JUNE 1980 Volume 5, Number 6 $2.50 iii USA/$2.95 in Canada the small systems journal A MCGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION J* INTER COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS M| Someday all terminals will be smart, 128 Functions— software controlled 7x12 matrix, upper/lower case letters 50 to 38,400 baud-selectable 82 x 16 or 92 x 22 format— plus graphics Printer output port ''CHERRY" keyboard CT-82 Intelligent Terminal, assembled and tested $795.00 ppd in Cont. U.S. SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION 219 W. RHAPSODY SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216 Circle 10 on inquiry card. Here's the state of the art in low-cost hard-disk computers 11 MEGABYTES OF FAST HARD-DISK STORAGE Yes, the Cromemco Model Z-2H is in a class by itself in the computer field. These Z-2H features tell you why: • 11 megabytes of hard-disk storage • 64 kilobytes of fast RAM • Two dual-sided floppy disk drives • Z-80A type processor • Fast 4 MHz operation — 150 nanosecond access time • Fast hard-disk transfer rate of 5.6 megabits/second • Low cost And that's not all you get. Not nearly. BROAD SOFTWARE SUPPORT You also get Cromemco software support — the broadest software sup- port in the microcomputer field. Soft- ware that Cromemco is known for. Like this: • Structured BASIC • FORTRAN IV • RATFOR (RATional FORtran) • COBOL • Z-80 Macro Assembler • Word Processing System • Data Base Management And more all the time. FIELD PROVEN The Z-2H is clearly in a class by it- self. We introduced it last summer. It's field proven. It's reliable. And it's rugged. Housed in a sturdy, all-metal cabinet. EASILY EXPANDABLE As always with Cromemco, you get expandability. The fast 64K RAM in this Model Z-2H can be expanded to 512 kilobytes. That amount of RAM combined with 11 megabytes of hard- disk storage gives you enormous Circle 1 on Inquiry card. Q computer power — the equal or even beyond what much larger computers sometimes offer. What's more, this computer gives you a 12-slot card cage. That's to plug in your special circuits as well as additional RAM and interface cards. This expandability is supported by still more Cromemco value — the Z-2H's heavy-duty power supply that gives you 30A at 8V and 15A at ±18V to support plug-ins. LOW COST — SEE IT NOW The Z-2H is real. It's been in the field for many months. It's proven itself. You should see the Z-2H now. Con- tact a Cromemco representative and arrange for a demo. Learn that Cro- memco is a survey-winner for reli- ability. And learn that the Z-2H is under $10K. In the long run it always pays to get the best. Cromemco i ncorporated 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400 Tomorrow's computers today ^ Latched Outputs 4 MHz Crystal Clock On Card Voltage Regulation Parallel I/O Port #1 \ Parallel I/O Port #2 / Parallel I/O Port #3 \ RS-232 or Current Loop I/O Port #4 / 8K ROM IK RAM Capacity Standard Bus for System Expandability Programmable Baud Rate UARTwith Interval Timers 4MHzZ-80A Completely Buffered Bus Interface The single card computer with the features that help you in real life COMPLETE COMPUTER In this advanced card you get a pro- fessional quality computer that meets today's engineering needs. And it's one that's complete. It lets you be up and running fast. All you need is a power supply and your ROM software. The computer itself is super. Fast 4 MHz operation. Capacity for 8K bytes of ROM (uses 2716 PROMs which can be programmed by our new 32K BYTE- SAVER® PROM card). There's also 1K of on-board static RAM. Further, you get straightforward interfacing through an RS-232 serial interface with ultra-fast speed of up to 76,800 baud — software programmable. Other features include 24 bits of bi- directional parallel I/O and five on- board programmable timers. _ 2 BYTE June 1960 ENORMOUS EXPANDABILITY Besides all these features the Cro- memco single card computer gives you enormous expandability if you ever need it. And it's easy to expand. First, you can expand with the new Cromemco 32K BYTESAVER PROM card mentioned above. Then there's Cromemco's broad line of S100-bus-compatible memory and I/O interface cards. Cards with fea- tures such as relay interface, analog interface, graphics interface, opto- isolator input, and A/D and D/A con- version. RAM and ROM cards, too. Card Cage 32K BYTESAVER PROM card Q EASY TO USE Another convenience that makes the Model SCC computer easy to use is our Z-80 monitor and 3K Control BASIC (in two ROMs). With this optional software you're ready to go. The monitor gives you 12 commands. The BASIC, with 36 commands/functions, will directly ac- cess I/O ports and memory locations — and call machine language subroutines. Finally, to simplify things to the ulti- mate, we even have convenient card cages. Rugged card cages. They hold cards firmly. No jiggling out of sockets. AVAILABLE NOW/LOW PRICE The Model SCC is available now at a low price of only $450 burned-in and tested (32K BYTESAVER only $295). So act today. Get this high-capability computer working for you right away. Cromemco incorporated Specialists in computers and peripherals 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 964-7400 Circle 1 on inquiry card. In The Queue EVII June 1980 Volume 5, Number 6 Foreground page 96 page 140 nr, TJ) ("'UXIiRESS '» H.R.3822 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES A BILL To amend title III of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 19(35 to establish a Notional Center for Personal Computers in Education. 24 AN ANSWER/ORIGINATE MODEM by Ronald G Parsons Construction from precalibrated modules that eliminate the need for complicated ad- justments makes this modem a practical project for the homebrewing hobbyist. 42 I/O EXPANSION FOR THE TRS-80, Part 2: Serial Ports by Steve Ciarcia Along with a discussion of the theory of serial I/O ports, here's a design for an economical RS-232C interface that is compatible with standard TRS-80 software. 64 Z80 OP CODES FOR AN 8080 ASSEMBLER by William T Powers Using predefined variable names, you can generate proper Z80 machine-language code. 96 COMMUNICATING IN TWO DIRECTIONS by Mark R Tichener With proper transmission lines, extra terminals can make your personal computer flexi- ble and easy to access from many locations. 122 A TIME-SHARING/MULTI-USER SUBSYSTEM FOR MICROPROCESSORS by Don Kinzer This minimal hardware/software system shows that running multiple users on microcomputers is a simpler task to implement than most think. 140 A TELEPHONE-DIALING MICROCOMPUTER by John Renbarger Automatic telephone dialing can be done by two diverse methods. Background 88 MY TRS-80 TALKS TO MY CROMEMCO Z-2 by Rod Hallen Peripherals that were once dedicated to a single computer can now be shared by using this communications scheme. 108 UNDERSTANDING ISAM by Reginald D Gates Some microcomputers can use the indexed-sequential access method, known as ISAM, instead of random access or sequential access. 214 INTERPERSONALIZED MEDIA: WHAT'S NEWS? by James A Levin Decreasing costs and increasing availability of telecommunication facilities for microcomputers imply modes of communication vastly different from the ones we use today. 230 FIFTEEN: A GAME OF STRATEGY (OR TIC-TAC-TOE REVISITED) by John Rheinstein This is a Nim-like game in which players try to pick numbers that will add up to 15. Nucleus page 186 6 Editorial: The Grass Roots Electronic Post Office... 196 12 Letters 84, 212, 228 BYTE's Bits 204 86 Ask BYTE 210 136 Book Reviews: The Network Nation: Human Communications 238 via Computer 242 174 BYTELINES (formerly BYTE News) 287 182 BYTE's Bugs 288 186 BYTE's Bits: Bills Introduced in Congress Technical Forum: A Race-Car Monitoring Program; Computing Time Between Dates Event Queue Clubs and Newsletters Languages Forum: Comment and Correction for Mouse What's New? Unclassified Ads, BOMB Results Reader Service, BOMB June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Publishers Virginia Londoner, Gordon R Williamson Associate Publisher John E Hayes Assistant Cheryl A Hurd Editorial Director Carl T Helmers Jr Editor-in-Chief Christopher P Morgan Editors Richard S Shuford, Gregg Williams, Curtis P Feigel Book Editor Bruce A Roberts Chief Copy Editor David William Hayward Copy Editors Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson, Robin M Moss, Anthony J Lockwood Assistant to the Editors Faith Ferry Assistant Debe Wheeler New Products Editor Clubs, Newsletters Charles Freiberg Drafting Jon Swanson Production Director Nancy Estle Assistant Production Director Christine Dixon Production/Advertising Coordinator Wai Chu Li Production Art Holly Carmen LaBossiere, Deborah Porter Typographers Sherry McCarthy, Debi Fredericks, Donna Sweeney Advertising Director Thomas Harvey Assistants Ruth M Walsh, Ms. Marion Gagnon Special Projects Coordinator Jill ECallihan Assistant Karen A Cilley Marketing Coordinator Laura A Hanson Circulation Manager Gregory Spitzfaden Assistants Pamela R H Spitzfaden, Agnes E Perry, Melanie Bertoni, Barbara Varnum, Louise Menegus Dealer Sales Thomas Yanni Controller Daniel Rodrigues Assistant Mary E Fluhr Accounts Receivable Specialist Karen Burgess Accounts Receivable Assistant Jeanne Cilley Receptionist Jacqueline Earnshaw Traffic Department Mark Sandagata, Rob Hannings National Advertising Sales Representatives: Hajar Associates Inc East 280 Hillside Av, Needham Heights MA 02194 (617)444-3946 521 Fifth Av, New York NY 10017 (212)682-5844 Midwest 2405 Lawndale Evanston IL 60201 (312) 864-3467 West, Southwest 1000 Elwell Ct, Suite 227, Palo Alto CA 94303 (415) 964-0706/(714) 540-3554 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc ON THE COVER On this month's cover, Robert Tinney has created a visual fantasy on a communications theme. Imagine a network of personal computers where each persons computer is a node. Each node can display some information about the network. The fantasy cover painting shows several such personal computers in a matrix of translucent network connections. A few message packets are in transit down gossamer conduits, and each computer shows a view of the network from that node's vantage point. As noted in this month's editorial, the real-world equivalent of this fantasy is the telephone network with low-speed modem equip- ment. While 300 bps is not the data communications equivalent of the bandwidth of a light beam, it is a good start which exists today. The nodes we know about via modems and telephones consist of our personalized directories of public access and private computer systems. Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: Paul F. McPherson, President; Executive Vice Presidents: James E. Boddorf, Gene W. Simpson; Group Vice President: Daniel A. McMillan; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson, Business Systems Development; Stephen C. Croft, Manufacturing; Robert B. Doll, Circulation; James E. Hackett, Controller; William H. Hammond, Communications; Eric B. Herr, Planning and Development; John W. Patten, Sales; Edward E. Schirmer, International. Officers of the Corporation: Harold W McGraw Jr, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board; Robert F Landes, Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J Webb, Treasurer. BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458, a wholly-owned sub- sidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Address all mail except subscriptions to above address: phone (603)924-9281. Address subscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, PO Box 590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Controlled circulation postage paid at Waseca, Minnesota 56093- USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second class registration number9321. Subscriptions are $18 for one year, $32 for two years, and $46 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, $20 for one year, $36 for two years, $52 for three years. $32 for one year air delivery to Europe. $32 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is $2.50 in the USA and its possessions, $2.95 in Canada and Mexico, $4.00 in Europe, and $4.50 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America. Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at the above address. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1980 by BYTE Publica- tions Inc. All rights reserved. tE0 BYTE® is available In microform from University Microfilms International, 300 N Zeeb Rd, Dept PR, " Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WC1R 4EJ ENGLAND. Subscription WATS Line: (800) 258-5485 Office hours: MorvThur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time Circle 2 on inquiry card. 512 x 484 resolution display supervised by its own Z80 micropro- cessor 32K bytes of dual port memory give a com- pletely undisturbed screen image Resident software em- ulates an ASCII ter- minal and provides graphics routines for point, line, region, and light pen usage, and more Compatible with any S-100 system, yet eas- ily interfaced to other computers 72 key keyboard with graphics function keys 15" high performance monitor MICROAJSTGELO HIGH RESOLUTION- GRAPHICS SUBSYSTEM $1995.00 Light Pen Optional SUBSYSTEMS By SCION CORP. Wordsmith Word Pro- cessor software 40-line page display S electric layout key- board plus 20 Word- smith function keys 15" high performance monitor Compatible with S-100 systems Complete documenta- tion Call or write: SCION CORP. 8455-D Tyco Road Vienna, Virginia 22180 (703) 827-0888 CECO CECO CECO CEC BLACK AND WHITE BLUES GOT YOU DOWN? WANT TO ADD AT LEAST A TINT OF COLOR TO YOUR COMPUTING? WISH SOMEONE WOULD COME UP WITH AN IDEA TO IMPROVE CONTRAST , RELIEVE EYE STRAIN, AND PROVIDE A SURFACE THAT IS EASY TO CLEAN FOR YOUR MONITOR? THE 'ORIGINAL SMOKE SCREEN 1 IS YOUR ANSWER'. CECO HAS FOUND THE RIGHT MATERIAL THAT COMBINES THE BEST FEATURES OF DURABILITY, PERFORMANCE, AND EASE OF INSTALLATION. MADE FROM TOUGH ACRYLIC MATERIAL IT HAS SHOWN ITSELF TO BE RELIABLE, AND OPTICALLY SUPERIOR. WHILE NOT RECOMMENDED FOR COLOR MONITORS , IT IS THE PERFECT MATCH FOR YOUR 12" BLACK AND WHITE. THE 'ORIGINAL SMOKE SCREEN 1 COMES READY TO INSTALL, EVERYTHING YOU NEED IS IN THE PACKAGE, NO DRILLING, SCREWS, OR OTHER DAMAGING MOUNTING IS REQUIRED. FOR AS LITTLE AS $9.95 YOU CAN FINALLY IMPROVE THE OPTICS OF YOUR MONITOR IN ONLY SECONDS. TRULY, THIS IS A VALUABLE ADDITION TO YOUR SYSTEM. MONO-CHROMATIC IMAGING IS THE KEY TO THE 'ORIGINAL SMOKE SCREEN' BY CECO AND IT PROVIDES AN IMAGE THAT IS EASIER TO VIEW THAN AN UNPROTECTED MONITOR. MAKES GRAPHICS LOOK MORE INTERESTING. PROVIDES A REAL IMPROVEMENT TO MONITOR PROTECTION. | h3 < w s O H >h H h3 « « Q O t5 cd H W w K •o W Q O CO Eh M3 O ON -3" W O O • H S S X < o « *M S X s W Q X .^ w o hi Eh H SQ Eh < Q M S < O >H Q > > W M X CO i-q < O W Eh ^ Q O ^ S co-3- W Q Eh W Q s s < S3 OOO CO S I Eh W t-H* 2 Q < O W EH hH* CO o^lW Eh < K 3 M CD H 0) Q OW O O Circle 247 on inquiry card. June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Editorial The Grass Roots Electronic Post Office or, How Electronic (and Private) Mail Is Already Here by Carl Helmers How many of our readers could agree with the following propositions about ways in which they live? I never use a telephone. I never talk with anyone. ( ) Agree ( ) Agree ( ) Disagree ( ) Disagree Most readers would disagree with both propositions, since they use telephones and talk to one another — as do most people in our society. One would be tempted to compare the first proposition with the second by noting that telephone use is simply talking augmented by technology. Talking does not require any technology, whereas using a telephone does. However, both are means of communication (ie: sending and receiving messages). Talking and telephone use both require what is perhaps our oldest technology: verbal reasoning within a commonly defined language. Communications is the theme of this issue of BYTE and our emphasis is on extensions to the scale of this technology. We are talking about telephone net- works with personal computers attached. The medium is the telephone net- work, and computers are the tools. We offer a number of articles this month covering areas as diverse as the technology of modems to their use in new forms of electronic-publication services for personal-computer users. In future months, readers will see more articles on communications applications of small computers. The personal computer heralds the beginning of an age of personal data communications, encouraged by recent changes in telephone rules which allow "foreign" attachments to be connected with the telephone network. An unplanned side effect of these rule changes is that a personal computer can be one of those foreign attachments, in addition to the various forms of non-Bell domestic telephones and phone-answering machines. We now see the ability for a personal-computer owner to send a message to another via the telephone network at any time of the day or night. The re- ceiving computer will most likely have a floppy disk for storage and a printer for hard-copy output. If a letter takes a week to arrive at its destination or may be forever lost, why even bother with "first class" mail? A slightly more expen- sive electronic system already exists through data communications. These facts guarantee the existence of the completely unofficial, unplanned "Grass Roots Electronic Post Office." For one of our readers with a personal computer to open his or her own box in the Grass Roots Electronic Post Office there is an initiation fee of sorts, namely the price of some standard or custom software and Federal Com- munications Commission (FCC) approved and registered modem-phone con- nection to the typical small computer. The auto-answer/auto-dial modem is the enabling technology for the personal computer in this application. The key to the user's mailbox is the software running in the computer. The address is provided by the telephone network as the usual phone number. A common language is provided by 8-bit asynchronous serial communications at 300 bits per second (bps). "For reliable data storage, you can't beat Shugart's Minifl /' ' M Raymond Schlitzer, Owner— Computerland, San Francisco "I sell systems my customers can depend on. That's why most of the personal and small business computer systems sold here feature Minifloppy disk drives. I know from experience I can rely on the Minifloppy" Since 1976 Shugart's Minifloppy has been used by more small computer system manufacturers than any other drive. In fact, more than half-a-million Minifloppys TM— Minifloppy is a trademark of Shugart Associates. have been installed. The Minifloppy looks small— but it stores a lot of data. 250 kilobytes on one side, or up to 500 kilo- bytes in the double-sided model. That's about 50 pages of printed information on a single-sided Minidiskette, and twice that on the double-sided version. You'll have plenty of storage capacity for your pro- grams, letters, forms, or ledger entries. And you find your data fast, too, because the Minifloppy is a random access device that eliminates the need to search for your data serially as you must with a tape cassette unit. No matter what problem you're solving with your computer system, you can rely on Shugart's Minifloppy for data storage. We're known as the Headstrong company for good reason. We're Headstrong about reliability, quality, and value. Ask your dealer. He knows us. Rely on the Headstrong Company. Shugart 475 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, California 94086 The network has existed since the phone companies made direct-dialing telephones practically universal in re- cent years. The telephone companies have solved all the problems of send- ing messages by the best routes, addressing the recipients of the messages, and running the needed lines. They provide a universally switched bandwidth adequate for 300 bps (30 characters per second) with simple Bell 103-style modems. With these specifications a three-minute phone call transmits 5400 characters of information. This is approximately equivalent to three 1920-character (24-by-80) terminal screens full of in- formation, or a page and a half of for- matted printed text. To send such a message from New Hampshire to a friend of mine in Santa Clara, California, would cost about $0.60 at the current rates, if done at night or on the weekend. This is not an ex- cessive premium over the cost of a $0.15 first-class letter which might get there within a week. Thus any two people who have a personal computer and a Bell 103-compatible modem can send elec- tronic messages back and forth. Such messages can be on an "instant" basis with the two parties actively at a ter- minal. Or such messages can be sent on a "store-and-forward" basis, in which case no active human inter- vention is needed at either end at transmission time; messages are created as text files with addressee information. Then, at the optimal time of day from a telephone-rate point of view, these text files are sent to the appropriate recipients with similar computers. The purposes of such communica- tions are as varied as the purposes of any communication. The com- munication can be made totally private, if desired, by use of an automatic encryption technique, or the communication can be as open as the normal telephone call. As more and more people obtain this type of equipment, especially the auto- answer/auto-dial type of modem, there is the need for directories of people with active data nodes on the phone network. Most everyone keeps a personal directory of telephone numbers in a Now MONTY™ challenges you to SCRABBLE' MONTY rM 's no ordinary Scrabble* player! He spices up his game with music and colorful graphics. And he can challenge you atanyskilllevel-beginnertoexpertwith tens of thousands of words. Available on disk only for Apple II, TRS-80 LEVEL Hand CP/M based systems (16K required) for use with your Scrabble game. Send $29.95 check or money order or CALL NOW Toll Free (see below) for VISA or MASTER- CHARGE purchase, lowansadd sales tax. "MONTY™plays Monopoly"also available. Another Incredible Computer Opponent Program Ritam Corporation . "monty™ plays scrabble" PO. BOX 921 I □ Apple II disk $29.95 PairfiolH l«.«o ROKRR ■ □ TRS-80 Level II disk 29.95 Fairfield, Iowa 52556 i dcp/ms disk 29.95 D CP/M 8 "disk 29.95 I "MONTY™ plays Monopoly' □ Apple II cassette $24.95 □ Apple II disk □ TRS-80 cassette a TRS-80 disk 27.95 24.95 27.95 'Scrabble is a trademark ol Selchow & RighlerCo. Monopoly Is a trademark of Parker Bros., Inc. I Apple is a trademark ot Apple Computer, Inc. ■ TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp. i CP/M Is a trademark of Digital Research Inc. | MONTY'" is not sponsored or endorsed by . Selchow & Righter Co. or Parker Bros., Inc. e Ritam Corp. 1980 ORDER NOW TOLL FREE • 800-624-7888 • 800-852-7777 (Calif.) • 800-824-7919 (HI & AL) Ask for Operator 975. Charge my □ VISA □ MASTERCHARGE Exp. Date.. Credit Card # MC Bank # _ Signature _ „ _ Name Address City State . .Zip. more or less organized fashion. With a personal computer, such a directory can be kept on a floppy disk. Using an auto-dial modem which can dis- connect its carrier after dialing, automatic dialing of voice calls is pos- sible. A natural extension is to main- tain a personal directory of modem communications contacts along with the mode of operation used. Just as a telephone-company direc- tory goes far beyond an individual's list of friends and contacts, we may see modem manufacturers, indepen- dent publishers, or computer clubs publishing directories. Each entry would consist of the telephone number and any equipment informa- tion needed for random access. The widespread publication of general access information for private com- puters really defines the Grass Roots Electronic Post Office as a social phenomenon larger than its origins with individuals and small groups. One thing we do not need as users, however, is the United States Postal Service (USPS) intervention. Today the system works through the won- ders of our existing AT&T network. But then, private-letter express com- panies worked very well before the government postal monopoly was given legal protection in the nine- teenth century. Occasional challenges of the private express statutes and USPS inefficiency are made. Com- panies making the challenge have shown excellent profitability prior to being closed down by the govern- ment-enforced postal monopoly. If these companies were allowed to exist and expand, we might have a little improvement (lower prices, better service) in first-class mail delivery. In spite of heavy regulation, telephone companies work very well. After many decades of government- sanctioned limitations on competi- tion, telephone companies are now facing new rivalries from many sources. Alternative long-distance voice and data-communications tech- niques now exist over microwave and satellite links. Competition is grow- ing in alternative telephone set designs. The fact that modems can be connected to the telephone network at all is part of this recent regulatory reform. Running counter to this liberalizing trend is the U S Postal Service's re- cently expressed desires to "provide" electronic mail. A political reaction from the U S Postal Service and its 8 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 3 on inquiry card. Z8000. \bu know it's better. Now, it's real. Welcome to the next micro- computer revolution. A whole new generation of processors that bring big-machine architec- ture to small computers: Up to 10 times the throughput of Z80. Eight megabytes of directly-ad- dressable memory. Plus, a rich, powerful set of over 400 instruc- tions, data types and address modes. Not a.promise. A reality. Introducing MPU-8000™- our brand-new 1 6-bit CPU that makes the most of Z8000's many advantages, and then some. With MPU-8000, you get all the computing power you need. And, you can have it with the low-cost Z8002, which ad- dresses 64K, or the full eight megabyte Z8001 . There's plenty of room for expansion, too, via a top connector that makes adding an MMU or other Zbus- compatible accessories literally a snap. Software support? Z8000 Pascal, editor, macro-assembler, operating system and more are on the way But you don't even have to wait for them. Our new CPU is usablenow in your pres- ent IEEE S-1 00 system, simply by slaving our MPU-8000 to your existing Z80 and cross-assem- bling your programs for the Z8000. Think about it: 16-bit S-1 00. All the power, speed and flexibility of a mini, simply by plugging in the new MPU-8000. From Intersystems: Computer products you can rely on. And build on, too. Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 1650 Hanshaw Roacl/RO. Box 91, Ithaca, NY 14850 607-257-01 90/TWX: 510 255 4346 © 1980, Ithaca Intersystems Inc. allies in Congress could adversely af- fect the future of a Grass Roots Elec- tronic Post Office. Based on the past effectiveness of the Postal Service, the results could well be disastrous. In a confrontation between the FCC and the Postal Service during 1979, the FCC came out as a defender of elec- tronic media from interference. Assuming that political problems are not sufficient to hinder the grow- ing private use of data-com- munications techniques, what technical problems might be present? The technical basis of raw com- munication was set many years ago with the definition of the Bell 103 modem standard. Perhaps the most significant remaining problem is the definition of "generally accepted" protocols for two-user interactions of various kinds. (Multiple-person, con- ference call interactions are the excep- tion in telephone usage.) Protocols of this sort often grow out of practice in the art. A parallel example from a related communica- tions field is the protocol used by citizen band (CB) radio corres- pondents. It is derived from common usage, and has evolved in time as a subset of the English language. But it is a protocol with defined meanings and semantics taken from common English. One fairly standard com- munication protocol already exists in the form of "computerized com- munity bulletin-board systems" (CCBBS) begun by Ward Christensen and Randy Suess of the CACHE com- puter club in Chicago, Illinois. Many similar systems now exist as the soft- ware percolates around the country. We can expect operating protocols for computers attached to the phone network to be as varied as the dif- ferent styles of operating systems. We hope to find a generally accepted pro- tocol for some key items. For ex- ample, the characters used to invoke a "Help" system usage aid may reduce through practice to one or more alternatives. This is somewhat akin to CB common usages like "10-4 good buddy" meaning "yes." It will be interesting to see what develops in this area. But whatever the command prac- tices that evolve, an underlying stan- dard is provided by the American Standard Code for Information Inter- change (ASCII) standard, as recently extended. Every personal computer made in the United States uses some adaptation of the ASCII standard for character information. And, in ASCII, certain codes have predefined semantic meanings such as "acknowl- edge," "negative acknowledge," "car- riage return," "line feed," etc. These predefined meanings can be used to some advantage; they represent a history of conventions that antedate widespread personal computer usage. There is no real need to reinvent a wheel which grew out of facing these problems of computer-to-computer communications. In summary, while there are some nagging problems, the Grass Roots Electronic Post Office is alive and well. It exists in the hardware and software of personal-computer users who have modems as part of their systems. As a means of sending mes- sages and using the telephone net- work more effectively by individuals or businesses, it has grown out of the simple availability of the hardware. It is not yet formally recognized enough to have its own directory publica- tions. But wherever there exist two friends with modems there is a high likelihood of communication being used. The future for communications by personal computer looks bright. ■ Notes by Carl Helmers Many of our readers will want to explore further this idea of per- sonal use of data communications. An excellent source of information is found in the manuals provided by D C Hayes Associates Inc that accompany its communications products. This company markets an S-100-compatible modem and an Apple-compatible product which is called Micromodem II. These comments are based on the manual for the Micromodem II, written by Donald J Hyde. The content of the Micromodem II Owner's Manual is an example of some of the best documentation available. We find an 81-page booklet which is well illustrated with technical drawings and examples. It begins with the ex- pected details of installation and use of the Micromodem s built-in programs. It then progresses to a complete discussion of elementary modem programming, illustrated by examples. We find out how to dial the telephone, hang up the telephone, answer the telephone, transmit data and receive data — all from examples given in BASIC. (D C Hayes promises to release infor- mation on use of the Micromodem with Apple Pascal, but as of this writing it has not been received. In a phone conversation in mid- March, we found that the Pascal software for Micromodem II is complete but not 100% debugged. Readers can expect to see the Pascal software available soon.) Under other headings, we find advanced programming techniques such as manipulation of hardware defaults, turning off the carrier so that another phone on the same line can be used for voice pur- poses, waiting for the Nth ring, etc. Inspirational programs are provided in a chapter of that name in order to give examples of ap- plications such as repertoire dial- ing, and even a computerized wakeup call-generator. A tutorial chapter is devoted to background information on the phone network, Bell 103 modems, data rates, ringing, and dialing. Although the source listing for the read-only memory (ROM) pro- grams is not given in the manual (it should have been), there should be enough documentation to manip- ulate the hardware through these routines. And if worse came to worst, one could always disas- semble the ROM programs. (Apple Pascal users should note, however, that present PROMs are useless due to references made to the Apple firmware replaced by the Pascal systems software.) So, if readers are looking for some information on the technical details to support this concept for the Grass Roots Electronic Post Office, we highly recommend perusal of this D C Hayes manual. Another source of similiar infor- mation is Ronald G Parsons' article "An Answer / Originate Modem," found on pages 24 thru 40 of this issue of BYTE. 10 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 4 on inquiry card. New from SSM. A ■ :y 80 Character Video With 80 < our VB3 is the perfect video interface for word processing. It produces a standard 80x24 display of upper and lower case characters or as much as 80x51 for a full page of text.The matrix for graphic display goes up to 160x204. And with optional EPROM, as many as 256 user programmed characters or symbols can be produced. VB3 is memory mapped for rapid screen updating. But it occupies memory only when activated. So one or more VB3s can be located at the same address with a full 65K of mem- ory still available to the user. It generates both U.S. and European TV rates and meets the new IEEE S-100 standard. Other features include key- board input, black on white or white on black, one level of grey, underline, strike thru, blinking char., blank-out char., and programmable cursor. Software includes a CP/M compatible driver and a powerful terminal simulator. VB3 is available in several configurations. Retail prices start at S375 kit , S440 assembled. designing the CB2 to a it will be the most fully S-100 compatible Z-80 CPU on the market. It operates at 2MHZ or 4MHZ by DIP switch selection and includes two sockets for 2716/2732 EPROMs orTMS 4016 2K RAMs. Memory sock- ets can be disabled. Separate run/stop and single step switches allow system evaluation without the benefit of a front panel. CB2 also features an MWRITE signal, firmware vector jump, and an output port to control 8 extended address lines (allowing use of more than 65K of memory). Jumper options generate the new IEEE S-100 signals to insure future S-100 compatibility. Retail price-5210 kit, l S275, assembled. Our line. CPU, Video, I/O, RAM, EPROM, EPROM Programmer, Music, Prototyping, Terminator, Extender, and Mother boards. 