. But it is comforting to know that a last resort is there if you should ever need it. Third Party Maintenance: In addi- tion to computer manufacturers and the retail outlets that promise to ser- vice what they sell, there is a network of independent service organizations. These companies, such as TRW, Dow Jones, and Sorbus, will write a con- tract on peripherals. Service organi- zations work under license to manu- facturers and are often the only authorized repair service for a pro- duct. Large, nationwide organiza- tions do have their advantages. You can move from Los Angeles to New York and still be assured of finding maintenance. They also perform ser- vice on site. The disadvantage of con- tracting with this type of organization is that you pay for the overhead; rates are high. A different type of service organization is now emerging: the small, local service company willing to service more than one type of machine, either on site or on a carry- in basis. These companies will offer both an extended warranty contract or a one-time charge for time and materials. Rates quoted for this type of service were $35 to $60 per hour, with a two-hour minimum for on-site service. Remember, however, that there is more to service than cheap rates. The least expensive service con- tract may not prove least expensive in the long run. How to Help Yourself As stated above, early selection of a reliable repair service is strongly recommended. However, you can take steps to maintain the com- ponents of your computer before a failure occurs. The following are some simple and effective steps that a personal computer owner can take to care for his or her equipment. Central processor: This is the "brain" of the computer and for- tunately one of its most reliable parts. Because the average personal com- puter system draws power in the range of 3 to 5 amps, you should not overload the same circuit with other appliances. Overloading a circuit could result in power surges that could blow a fuse or cause unpredict- able problems. A typical indication that a fuse has blown is that absolute- ly nothing happens when the power switch is turned on. If a fuse does blow, replace it with the size recom- mended by the manufacturer. If the fuse continues to blow, you must call the previously selected service com- pany. Another problem that can af- fect the operation of the central pro- cessor is static electricity. Static elec- tricity, that annoying and shocking "zzzap" so common indoors in winter, can cause data loss or even component failure. An antistatic mat or an antistatic spray is an excellent investment to prevent such failures. Floppy-disk drive: This peripheral device is the one most likely to fail outright or marginally, causing disruption of processing or actual loss of data. Fortunately, the disk drive is also the peripheral that can benefit most from careful maintenance. Often, the problem is with the floppy disk itself. You should use only top- quality, fully tested, "certified" disks. However, even use of the best disks cannot guarantee that problems will not occur. Magnetic disks require careful handling. The slightest bit of dust or oil between the recording head and the disk surface can cause improper contact. This can prevent data from being written on the disk and can interfere with reading data too. The following rules for floppy- disk care are industry standard. You would be wise to follow them care- fully. 1. Do not put fingers, pencils, or other objects through the head- access slot in the vinyl jacket. 2. Keep disks away from large motors or other magnetic fields. 3. Do not bend, fold, or wrinkle the disk's vinyl jacket. 4. Do not write on the vinyl jacket. 456 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 318 on inquiry card. Photo 1: Contaminants on the read/write head of a floppy-disk drive. 5. Write on a label before affixing it to the jacket. 6. Keep the disk in its envelope when the disk is not in use. 7. Keep the disk and envelope in a protected storage area. 8. Keep disks in an area with a temperature range of 50° to 110 °F. 9. Avoid blowing cigarette smoke on the disks. Caring for the disks is only part of the problem. Equally important is proper care of the recording head. During operation, the read/write head rides on the surface of the disk. When a ceramic head is in constant contact with a rapidly rotating magnetic disk, there is the continual potential for head contamination. Contamination, in the sense used here, means that oxide from the disk is loosened in minute particles and smears onto the surface of the record- ing head. With oxide particles cover- ing the recording surface of the head (see photo 1) magnetic signals can neither be recorded nor read. Until quite recently, the only way to rid a disk head of contamination was to have a qualified engineer dismantle a drive and manually clean the head surface by gently and carefully scrub- bing it with a cotton swab soaked in alcohol. This procedure was both time consuming and potentially dangerous to the drives. A number of head cleaning devices are now available to the user who wants to do the cleaning himself. (For a list of manufacturers, see table 1.) These head cleaning kits, which are available for both 8- and SVi-inch drives, are of three types: • Dry cleaners consist of a package of one, two, or three disks per box. The disk is a piece of standard Mylar substrate with a nonabrasive polyester material bonded to it. It is sealed inside a standard vinyl jacket. Examples of this type of cleaner are Compu-Clean and BASF — both Euro- pean imports. • Wet/dry cleaners typically consist of two cleaning disks and one bottle of cleaning solution. The cleaning disk is a slightly porous, flexible piece of nonwoven, nonabrasive polyester. It is sealed inside a modified jacket. One side of the jacket has a wide cutout, and the other side, a removable tab. (For single-sided drives, the tab stays in place; for dual-sided, the tab is removed.) The user applies cleaning solution to a third of the disk through the cutout. The disk is placed in the drive as is a normal magnetic disk. The heads are accessed and the disk is left in place for 15 to 20 seconds. While in opera- tion, the disk rotates and cleans by means of a wet/dry, wet/dry action on the heads. Examples of this type of cleaner are 3M and Innovative Com- puter Products. ANNOUNCING FORTHWRITE AN OUTSTANDING WORD PROCESSOR FOR YOUR TRS-80 MODEL I OR III OR IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER! If you need to lype any of the following sorts of documents: business or personal letters, form letters, proposals and estimates, term papers and theses, newspaper and magazine articles, books, stage scripts — then FORTH- WRITE is the tool you want. Designed for easy and effective use by computer novices, unusual power and flexibility for the advanced user's most complex tasks, all with inslant response time. FORTHWRITE combines the power of MMSFORTH with the best features ol SCRIPSIT (trademark of Tandy Corp ) and WORDSTAR (trademark ol MicroPro) Learning becomes easy thanks to on-line Help screens, excellent keyboard mnemonics and screen prompts, a good manual and sample documents. "Include'' feature permits internal chaining ol documenls, text blocks (and address files), custom keyboard entries, etc. Ouldenting, multiple-line odd and even headers and foolers, screen windowing lo 255 columns, MOPE Standard serial and parallel printer drivers with in-line printer control codes are provided, plus TRUE PROPOR TIONAL drivers with tabbing for the NEC Spinwriter and TRS-80 Daisy Wheel II printers, subscript, superscript and boldpnnt on the above and Epson/IBM printers, a printer spooler and MUCH more Print capacity is limited only by disk space (multiple documents can be chained at printout and up to 8 disk drives can provide contiguous data space), while editing takes advantage ol the exceptional speed of in-mernory operation. A print-to disk option permits examination of (or matted output without hardcopy FORTHWRITE V1 (requires MMSFORTH V2 0/2 1, 2 drives & 48 K RAM) $175.00* FORTH THE PROFESSIONAL FORTH SYSTEM FOR TRS-80 AND IBM PC (Thousands of systems in use) MMSFORTH Disk System V2.0 (requires 1 drive, 32 K RAM): For Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I or III $129.95* For IBM Personal Computer (80-col. screen) $249.95* AND MMS GIVES IT PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT Source code provided MMSFORTH Newsletter Many demo programs aboard MMSFORTH User Groups Inexpensive upgrades lo latest version Programming staff can provide advice, modifications and custom programs, to fit YOUR needs. OTHER MMSFORTH PRODUCTS: The DATAHANDLER database management sys. . . $59.95* FORTHCOM communications program $39.95* MMSFORTH UTILITIES Diskette $39.95* MMSFORTH GAMES Diskette $39.95' MMSFORTH GENERAL LEDGER $350.00' TRADESHOW Commodities Exchange smart terminal S995.00* FORTH BOOKS AVAILABLE MMSFORTH USERS MANUAL- without Appendices, for non- owners $17.50" STARTING FORTH - best companion to our manual $15.95* THREADED INTERPRETIVE LANGUAGES - advanced, ex- cellent analysis of M MSFORTH-I ike language $18.95' PROGRAM DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION - intro. to structured programming, good for Forth $13.95* FORTH -79 STANDARD MANUAL - official reference to 79-STANDARD word set, etc $13.95* FORTH SPECIAL ISSUE, BYTE Magazine (Aug. 1980) -we slock this collector's item for Forth users and beginners $4.00* ' - ORDERING INFORMATION: Software prices include manuals and require signing of a non-transferrable single system, single-user license. Describe your Hardware. Add $2.00 S/H plus $3.00 per MMSFORTH and $1.00 per addi- tional book; Mass. orders add 5% tax. Foreign orders add 20%. UPS COD, VISA & M/C accepted; no unpaid purchase orders, please. Send SASE lor Iree MMSFORTH information Good dealers sought Get MMSFORTH products from your computer dealer or MILLER MICROCOMPUTER SERVICES (B6) 61 Lake Shore Road, Natick, MA 01760 (617)653-6136 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 457 Circle 420 on inquiry card. CP/M DATA ENTRY "RADAR" RADAR is a high speed data entry system that will run on any CP/M system pro- viding a "3741" style key-to-disk en- vironment. RADAR is ideal for replacing KEYPUNCH machines and older, slower key-,to-disk systems like the 3741's and 42's. Features: Verify Mode Check Digit Processor Auto Dup/Manual Dup 1 6 Accumulators Parameter Driven (No Programming) "Virtual" File Access Add or Delete Records Record Retrieval By Number Or Content Full Editing Capability Operator Prompts Extremely Fast (Written In Assembly Language) In addition to "heavy-duty" data entry, RADAR is also the ideal "front-end" for many applications programs, providing aquisition and retrieval of keyed data with a degree of reliability simply not possible with any other technique. RADAR can cut programming time by more than 30%, simply because there is no longer any need to write the "input" portion of a pro- gram, just let RADAR handle it! Write or call for free brochure. The RADAR manual is also available separately for $25.00. SOUTHERN COMPUTER SYSTEMS, Inc. P.O. Box 3373A Birmingham, AL 35255 Phone: 205-933-1659 • Wet cleaners use a nonabrasive material totally saturated with an alcohol-based cleaning solvent. A re- cent entry from Verbatim Corpora- tion uses this concept. It consists of a nonabrasive, polyester disk which has been presaturated with a solution and sealed in a foil pouch. To use, the saturated disk is removed from the pouch, placed in a specially provided disk jacket, and then inserted in the drive. After allowing the disk to rotate under the head for 30 seconds, the jacket is removed from the drive and the used cleaning disk discarded. Hard-disk drives (cartridge or Win- chester): While floppy-disk drives have heads that actually touch the disk surface, hard-disk drives have heads that "fly" on a thin cushion of air — in some cases as thin as 20 microinches. Even more than with a floppy-disk drive, it is important that the surface stay perfectly clean. When a hard disk is rotating at more than 2000 revolutions per minute with a head only 20 microinches above the surface, a bit of dust or contamina- tion can destroy not only the delicate recording head but the surface as well (see figure 1). Cleaning the disk car- tridge surface (removable single plat- ter cartridges, not Winchesters) is generally recommended three to four times per year, depending on the op- erating environment. Firms in major cities across the country perform cleaning and testing services as re- quired. Examples of companies that perform this type of service are Scopus, Randomex, and PMI. If you have a large enough library of disk cartridges to warrant your own in- house cleaning equipment, cleaners or cleaner/inspection devices are available from Burroughs Corpora- tion, NCR, DEC, Randomex, Data Devices, and Innovative Computer Products. Other than performing a periodic disk cleaning and keeping the area where disks are stored and operated free from dust, there is little more a user of hard-disk equipment can do. If a removable disk is at all THE EFFECT OF DIRT ON A MAGNETIC DISK Figure 1: Hazards for hard disks: the smoke particle, the fingerprint smudge, and dust. Because only a minute cushion of air holds the read/write head above the disk surface, contaminants dwarfed by a human hair pose serious problems. Company Address Data Recording Products Division 3M Center St. Paul, MN 55144 Computer Resources Corporation 4650 W. 160th St. Cleveland, OH 44135 Verbatim Corporation 323 Soquel Way Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Innovative Computer Products 18360 Oxnard St. Tarzana, CA 91356 BASF Systems Corporation Crosby Dr Bedford, MA 01730 Table 1: Some manufacturers of cleaning kits for the read/ write heads of floppy-disk drives. 458 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 258 on Inquiry card. suspect (e.g., if it has been roughly handled, dropped, or left in an en- vironmentally harsh area), have the disk tested before attempting to load it on the system. Replacement of disk- drive heads is costly. Printers: Because a printer is an electromechanical device, it can often be the source of annoying main- tenance problems. The computer printer is much like a typewriter. It functions well until a buildup of paper particles and household dust interferes with operation. The printer then requires an expensive, profes- sional cleaning. Other than having a maintenance contract, all a user can do is keep the print mechanism free from accumulated ink and paper dust. Commercial cleaning kits are available for wiping contamination from the print elements. These kits are sold by companies such as Tex- wipe, Innovative Computer Prod- ucts, and a number of nationwide catalog distribution companies such as INMAC and Visible Computer. Clean typing elements will give sharp, clear print. You should have a plastic cover to protect the printer when it is not in use. Conclusions Although personal computers to- day are more compact and much more reliable than computers of 20 years ago, they are still a complex combination of electronic and me- chanical components. Preventing problems is the best maintenance most personal computer owners can perform. Cleaning kits are available for disk drives, printers, and video screens. Mats and sprays are avail- able to prevent static electricity. Plastic covers are available to protect computers and peripherals from dust. Keeping your computer free of con- tamination and trouble is by far the least expensive of the maintenance methods available to personal com- puter users. When preventive maintenance is not enough and you need professional help, be sure that you have thoroughly researched the available service op- tions. The decision you make will af- fect not only your pocketbook but also your mental health. ■ (alstslatalatsIalslalsIaBlalsSlalgtglalsIalglglsIslalalsIalalsIglg^ El 13 13 IS IS El S DISCOUNT & BONUS COUPOIS 51 for 10 El ,or IS El PRINTERS, DISK DRIVES, DISKETTES, SOFTWARE, BOOKS !§ El IS El and MORE! LS El w 13 El >^^^X 13 El just circle AACQ\ on your IS ei ( ZDoy is si v T^^y is U Reader Service Card and mail it today. |§ El s- \ IS El ///^nVNN e h just good business /. / . / #vm 1 |s ei \vcJ° m r i- n El or writ* to: FREE COUPONS \\CmOfKeting 13 pn p.o. box 32010 ^-services i Cleveland, Ohio 44132 (216)289-1100 | ElSSElSSSiiaSSSagggggraiggggggggggggggBjE] Carbonless checks, invoices and statements "k Standard formats. ..plus Custom Design Service! "At Small quantities (as low as 500). ..plus money-saving prices! ~W Super-fast service (shipped 5 days after receipt of order!) SEND COUPON. ..OR CALL TOLL-FREE: 1-800-328-9697. Circle 492 on Inquiry card. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 459 System Notes Text-Handling Routines in Extended BASIC Roger Greenhalgh 4905 Old Mill Place Raleigh, NC 27612 As home computers have grown in popularity, their uses have developed in four general categories: games, problem solving, financial analysis, and word and file processing. Most users eventually want some sort of text-handling capability. Many good text handlers already exist, but for those who would like to compile their own, I'll describe a group of BASIC subroutines designed to work together (see listing 1). You can use them complete as listed, in part, or as instructions for generating your own. These subroutines operate by means of an interactive method. Text is entered, then commands are entered for actions on the text. Most commands issue prompts that aug- ment the indication of what is wanted. Many commands, for exam- ple, prompt for the range of line numbers of the text to be operated upon. (This method contrasts with that of embedding commands into the text as it's entered. The interactive mode was chosen so that fewer sym- bols and less structure need to be remembered.) Table 1 lists brief descriptions of each subroutine (a more in-depth description of each follows); BASIC statement numbers are included in parentheses. Inevitably, the specific characteristics of my personal-com- puter system show through. These are pointed out where deemed signifi- cant. Subroutine Descriptions LN: line number (170). The system assigns and maintains line numbers sequentially for each line of text. LN holds the number for the next line to be entered. The LN command lets you set LN to any number. Existing text at LN and higher numbers will be overwritten as additional text is entered. (In my system, the date is ex- tracted from the operating system and placed in line 1.) LL: line length (210). LL determines the line length desired for text justification.. It's initialized at 65 but can be changed at any time. Of course, input text can exceed this number. It's used only for text justification. N: next text entry (230, 500 through 580). In response to N, the symbol * (asterisk) is displayed at position LL to visually indicate the line length. Then the prompt GOTO is issued. If your response is 0, the line of text entered will be placed at LN. All text lines entered subsequent- ly will be placed at LN + 1, LN+2, etc. When the text entered for a line is the word exit, the system reverts to the command prompt. If your response to GOTO is a specific line number, the text entered will be put into that line, replacing any existing text. The system then reverts to the command prompt. SH: shift text (180, 700 through 770). SH results in the prompt FROM, TO, INTO. All lines of text 460 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 363 on inquiry card. indicated by the range FROM, TO are shifted into a new area, beginning with line number INTO. Shifting can take place both up and down the page without concern about overwriting. Text is erased from the old area. For example, if lines FROM 5, TO 10 are shifted INTO 4, then line 5 goes into line 4, line 6 into line 5, etc. If they are shifted INTO 12, then line 10 goes into line 17, line 9 into line 16, etc. Shifting is invoked by the system when justification causes paragraph overflow. The instructions at line 700 deter- mine the direction of shifting. Lines 710 through 740 cause shifting down the page. Line 730 adjusts the value of LN to indicate the new line number for the bottom of the page. Lines 750 through 770 cause shifting up the page. Here the value of LN is not Command Action Prompt LN line number SET LN = LL line length (initialized at 65) LL = XXSET LL = N next text entry GOTO XX SPECIFIC LINE. FOR NEXT LINE AFTER TEXT AND CONTINUE. 'EXIT' TO COMMAND. SH shift text FROM, TO, INTO. CO copy text FROM, TO, INTO. T tab setup TABS T1 T2 T3 ? TP table position setup P1,P2,P3,P4,P5? E ends All following request range of lines FROM, TO. D display text TAB tab text J justify text COL columnize data P print text C center text 1 indent text INDENT X SPACES. F find 'FIND' WORD CONVERT TO UPPER? Y-YES. WHICH LINE? OF HOW MANY LINES? R replace 'FIND' WORD CONVERT TO UPPER? Y-YES. REPLACE WITH CONVERT TO UPPER? Y-YES. SO sort records WHICH LINE?, OF HOW MANY LINES?, SORT WORD FROM LEFT? CA caption text 'PRINTS LINE WITH LINE NUMBER' CAPTION? CONVERT TO UPPER? Y-YES. U uppercase conversion S save file ENTER FILE NAME. G get file ENTER FILE NAME. 0, ANY-PLACE AT LINES SPECIFIED IN SAVE. N, ANY-PLACE AT LINES STARTING WITH N. Notes: [ yields uppercase for next letter. Tab or columnize to next position. On 'CRASH' GOTO 150, continue. The date is loaded into line 1. Table 1: A simple quick-reference chart showing capabilities of the text-handling routines. We Beat All Prices ! What HEWLETT mLtLM PACKARD HP-85 or HP-125 CP M- based. $1979 Your Choice > ^s NEW HP-87....$ 1889 5%" DUAL MASTER DISK DRIVE CALL HP-7470 PLOTTER $1245 5 MEG. WINCHESTER HARD DISK . . . $3599 5 MEG. WIN. W/5'/," DD SD FLOPPY. . $4399 APPLE II PLUS, 48K APPLE III CALL . . . CALL Tl 99/4 $364 COMMODORE VIC-20 NECPC-8001A, 32K XEROX 820 B%" DISK DRIVES . . . XEROX 820 8" DISK DRIVES $255 $989 $2489 . . . $3095 Tl CALCULATORS TI-55II $36 TIP-BUSINESS ANALYSIS II TIP-58C $36 $79 TIP-59 $169 TIP-P-100C $149 HP-41CV w /Five times more memory Built In List. $325" $237 NOW IN STOCK $189 HP-41C list, $250 HP 41CV PRINTER $289 HP 41CV OPTICAL WAND $99 HP-41CV CARD READER $168 HP-821060A HP IL MODULE $99 HP-82161A DIGITAL CASSETTE DRIVE, $419 HP 82162A IL PRINTER $375 HP-41C/CV EXT. FUNC MEM. MOD. . $62.75 HP-41C/CV EXTENDED MEM. MOD. . $62.75 HP-11C $107.95 HP-12C $119.95 HP-33C $74.95 HP-34C $117.95 ATARI®800 $689 w ««» " www A ATARI PRICE $339 ATARI 830 ACOUSTIC MODEM $145 ATARI 825 80 COL. IMPACT PRINT. ... $565 ATARI 410 PROG. RECORDER $79 ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE $419 ATARI 400 ersonal (315)478-6800 omputer nochangt huut noiii f ystems 609 Butternul St P.O. Box 1073 Syracuse, N.Y. 13201 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 461 System Notes altered because the area shifted may not be from the bottom of the page. CO: copy text (190, 1400). All text in the range indicated in response to the prompt FROM, TO is copied into the area starting with the line number INTO. Text is not erased from the old area. Copying allows various text- editing experiments without losing the original input. Protection against overwriting on down-page copying is not provided. T: tab setup (220). Three tab posi- tions are provided in this routine. The prompt TABS displays existing values. Three inputs are required in response to the prompt. Tabs not needed can be set far to the right. If more tabs are needed, they can be entered for a second pass through the text. TP: table position setup (240 through 270). When printing tabular data, it's desirable to line up the units positions of all entries in a column. This routine defines units positions for five columns. The prompt displays the present values and re- quires five inputs; those not needed can be set far to the right. Note: all the following commands prompt by line numbers for the range of the text to be operated on; the prompt is FROM, TO. If the response is entered as 0,0, all lines from 1 to LN are used. If XX,0 or XX,XX is entered, only the single line XX is used. If XX,YY is entered, lines XX to YY are used. E: end (200). Simply stops program execution and exits to the immediate mode of the BASIC interpreter. D: display text (320, 600). All lines in the range are displayed with line numbers. TAB: tab text (330, 800 through 820, 1800 through 1930). This routine causes text to be tabbed out to the positions indicated by TP. The routine searches lines in the range specified for the embedded symbol ] (right bracket). When the right bracket is found, enough spaces are inserted into the text so that the next character after ] will be placed in the column indicated by the next higher TP position. Line 800 tests to determine whether or not any of the TP positions is other than zero. Line 1820 searches for the position of any ], and line 1830 ends the processing of that line if none is found. Lines 1840 through 1860 deter- mine the column of the next-higher TP position. Lines 1900 through 1910 generate the proper number of spaces, and line 1920 inserts them in- to the string. J: justify text (340, 900 through 1100, 1600 through 1790). The justifi- cation routine handles in turn each line of text in the range specified. If a line is too long (i.e., exceeds LL), words are stripped off the right end. These overflow words are added to the beginning of the next line. For a line shorter than LL, spaces are added to fill the line out to LL. Computer Based PROM Programming Interface your S-100 Bus Computer with our PPS-100 MULTI-PROM Programmer. • Disk storage of data/ no master PROMS required • Clear English commands • Programs up to 8 EPROMS simultaneously- each with different data • $1500 FRYE ELECTRONICS, INC.® 9826SWTIGARDST. TIGARD, OR. 97223 (503-620-2722) EPISODE THE VERSATILE COMPUTER JUST ADD PERIPHERALS EPISODE is a CP/lvfcomput- er with 1.6 M byte of disk storage on dual 5 1 /4 flop- pies. Its compact design provides a wide range of standalone or network appli- cations including data base sharing. EPISODE gives you total flexibility. You can add your own CRT and Printer, what- ever brand and price range you choose. All the logic in- cluding the 64K RAM mem- ory is contained on a single 6" x 8" circuit board ensur- ing maximum reliability. 'Supervyz is a trademark ot Epic Computer Corporation. CP/M is a trademark ot Digital Research. EPISODE includes a unique software system called SUPERVYZ™ - a menu based software control sys- tem that allows the user to integrate application pro- grams. Dealer inquiries invited, foreign and domestic. Epic Computer Corporation 7542 Trade Street San Diego, CA 92121 Tel: 714-695-3560 462 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 195 on Inquiry card. Circle 186 on Inquiry card. Circle 317 on Inquiry card. Listing 1: Text-handling routines. This program is written in Extended BASIC. The routines may be used as they appear by simply running the program or they may be in- corporated into user programs as necessary. 00160 00110 00120 0C130 00140 00150 00160 00178 00180 00190 00200 00210 88228 00230 00240 00250 00260 08270 00230 00290 00300 00310 00320 0O330 80340 06350 00360 08370 88338 00398 08408 884 1 08428 00438 80440 80450 08468 88588 00510 80528 80530 08548 00558 08568 88578 88588 88680 00708 88718 0O720 00738 00748 00750 00760 88770 80300 80S 18 88328 80308 00910 60920 08930 00940 09950 80960 00970 80930 00990 01000 01010 01620 61036 01040 01050 01866 01070 01030 01030 "SET LH= "JHsN=H-l!QOT0 150 ;Hl,fl2,C3: GOSUB 760: GOTO 156 ;ftl,fl2,C3:G0T0 1460 ET LL= ";L:G0T0 150 T1,T2,T3; INPUT T1..T2,T3:G0T0 150 ":G0T0 500 DIM If«255):N=l:DIM P<55 FOR R=l TO 9 I*< 1 )»!*< 1 >+CHR*< PEEK < 8382+Pl ) ) NEXT fl L=65 C$="":C1=0:C2=0:C3=0 LINE INPUT "COMMAND ";» IF C$="LN" THEN PRINT "N="JN+li INPUT IF C*="SH" THEN INPUT "FROM, TO, INTO IF C*="CO" THEN INPUT "FROM, TO, INTO IF C*="E" THEN END IF C*="LL" THEN PRINT "LL=";L: INPUT IF C$="T" THEN PRINT "TABS IF C*="N" THEN PRINT TRB IF C*0"TP" GOTO 286 PRINT "TABLE POSITIONS ";P<5>;" ";P':4)J" ";P<;3>; INPUT P<5),P<4),P<3),PC2),P:l*<«>=" NEXT R: RETURN IF Tl AND T 2 AND T3=8 THEN GOTO 156 FOR F=R1 TO a2:SJ=r*:G05LiB 1366 I*:F+l>,i:>:S5=0 IF S2*=" " OR S2$="" THEN S5=l s*=i*=s* print Fj" ";i*':f:> IF S5=l AND S3«>"" GOTO ^040 NEXT F fl4=R2iHl=N:S5=l IF S3*="" GOTO 150 fl4=R4+l:Nl=Nl+l fll=R4:C3=R4+l:R2=Nl-l GOSUB 700 : S *= " " t GOSUB 1 666 : 1 * < A4 !> =S* PRINT R4j" "JI4Cfl4J!G0T0 996 Nl=N:S5=l:R4=F:R5=fl2 IF S3*="" THEN Al=F+l:fl2=A5:G0T0 960 R4=R4+l:Hl=Hl+l Al=A4iC3=R4+i:fl2=Nl-l GOSUB 700:R5=A5+1 St="": GOSUB 1600:I*!NEXT H 01220 CLOSE #i:G0T0 150 01300 FOR Fl=i TO C3iS*=S*+" "iHEXT fl 01310 FOR fl=Rl TO R2s I*=S*+I# 01320 PRINT fl;" "5l* = I*:NEXT RsGQTO 150 01500 FOR H=fil TO fl2 01510 B=LEN=INT<(L-B)/2) 01538 FOR F=l TO D 01548 I* 01550 NEXT F 01560 NEXT fl 01570 GOTO 600 01600 S*=S3*+S*iS3*="":31*=" " 01610 B=LEN<5$> 01620 IF BL GOTO 1730 01640 C=L-B:P=1 01650 IF 0=0 THEN RETURN 01666 fl=MRTCHfi>+" "+RIGHT* 01710 C=C-l:P=fl+2:B=B+l:S*=S2* 01720 GOTO 1650 01730 R=l 01740 Si*=MID*(S*,L+2-R, 1) 01750 IF Sl*<>" " THEN fl=fl+l:G0T0 1740 01760 S3*=RIGHT*>:S*,B-L-2+fl) 01770 IF S5=0 THEN 53*=S3*+" " 01730 S*=LEFT*(S*,L+l-fl> 01790 GOTO 1610 01300 T5=0 01310 S2$= T4=LEH 018-20 R=HRTCH 02030 IF P=0 GOTO 2188 02040 FOR M=l TO 5 02850 IF FK=T;i'D-P+i:S2*=S2»+" "sHEKT G 02030 Slt=LEFT*(I*+S2*+nID*a*'.fl>,T;t'l-D-l)+RIGHTt':i* 02090 I*MIMCI$sC»C+i 02240 IF 51**" "THEN Si =8= GOTO 2380 82250 IF SI**" "GOTO 2380 02260 S=l 02270 IF S1=0 THEN U1=W1+1:S1=1 02230 IF UKH) GOTO 2230 02290 S2*=S2*+S1*:GOTO 2230 02300 IF S=0 GOTO 2230 02310 IF WKU GOTO 2230 02320 S4*':fi)=S2* 02330 NEXT R 62340 R3=R2+L2-1 02350 S=0:R2=fl2-L2 62368 FOR J=fll+Ll-1 TO R2+L1-1 STEP L2 62378 IF S4*!l*<>0 THEN PRINT HJ" " iUdft'j NEXT R GOTO 150 LINE INPUT "'FIND' WORD ";W* LINE INPUT "CONUERT TO UPPER? V-VES ";U* IF U$="V" THEN S*=U*:GOSUB 3000:W$=S* D=LEN LINE INPUT "REPLACE WITH "}X$ LINE INPUT "CONUERT. TO UPPER? V-VES ";L» IF U*="V" THEN 5**X*iGuiUB 3830sX*»S* FOR fi=Rl TO R2 E=LEN':i*CR» J=liRTCHat'.fl.\Wf..i>:lF J=0 THEN NEXT RiGOTO 150 S*=LEFT**X*+P.IQHT#3 THEN T7=l FOR J=R1 TO R2 PRINT Jj" "JI$ , E-D> PRINT J;" ";I$U>tNEXT JsGOTO 150 FOR F=fll TO R2!S*=I* 1 ':• >+32>+R1GHT*:f€XT R CLOSE #l:GOTO 150 LINE INPUT "ENTER FILE NAME "JC* OPEN C$ FOR READ RS FILE #1 INPUT #1,R3: INPUT #1,R4 R2=R1+R4-R3 IF fll=3 THEN Rl=R3:fl2=R4 N=MRX:NEXT fl CLOSE #l:GOTO 150 Spaces are added randomly with an algorithm that favors the left side of the line. If a line is shorter than LL by more than 10 positions, it is assumed to be the last line of a paragraph and is not justified. A blank line or a space at the begin- ning of a line is assumed to mark a new paragraph. Beginning spaces are preserved (not added to by the justification). If a line overflow oc- curs at the end of a paragraph or at the end of the range, the shifting routine is called to shift the following text down page. Lines 900 through 970 handle each line and test for the end of the paragraph. Lines 980 through 1030 handle range overflow. Lines 1040 through 1100 handle paragraph overflow. Lines 1600 through 1640 add previous overflow to the current line and find line length. Lines 1650 through 1720 insert spaces to pad out the line to LL. Lines 1730 through 1790 strip off line overflow at a word boundary. COL: columnize data (390, 2000 through 2100). The columnize-data routine allows handling of tabular data while maintaining the data's lined-up units positions. The column positions desired for the low-order digits are specified by the user with What's Better Than Basic? BR5IC Delphic Systems has merged its Z80 BASIC with FairCom's MICRO B + ™ to produce BASIC B + ™, the first all pur- pose interpreter featuring a B-TREE file structure im- plemented using NEW com- mands. No more messy CALLs or difficult assembly language in- terfacing! Instead, use the following BASIC B + ™ functions to manage an index without ever reorganizing the file: BOPEN BCLOSE NEWB KILLB FINDS GETB NEXB PREVB STATS In addition, BASIC B + ™ was written using Z80 code in order to minimize size and enhance speed performance. Features & Requirements • Search a 1 0,000 entry index in one second • No index reorganization needed • Uses fast and compact Z80 code • CP/M® Versions 1 .4 or 2.2 • 12 Digit precision • Program Chaining • Read only file protection • Sequential and random files ^ BRSIC B+ with documentation $325.00 Delphic Systems 2260 Compton Avenue St. Louis, MO 631 04 314/773-6753 Coming Next INVENTORY B + ™ VISA MasterCard MICRO B + TM is a Trademark ol FairCom June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 465 System Notes. the TP command. Of course, this routine can be used with text as well as data. The routine searches each line from left to right, looking for the symbol J. The column containing this symbol is compared with TP columns, and the TP with the next-higher column number is selected. The substring that ends one column to the left of the ] is moved to the right so that it will end in the selected TP column. The length of this substring spans from the next- lower TP column plus one to the column holding the symbol ], minus one. Spaces are inserted to fill be- tween the substring and the lower TP. The number of spaces equals the column number of the selected TP minus the column number of the sym- bol ], plus one. No program precautions are made for data that exceed the distance be- tween adjacent TP columns. Where a table entry is to be passed, use succes- sive ] symbols. P: print text (350, 1200 through 1220). This routine prints the text in the range specified on the output printer. Because it is assumed the out- put represents the final document, line numbers are omitted. C: center text (410, 1500 through 1570). In some circumstances, it's desirable to center report and para- graph headings. The lines in the range are operated upon, and centering is performed relative to LL. The length of the line is compared with LL, and enough spaces are added to the left to obtain centering. I: indent text (360, 1300 through 1320). All lines in the range are in- dented the number of spaces in- dicated by the user. A string of spaces is added to the beginning of each line. This routine can be implemented after text has been entered and justified in preparation for adding a numbering scheme using the caption routine. F: find (400, 2500 through 2570). Find prompts the user for a find word that is used as a search argument. This argument can be a word, phrase, or part of a word. It can be converted to uppercase. All lines in the range that contain the search argument are displayed with line numbers. If records of more than one line are involved, the search can be limited to a specific line in each record. In such a case, the range is specified as covering the area from the first line in the first record to the first line in the last record. The routine prompts for which line of how many lines. The search is done by detecting the first match, if any, in a line. Lines 2500 through 2530 prompt for the necessary input. Line 2550 determines whether or not a match occurs and, if so, prints the line. R: replace (420, 2600 through 2720). The replace routine operates in much the same manner as the find routine. A search string and a replace string are entered; either can be con- r ANNOUNCING THE C86™ C COMPILER —THE COMPILER THAT SPEAKS THE LANGUAGE OF THE FUTURE! Kemlghan and Ritchie's book, The C Programming Language, is the key source for C. Just as fundamental Is the C86™ C Compiler. The C86 in C Compiler Is especially designed for the IBM* Personal, IBM" 1 Display Writer, CP/M-86® and MS-DOS® For further information on the C programming language and the C86™ C Compiler, please contact: Computer Innovations, Inc. 75 Pine Street Llncroft, New Jersey 07738 Telephone: (201) 530-0995 1 Iracfemark Of Computer Innovations. Inc.: < k of Digital Research: IBM and MS-DOS a ■ademarks of International Business Machines, ln< REPAIR PCB'S ANYWHERE. With the NEW Pace Micro! Perform power desoldering and soldering anywhere. Depot. Service center. Mobile van. On-site. Anywhere! Operates on AC or 12 VDC. Write or call today for a FREE brochure. See us at the NCC Show, Booth #3433 "QtfH Micro Portable Systems for PCB Repair Anywhere Tl 9893 Brewers Court Laurel, Md. 20707, U.S.A. (301)490-9860. ! Telex 87446. 466 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 112 on inquiry card. Circle 352 on inquiry card. Circle 239 on inquiry card. verted to uppercase, and the two strings need not be of the same length. Searching is not terminated when the first match is made, allow- ing multiple matches and replace- ments in the same line. Since this is the main editing routine and single- line operation is the norm, record- handling capability has not been in- cluded. Lines 2600 through 2660 prompt for the find word and the replace word and call uppercase conversion if indicated. Lines 2670 through 2720 search for a match and, where found, insert the replacement. Line 2690 tests for no match and advances to the next line. SO: sort records (450, 2200 through 2470). This routine allows sorting of complete records. A restric- tion: the sort word must be in the same position in all records, deter- mined by counting words from the left of lines. Assume records have the form: First-name Last-name Street City State Zip To sort on Last-name, in response to the prompt WHICH LINE?, of HOW MANY LINES?, SORT WORD FROM LEFT?, the input would be 1, 3, 2. The range specified covers the area from the first line of the first record to the first line of the last record. To sort one-line records, the input is 1, 1, X. The routine copies the key sort- word from each record and creates a file of these words. Then a bubble sort is used to sort this new file. As each transposition is made in this file during the bubble sort, the lines of the corresponding records are also trans- posed. Lines 2100 through 2330 copy the key words into the sort file. Line 2210 assures selection of the proper line in each record. Lines 2340 through 2470 contain the bubble sort and handle record transpositions. CA: caption text (370, 2800 through 2910). The CA command replaces the leftmost characters in a line with a caption string. A different caption can be used with each line in the range specified. The length of the string replaced equals the length of the caption. This feature has two possible uses. First, text can be justified, then in- dented. With CA a numbering scheme can be inserted into the left margin. Second, data can be put into columns and item identifiers can later be entered. U: uppercase conversion (380, 2900 through 3040). Some systems (at least mine) handle only uppercase in the display, while the printer will handle both uppercase and lowercase. To generate uppercase, the symbol [ (left bracket) is used in front of each character to be capitalized. Thus, in- put text displayed as [text appears on the printer as Text. The subroutine searches each line of text for the sym- bol [. When one is found, a fixed amount is added to the next character for the code conversion. S: save file (430, 3200 through 3240). Save file permits storage of the text in a file. The BASIC commands are specific to my system, which uses a disk. Length of the record is deter- mined by the line numbers entered as FROM, TO. The routine prompts for the file name, which must be used to obtain the file again. G: get file (440, 3300 through 3370). This is the companion com- mand to Save file. The file with the name specified is returned. The range is used to determine where on the page the file is to be placed. For the range 0,X (where X is any number), the entire file is placed at the same lines used in the SAVE command. If the range is N,X, the entire file is brought in, starting at line number N. Short and Sweet These subroutines are intended to help those of you who want to build text handling into your own pro- grams. The program as listed will run on some systems with Extended BASIC and work for manually manipulating text. The interactive scheme is, perhaps, the most impor- tant point, as it should help to make your programs user-friendly. ■ F2P/F2 New B'FD subsystems for CROMEMCO* and other general systems GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS • DRIVE : Ultra- compact NliC [•" D 11 65 X2(8'double sided dual -density, direct drive motor), fullv com patihle with Shugart SA850R • ENCLOSURE : 160W X 230IIX 5001) (mm), power sup plv and noise filter included • PRICES : ■&F2P (signal compatible with I'ersci299) $2,580.00 (including FSC-1250! *FSC-|250 (I/F for 16FDC & Shugart type drives (no modification required of CDOS) $550.00 *F2 (pin compatible with Shugart drives— $1 .990.00 SBC-488 Single-board computer conforming to IEEE-488 specifications GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS • CPU:Z80 • MEMORY : 2716/2732/6)16 »l/0: 6 parallel ports (8255X2). 1 RS-232C port (8251 X ]). 75-19,200 bauds • STANDARD : IEEE-488 1975/ 1978 (TMS9914) • EXT. BUSS : 8 data lines, 4 ad dress decode outputs, 12 control lines. • DIMENSIONS : 210m«X120im »POWER:0.8A at + 5V »PRICE : $488.00 GPIB-100 S-100 multifunction board meeting IEEE-488 specifications. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS • GPIB : IEEE-488, 1975/1978CFMS9914) • TIMER : 100//S to 18 hours (8253) ^INTERRUPT Universal interrupt controller (AM9519) • CLOCK Real time, battery-backup (MSM5832) »BUSS IEEIC S-100 ^SOFTWARE : All necessary handl programs included on 8'diskette • PRICE : $550.00 irXROMEMCO is a trade mark of Cromemco Inc. ALL PRICES ARE FOB TOKYO AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE (Dealer inquiries invited) International Systems & Automation ISA co., ltd. HEIAN BLDG. 2-6-16 OKUBO SHINJUKU-KU, TOKYO 160 JAPAN PHONE : 03-232-8570 TELEX : 2324496 ISATOK. CABLE: ISAHEIAN June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 467 Omni Aviation Navigation System Simulate aircraft instrument navigation using simple trigonometry. V!.,':',, J... P " CALIFORNIA VAlLEYl/Si Richard Campbell 10184 Herb Rd. Windsor, CA 95492 Computer simulation is a practical and, in many cases, an economical method for training people to re- spond to situations they have never actually experienced. Rising fuel costs in recent years have forced airlines to make more frequent use of simulation in pilot training and testing. The cost of training a pilot in an empty Boeing 747, for example, is astronomical. Training by simulation not only cuts that cost, it also allows the pilot to practice emergencies that could pose grave dangers if practiced in a real aircraft. Simulation also is gaining popularity in general aviation, especially for aircraft instrument training. For beginning pilots, one of the most time-consuming and difficult aspects of flying is navigation using Photo 1: Typical VOR as represented on an aircraft navigation map. The informa- tion block contains the station's frequency and the three-letter code it broadcasts. 468 June 1982 © BYTE Publications he the very high frequency Omni-direc- tional range system, commonly known as VOR or Omni. This article presents a program for simulating Omni on a nonspecialized computer system. More than 800 Omni stations in the United States make up the Federal Airways Network, with many more stations worldwide. Aircraft naviga- tion charts indicate Omni stations with a compass rose accompanied by a station-identification block (see photo 1). The station-identification block gives the frequency of the sta- tion, along with the three-letter iden- tification code the station transmits. The station also transmits an in- finite number of radials. But because of the resolution of the aircraft navigation receiver, we can pretend there are only 360 radials — one for each degree of a circle, radiating from the center of the station like spokes from a wheel. The station's 0° radial points to the north, the 90° radial points east, the 180° south, and the 270° west. If you know what radial you are on, you can draw an LOP (line of position) along that radial and through the center of the station on a map. With two Omni stations, you can draw two LOPs. The intersection of these two lines is the position of the aircraft (see figure 1). You can fly toward a station by choosing a course that is the reciprocal of the radial you are on or away from the station by making your course match the radial (see figure 2). If this sounds confus- ing, imagine trying to keep it all straight while learning to fly the airplane at the same time. The Omni station works by modu- lating its radio output with two 30-Hz (cycles per second) sine waves. One is called the reference wave, the other the variable wave. The radial of your position is determined by the phase angle between the two waves. At the 0° radial, the waves are in phase; at the 90° radial, they are 90 degrees out of phase; and so on around the circle. To illustrate this concept, let's build an imaginary station that oper- ates like a real one. Picture the station as a box topped with a wheel that rotates clockwise in a horizontal plane. In the center of the wheel is a STATION 1 STATION 2 AIRCRAFT POSITION LOCATION DETERMINATION Figure 1: An aircraft's position may be determined using two VOR or Omni navigation stations. By drawing the respective radials, the pilot can plot the current location as the intersection of two lines on a map. W 270° RADIAL 30°RADIAL 30°COURSE FROM STATION 90° RADIAL E RADIALS AND COURSES Figure 2: Standard layout for the radials as broadcast by a VOR station. Note that an aircraft traveling along the line is on a course 180° opposite the value of the radial when it is heading to the station. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 469 NORTH WHEEL ROTATING 1° PER SECOND LIGHT BEAM WATCH READS 150 SECONDS SO WE ARE ON 150° RADIAL OMNI SIMPLIFIED Figure 3: This simplified model diagrams the function of the VOR aircraft navigation receiver. In this model, the wheel rotates clockwise one degree per second, and a strobe light flashes when the radial beam is at 0°. The current radial is found by counting the number of seconds between the flash of the strobe and the sighting of the radial light beam. FIDUCIAL MARKER COURSE DEVIATION INDICATOR (LEFT, RIGHT NEEDLE) 5° DOT 10° DOT COURSE CARD TO/FROM INDICATOR AND WARNING FLAG OMNI BEARING SELECTOR RECIPROCAL MARKER VOR INDICATOR Figure 4: Layout of a typical VOR indicator. The course card is rotated via the Omni Bearing Selector until the Course Deviation Indicator is centered. The value indicated by the fiducial marker is the aircraft's direction relative to the Omni station. strobe light. A lamp shining outward with a highly directional beam is mounted on the edge of the wheel. The wheel rotates at one degree per second, and the strobe blinks when the lamp on the wheel is pointing due north. To determine what radial you are on, start your stopwatch when you see the strobe flash, and stop it when you see the light on the wheel. The number of seconds on your watch is the radial where you are located (see figure 3). Instead of a stopwatch, the pilot of an airplane uses a navigation receiver with a VOR indicator (see figure 4). Assume that you, the pilot, wish to fly directly to the station. You turn the OBS (Omni Bearing Selector), causing the course card to rotate. The card rotates until the CDI (Course Deviation Indicator) centers. Next you examine the To/From flag. If it says "From", the plane's position is on the radial shown under the fiducial marker — a course taking it directly away from the station. Because you want to go toward the station, you must keep turning the card until the needle again centers (a 180° rotation) and the flag reads "To". If the flag read "To" the first time the needle centered, you would have left the OBS alone. The course shown under the fiducial marker is the direction in which you must turn the airplane to go to the station. It's also the reciprocal of the radial of your position. As previously stated, you fly to the station by flying the reciprocal of the radial (because radials point out from the station). Once the radial is determined, you point the airplane in the direction dis- played and follow the needle (CDI) to the station. If the needle drifts left, turn left until it centers. In other words, if the needle points left, the plane is to the right of its intended course and vice versa. The 5° and 10° dots tell how far off course you are. This relationship holds true as long as the course under the fiducial marker is roughly the same as the aircraft heading. The needle shows aircraft location with regard to the selected course, but it shows nothing about the aircraft heading. It's up to the 470 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 498 on inquiry card. X CO-ORDINATE 99 • STATION (15,15) PLANE (70, 85) SIMULATION SPACE Figure 5: Possible computer display of the relative locations of a target aircraft and an Omni station for a simulation of actual operation. Note that the coordinate origin is at the top left of the simulation space. pilot to control the aircraft so that the VOR indicator readings make sense. Assuming you hold your course straight to the station, sooner or later you will fly directly over it, into an area called the "Cone of Confusion." The To/From flag gets highly agitated, settling down to a "From" reading once the plane passes the sta- tion. You are now on the actual radial shown on the indicator. As long as you follow the needle, you will fly directly away from the station. As you may have gathered by now, it's no easy task to learn to use this system while also flying an airplane. The program given in listing 1 simulates the Omni system, allowing you to learn and practice without using fuel in the calm privacy of your computer area. How It Works The small world in which our simu- lated flying takes place is a 100-point by 100-point square (see figure 5). The y scale is inverted from normal (with the origin at the top left of the space), as in an Apple II. One point is chosen as the location of the Omni station, another as the airplane's cur- rent position. When provided with the course set on the VOR indicator, the program computes the radial, To/From flag, and CDI display. The program starts with remarks, then jumps past a group of subrou- tines to the main routine. The subrou- tines are at the front to speed up operation of the program. The main routine consists only of a sequence of subroutine calls. Subroutine 1 first requests both the coordinates of the station and the air- craft location. In both cases, it needs the x coordinate first, followed by the y coordinate. Subroutine 2 inputs the numbers, making sure the number in- SOURCE CODE for 3270 BISYNC COMMUNICATIONS Trying to interface your microsystem with a host computer and are frustrated because you just don't have enough time to develop your software and you want to quickly start utilizing the power of the host? Data Retrieval Corporation of Amer- ica will share with you the benefits of a major research and development com- munications project. The 3270 communications source code package includes: Source Code (written in 8080 Assembler) for an Intel iSBC 544 Intelligent Communication Con- troller. • Port 1 communicates with a host computer, emulating an IBM 327X control unit. • Port 2 communicates with an IBM 327X control unit, emulating a host computer. Port 3 is not used. • Port 4 communicates with an IBM 3101 terminal, emulating an IBM 3278 termi- nal. Source code (written in PLM/86, running under the iRMX 86 oper- ating system) for a job that com- municates with the iSBC 544. Ideal for a system like the new Intel 86/330, also a saver for any- one planning on developing their own 3270 bysinc communication. Source Code supplied on 8" single density diskettes or printout ...$500 DATA RETRIEVAL CORPORATION OF AMERICA 5600 W. Brown Deer Rd. • Milwaukee, Wi 53223 414-355-5900 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 471 Listing 1: Program that emulates the operation of the Omni Aviation Navigation System. Using a Cartesian-coordinate space to calculate the relative positions of two specified points in that space (an aircraft and a VOR station), the program determines the radial of the first point relative to the second. Note that the variable O is used for user input of the Omni Bearing Selector setting. 10 REM THIS IS A PROGRAM TO EMULATE AN OMNI NAVIGATION SYSTEM 20 REM 30 REM 0MNI1 01/17/80 40 REM 50 GO TO 1430 60 REM *** SUBROUTINE 1 *** 70 REM GET CO-ORDINATES OF OMNI STATION 80 PRINT "INPUT X CO-ORDINATE OF STATION"; 90 GOSUB 660 100 XO=N 110 PRINT "INPUT Y CO-ORDINATE OF STATION"; 120 GOSUB 660 130 Y0=99-N 140 PRINT 150 GOSUB 660 160 X1=N 170 PRINT 180 GOSUB 660 190 Yl=99-N 200 REM REDUCE ORIGIN TO O AND DETERMINE QUADRANT 210 X2=X1-X0 "INPUT X CO-ORDINATE OF AIRCRAFT", "INPUT Y CO-ORDINATE OF AIRCRAFT"; HOW DO YOU KEEP TRACK OF YOUR SPECIAL PEOPLE? (customers, suppliers, members, employees, associates, etc.) EASY - WITH NAMOR™ The new full feature mail/telephone list program, * 100% menu driven * Generates, deletes, merges lists * Searches, sorts, modifies entries * Prints 1" label or special list format it Fast entry lookup, easy update Introductory Offer, $100 ($150 after Sept. 30, 1982) SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: CP/M®, 56K, terminal with addressable cusor& 80 char, x 24 line screen, single or dual disk, 8" IBM or 514" North Star. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. NAMOR is a trademark of SHAPE, Inc. 36 \ DETAILED INFORMATION AVAILABLE SHAPE, P. O. BOX 29882 SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78229 & INCORPORATED How to buy a screen editor for your IBM Personal Computer: 1. Find one of CompuView's full-page ads fov VEDTT 2. SeeifVEDlTcan: • Simultaneously edit multiple files. • Split the screen into as many as 4 windows — horizontally, vertically or both. • Scroll each window up-and-down and side-to- side. • Move and copy text within and between windows. • Globally search or replace using regular expression pattern matching. • Give you online help when you need it. at the touch of a button. (ED1X. the world's finest microcomputer text editor, can do all of this and more!) 3. Send $195 to us (instead of to them). 4. We'll send EDIX to you. EDIX requires an IBM Personal Computer with 64K and one floppy. Call or write for our detailed brochure. Emerging Technology Consultants, Inc. Box 154 Louisville, CO 80027 ' (303) 447-9495 EDIX is ,i trademark ..I Emerging IVi hncJogy Comullanls. In. 472 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 408 on inquiry card. Circle 182 on inquiry card. Listing 1 continued: 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 Y2=Y1-Y0 REM CHECK FOR SPECIAL ZERO CASE IF X2O0 THEN 290 IF Y2>0 THEN R=0 IF Y2<0 THEN R=180 IF Y2=0 THEN R=0 GO TO 630 IF Y2O0 THEN 340 IF X2>0 THEN R=90 IF X2<0 THEN R=270 IF X2=0 THEN R=0 GO TO 630 REM FIGURE QUADRANT IF X2>0 THEN 430 IF Y2>0 THEN 400 REM BOTH X Z< Y NEGATIVE Q=3 GO TO 490 REM X NEG, Y POS 0=2 GO TO 490 IF Y2>0 THEN 470 REM X POS, Y NEG Q=4 GO TO 490 REM X POS, Y POS Q=l REM COMPUTE PRIMARY ANGLE USING ABSOLUTE X&Y REM ANGLE=ARCTAN OF OPPOSITE/ADJACENT REM CONVERT TO DEGREES RAD J ANS*180/PI P=ATN( (ABS(Y2)/ABS(X2> ) )#180/PI ON Q GO TO 540,570,590,610 REM COMPUTE RADIAL R=90-P GO TO 630 R=270+P GO TD 630 R=270-P GO TO 630 R=90+P GO TO 630 PRINT " THE RADIAL WE ARE DM IS"; PRINT R RETURN REM *** SUBROUTINE 2 *** INPUT N IF N>99 THEN 670 IF N<0 THEN 670 RETURN REM *** SUBROUTINE 3 *** REM GET OBS SETTING PRINT "INPUT THE OBS SETTING" INPUT IF 0<0 THEN 730 IF 0>360 THEN 730 RETURN REM #** SUBROUTINE 4 *#* REM REDUCE RADIAL R TO STANDARD CIRCLE ( OBS=0 ) R=R-0 IF R<0 THEN R=R+360 REM SET TO/FROM FLAG F REM 1=0FF, 2=T0, 3=FR0M IF X2O0 THEN 890 Listing 1 continued on page 474 Circle 22 on inquiry card. , »->v SmaII ^AMERICAN Busies COMPUTERS 118 S. MILL ST. PRYOR, OK. 74J61 ALL PRICES ARE CASH DISCOUNTED 3%. C.O.D. AND CHARGE ORDERS ARE 3% MORE. DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED. DON'T PAY MORE !!! TRS-80 MODEL III 16K $825 48K $849 48K 1 -DRIVE $1499 48K 2-DRIVE $1749 TRS-80 DISK DRIVES MODELI TEACorTANDON $250 MODEL III DRIVE $595 DRIVE 1 $239 DRIVE 2, 3 $250 COLOR COMPUTER DRIVE $499 DRIVE1, 2, 3 $250 EPSON PRINTERS ALMOST EVERYONE WHO CALLS ABOUT EPSON PRICES BUYS A PRINTER. THERE ARE TWO REASONS FOR THIS: 1. WE USUALLY HAVE THE LOWEST PRICE IN THE COUNTRY. 2. WE ALMOST ALWAYS HAVE THE PRINTER THEY NEED IN STOCK. SO...CALLUSTODAY! AW...WHAT THE HECK RAM Memory Chips for the TRS-80 Apple ,i m 00 We io r 138 00 Thoy JO ' 137 95 So wa v VMAT THE HECK $16.95 PER 16K SET i ill TRS-80 COLOR COMPUTERS 4K LEVELI $318 16K LEVEL I $335 16K EXT. BASIC $435 32K EXT. BASIC $520 MODEL II $3287 MODEL 16 1-DRIVE $4495 MODEL 16 2-DRIVE $5218 OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 $399 82A $469 83A $719 84 $1250 C. ITOH F10-40 $1450 C. ITOH F10-55 $1750 C. ITOH PROWRITER $499 PACKETMAN FOR COLOR COMPUTER $24.95 918-829-4844 June 1982 © BYTE PublkaHons Inc 473 apple computer Hayes Micromodem II $ 289 Z80 Card $ 259 16 K HAM Card S 99 Thunder-Clock $ 105 Videx 80 Col. Card $ 265 Station II $ 105 LOBO Drive $ 389 SOFTWARE Visicalc $ 199 Visifile $ 215 Visidex $ 199 Visiplot $ 175 Visitrend $ 245 Desktop Plan II $ 199 BPI Accounting $ 299 Wordstar I 269 DB Master $ 159 Easywritor $ 129 Datadex $ 135 ATARI Atari 800, 16K .... $ 679 Atari 400. 16K .... $ 329 Other Atari products .... CALL NEC PC-8001 A Computer .... $ 799 PC-8012AI/O .... $ 495 I 799 • MONITORS • Zenith, Green $ 115 NEC, Green $ 175 NEC, Color $ 349 AMDEK, RGB Color $ 750 • PRINTERS • MX 80 $ 450 MX 100 $ 750 NEC 8023 $ 525 Diablo 630 $2299 • CORVUS • 5 MB Hard Disk $2595 10 MB Hard Disk $4345 20 MB Hard Disk $5245 TCS ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE GL.AR.AP, Payroll 8", CP/M $69EA ALL 4 $ 235 Inventory, 8" CP/M $ 199 TOP QUALITY .__.. £ ATHANA DISKETTES "* s 5" SSISD $2 .30 5" SSIDD $ 2.99 5" DS/DD $ 2 50 8"SS/SD $31 g 8 SS/DD $ 3 30 8 DS/DD ki _ 1Q0% Guar ameed! Hard pack & bulk available Dealer Inquiries Invited Price includes 3% cash, prepaid discount. Money Orders or Cashier Checks. Personal checks allow 3 weeks to clear. We accept VISA & Master Charge. NO COD. Prices subject to change. Add 3% shipping, Min $3.00. Large items shipped freight collect. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. FREE DELIVERY ON PREPAID ORDERS. wwcBS Express SanJ ° 5C «/! 1917 408-27 4- W Listing 1 continued: 850 CF Y2O0 THEN 890 860 F=l 870 REM FLAG IS OFF DIRECTLY OVER STATION 880 RETURN 890 [F RO90 THEN 920 900 F=l 910 RETURN 920 [F RO270 THEN 950 930 F=l 940 RETURN 950 [F ROO THEN 980 960 F=3 9 70 RETURN 980 [F RO180 THEN 1010 990 F=2 1000 RETURN 1010 IF R<90 THEN 1050 1020 IF R>270 THEN 1050 1030 F=2 1040 RETURN 1050 F=3 1060 RETURN 1070 REM *** SUBROUTINE 5 *#* 1080 REM FIGURE LEFT/RIGHT NEEDLE M 1090 REM ON A SCALE OF TO 10 1100 REM WITH 0=LEFT, 5=CENTER, 10«RIGHT 1110 IF ROO THEN 1140 1120 N=5 1130 RETURN 1 140 IF R-O180 THEN 1 170 1 150 N=5 1160 RETURN 1170 IF R>180 THEN 1260 1180 REM PROCESS LEFT NEEDLE 1190 IF R>90 THEN 1230 1200 IF R>10 THEN R = 10 1210 N=( 10-R)/2 1220 RETURN 1230 IF R<170 THEN R=170 1240 N=5-( ( 180--R) /2) 1250 RETURN 1260 IF RC350 THEN 1290 1270 N=( (360-R) /2)+5 1280 RETURN 1290 IF R>190 THEN R=190 1300 N=< CR-180) /2)+5 1310 RETURN 1320 REM **# SUBROUTINE 6 *** 1330 ON F GO TO 1340, 1360, 1380 1340 PRINT "OFF" 1350 GO TO 1390 1360 PRINT "TO" 1370 GO TO 1390 1380 PRINT "FROM" 1390 PRINT ":,'!! !0i ! ! ! ! " 1400 PRINT TAB(N); "*" 1410 RETURN 1420 REM *** MAIN PROGRAM *** 1430 GOSUB 60 1440 GOSUB 710 1450 GOSUB 780 1460 GOSUB 1070 1470 GOSUB 1320 474 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 293 on inquiry card. (6a) /y 83 87 - • STATION (16,88) 91 • AIRCRAFT (8,91) 95 i i i i i i 4 8 12 16 20 2* (6b) 16i- 12 - 8 - 4 - STATION (16,13) • AIRCRAFT (8,8) _1_ _1_ _1_ 4 8 12 16 20 REDEFINE Y SCALE BY SUBTRACTING FROM 99 24 (6c) -X • AIRCRAFT (-8,-5) (O.O)ORISIN AND STATION LOCATION +x CONVERT TO CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES BY SUBTRACTING STATION CO-ORDINATES FROM AIRCRAFT'S Figure 6: Procedure followed by the program in listing 1 to transform the coordinate information into a form from which the actual radial may be calculated. 6a gives the raw data as displayed on a computer screen. In 6b the y coordinates have been con- verted to a normal scale by subtracting their values from 99. Finally, the space is con- verted to a standard Cartesian space with the VOR station at the origin by subtracting the station coordinates from the aircraft's position. INDUCTIVE COUPLED MODEM Eliminates noise, vibra- tion problems. Originate/ Answer. Bell 103. Cas- sette port saves data. $ 12 9 95 Money back if not delighted MFJ-1230 INDUCTIVE COUPLED MODEM el- iminates room noise, vibration caused by acoustic coupling. Gives more reliable data transfer. Used like acoustic modem. 0-300 Baud, Bell 103 compatible. Originate/answer. Half/full duplex. RS-232, TTL, CMOS compatible. Use any com- puter. Cassette tape ports save data. 110 VAC or 9 V batteries. Crystal controlled. Carrier detect, power LEDs. 9x1 '/zx4". MFJ-1231, $39.95. Op- tional cable, software for Apple II, II Plus. Plugs into game port. No serial board needed. MFJ-1108 AC POWER CEN- or TER. Adds convenience, pre- vents data loss, head bounce, equipment damage. Relay lat- ches power off during power transients. Multi filters isolate equip- ment, eliminate interaction, noise, hash. Varistors suppress spikes. 3 isolated, switched socket pairs. One unswitched for clock, etc. Lighted power, reset switch. Pop-out fuse. 3 wire, 6 ft. cord. 15 A/125 V, 1875 watts. Aluminum case. Black. 18x2 3 /4 x2 in. MFJ-1107, $79.95. Like 1108 less relay. 8 sockets. 2 unswitched. Other models available. $99 It's like having 6*7C%Qz an extra port * J yo MFJ-1240 RS-232 TRANSFER SWITCH. Swit- ches computer between 2 peripherals (printer, terminal, modem, etc.). Like having extra port. Push button switches 10 lines (pins 2,3,4,5,6,8, 11,15,17,20). Change plug or cable to substitute other lines. Push button reverses transmit- receive lines. LEDs monitor pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,20. PC board eliminates wiring, crosstalk, line inter- ference. 3 RS-232 25 pin connectors. 7x2x6 in. Order from MFJ and try it. If not delighted, return within 30 days for refund (less shipping). One year unconditional guarantee. Order yours today. Call toll free 800-647-1800. Charge VISA, MC. Or mail check, money order. Add $4.00 each lor shipping and handling. CALL TOLL FREE . . . 800-647-1800 Call 601 323 5869 for technical information, or- der/repair status. Also call 601 323-5869 out side continental USA and in Mississippi. ENTERPRISES, INCORPORATED MFJ 921 Louisville Road, Starkville, MS 39759 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 475 \ferbatim flexible disks Call Free (800) 235-4137 for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D. and charge cards accepted. VISA- PACIFIC EXCHANGES 100 Foothill Blvd. San LuisObispo, CA 93401. In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or (805) 543-1037. Circle 353 on inquiry card. B PROFESSIONAL COMPUTER CASSETTES TRS-80* - APPLE - COMMODORE-ATARI Instant Play Sliding Lock Out Doors Micro-comp Cassettes Head "Cleaner lo keep your Maxell Computer tape recorder ai peak perlormanci CERTIFIED AT 1600 FCI ONE YEAR WARRANTY Lisi price Micro-comp starting at S395Head Cleaner $395 SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFERS MICRO-COMP MODEL C-10 (50 leet) C-20 (TRS-80- ) (100 feet) C-30(150 feet) C-60 (300 feet) Head Cleaner UNIT PRICE $2.95 D 3.15 □ 3.35 [] 3.55 L) 2.95 □ "TRS-80-tradeniark of the Tandy Corp. I i CHECK □ MASTER CHARGE Minimum order lor credit cards $10.00 Card Account No. Expiration Date Name Address City 10 PACK $20.00 [ 22.00 I I 24.00 I 26.00 1 I 20.00 1 1 . State . -Zip. Mail to P.O. Box 806, Shelton, CT 06484 (203) 735-6477 Dealer's Inquiries Welcomed Circle 279 on inquiry card. YOU'VE JUST FOUND THE MISSING LINK! Computer Shopper is your link to indivi- duals who buy, sell and trade computer equipment and software among themselves nationwide. No other magazine fills this void in the marketplace chain. Thousands of cost-conscious computer en- thusiasts use Computer Shopper every month through hundreds of classified ads. And new equipment advertisers offer some of the lowest prices in the nation. Subscribe to Computer Shopper with a 6 month trial for only $6. MasterCard or visa call TOLL FREE 800-327-9920 camPUTBR shiapPBR P.O. Box F307 • TitusviPle, FL 32780 305-269-3211 N 0* A QUADRANT S QUADRANT m Circle 116 on Inquiry card. QUADRANT I 0,0 90° E QUADRANT TJ 180* S QUADRANTS AND DIRECTIONS Figure 7: Standard Cartesian coordinate space as used with the Omni system. put is not less than or greater than 99. The program will simply request another number if an out-of-range response is given. Since the y coor- dinate is upside-down compared to a normal system, the y input is sub- tracted from 99 to compensate. Next, subtract the station's x coordinate (X0) from the airplane's x (XI) and the station's y (Yl). This operation adjusts the whole coordinate system to a standard four-quadrant Carte- sian plane, with the station at the origin (figure 6). Notice that the rela- tionship between the airplane and the station does not change during the transformations. Only the labels of the points' positions change. X2 and Y2 now define the aircraft location. A Cartesian coordinate system is divided into four quadrants. In this program, the dividing lines between the quadrants are considered the four cardinal compass points (see figure 7). To determine which radial you are on, you must know the quadrant of your location. Before finding the quadrant, however, you must test for the special case of being on one of the cardinal lines. You can accomplish this by testing for x or y equal to 0. If x is and y is positive, you are on the 0° radial. If x is and y is negative, you are on the 180° radial; if y is and x is positive, the 90° radial; and if y is and x is negative, the 270° radial. If both are 0, you are directly over the station. If you are indeed on a cardinal radial, you can print which radial it is and exit subroutine 1. If you are not on a cardinal radial, use the following test to determine your quadrant (Q). Both x and y positive means quadrant 1; x and y both negative means quadrant 3, x positive and y negative means quad- rant 4; and x negative, y positive means quadrant 2. After this test, Q equals 1, 2, 3, or 4, and this number is used to perform an n-way branch to compute the final radial. The next step toward your radial is finding the primary angle using the absolute values of x and y (now labeled X2, Y2). This primary angle, labeled P, is computed with the formula: p _ arctan (opposite side) adjacent side Circle 109 on inquiry card. a COURSE SET TO 270 ISO I LEFT, FROM D RIGHT, FROM TH RIGHT, TO W LEFT, TO CDI AND TO/FROM DETERMINATION USING STANDARD CIRCLE Figure 8: Cartesian representation of the interaction of the Course Deviation Indicator and the To/From Indicator used to determine the heading of an aircraft relative to a given VOR radial, in this case 0. Because my computer, a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/45, thinks in radians, I convert to degrees by multiplying by 180 and dividing by 7T. The final BASIC equation looks like this: P = ATN((ABS(Y2)/ABS(X2))) *180/PI With the primary angle computed, we can do our branch on Q and find the final radial (R). If Q is 1, R equals 90 - P. If Q is 2, R equals 270 + P. For a Q of 3, R is 270 - P, and for a Q of 4, R equals 90 + P. The last step of subroutine 1 is to print out the radial computed. Now that the program knows the radial of the airplane's location, you can compare that to the selected course, generate the CDI position, and compute the To/ From flag read- ing. Subroutine 3 gets the ball rolling by requesting the OBS setting (O), which must be between and 360 if you don't want the program to reprompt for input. The CDI and To/From displays would be easier to understand if they were based on a standard circle with the OBS set to (see figure 8). Sub- routine 4 adjusts the current radial to standard form by rotating R the same number of degrees needed to set the OBS to 0. If R goes negative, it's added to 360 to keep the value positive. The To/From flag (F) can now be set to 1 for Off, 2 for To, or 3 GOTCHA COVERED If you're looking for computer terminal desks and work stations, CF&A has "gotcha covered". Not with just a desk or two, but with a full line of modular, integrated computer furniture. From our 24" x 26" Classic Series terminal stand to our 72" x 32" DR Series console with left or right-mounted twin RETMA en- closures... and everything in between. Like Microshelves, Datashelves, Apple or IBM desks, printer stands, media stands, turntables, returns, drawers, doors, color selections... the list goes on and on. You also get durable con- struction, competitive prices, quick delivery, and friendly service. Call or write for more information. We're the straight shooters. We're Computer Fur- niture and Accessories. We've "gotcha covered". CF*A Computer Furniture and Accessories, Inc. 515 West 132nd Street Gardena, CA 90248 (213)327-7710 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 477 for From. X2 and Y2 are checked to see if they both equal 0. If so, the plane is directly over the station, and the flag is set to Off. If they don't equal 0, you compute To or From. According to the standard circle, a radial from 271 to 89 is a From, while a radial from 91 to 269 is a To. Radials of 90 and 270 both rate an Off, since the plane is directly abeam the station. Subroutine 4 follows these rules and returns with F set appropriately. Your last major task is to determine a needle value (N) to figure out the position of the CDI. A needle value of is full left, 5 is center, and 10 is full right. Using a tab statement, the needle position will control the posi- tion of an asterisk which will appear under a scale marked at 2° intervals. The positions correspond to CDI needle position on a real VOR in- dicator. Subroutine 5 does the chore of de- ciding the value of N. First it checks for a radial- of 0° or 180°, either of which would center the needle and set N equal to 5. Next, the subroutine decides if it's a left or right needle by seeing in which half of the standard circle the radial falls. Once this is checked, you must look for a differ- ence of more than 10° between the radial and the 0°-to-180° line. If the difference exceeds 10°, the needle makes a full-scale deflection, setting N to either or 10, depending on direction. With N computed, subrou- tine 6 prints the proper To/From flag value and the course deviation indica- tion. This marks the end of the pro- gram. Modifications This program lends itself very well to a computer with a graphic display, such as the Apple II. The high-resolu- tion graphics mode can be used to show the simulation space, and you could write a routine using the game paddles to position the airplane in the space. One paddle button would mark the station location, and the other could cause the OBS setting to automatically increment. The To/From flag and CDI could also be animated with graphics, and the pro- gram could run continuously. As the airplane moves around the station, the VOR indicator would give the same indications it would provide under actual flying conditions. You could also add another station for practicing such navigation problems as identifying airway intersections. Conclusion Would-be pilots can familiarize themselves with the basics of VOR operation by running this simulation of the Omni navigation system. You can make the program more realistic by adding a second VOR station as suggested. Although this simulator provides invaluable experience for pilot trainees, it can become an enter- taining and informative game for nonpilots with the addition of im- proved graphics and an operational theme. Simulation is an exciting com- puter application that combines the serious, the technical, and the enjoy- able. ■ In Less Than 3 Minutes Your IBM Model 50, 60, or 75 Electronic Typewriter can be an RS232C PRINTER or TERMINAL CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER Models 5060 and 5061 can be installed easily and require NO modifications to the typewriter. For additional information contact: CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER 9323 Warbler Ave., Fountain Valley, CA. 92708 (714)968-0890 SUPRBRAIN 5 MB Plus (K System Five) Single or Double-Sided Floppy i^sssss^ 5 MB Hard Disk Now available INTERTEC'S amazing SUPER- BRAIN with a built-in 5MB Hard Disk Storage. The K SYSTEM FIVE looks and operates like a normal SUPERBRAIN but with the advantage of 5 MB of hard disk storage and hard disk speed that are im- mediately available to the operator Kramer Systems International. Inc. has suc- cessfully installed COMPUSTARTM and SUPER- BRAIN™ Systems worldwide. Dealer and International inquiries invited. Available on the GSA schedule Kramer Systems International, Inc. ' 8403 Dixon Avenue Silver Spring. Maryland 20910 ' (301)585-7480 Call today for additional information 478 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 257 on inquiry card. Clubs and Newsletters Independent Group for the IBM Computer IPCO is an independent group representing IBM Per- sonal Computer users and owners. Its goal is to open communications between owners and users, and the IPCO Info newsletter is one means of attaining this goal. IPCO Info contains evalua- tions of hardware and soft- ware, articles with program- ming hints, and information requested by its readers. The group plans to establish a software exchange of owner- developed software. For more information, contact IPCO Inc., POB 10426, Pitts- burgh, PA 15234. Hobbyists Meet In Denver The Denver Amateur Computer Society (DACS) meets on the third Wednes- day of each month at the Educational Plaza, 7350 North Broadway, North Denver, Colorado. Meeting time is 7 p.m. Meetings are made up of workshops or tutorial sessions, business, and formal presentations or demonstrations. The club produces a newsletter, Inter- rupt, which is packed with notes from special-interest groups, news of other clubs' activities, and tutorials. An- nual dues are $12. This broad-interest group can be contacted at POB 1235, Englewood, CO 80150. ACS The Atlanta Computer Society's (ACS's) monthly publication, The ACS News- letter, is filled with tips on better programming, news of club activities, and product reviews. The ACS members have established a number of active special-interest groups, including ones for 8080/Z80, 6800 series, Apple, and Atari microcomputers as well as a robotics group. Other club interests are maintaining a program library and a CBBS (computerized bulletin-board system), which can be con- tacted by calling (404) 394-4220. Contact the ACS, POB 888771, Atlanta, GA 30356. IBM Group Forming A users group for the IBM Personal Computer is being formed in the Anaheim area. For details, contact Bob Martynec, 2633 East La Palma, Apt. 8, Anaheim, CA 92806, (714) 776-9376. Atari Group In Orange County The Atari Computer Asso- ciation of Orange County meets on the third Tuesday of each month at the Allstate Savings and Loan in West- minster, California. The group produces a newsletter that has summaries of club meetings, tips on better Atari programming, and book re- views. For details, contact the Atari Computer Association of Orange County, Suite 150, 141 Westminster Mall, West- minster, CA 92683. Public-Domain Pascal Software The Pascal /Z Users Group is a nonprofit organization that maintains a large body of public-domain software. Most of the software is geared toward the Pascal user, but some software is available in source and COM files and Z80 assemby lan- guage. In single-sided single- density IBM soft-sectored format, the disks cost $10, postage paid. Your purchase includes a commitment to reply by return mail. A list of available software can be ob- tained by sending the club a large, self-addressed envelope with two stamps. The group also produces the bimonthly Pascal/Z Users Group News- letter, which is available for $9 a year. The newsletter has information on Pascal-related products, industry news, and letters from readers. Contact the Pascal/Z Users Group, 7962 Center Parkway, Sacra- mento, CA 95823. ■ I See a Sy texture for the SEC PC-8000 Series with the REN TEC WEDGE • Emulates all features of the NEC PC-8012A I/O Unit • 32K RAM card included, expandable to 64KRAM=96Kof RAM • Two Atari™-type joystick ports Attaches easily to the bottom of the PC-8000 REN TEC Peripherals for PC-8000 32K Memory Board $199 RS-232-C Interface Card $159 RGB to Composite Video/RF ...$149 (40 column only) Speech Synthesizer $295 NEC PC-8001A Sl/O channel brought out to a DB 25 connector + Built-in 3-voice synthesizer • NEC PC-8012A bus structure is implemented • The REN TEC WEDGE $ 595. plus: Olympia Letter-Quality Printer with REN TEC ES INTERFACE FOR MOST MICROCOMPUTERS • Converts Olympia typewriter to letter-quality printer • Easy installation using existing ES100/101/105 cables * Accepts RS-232-C serial, Centronics parallel, and IEEE-488 • Selectable auto, line feed conr-* Authorized Distributor for: 'Commodore slightly higher NEC, Olympia, Sanyo, Eagle, Sharp, Konan DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME RENfllS&flNGE TECHNOLOGY EQRPEJRflTIQN 1070 A SHARY CIRCLE, CONCORD, CA 94518 • (415)930-7707 Circle 393 on inquiry card. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 479 Books Received Apple BASIC: Data File Programming, A Self-Teach- ing Guide, Leroy Finkel and Jerald R. Brown. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 303 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, soft- cover, ISBN 0-471-09157-X, $12.95. Applied Multidimensional Systems Theory, N. K. Bose. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982; 411 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-442-27214-6, $29.50. Business Data Processing, 2nd edition, Barbara J. Burian and Stuart S. Fink. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pren- tice-Hall, 1982; 494 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-094045-3, $18.95. Computer Capacity, A Pro- duction Control Approach, Melvin J. Strauss. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1981; 265 pages, 17.5 by 25.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-442-26243-4, $24.95. Computer Choices, Beware of Conspicuous Computing, H. Dominic Covvey and Neil Harding McAlister. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982; 225 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-201- 10113-0, $8.95. Digital Principles and Ap- plications, 3rd edition, Albert P. Malvino and Donald P. Leach. New York: Gregg/ McGraw-Hill, 1981; 490 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, hard- cover, ISBN 0-07-039875-5, $24.10. Interfacing Microcom- puters to the Real World, Murray Sargent III and Richard L. Shoemaker. Read- ing, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981; 288 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-201- 06879-6, $14.95. Introduction to Microcom- puter-Based Digital Systems, James W. Gault and Russell L. Pimmel. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982; 429 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, hard- cover, ISBN 0-07-023047-1, $26.95. Local Networks, W. R. Franta. Lexington, MA: Lex- ington Books, 1981; 481 pages, 15.5 by 22.5 cm, hard- cover, ISBN 0-669-03779-6, $39.95. Management by Multiple Objectives, A Modern Man- agement Approach, Sang M. Lee. Princeton, NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1981; 225 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-89433-083-7, $17.50. Microprocessor Applica- tions Handbook, David F. Stout. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1981; 464 pages, 15 by 23 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-061798-8, $35. Microprocessors for Mea- surement and Control, David M. Auslander and Paul Sagues. Berkeley, CA: Os- borne/McGraw-Hill, 1981; 310 pages, 18.3 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-931988- 57-8, $15.99. Microprogramming, Con- cepts and Techniques, Ben E. Cline. Princeton, NJ: Pet- rocelli Books, 1981; 169 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, hard- cover, ISBN 0-89433-133-7, $20. The Micro Revolution, Living with Computers, Peter Laurie. New York: Universe Books, 1981; 225 pages, 13 by 20.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-87663-560-5, $7.95. Pascal Program Develop- ment with Ten Instruction Pascal Subsets (Tips) and Standard Pascal, Michael Kennedy and Martin B. Solomon. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 532 pages, 16.5 by 22.5 cm, soft- cover, ISBN 0-13-652735-3, $17.95. PET/CBM BASIC, Richard Haskell. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 154 pages, 20.6 by 27.3 cm, soft- cover, ISBN 0-13-661751-4, $12.95. PET Games and Recrea- tions, Mac Oglesby, Len Lindsay, and Dorothy Kunkin. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing, 1981; 245 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-5529-X, $9.95. Problem-Solving on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer, A Self-Teaching Guide, Don In- man and Jim Conlan. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 255 pages, 18.3 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-471- 09270-3, $8.95. Programming Language Translation, R. E. Berry. New York: Halsted Press, 1981; 175 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0- 470-27305-4, $41.95. Queuing Theory: A Prob- lem-Solving Approach, Leonard Gorney. Princeton, NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1981; 184 pages, 15 by 23 cm, hard- cover, ISBN 0-89433-128-0, $20. Real Time Programming- Neglected Topics, Caxton C. Foster. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981; 190 pages, 23 by 15.5 cm, soft- cover, ISBN 0-201-01937-X, $9.95. Software Manual for the Elementary Functions, William J. Cody Jr. and William Waite. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980; 269 pages, 15 by 23 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13 822064-6, $17.95. Software Engineering Eco- nomics, Barry W. Boehm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pren- tice-Hall, 1981; 767 pages, 23.5 by 17.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-822122-7, $32.50. Structured BASIC Pro- gramming for Business, 2nd edition, V. Thomas Dock. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1982; 131 pages, 18 by 24 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-314- 63167-4, $11.95. Understanding Micropro- cessors, B. S. Walker. New York: Halsted Press, 1982; 110 pages, 14.6 by 22.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-470- 27286-4, $12.95. The TRS-80 Means Busi- ness, Ted G. Lewis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 194 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-471-08239-2, $12.95. Understanding Computer Systems, Harold W. Lawson Jr. Rockville, MD: Computer Science Press, 1981; 164 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, soft- cover, ISBN 0-914894-31-5, $9.95. Using Programmable Cal- culators for Business, C. Louis Hohenstein. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 296 pages, 15.5 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0- 471-08551-0, $10.95.B This is a list of books received at BYTE Publica- tions during this past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot review or comment on all the books we receive; in- stead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the pub- lishers who sent them. BYTE's Bugs Tree Searching Yields Bugs In Gregg Williams's article, 'Tree Searching" (see the September 1981 BYTE, page 76), he stated, ". . . it is clear that the shortest route is ADBC, with a distance (cost) of thirteen." My calculations arrive at ADCB as the shortest route with a cost of twelve. Michael L. Steiner, M.D. Suite 100 3044 Sunset Ave., Rocky Mount, NC 27801 ■ 480 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 1 Infinity 2 Einstein Universe *% Nesting Tree Three in a series of t-shirts by Scott Kim What happens when you mix computer graphics, letters and illusion? Inversions. Wear one and your next encounter may be the one that goes beyond words. More than 60 original inver- sions can be seen in the new book, Inversions: A Catalog of Calligraphic Cartwheels by Scott Kim. Inversions is available through your local book- store or by calling Byte Books' toll-tree number, 800/258-5420. "Scott Kim s Inversions ...is one of the most astonishing and delightful books ever printed . . . Over the years Kim has developed the magical ability to take just about any word or short phrase and letter it in such a way that it exhibits some kind of striking geometrical symmetry." — Martin Gardner, Scientific American Infinity: □ white on black □ black on white Einstein Universe: □ black/violet on gray* □ black/It. blue on white Nesting Tree: □ reds/oranges on tan □ greens on navy 1 Infinity □ black on white xs s m I xl □ white on black xs s m I xl 2 Einstein Universe □ black/violet on gray xs s m I xl □ black/It. blue on white xs s m I xl 3 Nesting Tree □ reds/oranges on tan xs s m I xl D greens on navy xs s m I xl name address city state zip LOOK TWICE™ Dept. B-6, RO. Box 50697 Palo Alto, CA 94303 All t-shirts $8.75 each. Total number shirts x $8.75 Calif, residents add 6>2% sales tax Postage ($1 per shirt] Total enclosed Check or money order only. Sorry, noC.O.D. Dealer inguiries invited. Circle 77 on inquiry card. Event Queue June 1982 June Cooperative Education Pro- gram, various sites through- out the U.S. This series of more than 100 data-processing courses is presented by Q. E. D. Information Sciences Inc. Course topics in- clude systems development, structured methodologies, database, telecommunica- tions, management, and human relations. These two- to five-day courses are tailored for analysts, de- signers, programmers, managers, and other users. For additional details, contact the Manager of Education Programs, Q. E. D. Informa- tion Sciences Inc., Q. E. D. Plaza, POB 181, Wellesley, MA 02181, (800) 343-4848; in Massachusetts, (617) 237-5656. June Courses and Seminars from Sira Institute, various sites throughout England. Sira In- stitute is sponsoring seminars on a wide variety of subjects, ranging from microprocessor familiarization to design and development of microproces- sor-based equipment. For de- tails, contact Conferences & Courses Unit, Sira Institute Ltd., South Hill, Chislehurst, Kent BR7 5EH, England. lune Datamation Institute Semi- nars on Information Manage- ment, various sites through- out the U.S. Databases and communications, systems per- formance, data-processing management, word process- ing, office automation, com- puter graphics, and topics of general interest are among the areas to be covered by these two-day seminars. Fees range from $495 to $595. For sched- ules of times and places, con- tact Karen Smolens, the Cen- ter for Management Research, Datamation Institute Seminar Coordination Office, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020. June Education and Training Seminars, various sites throughout the U.S. and Europe. Among the seminar topics offered by STSC Inc. and APL*Plus International are "Nested Arrays," 'Inter- mediate APL," and "Advanced APL Programming Tech- niques." For complete details on these and other seminars, contact the Seminar Ad- ministrator, STSC Inc., 11 Clearbrook Rd., Elmsford, NY 10523, (914) 347-5560. In Europe, contact APL*Plus In- ternational, Tour Neptune, Cedex N°20, 92086 Paris La Defense, France, Tel: 773.79.64. June Intensive Two-day Seminars for Professional Develop- ment, various sites through- out New England. Among the seminars to be offered by Worcester Polytechnic In- stitute are "Fundamentals of Data Processing," "Distributed Systems: The Architecture and Utilization of this Revolu- tionary Technology," and "Microprocessors: Hardware, Software, and Applications." Registration fees range from $445 for a two-day program to $990 for a seven-day execu- tive institute. For complete de- tails, contact Ms. Ginny Bazarian, Office of Continu- ing Education, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Wor- cester, MA 01609, (617) 793-5517. June Knowledge Engineering in the 1980s, Chicago, IL. Expert Systems are computer pro- grams that reason in tasks that require considerable human expertise, such as locating computer malfunctions, mon- itoring intensive care patients, analyzing noisy signal data, and diagnosing medical prob- lems. This one-day executive briefing provides an introduc- tion to the potential benefits and costs of Expert Systems. For further information, con- tact Dina Barr, Teknowledge, 151 University Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301, (415) 326-6827. June The Master Method of Selling Small-Business Systems, Westlake Village, CA. This one-day seminar is designed for mini- and microcomputer manufacturers and software vendors who sell small-busi- ness systems. The seminar fee is $150. For details, contact Seminar Information, M. W. L. Inc., 32038 Watergate Court, Westlake Village, CA 91361, (213) 889-2607. June National Computer Graphics Association Seminar Pro- gram, various sites through- out the U.S. Topics include "Successful Business Graphics," "Business Graphics for Financial Analysis and Decision Making," and "Ap- plications of Computer Graphics to Transportation Problems." Seminar fees are $395 for association members and $425 for nonmembers. For complete details, contact Eloise Wenker, NCGA Semi- nar, 2033 M St. NW, #300, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 466-4102. June One- and Two-day Profes- sional Development Seminars, various sites in the greater Boston area. Among the courses being offered by Boston University are "Busi- ness Writing for Results," Im- proving Customer Service," and "Assertive Management." Registration fees range from $295 for a one-day program to $445 for a two-day program. These seminars can be con- ducted within your company. For details, contact Ms. Joan Merrick, Center for Manage- ment Research, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020. For informa- tion on the in-company semi- nars, contact Ms. Elaine Dee at the same address. June Productivity '82, various sites throughout the U.S. and Canada. This two-day show features hands-on demonstra- tions of Hewlett-Packard's newest computer and applica- tion solutions ranging from personal and small-business computers to the top-of-the- line computer systems for of- fice computing, distributed data processing, and factory automation. Sixteen different seminars are held each day on such topics as using personal computers, choosing financial and applications software, and preparing easy-to-read graphics. Additional informa- tion can be obtained from local Hewlett-Packard sales offices or from Rudanne Clark, Hewlett-Packard, 3000 Hanover St., Palo Alto, CA 94304, (415) 857-7247. June Sensors & Systems '82, vari- ous sites throughout the cen- tral and western regions of the U.S. This series of three-day conferences will cover all aspects of sensor technology from temperature sensors through to displacement, ve- locity, acceleration, magnetic field, and moisture. Other topics to be covered include signal conditioning, digital in- terfaces, and system inter- faces. Contact Network Ex- hibitions, 785 Harriet Ave., 482 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Campbell, CA 95008, (408) 370-1661. June-July Courses from Integrated Computer Systems, various sites throughout the U.S. Among the courses being offered are "Microprocessor Software, Hardware, and In- terfacing," "Hands-on Micro- processor Troubleshooting," "Speech Synthesis and Recog- nition," and "Digital Image Processing and Analysis." Complete course listings in- cluding dates, locations, course outlines, and fees are available from Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (800) 352-8251. June-July Meetings, Seminars, and Pro- grams from the Electronic In- dustries Association (EIA), various sites throughout the U.S. Among the events planned are the Govern- ment/Industry Executive Roundtable '82 and a sym- posium on 'Telecommunica- tions: Trends and Directions." Contact EIA, 2001 Eye St. NW, Washington, DC 20006, (202) 457-4981. June-July Technical Classes from Zilog, Campbell, CA. Zilog is offer- ing a series of one- to five-day technical classes at its Cali- fornia-based training facility. Topics range from "Micropro- cessors: A General Introduc- tion" to "Zeus/System 8000 User." Contact Zilog, Train- ing and Education Dept., 1315 Dell Ave., Campbell, CA 95008, (408) 446-4666. fune-luly New York University SEHNAP Summer Sessions, New York University, New York, NY. Among the courses being offered by the School of Education, Health, Nursing, and Arts Professions (SEHNAP) are "Computer Graphics for Instruction," "Microcomputer Technology I," and "New Technology for Interactive and Individualized Instruction." These graduate- level courses are designed for teachers, administrators, and other professionals. For more information, contact NYU- SEHNAP Summer Sessions, 60 Press Building, New York University, New York, NY 10003, (212) 598-2772. June-August Database Concepts and De- sign, various sites throughout the U.S. Sponsored by the American Management Asso- ciations (AMA), this five-day seminar is designed for data- processing managers, system designers, and other personnel involved in database activi- ties. Topics include an over- view of the database environ- ment; evaluating and measur- ing performance, costs, and results; determining organiza- tional needs and the systems and software to meet them; and implementing, integrat- ing, and supporting the data- base within company plans and budget. Highlighting this seminar is a comprehensive review of database products. Individual fees are $850 for AMA members and $975 for nonmembers. Team discounts are available. Contact AMA, 135 West 50th St., New York, NY 10020, (212) 586-8100. To register by phone, call (212) 246-0800. June-August Engineering Summer Confer- ences, Chrysler Center for Continuing Engineering Edu- cation, North Campus, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Among the con- ferences being offered are "In- teractive Design with Com- puters," "Applied Numerical Methods," and "Robotics: Concepts, Theory, and Appli- cations." For complete details, contact Engineering Summer Conferences, 200 Chrysler Center, North Campus, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, (313) 764-8490. June 9-11 The International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Arlington Park Hilton, Arlington Heights, IL. The technical program will in- clude papers and panel discus- sions on such topics as per- sonal computing, computer- aided design techniques, home information systems, and videotex, teletext, videodisc, video-cassette recorders, and cameras. Exhibits will be fea- tured. This conference is sponsored by the Consumer Electronics Group of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Con- tact the IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854. June 11-13 South Florida Microcomputer Conference and Exhibition, Broward Community College, North Campus, Fort Lauder- dale, FL. This show will fea- ture low-cost seminars, a trade show, and a used-com- puter flea market. The focus will be on the use of com- puters in small businesses, education, science and engi- neering, and word processing, as well as on hobbyist and consumer concerns. For de- tails, contact Tom Blayney, Emergent Inc., 9466 Saddle- brook Dr., Boca Raton, FL 33434, (305) 483-5248. June 13-16 The Fifteenth Annual Confer- ence of the Association of Small Computer Users in Edu- cation, Chatham College, Pittsburgh, PA. This confer- ence will include papers and demonstrations on the educa- tional and administrative uses of computers. Other topics in- clude robotics, Pascal pro- gramming, computer literacy, and the use of packaged soft- ware in computer courses. For more information, contact Jan Carver, Computer Center, Chatham College, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, (412) 441-8200. June 13-16 The 1982 American Society for Information Science (ASIS) Mid-Year Meeting, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. The theme for this conference is "Informa- tion — The Critical Difference." Among the topics to be ex- plored are linking information to the user, information as a commodity, quality assurance in information, and attribut- ing value to information. Speakers, panel sessions, and technical sessions sponsored by special-interest groups will highlight this conference. For more details, contact ASIS, 1010 Sixteenth St. NW, Wash- ington, DC 20036, (202) 659-3644. June 13-17 NCGA '82, The Third Annual Conference and Exhibition of the National Computer Graphics Association (NCGA), Anaheim Conven- tion Center, Anaheim, CA. This conference will feature more than 20 tutorials and 60 technical sessions. Computer graphics products will be ex- hibited. Presentations from business, government, and academic graphics experts will be featured. Contact the NCGA, Suite 330, 2033 M St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 466-5895. June 14-16 The Fifteenth Power Modula- tor Symposium, Hyatt Regency Baltimore, Balti- more, MD. This symposium will focus on the technology, devices, and systems associ- ated with rep-rated power June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 483 JUNE SPECIALS LIST PRICE 350.00 Shugart SA400 Double Density bare drive IMC cabinet no P/S for 39.00 1 5Vi" drive for 2 5'/," drives 69.00 Mullen Extender Board 59.00 w/probe kit - TB-4 Tar bell Double Density Disk 495.00 Controller A&T S-100's own 16K EPROM 169.00 Board-holds 2716.2732. 