1 Available assembled or as kits. °>080 CPU iew CBIA is identic to our popular CB1 with the exception that the on-board RAM has been increased from 256 bytes to a full IK. It also features an optional 2K of 2708 EPROMs, power-on/ reset vector jump, MWRITE, parallel input port with status and DIP switch addressing. Retail price— S159 kit, S219 assembled. SSM Microcomputer Products 2190 Paragon Drive San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 946-7400 Send for our free brochure and find out why SSM has become the favorite of discerning Hobbyists and OEMs. Review of Some Excellent Marketing and Pointers for Companies Marketing Computers I read Carl Helmers' editorial in the January 1980 BYTE ("The Era of Off- the-Shelf Personal Computers Has Arrived," page 6), and I thought your readers might, in turn, be interested in my recent experience in approaching the purchase of a personal computer. First of all, let me mention that I am a con- sulting engineer in optics and instrumen- tation and must, therefore, own most of my own tools (computers). Before I give some words about my experiences in the hunt for a satisfactory personal com- puter, may I give some technical background about one major area of my work and the requirements I have for the personal machine? Lenses and mirrors are part of the op- tics I design. The design of combinations of these to satisfy some client require- ment is a complex and often laborious calculating task. Tracing a single light Letters ray through one lens or mirror surface in accordance with the rigorous physical-mathematical rules takes as many as 350 steps of file manipulation and arithmetic or higher mathematical calculations. To complete a design may take thousands of these ray-surface calculations. Worse yet, most optical designs are compromises against focusing errors (aberrations), and the computer must seek to improve the given lens design by reducing these errors using matrix calculations. Often, the matrices are as large as 40 by 40, or even bigger. Because matrices of this size are often not completely soluble, least-squares reduction of residual aberrations (by damping the matrix) is now the popular method of computing optimal lens designs. So, the matrix has to be re- solved several times — called "iterations toward the optimum solution." So, the outcome of all of this is my requirement that the personal computer be strongly oriented toward number crunching. Also, the matrix inversion TRS-80,PETV APPL£, SORCERER Ham Interface Systems ^ijOTBOMK^' a Send & Receive RTTY / CW. □ Complete Hardware & Software Package. □ Extensive User Manuals. □ From $129. Write or call for complete catalog ICSJnc.® 1 125 N. Golden State Blvd. / Suite G Turlock,CA95380(A) (209)667-2888/634-8888 We are experiencing telephone difficulties, please keep trying. VK23M California residents add 6% tax (solution) may depend on maintaining a large number of significant digits in each number. Thus, we arrive at one of my major complaints against personal- computer advertising: there is almost no reference to the number of digits available in single-precision computing. Let me now go ahead and list some of my complaints about personal-computer advertising and promotional literature from the manufacturers: 1) Lack of description — number of digits in single precision. 2) Limited number of math functions available. 3) Lack of description — speed of typical calculation. 4) Frequent absence of full list of re- quired hardware components. What is needed to be fully up and run- ning — controllers, interconnecting special cables, etc. 5) Pricing for complete package — ready to plug in and use for calculations. As an engineer, I need to know these facts to determine if the machine is the one I should buy. As if in answer to my questions, Hewlett-Packard (HP) recently released technical information about the HP-85 personal computer. Almost every ques- tion I might think of which bears on my decision to purchase was answered in their technical data sheet. Of course, there are some things about the HP-85 which are less than satisfactory, but, and this is very important, when I final- ly got to see the machine and run it for a few minutes, there were no surprises! Just about everything I expected from the brochure was found, including some of the not-so-good items. I was thus able to make up a point-score on the machine and make my decision without a lot of unknowns. Well, where does this lead to? I sug- gest that the following be recommended to personal computer manufacturers: 1) There are many, many potential buyers who need to know things about a machine that are not now mentioned in the literature or ads. a) What are the components necessary to get a ready-to-run package? What price? b) How fast does the machine ac- complish a typical task (some kind of benchmark test)? 12 June 198Q © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 5 on inquiry card. Circle 6 on inquiry card. ; What kind of man owns his own computer? 9, Rather revolutionary, the whole idea of owning your own computer? Not if you're a diplomat, printer, scientist, inventor. . . or a kite designer, too. Today there's Apple Computer. It's designed to be a personal computer. To uncomplicate your life. And make you more effective. c% It's a wise man who owns an Apple. ^ If your time means money, Apple can help you make more of it. In an age of specialists, the most successful specialists stay away from uncreative drudgery. That's where Apple comes in. Apple is a real computer, right to the core. So just like big computers, it manages data, crunches numbers, keeps records, processes your information and prints reports. You concentrate on what you do best. And let Apple do the rest. Apple makes that easy with three programming languages — including Pascal — that let you be your own software expert. Apple, the computer worth not waiting for. Time waiting for access to your company's big main- frame is time wasted. What you need in your department — on your desk — is a computer that answers only to you. . . t Apple Computer. It's less expensive than timesharing. More dependable than distributed processing. Far more flexible than centralized EDR And, #Vi at l ess ^ an $2500 (as shown), downright affordable. Visit your local computer store. You can join the personal computer revolution by visiting the Apple dealer in your neighborhood. We'll give you his name when you call our toll free number (800) 538-9696. In California, (800) 662-9238. Apple Computer, 10260 -^^tf^ Bandley Drive, Cupertino, CA 95014. f^P^ c) What are the number of digits available in single precision? What math functions? 2) Take a look at the HP data sheets to see what kind of information attracts the engineers, and what is needed. Issue a similar data sheet for your machine, as a complete system ready to plug in and run. I realize that ANSI BASIC describes pretty well a lot of the things I mention- ed. However, there seems to be a wide difference between individual BASICs in important details. These should be ad- mitted and exposed. Many of my friends and acquain- tances have purchased small personal computers. One thing which disturbs them is the lack of a firm support com- mitment and a method of getting repairs and maintenance. I have heard it said more than once that the additional cost for a solid and efficient maintenance setup would not be objectionable. Finally, there are many, too many, advertisments for peripherals that fail to mention that additional controllers or interfacing boards are needed. Sometimes, when these are mentioned, no price is given. The result: one cannot determine just what it takes to get plug- ged in and running. Not everyone is aware of the intricacies of interconnec- tion and interfacing and controlling. BYTE can help here by occasionally D M E I S C K R O T C O O P M P U T E R Chrislin is First ! ! ! with deliveries of DEC'S Desk Top Computers. Available with LSI 11/2 or LSI 11/23 CPU. Complete system totally enclosed within VT100 Video Terminal. Price $4,500 with LSI 11/2 and 64K bytes or $9,600 with LSI 11/23 and 256K bytes. NOW Available — PDP 1 1/23 with 256 KB Memory $8,900. SPECIAL — LSI 11/2 and 32K x 16 Memory $1,095. 10 MEGA BYTE Cartridge Disk System with Controller, RT11 compatible $6,100. € Chrislin Industries, Inc. Computer Products Division 31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91361 • 213-991-2254 redefining some of the more-or-less stan- dard terms, components, and abbrevia- tions as related to how they combine to form a complete ready-to-run computer, even if it is a particular configura- tion — and by reminding advertisers to do the same. If you suppose that we (number crunchers) are in a minority, just think of the many TI-59 and HP-67/97 users and their clubs. We'd like to move up into the bigger machines, too. Bennett Sherman 90-59 56th Ave Elmhurst NY 11373 Another Way to Computerize a Home Steve Ciarcia's article "Computerize a Home" (January 1980 BYTE, page 28), which deals with utilizing the BSR X-10 Home Control System more fully by adding computer control, blazes a trail of interest to many. And his tracking of the amazing drop in system cost pro- vided by the BSR technology is very graphic. Readers of BYTE should be aware that some of the BSR command units do not include the microphone circuitry needed to accept the acoustic signals from the remote controller or Steve's interface. The command unit Model X10-014311, probably sold primarily as part of the $89 starter system, does not have the microphone. If you plan to implement Steve's approach, you must use the Model X10-014301. On page 34, Steve listed and evaluated the principal interface methods available between the X-10 and the com- puter. I think this area might deserve further review, especially in the light of the figure and caption on page 40. The principal options are: 1) Directly synthesize the command con- sole waveform and impress it directly onto the AC line. 2) Brute-force contact closure — attaching computer-controlled relays or switches in parallel with the existing switches of the command unit. 3) Synthesize the waveform from the ultrasonic controller and let the com- puter "talk" to the command console. 4) In addition, synthesize an electrical waveform and inject it into the com- mand console, bypassing the acoustic elements. Rather than dismiss option 1 and ig- nore option 4, one might want to evaluate the choices on more substantive grounds, which might include the capabilities of the experimenter. Radio Shack sold a novice-level, carrier-current intercom kit for years which dealt with 14 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 7 on inquiry card. Circle 8 on inquiry card. Mince your mi< At any given time, your hardware is only as useful as the software you insert in it. So it pays to rely on Graham- Dorian, the software that gets your micro performing to its fullest — almost like a mini. Graham -Dorian, the industry leader, offers highly detailed and well-documented programs. All pretested on the job. Each so comprehensive that it takes little time to learn to run a program — even for someone who's never operated a computer before. Programs are compatible with most major computers using CP/M disk operating systems, and come in standard 8" or on various mini-floppy disks. Each package contains the software program in INT and BAS file form plus a user's manual and hard copy source listing. Graham-Dorian stands behind dealers with technical advice. Yes, there's b world of difference in business software. Graham-Dorian has more per-package capabilities and more packages. (With new ones adde'^ every few months.) Medical Apartment Management Dental Construction Job Costing Surveying Accounts Receivable Inventory Accounts Payable Payroll General Ledger Cash Register CBASIC-2 Ask your dealer for a demonstration soon. Graham-Dorian Software Systems, Inc. 211 North Broadway / Wichita. KS 67202 / (316) 265-8633 jmmmm ■*« Circle 9 on inquiry card. The days of complicated, unreliable, dynamic RAM ere gone: Sl^WTtlTftT' INTRODUCING $199. the ultrabyte memory board Oh I complete kit I ww y with WK memory J Netronics consistently offers innovative products at un- beatable prices. And here we go again — with JAWS, the ultrabyte 64K S100 memory board. ONE CHIP DOES IT ALL JAWS solves the problems of dynamic RAM with a state-of-the-art chip from Intel that does it all. Intel's single chip 64K dynamic RAM controller eliminates high-current logic parts . . . delay lines . . . massive heat sinks . . . unreliable trick circuits. 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No. 16EXP, $129.95.* *AH prices plus $2 postage and handling. Connecticut residents add sales tax. Total enclosed: $ D Personal Check D Money order or Cashiers Check n VISA D MASTER CHARGE (Bank No. . . . Acct. No. .Exp. Date Signature Print Name Address City State G Send me more info r mation -Zip- the "hostile" 110 VAC environment Steve worries about. I opted for option 1, for two reasons: simplicity and cost. The hardware actually requires fewer discrete parts than Steve's design and eliminates all but two integrated circuits, an opto-isolator, and a 555 timer. Even more interesting- ly, I used the computer, not special hardware, to generate the waveforms. For these of f /on-type waveforms, the computer is in its glory. Both the actual cost of parts and the time required to implement the hardware were less than one-half of Steve's cost. Futher, I don't have to tie up or share a $50 command console. I didn't explore option 4, but the trade-off between the cost of the acoustic transducer and opening the command unit probably favors option 3 for a transducer costs under $10. In developing my software, I followed the structured programming approach because of two things I had in mind. I didn't want to dedicate a $1200 Apple II computer to the menial task of control- ling a dozen light circuits, and I didn't want to reload and reinitialize the home- control program after each time I wanted to use the machine for something else. Because of this, my pro- gram is strictly modular and can be run in two modes: the interrupt mode where the home-control program runs con- tinuously in background leaving the foreground available continuously for other uses (a very elementary time-share system), or in the alternate mode where home-control execution can be halted temporarily to make the machine available for other uses. Following this use, the home-control program will "play catch-up" in case any event times occurred while it was off-line. To accomplish the above, I partition- ed the modules of the program into two portions: that portion required to be in the computer's memory for program operation (the event-controlling pro- gram) and that portion required to inter- face with the human operator and allow changes, etc (the driver program). The event-controlling program (including the machine-language waveform-generator routine) occupies less than 3 K bytes of memory and is located at the high end of memory (with HIMEM set below it). With HIMEM set below it, the computer can be used normally; the BASIC com- mands RUN, LOAD, SAVE, NEW, etc can be used without erasing or corrupt- ing the event-controlling program. The driver program is loaded when necessary to make changes. Anyone interested in more details on this approach should send a stamped, self -addressed envelope to me at the ad- dress below. I do believe implementing this approach is one step further along the path toward an economical, utilitarian use for a home computer. Jim Fulton 1106 Sandpiper Corona Del Mar CA 92625 Protecting the Stack The article by Michael McQuade in the February 1980 BYTE ("A Fast, Multibyte Binary to Binary-Coded- Decimal Conversion Routine," page 106) presents a good multiprecision binary-to- BCD routine. It presents well-structured code that also illustrates a very impor- tant subtlety; the published code will not work reliably in an interruptible operating system. Decrementing the stack pointer is a dangerous way to maintain a "top of stack" value, because an interrupt can occur before or between the decrements and mash the contents of the stack. Pushing the data just popped is foolproof, takes 1 byte instead of 2, and one less cycle. So the two pairs of decrement-stack-pointer (DCX SP) in- structions found in locations 0015 and 0016, and in locations 0023 and 0024 in listing 1 on page 110, should be changed to two single PUSH H instructions. Thousands of programs do not main- tain the integrity of the stack and so will not always work with the newer, inter- ruptible operating systems. Unless the programmer knows what he or she is looking for, the problem can be impossi- ble to find. Gregg Hauser 196 Arguello Blvd San Francisco CA 94118 A Microengine Arrives I've bought and received a Western Digital Pascal Microengine. I had been waiting for it for a while and had enough time to fabricate the connectors necessary to interface my terminal and disk drives. So, I was prepared for the processor system when it arrived. My initial try at starting the system was both disappointing and heartening. It was disappointing because after pushing the reset button on the Microengine, I never received the greeting on the ter- minal that I expected. It was heartening because from the sound of the disk drive, it was likely that the processor and the diyk were working correctly. I felt relief that the cabling that I'd pro- duced and the "Shugart-compatible" drives tfydt I'd purchased were okay. The rtext day, the problem with the terminal was straightened out by a call to Lie terminal manufacturer. The fellow I spoke to sounded a bit chagrined when he had to admit the peculiarities of the 16 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 1 There is only one high performance VLSI computer solution. Intel delivers it. loots to solve the How Intel delivers the key to productivity in the '80s. As we move into the '80s, the increasing demand for complex com- puter programs, the critical shortage of programmers, and the seemingly unstoppable rise in software develop- ment costs will reach crisis proportions. To understand how to bring this situation under control, we have to understand its cause. In the 1970s, the microcomputer was used successfully to lower the cost of hardware engineering. Each new microcomputer generation integrated more and more of the system, lowering the cost of design and making it easier to put electronic intelligence anywhere and everywhere. As hardware cost dropped, rising software costs became increasingly visible. So, today, as costs climb, manage- ment puts everyone under increasing pressure to deliver projects on time and on budget. Yet, the cost of programming is still outpacing productivity. Software development and integration still lag the system hardware. The software crisis of the '80s rages on. Tools for structured solutions Once a problem grows beyond a certain point, the most efficient way to solve it is with a top down approach. You break the problem into units, program and debug each one, and com- bine the units into a unified solution. That's the concept. But you can't stop there. In the '80s, bridging the gap between a conceptual solution and a working one will require tools as efficient as the top down method. New tools, like a CPU with a dramatically different architecture. An architecture uniquely suited to a world of higher level languages and structured programming. Tools like a modular operating system, of a kind never before available on a 16-bit microprocessor. Tools like the software crisis. Co- processors only complete family of programming languages, because no one language is right all the time. Different languages have different strengths and weaknesses, and using the right language for the right job can make your programming easier. So, Intel delivers Peripheral ASM86 Macro As- Controllers sembly Language for space and speed sensitive modules. Our PL-M/86sys- terns program- ming language and PASCAL support structured programming at the systems and ap- plications levels. FOR- TRAN and COBOL will also be available. With Intel's re- location and link- "J 7 1 o* I 1 r» I age tools, modules Intel Structured System written in the Software Software Development Systems different languages are combined, with library utilities and operating system routines, into one, complete solution, automatically. Using this modular approach, and the right language for the right job, your finished product is clean, reliable, maintainable, and understandable. The critical module Since complex software requires sophisticated operating systems support, the operating system is the most critical module in your solution. It is the foun- dation upon which your application is built. It is also available, off the shelf, from Intel. Today, Intel delivers the RMX/86™ operating system. RMX/86 is new, and it's the first modular, real-time, multitasking operating system for 16-bit microcom- puters. File manipulation, task schedul- ing, and interrupt control are configured by have a known you, according to the needs of your appli- cation. There's no unnecessary burden. Intel's investment in the development of RMX/86 is substantial. Depending upon the features you select, you save from two to forty man years of program- ming effort. That's an additional two to forty man years you can devote to your application. Tools for realizing your solution Of course, having the foundation and the concept of your solution doesn't help if you can't write the pro- grams to imple- ment it. So, Intel delivers develop- ment tools to sup- port you through the entire develop- ment cycle. Support from source entry, with CREDIT, a CRT based text editor, through com- piling and debugging, with an Intellec® development system and ICE™ hardware/software debugging system. Intel's tools work with you. They shorten development time and support the structured approach you've taken. But debugging software on a development system is not the same as testing it on the actual hardware. The ICE modules help here, too. During development, these tools let you trace through your software and debug it, symbolically, at the source language level. Now, these In-Circuit Emulators replace your prototype hardware's CPU to speed hardware/ software integration. If your hardware is built from components, ICE Modules will help you separate the hardware and software bugs, so you don't spend your time fixing engineering problems. If your hardware is built around an Intel iSBC 86/12 A™ Single Board Computer, you'll already working hardware Either way, the same software, operating system support and debugging tools are available to help you bring your application to life. Synergy for high performance In the '60s and 70s, programs were used to instruct computers. Applications of the '80s require programs to be the solutions to problems. High perfor- mance solutions will be the result of synergy between the hardware and the software. To create this synergy today, Intel delivers the 8086 processor. The 8086 processor is unique. Instead of a linear, or flat architecture, the 8086 is the only microprocessor optimized to work with high level languages and the structured solutions they implement. For the specialized needs of the '80s, the 8086/87 and 8086/89 co-processing systems will set the standard of per- formance for mathematical processing and I/O bound applications. And Intel peripheral controllers contribute to your system throughput by freeing processors for more computation. Your software design may be revolutionary. And with help from an architecture designed to support your structured solution, its performance can be revolutionary, too. Intel's software tools let you con- centrate your planning on the payoff — getting to market today with a superior product. To take your first step to higher productivity, fill out and mail the coupon on the other side of this page. It's a productive use of your time. environment for program testing. You can use ICE Modules to concen- trate your efforts on debugging your software. Europe: Intel International, Brussels, Belgium. Japan: Intel Japan, Tokyo. United States and Canadian distributors: Alliance, Almac/Stroum, Arrow Electronics, Avnet Electronics, Component Specialties, Hamilton/Avnet, Hamilton/Electro Sales, Harvey, Industrial Components, Pioneer, L.A.Varah, Wyle Distribution Group, Zentronics. 'Yfour first step toward productivity How to get more information on solving the software crisis of the '80s. To find out more about our solutions, fill out the informa- tion requested below and send it to Intel Corporation, Literature Department, 3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051. Indicate what your particular interests are, including workshops, and we'll make sure you get the appropriate material. If you don't have a pair of scissors handy, give us a call at 408/734-8102 (Literature Department) and we'll rush the material out to you. Or call your local Intel distributor. Intel wants to help you solve the software crisis of the '80s. It all starts right here. Name. Title. Company . Division JK\ Address . City, State, ZIP. I have an immediate requirement, please telephone me at ( ) I need additional information. Please put the letter corresponding to your yearly requirements in the line to the left of those products of interest. W for 1-10 per year X for 11-99 per year Y for 99-999 per year Z for over 1,000 per year A 16-bit Microprocessors B 8-bit Microprocessors C Single-Chip Microcontrollers D Peripheral Controllers E RAMS F EPROMS G Bubbles H Single Board Computers I Development Systems J Debug Tools K High-Level Languages Indicate languages L Macroassembler M Operating Systems (RMX/86™) N Telecom Products O Military Products P Workshops 012345 Circle No. 426 for information. RS-232 interface on the terminal I was trying to use. That night, after making some changes to my cabling, I had my system up and running. I was pleased that the various parts of the system all managed to "talk" to each other with what 1 considered to be a relatively small amount of trouble. Perhaps there really is hope for standardization. I would like to correspond with other users of the Microengine to exchange in- formation on the system and its use. Shirley Kawamoto 172 Highland Ave Winchester MA 01890 Numerical Precision in UCSD Pascal Since the only versions of Pascal that I have seen for garden-variety computers have six-digit (maybe seven-digit) preci- sion, checkbook balancing with Pascal is useful only for the poor, starving com- puter aficionados who have at most $9999.99. What about the rest of us who haven't bought a computer (and all those peripherals) yet? Why are the popular Pascal compilers limited to six digits? I am very new to the computer field and particularly interested in Pascal. I teach mathematics, and Pascal seems to offer quite a bit. For some of my work, I like lots of digits as in Cromemco BASIC. I know that there's a trade-off between speed and significant digits, but only six digits? Will the six-digit limitation always be present? If so, how can a business use Pascal, a language which many are claiming is the wave of the future? Martin Berman 494 Forest Ave Teaneck NJ 07666 The Pascal compilers in question all seem to be the ones included in the UCSD Pascal system. The definition of the pseudocode (ie: p-code) interpreter for the UCSD system is what determines the precision available. The six-digit precision is the maximum available when numbers are stored in a reasonable for- mat in only 4 bytes. There are some nonstan- dard extensions in UCSD Pascal that give you up to some arbitrary number N decimal digits precision in fixed-point format; these are called long integers. I believe the max- imum value of N is thirty-six digits. This par- ticular extension was intended for use in business programs. . . . CH Let's Hear a Good Word for Compilers I have read with great interest the ar- ticle by Mr James Lewis comparing BASIC and assembly language speeds on the TRS-80 ("TRS-80 Performance, Evaluation by Program Timing," March 1980 BYTE, page 84). The problem, as he clearly points out, is that it takes a large amount of human time to use assembly language efficiently. The availability of FORTRAN for microcomputers now allows another, far superior, alternative. Since FORTRAN, like assembly language and unlike BASIC, is compiled, it should produce fast code. Assuming an inefficient com- piler, producing code four times slower than that obtained by careful assembly- language coding, the program would still have run in under one and a half hours, over four times faster than the fastest BASIC run. I strongly feel that anyone needing fast-executing code should always think of FORTRAN before rushing to assembly language. Mohamed el Lozy MD Harvard University School of Public Health Dept of Nutrition 665 Huntington Ave Boston MA 02115 The advantages of compilation are not ex- clusive to FORTRAN. Any high-level language, including BASIC, may be com- piled. For example, a BASIC compiler is now being sold by Microsoft for Z80 systems.... RSS AND MOLDING 5V at 3A with Built-in OVP Model HB5-3/OVP PowerOne's B Case models started at $24.95. Ovelr 100>000 models and five years lateF, they're still only $24.95! ■ 115/230 VAC Input ■ OVP Built-in ■ .05% Regulation ■ 2-Year Warranty ■ 2-Hour Burn-in ^g£$> ■ UL Recognized l^jjT ■ CSA Certified vo!8§s» Get a " the detaj,s on 0Lir 84 ^ajj^^ - standard open frames in our new 1978 catalog. IN-STOCK NATIONWIDE... FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY EASTERN REGIONAL SALES OFFICE: Schenectady, N.Y (518) 399-9200 ALA.: Huntsville, Rakes Engr. & Marketing Corp. (2051883-9260 ARIZ.: Phoenix, PLS Assoc. (602) 279-1531 CAL: Pasadena, A-F Sis. Engr. (213) 681-5631; San Diego, A-F Sis. Engr. (714) 226-8424; San Jose, Richards Assoc. (408) 246-5860 COL.: Denver, PLS Assoc. (303) 773-1218 CT.: Litchfield, Digital Sis. Assoc. (203) 567-9776 FLA.: Orlando, OEM Marketing Corp. (305) 299-1000 GA.: Duluth, Rakes Engr. & Marketing Corp. (404) 476-1730 ILL.: Chicago, Coombs Assoc. (312) 298-4830 IND.: Indianapolis, Coombs Assoc. (317) 897-5424 MD.: Wheaton, Brimberg Sis. Assoc. (301) 946- 2670; Baltimore, Brimberg Sis. Assoc. (301) 792-8661 MASS.: Waltham, Digital Sis. Assoc. (617) 899-4300 MICH.: Southfield, L.H. Dickelman Co. (313) 353-8210 MINN.: Minneapolis, Engr.Prod. Assoc. (612) 925-1883 N.J.: Whippany, Livera-Polk Assoc. (201) 377-3220; Marmora, Holdsworth (609) 398-4340 N.M.: Albuquerque, PLS Assoc. (505) 255-2330 N.Y.: Roslyn Hts., Livera-Polk Assoc. (516) 484-1276; Syracuse, CW. Beach (315) 446-9587 N.C.: Charlotte, Over & Over Inc. (704) 527-3070 OHIO: Cleveland, Marlow Assoc. (216) 991-6500; Dayton, Marlow Assoc. (513) 434-5673 OKLA.: Tulsa, Advance Technical Sis. (918) 743-8517 ORE.: Portland, Jas. J. Backer (503) 297-3776; Salem, Jas. J. Backer (503) 362-0717 PENN.: Pittsburgh, Marlow Assoc. (412) 831-6113; Newtown Sq., Holdsworth & Co. (215) 356-8550 TEX.: Dallas, Advance Technical Sis. (214) 361-8584; Solid State Electr. (214) 352-2601; Houston, Advance Technical Sis. (713) 469-6668; Solid State Electr. (713) 772-8483 UTAH: Salt Lake City, PLS Assoc. (801) 466-8729 WASH.: Seattle, Jas. J. Backer (206) 285-1300; Radar Elec. Co. (206) 282-2511 WIS.: Milwaukee, Coombs Assoc. (414) 671-1945 EUROPE: Hanex, LA, CA (213) 556-3807 CANADA: Duncan Instr., Weston, Ontario (416) 742-4448; Winnipeg, Manitoba, Cam Gard Supply Ltd. (204) 786-8481 'Thinks about Qp ouierone D.C. POWER SUPPLIES Power One Drive • Camarillo, CA 93010 • Phone: 805/484-2806 -TWX: 910-336-1297 SEE OUR COMPLETE PRODUCT LISTING IN EEM & GOLD BOOK Circle 11 on inquiry card. June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 17 Domesticating Computers: Some Wishes Expressed The editorial in the January 1980 BYTE on the state-of-the-art home com- puter omits home operations and management, although four articles in the same issue illustrate the importance of this topic. To be fair, computerized home management is next year's state of the art, and I hope that my "wishes" expressed in this letter soon become reality. Steve Ciarcia's article on adapting the BSR X-10 system ("Computerize a Home," page 28) demonstrated that it soon will be possible to control the elec- trical appliances and the lighting in a home. And John H Gibson's design of a computer-controlled light dimmer is, perhaps coincidentally, a homebrew design of an X-10 light switch/dimmer. Edward Joyce showed how easy it is for a computer to dial over telephone lines. I hope that someone develops a commer- cial product soon, based on this idea. Taking a different view, Theron Wierenga designed a furnace watchdog to show how a computer can monitor the outside world. To convert these homebrew ideas into off-the-shelf computer products, both hardware and software problems must be solved. (And, as is so often the case, the hardware will be developed long before the software.) The ideal version of the BSR X-10 would be able to measure the outside world, by sensors that communicate over ordinary home wiring, unlike Theron Wierenga's homebrew version. (My apologies, Theron, if I'm wrong about your design.) The sensors could be "polled," or signaled by the control unit to indicate the temperature, pressure, etc, or could initiate a signal independently (eg: in response to a change in conditions). And, of course, the sensors would be individually ad- dressable. I doubt that BSR is working on such sensors because they would be of little use for a manually controlled system, and they have given no indica- tion that they are working on a com- puterized version of the X-10. The ideal computer will also require a programmable real-time clock. Also, if we are serious about energy conserva- tion, we might want to shut down part or even all of the computer for a few hours of the day. Perhaps this on/off capability can be made part of the pro- grammable timer. Even if all this hardware were ASCII keyboards: parallel or serial output, as low as $69* RCA VP-600 series ASCII keyboards are available in two formats. You can choose either a 58-key typewriter format. Or a 74-key version which includes an additional 1 6-key calculator-type keypad. Both can be ordered with parallel or serial output. These keyboards feature modern flexible membrane key switches with contact life rated at greater than 5 million operations. Plus two key rollover circuitry. A finger positioning overlay combined with light positive activation key pressure gives good operator "feel," and an on- board tone generator gives aural key press feedback. The unitized keyboard surface is spillproof and dustproof. This plus high noise immunity CMOS circuitry makes these boards particularly suited for use in hostile environments. Parallel output keyboards have 7-bit buffered, TTL compatible output. Serial output keyboards have RS 232C compatible, 20 mA current loop and TTL compatible asynchronous outputs with 6 selectable baud rates. All operate from 5 V DC, excluding implementation of RS 232C. For more informationcontact RCA Customer Service, New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 1 7604. Or call our toll-free number: 800-233-0094. 