2764 A&T S-100 (Tarbell) casette 125 00 interface kit Godbout Spectrum- 399.00 graphics board A&T Central Data Ram Card 665.00 W/64K A&T Subject to Available Quantities • Prices Quoted Include Cas Shipping & Insurance Extra. We carry all major lines such as Seattle. Cromemco. Ithaca Intersystems. North Star. Morrow CCS. ECT. TEI. Godbout. SSM, Tarbell For a special cash price, telephone us. OUR SPECIAL CASH PRICE 199.00 29.00 58.00 47.00 396 00 14300 106 00 279.00 310.00 h Discounts. Designs Model 953A EPROM PROGRAMMER Programs 2508, 2758, 2516, 2716, 2532 and 2732 five volt EPROMS. Complete ■ no personality modules to buy. Intelligent - microprocessor based, programs and verifies any or all bytes. RS-232 serial interface - use with computer or terminal. Verify erasure command - verifies that EPROM is erased. Extended diagnostics - error output distinguishes between a bad EPROM and one which needs erasing. May be used for extremely reliable data or program storage. All power on programming socket under processor control. LED warning light indicates when power is applied. Complete with Textool zero insertion force socket. High performance/cost ratio. Standard DB-25 I /O connector. P> BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES, inc. HWY. 603. P.O. BOX 387 BAY ST. LOUIS. MISSISSIPPI 39520 (601) 467-8231 Event Queue. modulators, including switches, auxiliary devices, energy storage, radio-fre- quency systems, and low-fre- quency generators. For de- tails, contact Leonard Klein, Palisades Institute for Re- search Studies Inc., 201 Varick St., New York, NY 10014, (212) 620-3377. June 14-16 The Nineteenth Design Auto- mation Conference, Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, NV. This conference will focus on the computer-aided design of digital systems. Topics of in- terest include analog circuits, architectural and mechanical design and analysis, design verification, simulation, physical design and layout, documentation, testing, and databases. Other conference features include workshops and commercial exhibits. For further information, contact Bryan Preas, VR Information Systems, 5818 Balcones Dr., Austin, TX 78731. June 15-17 The 1982 IEEE MTT-S Inter- national Microwave Sym- posium, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Dallas, TX. The theme of this symposium is 'Thirty Years of Microwaves." Papers and tutorials on a wide range of topics, including computer- aided design and measure- ment techniques, microwave field and network theory, as well as satellite communica- tions/microwave systems, will be presented. Contact J. R. Griffin, Texas Instruments Inc., Mail Stop 3432, POB 405, Lewisville, TX 75067, (214) 462-5693. June 15-17 The Office Automation Show/Conference, Barbican Centre, London, England. For details on this show and con- ference, contact Clapp & Poliak International, 7315 Wisconsin Ave., Washington, DC 20014, (301) 657-3090. June 15-18 Electromagnetic Compatibili- ty Workshop, Washington, DC. For details on this course, contact Don White Con- sultants Inc., State Route 625, POB D, Gainesville, VA 22065, (703) 347-0030. June 16-18 The Twentieth Annual Meet- ing of the Association for Computational Linguistics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This meeting features papers on syntax, computational semantics, discourse analysis and speech acts, machine translation, as well as the mathematical and theoretical foundations of computational linguistics. For additional in- formation, contact Don Walker, Artificial Intelligence Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, (415) 859-3071. June 20-25 DP Training Managers' Workshop, Chicago, IL. This workshop is intended for in- dividuals with less than 18 months' experience in coor- dinating data-processing training programs. Partici- pants will learn to establish in- house education programs that will meet management objectives and ensure a high return on their organization's investment in training. The registration fee is $850. Con- tact Linda Hubacek, Deltak Inc., 1220 Kensington Rd., Oak Brook, IL 60521, (312) 920-0700. June 22-24 Electromagnetic Interference Control and Noise Mitigation in Power and Telephone Sys- tems, Washington, DC. For details on this course, contact Don White Consultants Inc., State Route 625, POB D, 484 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 57 on inquiry card. Gainesville, VA 22065, (703) 347-0030. June 23-26 Productivity 82, Seattle University, Seattle, WA. This conference is sponsored by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the Canadian Information Pro- cessing Society (CIPS). Pro- ductivity 82 is designed to em- phasize the use of computers to improve productivity in in- dustry and in the office, as well as to improve productivi- ty in the programming of computers. Papers and panel discussions will be featured. For more information, contact Productivity 82-ACM/CIPS, 10636 Main St. #276, Bellevue, WA 98004. June 28-30 COMDEX/Spring '82, Atlan- tic City Convention Hall, Atlantic City, NJ. For details on this conference and exhibi- tion, contact the Interface Group, 160 Speen St., POB 927, Framingham, MA 01701, (800) 225-4620; in Massachu- setts, (617) 879-4502. June 28-30 National Educational Comput- ing Conference (NECC-82), Radisson-Muehlebach Hotel, Kansas City, MO. This con- ference features papers, ses- sions, panel discussions, and exhibits of educational com- puting products. Among the topics to be addressed are "Computer Use in the Physical Sciences," "Computer Educa- tion for Teachers," and "Com- puter Science, Engineering, and Information Systems Education." For more infor- mation, contact E. Michael Staman, NECC-82 General Chairman, Computer Ser- vices, 305 Jesse Hall, Universi- ty of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211. July 1982 July 6-9 Peripheral Array Processors for Signal Processing and Sim- ulation, University of Califor- nia, Los Angeles, CA. The fee for this course is $795. For fur- ther details, contact Marc Rosenberg, University Exten- sion, 6266 Boelter Hall, Uni- versity of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, (213) 825-1047. July 11-15 The International Manufac- turing Systems Conference '82, Convention Center, Buf- falo, NY. The conference theme is 'The Technology of Productivity." More than 100 experts will conduct seminars on a wide variety of topics. Exhibits, vendor presenta- tions, and plant tours are planned. Contact Roy Combs, International Manu- facturing Systems Conference, 186 North Water St., Rochester, NY 14604, (716) 232-3950. July 11-25 The Twelfth Annual Summer Institute for Media Arts, En- dicott College, Beverly, MA. A wide variety of seminars and workshops will be of- fered, including computer animation, video production, and computer graphics. For more information, contact the Summer Institute for Media Arts, POB 83, Lincoln Center, MA 01773, (617) 259-0068. July 13-14 Controlling Electromagnetic Interference, Hyatt Hotel at LA Airport, Los Angeles, CA. This seminar is sponsored by Electronics magazine, a McGraw-Hill publication, and is designed for electronics in- dustry professionals who must make technical or cost deci- sions based on an understand- ing of electromagnetic interfer- ence. Topics of discussion in- clude intersystem problems, designing against environmen- tal noise, how to determine the best frequency for a given application, and the structure and use of intrasystem elec- tromagnetic compatibility models. The fee is $595; in- plant programs can be ar- ranged. Contact Ms. Barbara Bancroft, McGraw-Hill Semi- nar Center, Room 3112, 305 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017, (212) 687-0243. July 14-17 Data Dictionaries, Marina City Club, Los Angeles, CA. The fee for this course is $750. For details, contact the Con- tinuing Education Institute, Suite 1000, 10889 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90024, (213) 824-9545. July 18-22 The Fourth General Assembly of the World Future Society, Sheraton Washington Hotel, Washington, DC. The confer- ence theme is "Communica- tions and the Future." All areas of the communications field from telecommunications to interpersonal communica- tion will be covered. The im- pact of new technologies on society will be explored. Con- tact the World Future Society, 4916 St. Elmo Ave., Bethesda, MD 20014, (301) 656-8274. July 19-21 Summer Computer Simula- tion Conference (SCSC), Mar- riott City Center Hotel, Denver, CO. The SCSC covers all aspects of computer simulation methodology and applications. Technical ses- sions and presentations on mathematical methods, model design, simulation languages, and validation techniques will be featured. Information is available from Harvey Marks or Philicia Marks, Transac- tion Technology Inc., 7648 Capistrano Ave., Canoga Park, CA 91304, (213) 346-5376. July 21-23 The Computer: Extension of the Human Mind, Eugene Hilton Hotel, Eugene, OR. This conference is sponsored by the University of Oregon College of Education. Work- shops, speakers, and presenta- tions on the use of computers in education will be held. Topics of interest include pre- paring teachers to teach with computers, the ethical and social issues associated with computers, and how com- puters assist learning. The conference fee is $95; students enrolled in the university's summer session can register for $55 and earn a single credit hour. For additional informa- tion, contact Judy Ohmer, College of Education, Univer- sity of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, (503) 686-3405. July 26-30 SIGGRAPH '82: The Ninth Annual Conference on Com- puter Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Boston, MA. This conference is sponsored by the Association for Com- puting Machinery's Special In- terest Group on Computer Graphics (ACM SIGGRAPH). More than 140 exhibitors will display the latest in computer- graphics hardware, software, and services. A series of courses and technical sessions on a variety of topics, includ- ing device-independent graph- ics software, low-cost graph- ics, business graphics, solid modeling, and computer- aided design, will be offered. Other features include a multi- media computer-graphics art June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 485 Event Queue. show and computer-generated films. For information, con- tact SIGGRAPH '82, Conven- tion Services Dept., Ill East Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60601, (312) 644-6610. ]u\y 27-30 Database Systems: Compar- ison, Design, Applications, and Trends, Marina Del Rey Hotel, Marina Del Rey, CA. For more information on this course, contact the Continu- ing Education Institute, Suite 1000, 10889 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90024, (213) 824-9545. August 1982 August 15-19 The Second International Computer Engineering Con- ference and Exhibition, Shera- ton Harbor Island Hotel, San Diego, CA. This conference is sponsored by the Computer Engineering Division of the American Society of Mechan- ical Engineers (ASME). More than 50 exhibitors will display computer-engineering prod- ucts, information, and ser- vices. The conference will fea- ture technical sessions on more than 60 topics ranging from interactive graphics, per- sonal computing by means of programmable calculators, computer-aided design and manufacturing, and robots. For complete details, contact the ASME, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017, (212) 644-7100. August 16-20 The National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Carnegie-Mellon University and the University of Pitts- burgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Among the topics to be ad- dressed are expert systems, robotics, computational vision, programmable auto- mation, game playing, and knowledge representation. Other features include an ex- hibition program and a two- day tutorial program provid- ing a nontechnical look at key areas of artificial-intelligence research. Complete confer- ence details are available from the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, 445 Burgess Dr., Menlo Park, CA 94025, (415) 328-3123. August 17-20 Electromagnetic Compatibili- ty Design and Measurement for Control of Electromag- netic Interference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. For details on this course, contact Don White Consultants Inc., State Route 625, POB D, Gaines- ville, VA 22065, (703) 347-0030. August 24-26 Electromagnetic Compatibili- ty Design of Printed-Circuit Boards and Electronic Modules, Los Angeles, CA. For details on this course, con- tact Don White Consultants Inc., State Route 625, POB D, Gainesville, VA 22065, (703) 347-0030. ■ In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's com- puter conferences, seminars, workshops, , courses, etc, notice should reach our office at least three months in advance of the date of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Each month we publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough in advance. X© & A^ AO* <&? CUBIE MOVIE .Puts the fun intosolving your Rubik cube TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation which is not associated with this product. TM Rubik Cube is a trademark of ideal Toy Corporation which is not associated with this product. No matter what combination your Rubik cube has, the Cubie Movie can solve it. HOW IT WORKS • Solve Rubik's cube by typing the colours of your scrambled Rubik cube into your TRS-80 (requires 32K RAM). • A Rubik cube will appear on the screen and wi Rubik cube. • By following the cube on the screen, you will actually solve your Rubik cube. By hitting the space bar on your terminal you can stop and start the program to go at your own speed. TO ORDER Send $20 by cheque, Visa, or Mastercard to Five Stones Software, P.O. Box 1369, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario. K1P 5R4. Ontario residents add 7% provincial tax. All Canadian residents add 9% federal tax. The program is distributed on Model I, Level II cassette tape. begin moving the sections to solve your 486 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Software Received Apple Apple Spice, a set of assembly-language routines to supplement Applesoft for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $29.95. Adventure In- ternational, 507 East St., POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750. Borg, an arcade-type game for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $29.95. Sirius Software Inc., 10364 Rockingham Dr., Sacramento, CA 95827. Eliminator, an arcade-type game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29.95. Adventure In- ternational (see address above). Executive Briefing System, a system to develop and pre- sent visual information for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $199. Professional Software Technology, 180 Franklin St., Cambridge, MA 02139. Foosball, an arcade-type game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29.95. Sirius Software Inc. (see address above). Key Perfect, a program to verify keyboard program en- try from a printed listing for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29.95. Micro-Sparc Inc., POB 325, Lincoln, MA 01773. P-LISP, a LISP interpreter for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $199.95. Gnosis, 4005 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104. Rubik's Cube Unlocked, solves Rubik's Cube puzzle for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $24.95. Double-Gold Soft- ware, 13126 Anza Dr., Sara- toga, CA 95070. Saga §1 Adventureland, an adventure-type game with graphics for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $19.95. Adventure International (see address above). Track Attack, an arcade- type game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29.95. Broder- bund Software, 1938 Fourth St., San Rafael, CA 94901. Twerps, an arcade-type game for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $29.95. Sirius Software Inc. (see address above). VC-Manager, a Visicalc- file manipulator for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $65. Micro Decision Systems, POB 1392, Pittsburgh, PA 15219. CP/M C/80 Version 2.0, a com- piler for the C programming language for CP/M (Z80). 8-inch floppy disk, $49.95. The Software Toolworks, 14478 Glorietta Dr., Sherman Oaks, CA 91423. Microshell 1.1, an operating system with Unix- like features for CP/M (Z80). Floppy disk, $150. New Gen- eration Systems Inc., 2153 Golf Course Dr., Reston, VA 22091. Catalog, a disk -cataloging system for CP/M (Z80). 8-inch floppy disk, $75. SRX Systems, 2812 Westberry Dr., San Jose, CA 95132. FloBASIC 1.1, a prepro- cessor that helps produce structured programs in BASIC for CP/M (Z80). 8-inch floppy disk, $90. Terrasoft, 25 Bryan Rd., Rowayton, CT 06853. Texas Instruments Mission Impossible, an adventure-type game for the TI-99/4. Floppy disk, $29.95. Texas Instruments Inc., 13500 North Central Express- way, POB 225012, Dallas, TX 75265. Strange Odyssey, an ad- venture-type game for the TI-99/4. Floppy disk, $29.95. Texas Instruments Inc. (see address above). TI Invaders, an arcade- type game for the TI-99/4. Command module (ROM cartridge), $39.95. Texas In- struments Inc. (see address above). Voodoo Castle, an adven- ture-type game for the TI-99/4. Floppy disk, $29.95. Texas Instruments Inc. (see address above). TRS-80 AW Rats!, an arcade-type game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette, $14.95. Creative Thaumaturgy, POB 107, Forest Park Branch, Dayton, OH 45405. Crunch, an arcade-type game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette, $14.95. Creative Thaumaturgy (see address above). Earthquake San Francisco 1906, an adventure-type game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disk, $20.95. Adventure International, 507 East St., POB 3435, Long- wood, FL 32750. Electric Pencil 2.0, newest version of the word processor for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disk, $89.95. IJG Inc., 1260 West Foothill Blvd., Upland, CA 91786. Lion's Head Adventure, an adventure-type game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cas- sette, $14.95. Creative Thau- maturgy (see address above). Sfinks 3.0, a chess-playing program for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette and floppy disk, $39.95. William A. Fink, POB 5912, Light- house Point, FL 33074. Space Invader, an arcade- type game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette, $14.95. Creative Thauma- turgy (see address above). Super Color Writer 1.0, a word processor for the TRS-80 Color Computer. Cassette, $49.95. Nelson Software Systems, POB 19096, Minneapolis, MN 55419. Trashman, an arcade-type game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Cassette, $14.95. Creative Thaumaturgy (see address above). ZX80 ZX80 IK Disassembler, a disassembler and memory test for the 4K-ROM ZX80 and the Microace. Cassette, $9.95. Lamo-Lem Labora- tories, POB 2382, La Jolla, CA 92038. ZX81 IK Disassembler, a disassembler and memory test for the 8K-ROM ZX81 and the Microace. Cassette, $9.95. Lamo-Lem Labora- tories (see address above). Other Computers AC Circuit Analysis, analyzes complex electronic circuits for transfer function or impedance for the Atari 800. Floppy disk, $39.95. L. W. James and Associates, 1525 East County Road 58, Fort Collins, CO 80524. Ezlabel, a mailing-list and label-printing program for the IBM Personal Computer. Floppy disk, $39.95. Sys- temics, 3050 Spring St., West Bloomfield, MI 48033. ■ This is a list of software packages that have been received by BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the best of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full description of the product or the forms in which the product is available. In particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is the version received by BYTE Publications. This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot review every software package we receive. Instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and the companies that sent them. All software received is considered to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a set period of time. Companies sending software packages should be sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appro- priate) the alternate forms in which they are available. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 487 Software Review Micro-Decision Support System/ Finance (DSS/F) Robert Moskowitz 22200 Tioga Place Canoga Park, CA 91304 Micro-Decision Support System/Finance (DSS/F) is the first of what may be a new generation of super- software packages: programs with immense capabilities and multiple automatic functions shoehorned into a microcomputer. Rusty Luhring of Ferox Microsystems Inc. of Arling- ton, Virginia, wrote DSS/F. Luhring is a computer veteran with professional experience on mainframe systems. Before he began to develop DSS/F, he worked for a prominent time-sharing company where he was responsible for the technical support of large users with complex financial-modeling needs. He bought an Apple II microcomputer about two and a half years ago and learned Pascal. Overcoming some microcomputer limitations, Luhring created a very sophisticated software package that runs more like com- mercial programs on large computers than just another version of Visicalc. Operation In its current version, DSS/F requires the Apple Pascal system, two or three floppy-disk drives, and a dual- purpose hardware key that comes with the package. Once you have the Pascal prompt on screen and the key plugged into the game-paddle socket, you are ready to execute but not yet ready to produce useful results. DSS/F builds and reports on a financial model from a series of separate files. By convention, the files carry a common root name and various suffixes to indicate their contents. (The disk name needed to call a file can be set up as a default value to save keystrokes.) MODEL.LOG might be the name of a file that defines the rows, columns, labels, and formulas that make up the model. This file tells the computer how to compute and compare At a Glance Name Micro-DSS/Finance Type Financial-modeling software Manufacturer Ferox Microsystems Inc. I 70 I North Ft. Meyer Drive Suite 6 1 I Arlington, VA 22209 (703) 841-0800 Publisher Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Business and Professional Division Jacob Way Reading, MA 01867 Price S 1499: extended service policy: S275 a year Format 5 'A -inch floppy disk Language Used Pascal Computer Needed Apple II with 48 K bytes of memory: two or three disk drives: Pascal language system: 80 or 132 column printer Documentation 100-page introduction and tutorial manual: 200-page reference manual, both wire bound Audience Financial managers, executives, and other business people in- terested in desktop computerized financial modeling or in pro- viding such capabilities to specialists unfamiliar with computer operating procedures 488 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc all the values in the model so as to generate valid, mean- ingful results. You construct this logic file with the DSS/F Editor program, and you must compile it before you can use it the first time. If you make any changes to this file, you must compile the new version before you can rerun your model. Following the name example above, the file MODEL. DATA contains the raw input data on which the MODEL.LOG file will operate. One way to use the DSS/F system is to enter all your data via the Editor, save it as a regular MODEL. DATA file, then go through the steps to run the model. Unfortunately, this tends to limit your spontaneity and cut down on the interaction be- tween you and the DSS/F model. To minimize this limitation, enter data from the keyboard during the model run. Special temporary data commands allow you to change old values in mid-run and very quickly see the modified results. This approach saves a great deal of time and trouble and allows for "sensitivity analysis," or repeated runs of the model with only minor adjustments to find an optimum set of results. If you run a DSS/F model without any MODEL. DATA file in memory, you would generate a null set of results. But you are then free to use the various commands to enter temporary data, manipulate it, and even save the computed results in a special disk file. DSS/F lets you retrieve and modify these files as easily as the regular MODEL. DATA files. When used in this manner, the system is much more interactive than virtually any time- sharing system. Additional files that make up a complete model package include a MODEL. REP file that specifies the full- scale reporting format you will use and a MODEL. WS file that contains the derived information needed to print a work sheet. These work sheets are automatically keyed to the rows and columns of the model you are construc- ting. More on these and other file types later. So Many Numbers Each of the files you need is constructed with the DSS/F Editor. The Editor assigns line numbers to the file as you go, but you must key into the line a row number that corresponds to the position of that line of logic or data in the model. The Editor-supplied line numbers are needed for line-oriented editing commands, such as In- sert, Delete, Fix, and so forth. You can safely let the com- puter take care of these. But the computer does not give you much help with the row numbers, and they are the glue that holds the model together and makes it work. Earlier versions of DSS/F were limited to a matrix size of 1919 data cells, or intersections of rows and columns. Your matrix could be 19 by 100 elements, 5 by 380, and so on. You could fill all available cells quite easily. (But the consolidation features made it possible to combine the results of separate models, and so work around this memory limitation.) The latest update of DSS/F, how- ever, includes a virtual-storage routine that supports up to 32,000 data cells in a single financial model — a vast expansion in capacity. DSS/F and Market Positioning DSS/F is an unusual package in several ways. First and most obvious, its $1500 price tag for a single disk of pro- gramming is very steep by personal computer standards. Sec- ond, and less obvious, it is published by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Addison-Wesley is well established as a publisher of business-oriented materials in print. Taking a flyer on Apple II software seems quite a leap for such a com- pany. The venture makes more sense if you turn the picture around and look at it from the point of view of mainframe time-sharing users. The organizations employing these peo- ple may already spend up to $30,000 a year or more for com- puterized financial modeling. From their perspective, the DSS/F system is dirt cheap, even if you include the cost of the Apple II, disk drives, and the Pascal language system. From this perspective, DSS/F is highly interactive too; you can get it running and do several iterations of a model in less than an hour right on your desk, whereas with a mainframe- supported modeling system you may need weeks simply to establish a model that works and do the first iteration. As you look at the DSS/F package in this way, you begin to see the importance of the emphasis on user support, the orientation of the system toward paper-and-pencil prepara- tion for computer runs, and the capabilities for automated^ operation by novices. All of these are marked similarities to, or advantages over, traditional time-sharing systems. Program author Rusty Luhring readily admits much of this. "It is not as interactive as Visicalc, " he recently con- fided, "but it is a whole lot more interactive than the main- frame systems our customers are used to. And while it does require a measure of familiarity with computers and pro- gramming to operate, it 'thinks' much more like a financial manager does than most of the time-sharing systems I have worked with. " All this adds up to a new critter in the Apple barnyard. If DSS/F proves itself over the long term — and as of now there is no reason to believe it won't — it may signal the approach of a new wave of software/hardware super-systems that vastly increase the basic Apple II's capabilities and, at the same time, command a vastly increased price. In operation, DSS/F is very much oriented to row and column numbers. You must keep them straight and be able to refer to them accurately if you want to get any- where with your model. You can enter the rows of data in any order you wish: the computer builds the same model regardless. As long as the logic specified and the data for it to use carry the correct row numbers, the results will be what you want. One initially confusing feature is the convention that says all data values must be entered as decimal numbers (1.0, 2.3, 1000000.0, etc.), while any integers (1, 2, 3, etc.) are automatically interpreted as row numbers. (I wish that "R" could be used to specify row numbers, so I wouldn't have to reprogram my brain to match the com- puter's numerical understanding.) Another confusing element is the sheer volume of similar numbers: row numbers, line numbers, coded in- struction numbers, disk-drive numbers, and data values June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 489 can blur together and leave room for an embarrassing se- quence of silly mistakes. For example, if you insert a value where you need a code number, or a row number where you need a line number or a value, the model will twist itself out of shape, confounding your results but not always flashing an error message. You can juggle all these numbers successfully in your head only for some of the simpler models. Almost as soon as you try to model a real financial situation, such as a home purchase or the break-even analysis on a new product line, you find yourself swamped in digits. You need a pencil and plenty of paper to dig yourself out. I found frequent printouts extremely helpful too. With a printout of the logic in front of me, for example, I could locate much more quickly the line or row number I wanted to access. Without hard copies of your files, you'll spend a lot of time listing groups of logic or data statements on the screen and trying to remember long series of numbers to key in somewhere else. Start with the Logic To start a new model under DSS/F, you must con- struct a MODEL.LOG file that defines and structures the model. You have no model, and you cannot see any calculated results until you have the correct logic com- piled (which may cause up to a five-minute delay each time you do it) and operating on temporary data (or a bona fide MODEL. DATA file). This means that in prac- tice, DSS/F is too slow and cumbersome for simple models and spontaneous "what if" games. It's like outfit- ting yourself for a weekend in the wilderness — you don't go to all that trouble every time you want to take a walk in the park. In fact, a quick way to give yourself a headache is to approach a financial-modeling problem by trying to give DSS/F some figures, manipulate them, give it some more data, change a few values, manipulate them slightly dif- ferently, and progress in this manner until you have an adequate working model. You cannot easily feel your way along. DSS/F requires more discipline, planning, and preparation. It trades off some simplicity of opera- tion and interactiveness for sophistication and flexibility on the high-end applications. To use DSS/F properly, you will want to do a lot of paper-and-pencil work before you reach for the keyboard. As with the time-sharing systems you may be familiar with, you must have a firm grasp of what you are doing and where you are in the modeling process in order to make good use of your microcomputer's vast new capabilities. But once you have a plan for the model you want to construct or once you have a basic financial model debugged and operating, it is very simple with DSS/F to get the model running and test a series of different values. Real Power The real power of DSS/F lies in its ability to handle complexity and in its graphics and reporting capabilities. Here is a brief rundown on some of the features that Enhancements Ferox Microsystems plans to announce several enhance- ments to DSS/F soon. Some of these will eliminate problem areas identified in this review. Enhancements will include: • a menu-creation capability that will allow users with no computer knowledge to access the full power of DSS/F by simply selecting from a customized menu (no commands or file names required) • the ability to refer to rows by variable names as well as row numbers, making it easier to create and modify logic files and avoid confusion between row and column numbers • "goal seeking" or "backward iteration" will allow the user to reverse the calculation, entering a desired outcome (say, a particular target profit) and DSS/F will calculate the input values required to create that outcome Ferox also plans to announce database-manager, statisti- cal, and communications packages, along with a pen-plotter graphics package — all with DSS/F interfaces. All Ferox soft- ware runs on the Apple II, Apple III, TRS-80 Model II, and IBM Personal Computer. make the DSS/F system flexible, powerful, and useful for large-scale modeling applications. Automated work sheets: Once you have the logic file debugged and compiled, you can use the Report function to scan the logic and generate a MODEL. WS file. Print- ing this file generates a neatly formatted data-collection work sheet. The work sheet emerges from the printer with titles, labels, and appropriate spaces for all the data needed by the logic. If your model uses the built-in Loan, Depreciation, or Tax-Loss Carry-Forward functions, the computer even adds appropriate prompts for needed data to the work sheet without being asked.' In practice, you can generate these work sheets for others in your company to fill in, others who may have no understanding of computer modeling and no idea that a computer will later crunch their numbers. This feature saves you time, can increase the accuracy of data used, and even makes keying in the data easier because the work sheet is set up and labeled to fit the MODEL.DATA file structure your model needs. JOB files: These are like Apple II Exec files. They offer a way to preprogram control of the computer and have it step itself through repetitive or complicated processing sequences. The JOB files are created in the Editor mode and saved under the MODEL. JOB name convention before the JOB mode is entered. To run the computer in this mode, at the Command prompt, you enter JOB. The computer asks for the file containing the commands. When you give the proper file name, the computer goes off and does its business without you. In the JOB mode, DSS/F is fully capable of loading files, processing data, and printing the results while you do something else. You may appreciate this feature if you want to automate a frequent sequence of modeling commands so you can start the computer, leave the room, and pick up the finished printout later. 490 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc GEN files: This type of file controls the computer to prompt for data, insert that data where needed in the model being run, and generate customized reports as needed. GEN files are extremely valuable in conjunction with the data-gathering work sheets and the JOB files if you want to set up the system to give novices access to DSS/F's most advanced modeling capabilities without giving them the extensive training and computer- familiarization experiences they might need to work the system on their own. While it takes a lot of work, you can use the GEN system to create a totally user-friendly self-controlled financial-modeling system. GEN files contain commands, prompt lines, and up to 20 variables. Available GEN commands include Ask (for input), Get (a file), Write (a file), Job (execute a JOB file), When (test for a condition), and Add and Subtract. Using the GEN mode and its When commands, for ex- ample, you can cause DSS/F to display a menu of num- bered choices on the screen, accept keyboard input in response, and then follow a complicated procedure that prompts for financial data from the work sheet, processes it, and produces a printed Report — all automatically. In addition, you can set up other GEN files to prompt the user for specific data to be manipulated within a model as it runs. Consolidating: A set of commands within the DSS/F system allows you to extract portions of data sets and add them to or subtract them from other portions of other data sets. From several sets of data, you can extract a single row (line item), a single column (time period), or multiple rows and columns. What's more, you can engage a previously created GEN file that prompts for specifications and does the consolidation for you. This makes monthly reporting of sales by product, for exam- ple, or projected profit by division a very simple matter. You can create separate models for each of the basic sub- divisions within your organization, and then consolidate performance or projections as needed. With the updated virtual-memory capacity, you can build one giant model and simply extract the portions of it you want for any specific report. While it may take some time and planning to do this consolidation or extraction the first time, you can put the required commands into GEN or JOB files and execute the sequence again later with only a few keystrokes. By putting in the proper on-screen prompts, you can arrange DSS/F to do even the most complicated work for the most naive user. Built-in functions: DSS/F has a large repertoire of pre- programmed functions it can execute on cue. Briefly, for a given cash-flow stream: NPV computes the net present value, MULTINPV does this for several discount rates, NPVPERPET does it as if the stream were perpetual, IRR gives the internal rate of return for the stream, and PAYBACK computes the number of periods needed to recover the initial investment. DEPR calculates the depreciation on a given invest- ment item according to five parameters you provide in code, including life, depreciation method, residual value, half- or full-first-year depreciation, and optimal year switch-over options. Various LOAN functions let DSS/F automatically cal- culate interest, principal, remaining balance, and periodic payment for a loan according to four parameters you provide in code, including interest rate, number of payments, and starting month. Tax Loss Carry Forward automatically carries forward into each year of your model any losses applicable from prior years. A LOOKUP function allows you to specify a table, such as a tax table, and then refer to it in your modeling computations. You set up a table by putting values in col- umns 1 and 2 which define an interval for each row. Then in another row you list the rows that make up the table. The LOOKUP function will go to the table, find the ap- propriate interval into which a search value fits, and then pull out whatever result value is found in the requested column of that row. For example "4 LOOKUP 8 for 10" will do the following: take the value in row 4 (column by column), look it up in the table specified in row 8, find the proper row of that table, and pull out the value in col- umn 10 of that row. The result will be returned, column by column, to the row where the LOOKUP command was placed. A variety of logical operators and LOOP functions allow more sophisticated manipulation of specific data. If some formulas contain circular references, you can cause DSS/F to solve the model repeatedly until it finds the answer to these "simultaneous equations." Very Fancy Reporting While DSS/F may have good points and bad points relative to other microcomputer financial-modeling pro- grams, it is clearly on top when it comes to reporting. Specific formatting commands tell the computer what values to print, in what order, and where on the page. The computer easily handles pagination, form length, brackets for negative numbers, decimal conventions, and other niceties, as well as providing extensive options for titles and headings, columns, underlining, mixing text and data, and more. It even has a special command to turn the matrix sideways, converting rows to columns and columns to rows. DSS/F can also be set up to prompt for information as it prints and then to include the keyboard response in subsequent printing. Specifications for formal reporting must be established using the Editor and saved in a special MODEL. REP file. This can take time. To get a quick response, you can ob- tain results without a MODEL. REP file. You simply specify the rows and columns you want to see, and DSS/F displays them on the screen (the QD command) or the printer (the PRINT command). Another output mode is DATAVIEW. This subsystem of DSS/F actually processes data and logic together in real time and displays the results. But it is an interactive mode, and allows you to give various commands to cause June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 491 selected rows and columns of calculated results to ap- pear. In this mode, the TD command allows you to enter temporary data from the keyboard and have it processed without constructing a MODEL. DATA file and without interrupting the model run. If you like a set of results, you can save the calculated results to the disk for later retrieval. In the DATA VIEW mode, DSS/F accepts many disk-access, data-entry, and data-manipulation commands. One nice feature is the ability to set up incremental changes in values, say a 10 percent increase, that is han- dled automatically by the computer. This saves key- strokes because the computer will accept an initial value and a change factor and use them to fill in an entire series of data values. Graphics Once you have your calculated results, DSS/F offers extensive graphics options for displaying them. By end- ing the modeling session and running the DSS graphics program, you can turn data files or the data currently in memory into pie charts, bar charts, or line graphs quite easily. The computer will calculate the ranges auto- matically or accept your input and automatically print monthly labels. Color graphics are also no problem. As with DSS/F reports, its graphs give great freedom for titling, labeling, and highlighting various parts of the finished graphic. You can use a previously saved graph- specification file or wing it as you go. The system pro- vides for such capabilities as stacking up to eight sets of values into a single bar chart. The hardware key in your game-paddle socket resem- bles and functions as a slide-projector remote control. It can be used to call up a series of previously constructed graphic images onto the monitor screen, almost exactly as if they were actual slides. It's uncanny to see this feature operate, and it's potentially useful for cutting the time and trouble of actually preparing slides from com- puter graphics output. Once you change the disk name to TRAY and save your previously prepared graphics im- ages as SLIDE1, SLIDE2. . .SLIDE17, the rest is as easy as pushing a button. Error Handling DSS/F's error messages, like all its command prompts, are in English (that is to say, they avoid the common problem of being vague or cryptic). I found the error- trapping and error-handling routines quite good and very friendly. For example, illegal commands are met with the response: "Don't recognize that one. Try again." DSS/F does have some confusing elements not totally accounted for. If you try to run a GEN file with the wrong com- mand, for example, the system responds with a lot of gar- bage. This can happen more often than you think, because it is very difficult for a person to keep accurate track of all the files involved in a DSS/F model package. Similarly, it was very common for me to confuse line numbers and row numbers. In both editing the files and running the models, I got confusing and wrong results. And I got unwanted results when I failed to include the needed decimal point in a data value or included one in a row number (where it is never needed). I suppose that ex- perience with the system would eliminate many of these human errors, but these quirks make learning the system more difficult than it should be. Documentation I found the 300 or so pages of instructions, reference materials, tutorials, and miscellaneous command lists an extremely valuable and accurate package. Other than a few typographical errors, the package is well written, ac- curate, and informative. More to the point, Luhring and his associates are very strong on user support. Satisfied users of the package say that Luhring has nursed them through both silly and complicated problems without a murmur of discontent or any effort to point the finger of blame. For the price of this software, which places it in a different market posi- tion from most software for the Apple II, you would ex- pect such treatment. It's good that the user can feel confi- dent of getting it. Conclusions • DSS/F is a sophisticated and comprehensive financial- management tool that can be a valuable aid to people who have a frequent need for complicated financial plan- ning, modeling, or investment comparisons. All who used it expressed admiration for its sophistication and flexibility. • Its graphics capabilities are excellent; it handles much of the work automatically and turns data files into visuals very efficiently. • DSS/F is capable of automatic operation, on-screen prompting, and real-time presentation of its results in both numeric and graphics form. This makes it a flexible tool for processing as well as displaying financial- modeling data. • The program does not live up to all the claims Addison- Wesley makes for it, though. Contrary to what Addison- Wesley says, the program requires the user to be quite familiar with standard computer operations and pro- cedures and to think in computer — not only finan- cial — terms. • DSS/F trades quicker familiarization, speedier model- ing, and a greater degree of user interaction for enhanced reporting, graphics, calculating, and automated capabil- ities. It does not compete with cheaper, simpler, and easier modeling programs. Instead, it adds a new high end to the existing levels of Apple II computer capabilities. • For most financial-planning situations suitable for a microcomputer, using DSS/F is something like using an elephant gun to kill a rabbit. It will do the job, but with a measure of overkill. In practice, the hefty price tag will probably limit the number of small-computer users who will turn to DSS/F. For those who can afford it, though, DSS/F is certainly a very powerful financial-modeling tool.B 492 June 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc Technical Forum Conditionals in LISP Use the COND primitive as a decision-making function. M.S. Howard 83 Yi Partition St. Saugerties, NY 12477 LISP is a programming language invented to imple- ment list processing, which is a suitably vague term that denotes all the useful things you can do that involve building lists of objects and other lists, and taking them apart. For example, useful things include translating a high-level language into machine-executable code, book- keeping, and algebra. The most useful aspect of a programming language is that it allows programs to be written that mimic prob- lems and situations in the real world. This requires that a program be able to perform actions (make decisions) which are conditioned on the current state of the world (the environment and current data). The ability to make decisions is accomplished in most languages, such as FORTRAN and Pascal, by using the IF statement. Special classes of conditional action are built in to support itera- tion, with termination depending on a maximum number of counts (DO loops, FOR . . . NEXT loops, etc.) or on some logical predicate's operation on the current environ- ment and data (REPEAT . . . UNTIL . . . , etc). LISP achieves all this using the COND primitive. This article discusses the application of this primitive to emulate the less general constructs of other languages. This is done to explain the syntax and to demonstrate the generality of the COND primitive. (For an overview of the LISP lan- guage see the August 1979 BYTE.) Syntax of COND It's necessary to know a little about LISP in order to discuss the syntax of COND. LISP is a language that es- sentially takes a function in a Polish notation form and evaluates it. The general syntax is: (function arg 1 . . . arg N) Please note that I haven't specified anything about the nature of the function, how it is defined, what the argu- ments are, how many there may be, or even if N must be a known fixed number. LISP doesn't need that informa- tion. Basically, you can have almost any type of function that you can define on any type of data structure that you can represent by using tree structures of objects and numbers. The arguments must be definable, e.g., objects with names, numbers, or some function applied to some arguments. If an argument is in a functional form, the system will evaluate it, etc. (If this sounds interesting, read a book on LISP, then go find a computer and play with it for a while.) The language system usually knows an initial set of functions which you don't have to build yourself. These are called primitives. COND, a LISP primitive, takes a variable number of arguments. The arguments are of the form: (predicate el . . . eN) The predicate is a legal expression which is evaluated. If its value is not NIL (a special LISP list which is analogous June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 493 Circle 391 on Inquiry card. FILL THE GAPS IN YOUR SYSTEMS' PERFORMANCE INTELLIGENT DATA BUFFER Applications for: • Printers, Terminals and Data Communications AUTO SWITCHER • Remote Selection of Common Port to One of 4 Destinations UTILITY INTERFACE • Sales Aid • Instruction Aid • Demonstration Aid REITH WALCOTT ENGINEERING INCORPORATED 15074 N.E. 40th St. • Redmond, WA 98052 Order (206) 882-2225 Dealer Inquiries Welcome START YOUR OWN COMPUTER CO. HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE $36. 