'Optional user price for VP-601 Dealer and OEM pricing available ItC/l available for our off-the-shelf computer, it would make little sense to devote a machine with considerable capacity to just one application program. Ideally, we would like to monitor and control several outside systems while still using the machine for game playing, word processing, or whatever. This require- ment implies a multiprogramming operating system, a feature generally confined today to large computer systems. We would also like the real- time clock to be able to interrupt all other programs at regular intervals and initiate a polling program to sample the outside systems. Alternatively, the operating system gives every program in the system, including the polling pro- gram, a chance to execute at least once a second. So our operating system could include "time slicing." Finally, since we can never be certain of the starting ad- dress in memory of a program in a multiprogramming system, all software should be relocatable. I think that the software requirements will prove challenging to software homebrewers, of which there aren't enough. Philip Burton 3333 Cowper St Palo Alto CA 94306 A Problem with Radio-Frequency Interference We have a Nano computer and an FM radio receiver and they don't get along! When the computer is operational, it will function as a process controller for our solar-heating system. It is connected to sixteen low-voltage heat sensors located throughout the house. This wiring was positioned as the house was built and is therefore unmovable. All the wires terminate in our "computer room," which also houses the FM receiver. None of the sensor wires are closer than two feet to the FM antenna or its (coaxial) cable. When the Nano computer is on, we get whistling, buzzing, and hissing on one station (90.9 MHz), which is 75 miles away. Putting the receiver in monophonic mode, as opposed to stereophonic, eliminates the interference, as does moving the Nano (less sensor wires) into another room. Because none of the closer stations are affected, it is clear that the strength of the FM signal is a factor. Unplugging the sensor wires from the Nano reduces the interference significantly, but not completely. We have tried (at the suggestion of several acquaintances who are electronics/computer-engineer people) a low-frequency filter on the FM antenna, a power-line filter, switching plugs and 18 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 12 on inquiry card. Circle 13 on inquiry card. Mountain Hardware makes more peripherals for the Apple Computer than Anybody. and . . . „, 9hB „ a a place to put them r lights and appliances. Real-time schedules and energy conservation. Complete applications software package. Home security with random scheduler. Power usage accounting package for home energy cost control. No wiring required. I APPLE CLOCK i. Interrupts operation of attery back-up. Crystal-controlled for ± .001% accuracy. Onboard ROM for easy access from BASICS. Supports PASCAL. Time from one millisecond to SUPER! ROMWRITE1 ROMPLU! R SD200 ,rarns. i/O capability inputs. Use output for announcements in acontrol- *ms. Easy to use because input ecial software operating system. s. Create your own firmware. >OMs. Disk software package jrugramming. EPROMs are verified programs from on-board socket or jystem through firmware. Six sockets jMs or ROM equivalents. Six or any com- sed at once. Scratch-pad RAM and two TTL connectors. Special 2K ROMs available for powerful system enhancement: Keyboard Filter ROM— COPYROM— Others coming soon. : System ■ame com- nstrumental ,3 voices in stereo. Instrument definitions simulate the sound of real instruments— and more. Fully programmable waveforms. Envelope Con- trol. Composition system— sheet music input using standard music notation. Chords and multi-part scoring up to 16 k -'ment that anyone with A/D+D/A ital input. 16 w..«...,^.^ «.»-«*< iv -..Jog output. Eight bit resolution. Super-fast 8 sec. conversion time. Monitor an output to the real world. All on one card. Mountain Hardware EXPANSION CHASSIS ... ^/^c.ision ongssis xne same way as in your Apple. Only one additional command to specify in Apple or in Expansion Chassis. Compatible with all Apple peripherals. MOUNTAIN HARDWARE has the most compre- hensive line of Apple peripherals available. Anywere. From anybody. .We know the Apj inside and out and are committed to providing the most innovative and unique products to expand and enhance its capabilities and use. After all, we were the first company to make an Apple peripheral— except Apple Computer. The message is simple. If you have an Apple, you need to know MOUNTAIN HARDWARr Available at Apple Dealers worldwide. Mountain Hard w are, Inc. circuits, and grounding a wire screen and putting it between the computer and receiver. The maximum separation pos- sible between the two is about 5 feet. None of these things have had any noticeable effect. Oddly enough, sometimes the interference all but disap- pears for no apparent reason. It is imperative that this interference be permanently eliminated because we cannot relocate any of the equipment. We would appreciate any help BYTE readers can give us. Mr and Mrs J M Johnston 1116 E Deep Run Rd Westminster MD 21157 A North Star Alternative I liked Carl Helmers' January 1980 editorial ("The Era of Off-the-Shelf Per- sonal Computers Has Arrived," page 6), but I feel that it would have been better and more dramatic if he had included more examples and less emphasis on the Apple II Pascal system. I went through the same issue of BYTE and built the following system on paper: Horizon 2-Q with 32 K user memory 720 K bytes disk storage two serial input/output ports one parallel port North Star disk-operating system, monitor, and North Star BASIC North Star 32 K-byte memory card North Star UCSD Pascal system Anadex DP-8000 printer Interface cables CP/M operating system in North Star format CBASIC-2 for North Star Microsoft MACRO-80, COBOL-80, and FORTRAN-80 Freight TOTAL $2560 $ 520 $ 78 $ 795 $ 70 $ 145 $ 110 $1025 $ 70 $5373 The sources for these items include Avionics Enterprises (AEI), American Square Computer, Logon Incorporated, and LifeBoat Associates. I did not in- clude a modem because I did not see the Hayes S-100 modem advertised this month. If I remember correctly, it sells for about $400, bringing to $5773 the total price of my paper system. So, for less than $6000 I have syn- thesized a hypothetical example to com- plement Mr Helmers' Apple II example. The Horizon 2 example will execute UCSD Pascal approximately twice as fast as the Apple II, and with the above additions provides FORTRAN, COBOL, two BASICs, two assemblers, and com- patibility with all of the excellent soft- ware designed for use with CP/M. In addition, the Anadex printer will pro- duce listings and output at twice the speed of the Integral Data 440 when the former is used in the bidirectional mode. I provide, this example (I have both an Apple and a North Star) to point out that some alternatives exist. Robert Rennard 2281 Cobble Stone Ct Dayton OH 45431 More (Transcendental) Pi in the Sky Regarding the letter "Pi in the Sky" (February 1980 BYTE, page 16), I have found Mr Sprenkle's approximation to tt of 1/(113/355) to be useful for the old mechanical "four-bangers" as well as the modern four-function calculators, but its accuracy generally leaves much to be desired in modern computers. My preference is the function: PI = 4*ATN(1) for all scientific work. For whether you have six- or sixteen-decimal digit capability, this value of it will be ac- curate to the full capacity of your machine, and it is no more difficult to remember than 1/(113/355). Rex H Shudde 27105 Arriba Way Carmel CA 93923 Alas, this is not always the case. Several years ago, I was obtaining inaccurate trigonometric calculations from some FOR- TRAN programs that used double-precision variables. The FORTRAN compiler was the product of a prominent minicomputer manufacturer, which shall remain anonymous. After much attempted debug- ging, the minicomputer firm revealed that the writers of the compiler had put in an incor- rect value for v, and therefore all of the double-precision trigonometric functions were inherently inaccurate. Sigh.... RSS Information Wanted I would to like contact anyone who has determined the nature of the incom- patibility between the Cromemco ZPU board and the IMSAI VIO-C video in- terface board — when both are installed in an IMSAI 1-8080 mainframe. Also, I'm trying to locate a firm or a person who really knows how to repair an IMSAI DIO disk-interface board. Jack Williams 902 Anderson Dr Fredericksburg VA 22401 Industrial quality components for S-100 system builders, from California Computer Systems. *.Tm*f wiwi wwim.vmv.. wi isity controller for up to four 5 : S ff jle-sided drives, or two double-sided drives- Shipped with CP/M 2.0, the controller reads and writes IBM-standard single density. Automatically determines disk density— single or double. Supports PerSci auto eject, plus fast-seek for voice coil systems. 2810 Z80 CPU Board. Capable CPU for S-100 Systems operates at 2 or 4MHz, is fully Altair/ lmsai compatible. Z-80 monitor is available separately. Includes auto addressing to 4K boundaries, plus a serial port for serial devices, including terminals and printers. Supports both front-panel operation and power-on memory jump, plus wait-state gen- eration for slower memories. Compatible with proposed IEEE S-100 standards. 2032A32K Static RAM. Fast static memory operates without wait states at a full 4MHz. Supports full and partial bank select, for expansion beyond 64K. Addressable in 8K blocks at 8K boundaries. Address and data lines are fully buffered, and there are no DMA restrictions. 201 6 16K Static RAM . Fully buffered board features 2114 static RAMs for +5v operation. Bank select available by bank port or bank byte, for system expansion beyond 64 K. Addressable in 4K blocks at 4K boundaries. LED indicators for board selection and bank selection. Available in 200, 300, or 450 nsec versions. All versions support 4MHz operation with no wait states. 2200AMainframe. Rock solid, heavy gauge cabinet includes 12-slot, actively terminated S-100 motherboard, fan, and power supply. Fbwer supply features 105, 115, or 125 volt AC input power; provides +8vDC at 20 amps, ± 16v DC at 4 amps. Available in five colors. Includes convenient, front mounted, lighted reset switch. 2501A Mother Board. 12 slots, actively terminated, with all S-100 connectors included. Distributed power line bypass, low induc- tance interconnect —extremely low bus noise. Prototype Boards. Four high quality prototype boards: Solder Tail, Extender/Terminator, Wire Wrap, and Etch. P2802AA 6502 CPU. Stand-alone CPU generates fully S-100 compatible I/O signals; executes 6502 machine language. Operates at 2MHz; capable of DMA operation. Available nationally. California Computer Systems industrial quality S-100 products are available at over 250 computer retailers. Volume customers should contact the marketing department at CCS. CCS. Industrial standards. 20 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 14 on inquiry card. We mass-produce S-HOO products to deliver industrial quality, at industrial prices. You systems builders who need top quality, full featured, workhorse S-100 building blocks at the most competitive prices now have a source. California Computer Systems. Industrial quality means top grade materials, com- ponents, and assembly, plus complete testing for absolute reliability Industrial quality means solid designs, a full complement of the important features you require, and a product line that delivers performance. Industrial pricing comes from mass production. We buy at the right prices, and build in quantity, using state-of-the-art facilities and techniques. Including complete burn-in, for full performance right off the shelf. Our industrial point of view means you get higher performance, greater reliability, and lower prices. If these are features you would like to see in your S-100 system, see things our way. Because for serious users with serious uses for the S-100, these are the industrial standards. California Computer Systems 250 Caribbean Sunnyvale, CA 94086 C408) 734-5811 UP TO 2400 MEGABYTES OF HARD DISK CONTROL FOR THE S-1 00 BUS Konan' a SMC- 1 00 la versatile, faet, coet efficient. IV m the dlak controller that brlnge 8-100 hue micro computer* together with large capacity hard dlek drlvea. Versatile Interfaces S-100 bus micro computerswith all fixed or removable media disk drives with storage module (SMD) interfaces. Each Konan SMC-100 will control up to 4 drives ranging from 8 to 600 megabytes per drive, including most "Winchester" type drives. Up to 2400 megabytes of hard disk per controller! And you can take your pick of hard disk drives: Kennedy, Control Data, Fujitsu, Calcomp, Mtcrodata, Memorex, and Ampex, for example. Faet SMC-100 transfers data at fast, 6 to 10 megahertz rates, with full onboard sector buffering and sector interleaving, and a DMA that's faster than other popularS-100 DMA controllers. Coet efficient SMC-100 is priced right to keep your micro computer system micro-priced. It takes advantage of low-cost-per- megabyte disk drive technology to make the typical cost less than $80 per megabyte. The OEM/Dealer single quantity price is only $1650, with driver ROM option. Excellent quantity discounts are available. SMC* 100 availability: Off the shelf to 30 days in small quantities. (Complete subsystems are on hand for immediated delivery.) Konan has the'answers. Talk to them today. Call direct on Konan's order number: 602-269-2649. Or write to Konan Corporation, 1448 N. 27th Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85009. 1448 N. 27th Avenue • Phoenix, Arizona 85009 • 602-269-2649 Recursive Decisions? In his article "What Computers Can- not Do" (January 1980 BYTE, page 100), T G Lewis asserts: "If the DECIDE pro- gram itself is put into GR, a paradox is created for GR." Following this he shows that if a particular outcome (HALT NOT FOUND) results, this would lead to a contradiction and so DECIDE could not exist. His hypotheses 7 thru 10 seem to hinge on the nonex- istence of a DECIDE program, which in turn depends on HALT NOT FOUND occurring on input of DECIDE into DECIDE. However, HALT NOT FOUND was only one of two possible outcomes. Finally, either I missed it or Mr Lewis did not state why HALT NOT FOUND must result from feeding DECIDE into DECIDE. John S Wallingford Chairman, Dept of Physical Science Pembroke State University Pembroke NC 28372 Undocumented Feature of Apple Writer Apple Computer Company has recent- ly introduced a text editor named Apple Writer, which I developed. Apple Writer has an undocumented feature that may save the user some time, money, and difficulty. The hidden feature is a soft- ware serial interface that connects to a printer by way of the Apple II game- paddle input/output (I/O) socket. To enable this serial interface, the user types "SERIAL" from the Apple Writer print menu. The program will then display the hardware protocol and available data rates. At present, this interface is one of a very few ways to use a Qume printer (among others) with the Apple II. Because only three wires are required, cost and complexity are low. However, some technical skill is required to make the electrical connections, and electrical compatibility between the printer and the Apple II must be determined. If these precautions are not taken, damage to the Apple II and/or the printer may result. It is for these reasons that Apple Computer chose not to document the feature. I have used the serial interface on two printers (IDS and Qume) with no prob- lems. It appears that most serial- interface-equipped printers will accept the signals available from the Apple II. Paul Lutus 291 N Gold Canyon Dr Kerby OR 97531 ■ 22 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 15 on inquiry card. Circle 16 on inquiry card. 6809 PROCESSING POWER! only $199.95 The Percom SBC/9~: A "10" By Any Measure. Available with either the new, powerful 6809 /xP or an optional 6800-software-compatible 6802, here are 10 beautiful reasons why the Percom SBC/9™ is not just another runner-up MPU/Single-Board-Computer card. O SS-50 bus direct, plug-in-compatible upgrade MPU. Requires no modification of the system bus, I/O or memory. Full-capability stand-alone single-board compu- ter. Accommodates a 6809 microprocessor or op- tional 6802 microprocessor without modifica- tion. © On-card 1 K ROM monitor "auto-links" to optional second 1 K PROM — if installed. Second PROM may be used to easily extend or modify the prim- ary monitor command set. O Eight-bit parallel port is multi-address extension of system bus. Accommodates an exceptional vari- ety of peripheral devices rangi ng from game pad- dles and keyboards to memory management modules. Connector is optional. © Serial port includes a full-range selectable bit rate generator. Optional subminiature 'D' connector provides RS-232 compatibility. © Extendable addressing via SS-50 bus baud lines to 1 Mbyte. Extendable addressing to 16 Mbytes or more through the parallel "super port." © Includes 1 Kbyte of static RAM. © All on-card I/O is fully decoded so that adjacent memory space may be used. © ROM circuit may be jumper-wired for single- or triple-voltage 271 6 EPROM. © On-card power regulators simplify power supply design by minimizing regulation demands. Plug the SBC/9™ into your SS-50 system bus, and just that easily you've upgraded to the new super- fast super-powerful 6809 MPU with ■such programming amenities as 1 addressing modes, 16-bit instruc- tions, auto-increment/auto-decre- ment and position-independent code. Plus, you now have extended addressing capability, and opera- tion under control of PSYMON™, the most powerful and flexibile 1K ROM 6809 operating system yet written. Percom SYstem MONitor PSYMON™ provides the usual ROM monitor functions in 1 Kbyte. It is easily extended and customized because its unique "look-ahead" program structure first searchesan alternate command table. The ta- ble, if present, may be used to rede- fine or extend PSYMON's™ com- mand set. And with PSYMON™, I/O is easily directed to any peripheral device — even a disk system — through a Device Control Block table located in memory. This allows you to leave the details of I/O software to the separate I/O device drivers. A PSYMON™ ROM is included free with the purchase of an SBC/9™. The Users Manual in- cludes a source listing. The 1 Kbyte ROM monitor for the SBC/9™ 6802 option includes a primary set of typical 6800- compatible monitor commands. As for PSYMON™, the commands are easily extended or modified. Products are available at Percom dealers nationwide. Call toll-free, 1-800-527-1592, for the address of your nearest dealer, or to order direct. Prices and specifications subject to change without notice. ™ trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc. PERCOM DATA COMPANY. INC. 211 N, KIRBY GARLAND. TEXAS 75042 (214) 272-3421 An Answer /Originate Modem Ronald G Parsons 9001 Laurel Grove Dr Austin TX 78758 One of the few and nearly univer- sal methods of exchanging data be- tween diverse microprocessors is by means of data transmission over switched telephone facilities. Most other means of data exchange such as floppy disk or cassette tape are specif- ic to one or a few microcomputers. But data transmission over phone lines is nearly independent of the microprocessors involved and the method or speed of the mass data storage used by either processor. To transmit data at reasonable speeds over a telephone line, a modem is used to convert digital signals to an analog form for trans- mission over the telephone network. 'Modem" is a hybrid of the words modulator and demodulator. A modem must be used because the telephone network was designed for analog voice transmission and not for digital data. The telephone network has an audio bandwidth of approxi- mately 3000 Hz, so the modem must condition the signals to fit within this bandwidth. Since communication usually in- volves data transmission in both directions, a convention has been established so that two sets of data traveling in opposite directions do not interfere with each other. The Bell 103 type of modem uses designated audio frequencies for binary and 1. One of the pair of communicating en- tities is arbitrarily designated as the originating end and the other the answering end. As the words imply, the originating end usually originates the telephone call and the answering end usually answers, but this is not necessary. All that is necessary is for one of the pair to agree to call itself the answerer and the other the originator. The originating end transmits a binary (sometimes called a space ) as The telephone network was designed for analog voice transmission, not digital data. a tone of 1070 Hz and a binary 1 (sometimes called a mark) as a tone of 1270 Hz. The originating end also receives spaces and marks as tones of 2025 Hz and 2225 Hz, respectively. The answering end has the transmit and receive frequencies interchanged. The Bell 103 modem translates serial data from voltage levels to these audio tones capable of being trans- mitted over standard telephone lines at a data rate from to 300 bps. A data bit is usually translated first by a terminal or microcomputer to standard voltage levels defined by an Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standard known as RS-232C. This standard defines a space as a voltage level between +5 V and + 15 V and a mark as a voltage level between -5 V and —15 V. Voltages between —5 V and +5 V have undefined meaning. These signals are capable of being transmitted over wire cable for distances of several hundred feet at speeds up to several thousand bits per second. The modem described in this article uses RS-232C levels between the pro- cessor or terminal and the telephone line; it connects to the telephone line through a device called a data access arrangement (DAA). This device has two common types: the CBS data coupler, which uses RS-232C levels to interface with the modem; and the simpler CBT data coupler, which uses contact closures (ie: switches or relays) for the modem interface. The CBT type is used in this design for simplicity. Motorola's Application Note AN-747 entitled "Low-Speed- Modem System Design using the MC6860" discusses the interface to either coupler. The most complicated and trouble- some parts of a modem are usually the filters used to separate and purify the transmitted and received audio tones. It is not uncommon for filters for the transmit and receive frequen- cies each to contain several opera- tional amplifiers and many precision resistors and capacitors. The filters used in this design, however, are available as "miniModem" building blocks from Cermetek Microelec- tronics, 660 National Ave, Mountain View CA 94043. They require no adjustments and few external com- ponents. Two filters are used. One, the CH1262, is a switchable, dual-chan- nel, transmit filter and line hybrid. The center frequency of the filter is 24 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc X TALK TO YOUR COMPUTER FROM ANYWHERE— PHON Nixdorf 's amazing, new, portable ter- minal Is designed for the person who needs quick, accurate communications with a com- puter from a variety of locations. Ingenious microtechnology has packed all the features of a standard terminal into a battery /AC-operated unit the size of a book. With full computer telecommunications capability, it weighs just three pounds. And it's so inexpensive, you can buy one for every member of your team for far less than it would cost to lease! The compact unit communicates via its acoustic coupler over standard telephone lines with any computer system, using stan- dard RS 232 telecommunications (used on most mainframes). No special programming is needed. To operate, just dial your computer or computer operator. Place your telephone handset into the acoustic coupler and you're ready to go! Just key in a line (up to 80 char- acters), review on the 1 6-character display via scroll keys, then transmit. The speed of computer response is easily set for your own viewing pace. EXECUTIVES: From home, road, or out-of-town, you can still have access to the vital information you require. Check opera- tional data, sales figures, even pick up elec- tronic mail. With automatic telephone pickup, you can call when it's convenient for you, regardless of time zones. FINANCE: Dial from a client's or prospect's office to access complex programs on the spot. Enter client's data, and get results immediately. All the portability of a pocket calculator with the total capability of your home- base computer. FIELD SERVICE: On the road, use any phone — even a paystation — to log hours, parts, with complete accuracy; then receive messages and schedule changes. Easy- to-read display eliminates handwritten or verbal errors. SALES: Now you can check invento- ries from your customer's office. No need to guess on supply availability. Plus, you can place your orders directly with your central computer to speed shipment. PROGRAMMING: You can scan or modify software from any telephone. Full- feature keyboard allows you to debug or even write short routines for fast response to urgent needs. At three pounds, you won't mind carrying it everywhere! Rechargeable batteries give up to four hours life; charger/adaptor included. Baud rate and parity set from keyboard. 1 6-charac- ter LED display scrolls to show full 80-char- acter buffer. I would like to order the following: Quantity Model Price Total Price Nixdorf#LK3000 keyboard $139.95 Nixdorf computer module #LK20I0 $195.00 Nixdorf telephone coupler #LKCouplr $175.00 INS., SHIPPING And Handling Charge $3.50 TOTAL (Mass. Residents add 5% Sales tax.) Name Company Name. Address City. -State. )- Payment: □ Visa DMCD Check Card Number: Signature: Corporate P.O. No.: _ Expiration Date:_ Phone No. ( Send all orders to our address or call 1-800-225-8493 1-800-225-8390 In Mass. 1-617-891-6495 mrrKline P.O.Box 171 Department AB Belmont, MA 02178 .Zip Code- Write to: chosen to be 1170 Hz or 2125 Hz by changing the DC voltage on the chan- nel-select pins. The other, the CH1267, is a switchable, dual-chan- nel, receive filter and limiter. It is nec- essary for us to be able to switch the center frequencies of the filters so the modem can be used as an originate or an answer modem. The functions of modulation, demodulation, and control are per- formed by a Motorola MC6860 metal-oxide semiconductor/large- scale integration (MOS/LSI) modem chip. After conversion to transistor- transistor logic (TTL) levels, the modulator section of the 6860 con- verts serial digital data into analog frequencies. It does this by digitally synthesizing a sine wave at one of the space and mark frequencies. This signal is filtered and amplified by the transmit filter. The demodulator sec- tion of the 6860 detects the presence of a mark or space frequency and presents a digital or 1 output to the terminal or computer. The receive- signal input to the 6860 must be a 50% duty-cycle, TTL signal that is filtered and limited (ie: amplified and INTELLIGENT ■-•** i3iw»n Meet two new Printers from Anadexs Introducing two totally new line printers from Anadex - Models DP-9500 and DP-9501 - offering 132/158/176 and 132/165/198/220 columns, re- spectively, and featuring true high-density graphics under direct control of the data source. Both models employ a rugged, Anadex-buiit 9-wire print head life-tested to 650 million characters. Combining long life with high reso- lution, this new head provides dot resolutions of 72 dots/inch vertical and up to 75 dots/inch horizontal. The full standard ASCII 96 character set, in- cluding descenders and underlining of all upper and lowercase letters, is printed bi-directionally on the original and up to 5 crisp copies at speeds up to 200 GPS. Print densities are .switch- or data-source selectable from 10 up to 16.7 characters/inch, and all can be printed double-width by communications command. The three ASCII compatible interfaces (parallel, RS-232-C, and Current Loop) are standard in both models; so interfacing is usually a matter of "plug it in and print." Also standard is a sophisticated communications interface pro- viding control of Vertical Spacing (6 or 8 lines/ inch), Form Length and Width, Skip-Over Perfo- ration, Auto Line Feed, and full point-to-point communications capability. Other standard features are: forms width adjust- ment from 1.75 to 15.6 inches, shortest-distance sensing logic, self-test, quick-change ribbon cartridge with 6 million character life, and a 600 character FIFO buffer. (An additional 2048 character plug-in buffer is optional). For complete details, quantity discounts and a demonstration, contact Anadex today. ANADEX, INC. • 9825 DeSoto Avenue • Chatsworth, California 91311, U.S.A. • Telephone: (213) 998-8010 • TWX 910-494-2761 ANADEX, LTD. • Dorna House, Guifdford Road ♦ West End, Woking, Surrey GU24 9PW, England ♦ Tel: Chobham (09905) 6333 • Telex: 858762 ANADEX G > CN ^r r-co ™r- + > CN i— 1 - *■*■ J2ct> Q o r- r- i- r«- r- r- r-mJE > in + ^3" C\J ^f ^■^r ^f CO Q. >s 1- co^or-ococo^-o^)^) t^CDS^t-NNSII ^ - 1 OO CO .Q E Ot- i-CNCO^-mcD^-COOT-i- <^ugogogooog o o a: a S.B "hi ^> .to u D5 ^) R »- .b R — a a ^ 5b £ « g « 2 o •*■» •*-* ^ "*•£ &8! "55 a UR tn"? « a SS o ^ S -ti ^ 3 «> •^ - u to fN £ U R CD •*-< ~ R "? ? ^■R R & ci> a TS R ^ 2 O U £ -R ^ o ci> r ^o R QO cu ^) vo "*"■* "8.S cu -R £ 2 "*~» R a o ^S •S5 ^ -R s O ^1 o >.a £ s» ^ C\) -R R . C\) a ^ u O) ^> S T, ty -~ Jg bo . If a modem answers, this program causes its computer to act as a "dumb" terminal for the computer connected to the answering modem. ; Auto-dial program ; Syntax: DIAL [ :] ; <;signon-character> sent when CTS is asserted. 0005 = BDOS EQU 5 ;BDOS entry point E00C a TERM EQU 0E00CH ;Termlnal simulation subroutine 0020 s SCTS EQU 32 ;serlal CTS 0010 s SRTS EQU 16 ; serial RTS 00P8 ■ SERST EQU 0P8H ; serial status port 0100 > ORG 100H 0100 31PPCB START: LXI SP,0CBPPH 0103 CDA101 CALL OPPHOOK 0106 0E61 MVI C,100 ;walt 2 seconds for dlaltone 0108 CD5C01 CALL DELAY 010B 0E61 MVI C,100 010D CD5C01 CALL DELAY 0110 218100 LXI H,81H ;use default buffer area 0113 7E NEXT: MOV A,M jget digit 0111 23 INX H 0115 B7 ORA A 0116 CA3301 JZ TERMINAL 0119 PE3A CPI • . i ;slgnon-character? 011B CA2901 JZ GETSIGNON 011E P5 PUSH PSW OllP CD5301 CALL SOUT ;echo number 0122 PI POP PSW 0123 CD6A01 CALL DIGIT 0126 C31301 JMP NEXT GETSIGNON: 0129 7E MOV A,M 012A B7 ORA A 012B C23001 JNZ NOTCR 012E 3E0D MVI A, 13 ;CR If character zero NOTCR: 0130 32AC01 STA SIGNON TERMINAL: 0133 DBP8 IN SERST 0135 E620 ANI SCTS 0137 C23301 JNZ TERMINAL ;walt for clear-to-send 013A CD1A01 CALL SETIO ;set I/O parameters for serial i 01 3D 3AAC01 LDA SIGNON 0110 B7 ORA A 0111 C15301 CNZ SOUT 0111 CDOCEO TRANS : CALL TERM 0117 C31101 JMP TRANS OllA 3E01 SETIO: MVI A,l ;set Sol/SOLOS I/O parameters s< C806 ■ IPORT : EQU 0C806H C807 ■ OPORT : EQU 0C807H one 3206C8 STA IPORT 011P 3207C8 STA OPORT 0152 C9 RET Listing 1 continued on page 32 30 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc "Our inventory is our existence* Hunk we'd trust it to anything less than Scotch Brand Diskettes?" Don Stone, President, Mass. Auto Supply Company, Inc., Boston, Mass. Scotch Diskettes are the diskettes you can depend upon with the information your business depends upon. Each one is tested and certified error-free before it leaves our factory. Because we know nothing less than perfection is acceptable for your vital business data. Scotch Diskettes are available in regular or mini sizes, compatible with almost any system. To find out where you can purchase Scotch Diskettes, call toll free: 800-3284300. (In Minnesota, call collect: 612- 736-9625.) Ask for the Data Recording Products Division. In Canada, write 3M Canada Inc., London, Ontario, N6A4T1. If it's worth remembering, it's worth Scotch Data Recording Products. diske 3M Circle 20 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 31 Listing 1 continued: 0153 5P • SOUT: MOV E,A ; write character to console 0151 0E02 MVI C,2 0156 E5 PUSH H 0157 CD0500 CALL BDOS 015A El POP H 015B C9 RET 015C 115403 DELAY: LXI D,852 ; .01 times (C) seconds ; Adjust DE for different clock periods 015P OD DCR C 0160 P8 RM 0161 IB DELA1 : DCX D 0162 7A MOV A,D 0163 B3 ORA E 0164 C26101 JNZ DELA1 0167 C35C01 JMP DELAY 016A PE2D DIGIT: CPI • _• ;Call with ASCII digit in A 016C C8 RZ ;skip •-• 016D PE20 CPI 1 1 016P C8 RZ ;skip blanks 0170 PE30 CPI •0' 0172 DAA601 JC DIGERR 0175 PE3A CPI •9'+l 0177 D2A601 JNC DIGERR ;not an ASCII digit 017A E60P ANI OPH ;subtract ASCII Bias 017C C28101 JNZ NOTZERO 017P C60A NOTZERO ADI • • 10 ;zero is ten 0181 47 MOV B,A PULSE: ;each digit Is onhook for 60 ms and off hook for 0182 0E06 MVI C,6 0184 CD9C01 CALL ONHOOK 0187 CD5C01 CALL DELAY 018A 0E04 MVI C,4 018C CDA101 CALL OPPHOOK 018P CD5C01 CALL DELAY 0192 05 DCR B 0193 C28201 JNZ PULSE 0196 0E64 MVI C,100 0198 CD5C01 CALL DELAY ;inter-digit delay 019B C9 RET 019C 3E00 ONHOOK: MVI A,0 ;put line on-hook 019E D3P8 OUT SERST 01A0 C9 RET OPPHOOK • • ;take line off-hook 01A1 3E10 MVI A,SRTS 01A3 D3P8 OUT SERST 01A5 C9 • RET DIGERR: ;not a digit - go on-hook and reboot 01A6 CD9C01 CALL ONHOOK 01A9 C30000 JMP ;boot 01AC 00 SIGNON DB : store for sign-on character i»0 ms 32 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc ^ TllilIlTfi Trfl 111 If .NK SELECT - 64K BYTE EXPANDABLE MEMORY BOA! MODEL D! :400 S FULLY COMPATIBLE WIT ALPHA MICRO CROMEMCO NORTH STAR MP/M d most other •100 systems • Four independent, 16K software selectable banks. • Switch selectable bank sizes — from 16K to 64K in 16K incremen Eight banks (51 2K) per I/O port for each of the 256 ports. Z-80 4MHz operation with no wait states. Low power — 8 watts maximu Reliable, tested and burned-in memory. ONE YEAR GUARANTEE • IEEE S-100 compatible timing, i Attractive Dealer 8. OEM Prices SUREMEi ystems &. controls incorporated 867 North Main Street # Orange, CA 926C Teteph n I -.33-4460 BYTE June 1980 33 1A SLO BLO — \ ^ « 120VAC CENTER TAPPED 1 t H | 1- ,1K 7812 IN OUT GND ^ 1 7805 IN OUT GND I + 12V -O + 5V -O ;iooouf < 1K fl/EW 7912 IN OUT GND T x -12V ■O GROUND -O Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the optional power supply. This regulated power supply can be eliminated if the required voltages are available from a nearby computer or terminal. Text continued from page 26: telephone interface. On receipt of the ring, the 6860 will bring the answer- phone line high and begin sending the transmit carrier, which is at 2225 Hz. If the modem on the other end of the line responds with its carrier, which is at 1270 Hz, the 6860 will turn clear- to-send on about a half second later. The terminal or computer can detect this and initiate whatever procedure is necessary to communicate with the originator. Figure 1 shows four light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that can be used by the operator to monitor the operation of the modem. The functions displayed are power-on, clear-to-send, mode (with the LED on in answer mode), and off-hook. A power-supply schematic is shown in figure 2; it supplies +5 V, + 12 V, and — 12 V, regulated. These voltages may be obtained from the terminal or computer if they are available. I chose to make the modem an independent device: it was wire- wrapped on a small perforated board and enclosed in a cabinet. Modem Software Listing 1 shows a CP/M-based, assembly-language program for an 8080 processor to perform automatic dialing to an answer modem and to initiate communication. The CP/M syntax of the program is: DIAL < phone number > or DIAL < phone number >: < logon character > The phone number may contain blanks and hyphens that are ignored. If an invalid character is found in the phone number, the program hangs up the telephone and rebootstraps Text continued on page 40 34 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 21 on inquiry card. IT'S THE THOUGHT THAT COUNTS The Microtek MT-80 looks like a few other alphanumeric line printers on the market to- day. But there is a difference. Our versatile, low-cost MT-80 has been de- signed with a more powerful brain resulting in more advanced features and more depend- able performance. We believe our printer is so reliable that we offer you an incredible 365 days warranty. If you want dependable performance, fast factory service and a low price, look for the Microtek label/The brain behind our printer really makes the difference. It's the thought that counts. LOADED WITH INNOVATIONS • 40, 80 or 120 columns (software select- able) Non-thermal paper, pin feed 125 CPS, 70 lines per minute 9x7 dot matrix Vertical format unit 96-character ASCII (upper and lower case) Adjustable forms width to 91&' ( Parallel and serial (RS-232C) interfaces available t MICROTEK For more information contact: MICROTEK, Inc. 9514 Chesapeake Drive San Diego, CA 92123 Tel. (714) 278-0633 Listing 2: Remote-access computer routine. This is the software needed by the computer that is connected to the answering modem of figure 1. This routine allows its computer to be controlled by a remote terminal, with the connections made by two modems and a telephone line. This routine runs on a CP/M system. ; Remot ;e Access to CP/M ; using a Sol and SOLOS BPEO IOCODE EQU OBPEOH ; .Temporary storage for I/O code COIC AOUT EQU 0C01CH ; Write to logical output unit (A) C022 AINP EQU 0C022H ; Read logical Input unit (A) C800 UIPRT EQU 0C800H ;User defined Input routine address C802 UOPRT EQU 0C802H . [User defined output routine address C806 IPORT EQU 0C806H [Standard Input unit number C807 OPORT EQU 0C807H ; .Standard output unit number OOF8 SERST EQU 0P8H [Serial status port OOD4 DCCMD EQU 0D4H , [Tarbell command port 0100 J ORO 100H 0100 31PPCB START LXI SP,0CBPPH 0103 3E00 MVI A,0 0105 D3P8 OUT SERST ;set modem for answer - RTS off 0107 3E06 MVI A, 6 ;turn disk motor off 0109 D3D4 OUT DCCMD 010B DBP8 NOTCTS IN SERST ;CTS? 010D E620 ANI 20H ;walt for modem to answer and get response 010P C20B01 JNZ NOTCTS ;no 0112 3E05 MVI A, 5 ;turn disk motor on 0114 D3D4 OUT DCCMD 0116 CD4001 CALL DELAY ;walt one second 0119 3E03 ' MVI A, 3 ;set up SOLOS for ; user defined I/O routines 011B 3206C8 STA IPORT 011E 3207C8 STA OPORT 0121 21E0BP LXI H, IOCODE ; store user defined I/O addresses 0124 2202C8 SHLD UOPRT 0127 21EBBP LXI H , IOCODE+XIPRT-XOPRT 012A 2200C8 SHLD UIPRT ; Transfer I/O code to IOCODE 012D 21E0BP LXI H, IOCODE . 0130 0E11 MVI C,XEND-XOPRT 0132 114A01 LXI D,XOPRT TRANLOOP: 0135 1A LDAX D 0136 77 MOV M,A 0137 OD DCR C 0138 23 INX H 0139 13 INX D 013A C23501 JNZ TRANLOOP 013D C30000 JMP [boot 0140 m DELAY EQU $ 0140 110000 LXI D,0 0143 IB DLOP1 DCX D 0144 7A MOV A,D 0145 B3 ORA E 0146 C24301 JNZ DLOP1 0149 C9 RET 014A 3E01 0140 CD1CC0 014F 3E00 Relocatable user defined I/O routines Output routine - output to serial and screen XOPRT MVI A , 1 CALL AOUT ;put on serial MVI A,0 Listing 2 continued on page 38 36 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 22 on inquiry card. HMC-RRULICS TUTOR VIDEO DATA PROCESSOR Called the VDP, comes complete with 1 6K memory, its own color text and graphics generator and is designed to superimpose its graphics and text over incoming video signals from video tape, video disk, TV camera, Apple Video or Broadcast • Color text and graphics on an independent screen • Video titling or video interactive training uses. It's like your own TV station, works with OUR Light Pen too! Available directly from Symtec at $1500.00. SPECIAL PROBLEMS We can help. Symtec does custom engineering, fabrication, hardware and software design for microprocessor. Beginning at $1500, these services can solve your custom application needs for industrial, scientific, medical, engineering or personal uses. SUPER SOUND GENERATOR Apple Music Power with a plus • 3 voices, 6 in stereo version • Noise generator • Independent control of volume, envelope and shape by channel • Full power, easy to use software to compose, edit, play in hi-res graphics, PLUS, input and output ports allow extra uses: • Printer interface • Remote ASCII or music keyboard interface • and, optional BSR X-10 Adapter is available. Suggested retail $159.95 mono, $259.95 stereo. SYMTEC X-10 CONTROL Now for the Apple II, a low cost control to link your computer to the BSR X-10 Home Control System. Control your home or office lighting and appliances • Energy management • Display lighting Security and more. Suggested retail $49.95. LIGHT PEN A professional quality, full feature light pen for the Apple II Computer • Hi-resolution — draw on the screen • X, Y and sensitivity adjustments — fits any standard TV • Sync adjustment for remote video source • Touch switch sets interface flag • Rugged metal case • Recommended by Apple. Complete, ready to go, the Symtec Light Pen is provided with software and documentation in Basic, Applesoft and machine code. Muse's Pilot II Language using the Symtec Light Pen is also available. The Light Pen is useable for graphics, games, education, exhibits, freedom from the keyboard. Suggested retail $249.95. See your Apple Dealer for a demonstration of the Sym- tec Light Pen, Supersound Generator or Symtec Apple X-10 Control. Other products and services are available directly from Symtec. Apple is a trade mark of Apple Computer Inc. BSR System X- 1 is a trade mark of BSR Ltd. Muse is the trade mark of Micro Users Software Exchange, Inc. 22223 Telegraph Rd., Southfield, Mich. 48034 P.O. Box 462, Farmington, Mich. 48024 313-352-1790 Listing 2 continued: 0151 CD1CC0 0151 C9 0155 3E01 0157 CD22C0 01 5A C9 015B 00 CALL RET AOUT ;put on screen ; Input routine - Input from serial port XIPRT MVI A,l CALL AINP ;get serial RET XEND: DB Listing 3: Remote-user routine. This routine allows a remote user to communicate with the operator of the host computer tied to the answering modem. 0100 0100 210000 0103 2B 0101 7D 0105 Bl 0106 D3PC 0108 C20301 010B C9 ; Write to operator ; Syntax: WTO ORG LXI BELOOP: DCX MOV ORA OUT JNZ RET 100H H,0 H A,L H 0PCH BELOOP ; sound alarm port ; return to CP/M Listing 4: Remote-user routine. This routine allows a remote user to communicate with the host computer's operator; it also allows the operator to send a reply to the remote terminal. 0100 C019 C01C C022 ; Write to operator with reply ; Syntax: WTOR SOUT AOUT AINP ORG EQU EQU EQU 100H 0C019H 0C01CH 0C022H 0100 210000 0103 2B 0101 7D 0105 Bl 0106 D3PC 0108 C20301 010B 3E00 010D CD22C0 0110 CA0B01 0113 PEOD 0115 C8 0116 17 0117 CD19C0 011A C30B01 START : LXI BELLOOP: DCX MOV ORA OUT JNZ REPLOOP: MVI CALL JZ CPI RZ MOV CALL JMP H,0 H A,L H OPCH ; sound alarm port BELLOOP A,0 AINP REPLOOP 13 B,A SOUT REPLOOP ;get keyboard character ;done? ; ret urn to CP/M ;send to standard output port ; may be user defined port ; such as serial and display 38 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc BRAIN Once in a great while someone comes along with a simple improvement for an already great product. Take our SuperBrain, for example. Really a simple concept. A high-powered, low cost micro- computer packaged in an attractive desk top cabinet. So how do you improve on that? WE DID IT... It wasn't enough that our SuperBrain had such standard features as twin double density 5 1 / 4 " drives with over 300,000 bytes of disk storage. A full 32K of dynamic RAM - expandable to 64K in seconds. A CP/M* Disk Operating System which assures compatibility to literally hundreds of application packages presently availa- ble. A crisp, 12" non-glare screen with a full 24 line by 80 column display. A full ASCII keyboard with a separate keypad and individual cursor control keys. Twin RS232C serial ports for fast and easy connection to a modem and/or a printer. And, dual Z80 processors which operate at 4 MHZ to insure lightning-fast program execution. No, it wasn't enough. So we made it better. ANNOUNCING SUPERBRAIN QD... Our new QD model has all of the features of our phenomenally popular SuperBrain with the addition of double-sided disk drives and an extra 32K of dynamic RAM. So, for only a modest in- crease in price, you can order your next SuperBrain with more than twice the disk and memory storage capability. But, best of all, the new QD model has the same tough, rugged construction and exceptional quality that made our SuperBrain such a success. HOW DID WE DO IT? The secret of SuperBrain QD's incredible disk storage lies within our new double-density double- sided disk drives. A total of nearly 720,000 bytes of data are formatted on two specially designed 5 1 / 4 " drives. And that's more than enough to get you started with most serious small business applications. And SuperBrain QD's standard 64K of dynamic RAM will handle even the most complicat- ed programming tasks. Of course, if you're into megabytes instead of kilobytes, you may think neither SuperBrain is right for you. Not so! Intertec offers 20-96 megabytes of hard-disk storage which connects in seconds to either the SuperBrain or SuperBrain QD. So, your original investment is always protected. As you grow. No matter how much your needs expand. BUT IS IT RELIABLE? Our best salesmen are our present users. Not only have SuperBrain users been impressed with the inherent reliability of the system, they tell us that no other microcomputer system available today offers such a unique modular design con- cept. Just about the only tool required to easily maintain the system is a common screwdriver. And Intertec's total commitment to product service and customer support, with service outlets in most major cities, insures your original investment will be a valuable one for many years to come. THE DECISION IS YOURS. Whether your next SuperBrain is a regular model or our QD version, you will have the satisfaction of knowing you purchased what is becoming one of the world's most popular micro- computer systems. And regardless of which model you choose, you'll probably never outgrow it be- cause you can keep expanding it. So, call or write us today for more infor- mation. Intertec systems are distributed worldwide and may be available in your area now. Circle 23 on inquiry card. U = NTE^TEC Cdata e systems. 2300 Broad River Rd., Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115 ik o! Digital Research. Inc. ENTREPRENEURS lllppl IF 1 ! I MORE THAN EVER IN THE MICRO- |^| LiLiLr Li^J COMPUTER INDUSTRY. The shortage of knowledgeable dealers/distributors is the #1 problem of microcomputer manufacturers. Over 300 new systems houses will go into business this year, but the number falls short of the 1200 needed. It is estimated that the nationwide shortage of consultants will be over 3000 by 1981 . The HOW TO manuals by Essex Publishing are your best guide to start participating in the continued microcomputer boom. $36. Documentation Now? HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE 6th edition, March 1980 Written by the founder of a successful systems house, this fact- filled 220-page manual covers virtually all aspects of starting and. operating a small systems company. It is abundant with useful, real-life samples: contracts, proposals, agreements and a complete business plan are included in full, and may be used immediately by the reader. Proven, field-tested solutions to the many problems facing the small systems house are presented. From the contents: • New Generation of Systems Houses • The SBC Marketplace • Marketing Strategies • Vertical Markets & lAPs • Competetive Position / Plans of Major Vendors • Market Segment Selection & Evaluation • Selection of Equipment & Manufacturer • Make or Buy Decision • Becoming a Distributor • Getting Your Advertising Dollar's Worth • YourSalesmen: WheretoFindThem • Product Pricing • The Selling Cycle • Handling the 12 Most Frequent Objec- tions Raised by Prospects • Financing for the Customer • Leasing No 10 • Questions You Will Have to Answer Before the Prospect Buys • Producing the System • Installation, Accaptance, Collection • Solutions to the Service Problem • Protecting Your Product • Should You Start How to Write a Good Business Plan • Raising Capital HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT HOWTO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT by Leslie Nelson, May 1980 Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor in the microcomputer field, filling the gap between the computer vendors and commercial/ industrial users. The rewards of the consultant can be high: freedom, more satisfying work and doubled or tripled income. HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COM- PUTER CONSULTANT provides comprehensive background infor- mation and step-by-step directions for those interested to explore this lucrative field: • Established consulting markets • Howto get started • Itemized start-up costs • Are you qualified? • Beginning on a part-time basis • The Marketing Kit • Should you advertise? • Five marketing tips • Getting free publicity* How much to charge • When do you need a contract? • Sample proposals • Which jobs should be declined • Future markets • The way to real big money • Avoiding the legal How consultants' associations can help you • The National Register of Computer Con- • How others did it: real-life sample cases * and much more. No. 16 $30 FREE-LANCE SOFTWARE MARKETING 3rd edition, June 1980 Writing and selling computer programs as an independent is a business where • you can get started quickly, with little capital investment • you can do it full time or part time • the potential profits are almost limitless. Since the demand for computer software of all kinds is growing at an explosive rate, the conditions for the small entrepreneur are outstanding. This manual will show you how to sell your own computer programs using these proven techniques: • direct to Industries • through consulting firms • through manufacturers of computer hardware • in book form • mail order • through computer stores. It will show you how to profitably sell and license all types of software ranging from sophisticated analytical programs selling for thou- sands of dollars, down to simple accounting routines and games for personal computers. The book will guide you step by step through the process of marketing, advertising, negotiating a contract, installing software, training users and providing maintenance and support. It also contains sample software contracts that have been used in actual software transactions. Also included are tips on how to negotiate with a large corporation, ways of avoiding personal liability, techniques f orobtaining free computer time and hints on how to run a free-lance software business while holding a full-time job. No. 32 ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept. 2 MB 285 Bloomfield Avenue • Caldwell, N.J. 07006 \ ' t Order books by number. Send check, money order (U.S.$), VISA or Master Charge #. Publisher pays 4th class shipping. For rush Air Mail shipping add $2.50 per book in USA and Canada, $5.00 in Europe, $8.00 elsewhere. N.J. residents add 5% sales tax. □ No. 10 D No. 16 □ NO. 32 □ Check enclosed D Credit card Name. Address . City , -State - Card# . -Zip- _Exp.. For immediate shipment on credit card orders call (201) 783-6940 between 9 and 5 Eastern time. 40 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 24 on inquiry card. Text continued from page 34: CP/M. If a colon follows the phone number, the next character is sent in ASCII form to the answering modem after the clear-to-send signal is re- ceived from the answering modem. Such a logon character is often re- quired by timesharing services. After communication is established and any logon character is sent, the pro- gram calls a terminal-simulation subroutine (TERM) that will listen for a character which was the serial line, display it on the CP/M display, and send a character of input to the CP/M console. The serial status port and bit configuration is that of a Processor Technology Sol. The subroutine SETIO must configure CP/M to send output to the serial port and receive input from the serial port. The subroutine shown is also for the Sol. Listing 2 shows a program that will configure the operating system to be remotely accessed. The program, after starting, will wait for the telephone to ring and the modem to answer. If the caller is an originating modem, the program will configure CP/M to use the terminal on the other end of the telephone line as the display console. All data output to the remote terminal and input to CP/M from the remote terminal is echoed to the local display. Listings 3 and 4 show small pro- grams that can be used by the remote user to communicate with the local operator. The programs can be used only to send a message or to send a message and get a reply from the local operator. These programs are thus named Write To Operator (WTO) and Write To Operator and Reply (WTOR). Conclusion Once the modem is constructed and tested, a protocol is still needed to establish two-way communica- tions between processors. Commer- cial timesharing services set this pro- tocol for their customers. Personal computer users do not have a stan- dard file and message exchange pro- tocol, but groups such as PCNET in the San Francisco Bay area (280 Polaris Ave, Mountain View CA 94303) are working on the problem. The PCNET protocol is based on the use of modems similar to the type described in this article. ■ New on the North Star Horizon: 18Mb Hard Disk Drive! o I h i Horizon Computer with 64K RAM and dual quad capacity (720kb) floppy disks Up to four 18Mb Winchester- type hard disk drives Display terminal Letter-quality or dot matrix printer Horizon I/O flexibility allows expansion to meet your needs Unsurpassed Performance and Capacity! North Star now gives you hard disk capacity and process- ing performance never before possible at such a low price! Horizon is a proven, reliable, affordable computer system with unique hardware and software. Now the Horizon's capabilities are expanded to meet your growing system requirements. In addition to hard disk perform- ance, the Horizon has I/O versatility and an optional hard- ware floating point board for high-performance number crunching. The North Star large disk is a Century Data Marksman, a Winchester-type drive that holds 18 million bytes of formatted data. The North Star controller inter- faces the drive(s) to the Horizon and takes full advantage NorthStaf^ North Star Computers, Inc. 1440 Fourth St. Berkeley, CA 94710 (41 5) 527-6950 TWX/Telex 91 0-366-7001 of the high-performance characteristics of the drive. Our hard disk operating system implements a powerful file system as well as backup and recovery on floppy diskette. Software Is The Key! The Horizon's success to date has been built on the qual- ity of its system software (BASIC, DOS, PASCAL) and the very broad range and availability of application soft- ware. This reputation continues with our new hard disk system. Existing software is upward compatible for use with the hard disk system. And, with the dramatic increase in on-line storage and speed, there will be a continually expanding library of readily available application software. For more information, see your North Star dealer! HORIZON-HD-18 Horizon computer with 64K RAM, 2 quad capacity mini drives and one HDS-18 hard disk drive $9329 HDS-18 Additional 18Mb hard disk drive for expansion of Horizon HD-18, or your present Horizon $4999 SYS-1N Complete Horizon HD-18 plus 80 x 24 display terminal and NEC Spinwriter printer $13,239 SYS-1A Complete Horizon HD-18 with 80 x 24 display terminal and Anadex printer $11,319 Circle 25 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 41 Ciapcis's Circuit Qellsp Copyright (£'1980 by Steven A Ciarcia. All rights reserved. I/O Expansion for the TRS-80 Part 2: Serial Ports Steve Ciarcia POB 582 Glastonbury CT 06033 Last month in Part 1, I discussed the attachment of parallel input and output ports to the Radio Shack TRS-80 computer. This was basically a response to the many inquiries I have had on TRS-80 interfacing. As usual, it was a general presentation, intended to first enlighten the reader with interfacing concepts and then tender a few alternative circuits for construction. While TRS-80 owners benefit most directly, many com- puters have similar bus structure and can just as easily accommodate paral- lel input/output (I/O) expansion. The presentation this month of a serial interface for the TRS-80 re- quired a little more thought. Parallel ports are strictly hardware devices which in their simplest form only re- quire execution of a single assembly- language or BASIC instruction to function efficiently. A serial inter- face, on the other hand, needs a soft- ware program to direct its operation. The many registers and buffers in- volved in the serial communication process must be synchronized by the execution of a serial-driver routine stored in memory. Any design for a serial port has to take into account the capabilities and memory location of this routine. Even the most splen- did hardware circuit would be a failure if the software driver inter- fered with other computer functions. To eliminate any potential prob- lems that might occur, I decided to make my design completely software- compatible with existing TRS-80 serial-driver routines. This does not necessarily minimize circuit complex- ity by any means, but it greatly enhances potential user acceptance. I was equally concerned with the power requirements and physical This RS-232C interface design is compatible with existing TRS-80 serial- interface control software. configuration. Radio Shack sells a serial-interface board for the TRS-80, but it cannot be operated indepen- dently and requires integral attach- ment to the expansion interface Photo 1: Prototype of the COMM-80 in- terface. The ribbon cable at the lower right connects to the expansion-bus port (either the expansion connector on the keyboard/processor unit or connector J2 on the expansion interface). The edge con- nector at the upper right is for the Centronics-compatible, parallel printer port. The R5-232C DB-25S connector is at the lower left. module. The expansion interface and one serial port add $400 to the cost of the basic computer. Also, with its present hardwired addressing, the TRS-80 can support only one serial port and one parallel printer port. Depending upon the intended ap- plication, you may not need the extra functions (eg: disk controller and memory expansion) provided in the expansion interface. The $300 outlay for the expansion interface is an ex- traordinary expense if you merely in- tend to attach a modem and use the TRS-80 as a terminal on a timeshar- ing network, such as the Source or MicroNet. Rather than duplicate what I consider to be a restrictive hardware configuration, I have at- tempted to present a cost-effective communications interface that gives more flexibility in use and has a better price/performance ratio. The COMM-80 Communications Interface The approach I decided to take was to combine elements from Part 1 of this article with this one, and produce a stand-alone serial/parallel interface which could plug directly into the expansion-bus connector (the keyboard-unit expansion connector or connector J2 on the expansion in- terface). Designated the COMM-80, the unit includes a 50 to 19,200 bit per second (bps) RS-232C serial port, a full 8-bit-in/8-bit-out parallel printer port, an auxiliary expansion-port edge connector, and switch-selectable addressing which allows a single TRS-80 to simultaneously connect up to sixteen COMM-80 interfaces. A block diagram of the COMM-80 is presented in figure 1, and a picture of the prototype is in photo 1. 42 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc * • jjjj; |||ii;i:::j :::i| CM -600 Circuit Mount CM-600 $6.95* RW-50 $8.98* NEW CM-600 SOLDERLESS PROTOTYPE BOARD CM- 600 is a unique systemfor solderless construction of circuit prototypes, useful to "both engineers and hobbyists. The CM-600 is a neoprene board 4|" (114mm) x 6" (152mm) with 2280 holes on .100" (2.54mm) centers. Standard components including DIP'S are mounted by simply inserting leads into the holes in the long life neoprene material. Interconnections are easily made using 20 or 22 AWG (0,8 or 0,65mm) wire jumpers. Positive contact is assuredby the elasticity of the hole, which compresses the leads together. To remove components or leads, simply pull out. This iacilitates easy circuit changes making it ideal for breadboarding experimental circuits. CM-600 also features numbered rows and columns for easy reference. Accessory Kit RW-50 contains 50 pes of AWG 20(0,8mm) insulated jumper wires of , assorted lengths from £"(13mm) to 4"(100mm). Both ends are stripped and bent 90° for easy insertion. In stock directly from OK Machine & Tool Corporation 3455 Conner St., Bronx,ET.Y. 10475 U.S.A. Tel. (212) 994-6600 Telex 125091 v * Minimum billings $26.00, add shipping cnarge $8.00 ^^ New York State residents add applicable tax Circle 26 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 43 What Is a Serial Port? Communication between com- puters, terminals, and other peripheral devices can be in either serial or parallel mode. In parallel mode, the entire information segment (ie: data word) is transmitted or received simultaneously in a single time frame. In serial mode, this same information is divided into its constit- uent bits and these bits are transmit- ted individually over a longer period of time. In cases where high-speed data rates are involved, such as in interaction with a floppy-disk drive, the communication is usually in parallel and can involve as many as forty data and control lines. Serial mode is generally used for lower- speed exchanges. Photo 2: Here are two ways of adding RS-232 communication capability to the Radio Shack TRS-80. The COMM-80 unit is shown on the left; the combination of the Radio Shack expansion interface and serial-interface board is shown on the right. Photo 3: A TRS-80 equipped with Level II BASIC, the COMM-80 interface, and a Novation CAT modem can be used as a remote terminal for a time-sharing service such as the Source. An example a little closer to home is the addition of a video terminal and a printer to a computer system. Both the terminal and printer are designed to accept American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) coding, which requires only 7 bits to define a character. The connections between the com- puter and the video terminal can be either serial or parallel. The choice in this case is not determined by data rate but by expense. Parallel com- munication is relatively easy and in- expensive for a computer. Few com- ponents are involved, and a 6-foot length of nine-conductor cable (seven lines to carry the 7-bit ASCII data, one line each for data strobe and ground) will not cost too much. Serial interfacing is another matter entirely. Microprocessors do not naturally communicate in serial format. There are no single machine-language in- structions to perform this function. To serialize data we must add a separate hardware device called a universal asynchronous receiv- er/transmitter (UART). It looks just like a parallel port to the processor, but internally the UART is a very complicated device. A UART is a special large-scale in- tegration (LSI) circuit that accepts a data byte in parallel form from the processor and converts it into a universally accepted serial format. Any two terminals set at the same data-transmission rate could con- ceivably be interconnected to com- municate, regardless of internal operating-system differences. The ex- pense for this flexibility is in the neighborhood of $200 to $500 per data channel, depending upon the computer bus configuration. Transmitting Serial Data Serial data can be transmitted in either synchronous or asynchronous format. I will address this discussion only to the latter format since asyn- chronous communication is the technique employed in the COMM-80. The asynchronous for- mat allows unlimited time gaps to oc- cur between transmission of characters. The internal structure of a UART consists of a separate parallel-to- serial transmitter and a serial-to- parallel receiver joined by common programming pins. The two sections can be used independently provided 44 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc INTRODUCING HP-05. A NEW WORLD OF PERSONAL-PROFESSIONAL COMPUTATION. Imagine the new world that would unfold before you if you had a powerful, portable, completely integrated computer sys- tem at your personal disposal. And at an afford- able price. That's exactly what Hewlett-Packard has just created. THE HP-85: A PERSONAL COMPUTER FOR PROFESSIONALS. At the lab, on your desk or in your study this 20-pound, self-contained system provides pro- fessional computing power when and where you need it. That means no more waiting for data to be remotely processed and returned. A COMPLETE COMPUTER SYSTEM IN ONE SMALL PACKAGE. You get all this in the HP-85: Interactive graphics under keyboard control. 