7th edition, November 1981 Written by the founder of a successful systems house, this fact-filled 220-page manual covers virtually all aspects of starting and operating a small systems com- pany. It is abundant with useful, real-life samples: contracts, proposals, agree- ments and a complete business plan are included in full, and may be used im- mediately by the reader. Proven, field-tested solutions to the many problems facing small turnkey vendors are presented. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT $28. by Leslie Nelson. 4th revised edition. December 1981 Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor in the micro- computer field, filling the gap between the computer vendors and commercial/ industrial users. The rewards of the consultant can be high: freedom, more satis- fying work and doubled or tripled income. This manual provides comprehensive background information and step-by-step directions for those interested to ex- plore this lucrative field. FREE-LANCE SOFTWARE MARKETING $30. by B.J. Korites. 3rd edition, June 1980 Writing and selling computer programs as an independent is a business where • you can get started quickly, with little capital investment • you can do it full time or part time • the potential profits are almost limitless. This best-seller by Dr. Korites explains how to do it. HOW TO START YOUR OWN WORD PROCESSING SERVICE $39.50 by Leslie Nelson, May 1982 Turn a small investment into a steady, money making business that adds $1 0.000, $50,000 or $100,000 to your income. Detailed start-up, marketing and operations plans are included. Send check, money order. VISA. Master Charge or American Express tf and exp. date. Publisher pays 4th class shipping. Add $1.00 per book for UPS shipping (USA only). NJ residents add 5% sales tax. For faster shipment on credit card orders call (201) 783-6940. ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept 2 285 Bloomfield Avenue • Caldwell. N.J. 07006 Technical Forum to or the empty set), then each of the expressions el through eN is evaluated. The value of the entire COND expression is taken as the value of the last expression evaluated, i.e., the value of eN. In other words, COND is about as general a CASE statement as has been invented. Simulations Let's see how COND corresponds to the more common types of conditionals. First we will try to simulate the IF . . . THEN . . . ELSE . . . statement: (COND ((predicate of the IF) (the THEN clause)) ( T [this is not NIL] (the ELSE clause))) The first predicate is the only one we care about, so the second predicate is designed to make sure that the ELSE clause is performed when the IF clause is false. So far, COND appears to have no advantage over IF . . . THEN . . . ELSE . . . , but this is not the case (COND is more general). Now let's try the CASE OF var DO . . . statement: (COND ((EQUAL var easel) ell . . . elN) ((EQUAL var case2) e21 . . . e2N) ((EQUAL var caseM) eMl . . . eMN)) Here COND signals the evaluator to test if var is EQUAL to easel, case2, etc., and to do the appropriate things under those conditions. More Syntax To perform other conditionals mentioned at the begin- ning of this article we need to use recursion. Most pro- grammers consider recursion a nasty word because it is not structured. The fact is that recursive structures, which have been around for a long time, are not all that hard to deal with. Everyone who has taken high school algebra is familiar with proof by induction. This is a fun- damental recursive technique and pervades mathematics. The principal problem with recursive programs up to now has been the need for a lot of memory and the slow speed of execution. The memory -size problem was caused by the expense of high-speed memory and the fear that if the program isn't bound by the memory require- ments at compile time, it may not fit in the machine. The fact is that high-speed memory is getting cheaper than birdseed, and very few legitimate problems ever really eat up the whole machine. The second problem is execution speed. I am on shaky ground here, but I am told that the LISP at MIT does number crunching (which LISP is not supposed to do 494 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 188 on Inquiry card. well) as speedily as the DEC FORTRAN compiler (using the same computer) working on similar (or maybe the same) problems. This doesn't mean that LISP is necessari- ly great for number crunching, but it does mean that an interpreted language which encourages recursive pro- gramming at every turn need not be all that slow. Recursion Now that I have tackled a few prejudices, let's examine what recursion is. Basically, recursive programming is a means of setting down a procedure for writing a program at execution time, as opposed to iteration or standard programming, which is writing a program at compile time. Does this mean that we are writing self-modifying code! Not at all. In fact, we are avoiding any nontempo- rary modification of the state of the computer. The code which we write is not modified. It allows the language in- terpreter to construct a sequence of routine calls which will solve a given problem at execution time. It just so happens that the sequence of routine calls is problem- dependent and so varies from execution to execution. The state of the system after the program has been executed need not be different from what it was prior to execution, and none of the original instructions need be modified. How many times have you messed up a program by mod- ifying a globally defined variable down in some BASIC or Pascal subroutine, and not known what happened when your program blew up7 Recursive programming exterminates a lot of those types of bugs before they hatch. Now that we have recursion, we need to be able to establish function definitions. A language must allow the programmer to associate a name with a function and so invoke a desired function at will. The mechanism used by LISP is the primitive LAMBDA. The syntax of LAMBDA is: (LAMBDA list-of-variables things-to-do) The list-of-variables is a LISP-type list of the dummy variables which are used in the function definition. For example, these are the variables you normally see in algebra when you write: i(x,y,z) The things-to-do are the instructions for applying the function. In order to use the function you usually need to name it. This is done in a variety of ways, depending on the particular LISP system you are working on. The University of Wisconsin allows two forms: POWER-LINE FILTE These filters protect any sensitive electronic equipment from power line transient damage and radio frequency interference. Both models offer surge suppression for power line "spikes". RF inter ference is suppressed using both inductive and capacitive components. Ideal for computers, lest equipment, or TV. LF2-A duplex outlet, 120V,8amps ...$39.95 LF6— Three separately filtered duplex outlets, 120V, total fused capacity 15 amps, power switch and indicator lamp S69.95 Add $2.50 shipping and handling per order. Send check with order and provide street address for UPS shipment. Ohio residents add Sales Tax. Charge card buyers may call toll-free MarinCcm L.""iT 'J DRAKE 1-800-543-5612 In Ohio, or for information, call: 1-513-866-2421 R.L.DRAKE COMPANY 540 Richard Street, Miamisburg, Ohio 45342 ^___ INSTITUTIONAL AND DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED HHC 6502 IN YOUR POCKET QUASAR HAND HELD COMPUTERS* NOW AVAILABLE! See BYTE January 1981 , p. 34 - 45 for a System Description HHC - Main Unit with 4K Internal RAM HK2600TE $595 16K External RAM Memory Module 8K External RAM Memory Module Acoustic Modem Module RS232C Serial Interface Module Video (B & W or Color) Adaptor Module Micro Printer, 16 Character Thermal Plotter Module. 3 Color, 5.5" Paper Multiple Module Adaptor. 6 Port AC Adaptor/Recharger, 1.2 Amp Custom Attache Case, 21" x 14" x 4" Single Module 12" Extender Cable Microsoft BASIC Capsule SNAP (FORTH) Language Capsule FLEX Data-Base Manager Capsule Telecomputing II Capsule for Modem RS232C Interface Control Capsule Other software capsules are also available including sales order entry, personal finance, word processor, inventory control, scien- tific calculator, IEEE488 interface, stock, audit, broker, time management, bid estimator, field service log, PASCAL, and 6502 assembler. 'HHC is a trademark of Friends Amis, Inc. Computer Applications, Inc. (303)696-1864 4334 East 17th Avenue, Denver, CO 80220 PC940TE $450 PC942TE $325 PC920TE $275 PC905TE $250 PC930TE $295 PC910TE $225 PC9XXTE $450 PC900TE $150 KT593TE $ 55 KT657TE $170 PC901TE $ 85 LK302TEB $ 77 LK300TES $240 LK3XXTEB $160 LK316TET $ 42 LK317TER $ 38 Circle 163 on inquiry card. Circle 494 on inquiry card. June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 495 Technical Forum, (SETQ name (LAMBDA etc.)) (CSETQ name (LAMBDA etc.)) The difference between the two functions has to do with the way the interpeter retrieves information from mem- ory, and as such is beyond the scope of this article. Just remember that it is possible to name a function. Recursion in Use Now that recursion is out of the way, let's simulate a WHILE . . . DO . . . statement: (SETQ f (LAMBDA args (COND ((WHILE clause) things-to-do (f modified-args)) (T termination-conditions)))) This function works by first checking the WHILE clause to see if it is time to quit. If it is, the function does what- ever is necessary upon termination time. If it is not time to quit, the function continues, then calls itself to check the WHILE clause, etc. Now let's simulate a REPEAT . . . UNTIL . . . state- ment: (SETQ f (LAMBDA args tasks-to-be-REPEATed (COND ((termination (i.e. The UNTIL) clause) termination-things) (T (f modified-args))))) This listing is similar to the WHILE . . . DO . . . state- ment above. This is because the two forms are essentially the same. The only difference is when the termination clause is tested. The WHILE . . . DO . . . and REPEAT . . . UNTIL . . . forms do not allow for com- bined forms such as: (SETQ f (LAMBDA args things-to-be-repeated upon every application (COND ((termination clause) termination things) (T things-to-do if termination clause is false (f modified-args))))) This is a simple combination of the two forms. Conclusion The usual application of COND in a LISP program is a combination of all the above forms. This is tough on beginning LISP programmers, principally because they generally come from restricted programming environ- ments. They attempt to jam LISP constructs into forms they are familiar with. This doesn't work, because LISP primitives are usually either more general than anything they have (e.g., COND) or more primitive than what they are familiar with (e.g., LAMBDA). They usually don't have much trouble with SETQ because this equates to ': =' or whatever assignment primitive their languages use. But they have an awful time with SET. This feature of LISP, which always associates both a value and a label with an object, opens up all sorts of interesting areas, such as the difference between a function which returns a value and one which has "side effects. "■ PRICE BREAK EPSON MX-80 CARTRIDGE RIBBONS $Q95 9! EA. $107.46 per dozen Minimum Order 3 Ribbons Price Includes Shipping We accept Mastercard and Visa ^ CHECK-MATE P.O. BOX 103, RANDOLPH, MA 02368 Call Toll Free - 1-800-343-7706 In Massachusetts - 617-963-7694 Circle 87 on Inquiry card. 496 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc \ferbatim e Floppy Discs SAVE 40% X25£Z 51 / / i Specify soft. Price/ 10 /* 10 or 16 sector MD525 1 side/dbl dens $27.30 MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 44.20 MD577 1 side/77 track 32.50 MD557 2 sides/77 track 44.20 8/ 1 Critically Certified Soft sector FD34-9000 1 side/sgl dens 33.80 FD34-8000 1 side/dbl dens 39.00 FD34-4001 2 side/dbl dens 46.20 CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 Circle 270 on inquiry card. 1*1 Hey 1*1 CANADIANS! New and Refurbished Equipment 8" Disc Drives T $400. OD Letter Quality Printers Qume & Diablo $1600. D( Oscilloscopes Dual Trace, 15Mhz "™ $900.°° Computer Systems. CP/M with 2 8" disc drives, CRT 64K, letter quality printer $7500.°' All Sales Final Ontario Residenls add PST All items warranty 90 days, parts & labour All prices in Canadian Funds TSA PROFORMA INC. 154 Fulton Ave. Toronto, Ontario M4K 1Y3 (416) 922-1139 425-9058 Circle 454 on inquiry card. Programming Quickie Listing the Disk Directory in CP/M-based Pascal Daniel S. Hunt 822 Green Valley Newbury Park, CA 91320 You'll often want to obtain a listing of the disk-file directory while operating directly from within an application program. It saves time and simplifies operation. Because not all CP/M-based languages offer a built-in directory-search-and-list function, you have to create your own. The "getdir" program described here (see listing 1) is a directory-search-and-list program written in Pascal/MT. It will run alone, or you can modify it to run as a subroutine in a host program. Its output is much the same as that of the DIR command in CP/M. Identical results can be obtained in PL/I-80, FORTRAN, and CBASIC by using the algorithms of "getdir" to write assembly-language equivalents where needed. Descrip- tions of the Search First and Search Next function calls to the CP/M operating system are described in the CP/M 2.0 and 2.2 Interface Guide. The core routine of "getdir" is procedure "gdir". Through procedure "search" it calls CP/M to obtain a directory locator code, which points to the file name most recently placed in the input buffer. "Search" uses CP/M Search First (17) and Search Next (18) functions, which are placed in register C. Register DE holds the pointer to a 12-byte FCB (file control block). This FCB is represented as "title", an array indexed from to 11. Byte in the array indicates the disk number, converted after user input from an ASCII "a" or "b" to a binary 1 or 2. The next eight positions are the file name, followed by the three positions of the extension. They are filled here with question marks to indicate to CP/M that any name found is to be listed. When "search" returns the directory code, it is multiplied by 32 and added to hexadecimal address 80 (128 decimal), the base of CP/M's file I/O (input/output) buffer. The result, assigned to "dirptr", is the address immediately preceding the 11-character string that will hold a valid file name from the directory. Now that you have control of the string, you can print it, transfer it to storage for later use, or remove names that you don't need displayed. Procedure "printname" moves the newly found FCB at "dirptr" to a working string called "prntitle", where it is converted to readable form with spacing and colons. The variable "nmctr" limits the output of each line to four names so that the directory will be correctly displayed on a 64-column screen (see listing 2 on page 501). Procedure "list", which calls "gdir", performs several vital functions. It is kept separate from "gdir" because you may want to modify one or more of its functions. "List" asks you which disk unit is to be searched and resets the CP/M system in preparation for listing the directory. Reset is mandatory; otherwise CP/M gets lost and throws garbage into the I/O buffer. In Pascal/MT, an extension to the standard language allows an external procedure, with the absolute address of "bdos", to perform the reset function. If your compiler does not offer such an extension, "setdisk" may be re- placed with the following assembly-language equivalent: mvi c,resetf ;resetf equ 13 call bdos ;entry point at 0005 In CBASIC this function is performed by the built-in statement INITIALIZE, which must be used before call- ing an assembly-language version of "getdir". The third function of "list" is the assignment of a string to the variable "title". This determines whether all names or only specific names are returned in register A by the Search First and Search Next calls. If "title" is chr(0) + "???777????7", then everything on the default disk would be returned. If "title" is chr(2) + "77777777DAT", then only those file names on disk B with the extension DAT would be returned. ■ June 19B2 © BYTE Publications Inc 497 Programming Quickie, Listing 1: The "getdir" program, written in Pascal/MT, version 3.2, will search a CP/M disk and provide you with a listing of the disk directory from within an application program. program getdir; (* Directory Search and Print... *) (* By Daniel S. Hunt, April 3, 1981 *) (* Pascal/NT 3.2, CP/M 2.2, Sol-20 *) type filenametype = packed array [0.. 11] of char; procedure external[5] setdisk(func : integer); function ucase( inchar : char) : char; begin {convert lower to upper case} if (inchar >= 'a') and (inchar <= 'z') then ucase := chr( ord( inchar) St $5f) else ucase := inchar; end; procedure gdir(var title : filenametype); const eodir = 255; {CP/M end of directory} var prntitle : filenametype; ch : char; i : integer; dirptr : integer; func : integer; nmc.tr : integer; dircode : integer; procedure search(var title : filenametype; var dircode : integer; func : integer); const bdos = $0005; var fcb : integer; ret*a : integer; begin fcb := $5c; {fcb address} move(title,fcb~,12); {12 = fcb length} inline( 498 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Listing 1 continued: 'lhld / Ecb / 'xchg / •lhld / func / 'raov c,l / 'call / bdos / 'mov l,a / 'mvi h / $00 / 'shld / rega); dircodc := rega; end; {search} {fcb address to regs.OE} {search function to C} {returns directory code} {reg.A passed back, via dircode} procedure printname; begin moveCdirptr" , prntitle , 12) ; if nmctr = 1 then {only at start of line do we...} begin {...precede name with unit name} {by translating back to uppercase letter.} cb := title[0] ; ch := chr(ord(ch) + ord('@')); write(ch) ; end; write(' : '); for i := 1 to 8 do {cbars[1..8] of filename} write(prntitle[ i] ) ; write(' '); for i := 9 to 11 do {3-character extension} write(prntitle[il ) ; if nmctr = A then begin {on end of line, return, reset counter} writeln; nmc t r : = ; end end; {printname} begin {gdir} nmctr := 0; func := 17; {cpm search first} search( title ,dircode, func) ; func : ■ 18; {cpm search next} while dircode <> eodir do begin nmctr := nmctr + 1 ; {calculate index, print and search for next} Listing 1 continued on page 500 June 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 499 Programming Quickie ■ Listing 1 continued: dirptr := 128 + (dircode * 32); print name; search( title, dircode, func) ; end end; {gdir} procedure list; var tide : filename type; ch : char; func : integer; begin title := '????????????'; {bytes 1..11 all wild cards} write('LIST DISK DIRECTORY: Unit A or 13? ');■ read(ch) ; {translate disk name to binary} ch := ucase(ch); ch := chr(ord(ch) - ord('(3')); title [0] := ch; {byte is disk unit number} {re-set cp/m, default dma buffer to 80 hex} func := 13; {mvi c,resetf} setdisk(func) ; {call bdos} writeln; gdir( title); writeln; end; begin (*main*) repeat list until false; end. If you won't read these 7 signals of cancer,.. You probably have the 8th. : American Cancer Society 1* Change in bowel or bladder habits. 8. A sore that does not heal. 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge. 4 .Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere. ©•Indigestion or diffi- culty in swallowing. 6. Obvious change in wart or mole. 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness. O. A fear of cancer that can prevent you from detecting cancer at an early stage. A stage when it is highly cur- able. Everyone's afraid of cancer, but don't let it scare you to death. Listing 2: Sample output from "getdir" showing both the A and B disk directories. p.etdir LIST DISK DIRECTORY: Unit A or B? a A : STAT COM EDIT COM . SYSF "COM : PIP COM A : AUTO COM SETBIT COM . GNTOKEN LIB : DRAW SRC A : PAS COM, PROMOLIB SRC : PASCAL/B RTP : PI ERRORS TXT A : P2ERRORS TXT GDIR DOC ■ GDIR BAK : GDIR LIB A : CRTLONG LIB TRAILMIN LIB : P2/BCD OVL : SOLIO LIB A : VIEW COM LTEST SRC LTEST COM : LTEST BAK A : ITEST BAK ITEST COM ITEST SRC : TTYLONG BAK A : TTYLONG LIB GETDIR SRC GETDIR BAK : GETDIR COM LIST DISK DIRECTOT HEM 12'bit sample ond hold amplifier 6 channel differential lA-rhonnd - analog to digital high accuracy [jriHjforrwnfibli; (join in',trumi',ntntion ■iimiii if i iiniiTiirfiTni ii uTTTrn i nun i in i ■ For additional details about the AD-100-4 and other fine California Data Corporation 100% Individually tested, high reliability products, circle the reader service card number below or for faster response write or call us. CALIFORNIA DATA CORPORATION 3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C-10 Newbury Park, CA 91320 (805) 498-3651 CHIPS* „ THE INFLATION FIGHTERSI 4116 300ns 8/S 1 1 .00 4 116 250ns 8/S 12.00 41 16 200ns 8/$l 3.00 4116 150ns 8/S I 6.00 21 14L 300ns 8/S 16.25 21 14L 200ns 8/S 17.00 •4164 !50nsS7.90 •6116 150ns $8.00 Z80A CPU S5.50 ea. 8251 A $4.75 ea. 2716-1 <5V)350ns8/$7.OOea.S7.50ea. 2716 (5V)450ns 8/S3.75 ea.S4.15 ea. •2732 (5V)450ns 8/S7.25 ea. $9.00 ea. 2532 (5V)450ns 8/S9.75 ea. S 1 0.00 ea. Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please include phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. Add S3. 50 Shipping & Handling Wash, residents add 6.6% Sales Tax CHIPS & DALE P.O. Box 31607 Seattle, Wash. Zip 98103 1-206-524-9126 Master Charge VISA accepted. Circle 259 on inquiry card. Circle 81 on Inquiry card. Circle 89 on inquiry card. IEEE-488 TO TRS-80* INTERFACE Everything needed to add powerful BASIC GPIB-488 controller capability to TRS-80 Model 1 or 3, Level 2 or DOS with a minimum of 16K. JEL 488-80C For Model 3 Operation 488-80B For ModaJ 1 Operation I ! -*=. Model 488-80B or 488-80C Price: $375. + shipping, insurance & tax WHEN 0RDEH/NG SPECIFY DISK OR TAPE SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERING LABORATORIES 11 Neil Drive • Old Bethpage, NY 11804 Telephone: (516) 694-3370 * Trademark ol Tandy Corp. There is no affiliation between Scientitic Engineering Laboratories and Tandy Corp. or Radio Shack. Circle 400 on Inquiry card. A ATARI 400 16K $319.00 400 YOURS lo32K or 48K CALL 800U6K) 659.00 410 RECORDER 84.00 810 DISK DRIVE 449.00 850 INTERFACE 169.00 830 MODEM 149.00 825 PRINTER 575.00 481 ENTERTAINER KIT 85.00 482 EDUCATOR KrT 125.00 483 PROGRAMMER'S KIT 60.00 484 COMMUNICATOR KIT 309.00 Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping extra. No tax out of state. Ca. residents add appropriate taxes. WE ARE AN AUTHORIZED ATARI SALES AND SERVICE CENTER 1^ COMPUTERTIME, INC. ^^■^ P.O. Box 216 Kenlfleld. CA 94914 CALL TOLL-FREE In California 800-227-2520 800-772-4064 Circle 123 on inquiry card. "ELF" interface, Converts Your Typewriter Into Printer Finest print quality • Low cost ' Easy Installation • ouick delivery ' Fits IBM seiectric and Electronic Typewriters ' Models for all popular computers Call or write for more Information, today! - we export to all countries - LMU INTERNATIONAL INC. r fc JL 5115 Douglas Fir Rd. calatjasas, ca 91302 U.S.A. TOl: 1213) 710-1M4 TLX/TWX: 910 494 2100 Circle 238 on inquiry card. Why use their flexible discs: Athana, BASF, Control Data, Dysan, IBM, Maxell, Nashua, Scotch, Shugart, Syncom, 3M, Verbatim or Wabash when you could be using MEMOREX high quality error free discs? CE quant. 100 price Product Description Part # per disc ($) 8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) 3062 2.09 8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector 3015 2.09 8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors) 3090 2.74 8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted) 3102 3.14 8" DSDD Soft Sector (1 28 B/S, 26 Sectors) 31 1 5 3.34 8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors) 3104 3.34 8" DSDD Burroughs B-80 Comp., 32 Hard Sector 3092 3.34 5 1 A" SSSD Soft Sector (Unformatted) 3401 1.94 5 1 / 4 " SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 3481 2.34 5Va" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 3483 2.34 5 1 /4" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 3485 2.34 5V 4 " DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring 3491 3.09 5 1 /4" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 3493 3.09 5W DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring 3495 3.09 SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD ■ DSDD = Double Sided Double Density Single Sided Double Density Memorex Flexible Discs. ..The Ultimate in Memory Excellence Quality Memorex means quality products that you can depend on. Quality control at Memorex means starting with the best materials available. Continual surveillance through- out the entire manufacturing process. The benefit of Memorex's years of experience in magnetic media pro- duction, resulting, for instance, in proprietary coating formulations. The most sophisticated testing proce- dures you'll find anywhere in the business. 100 Percent Error Free Each and every Memorex Flexible Disc is certified to be 1 00 percent error free. Each track of each flexible disc is tested, individually, to Memorex's stringent standards of excellence. They test signal amplitude, resolution, low-pass modulation, overwrite, missing pulse error and extra pulse error. They are torque-tested, and competitively tested on drives available from almost every major drive manufacturer in the industry includ- ing drives that Memorex manufacturers. Rigid quality audits are built into every step of the manmanufacturing process and stringent testing result in a standard of excellence that assures you, our customer, of a quality product designed for increased data reliability and consistent top performance. Customer-Oriented Packaging Memorex's commitment to excellent does not stop with a quality product. They are proud of their flexible discs and they package them with pride. Both their packaging and their labeling have been designed with your ease of identification and use in mind. The desk- top box containing ten discs is convenient for filing and storage. Both box labels and jacket labels provide full information on compatibility, density, sectoring, and record length. Envelopes with multi-language care and handling instructions and and color-coded removable labels are included. A write-protect feature is available to provide data security. Full One Year Warranty— Your Assurance of Quality Memorex Flexible Discs will be replaced free of charge by Memorex if they are found to be defective in materials orworkmanship within one year of the date of purchase. Other than replacement, Memorex will not be respon- sible for any damages or losses {including consequential damages) caused by the use of Memorex Flexible Discs. Quantity Discounts Available Memorex Flexible Discs are packed 10 discs to a carton and 1 cartons to a case. Please order only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100 pricing. We are also willing to accommodate your smaller orders. Quantities less than 100 units are available in incre- ments of 10 units at a 10% surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available. Order 500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1 %; 1 ,000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000 or more saves you 4%; 1 0,000 or more saves you 5%; 25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more saves you 7% and 1 00,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Memorex Flexible Discs are immediately available from CE. Our warehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you the quality product you need, when you need it. If you need further assistance to find the flexible disc that's right for you, call the Memorex compatibility hotline. Dial 800-538-8080 and ask for the flexible disc hotline extension 0997. In California dial 800-672-3525 ex- tension 0997. Outside the U.S.A. dial 408-987-0997. Buy with Confidence To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Memorex Flexible Discs, send or phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division. Be sure to calculate your price using theCE prices in this ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax. Written purchase orders are accepted from approved govern- ment agencies and most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices, terms and speci- fications are subject to change without notice. Out of stock items will be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is instructed differently. Minimum order S50.00. International orders are invited with a $20. 00 surcharge for special handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified and foreign checks require bank clearance. Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. Add S8.00 per case or partial-case of 100 8-inch discs or S6.00 per case or partial case of 1 00 5 Winch mini-discs for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the continental U.S.A. If you have a Master Card or Visa card, you may call anytime and place a credit card order. Order toll-free in the U.S. Call anytime 800-52 1 -441 4. If you If you are outside the U.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order your high quality, error free Memorex discs today. Copyright 1982 Communications Electronics" High Quality Error Free MEMBER ...p-. VISA MasterCard Order Toil-Free! (800)521-4414 In Michigan (313) 994-4444 For Data Reliability — Memorex Flexible Discs a COMMUNICATIONS ELECTRONICS™ Computer Products Division 854 Phoenix D Box 1002 D Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. Call TOLL-FREE (BOO) 521 -441 4 or outside U.S.A. (31 3) 994-4444 Circle 99 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 515 """Heath Users Double Your 5%" disk storage capacity without adding a drive. Get twice as much from your H88 or H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H floppy disk controller, in conjunction with your 5 1 /," drives, for example, expands memory capacity from 256 bytes to 512 bytes per sector. And it handles single and double- sided, single and double-density, 8" and 5%" drives — simultaneously. Call 714/275-1272 today or write for details. Ol C.D.R. Systems Inc. Controlled Data Recording Svstems, Inc. 7667 Vickers St., San Diego, CA 92111 CROSS REF. PROGRAM for MBASIC & BASCOM Source Files M80 and CP/M's ASM MXREF will list all program variables, functions, key words, strings, con- stants and line number references in alphabetical order. 1000 variable names allowed. Requires an 8080 or Z80 running CP/M ver. 1.4 or later and at least 48K RAM. Price $96.00. Manual only $15.00. Add $5.00 COD. MXREF available in CP/M format on 5" NorthStar or 8" single or double density soft sector. COMPUTER TOOLBOX INC. 1325 East Main St. Waterbury, CT. 06705 (203)754-4197 FEEL TRAPPED BETWEEN CAPACITY AND COST? Processor Interface introduces trie Cartridge Disk Con- troller for trie S-100 bus, Configurable for 12 sector 2315 and 5440 type disk drives (1.25-10 Mbytes per drive) Complete with CPM* CBI0S. disk formatter diagnostics and technical manual low cost $595.00 W Manual only $25 00 the performance you need at a cost you can afford Processor Interfaces, Inc. P rjl Box154A Elm Grave. Wl 53122 414-785-1245 Circle 83 on inquiry card. Circle 102 on inquiry card. Circle 373 on inquiry card. 1 [$21 9.95, 5%" Floppy Disk Drives (single side-single or double density) TANDON Model tm 100-1 r CDC Model 9409 2 or more — $214.95 ea.* IBM personal computer direct plug in. Zenith monitor ZVM-121 12" green phosphor $119.95 ea.* Floppy Drive Power Connector Kit $28.00" CALL NOW - TOLL FREE 800-824-7888 all states except CA. 800-852-7777 for CA residents. Ask for Operator #99. MC/V/SA or C.O.D. with certified check or money order. Kansas residents add 3% sales tax. •Plus shipping. For info caH: 316-683-9225 316-685-9445 923 Longfellow Street Wichita, KS 67207 $GOLD DISKS CP/M® Compatible Z-80 Software Z-80 DISASSEMBLER An easy to use program to create •ource (.ASM) files from executable (.COM) files ppp EZ-TEXT WORDPROCESSOR EZ-TEXT will format $ your text file the way you want It 5-8" SD/DD PPDl Bower-Stewart Si Associates POST OFFICE BOX 1389 HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250 213-532-1237 Trademark Digital Research MBLER •175 ?PD ESSOR ;75 A ATARI Entertainer Kit 88 00 Atari 800 16K 71 0.00 Programmer Kit 56 00 Atari 400 16K 359 00 Communicator Kit .320 00 Atari 410 Cassette 80.00 Microsoft Basic 72 00 Atari 810 Disk . 480.00 ALL ATARI SOFTWARE 20% OFF Plus Loads of 3rd Party Software! V0TRAX TYPE'N'TALK: 340.00 ALSO EPSON & CENTRONICS PRINTERS ZENITH & TELEVIDE0 TERMINALS BBI Mail Order is a company made up of com- puter professionals. We are able to provide low prices as well as technical support. Give us a call and find out why we consider the Atari the best home computer on the market today. You won't be disapointed. I .v BBI Mail Order '■/.%{./ Specializing in Atari Home Computers ' *~ P.O. Box 365 vi-ij^f Newton Highlands. MA 02161 h/ J (617)964 3080 Circle 199 on inquiry card. Circle 69 on inquiry card. Circle 58 on inquiry card. RS-232 PROBLEMS? LET THE RS-232 TESTER HELP YOU SOLVE YOUR COMPUTER INTERFACE PROBLEMS. DESIGNED TO CONNECT IN SERIES WITH ANY RS-232 INTER- FACE, IT DISPLAYS THE STATUS OF SEVEN OF THE MOST IMPORTANT LINES: TRANSMIT DATA, RECEIVE DATA, REQUEST TO SEND, CLEAR TO SEND, DATA SET READY, CARRIER DETECT, AND DATA TERMINAL READY. THE RS-232 TESTER RE- QUIRES NO POWER AND MAY BE LEFT IN THE LINE PERMANENTLY. $39.95 POST PAID B & B ELECTRONICS BOX 47S/MENDOTA, IL 61342 SCR SUPER-BUYS SI 0.00 MIN. ORDER HANDLING/SHIPPING.. $2.50 UPS ANYWHERE IN CONTINENT*!. US 1982 BUYERS GUIDE NOT JUST ANOTHER rnrr CATALOGUE BUT A FREE BUYERS GUIDE "OF THE FUTURE" 1. UHF-VHF CONVERSION KIT. Complete with PC board, all required c; 110)95 components; Jumper wire; cobhel with speak- ' ea er, and comprehensive brochure Incl. sche- matic, board layout, mounting and hook-up diagrams, potts list, and assembly and set- up ( Instructions. All parts are industrial prime quality, 2. NEWZENITH ZVM-121 HIGH- LEGIBILITY CRT MONITOR. Feo- S117 95 tures 1 2" green phosphor CRT. with 1 5 Mhz ea Bandwidth. 40 or 80 chorocter widths dre operator swItch-seleclGb-le. Fully compatible wtth 80-column Apple cards, etc OUTSIDE CAL 800-854-8660 INSIDE CAL (714) 527-2554 SCR ELECTRONICS INC. VISIT OUR NEW SUPER CENTER 5303 Lincoln Ave., Cypress, CA 90630 Pay by CHECK M.O.. VISA. M/C Color Computer 4K Model III 16K $310 $839 W/16K Ext. Basic Model III 48K $459 2disc & RS232C w/32K Ext. Basic $2059 $525 BUY DIRECT. These are just a few of our great offers which include Printers, Modems, Com- puters, Peripherals, Disc Drives, Software and more. call TOLL free 1 -800-343-8124 comp uter Write for your piUS Wa have the lowest possible fully warranteed prices and a full complement of Radio Shack Software free catalog 245A Groat Road Littleton. MA 01440 / ^^ 617. 486. 3193 ^J Circle 52 on inquiry card. Circle 404 on inquiry card. Circle 114 on inquiry card. 1 BELIEVE IT! Washington Computer Services a" affiliate o« *™*™gj™» est. 1912 CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960 97 Spring Street, New York, New York 10012 TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800) 221-5416 In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121 HOURS: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Monday- Friday TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHCOMP NYK PRINTERS 150 cps bidirectional - 9x9 dot matrix, quietized case, 136 col, vertical form control and many other functions WOIV$950 The best price/performance ratio available. RS-232 serial to 19,200 baud x-on, x-off add $25 / T hy ^ Teletype 40, 300 LPM-typewriter quality, RS- from Only * * 232 interface. This quality printer is available in many $3200 configurations including forms access, quietized case, etc. Teletype 43 from $995 Teletype M>-200. 340 cps dot matrix (similar to Data Prod. M-200) $2799 NEC Spinwriter-55 cps, bidirectional, letter quality R. 0.7710 $2560 KSR7720 $2799 DIABLO 630-40 cps, bidirectional, daisy wheel, plot/graph $2349 QUME Sprint 9/35 cps , daisy wheel $1944 C. ITOH Starwriter, 40cps, daisy wheel, F10 $1550 EPSON MX-80, 100, 80 cps, 9x9 dot matrix $CALL ANADEX 9500/9501, up to 200 cps, high resolution dot $1325 OKtDATA Microtine 82A, bidirectional, friction /pin feed $525 Microline83A, bidirectional, 120cps, uses15"paper $799 Tl— 810. 150 cps, Basic $1449 Package-Compressed print, vertical form control $1630 MANNESMANN MT 1705 200 cps, 7x9, 132 col $CALL TALLY MT 1805 200 cps, 7x9 + NLQ 40x18 matrix SCALL CENTRONICS SCALL 739 100 cps, nx9 dot matrix, Full Graphics $567 122 120 cps, International set, Full Graphics $899 DEC LA-34 $1085 IDS PRISM, 132 col. .color $1785 TERMINALS pmmi modem $359 AMPEX DIALOGUE 30, 80, 81 SCALL TELEVIDEO 910 C (multi-terminal) $610 925C $795 950C $950 SOROCIQ120 $729 HAZELTINE ESPRIT $669 DECVT-100 $1575 WYSEWY-100 (ALTOS 1) NEW! $CALL Similar savings for our HAZELTINE and LEAR SIEGLER lines SOFTWARE MBASIC-80 $275 MBASIC COMPILER $285 FOHTRAN-80 $349 COBOL-BO $574 PL/1-80 $425 PASCAL MT+V5. 5 $398 WHITESMITH'S C $660 BSTAM.BSTMS $200 CB-80 $420 PEARL (LEVEL 3) $549 LIFEBOAT SOFTWARE SCALL PEACHTREE SCALL GRAHAM-DORIAN SCALL STRUCTURED SYST. SCALL VANDATA/OSBORNE $500 WORDSTAR MAILMERGE DATASTAR DBASE II CONDOR III MILESTONE SUPERCALC FMS-80 SELECTOR V SPELLGUARD SUPERSOFT $300 $110 $230 $525 $716 $235 $221 $649 $396 $236 $CALL AMERICAN BUS. SYST. SCALL ACCOUNTING PLUS SCALL TURBODOS(MULTI) $500 TURB0D0S(1 USER) $220 8" DISK DRIVE SALE 8"SHU.GARTSA801R $450 8"SHUGARTSA851R $669 2for$1289 QUMEDATATRACK8 $589 2 for $1110 Enclosure, power supply for 2 8"drives A & T $350 MORROW DISCUS 2D + CP/M® , MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT. $950 HARD DISK SPECIALS CORVUS 5MB, 10MB, 20MB Constellation Multiplexer and Mirror Backup MORROW 26MB + controller + CP/M 2.2®, M basic $4495 $3821 ® ww controller, CDC Hawk Drive (5 fix, 5 rem) $7995 $6795 ^^ controller, Western Dynex (5 fix, 5 rem) $5995 $5099 l^k Winchester 5% drives complete with case, cable, 4ffl~. software, S-100 controller. Adapter avail for use with ^pXCOMPany z-so system. Cartridge drive controllers avail. 5MB APPLE S-100 2-89 $2898 10MB xeroxaltos OEM discountsavailable! r.s. mod. n $3398 EEg< 5% ", 8" and 14" Winchester/taoe subsystems avail. FULLY CONFIGURED RUSINESS SYSTEMS The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business _and scientific computer systems which we offer. 8000SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS SCALL CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY! 68000 16 bit multi-user UNIX V.7 $CALL INTERNATIONAL ITER 8086 16 bit, 128K RAM, Syst. #2 $3499 r— j Call us for best prices on these high quality 2nd I rou P| generation boards and systems. , |F California These high quality, reliable products have made CCS | gj Computer defacto industry standard for S-100 products —I Systems Assembled and tested: 2200 H.D. Mainframe $517 2810AZ-80 CPU, serial port $316 2065C64K dynamic RAM $409 2422AFIoppyCont, CP/M 2.2 $427 CCS 2210A w/floppy controller, 1 serial port $2116 CCS 300-1 Aw/1. 