16K RAM Memory standard. Standard typewriter key- board with separate numeric key pad and eight user-definable special function keys. High resolution CRT display with powerful editing capability. Built-in thermal printer produces a hard copy of the display on command. Built-in tape cartridge drive. Each cartridge provides 217K bytes of storage capacity. Operating system and BASIC lan- guage, permanently stored in ROM. A SOPHISTICATED COMPUTER AT YOUR FINGERTIPS. Hewlett-Packard has combined these sophisticated capabilities with advanced design to give you a system that is easy to use yet uncom- promised in its power. A key to this achievement is Hewlett-Packard's choice of BASIC for the HP-85's language. The You can enhance the system's capability by adding powerful HP peripherals like a high- speed, full-width line printer, full-size plotter, or flexible disc drives. And HP Application Pacs offer preprogrammed solutions in a wide variety of disciplines on prerecorded magnetic tape cartridges. So, when you buy the HP-85, you're not just buying a computer system, you're buying the con- fidence that the Hewlett- Packard name brings and the knowlege that the HP-85 can expand with your changing needs. For the address of your nearest HP dealer, CALL TOLL-FREE 800-547-3400 except from Hawaii or Alaska. In Oregon, call 758-1010. For details on the HP-85, send the attached coupon, or write: Hewlett-Packard, 1000 N.E. Circle Blvd., Corvallis, OR 97330, Dept. 276B. HP-85 has more than 150 commands and statements to let you solve your problems swiftly and easily. In addition, sixteen graphic com- mands have been added to the HP-85's extended BASIC to give you easy control of its amazingly versatile graphic capabilities. DESIGNED FOR TODAY AND TOMORROW. Whether you're in science, engineering, industry or business, the HP-85 you need today can easily be expanded or customized to meet your needs tomorrow. You can double RAM capacity to 32K or expand ROM firmware to 80K with optional modules that plug right into the HP-85. 13 HEWLETT PACKARD 619/26 HEWLETT-PACKARD Dept. 276B 1000 N.E. Circle Blvd. Corvallis, OR 97330 Please send details on HP-85. NAME TITLE COMPANY. ADDRESS- CITY STATE_ Circle 27 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 45 they adhere to the same bit-format options. Sending a character from the processor is simply a matter of per- forming a parallel-output operation to the UART. The decoded-output strobe loads the UART with the data and initiates the serialization process. Figure 2 shows a plot of logic levels versus time during the transmission of a single character. When no data is being sent, the data-transmission line remains in a logic 1 state. A l-to-0 high-to-low transition on the line signifies that a character is being sent. The first bit is called a start bit. The next 5 to 8 bits are data; these are followed by a parity bit. Finally, the end of transmission is defined by the addition of 1 or 2 stop bits at the end of the character. The start, stop, and parity bits are all added as part of the UART's function. Meanwhile, the receiver section of the UART is continuously monitoring the input line for the start bit of a character. When the start bit comes, the following data bits are placed into a holding register and their parity is checked against the state of the parity bit. Completion is signaled by setting a data-available flag. This flag, plus others defining buffer status, parity, and overrun errors, is read by the processor to determine when input data is ready or when another character can be transmitted. The in- dividual pin functions of a typical UART are described in table 1. RS-232C Interface Characteristics So far, I have discussed only serialization of the data. I have said nothing about voltages or logic con- ventions associated with control of the information transmitted between 40-CONDUCTOR RIBBON CABLE POWER SUPPLY SWITCHES ADDRESS DECODER LOGIC (TO ALL SECTIONS) ESS BUS PRESET SENSE SWITCHES 3- STATE INPUT BUFFER n -*■ +12V -*• +5V -► -12V DATA BUS CRYSTAL 5.0688 MHz \1 4-BIT OUTPUT LATCH DATA- RATE GENERATOR UART 34-PIN EDGE CONNECTOR ( PRINTER PORT) 8-BIT OUTPUT LATCH STROBE- S-BIT THREE- STATE INPUT BUFFER LEVEL SHIFTER LEVEL SHIFTER LEVEL SHIFTER DATA 8 DATA 7 DATA 6 DATA 5 DATA 4 DATA 3 DATA 2 DATA 1 BUSY PAPER UNIT SEL FAULT B3 B2 Bl BO RS-232C 25-PIN SERIAL CONNECTOR CTS DSR CD Rl RTS DTR TD AUXILIARY EXPANSION CONNECTOR 40-PIN EDGE CONNECTOR Figure 1: Block diagram of components and data flow in the COMM-80 serial and parallel interface for the Radio Shack TRS-80. 46 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 28 on inquiry card. The MODEL 800 MST is certainly pleasing to look at, but its true beauty lies beneath the surface. A glimpse at its features reveals why it is rapidly becoming the most sought after printer in the world . . . • Four standard interfaces: RS-232(15 baud rates) Centronics compatible parallel IEEE-488 20ma current loop • Six line densities: 64, 72, 80, 96, 120, 132 • 100 CPS at all six densities • Unidirectional or bidirectional printing • Sixteen horizontal and ten vertical tabs • Elongated characters in all six densities • 1920 character buffer • Uses either perforated or roll paper • Fully adjustable tractors to 9Vi" • Auto self-test Up to 10 character fonts Standard 96 character ASCII User defined character font Provision for up to eight additional fonts Dot resolution graphics in six densities Variable line spacing control from to 64 dots in half-dot increments Auto form-feed for any form length at any line spacing Heavy-duty all aluminum chassis llOvac or 220vac, 50/60Hz. 100 million character printhead Measures only 15" wide, 3" high, and 1 1" deep Weighs only 15 lbs. but maybe its most attractive feature is the price ..... $699.00. bo/e^ inc. W P.O. BOX 3648 FULL., CAL. 9SB34 / C714) 992-4344 equipment. The Electronic Industry Association (EIA) RS-232C electrical specification defines voltage levels and control signals: a logic level 1 is called a "mark" or "off" and is con- sidered to be anything more negative than —3 V. A logic is called a "space" or "on" and is considered to be anything more positive than +3 V. As a rule, designers tend to use +12 V and -12 V for the and 1 logic states. In addition to standardizing the serial format, the EIA also specifies that the connector for RS-232C be a 25-pin, D subminiature type (called a DB-25). The pin assignments and functions are shown in table 2. The COMM-80 Hardware The COMM-80 is driven only by signals present on the buses of the computer. All sections communicate with the processor as memory- mapped or directly addressed in- put/output ports. Figure 3 illustrates the complete schematic diagram of the COMM-80 interface in three sec- tions. There are two major sections: parallel printer port and serial port. They are joined together by a com- mon address-decoding circuit and power supply. Address Decoding A standard TRS-80 expansion in- terface has an edge connector com- monly called the Centronics printer port. It actually combines an 8-bit parallel output port and a 4-bit parallel input port. The addressing for this section is hardwired for hexa- decimal memory location 37E8. Part of this same address decoder is used for the Radio Shack serial-interface board. Coincidentally, the Radio Shack serial interface is decoded to use I/O port addresses E8 thru EB for data-transfer and control functions. The address-decoding section of the COMM-80, consisting of ICl thru IC7, is designed to decode this set of Pin Name Number 1 V cc Power Supply 2 V cc Power Supply 3 Ground 4 Received Data Enable 5^ 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Symbol Function > Received Data Bits 13 Parity Error 14 Framing Error 15 Over-Run 16 Status Word Enable 17 Receiver Clock 18 1 8 Reset Data Available 19 Data Available 20 Serial Input 21 External Reset 22 Transmitter Buffer Empty \f Gr RDE RD8 RD7 RD6 RD5 RD4 RD3 RD2 RD1 PE FE OR SWE RCP RDAV DAV SI XR TBMT + 5 V Supply - 12 V Supply (Not connected on AY-5-1015 Ground A logic on the receiver-enable line places the received data onto the output lines. These are the eight data output lines. Received characters are right justified; the least significant bit (LSB) always appears on RD1. These lines have three-state outputs. This three-state line goes to a logic 1 if the received-character parity does not agree with the selected parity. This three-state line goes to a logic 1 if the received character has no valid stop bit. This three-state line goes to a logic 1 if the previously received character is not read (DAV line not reset) before the pre- sent character is transferred to the receiver-holding register. A logic on this three-state line places the status word bits (PE, FE, OP, DAV, TBMT) onto the output lines. This line will contain a clock whose fre- quency is sixteen times the desired receiver data rate. A logic will reset the DAV line. This three-state line goes to a logic 1 when an entire character has been re- ceived and transferred to the receiver holding register. This line accepts the serial bit input stream. A marking (logic 1) to spacing (logic 0) transition is required for initiation of data reception. Resets shift registers. Sets SO, EOC, and TBMT to a logic 1. Resets DAV, and error flags to 0. Clears input data buffer. Must be tied to logic when not in use. The three-state transmitter buffer-empty flag goes to a logic 1 when the data bits holding register may be loaded with another character. Table 1: Pin functions for the AY-5-1013, AY-5-1015, or COM2017 UARTs. addresses as well as a addresses. The range port is hexadecimal dresses 3708 to 37F8, range is hexadecimal 08 to F8. Figure 4 switch settings for ranges. range of other There is a particular rationale for for the printer setting up the addresses this way. A memory ad- user attaching a COMM-80 to his and the serial system would naturally set the I/O addresses switches for the range E8 thru EB, and illustrates the the interface would then be complete- the different ly compatible with standard TRS-80 software. Should an expansion- LOGIC LEVEL START DATA 1 DATA 2 DATA 3 DATA 4 DATA 5 DATA 6 DATA 7 DATA 8 PARITY STOP 1 STOP 2 START DATA 1 i 1 r — ~i 1 1 t j 1 1 1 i I L SB I I I ! I I MSB I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I J L L L J L I J I I TIME Figure 2: Logic levels plotted against time during the transmission of an 8-bit data word in asynchronous serial format. 48 June 1980 <£> BYTE Publications Inc Pin Name Number Symbol Function 23 Data Strobe 24 End of Character DS EOC 25 Serial Output SO 26 > TD1 27 TD2 28 TD3 29 30 ► Data Bit Inputs TD4 TD5 31 TD6 32 TD7 33 > TD8 34 Control Strobe CS 35 No Parity NP 36 Number of Stop Bits ;}■ 37 \ Number of Bits Per 38 [ Character TSB NB2 NB1 39 Odd/Even Parity Select 40 Transmitter Clock EPS TCP A strobe on this line will enter the data bits into the data-bits-holding register. In- itial data transmission is initiated by the rising edge of DS . Data must be stable during entire strobe. This line goes to a logic 1 each time a full character has been transmitted. It re- mains at this level until the start of transmission of the next character. The entire character is transmitted bit by bit (that is, serially) over this line. It will re- main at logic 1 when no data is being transmitted. There are up to 8 data-bit-input lines available. A logic 1 on this lead will enter the control bits (EPS, NB1, NB2, TSB, NP) into the control-bits-holding register. This line can be strobed or hardwired to a logic 1 level. A logic 1 on this lead will eliminate the parity bit from the transmitted and re- ceived character (no PE indication). The stop bit(s) will immediately follow the last data bit. If not used, this lead must be tied to a logic 0. This lead will select the number of stop bits (1 or 2) to be appended immediately after the parity bit. A logic will insert 2 stop bits. These two leads will be internally decoded to select either 5, 6, 7, or 8 data bits per character. NB2 NB1 bits/character 5 1 6 1 7 1 1 8 The logic level on this pin selects the type of parity which will be appended im- mediately after the data bits. It also deter- mines the parity that will be checked by the receiver. A logic will insert odd pari- ty, and a logic 1 will insert even parity. This line will contain a clock whose fre- quency is sixteen times the desired transmitter data rate. interface module be added to the system later, the user would merely flip a switch specified by table 3 to change the port address (the expan- sion interface is set only for 37E8). The switch circuit is shown in figure 4. The system could then accom- modate two printers. As table 3 shows, there are sixteen possibilities, so there could be sixteen printers and sixteen serial ports. From this point on, however, I will refer only to the addressing range of E8 thru EB. The Printer Port Is a Full 8 Bits Since I explained parallel ports in detail last month, I will discuss the printer port briefly. Initially my in- tention was to provide a general- purpose I/O port so that the user could connect some of my other pro- jects and interface designs. As it worked out, however, I decided to combine efforts and configure the parallel port to serve as the printer port as well. The major difference is that the COMM-80 incorporates a full 8-bit input and a full 8-bit output port. Its address is nominally hexa- decimal 37E8 in memory-address space. Writing to memory location 37E8 latches data onto IC14 and IC15 (both 74LS75 devices), and reading memory location 37E8 gates the Once you have installed an RS-232 port, a whole new world of peripherals opens up. printer status signals through the three-state buffer IC19 (a 74LS244 device). Serial Port The serial-port section requires four input and four output strobes to operate. As previously mentioned, the serial-port control addresses are nominally set for hexadecimal E8 thru EB. Figure 5 more explicitly illustrates the hardware derivation of these signals and lists their functions. These strobe signals coordinate the RS-232C handshaking, the sense switches, the data-rate generator, and the UART. All four subsections can be in- dependently controlled in software by reading and writing to the ap- propriate port address. The sense switches, for instance, are merely a convenience. It is a way for the user to present a frequently used combination of options. These switches, outlined in figure 6, allow selection of data rate, word length, parity condition, and number of stop bits. There is, however, no physical connection between these switches and the other sections. The software- driver routine coordinates the option selection. First the routine determines the state of the switches by reading input port E9. It determines from the setting of switches SW6 thru SW8 what data rate the user wants. The particular code for that rate, selected from table 4, is written to output port E9. The remaining switch settings are written into the UART control register EA. Three bits of this output (b thru b 2 ) and input port E8 are used for the RS- 232C handshaking. The data-rate generator is presented in figure 7. The sense switches are not ab- solutely necessary for operation of the serial interface. Most software drivers, such as the ST80 program written by Lance Micklus, offer a selection of the options through the keyboard. Separate data rates for the Text continued on page 54 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 49 + 5V \ SW3 \SW1 SW1 THRU SW8 ARE PRESET SENSE SWITCHES DATA RATE SELECT WORD LENGTH PARITY SELECT Figure 3a: Section of schematic diagram of COMM-80 interface circuit. Shown here are the data-rate selector, the UART, and the option-selecting switches. The data-rate selector can be either a COM5016 or a BR1941. Various UARTs can be used instead of the AY -5-1013 A, including the TR1602, COM2017, S1883, and TMS6011. A UART that uses a single +5 V power supply, such as the A Y-3-1015, may also be substituted. 50 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 29 on inquiry card. ALTOS COMPUTER SYSTEMS PROUDLY ANNOUNCES AQ8000-6 . • ■P (ALCO*) COMPUrtB SYSTEMS HH THE VERY FIRST Double Density Z80 Micro-Computer plus Twin 8" Floppies plus 14.5Mb Winchester Disk for under $9,500! And more! 4 user CP/M® for .under $12,000! ■CP/M »s a registered trademarK of Digital Research. Inc. AL DOES IT , ALTOS COMPUTER SYSTEMS, LEADER IN SINGLEBOARD TECHNOLOGY AGAIN WITH ITS SINGLEBOARD ACS8000-6. TOTAL BUSINESS COMPUTER rrp I HIGH TECHNOLOGY AGAIN The new ACS8000-6 single board computer is packed with ultra-high technology: Z80 double-density computer, up to 208Kb of high speed RAM, Floppy-disk and Win- chester Hard Disk controllers, DMA, up to 6 serial/2 Parallel I/O, optional 32 bit floating point processor . . . All on One Board; fully socketed, fully doc- ^ — m ■ \ i ADVANCED MULTI-USER SOFTWARE Our new ALTOS Multi-User Executive (AMEX) supports four independent CP/M compatible programs in any of six languages: Basic, Fortran, Cobol, Pascal, APL, C. and a wealth of complete business application packages. COMPUTER SYSTEMS 2338-A Walsh Avenue Santa Clara, Ca. 95050 WINCHESTER MASS STORAGE Were staying with Shugart for both floppies and Winchester hard disk. Why? Simple, low price, solid reliability and they're our next door neighbor. Our single board computer supports up to 4 Mbytes of floppies and 58 Mbytes of Winchester running under AMEX. MINI PERFORMANCE FOR 1/2 COST Prices you will love. Entry level ACS8000-6 Hard Disk System $9,450 2 users $10,670, 4 users $11,960. AMEX separate at $250. ioSi AVAILABLE NOW1 Call for your nearest Altos dealer. (408) 244-5766. Telex 171562 ALTOS SNTA. DATA BUS TO FIGURE 3a TRS-80 EXPANSION CONNECTOR D7 (lb>> D6 [2£> D5 [|?> D4 [TF> D3 [2?> D2 [32> Dl [22> DO [30> DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 00000060 -<[ I IN E8 CONNECTOR 37E8 WR | ^> 34-PIN PARALLEL PORT PRINTER EDGE CONNECTOR Figure 3b: Section of schematic diagram of COMM-80 interface. Connections to data buses and peripheral connectors are presented here. Some care must be exercised in connecting the COMM-80 to the expansion bus. It is best to use shielded ribbon cable. The pro- duction version of the COMM-80 includes two auxiliary expansion-bus edge connectors, which are like the one on the back of the keyboard/ processor unit. 52 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 30 on inquiry card. Now! North Star Application Software! North Star now offers application software for use on the HORIZON! Now you have one reliable source for both hardware and software needs! The first packages avail- able are: North Word— NorthWord is a simple-to-operate word processing system designed for use with the popular North Star HORIZON. NorthWord enables you to increase office efficiency and cut document typing time and cost. NorthWord incorporates the most sought-after word processing fea- tures: easy editing, on-screen text formatting, simultaneous document printing, and much more. NorthWord can be integrated with other North Star software packages to produce customized letters, labels and reports quickly and efficiently Ir&C MailManager— MailManager enables you to com- pile and maintain complete organ- ized mailing lists. Lists are easily accessible and can be compiled with a g reat deal of flexibility. Entries, corrections and deletions are easily made. The North Star MailManager can printyour list on individual enve- lopes, on mailing labels, or in com- pact summary form. InfoManager — InfoManager is a powerful list- oriented, data management system. It will accept up to 50 categories of information for each record and has the ability to select and sort before printing. The North Star InfoManager has power and flexibility for many applications: product inquiry, in- ventory, customer/client records, calendar reminders, and as an easy way to fill in often-used forms. GeneralLedger — General Ledger and Financial Reporting, two programs in one, maintains general ledger accounts based on such input as checks, bank deposits and journal entries, and uses the information in the general ledger to produce custom- ized financial statements and financial reports. NorthWord is the central building block for all the North Star applica- tion software to follow. Packages now being tested include other accounting and professional appli- cation packages. For more informa- tion or a demonstration, contact your local North Star dealer. NorthStar^ North Star Computers, Inc. 1440 Fourth Street Berkeley, CA 94710 (415) 527-6950 TWX/Telex 910-366-7001 NorfhStar NortrWwd ^*c*«e {^> 37E8 WR \ >37E8 RD TRS-80 EXPANSION < CONNECTOR { ^> +12V@50mA \ >+5V(oD 1A \ ">-12V(cD 50mA 1N4004{4) Figure 3c: Section of COMM-80 interface circuit, including power supply and address-selection circuitry. Power to the interface should not be cut off while the TRS-80 is in operation, lest programs be lost. Both units should be powered up and down simultaneously. Text continued from page 49: transmitter and receiver can also be established. This is easily accom- plished by a direct output command to the data-rate generator using the codes from figure 6. From this point on, serial com- munication proceeds by simply loading the UART with the data to be transmitted (using the Z80 instruction OUT EB) and reading the UART status register to see if the byte has been completely sent or if there is a received data word available (with the IN EA instruction). The software driver needed for this interface is too long to discuss in this Text continued on page 58 54 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Gii lupihics. The Paper Tigefputs more bile into everything you da The Paper Tiger strikes again. With a DotPlof graphics option that lets you make the most of your Apple 1 1 J TRS 80* or other personal computer. With DotPlot and available software drivers, you can print screen graphics, draw illustrations, write block letters, plot charts. And DotPlot includes an expanded, 2K-byte buffer. That's not all. Every Paper Tiger gives you 8 software-selectable character sizes. 80 and 132 column formats. Multi-part business forms handling. Forms control. Reliable stepper- motor paper drive. Adjustable width tractor feed. Continuous duty cycle operation. Plus lots more. tApplellis a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. ^TRS-80 is a trademark of Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corp. i The Paper Tiger costs only $995. The DotPlot option only $99 more. But don't let these low prices fool you. Because the Paper Tiger is rugged enough to stand up to the most demanding printer-plotter requirements. For the name of the Paper Tiger dealer nearest you, call toll-free 1-800-343-6412 (except Massa- chusetts, Alaska, and Hawaii). Integral Data Systems, 14 Tech Circle, Natick, MA 01760. (617) 237-7610. Circle 31 on inquiry card. Integral Data Systems, Inc. Circle 32 on inquiry card. tflfea fast thinker. 5 MHz CPU Card ■ Intel 8085A-2 microprocessor ■ Hardware floating point ■ Performs calculations six times faster than other CPUs ■ On-boaid monitor in PROM ■ IK RAM scratch pad ■ Keyboard or RS232C terminal ■ Variable clock frequency PRICE— $850 (California residents add 6% sales tax) Call or write Artec for details. ^RTGCGLGCTROMOJMC 605 Old County Rd., San Carlos, CA 94070 Telephone (415) 592-2740 Pin 1 PGND — Protective Ground This is chassis or equipment ground. It may also be tied to signal ground. Pin 2 TD — Transmit Data This is the serial data from the terminal to the remote receiving equip- ment. When no data is being sent it is in a marking (1) condition. Pin 3 RD — Receive Data This is the serial data from the remote equipment which is transmitted to the terminal. Pin 4 RTS — Request to Send Controls the direction of data transmission. In full-duplex operation an "on" sets transmit mode and an "off" sets non-transmit mode. In half-duplex operation an "on" inhibits the receive mode and an "off" enables it. Pin 5 CTS — Clear to Send Signal from the modem to the terminal indicating ability to transmit data. An "on" is "Ready" and an "off" is "not ready." Pin 6 DSR — Data Set Ready Signal from the modem to the terminal. An "on" condition indicates that the modem is ready. Pin 7 SGND — Signal Ground Pin 8 CD — Carrier Detect An "on" indicates reception of a carrier from the remote data set; "off" indicates no carrier is being received. Pin 20 DTR — Data Terminal Ready: "on" connects the communication equip- ment to the communications channel; "off" disconnects the com- munications equipment from the communications channel. Pin 22 Rl — Ring Indicator An "on" indicates that a ringing signal is being received on the com- munications channel. Table 2: Designations of pins on the DB-25 connector when used for communication with an RS-232C interface system and description of corresponding signals. Address Range SW1 SW2 SW3 * SW4 08 thru 0B Closed Closed Closed Closed 18 thru 1 B Closed Closed Closed Open 28 thru 2B Closed Closed Open Closed 38 thru 3B Closed Closed Open Open 48 thru 4B Closed Open Closed Closed 58 thru 5B Closed Open Closed Open 68 thru 6B Closed Open Open Closed 78 thru 7B Closed Open Open Open 88 thru 8B Open Closed Closed Closed 98 thru 9B Open Closed Closed Open A8 thru AB Open Closed Open Closed B8 thru BB Open Closed Open Open C8 thru CB Open Open Closed Closed D8 thru DB Open Open Closed Open E8 thru EB Open Open Open Closed F8 thru FB Open Open Open Open Table 3: Useo fthe switch-selectable address decoder allows the I/O address range to be varied over ' the range shown here according to the switch positions specified. (See figure 4.) Radio Shack software uses the address range hexadecimal E8 thru EB. Listing 1: Part of the output generated during a timesharing session on the Source, in which the TRS-80 equipped with the COMM-80 and a modem was used as a terminal The Source is a service of the Source Telecomputing Corporation of McLean, Virginia. The hard copy was produced by an LA36 DECwriter connected to the TRS-80 through the COMM-80. >DATA SYS COM #* ::n^*****)(c*)J<*)K)K)K)K)K)K>y)K)K))<)K SYSTEM COMMANDS ** * * * ** * * * * # * * * * *# * **** COMMAND DESCRIPTION BASIC CHAT CRTLST PROGRAM IN THE BASIC LANGUAGE* TALK TO ANOTHER USER ON THE SYSTEM ♦ DISPLAYS THE CONTENTS OF A FILE? STOPPING EVERY 24 LINES TO GIVE YOU TIME TO CATCH UP. (TYPING A RETURN RESTARTS THE DISPLAY* ) Listing 1 continued on page 58 56 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 33 on inquiry card. The Microsoft Z-80 SoftCard. Leading a Whole New Lineup for ■ Your Apple II. Plug the new Microsoft Z-80 SoftCard into your Apple II™ and start using all of the system and application software written for Z-80 based computers. Software that you could never use before on your Apple II. The SoftCard actually contains a Z-80 processor and lets you switch between the Apple's 6502 and the Z-80 with simple commands, so you can use software written for either processor. Starting with TWo Software Standards. Versatile CP/M, B the most widely used microcomputer operating system ever, is included on diskette in the SoftCard package, ready to run on your Apple II. You get Microsoft's 5.0 BASIC too, the most powerful version to date of our famous BASIC interpreter. PRINT USING, 16-digit precision, CALL, and CHAIN and COMMON are just some of the major BASIC features you'll add. Applesoft's graphics extensions are still included. More Power Down the Line. You can get even more programming power and versatility by adding Microsoft's FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC Compiler and Assembly Language Development System. All are available separately to run with the SoftCard system. And the whole host of CP/M-based business, scientific and educational applications can be easily transferred to your Apple with SoftCard. The Microsoft Z-80 SoftCard is compatible with most every Apple product from the Apple II to the Apple II Plus, Language Card and peripherals. Independent peripherals for the Apple are supported/as well. The SoftCard package requires a system with 48K and a disk drive. Line up a SoftCard demonstration at your Microsoft Consumer Products dealer today. They'll be glad to show you how the Z-80 SoftCard and your Apple computer combine to form a system that can't be beat for either practicality or pure pleasure by any personal computer available today. Or give us a call, 206/454-1315, for more information. But act quickly. At the low price of $349 for SoftCard, CP/M, Microsoft BASIC and complete documentation, you may have to stand in line to get one! ™Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. R CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. CONSUMER PRODUCTS 10800 Northeast Eighth. Suite 507 Bellevue.WA 98004 (206)454-1315 Listing 1 continued: DATA DATE DEL DELAY ED ENTER FILES FORTRN ID INFO LOAD MAIL NSORT OFF PLAY POST R TIME RUN TY USAGE DISPLAYS CERTAIN TCA LIBRARY PROGRAMS AND DATA BASES* GIVES TIME AND DATE* DELETES A FILE* AUTOMATICALLY DELAYS OUTPUT TO PRINTING TERMINALS WITH SLOWLY RETURNING CARRIAGES* TEXT EDITOR* TYPE IN A FILE* PRINTS THE NAME OF ALL YOUR FILES* COMPILES A FORTRAN PROGRAM* SYSTEM SIGN-ON COMMAND* DISPLAYS CERTAIN OTHER LIBRARY PROGRAMS AND DATA BASES* LOADS A FORTRAN PROGRAM* INVOKES THE ELECTRONIC MAIL PROGRAM* SORTS A FILE* SIGNS A USER OFF THE SYSTEM* PLAYS COMPUTER GAMES* INVOKES THE CLASSIFIED AD/BULLETIN BOARD PROGRAM* RUNS A LIBRARY PROGRAM* DISPLAYS THE TIME USED FOR THE CURRENT SESSION* RUNS A LOADED FORTRAN PROGRAM* LIKE CRTLST* BUT DOES NOT STOP AFTER 24 LINES* SUMMARY OF YOUR SYSTEM USAGE THIS MONTH* note: a complete list of system documentation and programming manuals may be viewed by typing data sysdoc* >ONLINE CL0158 CL0619 TCA056 TCA088 TCA422 TCA434 TCA516 TCA569 TCA743 TCA766 TCA830 TCA9.1.4 TCD106 TCD140 TCD202 TCD248 TCD419 TCD437 TCD444 TCD459 TCE129 TCE201 TCE217 TCE274 >DATA UP I ****************** UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL TCA088 TCA575 TCB419 TCD390 TCD440 TCE317 TCA290 TCA612 TCDOH TCD4:L9 TCE052 1) TO ACCESS THE UPI DATANEWS SYSTEM* SIMPLY TYPE "UPI" AND PRESS "RETURN"* 2) THEN SELECT "NATIONAL n , ■REGIONAL" OR "STATE" NEWS OR -FEATURES" "FEATURES" INCLUDES MOST MAJOR NEWS SYNDICATES (NEW YORK TIMESr UNITED FEATURES , ETC*) AS WELL AS SYNDICATED COLUMNISTS* FOR A COMPLETE LIST OF FEATURES, INDEXED BY LOGICAL CONTENT? RETURN TO THE "COMMAND" LEVEL r AND TYPE ***UPI 3) SELECT FROM THE "GENERAL", "BUSINESS' OR "SPORTS" CATEGORIES? THE SYSTEM WILL THEN ASK YOU FOR ONE OR MORE "KEYWORDS"* + 5V IC6 U.7K 74LS266 + 5V ADDRESS BUS A7 O JT - . 