2 MB floppy drives, 2 serial, 2 parallel ports $CALL DIGIAC l-ine Computers SCALL f5\(o)[B)S©OOfr ^ e 0,fer 9 enerous discounts on the Compupro line of lill U Ei.K™oNics Hjtm fast, quality 8 and 16 bit boards „ _. M. ADVANTAGE SCALL NortnSrar & horizon NEClow prices on PC-8000 series $CALL DELTA S-4500 10 User, Multi-Processor, 40 MB hard 17 MB tape SCALL ALTOS single and multi-user systems SCALL □esibns Decision 1 ■ CP/M Microsoft Basic, UNIX $CALL XEROX. List $2995 SCALL Similar savings on the full lines of CCS, SSM, NNC, MORROW, DELTA, NORTHSTAR, ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS, GODBOUT, NEC, TELEVIDEO, IMS ZENITH, ADDS, DEC, DATA GEN., ATARI, DYNABYTE, TECMAR, DUAL LOOK HERE! AMPEX Call us for ALL your softwear needs Dialogue 80 Systems Houses, Educational Institutions, & Government Agencies Given Special Consideration ALL OF OUR PERIPHERALS CAN BE CONFIGURED FOR RADIO SHACK® MODEL II DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three , weeks to clear. All prices are mail order only. Prices subject to change without notice; call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N.Y. j residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trademark of North Atlantic Industries, Inc. Radio Shack® is a trademark of the Tandy Corp. CP/M® is a raj trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to our standard sale conditions (available on request). |S|j||^ I Circle 464 on Inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 517 fompudwnje Such A Deal! Have You Ever Considered USED EQUIPMENT? Want To Save Lots? We Carry All Brands of Used Minis and Micros* (DEC - DG - APPLE - TRS-80, ETC. Call or Write for FREE List of Bargains: Compuchange Box 4151 Anaheim. Ca. 92803 (714) 535-1990 AUDEX-1 the EAR & MOUTH for AIM-65 • Recognition and Response in One Unit •Built-in Amplifier and Speaker • Dynamic Microphone Included •You can make your own vocabulary • Good-Speech Quality •Up to 98% Recognition Accuracy •Easy-to-follow UaerB Manual • Ina3 l / 3 " x 5V*" x 1W" Box • Assembled and Fully Tested $169.00 68. plus shipping and handling charge: U.S. $3.50 Overseas, 10% NJ Residents, add 5% sales tax. — VISA, Mastsrcharge Welcome — AUDEC CORPORATION (Dept. L1) 728 Larch Avenue Teaneck, NJ 07666 (201)692-^729 « Scotch' DISKETTES SAVE 40% SS&S. 51 / / I Specify soft, Price/10 /4 1 or 1 6 sector #744 1 side/sgl dens $26.70 #7440 1 side/dbl dens 31.20 #745 2 sides/dbl dens 38.40 8i i Specify soft or 32 sector #740 1 side/sgl dens 27.30 #741 1 side/dbl dens 35.80 #743 2 sides/dbl dens 43.60 CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 1313)777-7780 ADD $ 2 SHIPPING LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 Authorized Distributor *^MM Information Processing Prodcc".s *jKfl Circle 102 on Inquiry card. Circle 45 on inquiry card. Circle 272 on inquiry card. S-100 VOICE The ARTICULATOR board allows you to record, store, and play- back any vocabulary on your S-100 computer. Input speech is digitized by the ARTICULATOR and send to the computer via an on-board port for storage at 1K to 2K bytes/sec. This data is then sent back from the comput- er to the ARTICULATOR for very high quality playback. On-board VOX switching minimizes mem- ory storage requirements. PRICE — $350 A&T AVAILABLE NOW Quintrex, Inc. 4461 Indian Creek Parkway PO Box 7384 Overland Park, KS 66207 HY-TYPE 1 & 11 • QUME Circle 382 on inquiry card. INTELLIGENT PRINTER INTERFACE 1 6,000 BYTE BUFFER I STAND ALONE PARALLEL I SERIAL INPUT IBAUD RATES ■ 50 to 19,2001 OPTIONS INCLUDE: GRAPHICS • REVERSE PRINT • BOLD PRINT UNDER SCORE • REPRINT OF BUFFER ADJUSTMENT OF LINES PER INCH CHARACTERS PER INCH SELECTION DOUBLE LINE CUSTOM OPTIONS ALSO AVAILABLE A & T FROM $450.00 BARf: BOARD $1 25.00 MASTER CARD & VISA ACCEPTED TtfA^^^CTRONICS^TijT P0 BOX 526 KNIGHTDALE, NX 27545 1919) 266 941 1 | Circle 463 on inquiry card. WANT HELP? COBOL PROGRAMMER'S AIDE (CPA) Provides extensive assistance in CODING, DEBUGGING. MAINTAINING and DOCUMENTING your Cobol programs - Improve your efficiency and productivity - EASY TO USE - MENU DRIVEN - A PRACTICAL SET of TOOLS - An INVALUABLE AIDE. CPA features: • SOURCE ANALYZER & CROSS REFERENCE • SOORCE EDITOR & REFORMATTER • SOURCE OVERVIEWER • DOCOMENTATION PRINTER • PARAMETER FETCHER SUB-PROGRAM • COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL and more Available tor CP/IJ/T. CDOS 3 or CROMIX' users utilizing C0B0L-80" or Cromemco Cobol Satistaction guaranteed or full refund! For Program Samples and information call or write Automated Programming Methods, Inc. 2212 DupontDr., 17141851-8686 Irvine, CA 9271 5 Trademarks 'Microsoft. a Digital Research, 3 Cromemco A .XV Circle 48 on Inquiry card. NEW! M-68000 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER llffll xm j|J w»m Mil I " 'Sfii- FEATURES! 16 hit Muluiult HM ( PI uprmlint* IOMHi. 20Kb)lnt>l~ cip.nu'.m bum | up lo 15* Kl. 1 KfM commumcuion p.m. (RS-1JK |. l*-blibidl(Kiionilrurillfl purl. 6100 rxnphtr.lntomud.l.on hut. Sttt-Mt COUflltf / i.i.rr r ■■ -hi. • rehired inlrnupli. an bund ml Itmt clack, MfhMR inmpiliblr Hllh Mtfarati MEXMKOM buird. PtUCEt Mr XMKIJM .:,n, inunilai in lib* hPKOM'n MtlOOO (PI 4 nifnturi miU PROM -Shipplnf *nd hindline (linmrilic) 1W.»5 112000 511500 EMS m m i-fur 714-553-0133 Convert your TRS-80 into a DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM Z-80 In-Circuit emulation and EPROM/EEPROM programming in a single compact unit. Debug stand-alone systems with program in TRS-80 RAM, then copy working program into PROM. Only $329 including personality module for 2716, 2516, 2758, 2508, 2532, 2816, 2808,48016. ORION INSTRUMENTS 172 Otis Ave, Woodside, CA 94062 (415)851-1172 Circle 171 on inquiry card. Circle 346 on inquiry card. TYPESETTING from your own COMPUTER Type your manuscripts, catalogs, or other text into your word processing com- puter. Send it to us on a diskette or via- a modem transmission and we'll send you camera ready film copy. Computer typesetting provides high quality, easy to read copy at a fraction of the cost of conventional typesetting. Call or write for instructional brochure that includes typestyle selections, format- ting instructions, and examples. Dream Electronics 131 N.W. 2 nd. St. 1-503-7524833 Corvallis, Oregon 97330 Circle 164 on inquiry card. ARE YOU OUT OF CONTROL? OUR 6502 BASED MICROCOMPUTER HAS EVERYTHING UNDER CONTROL THE COMPUTER "SLIM" • 6502 MICROPROCESSOR • 2K BYTES RAM •2KOR4KEPROM • FOUR 8 BIT I/O PORTS • POWER ON RESET • CRYSTAL CLOCK • BUFFERED SYM-AIM BUS PRICE 81-260A $199.95 ASSM. 81-260K $149.95 KIT 81-260B $ 39.95 BARE BOARD THE PERIPHERALS RAM EPROM MEMORY • 32K BYTES OF RAM OR EPROM PRICE 81-330A $ 99.95 ASSM. W/O MEMORY 81-330B $ 49.95 BARE BOARD 6 SLOT MOTHER BOARD • .750" BOARD SPACING 44 PIN BUS PRICE 81-320A $ 99.95 ASSEMBLED 81-320B $ 49.95 BARE BOARD 24 HOUR REAL TIME CLOCK • FOUR DIGIT LED DISPLAY • ON BOARD POWER SUPPLY PRICE 81-350A $149.95 ASSEMBLED 81-350B $ 49.95 BARE BOARD THE COMPUTER "SLIM" ALL BOARDS ARE 4.5 X 6.5 WITH GOLD EDGE CONNECTORS SOLDER MASK BOTH SIDES ANALOG I/O INTERFACE • 16 ANALOG INPUT CHANNELS • 2 ANALOG OUTPUT CHANNELS PRICE 81-292A $199.95 ASSEMBLED 81-292B $ 49.95 BARE BOARD 12 PORT PARALLEL I/O BOARD • 12 8 BIT I/O PORTS — 6 6522S PRICE 82-036A $169.95 ASSEMBLED 82-036B $ 49.95 BARE BOARD MONITOR + TINY BASIC 2532 $39.95 19" RACK MOUNTING CALL 415 592-8411 INFORMATION. FOR MORE OUR SALES PEOPLE WILL BE GLAD TO DEMONSTRATE OUR PRODUCTS AT YOUR COMPANY. OEM PRICING AVAILABLE. John Bell Eivgiiveeriivg, live ALL PRODUCTS ARE A VAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 , , ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100 10% OUTSIDE U.S.A. VISA SEND FOR CATALOG (415)592-8411 WILL CALL HOURS: 9am ■ 4pm YOU CAN SAVE SSS 5%" DISKETTES (Soft or Hard Sector) Box of 10 Single Side/Double Density $25.25 Double Side/Double Density $31.25 Altos • North Star • Zenith Data Systems RIBBONS FOR: Anadex DP 9500/9501 $14.00 Centronics 700 Series Zip Pack (Package of 3) $ 8.25 Cartridge $ 8.50 D.E.C. LA-34 (Box ol 6) $30.00 Diablo 630 (Box of 6) $25.90 Epson MX 70-80 $12.95 NEC Spinwriter (Box of 6) $24.00 Okidata Microline 80 (Pkg of 3) $ 8.90 Qume (Boxes of 6) (Black) $19.00 (Red. Green, Blue or Brown) $16.00 Texas Instruments 810 (Bx of 6) $19.00 Plus many others - Call tot mote infotmation CHECK ■ MASTER CARD - VISA Accepted Add $3.00 for Shipping & Handling: Illinois Residents Add 6% Tax ILLINOIS COMPUTER PRODUCTS CO. P.O. Box 112 ,., ... CC nn Mt. Prospect. IL 60056 (3lZ) ZZ8*559jj Circle 221 on Inquiry card. TIRED OF CHANGING CABLES ANDTURNING KNOBS? ASCI SWITCH • Computer Controlled or Manual • Command Code User Selectable • Select one of two Peripherals • Select one of two Computers • Asynchronous to 19200 Baud • No External Power Needed Call or write ADVANCED SYSTEMS CONCEPTS, INC. P.O.BOX Q, ALTADENA, CA. 91001 (213) 684-5461 or 794-2308 Dysan •/CORPORATION Solve your dtoc problems, buy 100% unlace toted Dyun dWuMn, All order* •hipped from ■lock, within 24 hour* Call toll FREE (800) 235-4137 for price* and Information. VWa and Master Card accepted. 'pacific exchanges 100 Foothill Blvd San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (InCal. ca" (805)543-1037) Circle 353 on inquiry card. Get more out of your Apple with the MICRO on the Apple Series Vols. 1,2, & 3 $24.95 ea. + $2.00 shipping each volume Each book includes more than 30 programs— . all on DISKETTE Machine Language Aids I/O Enhancements Runtime Utilities Graphics & Games Hardware & Reference Information To order toll free: 1-800-227-1617 ext. 564 I nCA 1-800-772-3545 ext. 564 MICRO INK, Inc. P.O. Box 6502 Chelmsford, MA 01824 LOOK TO THE FUTURE... EPROM-32 The only EPR0M programmer you need! • IEEE-696 (S-100) EPR0M programmer for single supply (+5V)EPR0Ms. • Programs current IK. through 16K (dyiel EPROMs plus future 32K EPPOMs. • EPROM can be verified through a port or located in memory space for verification and use. • Personality Modules adapt board to different EPROM types: PM-1 -2508. 2758 PM-3-2732, 2732A PM-6-68764 2516,2716 PM-4-2564 PM-7-2528 PM-2-2532 PM-5-2764 PM-8-27128 • Single zero-insertion-pressure socket accommodates both 24- pin and 28-pin EPROM packages. • On-board DC-to-DC converter with adjustable regulator for pro- gramming voltage. - Double-sided PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and gold-plated contact lingers. • 8080/Z80 control software includes commands for program- ming, verification, disk I/O and editing. ■ Comprehensive user's manual contains source listing of con- trol software. Micro Dynamic* (assembled & tested! Corporation P r ' ce includes EPR0M-32. documen- pn RnY 17^,77 lal i on an d two Personality Modules ii S"iS*TiiJ«n (specify). Additional Modules-$7.95. MempniS, IN an if Control softwafe on 8 Inch sinple densJ- (901)-75b-0619 tyCP/M-compatiblediskette-S9.95. MasterCard & Visa TN residents add 6% sales tax. Circle 310 on inquiry card. AUTO-DIAL/ AUTO-ANSWER MODEM FOR The MICROCONNECTION" can dial and answer the telephone, run printers, decode busses, transcribe transmissions, answer/originate and direct-connect to the telephone system. Lots of terminal and host software too. For more information write or phone: the microperipheral corporation 2643a- 151st PI. N.E. Redmond. WA 98052 (206) 881-7544 ■ RS232 MICROCONNECTION'm Circle 13 on inquiry card. Circle 486 on Inquiry card. Circle 313 on inquiry card. Beautiful Plots with PLOTPAK™ PLOTPAK is a complete plotting library that runs under FORTRAN-80 and includes drivers for the following screens and plotters: • MicroAngelo MA 512 • ADM + Renographies • TEK 4010 compatible terminals • Houston Intruments DMP-4 • HP plotters 7225B and 7470 •Radio Shack Printer/ Plotter PLOTPAK (.REL file): $275. PLOTPAK source code plus two drivers: $365. r^ l i Computer Company ^ ■" DIVISION OF Sea Data Corporation One Bridge Street, Newton, MA 02158 TEL. (617) 244-8190 TLX: 951107 Expansion Memory The IBM Personal Computer • Parity generation & checking ■ Fully assembled, quality tested • One year warranty PART. NO. UNIT PRICE AIM-256-01B 64KB $349. AIM-256-02B 128KB $499. AIM-256-03B 192KB $639. AIM-256-04B 256KB $769. AIM-256-00B Bare board. $ 99. AIM-256-09B 64KB EXP. KIT $149. ADOS4 FOR SHIPPING AND HANOI ING P.O. Box 5306 Richardson, TX 75080 (Texas residents add applicable sales tax) VISA, M/C24hr. order line (817)571-7171 Dealer inquiries invited Circle 71 on Inquiry card. Circle 33 on inquiry card. LOGICAL ANALYSIS m\im@W log WRITTEN IN BASIC for any BASIC SYSTEM WITH INSTR AND LEFT SIDE MID$ FUNC- TIONS. WILL REDUCE ANY BI- NARY STATE, MULTIVARIABLE EQUATION TO ITS MINIMUM FORM. "DOES FOR LOGIC WHAT THE CALCULATOR DID FOR ARITHMETIC." SOURCE LISTING $5.00 SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES P.O. Box 8453 GREENSBORO, N.C. 27419 Circle 401 on inquiry card. C/> D CD cc O u. Q CC 1 < CC o I (0 CD < CC E £? O CD < CO lo x jo -S 5 qj OJ C i— O X cpS5 -2 S-S-H o ♦J CD CD e s p 2 o >-" x i g Srr "D C cz — CD != M- < CO 5 2*o en O u O ^K»SS 5 CD u c^o en CN 3 £ X 5- CD O ° -Q ^ ■ »- .-, CD tie Zl CO c £- en O ■ o 2 •> u > o o -n x .tc! CD 5& .S? "55 .o > •^ CD CD X a en E g o 3 ■fc CD CD C5 5 O en > O S b.^ i I CO : o I co O .O CD CD Q. C O C S ' ?U r CO "' 03 •5 ° • Is* £f E CD o O O CO CO CL "S ro f < f- - CD 2= JE M i- * CO CD E£ CJ CD - a c ■ CD CO . en Q." a o a. 'en (0 Q, £ . O O) CJ c o w ro x .2X1 x m m V S i 5 1 CD CD £ a r— CD id in CO CD £ | UJ CO Q. C\J E £ i s .5 CO o o-L en en on" «- X a " 3 S c - E 'S $ Q. o 0) o « ._ m -jn 1 x CO , o 3 S> ffl I -5 "" co tr UJ cc D S O e£ S E I o co CD ^ 8) CD £ * CD tj- en CD CO LO a. m to 92 9 "% III >• UD LO cn cn cn 01 ■ VOOOvin ^ I-- ino ^k cv to *T LT1 CN to *3" CO Sj=| fig Bjtj O E§ LU o CO XT 5^ < iS CO 01 II O 3 - ro CO CO CO TO *J CN *- ill § t: fil 3 : ! o sS "S. cn S > >■ — m>(~ 18? 5 ** in CO D CD CC o UJ LU I- O Q _i en x O _J o O u. m cn z ; lu £ o en uj -> ct cr < >cnO O Q (_ en < cc o a: u- < Qj uj ffl g F > e occ o ^ LL CL O t zen O rr h LU < CX CC °$ srfco < z cc Q UJ 0! ;- cn cc ^cc if i _l M Q LU zgs-u oSoJ OUIOS 30 H "-3 X Jx^ in "m uo "is CN C CN C x -9 x .2 O U O ID CO £ CO £ I CD I QJ ooqo a. o ■ C CD CO is o .- § <° UJ O — CD E g o o CROMEMCO CROMIX USERS ADDING MEMORY? buy the memory MERCHANT S-100 64K STATIC RAM AND SAVE 3 WAYS: SAVE UP TO $400 OVER COMPETING 64K DYNAMIC RAM CARDS SAVE POWER WITH THIS COOL RUNNING DESIGN SAVE YOUR STOMACH BY ELIMINATING DYNAMIC RAM BIT ERRORS THAT CAUSE SYSTEM CRASHES. WE OFFER AN UNPRECEDENTED 18 MONTH LIMITED WARRANTY ON THIS FIELD-PROVEN CROMEMCO COMPATIBLE RAM. 64 K RAM MODEL MM65KLBS $759 TO ORDER. SEND CHECK, MONEY ORDER, VISA OR MASTERCHARGE WITH YOUR ORDER OR CALL (512) 837-7596 MICROSYSTEMS ASSOCIATES 4309 EVEREST LANE, AUSTIN, TX 78759 Cromemco and Cromix are trademarks of Cromemco, Inc. Memory Merchant is a trademark of Memory Merchant, Inc. NEC PC-8000 Computer System !!!■ HHL. ;v,;-.-vT;'v-v:.«> •PC-8O01A Keyboard . . . $809.88 •PC-8012AI/O Unit . . . $534.88 PC-8023A-C Printer . $499.88 •PC-8031A Disk Drives ... $809.88 PC-8032A Add-on Drives . . ... $709.88 PC-8041 A Monitor ... $184.88 NC-8500 Wedge $514.88 'Additional 5% discount for corrplete system purchase HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES I Orders & Information HE BOTTOM (603>673-8857 ^^^^™»LINE Orders Only (800)-343-0726 12 Johnson Street, Milford NH 03055 Make a Living at "21" A Blackjack Program unique in its ability to teach card counting strategies. The program will elfectively teach card counting strategies with more precision and speed than previously possible. Five proven strategies are taught, each with increasing complexity. Twelve user-atlerable rules enable learning strategies specific to any casino in the world. Incorrect player actions are signaled and remembered for subsequent use. Other learning aids are also included, and ol course normal casino-style blackjack ca;i be played at any time. Send for brochure. CP/M with cursor addressable screen. xanadu engineering 1653 minorca • costa mesa, ca 92626 CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. Circle 315 on inquiry card. Circle 66 on inquiry card. Circle 475 on inquiry card. ELIZA IS HERE! AT LAST A FULL IMPLEMENTATION ot the original ELIZA program is now available to run on your microcomputer 1 Created at MIT in 1966. ELIZA lias become the world's most celebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program ELIZA is a non-direclive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement as you type it in and then responds with her own comment or question — and her remarks are often slantingly appropriate' Designed to run on a large mainframe. ELIZA has hitherto been unavailable to personal computer users except in greatly stripped down versions lacking the sophistication which made the original program so fascinating Now. our new microcomputer version possessing the FULL power and range of expression of the original is being oflered at !he inlroductory price of only S25. And if you want to find out how she does it (or leach her to do more) we will include the complete Source Program lor only $20 additional Order your copy of ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder how to respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let's see what this computer of yours can actually do!" ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING DISK FORMATS: 1 Standard 6 inch single density lor all CP/M based computers S25 tor ELIZA COM - add $20 lor Miciosoti BASlC-80 Source ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP 921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE iHM LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90046 gM/tk vrs *' I (213) 656-7368 (213) 654-2214 ^Qg ' MC, VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED ELECTRONICS PO Box 508. Back Bay Annex Boston, MA 021 1 7 2114,150ns $2.63 2708 3j*4 2716 5.46 4116,150ns 1.94 4116,200ns 1.86 4164 8JJ0 6116.P-3 064 8086 24JJ0 Call For Our Pricebook We've Got It All (617) 876-5258 • IBM PC • PC/GAMES I — An anthology ol 5 games BLACKJACK GOLLUM'S TUNNEL MORTAR. MARS LANDER and KISMET 64K 1 disk drive S 20 • PC/ FORMAT — An interactive screen formatter designed specilically for !he PC Supported by Pascal Fortran and Basic (external subroutines) S 99 HARDWARE (Personal Systems Technology INC > — 1 Year Warranty - ■ 64K Expandable (256K> Ram Board S299 • 12BK Expandable 1256K) Ram Board $4f:0 • 256K Ram Board $7f*) • 65K Expansion Kit lor Ram Board $175 • Dual-Line Asynch Controller Board 150- 19.2K Baudi $ 159 LITERATURE • Discounl Buyer's Guide lo the IBM PC S 3 Cat Residents Add6'- Sales Tax MOVISA accepted Hardware/Software include S3 50 sluppmg £ handling Micro Express (714) 859-7575 ' 3857 Birch St.. Ste. 109 Newport Beach, CA 92660 Circle 36 on inquiry card. Circle 440 on inquiry card. Circle 298 on inquiry card. OARDS hz Eprom c o o CQ^oo CO CO gcoE ■o ■D >. o S- B0B2- rallel. CO cdio ■o-cr ; CD ■» CO N ra CO _ X CO 31 C/3 CD OS 55 o£ Q. il 5e 0.-T < o coco 0>O — .ceo SB Job 3 -< • o'EO COt- CO „ glial CO "3 CM — § So 00 Z> °3 C/JCO C_J P CO = SB o o<5 21 Design Line Micro Work Stations • A complete range of work stations designed specifically to house all micro-computers. • Delivered heavily packed, in self-assembly form needing only a Phillips screwdriver and a few minutes of your time to assemble • Manufactured from 1" all wood particle board surfaced with hard-wearing melamine veneer, in either Oak or Walnut. • Dealer and Distribution prices on request. • For more information on our full range of work stations write or call 301-223-8900. ATLANTIC CABINET CORPORATION P. O. Box 100, Williamsport, Maryland 21795 NEW PRODUCTS CRT-1 INTELLIGENT VIDEO BOARD 4K X 8 DISPLAY RAM, 4K X 4 AT- TRIBUTE RAM KEYBOARD INTER- FACE. LITE PEN INTERFACE. PCBD. ...$38.95, KIT. ... $259.95 MEM-4 65K X 8 RAM/ROM USES TMS 4016 RAM OR 2716 ROMS EXTENDED ADDRESSING BANK SELECTABLE ON UPPER 16K. PCBD $38.95 KIT LESS MEMORY $99.95 A&TLESS MEMORY.... $135.95 WAMECO INC. P.O. BOX 877 EL GRANADA CA 94018 (415) 728-9114 Circle 286 on Inquiry card. Circle 44 on inquiry card. Circle 462 on inquiry card. SPECIALS on INTE6RATED CIRCUITS 6502 7.45 10/6.95 50/6.55 100/6.15 6502A/6512A 8.40 10/7.95 50/7.35 100/6.90 6520 PIA 5.15 10/4.90 50/4.45 100/4.15 6522 VIA 6.45 10/6.10 50/5.75 100/5.45 6532 7.90 10/7.40 50/7.00 100/6.60 21 14-L200 2.45 25/2.30 100/2.15 21 14-L300 2.25 25/2.10 100/2.00 2716 EPROM 5.50 5/5.15 10/4.80 2532 EPROM 9.90 5/9.45 10/8.90 61 1 6 Hitachi 2Kx8 CMOS RAM 9.90 5/9.45 10/8.90 4116-200 ns RAM 8 lor 1 5 Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket 2.00 S-100 Wire Wrap Socket 2.40 A P Products 15% OFF APHobby-Blox 15% OFF MODEM SPECIAL $99 SIGNALMAN Mk1 from Anchor Automation DIRECT CONNECT Modem with RS232 Cable and Connector included Fully compatible with all Bell 1 03 modems. to 300 bps. lull duplex. Irequency shilt keyed modulation, auto- matic ANSW/ORIG selection, direct connect, audible lone carrier detect indicator, self-contained battery powered PET/CBM Version (Mk1 P) $1 69 For Commodore Computers, the Signalman Mk1P includes connector, cable, and machine language software COMPACK INTELLIGENT TERMINAL PACKAGE S1 1 5 Combines intelligent RS232 port hardware Irom cgrs Micro- tech with EHS Intelligent Terminal software to allow you to conned any RS232 Modem to PET/CBM RS232 MODEM- STAR IEEE 488 MODEM -STAR SALE $128 SALE S199 We carry Apple 11+ from Bell & Howell I6K RAM Card for Apple 95 CASH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM $45 Easy to use. Keeps track of cash disbursements, cash receipts, cash transfers, expenses for up to 50 categories. FORTH for PET by Cargile/Riley $50 Full FIG model with all 79 Standard extensions. MitKimpllir lor FORTH for independent object code 30 KMMM PASCAL lor PET/CBM $85 Includes translator for true machine language object code. EARL for PET/CBM 65 Editor, Assembler, Relocator, Linkeditor. SupirSnphlcs - BASIC Lingmgi Extensions 40 Fast Machine Language Graphics routines for PET/CBM. commodore CBM-PET SPECIALS lllt SALE 8023 Printer -136 col. 150cps bi-directional (995) 775 8300 Daisy Wheel - 40 cps bi-directional (2250) 1750 8032 80 x 25 CRT. business keyboard (1495) 1100 Super Pet (1995) 1600 8096 Beard (extra 64K RAM for 8032) (500) 400 8050 Dual Disk Drive- 1 megabyte (1795) 1345 8250 Dual Disk Drive - 2 megabyte (2195) 1760 CBM IEEE Modem (395) 199 4016 full size graphics keyboard (995) 795 4032 full size graphics keyboard (1295) 999 4040 Dual Disk Drive - 330.000 bytes (1295) 999 2031 Single Disk Drive - 165.000 bytes (695) 550 4022 Tractor Feed Printer (795) 630 C2N External Cassette Deck (75) 65 Used CBM/PET Computers CALL WE WILL MATCH ANY ADVERTISED PRICE *** EDUCATIONAL DISCOUNTS *** Buy 2 PET/CBM Computers, receive 1 FREE PETSCAN I $345 base price. Allows you to connect up to 20 CBM/PET Computers to shared disk drives and printers Completely transparent to the user Perfect lor schools or multiple word processing con- figurations Base conliguration supports 3 computers VIC 20 VIC 1515 Printer VIC 3K RAM VIC 8K RAM VIC 16K RAM VIC 1540 Disk Drive VIC Invaders VIC Jupiter Lander 259 335 36 54 112 500 24 24 VIC Superslot VIC Super Alien VIC Maze in 3-D VIC Cosmic Debris VIC Amok (UMI) VIC Snakman VIC Rubik's Cube VIC Night Rider 24 24 12 9 17 13 13 11 TNW 1000 Serial Interface 110 TNW 488/103 with DAA 450 Computers First Book ol PET /CBM 1 1 WordPro 3 Plus - 32K CBM. disk, printer 195 WordPro 4 Plus - 8032, disk, printer 300 VISICALC for PET. ATARI, or APPLE 190 SM-KIT - PET ROM UtlHttti 40 Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35 PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36 2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40 Dust Cover for PET 8 IEEE-Parallel Printer Interlace for PET 110 IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET 120 The PET Revealed 1 2 Library of PET Subroutines 1 2 4 PART HARMONY MUSIC SYSTEM for PET The Visible Music Monitor, by Frank Levinson, allows you to easily enter, display, edit and play 4 pari harmony music. Includes whole notes thru 64ths (with dotted and triplets), tempo change, key signature, transpose, etc. The KL-4M unit includes D to A converter and amplifier ready to hook to your speaker. KL-4M Milk Burl with VMM Pnirj* S60 DISK SPECIALS SCOTCH (3M) 5" 10/2 45 50/2.35 100/2 30 SCOTCH (3M) 8" 10/2.60 50/245 100/240 WE STOCK VERBATIM DISKS Try the new Verbatim Head Cleaner Kits BASF 5" or 8" 10/2.00 20/1.95 100/1.85 Wabash 5" Wabash 8" 10/2.00 10/2.00 20/1.95 20/1.95 100/1.85 100/1.85 WE STOCK MAXELL DISKS Diskette Storage Pages Disk Library Cases Disk Hub Rings 8" - 50 (S> 7.50 10 for 3.95 2.85 5" - 2.15 5" - 50 @ 6.00 CASSETTES - AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM High output, low noise. 5 screw housings. C-10 10/.56 50/.50 100/48 C-30 10/.73 50/.68 100/66 All other lengths available. Write for price list. SPECIALS EPSON MX-S0 Priitir EPSON MX-S0 F/T Priitir EPSON MX-70 Priitir EPSON MX- 1 00 Priitir Centronics 739 Printer with dot graphics 575 STAHWR1TER Daisy Wheel Printer F10 1445 Zenith ZVM- 1 21 Green Phosphor Monitor 119 DC Hayes Smartmodem 230 Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 1195 6-Pen 1445 BMC BM12A Green Phosphor Monitor 100 BMC BM1400BLUC 13" Color Monitor 285 BMC RGB 13" Color Monitor 329 ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED Synertek Systems SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 199 SYM BAS-1 BASIC or RAE 1/2 Assembler 85 KTM-2/80 Synertek Videc and Keyboard 349 KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385 Tehith data systems Z90-80 64 K Z90-82 64 K, 1 double dens, drive Z89-0 48K Z89-1 48K, 1 drive Z67 10 Megabyte + Floppy Drive Z37 1.3 Megabyte Dual Floppy Z25 High Speed Printer Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible) ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor All Zenith Software discounted 2170 2395 1950 2150 4495 1495 1195 670 119 ATARI" SPECIALS BOO Computer 400 - 16K 810 Disk Drive 825 Printer 850 Interlace Inside Atari DOS Paddle Pair Joystick Pair 16K RAM 32K RAM Pilot Write for 675 330 440 629 170 18 19 19 69 99 68 Microsoft BASIC MISSILE COMMAND ASTEROIDS STAR RAIDERS Space Invaders Music Composer Chess Super Breakout PAC-MAN CENTIPEDE First Book of Atari 72 32 32 37 32 45 30 30 36 36 11 prices on other Atari items. 252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar. PA 18915 215-822-7727 A B Computers Circle 5 on inquiry card. WRITE FOR CATALOG Add $1 .25 per order for shipping. We pay balance ot UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders. Prices listed are on cash discount basis Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change. "SOW*** GRAPH-PAK Fortran compatible interactive plotting package based on CALCOMP standards. Output is to MicroAngelo or to pen plotter $270.00 (CP/M and Microsoft Fortran-80 required.) SPRINT Hardcopy program for MicroAngelo. Output is to IDS. or EPSON graphics pnnlers. CP/M compatible S125.00 Laboratory Computer Systems, Inc. 139 Main Street. Cambridge, MA 02142 (617)547-4738 • Trademark of SCION Corp Circle 291 on Inquiry card. UNLEASH YOUR ATARI ! USE ANY STD. PARALLEL OR SERIAL PRINTER CM-1000 — $289 • EIA std. ser. port that really works • 8 bit parallel port (use with 825 ptr.) • Software selectable port addressing • Configurable char, translation • Bi-direct. communications ADD 80 CHARACTER VIDEO CM-1000/V— $489.00 • Includes CM-1000 above • Adds full page width process. Incl. other funct. • 128 char.Software modifiable char, set, incl. U & LC CM-1000 & 1000/V INCLUDE • Configuration program • No physical changes to computer • And much, much more! Compu-matE corp. 6305 Arizona Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90045 • (213) 991-7098 S100 Intelligent Color Graphics • 8085 6K Prom 8K Ram 6847 • SubLogic Graphics software in onboard Prom • 32 Graphics commands including shaded polygons, circles, boxes, lines, rays • Horizontal and vertical text • 256h x 192v Hi Resolution •128h x 192v4color $395 California Computer Graphics 25 Avenida Dr. Berkeley CA 94708 (415) 540-5698 Circle 82 on Inquiry card. it maxell Floppy Disks SAVE 40% "3Z2SX 51/l " Specify soft, Prlce/10 '•♦ 10 or 16 sector MD1 or MH1 SS/DD $33 MD2 or MH2 DS/DD 47 MD1-DDM SS/OD/96TP1 43 MD2-DDM DS/QD/96TP1 53 8 "specify soft or 32 sector FD1 orFH1 SS/DD 43 FD2 or FH2 DS/DD 53 CHECKS — VISA — MC — COD. 1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 T.H.E. SMART e TERMINAL Software that turns your Atari 400 or 800 into a real smart terminal. Send and receive data from all popular data services. Works with cassette or disk for upload /down load. 16K min. Availableat Atari Dealers Worldwide or directly from Binary. VISA/MC/ AMEX/COD/CHECK. Cassette $47.95 Disk $49.95 add $2.50 P & H U.S., $5.00 overseas. BilMfW TM Computer Software 3237 Woodward Ave. Berkley, Ml 48072 (313) 548-0533 BINARY CORPORATION Circle 61 on inquiry card. MICROPROCESSOR CRYSTALS 1.000, 18432. 2 000. 3 276B MHz J.Mtictl 35795. 4.000. 4.1934. 4.9152. 5.000. 50688, 6000. 6144. 6 400. 7 3728. 8.000. 10000, 1431818. 18 000. 196608 20 000, 22 1184. 32 000 MHz 2.00 «ich TUNING FORK CRYSTALS (3mm x 8mm Mlnatural 32 768 KHz 30 • <10KHz 6QHz CRYSTAL TIME BASE 1.00 each Inquire Assembled Kit 5.00 each 4.00 eich We also carry BECKMAN PRODUCTS, please Inquire: D/A. A/D Converters. Resistor Networks. Trimming Potentiometers, Precision Potentiometers, Displays. Digital Multimeters GET ACQUAINTED OFFES: BECKMAN DMM TECH 300 BECKMAN DMM TECH 310 BECKMAN DMM TECH 330 UQ.OQeicn 135.00 eich 185.00 eich Add sales tax in California Postage: 5% of lolal order ($1 00 minimum). Insurance St 50 SIGMATEK INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION 327 Clarkin CI., Walnut Creek, CA 94598 P.O. Box 5007. Concord, CA 94520 Circle 104 on inquiry card. Circle 273 on inquiry card. Circle 411 on inquiry card. • APPLE TREE GENEALOGY SYSTEM for your APPLE H+ Computer • Professional-level Family Recordkeeping System " 100O Names (variable-length) ° Hierarchical Data-Structure • Easy to Use " Fast Memory-Resident Scroll Unique Label Control Matrix ° 100 User-Definable Fields The Linkage Analyzer 1 " Customize Your Own Reports ° Automatic Proofreader Report ° Self-teaching Tutorial ° Backed by *l Years Gen. Computing " Apple II + *t8k 0OS 3-3 (1 or 2 Drives) m ■■ | || | J. Fiske Software Systems, Inc | J T" 22 One University Place $69-95 New York, NY 10003 NYC/NYS Add Tax 'mssm Apple - Apple Computer Apple Tree"/The Linkage Analyzer - JFSS NEW! S-lOO BUS COMPATIBLE SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER WITH VIDEO OUTPUT USES! FEATURES] »MHZZ-»A- ( uploSKolltmOM t t^»4KSt«lcRAM,(tw8BlTinpwporl».i)iw8B{T output port, on* H BIT mut mum poll with minmipi, cempotii video outpul 180x24}, vidro :llnliiili"> (irvrnr mini, iiiiil.'ilin,-. Iilinhmjl. yrjlili'i c.l|i.ilnlitltl PRICE) Ban- btwid with docun*i.(alM>n W995 Mi.mr.or ind vxko irtmnul loflwui an EPROMl MS 00 Soim* latino Iwlh Mu.moi puitlutrl SIS 00 Hard id find Pins Kit (crytllJ <«ul doc iink I'HOM'il J1S 00 714-553-0133 Your FORTH Q95 Questions Answered ^ ppd- 30 minute audio cassette and 8-page booklet tell what FORTH is, how it works and gives pros & cons of using FORTH for all kinds of applications. Learn FORTH C795 Fundamentals for J/ ppd- Two floppy diskettes with interactive tutorial designed to teach FORTH fundamentals quickly, easily and inex- pensively. Requires CP/M operating System. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. rOK I l Workshops now bei ng scheduled nationw ide For orders or information contact: hi Laxen & Harris, Inc. 1 ^p.' 24301 Southland Dr., #216 Hayward, CA 94545 (415) 887-2894 •Post Paid. We accept VISA, Mastercard 8, Checks. Circle 245 on Inquiry card. Circle 172 on Inquiry card. Circle 260 on Inquiry card. AJC/ f ELECTRONICS FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS P.O. Box 4430X Santa Clara, CA 95054 'Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave. (408) 988-1640 Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteed money back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196 7«0TTL 74WN hah 7404N 7409N WON M14N 7420N 7J30N 7442N 7445N 7«7M 744BN 7474N 7475N 7485N 7489N 7490N 7435N 741COH 74107N 74123N 7-I125N 74U5N 741 MM 741 SIN 74I54N 74157N 74I61N 74162N 74I63N 74174H 74175M 74190W 74192N 74I93N 74221 H 7429AN 74365N 74366N 74367N 74LI00 TIL 74LSOON 74LS02N 74LS04N 74LS05N 74LS08N 74LST0N 741SJ3N 74LS14H 74LS20N 74LS22N 74LS28N 74LS30N 74LE33N 74LS38N 74LS74H 74LS75N 74L39QH 74LS93N 74LS95N 74LST07N 7JLS1 I2N 74LS113N 74LS132N 74LS136N 74LSI51N 74LS155N 74LS157N 74LS162N 74LSI63N 74LS174H 74LS190N 1 74LS221N 1 IS 74LS25BN 65 74LS367N 69 LINEAR CM04S .90 CA3046 110 CA3081 1.80 CA3082 1.90 CA3089 3.40 LM301ANIAH 34 LM305H B7 LM307N 35 LM308N 98 1M3KK I 25 LM311HN 64 LM317T 1.65 CD4017 LM317K 375 CO4018 UttIB 143 CD4019 LM320K-5 135 CD402O LM320K-12 1 35 CD4021 LM320K-15 1 35 CD4022 LM320T-5 LM320T-8 LM32QT-12 LM320T-15 LM323K-5 LM324N LM339N LM340K-5 LM340K-B LM340K-12 LM34QK-15 LM340K-24 LM340T-5 LM340T-8 LM340T-12 LM340I-15 LM340T-18 LM340T-24 LM350 LM377 LM380N LM381 LM382 LM709H LM723H.N LM733N LM741CH LM741N LM747H/N LM74BN LM1303N LM1304 LMI305 LM1307 LU1310 LM1458 LM1B12 85 CD4023 85 CD4024 B5 C04025 85 CD4026 95 CD4027 59 C04028 99 CD4029 1 35 CD4O30 '35 CD4035 35 CO4040 35 CD4042 35 CD4043 75 CD4044 75 CD4046 75 CD4049 75 CD405O 75 CD4051 75 C04D60 5 50 CD4066 2 29 CD4068 1 00 CD4069 1 60 CO4O70 160 CD4071 59 CO4072 49 CQ4073 85 CO4075 35 CQ4075 35 CD407B 75 CD40B1 50 CO40B2 1 75 CD4116 1 10 CD4490 127 CO4507 1 10 CD4508 2 75 CD4510 55 CD4511 8 25 CC45I5 2 49 CD4516 1 75 CD4518 225 CU4520 59 CD4527 1 25 CD4523 95 CD4553 55 CD4566 1 30 CD45B3 39 CD45B5 65 CD40192 1 00 74C00 1 50 74C04 I 00 74C10 4 75 74C14 60 74C20 60 74C30 B5 74C48 1 49 74C74 50 74C76 55 74C90 B9 74C93 74C154 Mo D CONVERTER 74C160 803BB 4 50 74C175 B700CJ 13 95 74C192 B701CN 22 00 74C221 8750CJ 13 95 74C905 9400CJV.F 7 40 74C914 ICL71Q3 9 50 74C922 8T26 1.69 UART/flFO 8128 195 AY5-1013 BT97 .99 3341 8T9B 99 MO&MEMORYRAM prqm 2101-1 . c .702A 4 ■85 2532 17 125 270B 2 ■65 2716TI B *95 2716 5 Veil 5. 3 75 B/2716 S Volt 39 2 99 2732 « 2112-2 2.99 2 58 7 2114 2.24 37411 39 2114L3O0n5 2.50 mi ja 21141 450ns 2 37 8 74B-8 34 '\16200ns 250 B755A 34 M.» NB2S23 2. 3-M NB2S123 3. |*5 NB2S126 5. f'|3 N82S129 4 8 93 N82S13I 4 '50 NB2S136 B. 3.50 NS2S137 B. 000 DMB577 2 2 50 8223 3. CONNECTORS 30 pin edge 2102AL-4 2102HN-2L 2104H-4 21078-4 8'JIIG 200ns MM52B0 MM5321 MM5330 P5101L 42D0A OE9S l 95 OA15P 2 10 DA15S 3 10 I CompleiB Sol 9 50 Slnp.alr.hKII 26.35 ' Auto Clod Kll 17.95 Digital Clock Kll 1B.75 RESISTOR! V, wilt S% ' 10 per type .05 100 pat type 015 1000 per type 012 5000 per tyJM 0085 350 piece pack, ■ 5 per type 6 95 11 watt 5% per lype 05 DIP SWITCHES 4-position B5 8-posihon 95 KEYBOARDS 56 key ASCII keyboard ki TMM2D16 16 50 " CLOCKS MM5311 MM53I2 MM5314 3 9U MM53E9 1.95 MM5841 14.45 MMS8E5 7 95 CT7010 895 CT7G15 8.95 MM5375AA/N 3 90 MM5375AGM 4.90 16.50 44 pin edge qc B6 pin edge Qn 100 pin edge ?¥ inn nin ortno 2 50 2.75 69 95 .00 LEOS 3 95 RedTOIB 15 495 Green. Yellow T01B 20 Jumbo Bed 25 IC SOCKETS Gimi, Orange. Yellow Jumbo .25 Soldar Tin Low Protlla Cllpllla LED Mounting Cllat 4 BO PIN 1UP PIH 1UP (spec red. imbetgresn.yello-i clear] .14 22 .30 24 30 I.M2111 LM2902 LM3900N LM3905 LM3909H MCI458V HE550N NE555V NE556A NE565A NE566V um;v NE570R 7549ICH 75492CN 75494CN 7207 720a 6502A 6504 6522 6530 6532 7.50 15 95 9.50 18 .67 40 6850 B080A 8085A Z80A ZBOB Z80 P10 ZBOA P10 Z80 CTC ZBOA CTC Z80 DAfll ZBOA DART Z80 DMA Z80A DMft ZD0S10.'" 3.50 3 95 95 ICL7107 1425 CMOS CD4000 CD40O1 CD4D02 CD40O6 CD4007 CO400B CD4009 CD4010 CD4011 CD4012 CQ4013 CO4014 CO4015 CD4016 74C923 74C925 74C926 74C927 INTERFACE 20 MH; 6 00 32 MHz ifloe 3276B Hz 651l 1.8432 MHi 5 g 5 3 5795 MHi cat 2.0100 MHz B65 2 097152 MHz |BOt 2 4576 MHz 1B 75 3.2768 MHz ,7 50 5 0688 MHz 7 7 ' 5D 5 185 MHz 23 95 5JM3 MHz Z80AS1O0 2895 6 5536 MHz ZBOS10' 15 00 U'S' S „ MH ' WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3 SPECIAL PROOUCTS PIH PIN 2.5 MHz Freq. Counlur Kit 37.50 14 .55 24 .93 30 MHz Fred Counier Kil 47.75 n0 1.00 1.59 AC TRANSFORMERS FRAME 6V 500 ma 6 3V CT 600 m aw 12V 250 ma ™ 12.6V CT 600 m ill 12 6VCT2amps 5 95 12V 395 12 6VCT4amp 8.60 12V 2 amp lq t 126VCT8amp 10 BQ 6. 9, 12 VDC tin 24V CT 100 ma 3 95 300 ma 3 gg 24V CT 600 ma 4 95 9 VDC 500 m WALL PLUG S4 00 IOV2amp S7 95 4 60 12V 250 ma 2.95 1.95 12V CT 250 ma 3 75 95 12V 500 ma 4.50 5.95 B MHz Z80AS1O'! 23.90 Z80S1Q.7 23.95 ZB0AS102 28.95 ZBO0CTC 17 95 ZBOB P10 17 95 8212 I 85 22.1 1 20 1.95 3 95 DISPLAY LEDS 3 - 95 MAN72/74 3-95 DL704 3" DL707DL707R 395 OL727/72B 3.95 QL747/750 335 f N D359 395 FND500 507 395 FND503/51O 395 ; 10/807 CA/CA .300 7 CC 300 12 CA 300 1 CA'CC 500 1 9 CA'CC 600 1.4 CC 357 7 CC CA 500 .9 CC'CA 500 .9 CC CA .800 2. 2D KEYBOARD ENCODERS AY5-2376 11.95 AY5-36IH1PHO 17 95 74C922 5.49 74C923 5 50 HO0165-5 7 95 8251 8253 8255 6257 8259 1802CEpUs 13 95 1602Epla; 17.95 1B61P 5.95 4 95 D Connector! RS232 4 75 QB25P 8.95 DB25S 4.75 DE9P 10 digrl display 7520 Claire< photocells TIL31I Hex MAN4610 CA 40 MAN4640 CC 40 MAN4710 CA .40 MAN4740 CC 40 MAN6640 CC 56 2 95 MAN6710 CA 60 3 50 MAN6740 CC 60 .25 95 4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8 514.90 Apple Peripheral Kits SERIAL I/O INTERFACE to 30.000 baud, D.T.R., Input & output from monitor or basic, or use Apple as intelligent terminal. Bd only (P/N 2) 514.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N 2C) $62.95. PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95. PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs, each can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N 210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55. APPLE II GAME PADDLES Adam and Eve $38.00. Interface Kits SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional, Baud rates from 110 to 19. 2K, sw selectable polarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none, all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12V required. Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N 101A) $42.89. RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, re- quires r12V, Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95. RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2 passive opto-isolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901A) $14.95. PROM Eraser Will erase 25 PBOMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet, assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (with timer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL ver- sion $83.00 (with timer $119.00). Z80 MicroProfessor $149.00 Single board computer. Learning, teaching, pro- totyping. 2K RAM, keyboard, displays; cassette interface. Tiny BASIC $19.00. All fully assembled. Z80 Microcomputer Kit $69.00 16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Bread- board space. Excellent for control. Bare Board $28.50. Full Kit $79.00. Monitor $20.00. Power Supply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00. Modem Kit $60.00 State of the art, orig. , answer. No tuning neces- sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive acoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only $17.00. Article in June, July. Aug. Radio Electronics, 1981. 60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40 Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy. Video Modulator Kit $9.95 Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/o affecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc. Multi-volt Computer Power Supply 8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v .5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12v option. ±5v, ±12v are regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassis and all hardware $51.95. Add S5.00 shipping. Kit of hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00. $1.50 shipping. Type-N-Talk by Votrax Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabu- lary, built-in text to speech algorithm, 70 to 100 bits per second speech synthesizer, RS232C interface $359.00. Speech IC $72.00. Direct Connect Modem $99.00 Fully assembled in case with RS232 cable. Orig/answer, 103 compatible, 9V battery or wallplug. INTRODUCING A BRAND NEW MICROCOMPUTER VENTURE is a single board computer that is an adventure for the hobbyist. It is a learning, training com- puter as well as just plain fun for anyone who wants to get into a state-of-the-art com- puter at reasonable cost. VENTURE comes in kit form or fully assembled and tested. You can get it in its minimum configuration for as little as $195.00 or take it all the way to floppy disks and voice. It can be expanded as a kit or fully assembled, at your own pace and choice. VENTURE is a 16" by 20" main board with separale ASCII and HEX keyboards. It runs fast, almost 4 MHz, and has the capability of putting almost 1 megabyte of RAM and ROM on the board along with a variety of inexpensive options. A 16-channel analog-to-digital converter allows use of joysticks, control functions, instrumenta- tion, temperature sensing, etc. T1 sound generator, software controlled music, Votrax voice synthesizer and real time clock calendar add to its versatility. A standard 60-pin bus with 5 slots, parallel ports and 2 serial ports with full handshaking (75 to 9600 BAUD) allow expansion into floppy disks, color, EPROM programmer, printer, modem of your choice. Later expansion will add a light pen, a universal user programmable music sound board, General Purpose Instrument Bus, and a high resolution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board. VENTURE connects directly to a monitor or to your TV set through an RF modulator. And now for the heart of VENTURE ... its video display. VEN- TURE has a high resolution programmable video display with up to 4096 user-defined characters, alphanumeric symbols, special graphics or ob- jects, such as space ships, etc. Each character is 8 pixels wide by 15 pixels high, with 2 grayscale slfeniure maps; it has 64 levels of grayscale plus video in- verfcompliment and hidden screen update for a "snow" free display. The display is 512x512 pixel mapped with 2 planes of video RAM per display. VENTURE video is in short . . . astounding! VENTURE has complete software support with full BASIC, 3 ROM monitors, disassembler/assembler/editor. It will run real- time video games, all RCA chip 8 programs and all current Quest 1802 software. VENTURE DOS will accommodate up to three 5'A" double density floppies. A complete 1802 programming book is available. All versions of VENTURE are shipped with a set of manuals written to be understood by the inexperienced as well as experienced user. On-Board Options 16 channel A to D; 5 slot 60 pin bus. 2 serial ports, parallel ports; 3 video options, 48K RAM, Votrax voice synthesizer, sound generator, EPROM; full BASIC dissassembler, editor, assem- bler; metal cabinet, additional power supply, ASCII keyboard real time clock calendar. Expansion Options Floppy disk, EPROM programmer, light pen. universal user programmable music, sound board high resolution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board, General Purpose Instrument Bus. Minimum VENTURE System $195.00 Kit includes CPU and control with 4K of RAM, 1K of scratchpad, 2K monitor, 1861 video graphics, cassette interface and separate HEX keyboard with LED displays for address and output. Power supply is included along with 2 game cassettes. The main board is 1 6" x 20" and includes space for all of the previously discussed on-board options. Full on-board expansion can be completed for under $1000.00. Call for further details, option prices, etc. RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95 The Super Elf is a tremendous value as it combines video, digital displays, LED displays, and music, all on a single board for $106.95. The Super Elf expansion capability is virtually un- limited and you can do it inexpensively one step at a time. Expansion includes casstte interface, addi- tional memory, color video, Basic, ASCII key- board, printer, floppy, S-100 bus, RS232, etc. The Super Elf comes complete with power supply and detailed 127 page instruction manual which includes over 40 pages of software, including a series of lessons to help get you started and a music program and graphics target game. Many schools and universities are using the Super Elf as a course of study. OEM's use it for training and R&D. A monthly newsletter. Questdata is devoted exclusively to software for the Super Elf and there are many software books available at low cost. The Super Elf computer system is now available as a series of bare boards as well as full kits and assembled. Bare Boards: Super Eif $35.00. Super Expansion $35.00. Power Supply $10.00. S-100 Color $35.00. Dynamic RAM $40.00. Manuals $10.00. Super Basic $45.00. Free 14 Page Brochure Send or call for a free brochure on all details and pricing of the Super Elf and its expansion. We will get it right out to you! Quest Super Basic V5.0 A new enhanced version of Super Basic now available Quest was the first company worldwide to ship a full size Basic for 1802 Systems. A complete function Super Basic by Ron Cenker including floating point capability with scientific notation (number range ± . 1 7E 1H ), 32 bii integer • 2 billion, multi dim arrays, string arrays; string manipulation; cassette I/O; save and load, basic, data and machine language programs; and over 75 statements, functions and operations. New improved taster version including re- number and essentially unlimited variables. Also, an exclusive user expandable command library Serial and Parallel I/O routines included Super Basic on Cassette $45.00. Rockwell AIM 65 Computer 6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboard and 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, alphanu- meric display ROM monitor;, fully expandable. $419.00. 4K version $438.00. 4K Assembler $29.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $59.00. Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V ,5A assem. in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclosure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply $52.50. AIM 65 1 K in cabinet with power supply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $546.00. 4K $565.00. A65/40-5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAM and monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K, $195) (32K, $215). VD640 Video Interlace Kit $119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 in thin briefcase with power supply $507.00. Special Package Price: 4K AIM. 8K Basic, power supply, cabinet $598.00 AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Elf 44 pin expansion board; board with 3 connectors $22.95. 'Send for complete list ol all AIM products. Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95 Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pin plus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex- pansion). High and low address displays, state and mode LED's optional $18.00. Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.00 Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color graphics. 6847 with all display modes computer controlled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expand- able to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085, Z80, etc. Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/margin program. TERMS: $5.00 mlii. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax. Prices $10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional. subject Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%. to change FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1982 QUEST CATALOG. Include 8&V stamp. Circle 381 on inquiry card. ATARI CM ot ■ 800 ( 16K > 649 400 (16K) 319 410 Recorder 74 810 Disk Drive 439 822 Printer (THERMAL) 269 825 Printer(80COLUMN) 589 830 Modem 149 850 Interface 164 853 Memory(i6K) 79 ATARI SOFTWARE 4002 4003 4006 4007 4008 4009 4011 4012 4013 BASIC CARTRIDGE ASSEMBLER EDIT SUPER BREAKOUT MUSIC COMPOSER SPACE INVADERS COMPUTER CHESS STAR HAIDERS MISSILE COMMAND ASTEROIDS 483 THE PROGRAMMER 52 4B4 THE COMMUNICATOR 299 404 WORD PROCESSOR UO 405 PiLOT (LDUC1 99 4105 PROGRAMMING 2 21 4117 PROGRAMMING 3 21 8126 MICROSOFT BASIC 66 8121 MACRO ASSEM&EDIT 66 813 CAVERNS OF MARS 29 CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG COSMIC COMPUTERS 228 N. PROSPECTORS RD DIAMOND BAR, CA. 91765 OPEN 7 DAYS 8am- 9pm UNLIMITED SHIPPING EXTRA S2 MINIMUM PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD TAX (714)861-1265 SAVE 25% ON YOUR n =====" PERSONAL =M=h COMPUTER IF YOU ARE BUYING OR UPGRADING WE CAN SAVE YOU A BUNDLE •DISK DRIVE 1st OR 2nd $239 *16K MEMORY KIT $25 'NEC8023 & CABLE $529 •64K MEM CARD W/RS232 PORT . $450 PLUS A LOT MORE INCLUDING: •EPSON. OKIDATA & LETTER OUALITY PRINTERS •MODEMS, COLOR MONITORS. 3M DISKETTES •KEYBOARD & MONITOR EXTENSION CORDS ••SPECIAL: 10 3M DISKETTES— $25 WITH EACH PURCHASE OF A DISK DRIVE VOLUME DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE 800-521-0521 IN MICH: 313-429-2678 AEGIS SYSTEMS 80,000 WORDS! WORD GRINDER IS AN ASCII DICTION- ARY OF OVER BO, 000 ENGLISH WORDS WHICH IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE POP- ULAR PROOF READERS SUCH AS SPELL- STAR, SPELLSUARD, AND ANY OTHER PROOFER WHICH ALLOWS THE COMBINING OF ASCII FILES INTO ITS DICTIONARY. WORD GRINDER REQUIRES 3/4 MEGA- BYTE OF STORAGE AND IS AVAILABLE ON 1 FILE ON EACH OF 4 CP/M DISKS. ALSO AVAILABLE ON ANSI TAPE, TRS-BO, RT- II, OR APPLE DISKS. PRICES START AT •125.00 FOR CP/M. ORDERSi DIGITAL WORD SYSTEMS DEPT. B, 22713 VENTURA BL. STE. F, WOODLAND HILLS CA. 91364. VISA/M.C. PHONEl 213-992-0314 SPELLSTOR IS I TRADEMARK OF M1CP0FR0 IKTEMiATlOWL COUP. OF SDK mm., CALIF. U.S.A. SPELL6UAEB IS A TRADEKMIK OF ISA. IR5-BC IS A nMDEMMt OF TAW CORP. CP/h IS A TMKMMC OF 0I6ITAL RESEARCH. Circle 134 on inquiry card. Circle 14 on inquiry card. Circle 165 on inquiry card. "Shirtsleeves Productivity" SYSTEMS DOCUMENTATION, INC. Writing and preparation of: USER MANUALS, SYSTEM/PROGRAM MANUALS, OPERATION GUIDES/RUN BOOKS, AND OTHER RELATED TRAINING MATERIALS AND DOCUMENTATION 222 Bridge Plaza South Fort Lee, NJ 07024 (201)592-8745 (212)724-5055 Maxell Floppy Disks The Mini-Disks with maximum quality. Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D's accepted. Call FREE (800) 235-4137. PACIFIC EXCHANGES 100 Foothill Blvd.. San Luis San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 ot .(805)543-1037 Breakthrough BASIC For Mod lis SAVE Tl M E & E F FORT WITH Ba sic I DE AS ■ If you're like most people who write BASIC programs on their TRS-80* Mod ll's, occasions arise when you must change the logic of a program written weeks, it not months, ego. Quite often, that logic has been obscured by time, and it's difficult to retrace your steps. Since BASIC is so difficult to read, your program logic can be obscured by the language Itself. Program modifications are a SNAP with Baalc IDEAS'. D Meaningful Variable Namas. Virtually unlimited length lets you write descriptive names. No morecryptic 2-charac- ter symbols. D Uaar-Deflned Labala. Nondescript line numbers are no longer an integral part ot your logic You can use meaning- ful labels in your GOTCs and GOSUB's. a Netted IF/THEN/ELSE/ENDIF. Up to 1 6 levels, span multiple lines, simplify logic & aid readability. Basic IDEAS" also comes with a Full Screen Editor, and it's EASY TO LEARN because It Is NOT a totally new programming language. It IS a package of Improvements lo EXISTING Mod II BASIC making BASIC easier to read and, therefore, easier to modify. And there's more! So send for our FREE brochure for complete details and actual examples of Basic IDEAS". Complete system, fully documented, only $299. Computer IDEAS Corporation 4229 Hall St. ■ Dallas, Texas 75219 Circle 495 on Inquiry card. Circle 353 on inquiry card. Circle 111 on inquiry card. 4 maaoEEEEBmsBBBBmjEEna [BOOmS I (1 I'D I MI 5CRCXN DI'jPLftV GRAPHICS HARDCOPY Dumps anything on screen of ATARI 4007800 to punier All graphics and text modes Players Missiles scaling [[rev scale GTIA/morei Works with EPSON, Centronics 739, IDS and Tiendcom 'ATARI is a registered trademark ot ATARI Computer Inc See Jan 82 COMPUTE! lor review (209) 667-2888/634-8888 ©r ROTOONICS inc. N, Golden State Blvd. IS Turlock, California 35380 c ° ° A GREAT TEAM. YOU AMD HP's SERIES 80. 85A Personal Computer S3 A Personal Computer HP 67 Computing System 1 25 Large Screen 6^K 7470A Graphic Plotter All HP Pericherials 15% Off Hi- Calculator Hi m HEWLETT PACKARD glands Largest ! MULTI-BUSINESS COMPUTER SYSTEMS, INC. TEL. 203-3^2-27 «7 TWX. 7 10-1428-63^5 26 MAflLEOP.OUGH 51 . PORTLAND, CI. 06U8O CROMEMCO OWNERS DOUBLE DENSITY FORTHE4FDC!!! Tha FDCX4 Double Retrofit Board from JVB Electronics insist!) on your 4FDC single density disk controller board in seconds end doubles your disk storage II you hove a single density Cromemco system you'll wont an FDCX4. Soma features of the FDCX4ar»: • Analog Phase-Locked Data Separator. The separator is used in all modes-Double and Single density, B" and 5" drives. • Write Pracompanutlon-Allowi reliable Double Density operation with ParSci 277 and Shugan type 8" drives. • SoftwarecompatibilitywithCDOS.CROMlX, and CP/M. • Roads. Writes, and Format* double density, single density. 5" and 8" disks. Densities and sizes may be mixed. • Installs in Seconds*Just unplug two chips from the 4FDC and plug the FDCX4 into the two vacated sockets One sokJe* joint completes installation for uaa with 8" drives No soldering at all is required it the FDCX4 will be used exclusively with 5" dnvea. No traces ere cut on the 4FDC. The 4FDC can be restored to its original state by just unplugging the FDCX4 and plugging back in the previously removed Chips. • No Hitk 15 Day Trial Period Price is 4229.96 including shipping in continental USA. COD. charges extra. Calif, residents include 6% sales tax. Write, call, or circle the reader service card lor further information , Dealer inquires invited . JVB ELECTRONICS 1601 Fulton Ave. Suite 1 Sacramento, CA 95825 (916) 483-0709 (10AM-3PM Pacific) CDOS and CROMIX are trademarks of Cromemco CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Circle 278 on Inquiry card. Circle 331 on inquiry card. Circle 252 on inquiry card. EPROMS 1702 (Ins) 3.00 2708 (45ns) 2.99 2716 (5v 450ns) 4.75 2716-1 (5v 350ns) 8.50 2532 (5v 450ns) 8.95 2732 (5v 450ns) 8.95 2764 (5v 450ns) Call DYNAMIC RAMS 4027 (250ns) 2.00 4116 (200ns) 1.75 4116 (150ns) 1.85 4164 (200ns) Call STATIC RAMS 2101 21L02 2111 2114 2114L-3 2114L-2 TMM2016 TMM2016 HM6116 HM6116 HM6116 (450ns) (250ns LP (450ns (450ns (300ns LP) (200ns LP (200ns) (150ns) (200ns) (150ns) (120ns) 1.85 1.55 2.49 1.95 2.25 2.30 9.00 11.00 Call Call Call LP = Low Power 3250 KELLER STREET, #9 8000 8035 8039 808OA 8085A 8088 8155 8156 8185 8741 8748 8755 8202 8205 8212 8214 8216 8224 8226 8228 8237 8238 16.00 19.00 3.90 8.50 39.00 11.00 11.00 29.00 39.00 29.00 44.00 44.00 3.45 1.80 3.75 1.75 2.45 1.80 4.50 19.00 4.75 8239 8243 8250 8251 8253 8253-5 8255 8255-5 8257 8259 8272 8275 8279 8279-5 8282 8283 8284 8286 8287 8288 8289 4.75 4.75 14.90 4.50 8.75 9.75 4.50 5.20 8.50 6.85 39.00 29.00 9.25 10.25 6.50 6.50 5.50 6.50 6.50 25.00 49.00 SANTA CLARA, CA 95050 VOLTAGE REGULATORS 280 7805T .75 7812T .75 7815T .75 7824T .85 7805K 7812K 7815K 1.39 1.39 1.39 7905T 7912T 7915T 7924T 7905K 7912K .85 .85 .85 .85 1.49 1.49 LEDS Jumbo Red Jumbo Green Jumbo Yellow 10/1.00 6/1.00 6/1.00 CONNECTORS RS 232 RS 232 RS 232 Male Female Hood 3.00 3.50 1.20 74LS00 SERIES 74LS00 74LS01 74LS02 74LS03 74LS04 74LS05 74LS0 8 74LS10 74LS11 74LS12 74 LSI 3 74LS14 74LS15 74LS20 74LS21 74LS22 74LS26 74LS27 74LS28 74LS30 74LS32 74LS33 74LS3 7 74LS3 8 74LS4 74LS4 2 74LS4 7 74LS48 74LS4 9 74LS51 74LS54 74LS55 74LS6 3 74LS73 74LS74 74LS75 74LS76 74LS78 74LS83 74LS85 74LS86 74LS90 74LS91 74LS92 74LS93 74LS95 74LS96 74LS107 74 LSI 09 74LS112 74 LSI 13 74LS114 74LS122 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .24 .30 .30 .40 .89 .30 .24 .30 .24 .30 .24 .30 .24 .36 .55 .55 .35 .30 .49 .75 .75 .75 .30 .35 .35 1.20 .39 .44 .49 .39 .49 .75 .95 .39 .65 .79 .65 .59 .79 .79 .39 .39 .39 .39 .4 9 .45 74LS123 74LS124 74LS125 74 LSI 26 74LS132 74LS136 74LS137 74LS138 74LS139 74LS145 74LS147 74LS148 74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 74LS155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 74LS161 74LS162 74LS163 74LS164 74LS165 74LS166 74LS168 74LS169 74LS170 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LS181 74LS189 74LS190 74LS191 74LS192 74LS193 74 LSI 94 74LS195 74LS196 74 LSI 97 74LS221 74LS240 74LS241 74LS242 74LS243 74LS244 74LS245 74LS247 74LS248 74LS249 74LS251 .95 2.90 .95 .79 .75 .49 .95 .75 .75 1.10 2.20 1.20 .75 .75 1.75 .89 .89 .75 .75 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 1.95 1.69 1.69 1.69 .75 .89 .89 1.99 9.50 .89 .89 .89 .89 .89 .89 .79 .79 1.10 .95 .95 1.79 1.79 .95 1.89 .79 1.20 .89 1.25 74LS253 74LS25 7 74LS258 74LS259 74LS260 74LS266 74LS273 74LS275 74LS279 74LS280 74LS283 74LS290 74LS293 74LS295 74LS298 74LS324 74LS352 74LS353 74LS363 74LS364 74LS365 74LS366 74LS367 74LS368 74LS3 73 74LS3 74 74LS377 74LS3 78 74LS3 79 74LS385 74LS386 74LS3 90 74LS393 74LS395 74LS399 74LS4 24 74LS447 74LS490 74LS668 74LS669 74LS670 74LS674 74LS682 74LS683 74LS684 74LS6 85 74LS6 88 74LS6 89 81LS95 81LS96 81LS97 81LS98 .80 .80 .80 2.80 .60 .49 1.60 3.25 .49 1.95 .95 1.20 1.79 .99 .99 1.75 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.95 .89 .89 .69 .69 .99 1.69 1.40 1.15 1.35 1.89 .59 1.79 1.79 1.59 1.59 2.89 .75 1.89 1.65 1.85 2.10 9.50 2.99 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 280 A CPU Z80 A PIO Z80 A CTC 5.90 5.90 7.00 Call for Complete List MICROPROCESSOR REAL-TIME CLOCK MSM 5832 7.25 6500 6502 6.90 6502A 9.45 6504 6.90 6505 7.65 6507 9.90 6520 4.35 6522 9.90 6532 13.95 6551 11.75 6800 6800 5.65 6802 8.65 6808 8.45 6809 24.00 6809E 29.00 6810 3.50 6820 3.50 6828 6834 6840 6843 6845 6847 6850 3.50 6852 14.90 16.90 7.95 41.95 16.90 15.90 3.50 6860 6862 6875 6880 68B00 68B21 10.90 11.90 6.90 1.80 10.00 12.00 3.50 68B50 12.00 UPGRADE YOUR APPLE or TRS-80 4116 200ns 8/14.00 CRYSTALS 32.768 KHZ 1.0 MHZ 1.8432 2.0 2.097152 2.4576 3.2768 3.579545 4.0 5.0 5.06B8 3.75 4.50 4.50 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.90 5.185 5.7143 6.5536 8.0 10.0 14.31818 18.0 18.432 20.0 22.1184 32.0 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.00 3.00 3.90 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.90 MISC. Disc Controller (BOO) 538-8800 1771 1791 1793 1797 20.95 34.95 34.95 49.95 Uarts AY3-1014 5.85 AY5-1013 3.90 AY5-2376 12.00 TR 1602 4.25 Interface 8T26 1.65 8T28 1.95 8T95 .95 8T96 .95 8T97 .95 8T98 .95 DM8131 2.90 DS8836 1.25 DIP SWITCHES 4 Position 5 Position 6 Position 7 Position 8 Position .85 .90 .90 .90 .95 IC Sockets ST W/W 8 PIN 14 PIN 16 PIN 18 PIN 20 PIN 22 PIN 24 PIN 28 PIN 40 PIN .10 .12 .15 .20 .25 .25 .25 .35 .40 .49 .50 .57 .85 .99 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.80 ST = Soldertail W/W ■ Wirewrap LINEAR LM301 LM308 LM309K LM311 LM317T LM317K LM318 LM323K LM324 LM337K LM339 LM377 LM380 LM386 LM555 LM556 LM565 LM566 LM567 LM723 LM733 .32 .75 1.25 .64 1.65 1.70 1.49 3.75 .59 3.90 .79 2.25 1.25 1.00 .38 .65 .95 1.45 .99 .49 .95 LM741 LM747 LM748 LM1310 MC1330 MC1350 MC1358 LM1414 LM1458 LM1488 LM1489 LM1800 LM1889 LM3900 LM3909 LM3914 LM3915 LM3916 75451 75452 75453 .29 .75 .49 2.45 1.69 1.25 1.69 1.49 .55 .95 .95 2.45 2.45 .59 .95 3.70 3.70 3.70 .35 .35 .35 CMOS 4000 4001 4002 4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4011 4012 4013 4014 4015 4016 4017 4018 4019 40 20 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4034 4035 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4046 4047 4049 4050 4015 4053 4060 4066 4068 4069 4070 .25 .30 .30 .90 .25 .90 .45 .45 .30 .30 .45 .90 .90 .45 1.15 .90 .45 .90 .90 1.10 .35 .75 .35 1.60 .60 .75 .90 .45 2.90 .85 .90 1.20 .75 .75 .75 .90 .90 .50 .50 .90 .90 1.39 .75 .39 .30 .35 4071 4072 4073 4075 4076 4078 4081 4082 4085 4086 4093 4098 4099 4502 4503 4508 4510 4511 4512 4514 4515 4516 451B 4519 4520 4522 4526 4527 4528 4531 4532 4538 4539 4543 4555 4556 4581 4582 4584 4585 80C07 80C95 80C96 80C97 80C98 .30 .30 .30 .30 .90 .30 .30 .30 .90 .90 .90 2.49 1.90 .90 .60 1.90 .90 .90 .90 1.20 2.20 1.50 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.90 1.20 .90 1.90 1.90 1.90 2.70 .90 .90 1.90 1.90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 1.15 I IVVAlJ Computer Products, Inc. 13250 Keller Street, #9 Santa Clara, CA 95050 (800) 538-8800 Calif. Residents (408) 988-0697 BankAmericard master charge] TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6X>% Sales Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list. Circle 161 on Inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 527 NOT 5 MEGABYTES BUT 10!!! 10 MB Winchester Disk System S-100 $1995 APPLE II If you desire the speed, capacity, and reliability of Winchester technology, the ASC W10 is the system for you. 10 MB hard disk drive Smart controller S-100 or Apple II® computer interface Enclosure Power supply All cabling CP/M» Auto-configuration utility CP/M 2.2 if required is available. Special discounts on all Micropro software products (originators of Wordstar"). For additional information circle the reader service number below. Quantity discounts available. IHBC i Mssuuimea P0 . Box 615 I Lexington Par*. MO 20653 (301) B63-8784 I CP/M li a fOQlatorod tradamarV ot Dtglu. Ra»urcn. I Appla It a trademark oi Apple Computers. I * Trademark ol Micropro International B'A" x 11" credll-card-type plastic MICRO CHARTS arc lact-packed microprocessor summary cards that save you time and effort with Instant access to the data you need. $5.95 Thousands of delighted users have made the switch from black & white, folded-up, paper summaries to colorful, ready-to-use, lifetime MICRO CHARTS. You get clear info on; full ■ instruction set, disassembly. ASCII, base conversion, effect on flags, inequalities versus jumps, interrupt structure, pinout. cycle times, diagrams, notes, and much more. Two sided comprehensive MICRO CHARTS are ideal for professionals, hobbyists, and students alike. Countless reorders and compliments confirm the benefit of these inexpensive, improved programming, debugging, and learning aids. Order today and you will be delighted. We guarantee it. Unless you are 100% pleased in 14 days, a prompt full refund will be made. To order, simply send name, address, and just $5.95 per card plus $1 total postage to: Micro Logic Corp., POB 174, Dept. Z. Hackensack, NJ 07602. Specify titles and quantity: Z80, 6502, 8080 & 6085, 8048 FAMILY. BASIC ALGORITHMS. (Dealer inquiries welcome). E-PAK CAN YOU IMAGINE DOUBLING THE SPACE ON YOUR DISK? E-PAK is a software utility which com- presses data by 40% to 80% of its original size. Available for TRS-80, Apple 11 and 8" disk CP/M systems (IBM single density). Specify one of the above on your order. Allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Send check or money order for $29. 95 to: Rolin Associates (201)870-0244 6 Orchard Road West Long Branch, N.J. 07764 Note: N.J. Residents add 5% sales tax, $31.45. Circle 41 on inquiry card. GIVES FULL DETAILS OF OVER 10,000 PROGRAMS VOL 1 MICROS • VOL 2 MINIS The primary reference source on computer software. Comprehensive, easy-to-use, and fully up-to-date, it's essential for anyone concerned with computers — owners, users, and buyers. A total solution to all the problems of locating software. copies of Vol 1 (micros) $39" + 2 n post. copies of Vol 2 (minis) $69" + 2" posl. Address Please send . Check enclosed. Credit cards accepted. (Slate which) Ace. No. Exp Date ^^ Imprint Software 1520 Slli College, Fort Collins CO 80524. Tal 303 482 5574 STRUCTURAL engineering analysis of plane frames & trusses microSTRAN will run on any CP/M computer including APPLE II & TRS-80 II • Large capacity • High performance • Easy to use $350 (Manual only $30) Write to: Richard T. Collins Engineering Systems Consultant CI- Post Office Pymble, NSW 2073 AUSTRALIA Telephone: +61 2 449 5554 FREE CATALOG OF NEW SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE FOR THE IBM PC* Describes all compatible hardware — memory boards & chips, clock calendars, cables, hard disks, modems, disk drives, color printers, plotters, daisv wheel printers, color monitors, baiter,' backup, lifilu pens, digitizers. Baby Blue cards, etc. Includes all available software — wordpro- cesstng, database management, mailing list. medical, dental games, courseware, ordereniry. languages, operating systems, etc. Provides price comparisons and discounts on every item. Circle reader screice number for yoitr free copy. Call Jor more information or to get yoitF products listed. .STAR. Everything for the IBM' 1629 K St. NW. "551. Washington. D.C. 20006 1202) 337-5300 *TM ol InU'rruilicmal Business Machines, Corp. Circle 222 on Inquiry card. Circle 94 on Inquiry card. Circle 424 on Inquiry card. THE SBC 8671 i , , M ' j3 » a AL..islP»i»> lL m ^ ^^^^g^^^i- \ . '.-:■■%■'" Z8 CONTROL FEATURES: Zilog Z8671 microprocessor with on chip basic interpreter: 12K of on board user memory with choice of ROM, RAM, or PROM, selectable in 4K increments: RS 232 and 20 MA current loop serial I/O: 110 to 9600 baud: 8255 peripheral interface with choice of TTL. R-Pack , or Open Collector 1/0 buffers: 48 parallel 1/0 lines total: Pin compatibility with industry standard 0PT0 1/0 modules:Two8 bil counter timers with 6 bit prescalers: 6 vectored interrupts: Module bus for full expansion: All chips socketed: Industrial grade construction. Price (1-9) $295.00 LEHMANN & ASSOCIATES P.O. Box 566, Maumee, Ohio 43537 (419)891-0687 5 Meg Hard Disk $600.°° Introductory Offer — expand to Winchester Technology at V% price. Shugart SA1002 8" Hard Disk Drive. Optional controllers for IBM, S-100, STD BUS and others available. Call Dave Starr at: computer tNiwsuin. wit [803] 877-7471 105 S. Main St. Greer, S.C. 29615 A LOGIC ANALYZER YOU CAN AFFORD! CHECK THESE FEATURES: ■ INTERFACES TO DUAL CHANNEL SCOPE OR MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM ■ 10 MH1 CAPTURE RATE ■ STORES 16 WORDS 16 BITS WIDE ■ 1,0,X, COMPARE WORD BIT SELECTION ■ CRYSTAL CONTROLLED INTERNAL CLOCK ■ TIME DOMAIN DISPLAY ■ DATA DOMAIN STATE TABLE DISPLAY IN BINARY.OCTAL AND HEX + ■ VECTOR GRAPHIC DATA PICTURE DISPLAY* ■ EASY TO USE - SIMPLE OPERATION . ocvo>^> oot<™ m* "wrraco"©*-.. |M THE OWL MODEL PI 1160 COMES COMPLETE WITH LOGIC PROBE CUPS, OPERATING MANUAL SOFT- WARE AND INTERFACE TO THE APPLE II MICROCOM- PU ™' FOR ONLY $9SO. CALL TODAY FOR FULL INFORMATION T-SlllJT • co^ui" r-oc'o'* »m»» "S80a'K It AM. full color, lit key keyboard. I dual special function keys, serial ports, cassette port, composite video output (connects to standard color T\ sell. HASIC language. & expansion port. COM-VIC20 VIC-20 $279.95 Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems Complete Z-Xt) microcomputer with RAM. POM. 1 t). keyboard, display, kludge area, manual. & workbook CPS-30100K KIT $299.95 CPS-30100A A&T $409.95 A IOX-2300A A & T $179.95 AIM-65 - Rockwell tint)2 computer with alphanumeric display, printer. & keyboard, and complete instructional manuals CPK-50165A IK AIM-65 $424.95 CPK-50465A 4K A1M-H5 $474.95 SKK-74600008K 8K BASIC ROM ...$64.95 SFK-64600004E IK Assembler ROM $43.95 PSX-030A Power Supply $64.95 ENX-000002 Enclosure $54.95 SKK-74600020K PL fi5 ROM $84.95 SKK-74600010E Forth ROM $64.95 SFK-74600030E Instant Pascal $99.95 Special Packages IK AIM-US, UK BASIC, power supply & enclosure Special Package Price $649.95 Video Monitors HI-RES 12" GREEN - Zenith la MHz bandwidth. 71HI lines inch. PHI green phosphor, sicitchuble 40 or St) columns, small, light-weight & portable. VDM-201201 List price $150.00 .... $129.95 12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC 20 MHz, P3I phosphor video monitor with audio, exceptionally high resolution A fantastic monitor at a very reasonable price VDM-651200 Special Sale Price $199.95 12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC Hi-res monitor with audio & sculptured ease VDC-651212 Color Monitor $479.95 NKC-1202D RGB color monitor ... $1045.00 Leedex / Amdek Reasonably priced video monitors VDC-801310 13" Color 1 $379.95 VDC-801320 Color II $895.00 1OV-2300A DVM board for Apple . . $199.95 Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest you for local price and availability. Circle 247 on inquiry card Computer Products 13440 South Hawthorne Blvd. Hawthorne 213-973-7330 Computer Products 21800 Ventura Blvd Woodland Hills 213-716-6120 PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE. iter Products Computer Products i/entura Blvd 4950 Beltline Road lills 213-716-6120 Dallas 214-458-2782 Continental U.S. - 800-421-5500 Inside California - 800-262-1710 Los Angeles Area - 213-973-7707 SBC-200 - SD Systems ■/ MHz Z-80A CPU with serial & parallel I/O. IK RAM. HK ROM space, monitor PROM included. CPC-30200A A & T $399.95 THE BIG Z* - Jade 2 or -I MHz switchable Z-80' CPU with serial I/O, accomodates 2708, 27 Hi. or 2732 EPROM. baud rates from 7.5 to 9600 CPU-30201K Kit $139.95 CPU-30201A A & T •. . $189.95 CPU-30200B Bare board $35.00 2810 Z-80* CPU - Cal Comp Sys 2 4 MHz Z-80 A * CPU with RS-2S2C serial I/O port and on- board MOSS 2.2 monitor PROM, front panel compatible. CPU-30400A A&T $269.95 CB-2 Z-80 CPU - S.S.M. 2 or I MHz Z-80 CPU board with provision for up to 8K of ROM or IK of RAM on board, extended addressing, IEEE S-100, front panel compatible. CPU-30300K Kit $239.95 CPU-30300A A&T $299.95 16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant ■/ MHz IKK static RAM board. IEEE S-IOO. bank selectable. Phantom capability, addressable in -IK blocks, "disablc-able" in IK segments, extended addressing, low power MEM-16171A A&T $154.95 32K STATIC RAM - Jade 2 or -1 MHz expandable static RAM board uses 21 NL's MEM-16151K 16K4MHzkit $169.95 MEM-32151K 32K 4 MHz kit $299.95 Assembled & tested add $50.00 MEMORY BANK - Jade •/ MHz. S-IOO. bank selectable, expandable from I6Kto64K MEM-99730B Bare Board $49.95 MEM-99730K Kit no RAM $199.95 MKM-32731K 32 K Kit $239.95 MEM-64733K (UK Kit $279.95 Assembled & Tested add $50.00 64K RAM - Calif Computer Sys ■/ MHz bank port ' bank byte selectable, extended addressing, 16K bank selectable. PHANTOM line allows memory overlay. 8080 Z-80 / front panel compatible. MEM-64565A A&T $389.95 64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant tilK static S-lllll RAM card. 4-16K banks, up to 8MHz MEM-64400A A & T $594.95 64K STATIC RAM - SSM IEEE KM! S-IOO standard, up to (SMHz'8 Bit. 12MHz 16 Bit. 2-1 Hit extended addressing, disablc-able in 2K increments MEM-64300A A&T $749.95 64K STATIC - Lab Standard Absolute IEEE fi.lfi. S-I00 compliance. 8 or 16 Hit data paths. 16-bit ret/uest acknowledge properly implemented, supports DMA at 8MHz. switchable bank select system for use with Cromemco & Alpha Micro MEM-64900A A&T $699.95 EPROM Erasers Ultra-violet EPROM < XME-3100A With out timer XME-3101 With timer XME-3200 Economy Model $69.50 $94.50 $39.95 VERSAFLOPPY II - SD SYSTEMS Double density disk controller for any combination ofSW'or 8" single or double sided disk drives, analog phase-locked loop data separator, vectored interrupt. CP'M 2.2 & OASIS compatible, control diagnostic software PROM included IOD-1 160A A&T $359.95 SFC-55009047F CP'M 2.2 for VF II . $99.95 DOUBLE-D - Jade Double density controller with the inside track, on- board Z- 80A*. printer port. IEEE S-100, can function on an interrupt driven buss IOD-1200K Kit $299.95 IOD-1200A A&T $375.00 IOD-1200B Bare board $59.95 DOUBLE DENSITY - Cal Comp Sys SW and 8" disk controller, single or double density, with onboard boot loader ROM, and free CP/M 2.2* and manual set. IOD-1300A A&T $374.95 MPC-4 - SD Systems Intelligent l-port serial 1 O card, onboard Z-80A. 2K RAM. 4K PROM area, on-board firmware, fully buffered, vectored interrupts, four CTC channels, add to SD Board set for powerful multi-user system IOI-1504A A&T W/ software $495.00 I/0-4 - S.S.M. 2 serial 10 ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports IOI-1010K Kit $179.95 IOI-1010A A&T $249.95 IOI-1010B Bare board $35.00 1/0-5 - SSM Microcomputer Two serial & 3 parallel I/O ports. I101H.2K Baud IOI-1015A A&T $279.95 1/0-8 - SSM Microcomputer Eight software programmable serial 1 O ports, lit) -19.2K Baud, ideal for multi-user systems IOI-1018A A&T $449.95 PROM- 100 - SD Systems 271)8. 2716. 2732 EPROM programmer w software MEM-99520K Kit $189.95 MEM-99520A A & T $249.95 PB-1 - S.S.M. 2708. 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer MEM-99510K Kit $154.95 MEM-99510A A&T $219.95 EPROM BOARD - Jade 16K or 32K uses 2708's or 2716's, IK boundary MEM-16230K Kit $79.95 MEM-16230A A&T $119.95 ISO-BUS - Jade Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard 6 Slot (SW X 8%") MBS-061B Bare board $19.95 MBS-061K Kit $39.95 MBS-061A A&T $49.95 12 Slot (9V," x 8tt") MBS-121B Bare board $29.95 MBS-121K Kit $69.95 MBS-121A A&T $89.95 18 Slot I14'/i" X 8%") MBS-181B Bare board $49.95 MBS-181K Kit $99.95 MBS-181A A&T $139.95 Single User System SBC-200. 64 K ExpandoRAM II. Versafloppy II. CP/M 2.2 $1095.00 4 MHz Z-80A CPU, 64K RAM, serial I/O port, parallel I/O port, double-density disk controller, CP/M 2.2 disk and manuals, system monitor, control and diagnostic software. Board set with 256K of RAM .... $1295.00 -All boards are assembled and tested- The Bus Probe So your computer is down. And you don't have an oscilloscope. And you don't have a front panel... You're not alone • most computers have their occasional bad days. But without diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope (expensive!) or a front panel (expensive!), it can be very difficult to pinpoint the problem. Even if you have an extender board with a superfast logic probe, you can't see more than one signal at a time. You're stuck, right? Not anymore; Jade is proud to offer our cost- effective solution to the problems mentioned above. THE BUS PROBE. Whether you're a hobbyist with a cantankerous kluge or a field technician with an anxious computer owner breathing down your neck, you'll find THE BUS PROBE speeds your repair time remarkably. Just plug in THE BUS PROBE and you'll be able to see all the IEEE S-100 signals in action. THE BUS PROBE allows you to see inputs, outputs, memory reads and writes, instruction fetches, DMA channels, vectored interrupts, 8 or 16 bit wide data transfers, plus the three bus supply voltages. TSX-200B Bare board $59.95 TSX-200K Kit $119.95 TSX-200A A&T $149.95 ISOBAR - GSC in SSBEB^SSSiSa-r^- VB :^..-- _-- Isolates <£• protects your valuable equipment from high voltage spikes & AC line noise, inductive isolated ground, 1.5 amp circuit breaker. U.L. listed EME-1 15103 3 socket $39.50 EME-1 15105 4 socket $49.50 EME-115100 8 socket $54.50 EME-115110 9 socket rackmount ....$74.50 Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest you for local price and availability. Ircle 247 on Inquiry card. WE HAVE IT ! System One TOMORROW'S COMPUTERS NOW ! from Cromemco ^^ 64K-Z80A n System One System Two wifh dual sided mini floppys, -$3349- -$3749- Multi-User and Hard Disk versions available. CROMIX'. or MP/M® or OASIS® Systems now a- vailable from MiniMicroMart running CROMIX (or MP/M or OASIS) on a CDC Phoenix (96MB-16 re moveable— 80 fixed) hard disk. COMPUTER SYSTEMS CS-1 Computer System NEW (similar to CS-2 but only 8 slots). List $3995 $3349 CS-1H, w/5mg Hard Disk NEW List $6995 $5895 CS-3, features 4MHz CPU w/64K of RAM, Dual-sided PerSci 8" floppy disk drives (RS232C Interface), List $7995 $5895 N£^ HD-5, 5mg add-on Winchester Hard Disk, Fit ICS-26CS-3I USt $3495 $2949 HDD-11, 11 Megabyte Hard Disk System. List $6995 $5945 HDD-22, 22 Megabyte Hard Disk System, List $11,995 $10,195 TERMINALS & PRINTERS CRT Terminal 3102, (80 characters/line, 24 line displayl. List $2295 $1949 Letter Quality Printer 3355A, (55 characters/second, 15" platen, tractor-feed, List $3495 $2969 NEW LOW PRICE ON 64K MEMORY BOARD List $995 our price $599 Check with us on new low prices for Multi -User CROMIX® Systems. CROMEMCO BOARDS SCC Single Card Comp. List $494 $419 ZPU Z-80 CPU 2/4MHz.List $395 $335 16KZ Dyn.RAM Mem. List $495 $419 48KTP 2 Port 48K Mem. List $1495. . . . Call 64KZ Dyn.RAM Mem. List $1195 $819 16FDC Disk Com. ,DD. List $595 $499 8K Bytesaver II Prom. Prog. List $295 . . . $249 32K Bytesvr.PromCard(2716s)List$345 $295 TU-ART I/O Interface. List $345 $275 D 7A Digital/Analog Inter. List $295 $249 8PIO 8 Port Par. Inter. List $295 $249 4PIC 4 Port Par. Inter. List $395 $335 QDRT4Ch.Syn/Asyn Inter. List $595. $499 IOP Int.l/O Processor. List $695 $589 PRI Printer Inter.Card.List $245 $209 16KPR 16K PromMem. Card. List $245 $209 CGI TV Dazzler.List $395 $335 SDI Hi-Res Col. Graphics. List $795. . . $675 EXC 2 Extender Board. I isl $65 WWR 2 Wire Wrap Board. I ist $65. CROMEMCO SOFTWARE (specify 8" or 5 54 "I CROMIX Multi User.l isl $595 FDA Macro Assembler. List $295 FDB 16K Extended BASIC. List $195 . . . H)C COBOL Compiler. List $595 FDF Fortran IV Compiler.List $295 FDRRATFOR incl. Fortran IV. List $395 . S1B32K Struc. BASIC. Lisl $295 SGS Sup.Dazzler Graphics. I ist $595. . DBM DntaBs.Mcjt.lw/reportlList $295. WPS Word Proc.Sys.Lisi $295 TSS Trace Sys. Simulator. List $195 WRMR WritemasterWrd. Pro. List $595 . SLMR Slidemaster.l ist 5595 SPMR Spellmaster.l isl $295 I-OMR Fontmaster.l ist $595 $38 $38 $279 $249 $165 $299 $179 $335 $165 $299 $249 $249 $95 $499 $499 $249 $499 CS-O Computer System w/SCC & MCB-216, List $1295 $1099 CS-O/D Computer System Z80 SCC CPU, 64KZ, 16FDC, *---_ List $2995 $2545 DDF Dual Double-Sided 5" Drives for CS-0 List $1295 $1,099 All prices, F.O.B. shipping point, subject to change \ll "tiers subject to withdraw! without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2"''o cash discount, (order prepaid prior to shipment). C.O.D.'s and credit card orders are 1" a highe) MiniMioroMart, Inc. 943 W.Genesee St. BOX 2992K Syracuse, NY. 13204 (315)422-4467 TWX-710-542 0431 Circle 321 on inquiry card. Super Specials on SUPERBRAINS® SUPERBRAIN® DD, $1994 Through July 7, 1982 SD, $2369 SD, $2799 INTERTEC has introduced a new model, the SD (super density) with dual doub- le sided 80 track drives -TWICE THE CAPACITY OF THE QD-. The SD SUPERBRAIN is available from Mini MicroMart for $2799 SUPERBRAINS come with CP/M; with the addition of an appropri- ate printer, and the necessary software you can have a com- plete data processing and /or word processing sys- tem. You can take advantage of our MicroPro word processing software special. WordStar for only $269; We will include MailMerge with WordStar for $358 or for only $489 you get the full package— WordStar, MailMarge and SpellStar MiniMicroMart stocks the full INTERTEC line. MICROSOFT 80 is only $279 and a complete accounting package— GL, A/R, AiP, and payroll are available to run in MICROSOFT BASIC for only $269 You can add capacity to your SUPERBRAIN by adding their 10 megabyte DSS Hard Disk. We offer it for only $2995- We include the adapter cable to the SUPERBRAIN (if requested) at no extra charge. zNTRIEC COMPUSAR- CV\TA DtSKSTORAGt ESYSfEMS SYSEM -^.-... ^■^,| M .-»-ft l j If you need a distributed processing system, INTERTEC has lowered prices on their full ser- ies of COMPUSTARS- the VPU 10, the VPU 20 the VPU 30 and the VPU 40. Virtually any num- ber of these can be daisey chained to share one of their hard disks, or they can be utilized as a stand alone computer, just likea SUPERBRAIN. -CALL US FOR PRICING- SUPERBRAINS and COMPUSTARS come with two built in serial ports, so you can support two printers or a printer and a modum. Among the printers suitable for the SUPERBRAIN are: Centronics 730-3, the 739-3, the 704-9 the Tl 810s or 820s, or Okidata 82s, 83s or 84s (serial version) the IDS PRISM series is also suitable. If you choose to use an Epson, you will also have to buy one of their serial interface boards. If you want a letter quality printer there is the NEC 3510 or 7710, the Diablo 630 or the Qume Sprint 9/45. All prices, F.O.B. shipping point, subject to change. All offers subject to withdrawal without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment). C.O.D.'sand credits cards are 2% higher. MiniMicroMart, Inc. 943 W. Genesee St. P.O. Box 3002 Syracuse, N.Y. 13220 (315) 422-4467 TWX 710-542-0431 Circle 321 on Inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 535 ALL MllUHAMMSl 100% (.1 VRAM 1 1.1)! CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES 7400 SERIES 7400 .19 74136 .50 7401 .19 74141 .65 7402 .19 74142 2.95 7403 .19 74143 2.95 7404 .19 74145 .60 7405 .25 74147 1.75 7406 .29 74148 1.20 7407 .29 74150 1.35 7408 .24 74151 .65 7409 .19 74152 .65 7410 .19 74153 .55 7411 .25 74154 1.40 7412 .30 74155 .75 7413 .35 74156 .65 7414 .55 74157 .55 7416 .25 74159 1.65 7417 .25 74160 .85 7420 .19 74161 .70 7421 .35 74162 .85 7422 .29 74163 .85 7423 .29 74164 .85 7425 .29 74165 .85 7426 .29 74166 1.00 7427 .29 74167 2.95 7428 .45 74170 1.65 7430 .19 74172 5.95 7432 .29 74173 .75 7433 .45 74174 .89 7437 ,29 74175 .89 7438 .29 74176 .89 7440 .19 74177 .75 7442 .49 74178 1.15 7443 .65 74179 1.75 7444 .69 74180 .75 7445 .69 74181 2.25 7446 .59 74182 .75 7447 .69 74184 2.00 7448 .69 74185 2.00 7450 .19 74186 18.50 7451 .23 74190 1.15 7453 .23 74191 1.15 7454 .23 74192 .79 7460 .23 74193 .79 7470 .35 74194 .85 7472 .29 74195 .85 7473 .34 74196 .79 7474 .35 74197 .75 7475 .49 74198 1.35 7476 .35 74199 1.35 7480 .59 74221 1.35 7481 1.10 74246 1.35 7482 .95 74247 1.25 7483 .50 74248 1.85 7485 .65 74249 1.95 7486 .35 74251 .75 7489 4.95 74259 2.25 7490 .35 74265 1.35 7491 .40 74273 1.95 7492 .50 74276 1.25 7493 .49 74279 .75 7494 .65 74283 2.00 7495 .55 74284 3.75 7496 .70 74285 3.75 7497 2.75 74290 .95 74100 1.00 74293 .75 74107 .30 74298 .85 74109 .45 74351 2.25 74110 .45 74365 .65 74111 .55 74366 .65 74116 1.55 74367 .65 74120 1.20 74368 .65 74121 .29 74376 2.20 74122 .45 74390 1.75 74123 .55 74393 1.35 74125 .45 74425 3.15 74126 .45 74426 .85 74128 .55 74490 2.55 74132 .45 CMOS 74C00 .35 4019 .45 74C02 .35 4020 .95 74C04 .35 4021 .95 74C08 .35 4022 1.15 74C10 .35 4023 .35 74C14 1.50 4024 .75 74C20 .35 4025 .35 74C30 .35 4026 1.65 74C32 .50 4027 .65 74C42 1.75 4028 :80 74C48 1.20 4029 .95 74C73 .65 4030 .45 74C74 .85 4034 2.95 74C76 .80 4035 .85 74C83 1.95 4040 .95 74C85 1.95 4041 1.25 74C86 .95 4042 .75 74C89 4.50 4043 .85 74C90 1.75 4044 .85 74C93 1.75 4046 .95 74C95 1.75 4047 .95 74C107 1.00 4049 .55 74C150 5.75 4050 .55 74C151 2.25 4051 .95 74C154 3.25 4053 .95 74C157 1.75 4060 1.45 74C160 2.00 4066 .75 74C161 2.00 4068 .40 74C162 2.00 4069 .35 74C163 2.00 4070 .35 74C164 2.00 4071 .30 74C165 2.00 4072 .30 74C173 2.00 4073 .30 74C174 2.25 4075 .30 74C175 2.25 4076 .95 74C192 2.25 4078 .30 I 74C193 2.25 4081 .30 74C195 2.25 4082 .30 74C200 5.75 4085 .95 74C221 2.25 4086 .95 74C373 2.75 4093 .95 74C374 2.75 4098 2.49 74C901 .80 4099 1.95 74C902 .85 14409 12.95 74C903 .85 14410 12.95 74C905 10.95 14411 11.95 74C906 .95 14412 12.95 74C907 1.00 14419 4.95 74C908 2.00 4502 .95 74C909 2.75 4503 .65 74C910 9.95 4508 1.95 74C91 1 10.00 4510 .95 74C912 10.00 4511 .95 74C914 1.95 4512 .95 74C915 2.00 4514 1.25 74C918 2.75 4515 2.25 74C920 17.95 4516 1.55 74C921 15.95 4518 1.25 74C922 5.59 4519 1.25 74C923 5.95 4520 1.25 74C925 6.75 4522 1.25 74C926 7.95 4526 1.25 74C927 7.95 4527 1.95 74C928 7.95 4528 1.25 74C929 19.95 4531 .95 74C930 19.95 4532 1.95 4000 .35 4538 1.95 4001 .35 4539 1.95 4002 .25 4543 2.70 4006 .95 4555 .95 4007 .29 4556 .95 4008 .95 4581 1.95 4009 .45 4582 1.95 4010 .45 4584 .95 4011 .35 4584 .95 4012 .25 4702 12.95 4013 .45 4724 1.50 4014 .95 80C07 .95 4015 .95 80C95 .85 4016 .45 80C96 .95 4017 1.15 80C97 .95 4018 .95 80C98 1.20 74SO0 SERIES 74S00 .44 74S85 2.39 74S163 3.75 74S280 2.90 74S02 .48 74S86 1.44 74S168 4.85 74S287 4.75 74S03 .48 74S112 1.59 74S169 5.44 74S288 4.45 74S04 .79 74S113 1.98 74S174 1.09 74S289 6.98 74S05 .79 74S114 1.50 74S175 1.09 74S301 6.95 74S08 .48 74S124 2.77 74S181 4.47 74S373 3.45 74S09 .98 74S132 1.24 74S182 2.95 74S374 3.45 74S10 .69 74S133 .98 74S188 3.95 74S381 7.95 74S11 .88 74S134 .69 74S189 14.95 74S387 5.75 74S15 .70 74S135 1.48 74S194 2.95 74S412 2.98 74S20 .68 74S138 1.08 74S195 1.89 74S471 9.95 74S22 .98 74S139 1.25 74S196 4.90 74S472 16.85 74S30 .48 74S140 1.45 74S197 4.25 74S474 17.85 74S32 .98 74S241 3.75 74S201 14.95 74S482 15.60 74S37 1.87 74S244 3.98 74S225 8.95 74S570 7.80 74S38 1.68 74S251 1.90 74S240 3.98 74S571 7.80 74S40 .44 74S253 7.45 74S257 1.39 74S51 .78 74S157 1.19 74S258 1.49 74S64 .79 74S158 1.45 74S260 1.83 74S65 1.25 74S161 2.85 74S274 19.95 74S74 .69 74S162 3.70 74S275 19.95 EPSON PRINTERS C/3 111 o rr 01 -I UJ 3q i i- LED DISPLAYS LED LAMPS .29 HP 5082-7760 .6" CC 14 Pin 3" .99 MAN 72 .3" CA 14 Pin .3" i .99 MAN 74 .3" CC 14 Pin .3" 1-99 100 -up .75 FND-357(359) .375" CC 10 Pin .2" Jumbo Red .10 .09 .99 FND-500(503) .5" CC 10 Pin .6" Jumbo Green .18 .15 .99 FND-507 (510) .5" CA 10 Pin .6" Jumbo Yellow .18 .15 MX-80 MX-80/FT 5^9?* MX-100 J2&1 16K APPLE* RAM CARD Upgrade your 48K Apple* II to full 64K. Fully software and hardware com- patible with Apple language card and microsoft Z80 card. Eliminates the need for Applesoft or Integer Basic ROM card when used in conjunction with DOS 3.3 Allows you to run Apple Fortran or Pascal. Available as bare board kit, or com- pleted and tested board. BARE BOARD $ 40.00 KIT 89.95 ASSEMBLED & TESTED 109.95 "Apple is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER INC. «,,» [master charge] JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 1224 S. Bascom Avenue San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) (408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110 Circle 249 on inquiry card. ■ ' HOURS: Mon. - Fri., 9 to 5; Sat. 11 to 3 VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE! TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6V2% sales tax. Calitornia resi- dents add 6% sales tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list. M.I. MERCHANDISE 1009? GUARANTEED! CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES ZENITH MONITOR MODEL ZVM-121 * 12" P-31 Green phosphor * SELECTABLE 40 or 80 CHARACTERS PER LINE * 75 MHZ BANDWIDTH $119 95 ORDER TOLL FREE 800-538-5000 800-662-6279 • • • • We Will Beat Any Competitors Prices • • •••••• A copy of this policy is available upon request. A LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT Al JDR Microdevices, Inc. 100% customer satisfaction is our goal! Our first priority make sure that all of our customers receive our world famous JDR service: GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES! If you see an item advertised else- where for less, tell us • we will match or beat their price.* FRIENDLY STAFF! SPEEDY SERVICE! To make doing business with JDR a pleasant experience. To speed your order on its way in one day with superb accuracy. To better help us serve the needs of our customers, we have installed a new IBM Sysfem 34 Computer. This will enable us to reach our goal of 100% Customer Satisfaction, but we need your help - please use your customer number whenever ordering. Your permanent customer number can be found on the left-hand side of your computer printed invoice. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of our customers for making JDR one of the fastest growing electronic firms in the world! A copy of this policy is available upon request- DISKETTES 5V4" ANTHANA ss sd soft 24.95 WABASH sssdsoft 24.95 VERBATIM ss so soft 29.95 VERBATIM 10 SECTION HARD 29.95 8" VERBATIM ss so soft 44.95 Jeffery D. Rose BOOKS BEST SELLERS OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL Apple II User's Guide 14.95 CRT Controller's Handbook 6.99 68000 Assembly Language Programming 16.99 CBASIC User Guide 15.00 The 8086 Book 1 6.99 SYBEX Your First Computer 8.95 The CP/M Handbook 14.95 From Chips to Stystems 14.95 The PASCAL Handbook 18.95 Microprocessor Interfacing Techniques 1 7.95 APPLE* FAN $69°° • OUTLET ON THE REAR OF THE FAN FOR A MONITOR ■ CONTROLLED BY THE SWITCH • ULTRA-QUIET APPLE FAN DRAWS COOL AIR THROUGH YOUR COM- PUTER • ELIMINATES DOWN TIME • SAVES REPAIR CHARGES • INCREASES RELIABILITY • CLIPS ON— NO HOLES OR SCREWS • LONG LIFE, LOW NOISE MOTOR •Apple is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC. ADDON DISK DRIVE For Apple* II I* Includes metal cabinet • Color matches Apple* • 35 Tracks/single side • Includes cable • Use with Apple* II Controller! $375 OO JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. master charge 1224 S. Bascom Avenue San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) (408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110 Circle 249 on inquiry card. HOURS: Mon. • Fri., 9 to 5; Sat. 11 to 3 VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE! TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6Vfe% sales tax. California resi- dents add 6% sales tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list. All Ml RCH.WDISl 100$ (.1 ARAN 1 1 hi)'. CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES STATIC RAMS Each 100 pes 2101 256x4 (450ns) 1.95 1.85 5101 256x4 (cmos) (450ns) 4.95 3.95 2102-1 1024 x 1 (450ns) .89 .85 2102L-2 1024 x 1 (LP) (250ns) 1.69 1.55 2102L-4 1024x1 (LP) (450ns) 1.29 1.15 2111 256x4 (450ns) 2.99 2.49 2112 256x4 (450ns) 2.99 2.79 2114 1024x4 (450ns) 8/16.95 1.95 2114L-2 1024 x 4 (LP) (200ns) 8/19.95 2.35 2114L-3 1024x4 (LP) (300ns) 8/18.95 2.25 2114L-4 1024x4 (LP) (450ns) B/17.95 2.10 2147 4096 x 1 (55ns) 9.95 call TMS4044-4 4096 x 1 (450ns) 3.49 3.25 TMS4044-3 4096 X 1 (300ns) 3.99 3.75 TMS40L44-2 4096 X 1 (LP) (200ns) 4.49 4.25 MK4118 1024 x 8 (250ns) 9.95 call TMM2016 2048 x 8 (150ns) call call HM6116-4 2048 x 8 (cmos) (200ns) call call HM6116-3 2048 x 8 (cmos) (150ns) call call HM6116-2 2048 x 8 (cmos) (120ns) call call HM6116LP-4 2048 x 8 (LP) (cmos) (200 ns) call call HM6116LP-3 2048 x 8 (LP) (cmos) (150ns) call call HM6116LP-2 2048 x 8 (LP) (cmos) (120ns) call call Z-6132 4096 x 8 (Qstat) (300ns)34.95 call LP = Low Power Qstat = Quasi-Static DYNAMIC RAMS TMS4027 4096 x 1 (250ns) 2.50 2.00 MK4108 8192x1 (200ns) 1.95 call MM5298 8192 x 1 (250ns) 1.85 call 4116-120 16384 x 1 (120ns) 8/29.95 call 4116-150 16384 x 1 (150ns) 8/18.95 1.95 4116-200 16384 x 1 (200ns) 8/13.95 call 4116-250 16384 x 1 (250ns) 8/13.90 call 4116-300 16384 x 1 (300ns) 8/13.80 call 2118 16384 x 1 (5v) (150ns) 4.95 call MK4816 2048 X 8 (5v) (300ns) 24.95 call 4164:200 65536 X 1 (5v) (200ns) call call 4164-150 65536 X 1 (5v) (150ns) call call EPROMS Each 8 pes 1702 256x8 (1us) 4.95 4.50 2708 1024 x 8 (450ns) 3.75 3.50 2758 1024 x 8 (5v) (450ns) 9.95 8.95 TMS2516 2048 x 8 (5v) (450ns) 6.95 5.95 2716 2048 X 8 (5v) (450ns) 4.95 3.95 2716-1 2048 x 8 (5v) (350ns) 9.00 8.50 TMS2716 2048 x 8 (450ns) 9.95 8.95 TMS2532 4096 X B (5v) (450ns) 9.95 7.95 2732 4096 X 8 (5v) (450ns) 9.95 7.95 2732A-2 4096 X 8 (5v) (200ns) call call 2764 8192x8 (5v) (450ns) call call TMS2564 8192x8 (5v) (450ns) call call 5v = Single 5 Volt Supply EPROM ERASERS Capacity Intensity Timer Chip (uW/CM') PE-14 6 5,200 83.00 PE-14T X 6 5,200 119.00 PE-24T X 9 6,700 175.00 PL-265T X 20 6,700 255.00 PR-125T X 16 15,000 349.00 PR-320T X 32 15,000 595.00 JUNE SPECJflLS 2K x 8 STATIC TMM-2016(200NS) 8I6 95 HM6116(200 8I7 95 64K DYNAMIC 4164 (200NS) 8/8 95 A 16K DYNAMIC 4116(200NS) 8/13 95 A 1 6K EPROMS 2716 (450 NS) 813 95 e, 32K EPROMS 2532 or 2732 (450NS) 8/7 PRICES GOOD FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE ONLY 3 LEASE MENTION JUNE SPECIALS WHEN ORDERING. Order by PROMS National Part No. Funcllon EQUIVALENT PART NUMBERS Tl SIG MMI Harris 74S188 32x8 OC 18SA030 82S23 6330-1 7602 2.95 74S287 256x4 TS 14S10 82S129 6301-1 7611 3.25 74S288 32x8 TS 18S030 82S123 6331-1 7603 2.75 74S387 256x4 OC 14SA10 82S126 6300-1 7610 2.95 74S471 256x8 TS 18S22 6309-1 10.95 74S472 512x8 TS 18S42 82S147 6349-1 7649 10.95 74S473 512X8 0C 18SA42 82S146 6348 7648 10.95 74S474 512x8 TS 18S46 82S141 6341 7641 12.95 74S475 512x8 TS 18SA46 82S140 6340 7640 12.95 74S478 1KX8TS 28S86 19.95 74S570 512x4 00 27S12 82S130 6305 7620 5.95 74S571 512x4 TS 27S13 82S131 6306-1 7621 5.95 74S572 1kx4 OC 24SA41 82S136 6352-1 7642 9.95 74S573 1kx4TS 24S41 82S137 6353-1 7643 9.95 87S180 1kx8 0C 28SA86 82S180 6380-1 7680 19.25 87S181 1kx8TS 28S86 82S181 6381-1 7681 16.25 87S184 2kx4 OC 24SA81 82S184 7684 17.20 87S185 2kx4TS 24S81 82S185 7685 16.95 87S190 2kx4 OC 28SA166 82S190 76160 39.95 87S191 2kx8 TS 28S166 82S191 76161 39.95 74LS00 SERIES 74LS00 .25 74LS169 74LS01 .25 74LS170 74LS02 .25 74LS173 74LS03 .25 74LS174 74LS04 .25 74LS175 74LS05 .25 74LS181 74LS08 .35 74LS189 74LS09 .35 74LS190 74LS10 .25 74LS191 74LS11 .35 74LS192 74LS12 .35 74LS193 74LS13 .45 74LS194 74LS14 1.00 74LS195 74LS15 .35 74LS196 74LS20 .25 74LS197 74LS21 .35 74LS221 74LS22 .25 74LS240 74LS26 .35 74LS241 74LS27 .35 74LS242 74LS28 .35 74LS243 74LS30 .25 74LS244 74LS32 .35 74LS245 74LS33 .55 74LS247 74LS37 .55 74LS248 74LS38 .35 74LS249 74LS40 .35 74LS251 74LS42 .55 74LS253 74LS47 .75 74LS257 74LS48 .75 74LS258 74LS49 .75 74LS259 74LS51 .25 74LS260 74LS54 .35 74LS266 74LS55 .35 74LS273 74LS63 1.25 74LS275 74LS73 .40 74LS279 74LS74 .45 74LS280 74LS75 .50 74LS283 74LS76 .40 74LS290 74LS78 .50 74LS293 74LS83 .75 74LS295 74LS85 1.15 74LS298 74LS86 .40 74LS324 74LS90 .65 74LS352 74LS91 .89 74LS353 74LS92 .70 74LS363 74LS93 .65 74LS364 74LS95 .85 74LS365 74LS96 .95 74LS366 74LS107 .40 74LS367 74LS109 .40 74LS368 74LS112 .45 74LS373 74LS113 .45 74LS374 74LS114 .50 74LS377 74LS122 .45 74LS378 74LS123 .95 74LS379 74LS124 2.99 74LS385 74LS125 .95 74LS386 74LS126 .85 74LS390 74LS132 .75 74LS393 74LS136 .55 74LS395 74LS137 .99 74LS399 74LS138 .75 74LS424 74LS139 .75 74LS447 74LS145 1.20 74LS490 74LS147 2.49 74LS624 74LS148 1.35 74LS668 74LS151 .75 74LS669 74LS153 .75 74LS670 74LS154 2.35 74LS674 74LS155 1.15 74LS682 74LS156 .95 74LS683 74LS157 .75 74LS684 74LS158 .75 74LS685 74LS160 .90 74LS688 74LS161 .95 74LS689 74LS162 .95 74LS783 74LS163 .95 81LS95 74LS164 .95 81 LS96 74LS165 .95 81 LS97 74LS166 2.40 81LS98 74LS168 1.75 TRANSISTORS PN2222 10/1.00 100/ 8.99 2N2222 .25 50/10.99 2N2907 .25 50/10.99 2N3055 .79 10/ 6.99 2N3904 10/1.00 100/ 8.99 2N3906 10/1.00 100/ 8.99 1N4148(1N914) 25/ 1.00 1N4004 10/ 1.00 VISA JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 1224 S. Bascom Avenue San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) (408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110 HOURS: Mon. • Fri., 9 to 5; Sat. 11 to 3 VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE! TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Grouni $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10,00 minimum orde Bay Area residents add GV?