4.7 K ^> + 5V ►4.7K A6 O- ^ CE> ;4.7K + 5V A5 O |4.7K b -^e. + 5V SW3 QE> •4.7K 10 + 5V S4.7K A4 fZ>- -±=3E> Figure 4: By closing the proper switches, one of sixteen possible address ranges in the I/O-address space can easily be selected. The switches are optional; the desired address range may be hardwired. For complete compatibility with standard TRS-80 software, the hexadecimal address range E8 thru EB should be chosen. Ta Tb Tc Id or Data Clock Ha Hb Re R D Rate Frequency 50 800 Hz 1 75 1200 Hz 1 110 1760 Hz 1 1 134.5 2152 Hz 1 150 2400 Hz 1 1 300 4800 Hz 1 1 600 9600 Hz 1 1 1 1200 19.2 kHz 1 1800 28.8 kHz 1 1 200 32.08 kHz 1 1 2400 38.4 kHz 1 1 1 3600 57.6 kHz 1 1 4800 76.8 kHz 1 1 1 7200 115.2 kHz 1 1 1 9600 153.6 kHz 1 1 1 1 19200 316.8 kHz Table 4: Chart to select data rates for the COM5016 data-rate generator. Transmission and receptior i rates may be set independently, according to the parameters specified here. Text continued from page 54: article. Also, since this interface is software-compatible with existing TRS-80 hardware, there is no need to write your own driver routine. There are many sources, including the one listed with this article. Using the COMM-80 Once you have an RS-232C port in- stalled in your computer, a whole new world of peripherals opens up. The electronics industry has been turning out thousands of printers each year which use the RS-232C in- terface. For example, if you are in- terested in word processing, then you can attach a high-quality daisy- wheel printer to your TRS-80. Cer- tain peripherals require a 20 mA current-loop interface; the required circuit is demonstrated in figure 8. The most obvious application for the COMM-80 is to transform the TRS-80 from a mild-mannered per- sonal computer into a full-fledged computer terminal. Photo 3 shows the system connected to a modem in actual use on the Source timesharing system. Listing 1 is a printout (from an LA36 DECwriter II also connected to the same serial interface) of typical user interaction on this national com- puter timesharing network. A look at Text continued on page 62 58 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc OUR SOFTWARE MEANS BUSINESS - FOR YOU! At lastf An integrated set of business software ideal for you ! How often have you purchased software only to be disap pointed by its features or frustrated by the inabi- lity of the different programs to work together? ^^fl Are you tired of entering the same data into your Purchase Ordering System when a part is ordered, into Inventory when it arrives, ^^ Payables when it's invoiced and General Ledger when it's paid for? Does your a Font Letter Merge utility easily work A with Receivables to send Personalized /v7-2 Dunning Letters to past due clients? j~ Does your Point of Sale Orde r Entry / Ch software also save a keyed which may later be Sorted for over 60 customer characteris- tics and used to generate per- sonalized sales literature? If you don't like your answers to these questions, your ac- counting software is costing you money ? Packages from Sof twareHows" , a division of MicroDaSys, do all this and much more! These new- est software products offer the perfect blend of performance, price and flexibility. Although each package can operate as a stand-alone module, all programs interact with common files. Every single transaction feeds your master records. This Data Base Integration " ^H approach organizes all your business' ^^B information so that every module is fully ^^H interactive. The result of this vast and easy^H to use data base is unique . You'll be amazed ^^B how much better you'll understand the operational and cash flow of your business! And better under- standing means better planning — and higher profits for* youl Start with the basic four: General Ledger provides those all important balance sheets and income statements, Accounts Receivable and Payable take care of invoice control in a jiffy, while Payroll with Cost Accounting \ does your payroll and provides cost effective- ness data. Next add the Order-Right " 1 order entry system and Inventory , and you have a complete sales management and material requirements system. Everything is pre- pared quickly and accurately: invoices, shipping labels, charge slips and COD il« I tags. Orders are automatically fed nsaction^ into Inventory and Receivables. If your stock is too low, Inventory recommends the best sources of ~™| supply and approximate prices to Analyiii j pay. Upon verification, a pur- chase order is generated. The receiving department verifies H receipt and the invoice 1 -—J transferred to your Account """^ . Payable . SelectraSort " 1 pull ts selected records from vendor, customer and maillist files on the basis of over 60 dif- ferent sort criteria ! Printing Bf mailing labels and personalized form letters is a snap! Next, VersaSort" sorts all files on eric or string data. Think handy it would be to have lists by ZIP, state, last VnaBe, or interests! Analysis |/ Each SoftwareHows™ package is just $1951 Plus, get one package abso- lutely free with every three you buy! Hundreds of pages of documentation are included, and getting them up and running your system is a breeze. Best of all, complete CBASIC source code is included with ^^^every package. Current disk formats include 8" soft-sectored, 5" hard- and soft-sectored. Call or Write now for the solution to your software needs! D Payroll with cost Accounting I Order-Right™ I Accounts Payable □ Inventory □ Accounts Receivable I VersaSort™ □ General Ledger □ SelectraSort™ A complete 150 page overview of all eight packages is yours for $25. A division of Lucrative sales opportunities available. Circle 34 Ofl inquiry Card. MicroDaSys SoftwareHowa, VersaSort, SelectraSort. Order-Right. & Data Base Integration are trademarks of MicroDaSys. P.O.Box 36275 , Los Angeles , CA 90036 USA (213) 731-0877 TWX: 910-321-2378 SEE COKVUS AT THESE SE1ECTED DEALERS ARIZONA Computerland Phoenix 602/956-5727 CALIFORNIA Computer Place Carmel 408/624-71 11 Com puters Are Fun Los Angeles 213/475-0566 Computer Merchant San Dlego 714/583-3963 Computerland San Francisco 415/546-1592 Computer Emporium San Jose 408/227-541 4 Computer Plus San Jose 408/735-1199 Computer City Santa Ana 714/549-7749 The Computer Store Santa Monica 213/451-0713 Futureworld Stockton 209/952-2028 COLORADO Colorado Computer Systems Westminster 303/426-5880 CONNECTICUT The Computer Store Stamford 203/356-1920 DELAWARE Computerland Newark 302/738-9656 FLORIDA Computer Village Miami 305/266-5965 Gulf Coast Computer Milton 904/994-8506 GEORGIA Advanced Computer Atlanta 404/255-8984 ILLINOIS Farnsworth Computer Aurora 372/851-3888 Computer Room Chicago312/337-6744 Capital Computer Systems Springfield 21 7/544-41 08 INDIANA DigitalTechnology Lafayette 317/423-2548 LOUISIANA Microcomputers New Orleans 504/821-0870 MASSACHUSETTS The Computer Store Cambridge 617/354-4599 MINNESOTA Personal Business Systems Minneapolis 612/929-4120 MISSOURI Computer Country Florissant 314/921-4433 Computers— ASP Kansas City 816/741-8013 NEBRASKA Computerland Omaha 402/391-6716 NEW JERSEY Computer Encounters Princeton 609/924-8757 NEW MEXICO South West Computer Las Cruces 505/526-2842 NEW YORK Byte Shop East Levittown 516/731-8116 Computer Factory New York 21 2/687-5001 McGraw-Hill New York 212/997-4100 Computer Store Rochester71 6/244-5000 NORTH CAROLINA Standard Computers Charlotte 704/399-0228 Byte Shop Raleigh 919/833-0210 OHIO Byte Ohio Fairfield Park 21 6/333-3261 OREGON Computer Emporium Portland 503/228-5242 SOUTH CAROLINA Byte Shop Columbia 803/771-7824 TEXAS Computer Center Amarillo 806/355-5618 Compushop Dallas 214/234-3412 KA Computer Store Dallas 214/634-7870 Computer Solutions San Antonio 512/341-8851 UTAH Inkley's Salt Lake City 801/486-3921 VIRGINIA The Computer Place Roanoke 702/982-3661 Home Computer Center Virginia Beach 804/340-1977 WASHINGTON Computerland Store Federal Way 206/927-8585 WISCONSIN Blue Lake Computer Madison 608/257-4424 INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS CANADA Corvus of Canada 705/474-5823 GREAT BRITAIN Keen Computers 602/583254 FRANCE Micrologie 331/6085560 Sonotec 331/610942 MEXICO Electronica MYMSA 904/584-2347 WEST GERMANY Basis D 0251/77023 MM Computer 08051/4523 CORVUS SYSTEMS, Inc. 2029 O'Tooie Ave, San Jose, California 95131 (408) 246-0461 World leader m Winchester disk systems, Winchester backups, and other intelligent peripherals. IC3.8 ADDRESS r—>sJHL DECODER * *~~ OUTPUT Al C>_ AO O- 1YO 1Y1 1Y2 1Y3 IC5 74LS155 2G 2Y0 1G 2Y1 B 2Y2 A 2Y3 INTERFACE CONTROL STROBES AND HARDWARE FUNCTION -O INEB (READ MODEM STATUS REG.) -£> INE9 (READ SENSE SWITCHES) -Q> lN EA (READ UART STATUS REG.) -L3> 'NEB (READ UART RECEIVED DATA) -C> OUT E8 (MASTER RESET) 10 -[^>OUTE9 (SET DATA RATE) 11 _r— ^ ni|T -. (SETUART CONTROL REG. -L_^>uultA AND M ODEM HANDSHAKE) 12 -O OUT EB (LOAD DATA OUT TO UART) Figure 5: Detail figure demonstrating interface-control strobes. The address decoder (made up of IC3 and IC6) can be set within the range of hexadecimal 08 to F8. TRS-80 compatibility requires a low address of E8. The output-strobe address notations presented refer only to this setting. Switch settings for other addresses are given in table 3. SENSE SWITCHES SW8 SW7 SW6 SW5 SW4 SW3 SW2 SW1 DATA RATE SW8 SW7 SW6 110 CLOSED CLOSED CLOSED 150 OPEN CLOSED CLOSED 300 CLOSED CLOSED OPEN 600 OPEN CLOSED OPEN 1200 CLOSED OPEN CLOSED 2400 OPEN OPEN CLOSED 4800 CLOSED OPEN OPEN 9600 OPEN OPEN OPEN STOP BITS SW5 1 2 CLOSED OPEN PARITY ENABLE SW4 ENABLED DISABLED CLOSED OPEN 1 WORD LENGTH SW3 SW2 5 BITS 6 BITS 7 BITS 8 BITS CLOSED OPEN CLOSED OPEN CLOSED CLOSED OPEN OPEN ]■ PARITY SELECT SW1 ODD EVEN CLOSED OPEN Figure 6: Programmable sense switches are read by the processor to allow preselection of UART options under program control. The correspondence of options and switches is illustrated here. Circle 35 on inquiry card. Circle 36 on inquiry card. The only computer with color, sound, user programmability and expandability at $599. The Imagination Machine offers more at its price than any other personal computer on the market today. Consider these features: 9K RAM, with 14K BASIC in ROM,53-key typewriter keyboard. A fine resolu- tion picture, generated on your television setor monitor in 8 colors! A built-in, dual-track cassette tape deck with 1500 baud rate, forAPF's digitally recorded, "saturated'/ tape programs. A built-in sound synthesizer. And two, built-in, game style controllers, with joysticks and numeric keypads. When you wantto go beyond APF's library of educational, home- and-personal management or entertainment programs . . . when you want to create your own pro- grams . . . you can. The Imagination Machine is programmable in BASIC and 6800 machine lan- guage. The Imagination Machine isalso expandable. Justaddour "Building Block", an optional, four- port expansion device, and you can hook up a printer, telephone modem, and additional memory cartridge or mini-floppy disk drive. For the name of your nearest Imagination Machine dealer call, TOLL FREE: 1-800-223-1264. (New York residents call: (212) 758-7550) or write: APF Electronics, Inc. 444 Madison Avenue, N.Y., N.Y. 10022. S599. Manufacturer's suggested retail price. ■ ■ electronics inc. ii' YOUR LIFE WILL NEVER BE THE SAME Number Type + 5 V GND -12 V +12 V IC1 74LS04 14 7 IC2 74LS30 14 7 IC3 74LS30 14 7 IC4 74LS02 14 7 IC5 74LS155 16 8 IC6 74LS266 14 7 IC7 74LS00 14 7 IC8 74LS75 5 12 IC9 74LS367 16 8 IC10 MC1489 14 7 IC11 MC1489 14 7 IC12 MC1488 7 1 14 IC13 COM5016 2 11 9 IC14 74LS75 5 12 • IC15 74LS75 5 12 IC16 74121 14 7 IC17 AY-5-1013A 1 3 2 IC18 74LS244 20 10 IC19 74LS244 20 10 IC20 74LS04 14 7 IC21 74LS244 20 10 Table 5 : Power supplies needed by the integrated zircuits in the COMM-80. 5.0688MHz IC7 74LSOO OUTE9 HOh-i 1 1 18 XI X2 IC13 STT COM 5016 OR BR1941 STR DATA RATE GENERATOR FT FR RA RB RC RD TA TB TC TD TRANSMIT CLOCK RECEIVE CLOCK > T0 UART TRANSMIT CLOCK SET Figure 7: The data-rate generator determines how fast data is sent and received. Transmission and reception rates can be set independently. The specifications for set- ting up the various possible data rates on the COM5016 are presented in table 4. FROM PIN 25 IC17 (UART SERIAL OUT) Figure 8: Some peripheral devices (ie: a Teletype A5R33) must be connected by means of a 20 mA current-loop circuit; such a circuit that can be attached to the COMM-80 is shown here. Text continued from page 58: some of the capabilities available through these networks might con- vince some people to use the network's facilities rather than spend thousands of dollars to build up an independent single-user system. At $2.75 per hour of connect time, it seems a reasonable alternative. For those of you wishing to contact me via the Source, my electronic-mail identification is TCE317. I welcome questions on this or any other topics that I might possibly be able to answer. ■ The COMM-80 is available assembled and tested in an attrac- tive 20.95 by 15.24 by 6.35 cm (8.25 by 6 by 2.5 inch) enclosure, including expansion-bus connector and cable, an auxiliary 40-pin expansion-port edge connector, a 34-pin Centronics parallel printer port, RS-232C serial port with DB-25S connector, user's manual, power supply, and terminal soft- ware. Price (including shipping): $179.95 (New York residents please add appropriate sales tax). Order from: The MicroMint lnc 917 Midway Woodmere NY 11595 (516)374-6793 Next Month Handheld remote controls for the home-control system as described in the January 1980 Circuit Cellar. 62 June 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc Look to ( 1 T t IFFF ^ 100 there's a BIG + in every interface that QT manufactures. That's because every one of our products is an improvement I C i IjI j l3"lUU over any other on the market. And every one is an S-100-based unit that meets the exacting IEEE standards. C* OIMPATTRI F ^° 8t item8 ' n ° Ur ^ + ^ ne are avai ' a ^ e as * }are boards, a kit or a completely assembled and tested unit. vA/1 ? II f\l Iffl J Pi What's more, we have the S-100 mainframe available for all our boards. EXPANDABLE + DYNAMIC MEM0RY(16K to 64K) + Works With Cromenco Systems + + Uses 3242 Refresh Chip + + 4 Layers Mean A Quiet Board + Bare Board $ 49.95 32K Kit 16K Kit $295.95 32K A&T 16KA&T $345.95 48KKit Z + 80 CPU + IK Ram On Board + 2 Programmable Timers + Switch Selectable 2 or 4 MHZ + Power On Jump to On-Board IK or 2K EPROM (2708-2716-2732) Can be Addressed on any IK, 2K or 4K Boundary Bare Board$ 45.00 A&T $229.95 Kit $169.95 IK Memory Kit $ 12.00 Bank Selectable Write Protect Phantom Output Disable Switch Selectable Output Disable $369.95 48KA&T $494.95 $419.95 64KKit $519.95 $444.95 64KA&T $569.95 Programmable Baud Rate Selection (110 to 9600) On-Board EPROM May be Used in Shadow Mode, Allowing Full 64K RAM to be Used On-Board USART for Synchronous or Asynchronous RS-232 Operation (On-Board Baud Rate Generator) CLOCK CALENDAR + + Time of Day in Hours, Minutes and Seconds + 24 Hour Time Format + Month and Day Date Function Bare Board $45.00 Kit $99.95 A&T $149.95 SILENCE + MOTHER BOARDS Simple Read Instructions Allow Simple Interface to Basic, CPM, Etc. Will Run With 4 MHZ Processors Can be Located at any Group of 4 I/O Port Addressed + No Need for Termination + Very High Crosstalk Rejection + LED Power Indicator 6-SLOT Bare Board $24.95 Kit $49.95 A&T $59.95 Fits in Most Mainframes 6, 12 and 18 Slots Available 12-SLOT Bare Board $39.95 Kit $89.95 A&T $99.95 18-SLOT Bare Board $ 59.95 Kit $129.95 A&T $149.95 ASK FOR THE FOLLOWING NEW INTERFACES: • 1/0+ • Disk Controller + Video + EPROM Programmer + Modem + Mainframe "*" Three of our newest dealers are: DAL-COMP 2560 Electronic Lane Suite 108 Dallas, TX 75220 214/350-6895 Dealer Inquiries Invited PRIORITY ONE (L.A. Area) 16723 Ro coe Blvd. Sepulveda, CA 91343 213/894-8171 800/423-5633 SANTA ROSA COMPUTER CENTER 604 7th Street Santa Rosa. CA 95404 707/528-6480 COMPUTER SYSTEMS INC. 15335 South Hawthorne Boulevard Lawndale, California 90260 213)970-0952, 00/421-5150 (Continental U.S. Only) Circle 37 on inquiry card. "QUICK & TIMELY' ' -. . — . VISA [master charge Z80 Op Codes for an 8080 Assembler William T Powers 1138 Whitfield Rd Northbrook IL 60062 If you have a Z80-based machine and an 8080 assembler, you are at a crossroad. You can do one of three things: dispose of your old assembler and purchase a full Z80 assembler; restrict your coding to the subset of the Z80 machine language that is equivalent to the 8080 machine language; or hand-assemble the non-8080 instructions within your Z80 source code. This article details a method I have devised that allows me to assem- ble all the Z80 instructions using an 8080 assembler without resorting to hand-assembling. This is how the process works. Suppose you want to exchange the program status word (accumulator, A, and flag byte, F) and its duplicate. In Z80 assembly language, this instruction is: (Hexadecimal Address) 1000 (Instruction (Operand) Mnemonic) EX AF,AF which translates to a 1-by te instruction, hexadecimal 08, to be placed at location hexadecimal 1000. If we have an 8080 assembler that allows us to assign a symbolic name to a 1-byte or 2-byte constant, a 1-byte constant XAF ("exchange the AF pair") can be defined as hexadecimal 08 by a pseudo-operation statement like: XAF DB 08H (DB stands for "define byte," and this kind of pseudo- operation is called an equivalence statement.) Then, when we want to use this instruction in the same pro- gram, write 1000 DB XAF which will cause the assembler to place a hexadecimal 08 in memory location 1000. True, this is a makeshift solu- tion, but it is better than hand-assembling, and its merits become more obvious as more complex Z80 instructions are encoded. (This article will concentrate on explaining the set of mnemonics I have put together; so I will assume that the reader is familiar with the Z80 instruction set.) Mnemonic Conventions Two main factors were considered while compiling the list of mnemonics. First, the mnemonics had to suggest the function they perform. Second, they had to avoid using up all the nice letter combinations I like to use in a program. In general, I have used the following conventions. The letter "X" used in a mnemonic means either extended or indexed. The abbreviation for the destination comes first, then the source, wherever possible. "M" means move, "L" means load, "S" means store to memory, and "R" means register. Many of the mnemonics are preceded by the letter "Z" to keep them from duplicating variable names. For some mnemonics, however, I have aban- doned the Z prefix, in the interest of either shortening the mnemonic, making its meaning obvious, or constructing an analog to a useful 8080-code mnemonic as a way to ease the burden on the user's memory. 16-Bit Loads and Stores The Z80 has five instructions that are analogous to the 8080 load-HL-register-pair-direct (LHLD)instruction, five analogous to the store-HL-register-pair-direct (SHLD) in- struction, and two analogous to the 16-bit immediate- load instruction (LXI). I will refer to the new mnemonics used here as the "Z-symbols." The Z-symbols SBCD, SDED, SSPD, SIXD, and SIYD correspond to the SHLD instruction on the 8080. These instructions cause the BC registers, the DE registers, the stack pointer (SP), or one of the two index registers (IX and IY), respectively, to be loaded into the location whose address appears in the following 2 bytes. Notice that the middle two letters of the Z-symbol are an abbre- viation for the registers to be stored. The Z-symbols LBCD, LDED, LSPD, LIXD, and LIYD correspond to the LHLD instruction on the 8080. These instructions load the indicated registers from the memory location whose address is stored in the next 2 bytes. LXIX and LXIY are immediate-mode instructions that coincide with the 8080 instruction LXI H,nn. Index register IX or IY is loaded with the number appearing in the following 2 bytes. These previously mentioned Z-symbols compile into a 2-byte instruction followed by a 2-byte operand, for a 64 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc wtfre building a computer family that grows as you dor Alan Dziejma Vice President Systems Division Tor years, we at ADDS have been the largest supplier of display terminals to computer giants. Now we're making an advanced small computer family for you. We call it ADDS Multi vision? because it gives you the ability to multiply your computing power as you grow. "MULTIVISION 1 (top module) starts you off with a 5 MHz processor, 64K bytes of RAM and 700K bytes of mini disk storage. All for just $3,785. "MULTIVISION 2 (top and bottom) adds 5M or 10M bytes of hard-disk storage. It costs thousands less than other hard-disk systems. "MULTIVISION 3 (entire stack) provides a multi-user system that supports up to four display terminals simultaneously It costs less per user than Multivision 1. "Only the most modern manufacturing facilities could enable such value. At ADDS, we've made a multi-million dollar commitment to high-volume tool- ing, rigid quality control, and the latest automation techniques. And our Multivision computer family clearly reflects the results." Before you buy any small computer, find out about ADDS M ultivsion. Write: Systems Division, Applied Digital Data Systems Inc., 100 Marcus Boulevard, Hauppauge, N.Y 11787 Dealer inquiries invited. SOMETHING EXTRA IN EVERYTHING WE DO Circle 38 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1960 65 WHY CUT? WHY STRIP? WHYNOT . . . WIRE WRAPPING TOOL • AWG30Wire • .025" Square Posts Daisy Chain or Point To Point No Stripping or Slitting Required JUST WRAP «... -BuiltlnCutOff • Easy Loading of Wire • Available Wire Colors: • Blue, White, Red & Yellow PATENTED U.S.A FOREIGN PATENTS PENDING ST WRAP TOOL WITH ONE 50 FT. ROLL OF WIRE COLOR PART NO. i U.S. LIST PRICE BLUE JW1B $14.95 WHITE JW-l-W 14.95 YELLOW JW-l-Y 1455 RED JW1R | 14.95 REPLACEMENT ROLL OF WIRE 50 FT. BLUE RJW B $ 2,98 WHITE RJW W 2.98 YELLOW I RTWY 2.98 2,98 JUST WRAP-UNWRAPPING TOOL total of 4 bytes. Since the 8080 assembler cannot recognize the Z-symbols, they must appear in a program as pseudo-operations. On my assembler, the double-byte pseudo-operator is "define word" (DW), and the single- byte pseudo-operator is "define byte" (DB). For example, to load the IX register with the contents of memory loca- tion ADDRESS, we write: 1000 DW LIXD 1002 DW ADDRESS The DW in each line is not pretty, but otherwise all these instructions look and act like normal assembly- language instructions. The second DW, which is simply a 2-byte address, can include computed offsets such as ADDRESS + 34H (hexadecimal 34 added to ADDRESS), or can be a literal such as 1FFFH (hexadecimal 1FFF). The LXIX and LXIY instructions (immediate load) work the same with the second DW being the 2-byte literal or mnemonic to be loaded. In my opinion, two of the most useful instructions in this set are the Z-symbols LSPD and SSPD to load and store the stack pointer directly. As an example, if you want to use the stack pointer in a subroutine starting at hexadecimal 1000, start the subroutine with: 1000 1002 DW SSPD DW STACK This causes the stack pointer to be stored at the bytes at addresses STACK and STACK+ 1. Just before the return statement, the original stack pointer should be restored: 101A 101C DW LSPD DW STACK To summarize, here are the Z codes for the instructions just covered: SBCD, SDED, SSPD, SIXD, SIYD: store register or register pair in memory LBCD, LDED, LSPD, LIXD, LIYD: Z80 Z-code Function Mnemonic Mnemonic RLC ZRLC rotate left circular RRC ZRRC rotate right circular RL ZRL rotate left (with carry) RR ZRR rotate right (with carry) SLA ZSLA shift left arithmetic SRA ZSRA shift right arithmetic SRL ZSRL shift right logical Machine Code (Hexadecimal) ii CB dd 06 ii CB dd 0E ii CBdd 16 ii CBdd 1E ii CB dd 26 ii CBdd2E ii CB dd 3E Table 1: Z80 indexed rotate and shift instructions. The func- tion of this table is to show the similarity of the machine codes for these instructions. The first byte of each instruc- tion, listed here as "ii", is always hexadecimal DD for the IX register and hexadecimal FD for the IY register. The third byte, listed here as "dd", is the displacement required by the instruction. Note that the actual differentiation among the instructions occurs only in the fourth byte. 66 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 39 on inquiry card. Circle 40 on inquiry card. Dept. B6 2344 Sixth St, Berkeley, CA, 94710 AVAILABLE AT BOOKSTORES AND COMPUTER SHOPS EVERYWHERE Z8OOO: LIVERS 16-bit microprocessors are now a reality. And PROGRAMMING THE Z8OOO shows how the power of the Z8QOO can be harnessed as simply as that of a PDP-1 1 or any 8-bit microprocessor. Thorough yet concise, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to assembly level programming in the language of the Z8000-from basic concepts to advanced techniques. Exercises periodically check the reader's progress. Comprehensive, with over lOO illustrations and an extensive index, PROGRAMMING THE Z8OOO is an indispensable volume for engineers, students, PDP-11 users and anyone interested in learning machine language programming skills. PROGRAMMING THE Z8OOO by Richard Mateosian 312 pp., RefC 281, $15.95 TO ORDER: By Phone: By Mall: Shipping: Tax: (415) 848-8233, Visa, MC, Am Ex Indicate quantity. Prepayment required Add S1.50 per book (UPS) or 75C (4th Class) In Calitornia please add tax MAIL TO: SY8EX. 2344 Sixth St., Berkeley, CA94710 Send me copy(s) of Programming theZSOOO Name Company Address City Stat* -Zip_ □ UPS D4th class Amount enclosed Charge my a Visa □ Master Charge D Am. Ex. Card number Expiration date Signature D Send me your tree detailed catalog 86C281 load register or register pair from memory LXIX: load IX register with immediate 2 bytes stored with instruction LXIY: load IY register with immediate 2 bytes stored with instruction Relative and Indirect Jumps The Z-symbols for the six relative jumps are: JR unconditional jump JRNZ jump if zero flag = (result not zero) JRZ jump if zero flag = 1 (result is zero) JRNC jump if carry flag = (no carry) JKINL jump it carry nag = u U"io carry; jRC jump if carry flag = 1 (carry) DJNZ decrement register B and jump if result not zero These relative jumps require a single-byte pseudo- operation (DB, for define byte) defining the instruction, followed by a single-byte pseudo-operation containing the relative displacement ( — 128 to 4- 127) measured from the next instruction. They cannot be combined into a single DW pseudo-operation because the byte describing the relative jump will be one of the defined Z-symbols, whereas the relative displacement will vary with each use. For example, to jump on carry-clear to a location two addresses beyond the next instruction, we would write: If the relative jump is to a label, called LABEL, the displacement can be computed by a standard form involving the "$", which is the symbol for the current beginning of the first instruction after the jump): 1000 DB JR 1001 DB LABEL -$-1 There are two indirect jumps in the Z80 that are analogous to the 8080 command PCHL, which puts the contents of the HL register pair into the program counter.This causes a jump to the number contained in the HL register pair. The same can be done with the following Z-code instructions: JIX JIY jump to the memory location contained in the IX register jump to the memory location contained in the IY register 1000 DB JRNC 1001 DB 2H Input and Output Now we begin to see instructions that are not simply direct substitutions of codes for symbols. Rather, the resulting instruction is the sum of several Z-symbol mnemonics (each of which represents an option available to a given instruction). The input and output instructions refer to the data flow through the ports. 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Interfaces to TRS80, Apple, A tari, PET and most other computers. ViSA Phone orders WELCOME. Same day shipmentfor VISA and MASTER CHARGE. Personal checks require 2weeksto clear. Add 3% forshipping and handling. CA residents add 6%. Manufacturer's warranty included. Prices subject to revision. % TOLL FREE ORDERING COMPARE QUALITY, 9 'oR™ na?e UP FEATURES & DISCOUNT $179 00 QUME letter-perfect printer 45CPS, receive only $2499°° TOLL FREE (800) 854-8275 CALIF. ONLY (714) 630-3322 68 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 41 on inquiry card. The Disk Operating System For 68OO and 6809 Users FLEX™ is the most widely used disk operating system for the 6800 and 6809 microprocessors. Field proven for over two years, it has become an industry standard. FLEX is unparalled in the amount of 6800/6809 support software being marketed. 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Be sure to specify disk size and 6800 or 6809. All orders should include 3% postage and handling (10% on foreign orders). Mastercharge and Visa are welcomed. Write for a complete software catalog. technical /y/tem/ con/ultantr, inc. Box 2570, West Lafayette, IN 47906 (317) 463-2502 Telex 276143 FLEX is a trademark of Technical Systems Consultants, Inc. EXORciser, EXORdisk, and MDOS are trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Circle 42 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 69 register or a memory location. When performing input to a register, the associated register is a destination register; on output, the associated register is a source register. The Z-symbols that are used are: ZINP input to a register ZOUT output from a register INPI input to a register and increment HL register pair by 1 OUTI output from a register and increment HL register pair by 1 INPD input to a register and decrement HL register pair by 1 OUTD output from a register and decrement HL register pair by 1 ZB1 0000 ZDAX 09DD SBCD - 43ED ZC1 0800 ZDAY 09FD SDED 53ED ZD1 1000 ZDAC 4AED SSPD 73ED ZE1 1800 ZDSB 42ED SIXD 22DD ZH1 2000 zxx CBDD SIYD 22 FD ZL1 2800 ZYY CBFD ZLXI 2100 ZM1 3000 ZRLC 00CB LBCD 4BED ZA1 3800 ZRRC 08CB LDED 5BED ZB2 0000 ZRL 10CB LSPD 7BED ZC2 0100 ZRR 18CB LIXD 2ADD ZD2 0200 ZSLA 20CB LIYD 2AFD ZE2 0300 ZSRA 28CB POPX E1DD ZH2 0400 ZSRL 38CB POPY E1FD ZL2 0500 ZRLD 6FED PSHX E5DD ZM2 0600 ZRRD 67ED PSHY E5FD ZA2 0700 ZBIT 40CB ZNEG 44ED ZSP 3000 ZRES 80CB XTIX E3DD ZBC 0000 ZSET C0CB XTIY E3FD ZDE 1000 BIT0 0000 DJNZ 0010 ZHL 2000 BIT1 0800 *JR 0018 ZIX 2000 BIT2 1000 *JRNZ 0020 ZIY 2000 BIT3 1800 *JRZ 0028 ZX 00DD BIT4 2000 *JRNC 0030 ZY 00FD BIT5 2800 *JRC 0038 ZMXR 7000 BIT6 3000 JIX E9DD ZMRX 4600 BIT7 3800 JIY E9FD ZMXI 3600 ZINP 40ED RETI 4DED ZADD 8600 ZOUT 41ED RTNM 45ED ZADC 8E00 ZRPT 1000 I8080 46ED ZSUB 9600 OUTI A3ED I38 56ED ZSBB 9E00 OUTD ABED IVECT 5EED ZANA A600 INPI A2ED *XAF 0008 ZXRA AE00 INPD AAED *EXX 00D9 ZORA B600 BLMI A0ED ZMAI 57ED ZCMP BE00 BLMD A8ED ZMIA 47ED ZINR 3400 BLSI A1ED ZMAR 5FED ZDCR 3500 BLSD A9ED ZMRA 4FED ZINX 2300 ZXTI E300 ZDCX 2B00 KLUGE 0535 Table 2: Z codes and their hexadecimal equivalents. This table of variable names (Z codes) and their hexadecimal values should be recreated in a given assembly-language pro- gram. This is don e via the "define byte" (DB) and "define word" (DW) pseu do-operations (or the equivalent pseudo- operations on the user's 8080 assembler). For example, the first line might read, "ZBl DB 0000H". All entries except those starred are 'o be defined as a 2-byte sequence (DW); the starred entries are single -byte sequences (DB). ZRPT add "repeat until register B equals 0" feature These are all 2-byte (DW) mnemonics. A ZINP or ZOUT is prepared for use by adding the mnemonic to it for the register being used (ZAl, ZBl, ZD1, ZE1, ZH1, ZL1, ZM1). For example, to get input into register D, write: 1000 DW ZINP+ZD1 (In this example, the instruction is to be assembled at memory location hexadecimal 1000.) The assembler will add the two constants together, put the low byte of the sum in hexadecimal 1000 and the high byte in hexa- decimal 1001. Looking at the table of Z-symbol mne- monics (table 2), we see that ZINP is hexadecimal 40ED and that ZDl is hexadecimal 1000. Their sum is 50ED, and, looking at a table of Z80 instructions, we find that the hexadecimal code for this instruction (named IN D,(C) in Z80 assembly language) is ED followed by hexa- decimal 50. No port address is specified since the instruction requires that register C contains the port number. The Z80 has four input and output instructions that transfer blocks of information to or from a range of memory, the start of which is pointed to by the HL register pair. The port address is still held in register C. This powerful set of instructions can load or output up to 256 times with a single instruction. Register B is used as an index counter, with the instruction repeating until the value in B is decremented to 0. The Z codes OUTI and INPI perform output and input with the HL register pair being incremented by 1, and the B register being decremented by 1 after the data move. OUTD and INPD similarly involve decrementing the HL and B registers each time. If OUTI, INPI, OUTD, or INPD is used alone, only 1 byte of memory is moved (although the incrementing and decrementing still takes place). The automatic repetition occurs when the Z-code mnemonic ZRPT (repeat) is added to any of the four codes. For example, to cause a block of memory starting at the location pointed to by the HL register pair to be sent to the port pointed to by register C (the number of bytes sent as output being the value in register B), we should write this instruction: 1000 DW OUTI + ZRPT I should mention that here, and in all cases, the order of elements makes no difference because two quantities are just being added together. The previous instruction, for example, could just as well have read ZRPT + OUTI. Block Moves and Searches This section deals with four Z codes: BLMD block move in decreasing sequence BLMI block move in increasing sequence BLSD block search in decreasing sequence BLSI block search in increasing sequence 70 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc ******* / Meet the IMPs. A pair of stylish 3V 2 inch high impact printers that will look great on any desk. Styled for desk top use, these sleek units stand just 3 1 /2 inches high, yet the unique fan-cooled printing system can knock out 80, 96 or 132 columns of crisp hardcopy with continuous throughput of one line per second. A winning pair. IMP-1, with friction feed, can make multi-copies on plain 8 1 /2 inch wide paper, or on teletype rolls. In addition, IMP-2 has tractor feed and full forms control, with tractors adjustable from 1 inch to 9 1 /2 inches. Interfaces abound. All IMPs have Centronics parallel and RS232C/20mA serial inputs as standard equipment. But if you need something different, then we make interfaces for just about any system — high speed serial, Apple, Pet, TRS-80, IEEE 488... Versatile, too. 96 ASCII character set is standard. And you can select 6 character sizes, even graphics, under software control. Options include 2K buffering and special character sets. Service — a big difference. No other printer manufactureroffers Axiom's combination of low cost and nation-wide service and distribution — in the USA and eighteen overseas countries. Pssst — the price!!! It's low. $695 for IMP-1. $795 for IMP-2. And that's the single unit price. Better phone, write or mail the bingo card today! Circle 43 on inquiry card. 5932 San Fernando Road, Glendale, CA 91202 Tel: (213) 245-9244 -7WX: 910-497-2283 BYTE June 1980 71 The two block-move Z codes, BLMI and BLMD, move data from the location specified by the HL register pair into the location specified by the DE register pair, using the BC register pair as a 16-bit countdown register. BLMI moves the memory block from bottom to top, while BLMD moves from top to bottom. As in the case of the input-block and output-block instructions, these repeat automatically only if the Z-code mnemonic ZRPT is add- ed to the BLMI or BLMD mnemonic. Without the repeat Z code ZRPT, the move will execute only once with appropriate incrementing and decrementing done as usual but looping to be taken care of externally. To move hexadecimal 1FFF bytes, for example, from the locations ascending from 0000 into the locations ascending from hexadecimal 2000, load register pair BC with hexadecimal 1FFF, register pair HL with hexa- decimal 0000, and register pair DE with hexadecimal 2000. Then write: 1000 DW BLMI + ZRPT The block-compare instructions (with Z codes BLSI and BLSD) work exactly the same as far as the mnemonics are concerned. The repetition mnemonic, ZRPT, is added only if automatic repetition is wanted. The block compares do not move data; instead, they search for the first memory location that matches the contents of register A. To use the search instructions, register pair HL is initialized to the first location to be TRS-80 MOD II WORD PROCESSING PDciisy WORD PROCESSOR The best is now even better.. New Features New Commands New Capabilities New Manual SPECIAL PACKAGE INCLUDES: • Wp Daisy™ word processor • Mail Merge™ mailing list package • l/OS operating system full CP/M™ & CDOS compatability Includes — Diablo, Spinwriter and Qume support — Printer spooling — 30 programs CP/M™ TM of Digital Research compared and register pair BC to the number of items to be examined. An exit from an automatic search loop will occur if a match is found or if the counter in register pair BC runs down to 0. The difference in termination can be told by looking at the flags. If register pair BC made it to without a match occurring, the parity flag is set to 0. If a match occurred and caused the exit, the Z flag is set to 1. Thus, a following JZ or JRZ (jump or jump relative on 0) instruction will cause a jump only if a match was found. In Z code, an automatic block-search instruction in the descending direction looks like: 1000 DW BLSD + ZRPT Operations on Index Registers The first two Z-code instructions that will be con- sidered in this article are ZINX and ZDCX, which are the 16-bit analogs of the 8080 instructions INX and DCX: ZINX, ZINY ZDCX, ZDCY ZX ZY increment either the IX or IY register by 1 decrement either the IX or IY register by 1 added to the above to select the IX register added to the above to select the IY register The ZINX and ZINY instructions are used to increment or decrement the 16-bit index registers. To designate which register, either ZX or ZY is added to one of the two mnemonics. (When referring to index registers IX and IY, the general mnemonics ZX and ZY will be used). For example, to decrement register IX, write: 1000 DW ZDCX + ZX Two more Z80 instructions are POP and PUSH. Since these may occur often, I have assigned an individual Z-code mnemonic to each: POPX POPY PSHX PSHY move data from stack to index register X move data from stack to index register Y move data from index register X to stack move data from index register Y to stack These are 2-byte mnemonics. If you study the symbol table, you will see how to condense the table by defining ZPOP and ZPSH and adding ZX or ZY (which already exist) to them. The Z-code mnemonics used to exchange the contents of the index registers X and Y with the contents of the location pointed to by the stack pointer are XTIX and XTIY, respectively. These can be condensed to ZXTI+ZX and ZXTI+ZY if desired. XTIX, XTIY, and ZXTI are all 2-byte instructions: 72 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 44 on inquiry card. Circle 45 on inquiry card. 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User manuals available separately - S25 each. CP/M is a trademark of Diqital Research, Inc. ^^^^ 104 Moms AvfiitH* P.O. 8tt\ 335 / Frienlstitht. MD 21531 (30V746-5888 XTIX exchange IX with memory pointed to by stack pointer SP XTIY exchange IY with memory pointed to by stack pointer SP ZXTI same as XTIX if ZX added, same as XTIY if ZY added As an example, the following sequence exchanges the top two 16-bit items in the stack (destroying the contents of the IX register): 1000 DW POPX 1002 DW XTIX 1004 DW PSHX 16-Bit Arithmetic The Z codes used in this section are: ZDAX add a register pair to the IX register ZDAY add a register pair to the IY register ZDAC 16-bit add with carry ZDSB 16-bit subtract with borrow ZBC added to select BC register pair as source register ZDE added to select DE register pair as source register ZHL added to select HL register pair as source register ZSP added to select the stack pointer as source register The Z codes ZDAX and ZDAY are analogous to the 8080 instruction DAD. A 16-bit number is added to either the IX or IY register from the register itself, from the stack pointer, or from either the BC or DE register pair; one index register, however, cannot be added to the other, only to itself. As with the DAD instruction, the carry bit is not involved and no flags are affected. The following codes are added to either ZDAX or ZDAY to specify the register or register pair added to the IX or IY register: ZBC (add the BC register pair), ZDE, ZSP, ZIX (used with ZDAX only), ZIY (used with ZDAY only). For example, to add without carry the DE register pair to the IY register, write: 1000 DW ZDAY + ZDE The Z80 also permits 16-bit arithmetic with carry or borrow (ZDAC, ZDSB), limiting the destination register to the HL register pair only. It also limits the source register to the BC, DE, and HL register pairs and the stack pointer (use of the IX or IY register is not permitted). To subtract the contents of the stack pointer from the contents of the HL register pair, with the carry acting as a borrow bit and all relevant flags affected by the opera- tion, we can write: 1000 DW ZDSB + ZSP 8-Bit Indexed Arithmetic The Z80 adds a new addressing mode to the normal INSTEAD of a catalog, have you ever seen those dreaded words: I/O ERROR? Track & Sector List™ Is all lost? NO! Now you may be able to save your disk. With this interactive assembly languageutility program, whichenablesthedisk to be directly accessed, you can "undelete" a deleted file, protect a bad sector from access, remove invisible control characters embedded in file names, and much more. Because the data TRACK II SECTOR C SLOT 6 DRIVE I on an entire sector is displayed on one screen- page, it is possible to identify an 1/0 ERROR and recover from it. The 32-page tutorial manual begins with basic concepts of disk operation and progresses to detail the directory, the VT0C, track bit maps, etc. If you use Track & Sector List only once to recover a lost program, it is worth it! Disk only (32K) 29.95 AppleAids Form-It-Out™ A series of routines in Integer Basic and Applesoft containing detailed explanation and examples of programming techniques necessary to format your screen output. Included are cursor positioning and loca- tion, right and center justification, text windowing and error subroutines. Disk (48K) 19.95 Scroll Control™ Have you ever wondered why you cannot list an Integer Basic or Applesoft program one screen-page at a time? So have we, and we did something about it! Our machine language Scroll Control, hidden in RAM so as not to "bump" into your program, can be engaged or dis- engaged at a flick of the keyboard. Why be frustrated when instead you can control the scroll? Cassette 9.95 Disk 14.95 N.J. res. add 5% sales tax Add $1.50/item, shipping and handling Apple II, Apple II plus and Applesoft are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Little Tricks™ A series of carefully explained subroutines containing a potpourri of useful programming techniques in Integer Basic and Applesoft, such as specific key stroke identification, timing loops, simple sort, iterative solution, no return key entry, and many more. Disk (32K) 19.95 Hex il Learning Tree™ Series My ABC's and Now I Can Rhyme are both early learning Integer Basic programs requiring 48K, incorporating high resolution graphic letters and pictures in a drill-and-practice format. My ABC's is designed to develop identification of capital letters with pictures. Now I Can Rhyme is designed to develop rhyming skills. Score-keeping capabilities allow adult monitoring of progress. Child tested and teacher recognized. Each program: Cassette . . . 14.95 Disk 1 9.95 P.O. Box 774 M Morristown, NJ 07960 (201)539-3770 INCORPORATED software for the Apple II and Apple II plus 74 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 46 on inquiry card. Circle 47 on inquiry card. AND TRS-80 MODEL II T 1 TT TRS-80 Model II is designed for professional business applications. Your ultimate goal for your Model II i s probably a fast, turnkey system that's easy to use and easy to expand. To get there you need dependable, flexible system software towritethe programs that run the whole show. Microsoft's COBOL-80 and BASIC compilers are now available in versions fully compatible with Model II TRSDOS. You can have either of these universally popular program- ming languages plus all the advantages of a compiler: faster execution times, compact executable code, security for your programs. With Microsoft's compiled languages you get a complete program develop- ment system, including our standard MACRO-80 Assembler and LINK-80 Linking Loader. Your compiled programs are relocatable modules that can be linked to each other or to Z80 assembly language subroutines. COBOL-80 Compiler Microsoft's COBOL-80 is an ANSI- 74 standard COBOL that supports such advanced data manipulation verbs as COMPUTE, INSPECT, STRING, UNSTRING.andSEARCH. Plus three- dimension arrays, full COPY facility, compound and abbreviated conditions, and an optional packed decimal format that saves on mass storage by as much as 40%. In addition to Sequential and Relative files, COBOL provides Indexed files, allowing records to be retrieved with a user-specified key instead of a record number. Interactive Screen Handling Most business applications require machine interaction, formatted screen displays, and the ability to insert and delete information as the machine prompts the user. The COBOL ACCEPT/ DISPLAY verbs are implemented for this purpose— to DISPLAY formatted screens and ACCEPT operator input. CHAIN and Segmentation Ideal for menu-driven application programs is COBOL-80's CHAIN feature. With COBOL-80 formatted screen display CHAIN, control is transferred from the menu program to any executable module as specified at runtime. COBOL-80 also supports Segmenta- tion to make maximum use of memory when large programs are executing. BASIC Compiler The Microsoft BASIC Compiler has the fastest execution times of any BASIC available. It is language com- patible with the Model lis interpreter so you can write and testyour programs using the interpreter, then compile them for secure storage and efficient execution. New BASIC Features In addition to those language features provided with the interpreter, the BASIC com- piler supports all the latest features of Microsoft BASIC 5.1: WHILE con- ditional statement, CALL, long variable names, and ANSI compatibility. Plus the compiler has double precision transcendental functions (SIN, COS, TAN, ATN, LOG, EXP, SQR). Secure Besides being an indispens- able system software tool for develop- ing your own utilities and application programs, the BASICcompiler is ideal for producing programs for resale. The mach i ne code for any appl ication program may be placed on a diskette, ROM, or other media, but the BASIC source program need not be distrib- uted. Thus the original application program is protected from unautho- rized alteration. • 110 I = 4* J: K = (4\J-1)AND&H0FF0 • **0025' .00110: LD HL,U%) • **0028' ADD HL.HL • **0029' ADD HL.HL • **002A' LD CIVHL • **002D' DEC HL • **002E' LD A,L • **002F' AND FO • **0031' LD L.A • **0032' LD A.H • **0033* AND DF • **0035' LD H.A • **0036' LD CK%).HL BASIC compiler object code listing Optimized Machine Code Compiled BASIC programs are fast and com- pact due to extensive optimizations performed during compilation: 1. Expressions are reordered to minimize temporary storage and eliminate common subexpressions 2. Constants are folded wherever possible 3. Peephole optimizations are performed 4. The code generator is template-driven, allowing optimal sequences to be generated for the most commonly used operations 5. String operations and garbage collection are extremely fast Get Microsoft BASIC Compiler or Microsoft COBOL-80 and get serious with your Model II. After all, who's running this show? Prices for COBOL-80 and BASIC Compiler include the MACRO-80 Assembler and LINK-80 Linking Loader and all documentation. Docu- mentation purchased separately, $20. COBOL-80 $750. BASIC Compiler $395. For TRS-80 Model I software, contact Microsoft Consumer Products. 10800 NE 8th Suite 819 Bellevue. WA 98004 {206)455-8080 Telex 328945 We set the standard. if 8080 arithmetic instruction. This mode is the calculation of the location in memory to be used as equal to the con- tents of the IX or IY register plus an 8-bit displacement stored with the instruction. The Z codes are: ZADD add contents of memory to ac- cumulator, no carry ZADC add contents of memory to ac- cumulator with carry ZSUB subtract contents of memory from accumulator, no borrow ZSBB subtract contents of memory from accumulator with borrow ZANA logical AND of memory with ac- cumulator ZORA logical OR of memory with ac- cumulator ZCMP compare accumulator to memory loca- tion ZINR increment contents of memory location by 1 ZDCR decrement contents of memory location by 1 All the above Z codes, with the exception of ZINR and ZDCR, perform the given operation on the accumulator and the memory location pointed to, with the result being placed in the accumulator. ZINR and ZDCR are used to increment and decrement, respectively, the given memory location. All of the previously mentioned Z codes are completed by adding the Z code for the desired register (ZX to use the IX register, ZY to use the IY register). For all ten of these instructions, the D W containing the 2-byte hexadecimal code for the instruction must be followed by a DB containing the 1-byte displacement. To add to the accumulator, for example, a number located at 3 bytes beyond the location pointed to by IX, we write: 1000 1002 DW DB ZADD + IX 3H To increment the memory location 5 bytes beyond the location pointed to by the IY register, we write: 1000 1002 DW DB ZINR + ZY 5H Immediate Indexed Moves Here, use only one Z code: MVXI move the immediate byte to the specified (indexed) location This instruction causes the processor to move the byte that immediately follows to the memory location specified above by an index register plus a displacement. This instruction involves a total of 4 bytes: 2 for the op code itself, 1 for the immediate displacement, and 1 for the immediate byte to be moved (in that order). Again, the op code is completed by adding either ZX or ZY to the Z code MVXI. The displacement and immediate byte can Call on JOHN D. OWENS for all of Your Computer Needs, HAZELTHNE 1500 $885 Outstanding reliability. Clearest video image in this price range. Excellent single & quantity pricing. Also available with 50Hz. and French, German, Swedish characters. IBM CRT 3101 $1,295 9 x 16 dot matrix. Selectric-like keyboard. Works on 50Hz., 220V. TELEVIDEO Smart CRTs. Many edit features and remote commands. B models have TTT-like keyboard; C models have Selectric-like keyboards. 912B $745 912C $780 920B $795 920C $850 SOROCIQ 120 $865 4116 RAM CHIPS $10 For Superbrain and TRS-80. IMS 16K Memory, 250 ns $340 CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS $270 16 K memory, Runs in 4M HZ systems. Call on us for product sheets. Dealer inquiry invited. (Prices subject to change without notice.) IMS 5000 SYSTEM $2,765 Z-80CPU, S-100. RunsCP/M .• Dual, double density 5^4 drives, 32K RAM. IMS 8000 $4,185 Like 5000 system but with 8 inch drives. Double sided drives also available. MARINCHIP 9900 16 BIT CPU $700 Extensive software package included in price. Text editor and word processor worth over $500 by iteelf! Manuals skillfully written. CPU Kit $550 DRIVES SIEMENS $450 SHUGART . .$525 MPI B51 $275 PER SCI 277$1,210 and the beautiful INNOTRONICS . . .$525 (John favors the INNOTRONICS for their construction and performance.) TEI MAINFRAMES 12 slots $500 22 slots $670 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS PRINTERS 810 ... . 820 $1,795 745 .... .$1,695 .$1,075 PAPER TIGER with graphics .$945 . .$100 TELETYPE MODEL 43 $985 with RS232 $1,085 220 v. transformer, installed $100 tractor feeder mechanism $100 DECLA34 $1,159 Plug compatible alternative to the TTY 43 DEC LA 35/36 UPGRADE . . . .$750 Increases baud rate to 1200. Micro-processor controlled. Many features including TOF, tabs and margins control. Quantity pricing. NEC SPINWRITER 5520. . . .$3,275 DIABLO 1640 KSR $3,195 These prices include tractor QUME SPRINT 5/55 $3,380 CONTROLLERS KONAN Hard disk, S400 $1,550 TELETEK Double density $415 for 5V* and 8 inch and single density TARBELL Double density $385 MODEM: The CAT from Novation $179 Originate/answer CODs accepted at no extra charge. Shipping: $13 for light printers and CRTs. Credit cards add 4%. NY residents add tax. WE EXPORT Overseas Callers: Phone 212 448-6298 or TWX 710 588 2844 or Cable: OWENSASSOC JOHN D. OWENS Associates, Inc. 12 Schubert Street Staten Island, New York 10305 212 448-6283 • 212 448-6298 We Are Known for Our Prompt and Courteous Service! We have no reader inquiry number. Please call or write. 76 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 48 on inquiry card. ■ 1 . i mt < ; £ TV* 1 .; " = H «... r •• $10,000.00 GIVE AWAY SPONSORED BY THE MAKERS OF THE BASIC SOFTWARE LIBRARY NOW • 10 • Volumes and Growing And unlike others we are giving a portion in CASH that you Don't have to spend with us. You are eligible NOW! Your name may already be entered. First Prizes Awarded starting in mid September. More details in future advertisements. Our software is UN- EQUALLED in performance and excellence. If you are looking for compatible software to perform useful tasks you won't find a better deal Anywhere in the WORLD!!! We have over 100,000 in circulation since 1975 and we are still around and That's more than Anyone else can say. We used to sell hundreds of programs individually, the programs in Volume X were sold for several years at over $10,000, in Volume III for over $6,000 but a few years ago we decided to promote software to the mass public and it was an instant success. We are still several years ahead of our time in our marketing concepts as well as our products and we are going to be making another major change in the market. We are going to offer our programs in cassette form. NOT just one of two programs like everybody else. But a book full of programs for just $9.95. For Homeowners, Businessmen, Engineers, Hobbyists, Doctors, Lawyers, Men and Women Vol. 1 $24.95 Vol. II $24 Business & Animals Four Binomial Personal Astronaut Chi-Sq. Bookkeeping Bagel Coeff. Programs Bio Cycle Confidencel Cannons Confidence2 Bond Checkers Correlations Building Craps Curve Compound Dogfight Differences Cyclic Golf Dual Plot Decision 1 Judy Exp-Distri Decision 2 Line Up Least Squares Depreciation Efficient Pony Paired Roulette Plot Flow Sky Diver Plotpts Installment Tank Polynomial Fit Interest Teach Me Regression Investments Stat 1 Mortgage A. Newman Stat 2 Optimize J.F.K. T-Distribution Order Linus Unpaired Pert Tree Ms. Santa Variance 1 Rate Nixon Variance 2 Return 1 Noel Noel XY. Return 2 Nude Schedule 1 Peace Policeman APPENDIX A Games & Santa's Sleigh Pictures Snoopy Virgin 95 Beam Conv. Filter Fit integration 1 Integration 2 Intensity Lola Macro Max. Min. Navaid Optical Planet PSD Rand 1 Rand 2 Solve Sphere Trian Stars Track Triangle Variable Vector Vol. Ill $39.95 Billing Inventory Payroll Risk Schedule 2 Shipping Stocks Switch Vol. VI $49.95 Mini-Ledger Payroll A/R Inventory Peprec. Ledger Vol. VII $39.95 Chess Medbil Wdproc Utility Vol. IV $9.95 Bingo Bonds Bull Enterprise Football Funds 1 Funds 2 Go-Moku Jack Life Loans Mazes Poker Popul Profits Qubic Rates Retire Savings SBA Tic-Tac-Toe Vol.V $9.95 Andy Cap Baseball Compare ConfidIO Descrip Differ Engine Fourier Horse Integers Logic Playboy Primes Probal Quadrac Red Baron Regression 2 RoadRunner Roulette Santa Stat 10 Statu Steel Top Vary Xmas APPENDIX B Vol. VIII Vol. IX Vol.X $19.95 $19.95 $69.95 1040-Tax Auto Intro. Cypher A/R Balance Hurrtrac A/P ID Merlnv Checkbook Lorana Check Map Assets lnstol78 Navigate Payroll Omega BalSh Deprec2 Patterns P/L Radar Year End APPENDIX C RDF Data Base Tax Up Favorites Basic St. Available on TRS-80 Level II — 16K compatible cassette $9.95 Volume III- — Parti - -Billing Inv. Pyrl. Volume VII — Parti — Chess Add $1.00 per tape Post. /Handling Volume VI — Disk programs are compatible with TRS-80 disk basic The disk programs in Volumes VI, VII and X are written in (CP/M) M Basic and Disk Extended Microsoft Basic. Other programs written in 8K Basic. SELECTED PROGRAMS AVAILABLE ON CASSETTE In addition to the $10,000 Give Away we are going to celebrate July 4th by giving a Special Bonus to purchasers of an entire set of the Basic Software Library on a single order. • SPECIAL BONUS • 15% discounts on single purchase of full set by July 4th, 1980 Unconditional Money Back Guarantee. Add $1.50 per volume handling, all domestic shipments sent U.P.S. except APO and P.O. Box which go parcel post. Foreign orders add $6.00/volume for air shipment and make payable in U.S. dollars only. AVAILABLE AT MOST COMPUTER STORES Master Charge and Bank Americard accepted. Our Software is copyrighted and may not be reproduced or sold. Unlike others we have NOT raised our prices i n five years Special Bonus Expires July 15, 1980 OVER 116, ilili No PURCHASE Necessary, to enter send name & address on a 3 x 5 card. You are automatically entered every time you make a purchase from us. Void where prohibited by LAW. KEMCO, LTD. P.O. Drawer 2208L Petersburg, VA 23803 Sales HOT LINE 800-241-7131 ext. 440 In Georgia call 800-282-2686 IN GERMANY IN HOLLAND Ing. W. Hofacker, GmbH Electronica Top Int'l Holzkirchen, W. Germany Den Dolder, Holland USE TODAY If sufficient demand we will make requested programs available for Apple, Atari, Pet, TRS-80, etc. be represented as two DB pseudo-operations, especially if either or both are to be computed. If both are constants, they can be combined into a single DW word with a hexa- decimal constant of nndd, where nn is the immediate byte and dd is the displacement byte. This is done because the DW pseudo-operation reverses the order of the bytes to ddnn before storage. For example, to move a hexadecimal 80 to the memory location 6 bytes beyond the location pointed to by the IX register, we can say either: 1000 DW MVXI+ZX 1002 DB 6H 1003 DB 80H or 1000 DW MVXI+ZX 1002 DW 8006H Indexed Register Moves There are two types of 8-bit move instructions peculiar to the Z80. Their Z codes are: ZMRX move from register to indexed memory loca- tion ZMXR move from indexed memory location to register The indexed location is computed as before. The Z-code mnemonics ZMRX and ZMXR may seem confusing but r TOLL FREE ORDERING These Fine Products and More NORTHSTAR HRZ-1-16K-D HRZ-1-32K-D HRZ-2-32K-D HRZ-1-32K-Q HRZ-2-32K-Q RAM-16K RAM-32K ASM KIT 1600. 1275. 1995. 1580. 2300. 1900. 2300. 1750. 2700. 2230. 365. 565. 325. 515. FPB-A 285. 220. MDS-A-D 710. 660. MDS-A-Q 880. 830. EXTRA DRIVE-D — 350. EXTRA DRIVE-Q — 525. HARD DISCSYSTEM CALL Most NorthStar computers come standard with real wood cover, 2 serial ports, 1 parallel port, real time clock, disc operating system andNorthStarbasic. TERMINAL SOROCIQ-120 HAZELTINE1400 HAZELTINE1500 HAZELTINE1510 TELEVIDE0912 TELEVIDEO920 PRINTERS BASE-2 TI-810 CENTRONICS-799 NEC-5510 NEC-5520 760. 760. 940. 1050. 700. 750. 450. 1580. 970. 2550. 2800. SOFTWARE-DtSCS-MISC AUTOSCRIBE 325. VERBATUM DISCS (10) 28. 5 FOOT RS-232 CABLE 20. 10 FOOTRS-232 CABLE 25. WE WILL TRY TO BEAT ANY ADVERTISED PRICE A. E. L 4341 W. Commonwealth Ave Suite D Fullerton, Calif. 92633 (714) 739-4701 (800) 854-6003 are consistent with the Z80 convention of listing moves in the order "destination, then source." T o complete these Z codes, both a n index-register sym- bol (ZX or ZY) and either a source-register or a destination-register symbol must be added. The problem is that the value to be added for the source or destination register differs with the function, necessitating two names for a given register. Exchanges DB XAF DB EXX DW XTI (X,Y) 16-bit Moves DW S(BC,DE,SP ) IX,IY)D; DW (ADDRESS) DW L(BC,DE,SP,IX,IY)D; DW (ADDRESS) DW LXI(X.Y); DW (CONSTANT) DW POP(X.Y) DW PSH(X.Y) 16-bit arithmetic DW ZDA(X I Y) + Z(BC i DE,SP 1 IX\IY*) DW ZD(AC ) SB) + Z(BC,DE ) HL,SP) DWZ(INX,DCX) + Z(X,Y) *:if X, do not use IY; if Y, do not use IX Interrupt operations DW l(8080,38,VECT) DW RETI DW RTNM Input/output DWZ(lNP,OUT) + Zr1* DW (INPI,OUTI,INPD,OUTD)+ ZRPT** *: r = A,B,C I D I E I H 1 or L **: use is optional Block moves and searches DW (BLMI,BLMD,BLSI,BLSD) + ZRPT* *: use is optional Relative jumps DB (DJNZ.JR.JRNZ.JRZ.JRNC.JRC); DB (DISPLACEMENT) Indexed jumps DW JI(X,Y) Rotates and shifts (indexed) DW ZfRLC.RRC.RL.RR.SLA.SRA.SRL) + Zs2* DW ZRLD DW ZRRD DW Z(XX.YY); DW ZfRLC.RRC.RL.RR.SLA.SRA.SRL) + KLUGE + (DISPLACEMENT) *: s = A,B,C I D,E,H I L, or M Bit operations (indexed) DWZ(BIT,RES,SET)+BITn* + Zs2** D W Z(XX,YY); DW Z(BIT,RES,SET) + BITn + KLUGE + (DISPLACEMENT) *: n = 0,1 ,2,3,4,5,6, or 7 **: s = A,B,C,D,E ) H I L, or M 8-bit indexed arithmetic DWZfADD.ADC.SUB.SBB.ANA.XRA.ORA, CMP,INR,DCR) + Zi*; DB (DISPLACEMENT) *: use ZX or ZY as appropriate 8-bit indexed moves DWZMRX+ZM* + Z(X,Y) DW ZMXR-f Z(X,Y) + Zr2* DWZMXI-fZ(X.Y) *: r = A,B,C I D,E I H I or L 8-bit moves DW ZM(AI,IA,AR,RA) Table 3: A summary of usage ) 'or the Z codes used in this arti- cle. Several abbreviations have been used. The terms in parentheses can be replaced with any one of the terms separated by commas. For example, the line "DWXTI(X,Y)" implies two instructions, "DW XTIX" and "DW XTIY". 78 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 49 on inquiry card. Circle 50 on inquiry card. The trouble with video terminals today is that most of the low-cost models just don't have the performance to handle your tough applications. And the few that do are usually ' not compatible with your existing system. But now, Intertec has resolved this age old dilemma with the introduction of its new Emulator™ Video Terminal. The $895* Emulator™ performs exactly as you command. With the depression of just a few keys, Emulator users can select terminal control codes of any one of four popular video terminals. The Lear-Siegler ADWI-3A. The Some 1Q-120. The DEC VT- 52. Or the Hazeltine 1500. Incredible! It's like having four terminals for the price of one. 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Intertec terminals are distributed worldwide and may be available in your area now. MIH13 DATA SY5TEMS. 2300 Broad River Rd, Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115 S.tNTRTECCWASYSEMS ^Quantity one - Dealer inquiries invited. For example, Z code ZAl is added to ZMRX because the accumulator is being used as a destination register; but ZA2 is added to ZMXR because the accumulator is being used as a source register. Generally, we can say that the ZMRX Z code requires a Z code of the form Zrl, where r is one of the following symbols: A, B, C, D, E, H, or L. Similarly, the ZMXR Z code requires a Z code of the form Zr2. The ZX or ZY to be added is the same for both ZMRX and ZMXR. To move a byte from the memory location that is hexa- decimal 17 bytes past the address pointed to by IX to register E, write: 1000 DW 1002 DB ZMRX + ZE1 + ZX 17H Note that these instructions both require a following data byte for the displacement, which can be a literal (as shown here) or a computed value. One quick rule to tell whether to use Zrl or Zr2 is as follows: look at the posi- tion of the "r" within the last two letters of the instruction mnemonic (ZMXR or ZMRX); if it is first (RX), use Zrl, but if it is second (XR), use Zr2. Rotate and Shift Instructions All the rotate and shift instructions, indexed or not, use the following basic Z-code instructions: ZRLC rotate left circular (bit 7 goes into bit 0) UOUDIDNTKNOW! 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ZRRC rotate right circular (bit goes into bit 7) ZRL rotate left with carry (bit 7 goes into carry flag) ZRR rotate right with carry (bit goes into carry flag) ZSLA arithmetic shift left, pad with zeros on right ZSRA arithmetic shift right, pad with sign bit on left ZSRL logical shift right, pad with zeros on left For register-rotate instructions, we must add to one of the above the Z code named Zs2, where s is the register that is to be rotated or shifted (with value A, B, C, D, E, H, L, or M). The memory location pointed to by the HL register pair can be rotated or shifted by adding the Z code ZM2 to one of the above instructions. To rotate-left-circular register D, for example, write: 1000 DW ZRLC + ZD2 When indexed rotates are used, a byte in memory is pointed to by the sum of the contents of an index register (either IX or IY) and a 1-byte displacement value stored with the instruction; it is this byte that is rotated or shifted. However, the structure of this 4-byte instruction does not lend itself easily to this method of using pseudo- operations to represent non-8080 instructions. A detailed explanation is followed by two solutions. Table 1 contains the previous Z80 instructions in their indexed form. The first byte tells which index register is used for this instruction; it is hexadecimal DD for the IX register and hexadecimal FD for the IY register. The second byte is always hexadecimal CB.The third byte is the 8-bit displacement to be used by the instruction, and the fourth byte identifies the rotate or shift instruction. The first method of building one of these 4-byte instructions (the method I am currently using) involves building two 2-byte groups with the define-word (DW) instruction. The first word is built by using either the ZXX or the ZYY Z code. This depends on whether the IX or IY register is used to help point to the byte to be opera- ted on. Remember that the DW pseudo-operation reverses the order of bytes before storing them in memory. The second word is built by creating a double-byte constant that is the sum of the Z-code mnemonic for the desired operation, the displacement, and a constant called KLUGE. This is an unattractive solution, but it is the only way to get the correct information into one line of assembly-language code. Basically, it zeros out the lower byte of the rotate or shift Z code to make room for the displacement byte. To rotate right with carry the memory location 9 bytes beyond the location pointed to by the IY register, write: 1000 DW 1002 DW ZYY ZRR + KLUGE + 9 A second solution involves building the last 2 bytes Circle 51 on inquiry card. ^ m~ L *s!Mi * .