% sales tax. California res dents add 6% sales tax. We reserve the right to lim quantities and substitute manufacturer, Prices subjec to change without notice. Send SASE for complete lis Circle 250 on inquiry card. ai.i .merchandise; \m°/ ( guaranteed! c:all us for volume quotes Z-80 2.S Mhz Z80CPU 6.00 Z80CTC 5.95 Z80-DART 15.25 Z80-DMA 17.50 Z80PIO 6.00 Z80SIO/0 18.50 Z80-SI0/1 18.50 Z80SIO/2 18.50 Z80SIO/9 16.95 4.0 Mhz Z80-ACPU 6.00 Z80-CTC 8.65 Z80A-DART 18.75 Z80ADMA 27.50 Z80APIO 6.00 Z80ASIO/O 22.50 Z80A-SIO/1.O 22.50 Z80AS10Vi2 22.50 Z80ASIO/9 19.95 6.0 Mhz Z80B-CPU 17.95 Z80BCTC 15.50 Z80B-PIO 15.50 ZILOG Z6T32 34.95 Z8 39.95 IC SOCKETS 1-99 100 8 pin ST .13 .11 14 pin ST .15 .12 16 pin ST .17 .13 18 pin ST .20 .18 20 pin ST .29 .27 22 pin ST .30 .27 24 pin ST .30 .27 28 pin ST .40 .32 40 pin ST .49 .39 ST = SOLDERTAIL 14 pin WW .69 .52 16 pin WW .69 .58 18 pin WW .99 .90 20 pin WW 1.09 .98 22 pin WW 1.39 1.28 24 pin WW 1.49 1.35 28 pin WW 1.69 1.49 40 pin WW 1.99 1.80 8200 8202 34.95 8205 3.50 8212 1.85 8214 3.85 8216 1.80 8224 2.50 8226 1.80 8228 4.90 8237 19.95 8238 4.95 8243 4.45 8250 14.95 8251 4.75 8253 9.25 8253-5 9.85 8255 4.75 8255-5 5.25 8257 8.50 8257-5 8.95 8259 6.90 8259-5 7.50 8272 39.95 8275 29.95 8279 9.50 8279-5 10.00 8282 6.65 8283 6.65 8284 5.70 8286 6.65 8287 6.50 8288 25.00 8289 49.95 WW = WIREWRAP CONNECTORS RS232 MALE 3.25 RS232 FEMALE 3.75 RS232 HOOD 1.25 S-100ST 3.95 S- 100 WW 4.95 DIP SWITCHES 4 POSITION .85 5 POSITION .90 6 POSITION .90 7 POSITION .95 8 POSITION .95 8000 SERIES 8035 7.25 8039 7.95 INS8060 17.95 INS8073 29.95 8080 3.95 8085 7.95 8085A-2 11.95 8086 59.95 B087 Call 8088 39.95 8089 89.95 8155 7.95 8156 8.95 8185 29.95 8185-2 39.95 8741 39.95 8748 29.95 8755 32.00 9000 SERIES 9316 9334 9368 9401 9601 9602 96S02 1.00 2.50 3.95 9.95 .75 1.50 1.95 DATA ACQUISITION | ADC0800 ADC0804 ADC0809 ADC0817 DAC0800 DAC0808 DAC1020 DAC1022 MC1408L8 5.55 4.95 5.25 10.95 4.95 4.95 8.25 5.95 4.95 6800 68000 6800 6802 6808 6809E 6809 6810 6820 6821 6828 6840 6843 6844 6845 6847 6850 6852 6860 6862 6875 6880 6883 68047 68488 68B00 68B02 68B09E 68B09 68B10 68B21 68B45 68B50 call 4.95 10.95 13.90 19.95 19.95 2.95 4.95 4.95 14.95 12.95 34.95 25.95 16.95 12.25 3.45 5.75 10.95 11.95 6.95 2.95 24.95 24.95 19.95 10.95 22.25 29.95 29.95 7.95 12.95 35.95 12.95 6800 = 1 MHZ 68B00 = 2 MHZ ORDER TOLL FREE 800-538-5000 800-662-6279 6500 SERIES 1 MHZ 6502 6.95 6504 6.95 6505 8.95 6507 9.95 6520 4.35 6522 8.75 6532 11.25 6545 22.50 6551 11.85 2 MHZ 6502A 9.95 6522A 11.70 6532A 12.40 6545A 28.50 6551 A 12.95 CRYSTALS 32.768 khz 1.0 mhz 1.8432 2.0 2.097152 2.4576 3.2768 3.579535 4.0 5.0 5.0688 5.185 5.7143 5.9904 6.0 6.144 6.5536 8.0 10.0 14.31818 15.0 16.0 18.0 18.432 20.0 22.1184 ,32.0 3.95 4.95 4.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95. INTERSIL .CALIFORNIA RESIDING ICL7103 ICL7106 ICL7107 ICL8038 ICM7107A ICM7208 9.50 9.95 12.95 3.95 5.59 15.95 DISC CONTROLLERS 1171 24.95 1791 36.95 1793 44.95 1795 54.95 1797 54.95 6843 42.95 8272 39.95 UPD765 39.95 1691 18.95 2143 18.95 INTERFACE 8T26 1.69 8T28 2.49 8T95 .99 8T96 .99 8T97 .99 8T98 .99 DM8131 2.95 DP8304 2.29 MISC 3341 4.95 76477 3.95 AY3-8910 12.95 MC3340 1.49 95H90 7.99 11C90 13.95 8202A 34.95 3242 7.95 MC3480 9.00 MC4024 3.95 MC4044 4.50 3205 3.50 BIT-RATE GENERATORS 14411 9.95 BR1941 9.95 4702 12.95 COM5016 16.95 MM5307 10.95 UARTE AY3-1014 6.95 AY5-1013 3.95 PT1472 9.95 TR1602 3.95 2350 9.95 TMS6011 5.95 IM6402 7.95 IM6403 8.95 INS8250 14.95 KEYBOARD CHIPS AY5-2376 11.95 AY5-3600 11.95 74C922 5.25 74C923 5.50 LM301 LM301H LM307 LM308 LM308H LM309H LM309K LM310 LM311 LM311H LM312H LM317K LM317 LM318 LM318H LM319H LM319 .34 .79 .45 .98 1.15 1.95 1.49 1.75 .64 .89 1.75 3.95 1.95 1.49 1.59 1.25 1.25 LM320 (see 7900) LM322 LM323K LM324 LM329 LM331 LM334 LM335 LM336 LM337K LM337T LM338K LM339 1.65 4.95 .59 .69 3.95 1.30 1.40 1.75 3.95 2.95 6.95 .99 LM340 (see 7800) LM348 1.20 LM350K LM350T LM358 LM359 LM376 LM377 Lm378 LM379 LM380 LM380N- LM381 LM382 LM383 LM384 LM386 LM387 LM389 LM390 LM392 LM394H LM399H NE531 NE536 NE555 NE556 NE558 NE561 NE562 NE564 LM565 LM566 LM567 5.60 4.60 .98 1.79 3.75 2.29 2.50 4.50 1.29 ) 1.10 1.60 1.60 1.95 1.95 1.50 1.40 1.35 1.95 .69 3.60 5.00 3.75 6.00 .39 .69 1.50 19.95 6.00 3.95 .99 1.49 1.29 LINEAR NE570 NE571 NE592 LM703 LM709 LM710 LM711 LM723 LM723H LM733 LM741N-8 LM741N-14 LM741H LM747 LM748 LM1014 LM1303 LM1304 LM1305 LM1307 LM1310 MC1330 MC1349 MC1350 MC1358 LM1414 LM1458 LM1488 LM1489 LM1496 LM1558H 4.75 3.95 2.75 .89 .59 .75 .79 .49 .55 .98 .35 .35 .40 .79 .59 2.75 1.95 1.19 1.49 .85 2.90 1.89 1.89 1.29 1.79 1.59 .69 .99 .99 .85 3.10 LM1800 LM1812 LM1815 LM1818 LM1820 LM1830 LM1871 LM1872 LM1877 LM1889 LM1896 LM2877 LM2878 LM2900 LM2901 LM3900 LM3905 LM3909 LM3911 LM3914 LM3915 LM3916 MC4024 MC4044 RC4136 RC4151 LM4250 LM4500 LM 13080 LM 13600 LM13700 2.99 8.25 5.20 2.90 3.50 3.50 5.49 5.49 3.25 2.49 1.75 2.05 2.25 .85 1.00 .59 1.25 .98 2.25 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 4.50 1.25 3.95 1.75 3.25 1.29 1.49 1.49 Bl FET TL071 TL072 TL074 TL081 TL082 TL083 TL084 LF347 LF351 LF353 LF355 LF356 LF357 TL494 TL496 TL497 75107 75110 75188 75189 75450 75451 75452 75453 75454 75491 75492 75493 75494 .79 1.19 2.19 .79 1.19 1.19 2.19 2.19 .60 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.40 4.20 1.65 3.25 1.49 1.95 1.25 1.25 .59 .39 .39 .39 .39 .79 .79 .89 .89 EXAR XR 2206 3.75 XR 2207 3.85 XR 2208 3.90 XR2211 5.25 XR 2240 3.25 CLOCK CIRCUITS RCA CA3010 CA3013 CA 3023 CA 3035 CA 3039 CA 3046 CA 3053 CA 3059 CA3060 CA 3065 CA 3080 CA 3081 CA 3082 CA'VISS CA 3U86 CA 3089 CA 3906 CA3130 CA3140 CA3146 CA3160 CA 3401 CA 3600 .99 2.00 2.75 2.49 1.29 1.25 1.45 2.90 2.90 1.75 1.10 1.65 1.65 1.55 .80 2.99 3.49 1.30 1.15 1.85 1.19 .59 3.45 MM5314 MM5369 MM5375 MM58167 MM58174 ..MSM5832 4.95 3.95 4.96 8.95 11.95 8.95 FUNCTION GENERATORS MC4024 Dual VCO 3.95 LM566 Function Generator 1.49 XR2206 Function Generator 3.75 8038 Waveform Generator 3.95 VOLTAGE REG'S 7805T .79 7905T .89 7808T .99 7912T .89 7812T .79 7915T 1.19 781 5T .99 7924T 1.19 7824T .99 7905K 1.49 7805K 1.39 7912K 1.49 7812K 1.39 79L05 .79 7815K 1.39 79L12 .79 78L05 .69 79L15 .79 78L12 .69 78L15 .69 LM317K 3.95 LM309K 1.49 LM323K 4.95 LM317T 1.95 LM337K 3.95 TO-220 K= TO-3 L = TO-92 VISA JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 1224 S. Bascom Avenue San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) (408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110 Circle 250 on Inquiry card. HOURS: Mon. - Fri., 9 to 5; Sat. 1 1 to 3 VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE! TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6Vfe% sales tax. California resi- dents add 6% sales tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list. 1 18 ffl 8E« MICRO If I. ill. S>U£S 15381 CHEMICAL LANE* HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92649 if (714) 89 1-2677 * OPEN FRAME POWER SUPPLIES * SPECIALS OF THE MONTH • ONLY $25.00 WSW! [7J0K! Brand new fully encoded ASCII keyboards. Guaranteed to work. With all documentation. SUPER DEAL! 40 pin dual .100 cable. +5V @ .S00MA ONLY $55.00 Perfect for 8" or 5" drive power. Comes with Shugart type connectors but 5" type can be put on. These are overstock from our Horizontal Cabinet shown below. +5V @ 4A* +24Vor + 12V@3A« -12V @ 1A DISK POWER SUPPLIES PRIAM-SHUGART-CENTURY-MICROPOLIS +5V@9A |-12V.5A + 12V(s>.9A US- 340 33.50 +5V@2A + 12V@4A US-323 56.25 SHUGART - SIEMANS - CDC 8" +5V@1A -5V@.5A +24V@ 1.5A US-205 52.50 +5V @ 2.5A -5V@.5A +24V • 3A US-206 69.00 +5V (» 3A -5V(5>.6A +24V@5A US-162 89.00 +5V@ 1.7A -5V@11.5A +24V@2A US-272 69.00 +5V » 2A + 12V@.4A -12V@.4A US-HTAA 37.50 If you can beat these prices we will be truly amazed. OEM's at 500 lot pay more than this. Call or write for full spec, sheets. COMING NEXT MONTH — HARD DISK! S1 00-1 2 BREAK THE COST BARRIER! "^wtf $1350.00 NOW IS YOUR CHANCE TO GET THAT COMPUTER LOOK AT THESE FEATURES! • 4MHZ Z-80 CPU with 2 Programmable Serial and 3 Parallel Ports • 64K Dynamic Ram w/Extended Addressing to 1 MB • Floppy Disk Controller with WD 1 795. Runs 8" or 5" Floppys Error Free • 30 Amp Power Supply with S-100 MOD 12 Slot Mother with Regulated Floppy Supplies as Shown Below • Tan and Charcoal Sturdy Steel Cabinet with Space for 2 Floppy Drives at Left (8" or 5") • DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS * HORIZONTAL VERTICAL MINI Power Supply for 2 801/851 DT8 etc. 50 Pin Ribbon Cable, 36" AC Cord, Fuse, Internal Wiring and Connectors Assembled and Tested $ 245.00 w/2 Empty 5" w/2 Empty 8" w/2 801 R Shugart w/2 851 R Shugart w/2 QUME DT-8 w/2 MPI B-51 w/2 MPI B-52 w/2 MPI B91 w/2 MPI B92 $ 87.00 $ 95.00 $1045.00 $1395.00 $1295.00 $ 675.00 $ 830.00 $ 850.00 $ 995.00 * NEW PRODUCT * XOR DELIVERS IBM-PC HARD DISK&TAPE BACKUP! 12 megabyte high performance 5'A" Hard Disk with internal 6 meg cassette backup tape. Outstanding product makes IBM-PC really useful for business or program development. Kit includes Hard Disk Drive, Interface Card w/2 serial IO ports, Power Supply and mounting hard- ware. $3250.00 CP/M* $150 MP/M* $350 DISC ACCES. $50 SOME MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY REQUIRED IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT a (Less Drives, Cables Pick-up Price) 'CP/M S, MP/M are Trademarks ol Digital Research XOR S-100 MOD KIT $199.00 BY XOR For test or hobby applica- tions complete S-100 12 Slot Sub-System power for up to 4 Floppy Disk Drives. (6 connectors supplied.) SPECIFICATIONS UNREGULATED REGULATED • 12 Slots S-100 +5 at 5 Amps • +8VDC at 30Amps +24 at 4 Amps • ±16VDC at 6 Amps -5 at 1 Amp XOR-CPU Z-80 4MHZ, Prom 2 Serial 3 Par $255 XOR-DSK WD-1795 MINI and 8" $275 XOR-64K Bank SW Memory up to 1 Meg $389 XOR-32K Static Ram (Kit) $199 XOR-MPM IO MPM Interface Card $335 XOR-DTC Hard Disk and DTC Tape $225 XOR-SMS Hard Disk Controller $750 XOR-SER 4 Channel Serial Board $195 • IBM AND APPLE • OedBfidDBBir '■' I %DDdBH!»l8C"j M "■'",' HtJeBtjaBM, , ) "n T « * APPLE - 1 6K Ram Expansion Card, works with Microsoft Basic $99.50 APPLE - Z-80 CPU Direct replacement for Z-80 Softcard $149.50 IBM-PC Ram Expansion Card with 64K (256K available $475.00 540 BYTE June 1982 Circle 455 on Inquiry card. California Computer Systems • 2810 CPU • 2422DskCont • 2065C64K • 2200A Mainframe • CCS Apple Boards Only— $255.00 Only — $330.00 Only — $510.00 Only — $450.00 Call for prices CCS 2200 System Tested and Assembled Only — $1,695.00 • SPECIAL • SPECIAL • SPECIAL • CCS SYSTEM 2410 •FEATURES* * DMA Disk Controller * 2-Real Time Clocks * 2-Serial/1 -Parrel I Port * Hardware Vectored Interupts * Supports C/PM, M/PM, OASIS ***Comes with C/PM*** only-$2200.00 ~ssm CB2-CPU $295.00 MB10A-16K $295.00 MB64-64K $845.00 I/05-2SER 3PAR $329.00 I/08-8SER $550.00 Apple At/0 II $225.00 A-SI/O $149.00 COMMUNICATIONS PACKAGES TRACENDI $89.00 TRACENDII $149.00 ^commodore computer systems CALL FOR PRICES *S SYSTEMS 200, 300, 400 CALL FOR PRICES YtNiTH I data I systems CALL FOR PRICES aCromemco ............ CALL FOR PRICES TfekMdeo SYSTEMS CALL FOR PRICES ED QB idi fc^ MICRO SALES 1 1 EDISON DRIVE * NEW LENOX * ILLINOIS 60451 CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-435-9357 * MONDAY thru SATURDAY (ILLINOIS RESIDENTS CALL: 815-485-4002) * 8:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. TERMS: Prepayment — C.O.D. up to $100.00 — M/C Visa $5.00 Processing and Handling added to each order PLUS Shipping Charges. Please allow personal check to clear before shipment. 15% Restocking Charge for Non-Defective, Returned Merchandise. FEATURES" TERMINAL Feather Touch Capacitance Keyboard S-100-8 INCLUDING CP/M 2.2 s AND WORDSTAR® 60 Key Standard ASCII PLUS + Hex Keypad PLUS + 8 Special Function Keys PLUS + 20 Screen Editing Keys SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set Half Intensity COMPUTER 8 Slot S-100 64K Dynamic Ram 4MHZ Z-80 Double Density Disk Controller Programmable Baud Rate Programmable Keyboard Set Serial Printer Port (150-19.2K) WITH: 8" SS/DD Drives Only $2850.00 5Va" SS/DD Drives Only $2700.00 CALL FOR QUOTE ON DIFFERENT DRIVE OPTIONS WOHDSTAR MONITORS ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR— ZVM $145.00 AMDEK MONITORS— AMDEK Color 1 $399.00 AMDEK Video 300 $229.00 w/Green Screen DISK DRIVES Shugart 801's Shugart 851's Qume DT-8's Shugart 400's Tandom 5Vi $395.00 $575.00 $540.00 $255.00 $255.00 TERMINALS Adds Regent 20 — $570.00 Televideo 910 — $575.00 Televideo 91 2C — $665.00 Televideo 925C — $740.00 Televideo 950 — $950.00 Ampex Dialog 80— $895.00 Zenith Z19 — $745.00 TM of Digital Researc PRINTERS • C-ITOH PROWRITER $625.00 • C-ITOH Comet I 9 x 7 Dot Matrix $450.00 • C-ITOH Comet II $810.00 132 Column Printer 9x7 Dot Matrix • MPI-88G $725.00 • EPSON MX 80 CALL • EPSON MX 100 CALL • Anadex9501 $1,235.00 Graphic Printer • OKI DATA 82A $465.00 • Microline 80 $329.00 WE HAVE NEC SPINWRITERS CALL FOR PRICES 2E> Apple 8" Disk Controller Card • ZVX4 Dual Density, Single & Double Sided - Auto Boot $395.00 • Disk 2 + 2 Single Density- Single or Dual Sided $300.00 Circle 455 on inquiry card. CaI.Forn.a uiqiTA Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, CalifornJ California Digital STATIC* 64 Sixteen Bit Memory $ February Price $ 850 30% Price Reduction L'Ulmnc the now Hitachi SHw/2167 rani chip, the Static n-l is tlie mast current technology available is S-100 memory products. 34 bit extended addressing, Borl8 bit datapaths .iloruz with lfi bit re- quest ind ic knowledge m ike tins unique board completely compatable with tha IEEE fi!"i 5-100 busa standard. The Static B4 hafl been engineered to allow each 18K segment of mem- ible fe run-: tllow the hoard 10 fUtlv uitegrate with nil ciirri'iit brink Betertinfl sehen es including Cron '\ nnd Uph i-Miero. Operates with alt IS bit computers IncludinR Seattle Computers, Tecmar .'ind Lomas. Designed for DMA operations at clock frequencies in excess of 10 MHz Standby power consumption less than one Amp. Ta add to the tnt.i! integrity of the product . each board is subjected to extensive high temperature burn-in nnd test procedures. CAI--6400 RELIABILITY OF STATIC PRICE OF DYNAMIC EPSON MX80 NEC PC-8023A S. 450 $ 535 Apple I/O f. cable (81311 129.00 Serial interface (8141) 79.00 Serial Inter.. 2K but. (81S1) 145.00 seeking, friction or tractor feed, impact printer. Complete graph! ci upper and lower case ASCII, Greek mathematics alone, with the ability lo print dot graphic screen Images directly onto paper- Proportional spacing and 132 columr compressed print make this low coat machine the best value in to- days printer market. ^r PRINTRONIX SE V P-300 $ 4500 P-600 $ 6150 PRINTERS Epson MX80 lipson MX80I-T Epson M3U0S Anad*x 9500 Anadex 9501 Anacow 150 IDS Paper Tgr. IDS Tiger 560 Diablo 630 Diablo 1650 Diablo 1640 Dal ith 18 PRIiMXSO PREMXS0F PRE MX 100 PR ASS0Q PRA9501 PRA150 FRG460G PRC560G PRD630 PRD1650 PRD1640 PRD180 PRP300 P11P600 NEC/Sellum 1 NEC/Sal 16K TEC/ Star writ. Okidata 80 Okidata 82 Okidata 83 Teletype 43K Texas Ins. 810 Tex. Ins 810C Centronics 730 Centronics 737 Centronics 739 Centrnx 704-9 Cenlrnx. 704-11 PRN5510ps PRN5516ps PR V 300 PRO80 PR082 PR083 PTT4320K PRT810B PRT810C PRC730P PRC737P PRC739P PRC704-9 PRC704-11 SYSTEMS HEWLETT m^r^m PACKARD IP 85 COMPUTER BELOW OUR COST (apple 48K Memory *1150 ==,_== 3101 E S 5 ? EV= Display = S!= Terminal IBM Direct Priced 395 California Digital discount $ m *>Qk\ price X &99 AMPEX DIALOGUE 80 REDUCED PRICE 795 orpor.illon. 'I'he Dialogue HO features removable keyboard 9 (four optional) dual program keys, half intensity protected . Transmits data either block, tine or character mode. VDT-D80 shipping -17 lbs. VIDEO TERMINALS ADDS Viewpoint VDT-RVP 595 ADDS Regent 25 numeric cluster VDT-R25 850 ADDS Regent 30 25th status line VDT-R30 050 ADDS Regent 40 limited graphics VDT-R40 1195 ADDS Regent 50 Block mode VDT-R60 1495 Ampex Dialouge 80 two page.detatch VDT-D80 Digital Equipment VT-1 00 VDT-V100 1595 Digital Equipment VT-1 32 VDT-V132 1895 IBM 3101-10 character mode green VDT-3101 1195 IBM 3101-20 block mode VDT-31012 1395 Visual 200 VDT-V200 995 Televideo 910C (new) VDT-T910 595 Televideo 912C VDT-T912 665 Televideo 920C VDT-T920 745 Televideo 950C detatchable keybd. VDT-T950 985 Zenith Z-19 VDT-Z-19 VIDEO MONITORS BMC KG-12C 20 MHz P31 green phosphor 169 NEC gm. 1201. 189 Zenith gm ZVM121 119 BMC color composit _ 339 Zenith color 13" 395 NEC BGB1202DH 895 EPROM ERASER Ultra Vilot Products * 65 UVP-11E VISA idise sold by California Digital is premium grade Shipping: First five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40 — orders 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded, ia residents add 6% sales tax. C OD's discouraged, l accounts extended to state supported educational institU' tions and companies with a "Strong Dun & Bradstreet. " Warehouse: 15608 Inglewood Blvd. Visitors by appointment. GREEN PHOSPHOR MONITOR ihr new 7enith 7VAM21 monitor features a P-31 green phosphor tube along witJi 15 MTBfe bandwidth. Switch selectable for 40 and HO character per line screen formats. Accepts composite video and Is fully com- patable with 80 column Applp cards. VDM-L21 20 lbs. ACCESSORIES FOR THE COMPUTER CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS Arithmetic Processor 7811 B/C $319 Asynchronous serial interface 7710 129 Centronics Interface card 7728 95 12K PROM Module 7114 69 Calender/ Clock. Bat. back-up 7424 99 Parallel Interface 7720A 99 Pronramable Timer 774QA 99 Analog/ Digital converter 7.I70A 99 MICROSOFT PRODUCTS Apple to Z-80 CPU card 379 U. C. HAVES PRODUCTS Mieromodem for Apple 319 COMPUTER STOP PRODUCTS Double Vision / BO Column Video 250 INTERACTIVE STRUCTURES 16 Channel A/D card AlO/2 27S MOUNTAIN COMPUTER PRODUCTS Intro X-10 system for BSR $2 Intro X-10 card only li 16 channel AD/DA 8 bit 3 Apple Clock batterv back-up 2 Supertalker SD200 ROM Plus with filter ROM Writer/Programmer APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS Apple Language card Floppy disk with controller Floppy disk without controller Apple parallel interface SSM MICROCOMPUTER Dual serial parallel interface AlO 165 ;.■-- S-100 BOARDS Assembled • Tested • Burned in CPU HOARDS Calif. Computer 2B10A Z-0D DMA. 4MIIa BDC- Cri'10 Godbout Z-B0 24 bit. 4MHz BDC-GZH0 tiiMibout BQBfi/BOSH dual 16 bit processor Hiiu-tiBu Measurement Systems Z-BO 4 serial 2 parallel real Unit clock. B vector BDC-MZBO SI) Systems SBC-200 Z-80 with serial A parallel I/O pons BOC-SBC! Telctek KDC-i alnale board CFI' "■ I'lnppy disk cositrnIJ. plus I/O BDC-FOCI MAINFRAMES Calif. Computer aaooA 12 alot > power supply ENM-C2200 TEI 12 slot table ENW-T12 TE1 22 slot table ENM-T22 (iodbout matrifrm. BNM-GMF MEMORY BOARDS Cidir. Computer Z08SA 6IK dyamic memory BDM-CMB3 Calif. Computer 2016 16K ■v BD&1-C201G : air. t .12 K HOM-C2C33 S85 ,- Hi bit BDM-C17 D1I-E.N64 s DMH64O0 DM-.M6400 EPROM 30AHD5 Digital Rese.irch 33K. 2716 proms extra HDM-liPJL' SU Systems l'rom-100 programmer BDM-P100 NEC TM controller. DM; arbitration I1DI -Ull Measurement Systems 765 Dingle *v double density, recovery BD1 -Ml SO Systems Versafloppy n double density H1H-V1 Tarbetl D/D BOF-TF Morrow Design Disk Jockey single density BDF-D3 Morrow Design Disk Jockey double density HD1--DJ INTERFACE BOARDS Cwlif. Con.puter 271B I/O 2 serial/a par I BDT-C2T18 Morrow Oeelpia Switchboard 2 serud.-l pari BDT-MSB Morrow Designs Mu It t board '.» serial/:iP. -" BDT-MMB Oodbout Interfacer One Z serial/2 par'l HHS-Ctl Oodbout tut erf acer Two 1 serial/3 p.irl BDS-OB2 Sl'l.CIAI.II'Y BOARDS CJT Compute «n HDS-C)CK 1 ( ■■'I- \>r- BDS-AW« Artec tiec General Purpose proto im ird BDS-AGP Cndboui Spectrum color board BDS-GSC D. C. Hav.-s S-100 Mlcro- n.od.-ni BDS-HM1 Mullen Products extender board * lorfc probe lit HIIS-MI'HI Mullen Products Opto-contro hoard kit llll.s-MOC Rotron Muffin Fan *1 4 77 $12.00 @ 100 10.50 @ 1000 115 VAC. 7 Watts WR2A1 Factory fresh Muffin fans NOT puU-outs. EMF-4M TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 800)421-5041 TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA (213)679-9001 TWX 910 325-6212 AlifoRNiA DigitaI Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503 MSKE FREE PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE INCLUDED WITH THE PURCHASE OF EVERY BOX OF DISKETTES $ 24P 5 i labeli d for Cultfonria Digital by one ot si rejected producers of magnetic mciii tskette is certified double di-nsity m -io To Insurs »xtendcd media life each ilia i manufactured with i reinforced hub-hol coarse. . plastic library c-^f is Inctede ■erv box of.lisk.-it..M. MMD-CDS(OlXiO) I Ten boxes 22.75 One hundred boxes '-21.50 Soft Sector 5%" DISKETTES WITH LIBRARY CASE Your Choice SCOTCH MEMOREX VERBATIM Sector 16 Sector SCOTCH 744-0 744-10 744-16 s 26.50 MEMOREX 3401 3403 3405 26.50 VERBATIM 525-01 525-10 NA 26.50 DYSAN 104/1 107/1 NA 39.50 Single Side Double Density DYSAN 104/1D 107/1D NA 45.00 Double Side Double Density SCOTCH 745-0 745-10 745-16 42.50 DYSAN 104/2D 107/2D NA 49.50 DYSAN 96 204/2D NA NA 59.50 EIGHT INCH DISKETTES Single Side Single Density Single Side Double Density SCOTCH 740-0 29.50 SCOTCH 741-0 39.00 MEMOREX 3060 29.50 MEMOREX 3090 35.00 DYSAN 3740/1 39.50 DYSAN 3740/D 57.50 Thirty Two Sector Double side Double Density SCOTCH 1 74032 1 29.50 SCOTCH I 743-0 I 47.50 Stolen Heiil Cieiinij KM 5 '■• 1 (" '24.95 PUUK L£ru> Cam S\ iV t.K MEMOREX 3114 39.50 OttkcntFkpTub DukitK Fit Tub UtftstmmW 299S DYSAN I 3740/20 | 65.00 \PLEASE PHONE FOR VOLUME PRICING. appliances while your away frorr. home. Completely compatible with yexir ex- istlng System .\-10 devices. HSR Timer eight channel S65.00 Appliance Module 500 W, $13.95 Master control console 3-1.05 Latup Module 300 Wans 13.35 Ultrasonic Controller ID. 95 NEW full control wall switch 14.50 WINCHESTER SUBSYSTEM $ 1250 Includes seven megabyte Wineneslei hard rink dual enclosure and potvei supply. Floppy Backup drive 1 9 s of) additional MEMORY 64K DYNAMIC 16K STATIC $ 9 95 $ 13. 95 4164 100- 2167 70ns. 16K DYNAMIC 2716EPR0M $2 .io $4,95 4116 100. s 1.85 100-*4.50 1K-M.00 it -.. t w ti.\ 2732 EPROM SALE $ 7.95 STATIC 32+ IK' 21L02 IK 1. 1!) 1. Oil 2114 :iOOns. 2.83 2.75 4044-4 4BOns. 4. SO 4. 19 4044-2 250ns. 4. 85 4. 65 6116 13k 24 pin 7.95 7. SO 21S7/61S7 EOpinll.95 10.75 1.05 2. SO 4. no 4. SO G. 7S 9. 65 EPROM 2716 2732 450ns. 3.85 SV. 4.9S tri-volt 8. SO Intel /Fitac. 7.95 Texas Inst 12. 95 64K Eproni29.9S 3. 50 4. 00 7.95 7. 50 11. 50 27. 00 3. 25 3. 75 7.o5 7. 00 10.00 25.00 .99 1. 99 3. 75 4. 25 5. 45 9. 25 3.00 3. 30 7. 25 3. 65 9. 50 23. 50 Your Choice direct connect MODEM $169 iiic modem Choose either cS thcsi j «rc; units. 'ho Universal D«n Systems 103LP is switch selectable brtween answer -md nnc- :i:ite modes. FWty li'-n io:i eompstablc. Directly connects to the rn.w modular alephtme jack, 100'* powered Irom llie telephone line. No need to Locate modern in i-uxiniiiv to A. c. [lower receptiele, MOU-in;iLr 3 pounds. Juration "D' Cat connects to most of tlio new "Boll" modular handsets. Ideal for miltlple line office telephones. Requires external A.C. power, mod-dcat tLb SWITCHES 7101 on/on , 7103 on/off/oi 1 7107 runt, on I 7I0B mm. on CONNECTORS ■MUlM-aMU- 5/ MALE \~3 '/T^ FFFTT' l' T 1 ■ I ' I ' i 'TTy >plesoft Compiler $ 145.99 isle Compiler 327.99 ■pie-Doc $41.99 B. Master $189.99 B. Utility Pack $81.99 GAMES ster Blaster $24.99 Traffic Controller $9.99 mple of Apshai $31.95 testones of Ryn $ 1 5.99 irloc's Tower $ 1 5.99 scueatRigel $23.99 II Fire Warrior $31.99 ir Warrior $31.99 ash. Crumble and Chomp $23.99 per Reaches of Apshai $ 1 5.99 e Keys to Acheron $ 1 5.99 ack Attack $23.99 e Prisoner $23.99 nkl $ 31.99 nkll $ 31.99 botWars $31.99 ree Mile Island $31.99 j.M $19.99 stle Wolfenstein $23.99 ;ard and Princes $25.99 ssile Defense $23.99 anston Manor $27.99 i/p Destroyer $23.99 3 er Strike $31.99 antoms Five $23.99 ace Eggs $23.99 APPLE ACCESSORIES MICROSOFT Z80 Softcard $298.99 16KRAMcard $158.99 CCS Parallel Card $118.99 ASYTHC Serial Card $ 148.99 Clock Calendar Card $98.99 IEEE Card $ 248.99 A-D Card S98.99 MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS ROM Plus $129.99 Keyboard Filter ROM $48.99 CPS Multifunction Card $ 1 78.99 Supertalker $229.99 PAYMAR L/C Adapter-New $34.99 L/C Adapter-Old $44.99 VIDEX Video Terminal $298.99 ADVANCE BUSINESS TECH 13 Key pad for Apple (New KBD) .. $110.99 1 3 Key pad for Apple (Old KBD) ... $ 1 1 0.99 BAR Code Reader $ 1 89.99 DANA Cooling Fan S39.99 LAZER Lower Case Adapter $55.99 T.G. PROD. Game Paddles $31.99 Joy Stick $46.99 Select A Port $46.99 Wrzard-80 (80 col.) $278.99 RS232 CABLES 4 wire male-male 1 ft $19.99 9 wire male-male 1 ft $21.99 4 wire male-female 1 ft $ 1 9.99 9 wire male-female 1 ft $2 1 .99 RS232 Switch Box (Use 2 terminals or printers from one output port) $109.99 FAN FOLD PAPER (Prices F.O.B. S.P.) 9'/2Xll-20* Bond White (2700 ct.) $30.10 14 7 /sxl 1-20" Bond White (2400 ct.) $37.10 14 7 /sx1 1-20* Bond W Green Bar (2400 ct.) $37.10 RIBBONS NEC $77/Doz. Qume $45/Doz. Diablo $66/Doz. Anadex $ 1 35/6 ea. Tritel $95/Doz. TI/DEC/TTY $45/Doz. Epson $ 1 3.95/ ea. MPI/Axiom/Base 2 $ 1 3.95/ ea. MAGNETIC MEDIA Premium Quality At Bargain Prices 100% Certified with hub rings, box of 10 Economy Diskettes 5'A" SSSD Soft, 10 or 16 sector . . . $25.00 SSSD Soft, 1 or 1 6 sector $28.50 DSDD Soft, 10 or 16 sector $36.00 Quality Diskettes 5'A" SSD, Soft 10 or 16 sector $27.00 SSDD, Soft 1 or 1 6 sector $32.00 DSDD, Soft 1 or 1 6 sector $38.50 8" SSSD, Soft or 32 hard sector $28.50 DSDD, Soft or 32 hard sector . . $45.50 CALL for prices on name brand diskettes: VERBATIM DYSAN 3M SCOTCH MEMOREX WABASH MAXELL NEC PC-8000 Series Microcomputer System • 2-80A CPCI 4 MHz • 5 user programmable function keys • 82 Keys with numeric keypad • 160 x 100 resolution • 80 character screen PC-8001 A Microcomputer w/32K RAM . $899 PC-8012A I/O Unit w/32K RAM Expansion slots $ 599 PC-8031 A Dual Mini-Disk Drive Unit ... $899 PC-8032A Add-On Dual Mini Disk Drive Unit $799 ATARI SOFTWARE Adventure * 1,2,3, (D) Adventure "4,5, 6, (D) Adventure "7,8,9 (D) Adventure *1 0,1 1,12 (D) . Adventure 1-12 (D) Atari Mailing List (D) Text Wizard (D) Compu-Math/Fractions (D) Compu-Math/Decimals (D) Compu-Math/Fractions (C) . Compu-Math/Decimals (C) Letter Perfect (D) Mail Merge/Utility (D) $31.99 $31.99 $31.99 $31.99 $79.99 $19.99 $79.99 $31.99 $31.99 $23.99 $23.99 $119.99 23.99 L Letter Perfect (D) $ 11 9.9! Mail Merge/Utility (D) 23.95 TO PLACE YOUR ORDER CALL: ■ ///miOM TELEX ■ (7 14)744-7314 or write to: 697120 PALOMAR Computer Products 910-105 W. San Marcos Blvd., Dept. JB, San Marcos, CA 92069 TERMS OF SALE; Cash, check, money order, bank wire transfer, credit card or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions. Please include telephone number with order and expiraton date on credit card orders. California residents add 6% sales tax. Advertised prices are for prepaid orders F.O.B. shipping point. Add 3% for shipping in U.S. Pricing and availability subject to change without notice. Circle 357 on Inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 545 ^I^HFO!Bt„ - TOLL FREE ORDER LINE SS*}^" 31 800-854-8230 Circle 10 on inquiry card. T !^^COMPUTER ^WreODUCTS| MICROPROCESSORS 16K Apple™ Ramcard LIST 195 ACP sy495 • Full 1 year warranty Top quality — gold fingers • Expand Apple II 48K to 64K Compatible with Z-BO Sottcard'" • Allows system to run with CP/M", PASCAL, DOS3.3,COBAL,Visicalc, etc. Supplied with extra 16K RAM & has (2) LED's 32K STATIC RAM 16K4 MHz K-I 16K -1 MHz AST 32K -J MHz Ki! 1 32K 4 MHz A&T BARE BOARD Si 59.95 217 95 5199.95-28^ • 339 00 39.95 B.ii'.'Bdw'all parts less mem 99.95 BARE BOARDS S-100 Sound Board 8080A CPU 32K StettC RAM (21 14) 8K EPROM (2708) 2708/2716 EPROM ACP Prolo Board Vector 880C Pfolo Veclor 8803 1 1 Slo! MB ACP Extender with connector 13 Slol Mother Board (WMC) 9 Slot Mother Board (WMC) 8 Slot Mother BdlExpandable) Floppy PCB(8 SHUGART) S100(AY5-8910| Sound Board Apple Sound Board S34 95 34 95 34.95 2495 34.95 22.95 22.20 29.95 1895 32.95 29.95 34.95 39 95 34 9? 24 95 UV "EPROM" ERASER Model UVs-1 1 E $79.95 H Model S-52T 16K Memory Expansion Kits for Apple/TRS-80 8*pcs4116 15K 200/250nS ** 6; 16/2016 S7 95 8264 -64 K 8 50 4116-2 199 41 16-2 8/12.95 2101 2102 21L02-2 21L02-4 2111 2112 2114 21141-2 2114L-4 I I , .v., J 8155S9.95 8156 9.95 8202 29.95 8205 2.69 8212 2.75 8214 4.95 8216 2.75 8224 2.95 8226 2,95 8228 3,95 8243 9,50 8250 14.95 8251 6,50 8253 1 1 .95 8255 4.50 8257 9.50 8259 S8.95 8275 19 95 8279 9,50 6810 4.75 6820 6.50 6821 6.50 6828 10.50 6834 16.95 6845 22.95 6847 27.95 6850 5.25 6852 5,25 6860 10 95 6862 1 0.95 6875 5.95 6880 2 49 68047 68488 46505 6520 6522 6530-X 6532 6551 280-PIO Z80A-PIO Z80-CTC Z80A-CTC Z80-DMA Z80A-DMA 27 95 Z80-SIO 24.95 Z80A-SIO 29.95 S22.95 19.95 22.95 6.95 9.95 24.95 17.95 19 95 6.50 9.50 6.50 9.50 1995 MOS PROMS 2764 (8Kx8) TS 2732 (4Kx8) TS 2716/2516; 5V (2KxB>TS TMS2716, 5V. 12V 2758 5V, (450nS) 7 95 17 95 3 50 2708(450nS) S5 75 2708(650nSI 5.25 1702 A 5.75 MM5203AQ 14 50 MM5204Q 9 95 l ! lb.V! l 2513-001 (SViUpcer S95Q 2513'0D5i5ViLowfii 1095 2513-ADM3i5VUb«w' 14 95 MCM6&710 ASCII ShillW 12 95 MCM{i674(lMattiSymttf! 1395 MCln667SOAipna Control 1345 1771-01 & i Wrnilloppy 24 95 1781 rJuaiFicpov 299S 1791-01 QualFNwpy 3695 179i-02Dua1FlMDy 1793 DD OS Fanny 179T DO OSFlODpy 169' DataSwntof 870C' 8 H Binary S9 95 44 95 44 95 54 95 8703 8 ITS 940C Vdl 10 Frea Canv S75C3'rD.gitaCD 140816 6 bit 14081.8 8 M DAC01 OtoA DACG8 DAC1D0 9 95 8038 Function Generator 4 50 MC4024VCO 295 LM566VCO 195 XS2206 Funclion Generator 5 25 IRIB02BI5V I2v1 395 AV510t3l5V 12Vi 4 95 AT51014A/1612I5-14VI 6 95 AV5J0I5A-I863l5\f) 695 IM6402 7 95 IM6403 8 95 2350 USHT 9 95 1671BAsiros 2495 MC14411 11 95 4702 1HS WD1W1 9 95 COM5016 16 95 INS8250 15 95 AY5-2376 13 75 AY5-3600 13 75 MM5740AAC B 95 ESssa LOW PROFILE SOCKETS (TIN) 8 pin LP 14 pin LP 16 pin LP 18 pin LP 20 pin LP 22 pin LP 24 pin LP 28 Din LP 40 Din LP 3L WIREWRAP SOCKETS (GOLD) n WW n WW (Tin) n WW n WW n WW n WW n WW n WW n WW rt WW ; 1 35 1.26 1,53 LM305H 1.69 LM306H 3.25 LM307CN 29 LM308CN .98 LM309K 1.49 LM310CN 1.25 LM311D/CN .89 LM312H 1.75 LM317T 1.70 LM318CN 1.49 LM319N/H 1.25 LM320K-XX* 1.35 LM320T-XX* 1.39 LM320H-XX- 1,25 LM323K 4.95 LM324N .95 LM337K 5.95 LM338K 6.95 LM339N 95 LM340K-XX* 1.75 LM340T-XX" 1.25 LM340H-XX* 1 25 LM344H 1.95 LM348N 1.20 LM350K 5.60 LM358CN .98 LM360N 1.49 LM372N 1.95 LM376N 3.75 LM377N 2.75 LM380CN/N 1.25 LM381N 1.79 LM383T 1.95 LM386N 1.25 LM387N 1.40 LM390N 1.95 NE531V/T 3,75 NE555V .39 NE556N .98 NE561T 19.95 NE565N/H 1.25 NE566H/V 1.75 NE567V/H 1.50 NE592N 2,75 LM702H 1.99 LM709N/H .29 LM710N/H .75 LM711N/H .39 LM715N 1,95 LM723N/H ,65 LM733N/H .98 LM739N 1.15 LM741CN/H 33 LM741CN-14 19 LM747N/H .75 LM748N/H .39 LM760CN 2.95 LM1310N 1.90 MC1330 1.95 MC1350 1.95 MC1358 1.75 74S00S .39 Ik 74S124 74S02 43 74S133 74S03 .45 74S134 74S04 .52 74S135 74S05 .52 74S136 74S08 .49 74S138 74S09 .49 74S139 74S10 ,42 74S140 74S1 1 .42 74S151 74S15 .42 74S153 74S20 ,42 74SI57 74S22 42 74S158 74S30 42 74S160 74S32 .49 74S174 74S38 1,19 74S175 74S40 .49 74S188 74S51 42 74S194 74S64 46 74S195 74S65 .46 74S196 74S74 .69 74S240 74S86 .72 74S241 74S112 .72 74S242 74S113 .72 74S243 74S114 72 LM1414N LM1458CN/N MC1488N MC1489N LM1496N LM1556N LM1820N LM1850N LM1889N LM2111N LM2900N LM2901N LM2917N CA3013T CA3018T CA3021T CA3023T CA3035T CA3039T CA3046N LM3053N CA3059N CA3060N CA3062N LM3065N CA3080T CA3Q81N CA3082N CA3083N CA3086N CA3089N CA3096N CA3097N CA3130T CA3140T CA3146N CA3160T CA3190N CA3410N MC3423N MC3460N SG3524N CA3600N LM3900N LM3905N LM3909N LM3914N LM3915N LM3916N RC4131N RC4136N RC4151N RC4194TK RC4195TK JLN2001 ULN2003 SN75450N SN75451N SN75452N SN75453N SN75454N SN75491N SN75492N SN75493N SN75494N TL494CN TL496CP 2.50 2.95 4,95 1.49 1.29 1,69 1.69 2.99 3.49 1,99 3.95 3.95 3.39 3,75 395 3.75 2.95 5.40 1.25 1,50 1.29 1.29 1.29 129 2 79 1.89 2.75 2.75 2.99 2.99 74S244 S2.99 74S251 1.35 74S253 1 .35 745257 1.29 745258 129 74S260 .75 74S280 2.79 745287 2.99 745288 2,55 745373 3.10 745374 3 10 74S387 2.75 745471 7.95 745472 7.95 745473 7,95 745474 9.95 745475 9.95 745570 5.75 745571 5.75 745572 8,95 745573 8,95 745940 2.90 745941 2.90 DIP SWITCHES 2Posilion S .99 4 Position 1.19 5 Position 1.29 6 Position 1.35 7 Position S1.39 8 Position 1.49 9 Position 1.65 10Position 1.69 MUFFIN® FAN The dependable, low cost, largest selling fan for commercial cooling applications. • 105cfm free air delivery • 4.63" sg.x 1.50" deep. Weight - 17 oz. SPECIAL PURCHASE %# $9.50 68. SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS ULN2003 2/S1 .99 2N6121 3/51.00 8080A CPU 74LS568 74LS377 74LS241 8259 6561 RAM LM733CN MC1414 3/1.99 2/1 99 2/1 99 6 95 2.95 3/1 99 3/1 99 SIG 2652 74S287 2758 EPROM 74173/8T10 280A CPU 6522 6502 CPU 3.95 1.95 295 5/1 99 4 95 695 595 2.95 2102 RAM 4060 RAM 1.49 8X300 CPU 14.95 74S387 1 .96 2708 EPROM 8/29.95 74LS93 3/1.00 2114 8/14 50 5027 CRT S9.95 11C24 695 95H03 2.89 MM5320 5.99 9131 RAM 1.99 EMM4402 1.99 1103 RAM 3/1,50 8700 A/D 2/16.95 TOIL FREE 4022 1.15 4023 .29 4024 .75 4025 .25 4027 .65 4028 .85 4029 1.29 4030 .45 4031 3,25 4032 2,15 4034 3.25 4035 .95 7400 S .19 7401 .22 7402 ,22 7403 .22 7404 .22 7405 .23 7406 35 7407 .35 7408 26 7409 ,23 7410 .22 741 1 .29 7412 .29 7413 .39 7414 .59 7416 .29 7417 .29 7420 .22 7421 .35 7422 .29 7423 .29 7425 .29 7426 .29 7427 .25 7429 .45 7430 .23 7432 .29 7437 .25 7438 .29 7439 .29 7440 ,19 7441 .79 7442 .57 7443 .95 7444 .95 7445 .79 7446 .79 7447 .65 7448 ,79 7450 .19 7451 ,19 7453 19 7454 19 7459 .25 7460 .23 7470 ,29 7472 ,29 7473 .34 7474 .34 74LS00S .26 74LS01 .28 74LS02 .23 74LS03 .28 74LS04 .35 74LS05 .23 74LS08 .23 74LS09 35 74LS10 .28 74LS1 1 .39 74LS12 ,33 74LS13 .47 74LS14 .95 74LS15 .33 74LS20 .26 74LS21 .33 74LS22 33 74LS26 .33 74LS27 .33 74LS28 .33 74LS30 .26 74LS32 33 74LS33 .55 74LS37 .45 74LS38 .39 74LS40 .26 74LS42 .79 74LS47 .79 74LS48 .95 74LS51 .26 74LS54 .29 74LS55 .29 74LS73 .45 74LS74 .42 74LS75 .59 74LS76 45 74LS78 .45 74LS83A .79 74LS85 1 74LS86 74LS90 74LS92 74LS93 74LS95 74LS96 74LS107 74LS109 74LS112 4002 .35 4006 1 .05 4007 .25 4008 1 .39 4009 .45 4010 45 7475 7476 7479 7480 7482 7483 7485 7486 7489 7490 7491 7492 7493 7494 7495 7496 7497 74100 2.90 74107 .32 74109 .37 74116 1.95 74121 .29 74122 ,39 74123 74125 74126 .44 74128 .59 74132 .69 74136 .75 74139 .95 74141 .79 74142 2.95 74143 2.95 74144 2.95 .49 .45 .65 .69 2.90 .59 74145 .62 74147 1.95 7414 1.20 74150 109 74151 .67 74152 .67 74153 .67 74154 1.19 74155 78 74156 74157 74158 1,65 74159 2.49 74160 .69 74LS113S 74LS114 74LS1 22 74LS123 1 74LS124 1 74LS125 74LS126 74 LSI 32 74 LSI 36 74LS138 74LS139 74LS145 1 74LS148 1 74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 1 74LS155 1 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 1 74LS161 1 74LS162 1 74LS163 1 74LS164 1 74LS165 74LS166 2 74LS168 1 74LS169 1 74LS170 1 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LS181 2 74LS190 1 74LS191 1 74LS192 74LS193 74LS194 1 74LS195 74LS196 74LS197 74LS221 1 74LS240 1 74LS242 1 74LS243 1 74LS244 1 74161 S . 74162 74163 74164 74165 74166 1. 74167 1.95 74170 1.£ 74M2 4.75 74173 74174 74175 74176 74177 74179 134 74180 74181 1.75 74182 74184 2.25 74185 2.25 74186 9.95 74188 3.90 74190 1.1 74191 1.1 74192 F. 74193 ,t 74194 X 74195 .( 74196 i 74197 i 74198 1.39 74199 1.39 74221 74251 74273 • 74276 1 .89 74279 74283 1.40 74284 3.90 74285 3.90 74290 1.25 74298 74365 74366 74367 74368 74390 1.45 74393 74490 1 .90 74LS245S2.20 74LS247 1.1 74LS248 1.1 74LS249 1.1 74LS251 1.4 74LS253 1.40 74LS257 74LS258 . 74LS259 2.95 74LS260 74LS261 2 74LS266 74LS273 1,75 74LS275 4.40 74LS279 74LS283 74LS290 74LS293 74LS295 1.10 74LS298 1. 74LS324 1.75 74LS347 1 74LS348 1 74LS352 1. 74LS353 1.19 74LS363 1 74LS365 74LS366 74LS367 74LS368 74LS373 1 74LS374 1 74LS375 74LS377 1.95 74LS385 1 74LS386 74LS390 1 74LS393 1 74LS395 1.70 74LS399 2.35 74LS424 2.95 74LS668 1.75 74LS670 2.29 81LS95 1 81LS96 1 81LS97 1. 81LS98 1.69 VOLUME PRICING CALL TOIL FREE 4037 S1.S 1.29 1,25 1.25 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 1.10 4052 1.10 4053 1.10 4055 3.95 4056 2,95 4059 9,25 4060 1.39 4066 .75 4069 ,35 4070 .49 4071 .35 4072 ,35 4073 .35 4075 ,35 4076 1 .29 4077 4078 4081 4082 4085 1.95 4094 4098 4099 2.95 2.29 2.25 14408 12.95 14409 12.95 14410 12.95 14412 12.95 14415 8.95 14419 4,95 4501 4502 4503 4505 4506 4507 4508 4510 .35 4511 4512 4515 4516 4518 4520 4555 4556 4566 80C95 1.50 80C97 1.25 1.19 1.39 2.75 1.45 1.39 1.25 4.95 ■4-8230 35-1565 Mailorder P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713 Refill: 1 31 OB E. Edlnger, Santa Ana CA 92705 (714) 558-8813 542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 946-7010 TERMS: MO. Cashier's Check. Bank Wire Personal Checks allow 2 weeks lor processing Include Drivers License and credit card * s Visa. MC. AMEX, CB add 2% service Charge. Add 3% shipping 5 handling or S2. whichever is greater Add 10": lor foreign orders or US Parcel Posl Include Telephone number NO CODs Prices subjeel to change without notice Some items subject to prior sale We reserve Ihe right to substitute manufacturer Retail prices may vary. Circle 10 on inquiry card. IBM and APPLE COMPATIBLE BOARDS! STB-80™ APPLE VIDEO BOARD FEATURES: s 259 ASSEMBLED & TESTED SOFTWARE #1 DOS TOOL KIT PATCH DISKETTE This patches the APPLE EDITOR & ASSEMBLER for use with the STB-80. S24.95 #2 APPLE WRITER PATCH DISKETTE This patches the APPLE WRITER WORD PROCESSOR package for use with the STB-80. $24.95 • 24 x 80 Display • Direct Keyboard Entry for Lower Case and Special Characters Line Graphics Software Screen Switch to Standard Apple Emulates all Basic Screen Formatting Commands Compatible with PASCAL & CP/M Software Controllable Inverse Video by Character & Screen fl/ew APPLE MEMORY EXPANSION STB-16™ 16K BOARD Assembled & Tested Increases 48K to 64K Compatible with PASCAL. CP/M DOS 3.3. PILOT. COBOL. FORTRAN. VISICALC. INT BASIC. APPLE SOFT BASIC, etc. Easy to Install. Plug in and Go. No Cables. No chips to Remove. Expandable to 64K $ 139 16K AST (64K UPGRADE FOR STB IB IS $189) BOARDS STB-64™ 64K BOARD $ 299 64K A S T * Assembled and Tested • Uses 64K RAMS * Four STB-16's on one Card * Software Bank Selectable • Compatible with 16K RAM Card Software • DOS 3.3 Support Disk FREE with Purchase STB-128™ 128K APPLE BOARD MULTI-PURPOSE MEMORY BOARD & DISK EMULATOR • 128K of Expansion Memory • Includes DOS 3.3 Support Disk • Eight STB-16's on one Card • Processor Port for Direct Access Control • Uses 64K RAMS $ 549 12BK A&T COMING SOON: VISICALC EXPANSION SOFTWARE STB DOS 3.3 SUPPORT PROGRAM DISK Disk Emulator (1 STB-128 or STB-64 Req) Disk "Cache" (1 STB-128 or STB-64 Req) Fast Basic Loader Memory Tester DOS Relocater (Free 8K for Basic) Picture Flipper/Saver $29 95 IFREE with STB-64 or STB-128) 7fa» IBM PC MEMORY EXPANSION BOARDS 7U& PUT UP TO 256K ON LINE IN YOUR IBM P.C.! 64K - s 399 (STB-164) 128K — s 649 (STB-1128) 192K — s 799 (STB-1192) ALL ASSEMBLED & TESTED EXPANSION KIT TO GO FROM 64K TO I92K IS $450 • Expand Your IBM to 256K Using Only one Slot. • Available in 64. 128. or 192K Sizes * Easy to Install. Use in Any of the 5 Expansion Slots * Mounting Bracket. Included for Secure. Reliable Operation * Parity — All Three Models Support Parity Error Testing • One Year Limited Warranty on all Boards IBM PC TM OF IBM CORP. APPLE AND APPLEWRITER TM OF APPLE COMPUTEBS. CP/M TM OF DIGITAL BESFARCH. VISICALC TM OF VISICORP. DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS IS PROUD TO BE ANNOUNCED AS THE NATIONAL MAIL ORDER DUTLET FOR THE FINE LINE OF S.T.B. "SIMPLY THE BEST" BOARDS. Digital Research Computers ■* (OF TEXAS) ' P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538 TERMS: Add $2.00 postage. We pay balance Orders under $15 add 75 3 U. THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: Three years in the works, and maybe too good to be true. A tribute to hard headed, no compromise, high performance, American engineering! The Big Board gives you all the most needed computing features on one board at a very reasonable cost. The Big Board was designed from scratch to run the latest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can be run on the Big Board without any modifications needed! Take a Big Board, add a couple of 8 inch disc drives, power supply, an enclosure. C.R.T., and you have a total Business System for about 1/3 the cost you might expect to pay. *399 (\f\ (64K KIT *»* BASIC I/O) FULLY SOCKETED! FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!) SIZE: 8V, x 13'/. IN. SAME AS AN 6 IN. DRIVE. REQUIRES: -5V @ 3 AMPS - - 12V (3) .5 AMPS. 64K RAM 24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO Uses industry standard 4116 RAM'S. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEO and EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special care was taken in the RAM array PC layout lo eliminate potential noise and glitches. Z-80 CPU With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on small monitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split video and sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customized fonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may be inverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2 INTERUPTS. Fully buffered and runs 8060 software. FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL) Full 2 channels using the Z80 SIO and the SMC 81 16 Baud Rate Generator. FULL RS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronous mode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels can be set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int. Price for all parts and connectors: $49 Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhanced reliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly compatible with standard Shugart drives suchastheSASOO or SA801. Drives can be configured for remote AC olf-on. Runs CP/M" 2.2. TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL), Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. User selectable hand shake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95 BASIC I/O Consists of a separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encoded keyboard for input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display. REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL) Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of all parts: $9.95 BLANK PC BOARD — $149 The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full documentation (including schematics), the character ROM, the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a diskette with the source of our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR. CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD The popular CP/M* D.O.S. to run on Big Board available for $159.00. PRICE CUT! PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR The real power of the Big Board lies in its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M*, Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, GoTo, Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive. Track, Sector), and Search. PFM occupies one of the four 2716 EPROM locations provided. Z-80 is a Trademark of Zilog. Digital Research Computers ** (OF TEXAS) ' P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538 TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we receive your order, VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD's (for the Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add $4. 00 shipping. USA AND CANADA ONLY •TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH. NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE "1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE. UTIC MINI STEREO AM/FM RECEIVER WITH HEADPHONES For Joggers, Cyclists, Skaters & Sports Eventsl FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Lett/right balance control. Full fidelity stereo sound. Addi- tional black soft carrying case & shoulder strap. Belt clip {hands free). Operates on 3 AA cell batteries (not Incl.). Compact size: 3K," x 4%" x 1". Wt. 6 oz. Model 2830 List Price $89.95 $34.95 SPEAKERS p«„.A0201 1.25 .99 2'/<" Round — 8 Ohm .25 Watt (4" Leads) Size: 2'/," x %" p.mSF-25016 1.39 1.25 2Vj" Square — 16 Ohm .25 Watt (4 mount, holes) Large Ceramic Magnet Size: 2%" x 2%" x V MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS 80BOA/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES DP121Z DP42I6 oPtit* DPS7X DP8KS OP82U NSJM1 DP62S1 DPi&l DPMb opan? DPSK9 DP8275 OPiin DPB303 DPB3W DPB30I OPB30J DPS310 DPB31I Prog. Interval Timer Prog. Porlone-al I/O (PPI! Prog. DMA Control Prog. CRT Controller Prog. Keyooara/Dlsoliy I Syilem Timing Element MC6ECO MCSKHCP MC6II0AP MC68I1 MCUlt MC6I30U MC61S0 MC6JS2 MC6W0 MC6M! MC6M0A - 680076800 SUPPORT DEVICES - MPO witn Clock »nd RAM lHxISUilc RAM Peripheral Inter. Aaaot (MC6I20) Priority Interrupt Controller 10!*xE-BU ROM (MC64A30-!) Atynctiionoui Comm. Atnoler Synchronous Serial Date Adapter 0-600DP1 Digital MODEM 2 National Semiconductor o RAM SALE w v STATIC RAMS MM21 14N-2 4K (200NS) $2.49 each (8 EACH |ie.95/10t) 1100 EACH S195.95«ot} MM2114N-2L 4K (200NS) Low Power . . . .$2.95 each (8 EACH 519.95/tol) (100 EACH 1225.00/lot) MM2147N 4K(70NS) $4.95 each (8 EACH S34.95/IOI) (100 EACH S419.95llot) MM6116P-4 16K.I200NS) $14.95 each (8 EACH S99.95'lot) (100 EACH S1195.00/lol) DYNAMIC RAMS MM4164N-20 64K (200NS) $14.95 each (8 EACH S99.95(IOt) (100 EACH S1 195.00/lot) MM5290N-2 16K (150NS) 41 16 $2.95 each (8 EACH S19.95/IOI) (100 EACH S225.00IIOI) MM5290N-4 16K (250NS)4116 $1.95 each (8 EACH $14.951101) (100 each S175.00/tot) EPROM Erasing Lamp • Erusos 2708, 2716, 1702A, 5203U, 5204Q, etc. • Erases up to 4 chips within 20 minutes. • Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch. • Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up. • Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure. • Compact - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2" • Complete with holding tray for 4 chips. UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb S16.95 UVS-11E $79.95 JOYS JS-5K lj ICKS ■ JS-5K 5K Linear Taper Pots $5.26 JS-100K 10QK Linear Taper Pots $4.95 JVC-40 40K (2) Video Controller in case . . , $4.95 MUFFIN® FAN • 105cfm free air delivary • 4.68" so,, x 1.50" depth. Weigtit - 17 oz. • acoustical rating as low as NC-3B • more than 10 yrs. conl. duty at 10*C • Impedance protected • for ambients to 70 *C • UL yellow card CSA approved 115V, 50/BOHi, 14 Watts, 105ctm — Ultrasonlcally cleaned & tested. MU2A1 ... .$9.95ea. JE215 Adjustable Dual Power Supply General Description: The JE215 is a Dual Power Supply with independent adjustable positive and nega- tive output voltages. A separate adjustment for each of the supplies providesthe user unlimited applications for IC current voltage requirements. The supply can also be used as a general all-purpose variable power SUPPiV- FEATURES: * Adjustable regulated power supplies, pos. and neg. 1.2VDC to 15VDC. 1 ^ ^ * Power Output (each supply): -- "• 5VDC # 500mA, lOVDC® 750mA, 12VDC 500mA, and T5VDC@ 175mA. Two, 3-terminal adj. IC regulators with thermal overload protection. ik regulator cooling LED "on" nriir ator Printed Bo ird C onstruc io 120VAC ir put Size: 3-1/2 'w X 5-1/16 L Quid 1-8UM Bui. Tram. (MCITZ6) MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS 210 (fWC) CPU (MK3U0N) (!MHZ, ZtOA [7KM! CPU (MK1IMN-*) [4MHlj COPltt! CPU 2SJ0 MPU JE215 Adj. Dual PowerSupply Kittasshownj . . $24.95 (Picture not shown but similar in construction to above) JE200Reg. Power Supply Kit (5VDC, 1 amp) . . $14.95 JE205 Adapter Brd. (to JE200>±5,±9 & ±12V. $12.95 «^JE210Var. Pwr. Sply. Kit, 5-15VDC,to1.5amp. $19.95 DMMOIADC CPU MCS6W2 MPU ISeOJSN-o NSaOSN-6 NSIW0N-* NS8O70N NSB073N PttH ISW00JL IM500H IM503H WMS06H MMSIOH MUtSN MMS013N MMS016N MSOMN MMM1SN 256-Bit Dym IDM-BII Dynimlc/Accumulitor S00/S1I-BI1 Dynjmlc Octal 10-Bit Octal 10-Blt iKrWIUMA, 1024-Slt Dynamic KIIN Hex U-BIt Static aav Dual 131-Bit Static SMV SlZ-Blt Dynamic Firo (OuaiKt) DATA ACQUISITION Mostek OC/DC Convert. *SV to9V Floppy Disc RcjO AMP System 7-BII D/AConvertor fDACOaOJUCN B-BIt D/A Converter [DACOBOauCN .//Clock MPU— B-BU (6N CPU-Sgl.Chlp CPU (Sf Sytel CPU-fi* Bytei CPU W/Basic r. CPU MPU— 16 -Bit M.J5 M.9S 1 T73AIM-1 3D Tune Musical MPU Chip . DUI SHIFT REGISTERS- SV) 2732lntal Tl 32K EPROM 27M IK EPROM (450ns) (Single 'SV) 2J64Q f>4K EPROM (Hitachi HIN462764) 5203 2041 PROM 32x8 PROM [Open Collector) 4096 Bipolar PROM 3!xfl Trl- -)2S;3(74S1BS) 62S115 I2S123(74S2U) B2S)»S O I.lor RQM n Our i H13(2H0) 2513(3021) Chll r (Li NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES- MCM56710P 121x9x7 ASCII Sn/rteo w/Greak MCM66740P 121x9x7 Main Symool i. Pictures MCM66750P 128x9x7 Alpria. Control Cna'. Gen. MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS- fJ-210 M-2650 IP 1802 DS0025CN DSOOWCN INS177IN'! INS2651N MM58167N Uler Manual User Manual - SPECIAL FUNCTION Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ) MIC COP407N il Real - r Com, • ClOi 5.95 19.95 Av-l-9100 1.15 AV-b-9200 1.J0 AY-b-9500 J.40 AV-5-2376 3.K 74C922 74C923 MMS3190N 2& MM 57499 N H-DlQlt reel LED Drive :ontroller with 64-Olglt RAr,' tt LED Drive vw/N Buss Int. VAC Fluor. Driver (20-pln gM TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS- ton Telephone Dialer y Dialer ■A/H.I-1. Part Ho. Poi. Conllguration Sockel EECO Rocker DIP Switch — "Mini-Dip v" 2400 Series THE MOST UNIQUE DIP SWITCH AVAILABLE! MINI-DIP is designed Io retiolit all major Dianas ol Dip switches Unique features include locking red design to prevent accidental actuation and gold sell-wiping contact One-piece housing and press-til terminals prevent contamination 2- 10 station Form "A'* and 1-5 station Form C." • Terminal! on .100 i 3DD (2.54. t 7.62) centers • PCB or dip socket mountains • Positive, cleaning/wiping action with gold contact • Tout seal and bottom seal Price 24(10-2 2400-3 2400-4 2400-ABCD 2400-SC Spin .70 10/ 6.95 10/ 7.95 10/ B.9S .93 • 10/ S.95 1.09 • 10/ 9.95 Pill No. Pot. Conllguration Socket Price 2400-6 2400-7 2400-8 2400-9 2400-1 r 123456 1234567 14 pin 12345678 16 pin 123456789 18 pin 0123456769 20 pin 1.09 - 10/ 9.9S 1.19 - 10/10.95 1.29 - 10/11.95 1.39 - 10/12.95 1.49 - 10/13.95 GRAB BAG SPECIALS GBiuo 100 places RobotlSlot Cur Gears, Shalls. Whools, Molors -CAPACITORS- -INTEGRATED CIRCUITS- »i«i5h.liB, g ,i,.„-™«k (1510.3518. 3U; M-': -LEOS - LAMPS - READOUTS- -RESISTORS- r.ni66 )ao <• $10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. tor Monthly Sale Flyer! Spec Sheets — 25c Send 88c Postage for your FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change ameco ELECTRONICS 1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 BOOKS X National Semiconductor - Intersil — Intel \ 30001 National CMOS Data Book »6.95 1 (640 pages! 74C, CD4000, and A/D Convenors 30002 National Interlace Data Book 16.95 1704 pages! DP. DS8000. DS3600, DS75O0O. otc. 30003 National Linear Data Book *11-95 (1376 pages) LM. LF. ADC. DAC, LH Series 30004 Notional Series 80 - Board Level Computer 1224 pages!. . M. 95 30005 National TTL Logic Data Book J8.95 1624 pages) 74O0.LS.L,H.S, and DMBO0O Senes 30006 Above (3) 30001 ,3,5 as set $24.95/lot 010400 Intol Component Data Catalog S14.95 Full data sheets lor Intel's products incl. memory devices, mlcroproc periphorols 6 indust./mil. products I132S pages! 205G1Q Intol Perlpherel Design Handbook »9.35 Full data shoots, eppl. notes (or Into! peripheral device components {644 pages! 1 AG and DC Wall Transformers W "' fol Wilh Universal Plug and 9V Batlery Snap Seleclive voltages: 6,9,12VDC. Polarity selection ( + '-). six-loot line from adapter lo plugs — six. Inch line from adapter io b-altery snap. 120V/60HZ. 300mA. Part No. Input Output Price AC 250 117W60HZ 12VAC 250mA S3.95 AC 500 117V/60HZ 12 VAC 500mA $4.95 AC1000 117V/60H2 12VAC 1 amp $5.95 AC1700 117V/60HZ 9VAC 1.7 amp S3.95 DC 800 120V/60HZ 8VDC 400mA (batt. charger) $1,95 DC6912 (above) 120V;60Hz 6.9.12VDC 300mA $9.95 DV9200 117VI60HI 9VDC 200mA $3.25 DC900 120V/60HZ 9VDC 500mA $3.95 DC1200 120V/60HZ 12VDC 300mA $2.95 CONNECTORS """"IZIllL.., DB25P D-Subminiature Plug $2.95 DB25S D-Subminiature Socket $3.50 D20418-2 Screw Lock Hdwr. (2) DB25S/P 2/S.99 DB51226 Cover for DB25P/S Si. 75 22/44SE P.C. Edge (22/44 Pin) S2.95 UG88/U BNCPlug $1.79 UG89/U BNCJaek S3.79 UG175/U UHF Adapter $ .49 S0239 UHF Panel Recp $1.29 PL258 UHF Adapter S1.60 PL259 UHF Plug $1.60 UG260/U BNC Plug $1.79 UG1094/U 8NC Bulkhead Recp $1.29 TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K Kit comes complete with: • 8 ea. MM5290 (UPD416/4116) 16K Dyn. Ram fns) • Documentation for conversion TRS-16K2 *150ns 19.95 TRS-16K3 *200ns 16.95 TRS16K4 *250ns 14.95 KEYBOARDS ml Datanectics 74-Key Keyboard Uses EA 20134 Chip (Electronic Arrays). Size: 161* "L x 5'V'W x l-3/B"H. While, black, blue, grey key caps. (No Data Shooi) — Part No. KB354 $29.95 ea. Micro Switch 69-Key Keyboard Uses AMI SW20350K Chip. Size: 16-3/8"L X 5V«"W x l-5/8"H Mela! Frame. Light & dark grey key caps (No Data Sheet) Part No. KB69SD12-2 $19.95 ea. Boschert Multi-Voltage Power Supply 5VDC. 12VDC end 24VDC FEATURES: Voltages": 5VDC Q 25amps. 12VDC a 4amps. 4 24VDC i 4amps. Reg. Load: +5V out ±1%, +12 & 24V out *5% (20-100% load). Overvolt. & overcurr. protection. 115 or 230VAC Input. Wt. 4 Ibi. Size: 4.95" x 2.50" x 15.00" 'Total average outpul shall not exceed 200 watts. General Description: The "Boschert" Power Supply was originally designed for applicalion with ITT Advance Terminal Conlroltcr (ATC). This open frame switching power supply provides user with high cur> rent requirements common in use with computer systems, lis compact size provides versatility for mounting Into electronic enclosures. Each supply has 6 threaded fasteners (pern nu! lype) lor mounting. Specification requirements lo be used with ATC enclosed. Part No. 200-3010 $69.95 each — MANV OTHERS AVAILABLE • WRITE FOR INFORMATION - JE600 Hexadecimal Encoder Kit FULL 8-BIT LATCHED OUTPUT 19-KEY KEYBOARD The JE600 Encoder Keyboard Kit provides iwo separate hexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entriei to allow direct programming for 8-bit microprocessor or 8'blt memory circuits. Three additional keys are pro- vided for user operations with one having a bistable output available. The outputs are latched and monitored with 9 LEO readouts. Also included Is a key entry strobe. Features: Full B-bii latched output for microprocessor use. Three user-define keys with one being bistable operation. Oebounce circuit provided for all 19 keys. 9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy interfacing with standard 16-pin IC connector. Only +5VDC required for operation. Size: 2'A"H x 8%"W x 8W"D ibted JE600/DTE-HK a'ASe a 3E •') ■■ $99.95 K19 19-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) .... $14.95 DTE-HK (case only —3V!"HxBV."wxa*."D) $44,95^ 550 BYTE June 1982 Circle 248 on inquiry card. SN7400N SN74Q1N SN7402N SN7403N SN7404N SN7405N SN7406N 5N7407N SN7408N SN74Q9N 5N7410N SN7411N SN7412N SN7413N SN74I4N SN7416N SN7417N SN7420N SN7421N SN7422N SN7423N SN7425N 5N7426N SN7427N SN742EN SN7430N SN7432N SNJ437N SN743BN SN7439N SN7440N SN7441N SN7442N SN7443N SN7444N SN7445N SN7446N SN7447N SN7448N SN7450N SN7451N SN74S3M 5N7454N SN7459A SN7460N SN7470N 7400 74LS00 74 L 501 ML 502 74LS03 74LSQ4 74L505 74LS08 74LS09 74LS10 74LS11 74LS12 74 LSD 74LS14 74L.S15 74LS20 74LS2I 74LS22 74LS26 74LS27 74LS28 74LS30 74LS32 74LS33 74LS37 74L53S 74LS40 74LS42 J4LS47 74LS48 74LS49 74LS51 74LS54 74 L 555 74L.S73 74 L 574 74LS7S 74LS76 74 L 578 74LS83 74LSB5 74LSS6 74 L 590 74SQO 74S02 74503 74504 74S05 74S08 74 S09 74510 74511 74515 74S20 74522 74530 74S32 74S38 74S40 74551 74S64 74565 74574 74S8G 745112 745113 745114 SN7472N SN7473N SN7474N SN7475N SN7476N SN7479N SN7480N SN7482N SN7483N SN7485N SN7486N SN7489N SN7490N 5N7491N 5N7492N SN7493N SN7494N SN7495N SN7496N SN7497N SN74100N 5N74104N SN74105N 5N74107N SN74109N 5N74116N SN74121N SN74122N SN74123N SN74125N SN74126N 5N74132N SN74136N SN74141N SN74142N SN74143N SN74144N SN 74145 N SN74147N SIN74I48N SN74150N SN74151N SN74152N SN74153N S N 74154 N SN741S5N 74LS 74L592 74LS93 74LS95 74LS96 74LS107 74LS109 74 LSI 12 74LS113 74LS114 74L5122 74L5123 74LS125 74LS126 74LS132 74LS133 74LS136 74LS138 74LS139 74LS1S1 74LS153 74LS154 74LS155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS1S8 74L5150 74LS161 74LS162 74LS163 74LS164 74L5165 74 L 5 168 74 L 5 169 74LS170 74L5173 74 LSI 74 74LS175 74LS181 74LS190 74LS191 74LS192 74LS1S3 74LS194 74LS195 74LS197 74LS221 74LS240 74LS241 74LS242 74LS243 74LS244 74L5245 74 L 524 7 74 L 5248 74LS249 74LS251 74 L 5253 74LS257 74LS2S8 74 L 5260 74LS266 74LS273 74L5279 74LS283 74LS290 74LS293 74 LS298 74LS352 74 LS353 74 LS365 74LS366 74LS367 74 L 5368 74LS373 74LS374 74LS375 74LS386 74LS393 74LS399 74 L S670 B1LS95 81LS97 74S 74S124 745133 74S134 745135 745136 745138 74S139 74 S 140 74S151 745153 74S157 745158 745160 74S174 74S175 74S188 745194 74S195 74S196 74S240 745241 745242 74S243 745244 745251 745253 74S257 745258 745260 745280 745287 745288 745373 74S374 745387 745471 74S472 74S473 74S474 74S475 74S570 74S571 74S572 74S573 74S940 74S941 1.49 2.95 1.19 2.49 2.49 2.49 1.45 1.35 1.35 2.95 10.95 10.95 10.95 12.95 12.95 5.95 5.95 9.95 9.95 I A-AMBER — LEDS-G-GREEN R.RED Y-VELLOW CCLEAR OPTO ELECTRONICS DISPLAY LEDS — m LED Mounting Hardware C C :i'nl;i'. ^ C : "-<;:'bi OvB.HolsllrorWtf.jjm.i C.C {1 Djdft/J.BuMlM - OPT O- ISOLATORS - LITROIMIX-NATIONAL Stick Display Sale S LED NUMERIC ARRAYS l-VWV-T _MULn-DIGir LED NUMERIC DISPLAYS 21. D3 2/.M>_ SALE PRICEt 2/2.95 21 /.-lb 2M.U5 2I2!95 WVDC PRICE COMPUTER GRADE CAPACITORS g WVDC PRICE 27,000 :i?.5O0 •1(1.000 5?,noa !i5,Q0Q 58.000 or.. ooo OVER 200 OTHER VALUES AVAILABLE - CALL Ofl WRITE FOR YOUR REQUIREMENT LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS 20 pit 22 pif 24 pit SOLDERTAIL (GOLD) STANDARD SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN) 24 pin ST 28 pin 5T 36 pin ST 1.26 1.45 1.15 1.30 WIRE WRAP SOCKETS (GOLD) LEVEL #3 1-24 25-49 50-100 .54 Part No. 7045 1 PI 704SEV/Kif 7106CPL 7106EV/KII* 7107CPL 71Q7EV/KU* 7116CPL 7117CPL 7201IDR 7205 1 PG 720SEV/Klt* 7206CJPE 7206CEV/Kit' 7207 A I PD 7207AEV/K1I- 7208 1 PI 7209 1 PA 7215 1 PG 7215EV/Klt* 7216AIJI 7216CIJI 7216DIPI 7217 IJ I 7217AIPI 7224 IPL 7226AIJL 7226AEV/KH' 7240 IJE 7242 IJ A 72MIJE 7260 IJE 7555 1 PA 75561 PD 7611 BC PA 7612BCPA 7621 BCPA 7631CCPE 7641CCPD 7642CCPD 7660CPA 803BCCPD 8048CCPE 8069CCQ 8211CPA 8212CPA Function CMOS Precision Timer Stopwatch Chip, XTL 3V; Digit A/D {LCD Drive) IC, Circuit Board, Display 3V; Digit A/D (LED Drive) IC, Circuit Board, Display 3'7; Digit A/D LCD Dis. HLD. 3V ; Digit A/D LED Dis. HLD. Low Battery Volt Indicator CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer Stopwatch Chip, XTL Tone Generator Tone Generator Chip, XTL Oscillator Controller Freq. Counter Chip, XTL Seven Decade Counter Clock Generator 4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT 4 Func. Stopwatch Chip, XTL 8-Diglt Univ. Counter C.A. 8-Digit Freq. Counter C.A. 8-Diglt Freq. Counter C.C. 4-Digit LED Up/Down Counter CA 12.95 4-Digit LED Up/Down Counter CC 14.95 LCD 4V; Digit Up Counter DR1 8-Digit Univ. Counter 5 Function Counter Chip, XTL CMOS Bin Prog. Timer/Counter CMOS Dlvlde-by-256 RC Timer CMOS BCD Prog. Tlmer/Countei CMOS BCD Prog. Tlmer/Countei CMOS 555 Timer (8 pin) CMOS 556 Timer (14 pin) CMOS Op Amp Comparata CMOS Op Amp Ext. Cmvr. CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp CMOS Trl Op Amp Comp. CMOS Quad Op Amp Com CMOS Quad Op Amp Comi Voltage Converter Waveform Generator Monolithic Logarithmic Amp Price 14.95 24.95 16.95 34.95 15.95 29.95 18.95 17.95 2.25 12.95 12.95 6.50 13.95 17.95 3.95 13.95 19.95 32.00 26.95 21.95 11.25 31.95 74.95 4.95 2.05 6.00 S.25 1.45 2.20 5MV 2.25 5MV 2.95 5MV 3.95 10MV 5.35 10MV 7.50 10MV 7.50 2.95 4.95 21.60 50ppm Band— GAP Volt Rel. Diode 2.50 Volt Ref/lndicator 2.95 Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.95 74CQ0 74C02 74C04 74C08 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74C42 74C4B 74C73 74C74 74C85 74C86 74C89 74C90 74C93 74C95 74 C 107 74C151 74C154 74C157 74C160 74C161 74C162 74 C 163 74C164 74C173 74 C 174 74 C 175 74 C 192 74 C 193 74 C 195 74C 2.95 3.95 2.25 1.69 74C221 74C240 74C244 74 C 373 74C374 74C9Q1 74C903 74C911 74C912 74C915 74C917 74C922 74C923 74C925 74C926 80C95 80C97 1.95 2.25 2.25 2.49 2.59 10.95 5.49 5.75 7.50 7.50 LHQ002CN LM10CLH LM11CLH LH0070-OH TL071CP TL072CP TL074CN LH0082CD TL082CP TL084CN LH0O94CD LM300H LM301CN LM302H LM304H LM305H LM307CN LM308CN LM309H LM309K LM310CIN LM311/CN LM312H LM317MP LM317T LM317K LM318CN LM319N LM320K-5 LM320K-12 LM320K-15 LM320T-5 LM320T-12 LM320T-15 LM323K LM324N LM329DZ LM331N LM334Z LM335Z LM336Z LM337T LM337MP LM338K LM339N LM340K-5 LM340K-12 LM340K-15 LINEAR LM340T-5 LM340T-12 LM340T-15 LM341P-5 LM341P-12 LM341P-15 LM342P-5 LM342P-12 LM342P-15 LM348N LM35QK LF351N LF353N LF355N LF356N LM358N LM359N LM370N LM373N LM377N LM380N LM381N LM382N LM384N LM386N-3 LM387N LM389N LM392N LF398N LM399H TL494CN TL496CP NE510A NE529A NE531H NE536H NE540H NE544N NE550A NE5S5V LM556TM NE564N LM565N LM566CN LM567V NE570N LM702H LM703CN LM709N LM710N LM711N LM723N LM733N LM739N LM741CN MC1741SCG LM747N LM748N LM1014N LM1310N LM1458CN LM1488N LM1489N LM1496N LM1556V LM1800N LM1871N LM1872N LM1877N-9 LM1889N LM1896N LM20O2T LM2877P LM2878P LM2896P-1 LM3189N LM3900N LM3905CN LM3909N LM3914N LM3915N LM3916N RC4136N RC4151NB RC4194TK RC4195TK LM4500A ICL803SB LM13080N LM 13600 N 751 38 N 75450 N 75451CN 75492 CA3010H .99 CA3013H 2.15 CA3023H 3.25 CA3035H 2.49 CA3039H 1.35 CA3M6N 1.30 CA3059N 3.2S CA-LINEAR CA3060N 3.25 CA3O80H 1.25 CA3081N 2.00 CA3082N 2.00 CA3033N 1.G0 CA3066N .85 CA3089N CA3096N CA3130H CA3140H CA3160H CA3401N CA360QN —JUMPER AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES STANDARD DIP JUMPERS ffg° I ;,'„.„.„„, | ;,■„ Z^TlgSZ • repeated uuc CD4000 CD4001 CD4002 CD4006 CD4007 CD4009 CD4010 CD4011 CD4012 CD4013 CD4014 CD4015 CD4016 CD4017 CD4013 CD4Q19 CD4Q20 C D4021 CD4022 CD4023 C D4Q24 C D4Q2S CD4G26 CD4027 CD402S CD4029 CD4030 CD4034 C D4035 CD4040 CD-CMOS CD4041 CD4Q42 CD4043 CD4044 CD4046 CD4047 CD404B CD4049 CD4050 CD4051 CD4052 CD4053 CD4056 CD4059 CD4060 CD4066 CD4068 CD4Q69 CD4070 CD4071 CD4072 CD40/3 CD4075 C D4076 CD4078 CD4081 CD4082 CD4093 CD 4098 CD4506 C D4507 CO4508 CD4510 CD4511 CD4512 CD4514 CD4S1S CD4516 CD4518 CD4519 CD4520 CD4526 CD4528 C D4529 CD4543 CD4S62 CD4566 CD4583 CD4584 CD4 723 CD4724 MC 14409 MC14410 MC14411 MC14412 MC14419 MC 14433 MC14538 MC14541 p"'^° cL,K ™| J,™ D. u .. „« „„ DJ14-1 B2'1I02 12 14 DJ14-2 J 924102-24 | 14 .,:■ 12" 24' SI 79 DJ14-1-14 92410612 14 vxn i IS" Ifo DJ14-2-14 92410624 ( 14 DJ14314 ' 924106-36 | 14 T^Zl ,1 24- .1 36" 37I OJ16-? 92411224 DJ16-3 1 924112 36 DJT6-2 16 92411G24 16 ■;• 24- 1 12- 2.19 CAPACITOR CORNER STANDARD DB25 SERIES CABLES Vak 10 pf 22 pf 47 pf 100 pf 220 pf 470 pf -OOlrr 50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS 1-9 10-99 100+ Value 1-9 10-99 100+ .OOlyF .0047/iF .01/jF .022tiF ,047/JF .IMF 100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS .12 .10 .07 1 ,022m f .047mf .13 .11 .21 .17 ■ndard fiat cable in 4 STANDARD ». Cable Length Count .0022 rr .0047m ,01 mf .12 .10 .07 I .2?mf .33 .27 .22 +20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS S 3.95u. 10.95 b: DB25P-4 4 Icifi DB25S-4 4 Iciil DBZ5P-4-P 4 feel DBZ&P-4-S 4 feet 1 OB25P'1 DB25S 17.95 et OB25S-4-S 4 (eel 2 DBZ5S 1B.96 8I 2-DB2&F -1/35V . 15/35 V . 22/35 V . 33/35 V .47/35V .68/35 V 1.0/3SV 1.5/35 V 2. 2/35 V 3. 3/25 V 4. 7/25 V 6.E/25V 15/25V 22/6V 2.79 11.95 2.79 2.49 17.95 18.95 15.95 15.95 7.95 15.95 2.49 $10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus S1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sale Flyer! Spec Sheets — 25c Send 88c Postage for your FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change MINI. ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS i-99 100-499 500+- Radial 1-99 100-499 500+ .47/25V .15 .13 .12 l ameco lEE5EBIZna NEW 1982 CATALOG 1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 \2 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 _ , NEW! '/'ex Number ,-- Telex 176043 S Axial .47/50V 1.0/50V 3. 3/50 V 4. 7/25 V 10/25 V 10/50V 22/25V 22/50V 47/25 V 47/50V 100/25 V 1 00/50 V 220/25 V 220/50V 470/25 V 1000/16 V 2200/ 16 V -47/50V 1.0/16V 1.0/25 V 1.0/50V 4.7/16V 4. 7/25 V 4.7/50V 10/16V 10/2SV 10/50V 47/50V 100/16V 100/25V 100/SOV 220/16V 4 70/25 V Circle 248 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1982 551 PRIORITY ONE ELECTR fompuPr ,^- CPU BOARDS & CO-PROCESSOR 8086/8087 @) <6 M 8 or JO MHz 8086 CPU with sockets lor 8087 and 80130 Part No. Description Usl Price Our Price J BF6BT186A A&T 8MHz 8086 only $695.00 $625.00 BFGBAT1B6C CSC 10MHz 8086 only $850.00 $765.00 BF6BT186A87 A&T with 8087 option $1295.00 $1225.00 BFGBT1BBC87 CSC with 8067 option* $1550.00 $1456.00 '808 7 requires slower clock speeds DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-8088 6 or 8 MHz Provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard 8 bit S-100 bus BFGBTI812A AS. I 6Mhz $425.00 $398.00 BF6BT16I2C CSC 6/8 MHz $525.00 $498.08 CPU-Z Z80 CPU 2/4 MHz 280 CPU 24 Bit Addressing BFSBTI60A A&T $295.00 BFEBTI60C CSC 3-6 MHz $395.00 BOARDS SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION BOARD Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K EPROM or RAM provision, 15 levels ol interrupt, real time clock, optional math processor Part No. Description Usl Price Our Price BFGBTI62A BFGBTI62C BFGBT823I BFGBTB232 BF6BT162AMI BFGBTI62CM1 BFGBTI62AM2 BFGBTI62CM2 Assembled & Tested CSC Math Chip Math Chip A&TwithB231 MathChip CSCw/8231 Math Chip A&T w/8232 Math Chip CSC w/8232 Math Chip $399.00 $495.00 $360.00 $400.00 $195.00 $195.00 $555.00 $655.00 $558.00 $655.00 MPX CHANNEL BOARD I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board with 4K RAM BFGBTI66A4 BFGBTI66C4 BFGBT166AI6 0FGBT166CI6 Assembled & Tested CSC With 16K RAM Assembled & Tested CSC $495.00 $595.00 $649.00 $749.00 $445.00 $535.00 $585.00 $675.00 INTERFACE!) 1 Two Serial I/O BFGBTI33A Assembled S Tested $249.00 $219.08 BFGBT133C CSC $324.00 $298.00 INTERFACER 2 Three parallel, one serial I/O board BFGBTI50A Assembled & Tested $249.00 $219.00 BFGBT150C CSC $324.00 $269.00 INTERFACER 3 Eight channel multi-use serial I/O board BFGBT1746A Assembled & Tested $699.00 CSC 200 hr. 8 Port $849.00 Assembled & Tested $599.00 CSC 200hr. 5 port $699.00 INTERFACER 4 Three Serial, 1 Parallel, 1 Centronics Parallel BFGBT187A Assembled & Tested $350.00 $315.00 BFGBT1B7C CSC $450.00 $415.00 SPECTRUM COLOR GRAPHICS Color Graphics board with Parallel I/O BFGBT144A Assembled & Tested $399.00 BFGBT144C CSC $449.00 BFGBT2B Sublogic Universal Graphics Interpreter Software S-100 MOTHERBOARDS Active termination, 6-12-20 Slot BFGBT1748C BFGBT1745A BFGBT1745C NEW! $629.06 $750.08 $559.00 $629.00 $349.00 $339.00 $35.00 BFGBTI53A A&T 6 slot, 2 lbs. $140.00 $126.00 BFGBT153C CSC 6 slot, 2 lbs. $190.00 $175.00 BFGBTI54A A&T 12 slot, 3 lbs. $1 75.00 $155.00 BFGBTI54C CSC 12 slot, 3 lbs. $240.00 $220.00 BF6BTI55A A&T 20 slot, 4 lbs. $265.00 $235.00 BFGBT155C CSC 20 slot, 4 lbs. $340.00 $310.00 ACTIVE TERMINATOR Allows older S-100 motherboards to run taster and quieter BFGBT106A Assembled & Tested $59.50 (ompuPro STATIC MEMORY BOARDS RAM 20 - 32K STATIC RAM RAM 20 10 MHz, 4K byte block disable, bank select or 24 bit addressing available 8, (6, 24 or 32K JPart No. Description List Price Our Price | BFGBTI64AA8 8KA&T $210.00 $190.00 BFG6T164AC8 8KCSC $280.00 $260.00 BFGBTI64AA16 16KA&T $285.00 $260.00 BFGBT164ACIB 16KCSC $355.00 $325.00 BFGBT184AA24 24KA&T $355.00 $325.00 8FGBTIB4AC24 24K CSC $425.00 $385.00 BF6BTI64AA32 32KA&T $425.00 $385.00 BFGBT1B4AC32 32K CSC $495.00 $450.00 CMOS STATIC RAM For a complete analysis ol the advantages ol CMOS memory, see the "Product Description" on page 416 ot the January Issue ot BYTE RAM 17 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM RAM 17, 1 MHz, 2 Watt. DMACompatible 24 Bit Addressing BFG8T175A64 64KA&T $599.00 $550.00 BFGBTI75C64 64K CSC $750.00 $699.00 RAM 16 - 32K X 16 BIT CMOS STATIC RAM 8 and/or >6 Bit ® RAM 16 10 MHz, 32K x 16 or64Kx 8 IEEE/696 16 Bit 2 Walt, 24 Bit Addressing BFEBT1B0A 64KA&T $650.00 $599.00 BFGBTI80C 64KCSC $750.00 $699.00 NEW! RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM & RAM 21 12MHz, 128Kx 8 or64Kx 16 IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit 1.2 Amps, 24 Bit Addressing BFGBT199A 128KA&T $1695.00 $1010.00 BFGBT199C 128KCSC $1895.00 $1795.00 M-DRTVE SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE, y—^ 3500% FASTER! t 5I9 No/ Really, But the Next Best Thing lor CompuPro 8085/88 Users. Call lor Detail on M-Drive. M-Drive requires a 6MHz CPU 8085/88 dual processor, Disk 1 DMA disk controller and System Suport 1 Multifunction Board BFGBTMB128K 1 28K ol A&T meiiiory & M- QnveSollw are $1198.00 BFGBTM012BKC !28Kol CSC memory 8, M-Drive Software $1398.00 BF6BTMD256KA 256Kol A&T memory& M-DriveSoftware $2395.60 BFEBTMD2S6KC 256K ol CSC memory & M-Drive Software $2795.00 DISK CONTROLLERS DISK 1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER Fasl DMA, Soil Sector, Controls 8" or 5'A" Single or Double Density. OUR BEST! A&T $495.00 $450.00 CSC $595.00 $555.00 CP/M 2.2 tor Z80/8085 with $1 75.00 manuals & BIOS 8" S/D disk CP/M lor 8086 with manuals & $300.00 BIOS 8" S/D disk Oasis 8 Wl single user 8"S/D disk $500.00 Oasis 8 bit multiuser, 8" S/D disk $050.00 vrpN\ DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL HARD DISK CONTROLLER Fast DMA 2 board set. Controls 4 Shugart 4000 series or Fujitsu 2300 type drives BFGBTI77A Assembled & Tested $795.00 $750.00 BFGBT177C CSC $895.00 $850.00 DFGBT171A BFGBT17IC BFGBTCPM86* BFGBTCPM96 BFGBT0AS8S BFGBT0AS8M S-100 MAINFRAME 110V60HZ CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot COMPUPRO Motherboard. 55 lbs. BF6BTENC20RM 20 Slot Rack Mount $895.00 $825.00 BFGBTENC2QDK 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $768.00 MORROW M DESIGNS I * FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS & SUBSYSTEMS DISK JOCKEY 2B FLOPPY CONTROLLER Memory mapped controller handles 4 8" drives, single or double density Part No. Description Ust Price Our Price ' 2.2 J399.00 $375.00 BFMBSBJ2268 A&T w/CP/M" DISCUS 2D & DISCUS 2+2 SUBSYSTEMS Each subsystem includes DJ/2B controller 8" double density drives with cabinet, power supply, CP/M" 2.2 and Microsoft Basic SINGLE SIDED - DISCUS 2D BFMDSFI216 I Drive 30 lbs. $1095.00 BFMDSF122B 2 Drive 48 lbs. $1875.00 $ 950.00 $1675.00 DOUBLE SIDED BFMDSBF812 1 Drive 30 lbs. BFMDSBFB22 2 Drive 48 lbs. DISCUS 2+2 SJ395.00 S2495.00 $1250.00 $2200.06 DISK JOCKEY/DMA FLOPPY CONTROLLER DMA Controller supports 4 soft-sectored 8" drives and 4 10 sector 5'A" drives simultaneously. On board Z80A BFMDSOJDMA A&T w/CP/M" 2.2 $495.00 $450.00 DISK JOCKEY DMA SUBSYSTEMS Each subsystem includes DJ/DMA controller. 8" double- density drives or 5'A" 48 TPI drives, cabinet, power supply, CP/M- 2.2 and Microsoft BASIC SINGLE SIDED DISCUS 2D/DMA BFMDSDF8II 1 Drive 30 lbs. $1195.00 $1050.00 BFMBSDFB2I 2 Drive 48 lbs. $1975.00 $1775.00 DOUBLE SIDED DISCUS 2+2/DMA BFMDSDF812 1 Drive BFMDSDF822 2 Drive DOUBLE SIDED BFMDS0F5I24 1 Drive BFM0S0F5224 2 Drive 30 lbs. 48 lbs. J1495.00 S2575.00 $1325.00 $2295.00 DISCUS MDII-FLOPPY/DMA 17 lbs. $ 995.00 $695.00 32 lbs. $1695.00 $1525.00 S-100 5-26 MB HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS 5 - 10 Mb DMA SUBSYSTEMS Each subsystem includes DMA Hard Disk Controller, Seagate ST506 5 Mb or ST412 10 Mb 5'A" Hard Disk, Cabinet, power supply, CP/M"2.2 and Microsoft BASIC. BFMDS0MAM* Software supplied on 8" IBM 3740 disk with blank t/O and INSTALL program BFMDSDMAM*2B Soltware conligured tor Morrow DJ/2B controller and Mutt I/O as console BFMDSDMAM*DMA Software configured lor Morrow DJ/OMA controller and Mult I/O as console BFMDSOMAM'NS Soltware suplied on 5'A" 10 sector North Star disk with blank I/O and INSTALL Program Replace * in above part numbers with 5 lor 5Mb Subsystems or 10 tor 10Mb Subsystems. DISCU5M5 ■ 5Mb Subsystems $2195.00 $1975.00 DISCUSM10 -10Mb Subsystems $3195.00 $2875.00 (order by part numbers listed above) DISCUS HOC 20-26 Mb SUBSYSTEMS Each subsystem includes HDCA3 I/O mapped controller, Shugart SA4008 14" 26Mb or Fujitsu 2308 8" 20Mb Hard Disk, cabinet, power supply, CP/M"2.2 & Microsoft BASIC. BFM6SHD020 Discus M20 A&T $4795.00 $3995.00 BFMDSH0C26 Discus M26 A&T $4495.00 $3895.00 I/O BOARDS MULTI I/O Three Serial, Two Parallel DFMOSM03200 Assembled & Tested $359.00 $329.00 SWITCHBOARD Two serial I/O. lour parallel I/O, one status port, one strobe port DFM0SS824I1 $299.00 $289.00 Circle 370 on inquiry card. PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS ADVANCED MICRO DIGITAL [_ COHPORATION, SUPERGLUAD - ADVANCED MICRO DIGITAL AT LAST, A FULL S-100 SYSTEM ON A SINGLE BOARD! • IEEE S-100 Bus Compatible • Z80A CPU @ 4MHz • Floppy Disk Controller. Single & Double Density (Supports up to 4 disk drives 5'A" or 8") • 64 Kb Memory, 1 6K Bank Selectable • S-1 00 Extended Address A16-23 • 2 Serial and 2 Parallel I/O Ports • 2Kor4KolShadowEPROM • Real Time Interrupt Clock • One Year Warranty • Runs with CP/M, MP/M. CP/NET • All of These Features on a Single Standard Size S-1 00 Board Part No. Description List Price Our Price BFMA0SDC1 A&T w/Asych RS232 ports $875.00 $795.00 8FMADPS1 1 Asych adapter board required $ 30.00 for each serial port used ssm VIDEO AND I/O VB 3 - HIGH RESOLUTION VIDEO SO x 25 or 50 character video display Memory Mapped. Parallel Keyboard port BFSSMH83A24 80 x 24 A&T $499.00 $440.00 BFSSMHB3UP 80 x 50 Line Upgrade $ 39.00 VB 2 • I/O MAPPED 64 x 16 DISPLAY I/O Mapped Video Board, with Parallel Keyboard port 64 x 16 BFSSMVB24A Assembled & Tested $269.00 $229.00 VB1B MEMORY MAPPED 64 x 16 DISPLAY Memory Mapped Video Board 64 x 16 character display or 64 x 16 graphics display BFSSMIBIA Assembled & Tested $242.00 $220.00 I/O 4 Two serial I/O. two parallel I/O Assembled & Tested $290.00 $260.00 BFSSMI04A NEW! I/O 5 2 Serial, 3 parallel Including 1 Centronics BFSSHI051 Assembled & Tested $329.00 $309.00 I/O 8 8 Port Serial I/O with Timer BFSSMI08A Assembled & Tested $550.00 $495.00 HEW CPU, RAM & PROM CB2 Z80 CPU 2/4 MHz will accept 2716. or 2732, or RAM 8FSSMCB2A Assembled & Tested $299.00 $275.00 8FSSMZB0M SSM Z80 Monitor $ B9.00 MBIOA 16/8K 8/16 BIT STATIC RAM 1 6Kbyte /8 K word, 24 bit extended, addressing, "M write." Phantom disable, addressable in 4K blocks 9FSSMNB10A Assembled & Tested $299.00 $275.00 MB8A 1K/16K EPROM BOARD 1K/16K 2708 EPROM board, disable in 1K increments BFSSMMB8AA Assembled & Tested $179.00 $159.00 PBI PROM PROGRAMMER Programs 2708 or 2716's, operates as a 4K/BK EPROM BOARD AS WELL BFSSMPBIA Assembled S Tested $265.00 $220.00 I/O CPU BOARDS 2810 Z80SBCCPU 2/4 MHz Z80A CPU with RS232C Serial I/O Port complete with Monitor PROM tor 2422 Disk Controller Part No. Description List Price Our Price BFCCS2010A Assembled & Tested $300.00 2820 Z80 DMA CPU 4MHz Z80 with 2 RS232C Serial Ports, Centronics Parallel Port, separate data and status ports and DMA Daisy Chain Capability BFCCS2820 Assembled & Tested $595.00 BOARDS 2830 - 6 PORT SERIAL Six Asynchronous RS232C Ports using three Z-80 DARTS. Programmable baud rates. BFCCS2830 Assembled & Tested $550.00 2710 4 PORT SERIAL 4 Full handshaking F(S232 pons and optional 2K ROM BFCCS27100I Assembled & Tested $325.00 2719 2 SERIAL & 2 PARALLEL 2 RS232C ports, 2 8 bit parallel ports & optional 2K ROM BFCCS27I001 Assembled 8, Tested $360.00 2720 4 PORT PARALLEL 4 8 bit parallel ports and optional 2K ROM BFCCS272001 Assembled & Tested $275.00 2422 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER I/O Mapped, controls 8", single or 5'/r double density A&T with CPM-2.2 8" S.D. BFCCS2422A Assembled & Tested $425.00 MEMORY BOARDS 2065 64K DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARD 64K 4MHz, Z80 or 8080 compatible, bank select tor memory expansion to 51 2K, DMA compatible. BFCCS2065 Assembled 8, Tested $375.00 $350.00 2066 BANK SWITCH DYNAMIC MEMORY 64 K Memory with bank and block select switching functions tor Cromemco Cromix"' & Alpha Microsystems BFCCS2066 Assembled & Tested $450.00 $425.00 2116 16K STATIC RAM 1 6K 4MHz using 21 1 4 RAMs. Maybe divided into 4K blocks Cromemco & Alpha Microsystems compatible BFCCS2II63 Assembled 8, Tested $295.00 2032 32K STATIC RAM 32K 4MHz using 2114s. Divided into 4 BK blocks. Bank- port/bank-byte scheme compatible with Cromemco and Alpha Microsystems. BFCCS2032 Assembled & Tested $500.00 S-100 MAINFRAME 12-slot motherboard with removable termination card BFCCS220001 Office Cream 35 lbs. $575.00 BFCCS220002 Blue 35 lbs $575.00 SEND $1.00 TODAY FOR THE NEW, FULL COLOR SPRING 1982 ENGINEERING SELECTION GUIDE! .PRIORITY rONE 9161 B DEERING AVE CPU BOARDS CPU/68000 - 8MHz 68000 CPU 16 bit 68000 CPU with on board ROM containing MACSBUG Monitor or Motorola 6854 I Memory Management Unit (MMU). Part No. Description List Price Our Price BFDULCPU68D00 A&T with Monitor $1195.00 $1075.00 BFDULCPU68000M A&T with MMU $1495.00 $1395.00 MEMORY BOARDS DMEM256KP-256K DYNAMIC MEMORY MODULE 256Kb with byte parity error detection tor 8 or 16 bit computers BFDULDMF.M256 2S6K A&T $1495.00 $1395.00 CMEM NONVOLATILE CMOS MEMORY Nonvolatile CMOS memory with 3-10 year battery backup on board. BFD0LCMEMB 8K A&T $695.00 $629.00 BF0OLCMEM16 16KA&T $795.00 $725.00 BF0ULCMEM32 32 K A&T $995.00 $940.00 2716/2732 EPROM BOARD WITH 16 BIT DATA PATHS Designed to hold 32Kb ot 2716 type or 64Kb ol 2732 type EPROMs, or ROMs lor read only use with 16 bit CPU systems. BFOULEPB0M32 2716 EPROM Board AST S295.00 $280.00 BFDULEPR0M64 2732 EPROM Board A&T S295.00 $280.00 REAL TIME & DATA AQUISITION AIM 12-12 BIT A/D CONVERTER A/D input module with 12 bit accuracy, 32 input channels and optional instrumentation amplifier BFDDLAIM12 A&T with Instrumentation Amp. $745.00 BFDULAIMI2B A&T without Instrumentation Amp. $060.00 AOM 12-12 BIT D/A CONVERTER D/A output module, 4 channels, 12 bit accuracy. Optional VIC420 industrial output module (4-20Ma), 4 channels, used in conjunction with AOM12. BFDDLA0MI2 Assembled & Tested $675.00 $640.00 BFDOLV|fJ420 Assembled & Tested $675.00 $640.00 CLK24-NONVOLATILE CLOCK/CALENDAR Day. dale, hours, minutes, seconds, and 3-5 year battery backup on board. Read or write directly from I/O port. Jumperable lor 64Hz UNIX' or real lime applications. BFD0LCLK24C A&T w/64Hz Interrupt $300.00 $285.00 SOFTWARE" DIGITAL RESEARCH BFDIRCPM CP/M 2.2 Control Program/ $150.00 Microcomputers BFDIRMAC MAC Macro Assembler $90.00 BFDIRRMAC RMAC Relocating MAC $200.00 BFDIRSID SID Symbolic Instruction Debugger $100.00 RFDIRTEX TEX Text Formatter $100.00 BFDIRDES DESPOOL Background Print Utility $ 50.00 BFDIHCB80 CBASIC Programming Language $150.00 BFBIRCB86 CBASIC-86 Programming Language $325.00 MICROPRO INTERNATIONAL BFMDSHDSTR Wordstar Version 3.0 $300.00 BFMDSMLMRG Mail Merge $100.00 BFMDSSPSTR Spell Star $150.00 BFMDSCALSTR Calc Star $200.00 BFMDSDATSTR Data Star $200.00 BFMOSSUPSET Supersorl $150.00 SORCIM SUPERCALC a Superior Electronic $295.00 Worksheet ACT I 8080/Z80 Assembler $175.00 ACT II 8086/8088 Assembler $175.00 TRANS 8086/8088 Translator $125.00 PASCAL/M REL4 8080/8085/Z-80 $305.00 PASCAL/M 8086 $495.00 BFS0RSCAL BFS0RACTI BFS0RACTII BFS0RTIHS BFSORPM80 BFS0RPM86 MICROSOFT BFMDSBAS80 BASIC-80 Version 5.X Extended Disk Basic BFMCPBASC BASIC Compiler Version 5.X BFMDSMFT IORTRAN-80 $300.00 $395.00 $500.00 ELECTRONICS CHATSWORTH, CA 91311 SS5« liiilIJ| ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464 Terms. U.S. VISA. MC, BAG. Check. Money Order, U S Funds Only CAresidcnlK SHIPPING & HANDLING ol S3. 00 for the firs! 3 His. plus 25t lor each addition your phone number. Prices subject to change without notice We will do mu li« appropriate freight. If you haven't received youi Spring 'IV? I iifjinocrtrifj Select orders only. ;u1d(i% SiileS Tax MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $15.00. Include MINIMUM il poiiiiil Orders ovei 50 lbs sent freight collect. Just in case, please include .1 in maintain prices through June, 1 9fl2 Credit Card orders will be charged in Guide by May lOlh, send$l 00 for your copy. Sale prices are lor prepaid Circle 370 on inquiry card. PRIORITY ONE ELECTRON I HOW CLEAN IS YOUR POWER? The Sola Micro/Mini Computer Ultra Isolated Regulator provides instantaneous voltage regulation, and ultra isolation from both trans- verse and common mode noise for any type of load. It also suppresses transients, protects against overloads and serves as a portable dedicated line. It is the ultimate in AC line conditioning equipment. The Sola "Micro/ Mini" is particularly applicable in systems involv- ing mini or micro computers, POS equipment, microprocessors, or data terminals — where noise and transients cause errors, or low voltage and short term disruptions can result in loss of memory. The output waveshape is sinusoidal and contains less than 3% harmonic distortion, making it ideal for any electronic load. Common mode noise rejection exceeds 120 dB for the regulator, while transverse noise rejection is better than 60 dB — true ultra iso- lation. Brownout protection is a real bonus feature. Input line voltage variations as great as ± 1 5% are instantaneously regulated to a max- imum output deviation of ±3%. And, the output will remain within NEMA voltage specifications for input voltages as low as 65% of nominal. Especially designed for office type environments, the Sola "Micro/ Mini" is truly portable and has a low sound level of 43 dB. • Instantaneous regulation • Regulator common mode noise rejection of 120 dB • Regulator transverse mode noise rejection of 60 dB • Completely portable — no installation costs • Matches Micro/Mini computer packaging • Complete isolation from pwer line - less than 3pFd • Quiet operation — below normal office levels • Operating range from -20~C to +50°C • No loss of output for line loss up to 3 msec • Line cord • On-off switch • Dual output receptacles MINICOMPUTER RE6ULAT0RS PORTABLE 1 20VAC 60 Hz SINGLE PHASE Part No. Maximum Output U Hating Dimensions LxWxD (Approx.) Approx. Shipping Weight Price List Our DFSLS63I3070 BFSLA63131I4 BFSU6313I25 BFSU6313150 BFSUI63I3I75 BFSLJ63I32I0 70 12 x 6x 140 12 x 6x 250 14 x 8x 500 17x 9x 750 17x 9x 1000 17 x 9x 10 lbs. $186.85 BFSU63I3220 2000* 17x11 X 11 18 31 47 60 75 108 $244.90 $291.00 $404.20 $515.60 $597.20 $1015.60 $150.00 $206.40 $248.05 $344.00 $438.80 $508.25 $804.35 Output voltage is 120VAC ±3% lor an input voltage ol 95-130VAC *Unit has 30 Amp twist receptacle. Also available are Hard Wired and 50Hz Models. MINI UPS A mini UPS goes one step further thana minicomoputer regulator. It pro- vides the same voltage, noise and brownout protection plus maintains power to keep equipment running smoothly during a blackout. When a power failure occurs, the internal maintenance free battery continues powering the inverter without the use of any switching devices. This provides uninterrupted, conditioned AC power to the critical load. A true UPS always between the AC line and critical load providing complete protection from brownouts and blackouts as well as line noise and transients. Output waveshape is sinusoidal with less than 3% single harmonic and 5% total harmonic distortion. Regulated output is ±3% when operating Irom either AC line or battery. Handles load surges and fault clearing providing 125% overload for 10 minutes, 150% overload for 10 cycles and 200% in short circuit with 2 automatic restrikes befo«e shutdown. Maintenance-free battery auto- matically rechareages upon return ol AC line. Oper. Temp. 0°C to 40°C. Especially designed for small, sensitive electronic equipment such as minicomputers, data terminals, P.O.S. systems. Inplul voltage, 1 1 5VAC. PORTABLE 120VAC 60Hz UNINTERRUPTABLE POWER SYSTEMS Maximum Output Dimensions Approx. Vfl Bating LxWxD Shipping Price Part No. /Time [Approx.) Weight Ust Ours BFSU2600504O0300 400/IOMin 12x19x11 85 $1544.00 $1314.00 BFSLA260050400301 400/20Min 12x19x11 95 $1574.00 $1330.00 B FSU260050750300 750/lOMm 12x19x1 1 125 $1674.00 $1425.00 Also available are 220V 50Hz models of the above. Call lor all SOLA products not listed. B Dysan ^/CORPORATION WHY SETTLE FOR LESS? DYSAN DISKETTES have long been regarded as the standard that all others attempt to duplicate. Today, Dysan still manufactures the ultimate in flexible recording media lor 5VV and 8" flexible disk drives. Both the 5'/«" and 8" diskettes are certified to be 100% error free over the entire recording surface providing you with the best insurance from data error. 5'/V DISKETTES 35/40 TRACK CERTIFIED Sides/ PBICE Part No. Sectors Density Heads Box ol 10 BF0SNI041 BFDSN1041D BFDSN105ID BFDSN1071D BF0SNI042D Solt Soil 16 Hard 10 Hard Soil Single Double Double Double Double 77/80 TRACK 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 2/2 $45.00 $50.00 $50.00 $50.00 $60.00 BF0SN2052D 16 Hard 8" Double DISKETTES 2/2 $80.00 BF0SN37401 BFDSN3740I BFQSN374020 Soft Soft Soft Single Double Double 1/1 1/1 2/2 $55.00 $65.00 $85.00 FCC CLASS 2 APPROVED DATA DISPLAY MONITORS Part No. Description list Price SALE BFSY0VM4509 9"B8,W P4. 10MHz (15 lbs.) $215.00 BFSH0DM4509CX 9"Green. P31. 10MHz (15 lbs.) $200.00 BFSV0DMB012C 12"B&W P4. 18MHz (24 lbs.) $25000 BFSY0DMB112CS 12"GReen, P31. 18MHz (24 lbs) $260.00 BFSYOVMC6013 13"Color. 16 x 64 (35 lbs) $470.00 BFS10DM61 13* 13 "RGB Color (35 lbs.) $995.00 'As used with IBM P.C. $169.00 $100.00 $225.00 $235.00 $425.00 $895.00 nss APPLE II® PERIPHERALS A800 DOUBLE DENSITY 8" DISK CONTROLLER • High Speed DMA TRansler ot Data (1 Microsecond/Byte) • Uses All Standard Apple DOS Commands (OPEN CATALOG. LOCK. DELETE. L0AD...etc) Except lor INIT Which Has Been Improved and Enhanced in a Vista Formal Routine • Compatible with Apple DOS 3.2/3 3. Pascal t I and CPM 2.2 (With Ihe 280 Solt Card by Microsoft) • Interfaces to All Shugarl/ANSI Standard Eight-Inch Floppy Disk Drives • 2Kx8 PROM Contains Autoboot Functions and All 8" Floppy Driver Code Allowing Complete Memory Usage Map Compatibility w/Apple DOS 3.2/3.3 BFVISA800 Controller and disk S595.00 $499.00 BFVISOIBO Vision 80 80 x 24 Display CardS395.00 $349.00 BFVIS0104 Vision 40 - 40 Column, upper/ $195.00 $175.00 lower case enhancement MicroFrame LIST OUR PRICE PRICE DESCRIPTION 1-9 10-24 12 Slot Desk S755.00 $660.00 $627.00 22 Slot Desk $91000 $708.00 $776.00 12 Slot Rackmount $800.00 $715.00 $681.60 22 Slot Rackmount 3965.00 $060.00 $825.00 J 10V 60Hz CVT Mainframes, the best money can buy! 12 Slot±8V 17±16V ®2A 22 Sl0t±8V @ 30A± 18V @ 4A PART NO. BFTEIMCS1I2 BFTEIMCS122 BFTEIRM12 BFTEIBM22 Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Mainframes: 45 lbs. On 22 Slot Mainframes: 55 lbs. S 100 MAINFRAME WITH 12 SLOT MOTHERBOARD AND CUTOUTS FOR 3 - SV«" FLOPPY DISK DRIVES +8V@ 17A±16V@ 2A+?2V@ 1.2A Internal Power Cable BFTEITF12 12 Slot desk $74500 $670.00 $636.06 BFTEIRF12 12 Slot Rackmount $855.00 $765.00 $732.00 Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Desk: 40 lbs. On 12 Slot Rackmount: 45 lbs. DUAL 8" DISK DRIVE CHASSIS For two Shugart 801 R or two Qume DT-8 size drives with internal power cables provided +24V @ 1.5A +5V @ 1.0A ■ 5V ® .25A BFTEIDFOO DeskTop $565.00 $520.00 $480.00 BFTEIRFDO Rackmount S725.00 $650.00 $630.00 Shipping Weight: On Desk Top: 40 lbs. On Rackmount: 45 lbs. PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS is a master distributor for TEI. Dealers & OEM's call for quantity pricing. PRENTICE THE STAR ^ OUR MOST POPULAR MODEM We've Sold Thousands! • to 300 Oaud • Bell 103 and 113 • Exclusive triple seal acoustic chamber • Self Test • ±0 3% frequency stability; crystal controlled • Receiver Sensitivity ol -50dB on. -53dB olf • FSK Modulation • RS232 Compatible •Swllches:0nginate/0 If/Answer. Full Ouplex/TestAHalt Duplex • lnoTcaton:Transmi! Data. Receive Data. Carrier Ready. Test Part No. Description Lisl Price SALE BFPBNSTAB RS232. TTI. 20Ma Current LoopS199.00 $129.00 LD-Hayes SMARTMODEM • Aulo Answer. Auto Dial, Full or Hail-Duplex. Loop Back * Serial binary, and asynchronous data loniKtlS Willi 1 or 8 data bits. 1 or 2 slop bits; odd. even or no parity • 0-300 han.ul • HS232C interlace • Z8 Microprocessor with 2Kb control program • 40 character command butter • Size 1.5" x 5.5" x 9.6" BFOCH0200P Smartuiodcm (Sh Wl 6 lbs) S279.00 $249.00 DFDCH0300P Chronograph (Sh wt. 3 lbs.] $249.00 $219.00 BFDCB0I00P MicmmodomlOOlSh Wt 4 lbs.)S399.00 $360.00 BFDCH290I0 CP/tvT 8" terminal Program tor above $25.00 BFDCH0000P Mlcromottein II $37900 $320.00 BFBCB2401D Dalnaml (PASCAL patch) lor above $ 50.00 554 BYTE June 1982 Circle 371 on inquiry card. PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS SEC LETTER QUALITY QF| I IIM PRINTERS FROM ^tLLUIVl Interfaces: • RS232C and Curtent Loop • Centronics type parallel interlace • IEEE/488 All are DIP switch selectable. Pltjonilll, P!0U>C0ii: • NEC55I0 • DIABLO 630 • QUMESprint9 • IBM Personal Computer • ATARI (Centronics 737). Special Features: • Z80 CPU • 12K ROM * Standard 16K Buffer • Optional 48K Bulter • 50 - 19 2K baud • Micro-coded alarm different- iates error conditions with pulse combinations • Intelligent bi-directional printing with logic seeking • Complete word processing features • Self test • Auto reprint • Auto clear error • Proportional spacing • Supports Automatic justification • Complete Vector plotting routines • Sheet feeder mode allows easy interface to most mechanical sheet feeders • 6 month warrantee • Ouiet - 60db • Front panel forms control • Universal power supply 1 15/220V 50/60 Hz. BO CPS USING THE FUJITSU SP830 Description list Price Our Price Intelligent Printer $3495.00 $2995.00 BFSLMF86rFT BFSLMF8648K- OPTIONS Vertical forms tractor 4BK RAM butler $200.00 $400.00 Call lor pricing on sheet teed options 55 CPS USING THE NEC 7700 BFSLMH77 Intelligent Printer $3295.00 $2895.00 BFSIMN77IFT BFSLMH77BDFT BFSLMN77CSF BFSLMN77CSF2 BFSLMN7748K' BFCPAM572 BFSC0B25! OPTIONS Vertical Forms Tractor Bidirectional Forms Tractor NEC Cut Sheet Feeder Twin Cut Sheet Feeder 48K RAM Buffer 'Must be ordered with the printer INTERFACE CABLES Centronics IBM/NEC Cable RS232C Serial Cable Call lor other cables not listed $ 230.00 $ 400.00 $1595.00 $2150.00 $ 400.00 $80.00 $60.00 Para Dynamics 18 SLOT S-lOO MAINFRAME CVT Power Supply, forced air cooling; security lock 120 or 220V AC at 50 or 60Hz+8V@20A. ±1693.5 BFPDH2018D Desk Top $799.00 $699.00 BFPDK2018R Rack Mount $849.00 $749.00 8 SLOT S-lOO MAINFRAME WITH CUTOUTS FOR 2 5'A" DISK DRIVES +6656A ■58J50MM, +8@15A, + 72@6A + 7 6 @ 2, ->6(92 BFPOH2508D Desk Top $899.00 $789.00 BFPDN2508FI Rack Mount $949.00 $839.00 DISK DRIVE FACILITY Accommodates two 8" floppy drives, of Shugart, Qume. or similar design and dimensions. 1 10 or 220V AC at 50 or 60Hz CVT power. BFPDN2200D Desk Top $659.00 $579.00 BFPDH2200B Rack Mount $679.00 $595.00 Free standing cabinet. Will accept 2. 8" Floppy disks and 1. 8" Rigid disk. 18 slot card cage wilt accept the double height 10" x 1 0" S-1 00 cardsiAlpha Micro and others) CVT Power Supply. +24V7A, + 16(°>2.2A. -!6@3.5A +8(9204, +5@5A BFP0N28IB PRONTO $1295.00 $1129.00 PRONTO COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY POWER-UP SEQUENCER BFP0N2818S with sequencer $1395.00 $1249.00 Shipped motor freight collect OKIDATA I • BI-DIRECTIONAL-120 CPS* Parallel and Serial I/O • 9x9 Matrix (Alphanumeric) • 100 Thru 1200 Baud • 6x9 or 12 matrix lor graphics • Self Test • 5,8.3,10,16 Characters p/lnch • Out ol paper switch • 6 or 8 Lines per Inch • Friction or Tractor Feed • 80 CPL&10 CPI tor S2A *3" tot 4" Top of form • 132 CPL9 10 CPI for 83A & (Switch Selectable) 84 *10 Different Character Sets The above printers come complete with friction and tractor leed. Front panel selection of 1 different form lengths Front or bottom paper loading for up to 4 part forms and lear bar. All three printers have a parallel interface as standard. The 82A and 83A also include a 1 200 baud serial interface as standard. Part No. Description Ust Price SALE BF0KI0AT82AT BF0KBFRAPH82 BF0KIOATB3AT BF0KIGRAPH83 BF0KISER2KBF BF0KIDAT84AP BF0KIDAT84AS BFMBSAPLINTWC* *Sold only with BFEPNMX80 BFEPNMX80FT BFEPNMXI00 BFMBSAPLINTWC* BFMBSEI1' 80 column printer w/lractor (25 lbs.) $539.00 High resolution graphics ROM 60x66 $ 75.00 132 column printer w/lractor (35 lbs.) $750.00 High resolution graphics ROM 60x66 $ 75.00 9600 Baud 2K serial buffer interface $149.00 132 col. primer parallel interface $1095.00 with graphics (35 lbs.) 132 Col. printer 9600 baud serial 2K $1250.00 interface with graphics (35 lbs.) Apple Parallel Interlace w/cable (1 lb.) $ 75.00 printers EPSON 80col./CPS tractor feed (17 lbs.) with Tractor/Friction leed (20 lbs.) 132 COI./80CPS (30 lbs.) Tractor/Friction Feed Apple parallel interface with cable *Sold only with printers $450.00 $550.00 $725.00 $ 75.00 Serial interface for EPSON Printers $ 59.00 Applied Digital Data Systems Inc. $525.00 VIEWPOINT - ADDS Detachable keyboard, RS232 interlace and auxiliary port, 80 x 24 display, tiltable screen. BFADDVWPR Sh. weight: 30 lbs. $699.00 $525.00 DISK CABINETS VI OO- VISTA • Desk or rack mountable • Internal power and data cables • Drives pull out tor easy service and maintenance BFTflSlflOO Disk Drive Cabinet 143 lbs) $495.00 $449.00 SINGLE 8" • GLT. Single 8" cabinet with power supply BFQTC0DC8 122 lbs.) $249.00 $225.00 DUAL 8 - Q.T. Dual 8" cabinet with power supply BFQTCDDC88 124 lbs.) $395.00 $349.00 5" CABINETS - VISTA BFVIS9801 Single 5" with P.S. $ 85.00 BFVIS9B02 Dual 5" with P.S. $110.00 Overseas Customers Send $4.00 U.S. Currency or 22 International Reply Coupons to Receive Our New Catalog by Airmail ^PRIORITY landon Tandon TM-800 Thinline is exactly half the size ol conventional floppy disk drives. ONE Exactly one-halt the height ol any other model. Proprietary, high-resolution, read-write heads patented by Tandon D.C. only operation - no A.C. required Industry standard Interlace. Three millisecond track-to-track access time (9 lbs.) BFTNDTMB481 Single Sided $425.00 2 or more $395.00 BFTNDTM8482 Double Sided $575.00 2 or more $550.00 BFTNDTMBM Manual - not included with drive $10.00 TANDON 5V«" DRIVES BFTNDTM1001 Single Sided, 250KB 15 lbs.) $240.00' ea 2 or More $220.00 BFTNDTM1002 Double Sided, 500KB $325.00 ea. 2 or More $299.00 BFTNDTMI003 Single Sided, 500KB $325.00 ea. 2 or More $299.00 BFTNDTM1004 Double Sided, 100OKB $449.00 ea. 2 or More $420.00 BFTNDTM5M manual, not included with drive $10.00 •As used in the IBM PC. A MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC Better Than QUME! Better Than SHUGART! 8". Double-sided, double-density, interchangeable with 0UME & Shugart 0FMITM289463 Sh. VJeight 16 lbs. $550.00 BFMrrM289483MManual $ 10.00 2 or More $525.00 each Vf- fr' ■ y '"'BW;*' --«*-.---*?PVf-"' : Radio Shack's TRS-80 is Your Best Choice in a First Computer Why? Because you can start with our $999 Model III and easily— and economically— expand into a powerful, professional system! , ujr-MPffl* I iWHIJH i >