■ Design- it -Yourself. . . ... an environment that really challenges your computer programming skills. You're a Systems Programmer and have great ideas that can pave the way for the future — if only you could use them. 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Box 209, West Haven, CT 0651 6 - P\'-- ptte •fe* ' does using two define-byte (DB) pseudo-operations for the displacement and instruction Z code. First define a 1-byte Z code equal to the last byte of the instructions listed in table 1. (For example, set ZZRR equal to hexadecimal IE for the rotate-right-with-carry instruction.) The previous example given would then take three lines of assembly- language code: 1000 DW ZYY 1002 DB 9 1003 DB ZZRR In the first method, the only way I have found to handle negative displacements is to write the displace- ment as hexadecimal 100 minus the desired negative displacement; the added hexadecimal 100 takes care of the borrow that occurs when the negative-displacement byte is added in by 16-bit arithmetic. In the second method, putting a negative constant in the first DB pseudo-operation should do the trick. Two unique instructions that belong with the rotate in- structions have the following Z codes: ZRLD rotate accumulator and memory loca- tion left, decimal ZRRD rotate accumulator and memory loca- tion right, decimal They use a define-word (DW) pseudo-operation and require no added Z codes. Both instructions act on a byte pointed to by the HL register pair. Given a 16-bit number equivalent to the memory location followed by the accumulator, these in- structions rotate left and right, respectively, the 16-bit number by 4 bits. If you consider both bytes as made of two 4-bit nybbles (as they are in, say, binary-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic), the instructions have the effect of rotating 1 nybble within the 4-nybble number. These instructions are useful for BCD arithmetic, for pro- grams dealing with hexadecimal numbers, and for shortening programs that use a large number of shifts or rotates together. Bit Manipulation Instructions All the bit instructions, indexed or not, use the follow- ing basic Z codes: ZBIT test specified bit ZRES clear specified bit to ZSET set specified bit to 1 For register-bit instructions, two Z codes must be add- ed to one of the above Z-code instructions: one specifies which register is affected (its Z code is Zs2, where s specifies register A, B, C, D, E, H, L, or M); the other specifies which bit is to be affected (its Z code is one of BIT0, BIT1, BIT2,. . . ,BIT7). Also, the memory location pointed to by the HL register pair can be used by adding the Z code ZM2 to one of the above instructions. To test bit 5, for example, in the D register, we write: 1000 DW ZBIT + ZD2 + BIT5 The situation with the indexed version of these instruc- Circle 52 on inquiry card. Circle 53 on inquiry card. New Products Base 2 Model 800 Lightweight, compact 80-column dot matrix printer with 60 Ipm speed. Fea- tures 5 print densities and 15 baud rates up to 19,200 baud. 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Cost$125 KR AM— Keyed Random Access Method— The new, ultra-fast access method for the PET Disk, provides keyed retrieval/storage of data, in either drect or sequential mode, by either full or partial key values. 6502 coding KRAM 1.0 (logical delete) $79.95 for PET K RAM 2.0 (physical delete) S99.95 Anderson jacobson Parallel 841 I/O Terminal Ideal for $11 30 word processing and _ , . small businesses. oBflSl ASCII Code $1230 15 CPS Printout High Quality Selectric Printing Reliable heavy duty mechanism Completely Refurbished by A.J. Delivered FREE to nearest service center TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Tl-99/4 HOME COMPUTER Z-80 Controlled •Uo to 198 Columns 30 CPS • Reverse Print • Electronic _ (Digital Display XYMEC*** 1 ™^ 3 ™™^*; Multi-Lingual 1000 with QUADRA-PITCH $2495 ' Auto r £5?, c 10, 12, 15 Pitch & Proportional Spacing The XYMEC HY-Q 1000 is "Tomorrow's Printer" - with vir- tually every advancement built in as standard. No other options are required. Its versatility matches your output format - and - it can be used as an off-line typewriter atic I ^^ :all f Only $1 095 Includes 13"Color Monitor! [Over 1000 software tapes, books, disks, on display. Come in and browse. RADIO SHACK • PET • SORCERER • APPLE • COMPUCOLOR • ETC. PRINTERS • PRINTERS • PRINTERS The COMPUTER FACTORY'S extensive Centronics 779 .. . $1095 inventory and w.de selert.on of computer Centronics 730 ... 795 prmters assures you of finding the pnnter Eaton 7QQQ 389 best suited tor your needs and -.^nc specifications The following printers workP^P^r Tiger 440 . . 1095 well with all known personal computers Xerox 1740 2895 FREE $35 of Software with purchase of any computer on this page. Min Credit Card Order $75 Open Mon.-Fri. 10-6 Sat. 10-4 N Y residents add 8°o sales tax • Same day shipment on prepaid and credit card orders • Add $b shipping 1 for computers S3 for hoards $1 each cassette tape-. TO ORDER CALL (212) 687-5000 The COMPUTER FACTORY «*w^av*u.wt^« [ UMLL l^l^J DO/-QUUU (46th St.) 485 Lexington Avenue 750 Third Avenue New York. N.Y. 10017 Foreign order desk - Telex 6400bb BYTE June 1980 AsfcBYTE Conducted by Steve Ciarcia Beginning this month Steve Ciarcia will answer questions on any area of microcomputing. The most representative questions received each month will be answered and pub- lished. Do you have a nagging problem ? Send your inquiry to: Ask BYTE c/o Steve Ciarcia POB 582 Glastonbury CT 06033 Or, if you are a Source subscriber, send your questions to or chat with Steve (TCE317) directly. Unfortunately, because of the high volume of inquiries, individual replies by mail can- not be given. Please clearly mark all such questions with the words "Ask BYTE." Dear Steve, I have constructed the remote-keyboard circuit you described in "Come Upstairs and Be Respectable" (May 1977 BYTE, page 50) for use in several instances, and it has been a great help to me. I am presently planning on installing a video terminal and keyboard in our barn (the computer is 3000 feet away, in the house). What type of cable is suitable for this type of project (I may want to bury the cable)? Randall Busse Well, I suggest that you bury a twisted-pair shielded cable and use a pair of dif- ferential line-drivers and receivers. I have had good results with Texas Instruments' 75107 As and 75110 As. I have seen lines spanning 10,000 feet that operate quite nicely. Unfortunately, you did not mention whether you intend to use direct video to drive your monitor, or if you are trying to transmit serial-data logic levels. For a serial terminal, a com- munications link similar to the one in my article will suffice, but direct video is more difficult to transmit over that distance. You could use video-quality coaxial cable and a video amplifier for this project, or you might try modulating a radio- frequency carrier and use a standard television set at the end of your cable. Either method will require some experi- mentation. . . .Steve Dear Steve, I enjoyed reading your article in the October 1979 BYTE on light-emitting- diode (LED) graphics displays ("Self -Refreshing LED Graphics Display," page 58). If a display were built using optical fibers, how would the price com- pare with a LED-type display? Can you suggest any references? Can you suggest a circuit board (or a manufacturer) that provides high-resolution color graphics with at least a 256-by-256 pixel display? Robert Ashworth / am afraid, Bob, that you are trying to compare apples and bananas. Light-emitting diodes are actually light sources while optical fibers are light conductors. The latter have no self- illuminating capability. You could make my LED graphics display into a fiber- optics display. This would be done by "piping" the emitted light to a remote location using optical fibers. Since LEDs are used in both cases, the fiber optics do not make the display any cheaper. I hesitate to recommend equipment because graphics depends heavily on the con- figuration of your computer system. The personal com- puter market is so dynamic that any suggestion I might make could be out of date by the time it was pub- lished. . . . Steve [Editor's Note: We are plan- ning to publish articles on the subject of high- resolution color graphics in a future issue of BYTE. Watch for it.... CPF] Dear Steve, While sitting in my living room last summer watching Hurricane David whirl by, I wanted nothing more than to use my TRS-80 computer. Unfortunately, our power was out for several hours, and when it came back on, my work was complicated with several brief power interruptions. Has anyone developed a combination emergency and uninter- ruptible power supply suitable for home-computer systems? My approach to this problem would start with a well-shielded transformer and regulated battery charger. A zener regulator would float-charge a sealed maintenance-free automobile battery at the manufacturer's recommended voltage to ensure long life. Rather than use a square-wave-type inverter, a crystal-controlled 60 Hz oscillator might be more appropriate, driving a 250 W amplifier that would produce a reasonable approximation of standard AC power. This would pro- vide electricity for my com- puter and several peripheral devices, including a light bulb. R B Nottingham / have been thinking about uninterruptible power quite a bit lately. I first mentioned it in my articles on computer- controlled security for the home in the January thru March 1979 issues of BYTE. (See "Build a Computer- Controlled Security System for Your Home" January 1979 BYTE, page 56; February 1979 BYTE, page 162; March 1979 BYTE, page 150.) I hesitate to guess at the cost of a 250 W amplifier with a peak output voltage of 176 V. In my own system I have battery backup suffi- cient for a half hour. The battery is connected directly to the power-supply regulators, and the system shuts down automatically before the power runs out. The dilemma I face is that everything in my house is electronically controlled, even the wood stove. (See "A Computer-Controlled Wood Stove" February 1980 BYTE, page 62.) My uninterruptible house requires that I walk out to the garage and start my 5 kW propane-fueled generator, while the com- puter is running under bat- tery power. . . . Steve Manufacturer Device Number Fujitsu MB 8114 Intersil 7114 Mostek 4114 National Semiconductor MM 5256 Nippon ^PB 2114 Signetics 2614 Synertek SY2114 Texas Instruments 40L45 Dear Steve, What programmable- memory parts have the same pinout specifications as Intel's 2114 device? Edward Savage According to the Texas Instruments MOS Databook, the static memory circuits listed above are pin-for-pin compatible with the Intel 2114. Please note that these devices are available in a variety of operating speeds. . . .Steve ■ 86 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc People are switching to Boschert 25W 80W TO 65W 130W 75W 150W 200W TO 300W TO 400W because only Boschert offers a complete line of 25-400 watt switching power supplies. When you want power, come to Boschert. We're the power leader with more standard 25-400 watt switching power supplies in production and in stock than any other manu- facturer. Every one is UL- recognized. Each meets international input voltage requirements. And we offer the multiple output voltages you need to meet your par- ticular system requirements. Plus, when you switch to Boschert, you enjoy advan- tages only a leader can offer. Like high volume automated production capabilities to support your volume require- ments. Off-the-shelf delivery when you need product fast. Custom tailoring. An up-to- date understanding of VDE requirements. Boschert even offers you an extensive European distribution network to support you overseas. At Boschert weVe been building off-line switching power supplies for almost a decade. Over 200,000 of our multiple output power systems are now in operation. Isn't it time you made the switch to Boschert? For more information on our full line of switching power supplies, contact your local Boschert representative, or write: Boschert Inc., 384 k Santa Trinita Ave., Sunnyvale, CA \94086.Orcall ^us direct, (408) 732-2440. Circle 55 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 87 My TRS-80 Talks to My Cromemco Z-2 Rod Hallen Road Runner Ranch POB 73 Tombstone AZ 85638 Business computers communicate with each other all of the time. This is true whether they are located in adja- cent rooms or halfway around the world from each other. You may ask, 'Why can't personal computers com- municate in the same manner?" Well, they can, and an intercomputer com- munications scheme is not really that difficult to implement. I have owned as many as five per- sonal computers at one time, but presently I'm concentrating on my Cromemco Z-2 and Radio Shack TRS-80. My Z-2 is used for word- processing and assembly-language program development; I bought the TRS-80 because it is the most popular machine on the market, and I want to write about the hardware and soft- ware for a large number of readers. The Z-2 supports two ThinkerToys DISCUS 8-inch floppy disks, a fast Malibu 160 line printer, and a lot of other S-100 hardware, using software oriented to the CP/M operating system. The TRS-80 is a 16 K Level II machine with only one peripheral. That peripheral device is the Z-2, and therein lies my story. Peripheral Devices It doesn't take personal-computer enthusiasts long to find out that they will very quickly have more money invested in peripherals than in com- puters. In fact the computer itself is often the least expensive item. This is especially true for systems using printers and mass storage. Good printers aren't cheap; neither are floppy-disk drives. And yet, the serious experimenter will want both. There are cases, such as mine, where peripherals are needed for two com- puters. Duplication of peripherals is not a cost-effective solution. Since the Z-2 already supported everything I needed for the TRS-80, my first thought was about some sort of switching arrangement. This would have allowed the flip of a switch to transfer control of the printer and disks between computers. This sounds like a reasonable solution until you consider the actual implementation. My printer uses two parallel input/output (I/O) ports, and the disk system is oriented for the S-100 bus. Obviously, this means that nearly one hundred signal lines must be controlled. If both ports had been serial RS-232 types, the task might have been possible. My major need was for hard-copy printouts of TRS-80 programs. It didn't take long to arrive at the idea of simply sending the program listings to the Z-2 and letting the Cromemco machine handle the print- ing. This scheme turned out to be much simpler than I had anticipated. Although what follows is a design to interface these two particular com- CROMEMCO Z-2 SERIAL ^- PORTS -^ "1, RADIO SHACK TRS-80 K RS-232 LINE Figure 1: This block diagram of the inter- computer communications channel shows one-way data transfer from the TRS-80 to the Z-2. With the appropriate modifica- tions, the same scheme can be used for other systems. puters, I have also included some hints about adapting this scheme to fit almost any situation. Theory Figure 1 shows how the two com- puters are tied together. At the pre- sent time, the RS-232 line works in only one direction, from TRS-80 to Z-2. This is because the TRS-80 serial port was originally intended to drive a printer and is not configured to receive. However, it does contain most of the receiver components, which suggests an interesting follow- up project. First, let us look at the data transmission from the TRS-80. TRS-80 Level II BASIC has two statements, LPRINT and LLIST, which are designed to send informa- tion to a printer. Both are similar in operation to PRINT and LIST. The TRS-80 maps the printer I/O port into memory address space as hexa- decimal location 37E8. When LLIST or LPRINT is used as a command, the information referred to will be sent to hexadecimal memory address 37E8. The TRS-80 serial interface must accomplish two things. First, it must decode the printer port address and let the microprocessor know when the next character can be sent. In addition, it must provide parallel-to- serial conversion because I had decid- ed that the communications between the two machines would use the RS-232 format. Once I had temporarily interfaced an IBM Selectric typewriter and a Teletype Model 43 to the TRS-80, so I already had the required serial printer port. The Radio Shack RS-232 board, which mounts in the expansion inter- 88 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Outlasts every competitor— 200,000,000 character head warranty 2. No duty cycle limitations — even in demanding business applications 3. Professional print quality — 9 x 7 matrix 4. Rugged business use construction — metal chassis — two motors 5. 80 characters per second 6. Upper and lower case — full 96 character ASCII set 7. Double width characters 8. Connects directly to TRS-80y M APPLE® and other computers 9. Block graphics — 64 shapes for charts, graphs, diagrams 10. Friction and pin feed 1 1 . Plain paper — up to 3 parts 12. 6 and 8 lines per inch — program controlled paper savings 13. 80 and 132 columns — program controlled 14. Price — the best value in the industry. Call or write today for the name of your local Microline 80 dealer. 14 REASONS WHY TRS-80 OWNERS CHOOSE THE MICROLINE 80 TRS-80 is a registered trade mark of Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corp. All fourteen are standard with every Microline 80, The only options are snap-on tractors and a buffered (up to 2000 characters) RS232 interface. okidata Okidata Corporation 111 Gaither Drive, Mount Laurel, New Jersey 08054 Telephone: 609-235-2600 Circle 56 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 89 face, could be used instead. I set the data-transfer rate at 2400 bps, which is the fastest that my port will run. I have also tried program- ming the Z-2 to display data as it is received. Unfortunately, 2400 bps is too fast to allow both storing and displaying of the data, so some characters are lost. I have written a routine for the Z-2 which sends incoming data directly to the printer, but I have found it preferable to make a disk file. This allows me to print as many copies as necessary. Although no software changes of any kind are needed in the TRS-80, the Z-2 must be able to tell when characters are being sent to it and also what it should do with them. The program in listing 1, which I call TRSZ2, continually reads the input port which is being fed with data by the TRS-80. The characters thusly detected are stored in consecutive memory locations starting at hexa- decimal 0100. TRSZ2 is written in 8080 assembly language because it was originally intended for my computer which preceded the Z-2. It may be possible to improve the efficiency of this routine by using some Z80 instruc- tions, but the limiting factor is still the RS-232-channel transfer rate, so not much would be gained. I hope the 8080 code will be useful to a greater number of readers than any Z80 ver- sion. The TRS-80 does not output a line- feed character after each carriage return because line feeds are inserted automatically by the Radio Shack line printer (ie: the Centronics 779). TRSZ2 must also monitor the data as it is received to add a line feed after each carriage return. The Z-2 also needs some way to determine when the transmission is concluded. At the end of each TRS-80 program which is to be sent to the Z-2, I add a shift-® character (hexa- decimal 60). When the Z-2 reads the shift-®, the operation is terminated. Since listing 1 was designed to be used in a CP/M environment, it also performs two other functions. First, a CP/M end-of-file (EOF) character must be added to mark the end of the program stored in memory. CP/M recognizes hexadecimal 1A as the We're still hatching new tiny-c products. Yes, we're still feathering the tiny-c nest. The tiny-c structured programming language owner's manual (including 8080 and PDP-11 source code and tiny-c in C) is still just $40. And these formats are now available (all 8080 unless noted): CP/M, PDP-11, H8/H89, HDOS, Flex 2.0 for 6800, Norlhstar and CDOS for Z80. In cassettes: TRS-80 for Z80, KIM for 6502, CUTS, Tarbell and K.C. Std. Plus we now sell a BDS C Compiler (for CP/M only). Order your tiny-c owner's manual today and get the whole story. Call or write tiny-c associates, P.O. Box 269, Holmdel, N.J. 07733. (201) 671-2296. _^_ • You'll quickly discover tiny-c is still 1^^ all it's cracked up to be. New Jersey residents include 5% sales tax, Visa and MasterCard accepted, Include charge plate number wilti order. LOAD LF D730 CD03F8 CALL SCREEN ?OUT TO VIDEO D733 EB XCHG i STORAGE POINTER TO DE D734 7A MOV A,D ;GET MS BYTE D735 E6F0 ANI 0F0H •RESET BITS 0-3 D737 0F RRC •MOVE RIGHT 4 BITS D738 0F RRC . ti D739 0F RRC j ■ D73A 0F RRC ; " D73B CD53D7 CALL TEST j FIG FIRST CHAR D73E 7A MOV A,D ;GET MS BYTE AGAIN D73F E60F ANI 0FH •RESET BITS 4-7 D741 CD55D7 CALL TEST FIG SECOND CHAR D744 2186D7 LXI H.MSG1 POINT TO MESSAGE D747 0609 MVI B, 9 MESSAGE LENGTH D749 7E MSG MOV A,M GET CHARACTER D74A CD03F8 CALL SCREEN OUT TO VIDEO D74D 23 INX H INCREMENT MSG1 ADDRESS D74E 05 DCR B DECREMENT CHAR COUNT D74F C249D7 JNZ MSG GO GET ANOTHER D752 C30000 ; JMP BOOT D755 2166D7 > TEST LXI H, TABLE POINT TO TABLE D758 BE TEST1 CMP M DO THEY MATCH? D759 23 INX H INCREMENT TABLE D75A C262D7 JNZ TEST2 NZ=NO MATCH D75D 7E MOV A,M CHAR TO A D75E CD03F8 CALL SCREEN AND OUT TO SCREEN D761 C9 RET D762 23 TEST2 INX H INCREMENT TABLE D763 C358D7 JMP TEST1 NEXT CHAR D766 00300131 TABLE DB 0, 30H, 1, : 31H } CHARS IN ODD POSITIONS D76A 02320333 DB 2,32H,3,: 33H ;ARE HEX AND THE EVEN D76E 04340335 DB 4,34H,5,: 35H j POSITIONS ARE THE D772 06360737 DB 6,36H, 7,: 37H ASCII EQUIVALENTS D776 08380939 DB 8,38H,9,: 39H D77A 0A410B42 DB 0AH, 41H,< 3BH, 42H D77E 0C430D44 DB 0CH,43H, i 9DH, 44H D782 0E450F46 DB 0EH, 45H, < BFH, 46H D786 482050 i MSG1 DB 48H, 20H, : 50H ;H,SP,P D789 414745 DB 41H,47H,< «H *A,G,E D78C 530D0A DB 53H, 0DH, i 9AH S,CR,LF D78F END 92 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc WHAT WOULD YOU SAY TO ■I [cxvJ/J J»i i - :1 J i :\ i«] :J:J:1 : [• FROM YOUR MICROCOMPUTER? "YOU'RE TALKING OUR LANGUAGE: PL 1.80." New PL/1-80 from Digital Research Brings Big Computer Programming Power to Microcomputer Systems. 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With thousands of users throughout the world, it's the most popu- lar and widely used. It's the original, hardware- independent 'bus' for users working with a broad array of lan- guages, word-processing and applications software available from scores of suppliers at affordable prices. Now we've made a great CP/M even better. CP/AA 2.2 is the latest release of the efficient, reliable sys- tem that's truly universal, able to manage virtually any 8080, 8085orZ80 micro and its floppy or hard-disk subsystems. Named to the 1979 Datapro Software Honor Roll, CP/AA comes on a diskette with its own operating manual, for just $150 in unit quantity. I " ■ nn inn aarapro h SOFTWARE HONOR ^ !> MP/M provides big- computer power at small-computer cost. It provides multi-terminal access with multi- programming at each terminal. And it's CP/AA compatible, so you can run many programming languages, applications packages and develop- ment software on your system. Check these advanced capabilities. Run editors, translators, word proces- sors and background print spoolers simulta- neously. Use AAP/AA's real-time facilities to monitor an assembly line and schedule programs automatically, or control a network of micros. Even write your own system processes for operation under AAP/AA. The pos- sibilities are endless, yet MP/M costs just $300 (unit price for diskette and manual). Utilities That Work For You. Use our utilities. Thousands do. They're designed to make your small system work extra hard, yet they cost surprisingly little.: • MAC™ (Macro Assembler) — $90. • SID™ (Symbolic Instruction Debugger)— $75. • ZSID™(Z80 Symbolic Instruc- tion Debugger) — $100. • TEX (Text Formatter)— $75. • DESPOOL™ (Background Print Utility)— $50. All are supplied on a diskette, with operating manual. Digital Research P.O. Box 579 801 Lighthouse Avenue Pacific Grove, CA 93950 408 649-3896 TWX 910 360 5001 Hj DIGITAL RESEARCH Text continued from page 90: 2. Append shift-® to the TRS-80 program. 3. Load TRSZ2 in the Z-2 and execute. 4. LLIST the TRS-80 program. 5. SAVE XX pages on Z-2. 6. PRINT resulting file. The actual transfer happens very rapidly because of the speed of the RS-232 interface, the disks, and the printer. Under CP/M, TRSZ2 can be load- ed and executed in two different ways. After TRSZ2.ASM has been assembled, the file TRSZ2.HEX will reside on the disk. Typing "DDT TRSZ2.HEX" will load it starting at hexadecimal location D700, and then "GD700" will execute it. TRSZ2 loops continually until characters are detected at the input serial port. As a preferred alternative, I have a utility routine from the CP/M Users Group called MOVDOWN which greatly simplifies this process. I have modified MOVDOWN so that any program which does not execute at the normal CP/M hexadecimal address of hexadecimal 0100 can be loaded and executed in the same way as any CP/M command file. My modified routine is called MOVUP. Other Computers The basic principles discussed so far will work with other computers, but of course there are some detail changes that must be made. The most important consideration is the availability of a serial I/O port intended for a printer or other peripheral device. The main differ- ence of using a serial port for inter- computer communications, when compared to the usual serial-port peripherals, is the high data-transfer rate possible. For the receiving end, a great amount of flexibility is possible. When setting up the system, I picked hexadecimal D700 as the location for TRSZ2 because this is free memory outside of the CP/M operating area. I set my CP/M system size at 4 K bytes less than the available user memory to leave room for programs such as this, my printer-driver routine, and others that must run undisturbed dur- ing the normal operation of CP/M. Note that in listing 1, BEGIN is TheRiscal Software Tliol OMSI PASCAL yi.2^ The value of Pascal in computer software design is becoming widely recognized. And our new VI. 2 version contains significant enhancements in ease of operation and reliability Consider the VI. 2 Symbolic Debugger. Pascal debugging should be performed in Pascal, not with assembler listings and memory maps. Our Debugger knows your data names and structures. Values are accepted and displayed in Pascal notation, including scalars, sets, arrays, records, and pointers. Complete interactive control displays your original source lines, including embedded comments. Breakpoints give statement numbers and procedure names, rather than octal addresses. The Debugger can show the program execution history including all stacked procedure calls. Should fatal errors occur, they are intercepted by the Debugger instead of ending your testing. For more information on our approach, ask for the complete OMSI Pascal VI. 2 Product Description. Oregon Software 2340 S.W. Canyon Road * Portland, Oregon 97201 • (503) 226-7760 « TWX 910-464-4779 , ,- ,' : ;. Z. ■ INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS ~™~™ Australia: Sydney; Network Computer Services 290-3677 Canada: Vancouver; Valley Software (604) 291-0651 England: Stafford; Hourds Computing Ltd. 0785-44221 Japan: Tokyo; Rikei Corporation 03-345-1411 given the hexadecimal value 0100. This is the beginning of the text storage area, purely an arbitrary choice. I selected 0100 since it is the start of CP/M's disk-SAVE area. SPSTAT is set to port 8 to indicate the status of my serial port. Whenever bit 6 is nonzero (tested by ANI MASK), a character is ready, and the next step is to read the serial data port (ie: SPDATA EQU 9). The received character is then stored in the memory location pointed to by the H and L registers. Bit masks and ports should be changed to match your particular configuration. SCREEN defines the output port as my IMSAI VIO-C video interface board. Whenever location F803 is called, the character which is in the A register will appear on the screen. Finally, BOOT calls hexadecimal address 0000, which is the reentry point for CP/M. Substitute your monitor entry point if you are not running CP/M. On non-CP/M systems you will, of course, need to use whatever tape- or disk-saving procedures are available to you. If this is difficult or undesirable, you might rewrite TRSZ2 so that it sends each character directly to the printer as it is received. In this case, the data-transfer rate must be adjusted to accommodate the slower peripheral device. Flexibility While the ability of the Cromemco Z-2 system to provide hard copy for the TRS-80 is a useful and economical feature, there are also many other advantages. On the Z-2 I am using Microsoft Extended Disk BASIC which will accept TRS-80 Level II programs, except for a few statements. The reverse is also true. It is possible and desirable to write a program on one machine, then send it to the other for whatever modification is necessary. The Z-2 also runs a Z80 assembler and debugger, which could be used to generate assembly-language pro- grams for the TRS-80. All of these will result in enormous flexibility of software design and utilization. ■ CP/M Users Group 2248 Broadway Suite 34 New York, NY 10024 Send $4 for membership and a catalog. 94 June 1930 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 61 on inquiry card. Time is precious Why lose it? PDP RY SUPPORTED NDAR CLOCKS -100 ■150 LSM1/2 1 ....... r.TCU-50D Multi-Bus||. ! .L..TCU-410 EXORcisor 3 ....'. TCU-68 HP2100 ......... TCU-2100 Lockheed SUE TCU-200 Naked Mini 4 TCU-310 $495 $460 $325 $325 $325 $395 $550 $385 If automatic and accurate date and time entry is important to your system on power-up — you need a Digital Pathways battery sup- ported calendar clock. All Digital Pathways' TCUs have on board NICAD batteries to maintain date and time during power down (typically up to 1 Trademark of Digital Equipment Corp. 2 Trademark of Intel Corp. 2 Trademark of Motorola Inc. ^Trademark of Computer Automation Inc. Serial Line Clock . SLC-1 -$640 (RS 232 or 20mA) Microprocessor controlled. Auto message intercept and response. 10 Digit display option $190. three months). Timing is provided by a crystal controlled oscillator. Prices are U.S. domestic single piece. Quantity discounts available. For more information on these timely products, contact: Digital Pathways Inc. 4151 Middlefield Road Palo Alto, CA 94306 Phone: (415) 493-5544 % ; ? DIGITAL PATHWAYS Circle 122 on inquiry card. BYTEJunel980 95 Communicating in Two Directions Mark R Titchener 40 Oxford St Room 230 Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 With the prices of microcomputer components becoming ever more attractive, the temptation to sprinkle terminals and peripherals throughout the house is becoming more difficult to resist. Since a computer is more flexible than a telephone, it's not unreasonable to have a bedside ter- minal (that wakes you in the morn- ing and reminds you of your appointment with the dentist), a ter- minal in the study for serious work, another remote terminal in the den for the kids to play with safely, and the main system residing in the base- ment workshop. The simultaneous and independent transmission of signals in opposing directions through a single line, as discussed here, has been done for years in communications systems (such as telephone links). I have not seen it applied to remote terminals or processors, so I present the idea along with some obvious applications. Theory of Matching Bridges In most systems the transmitters are simple current sources which, in the case of digital transmission, are switched on or off. Reception of the signals can be made by detecting the presence of a voltage across the nodes of a bridge, as shown in figure 1. In order for the output signal to be unaffected by the local transmitter, the bridge must be balanced. For a transmission line to handle data without reflection problems, the bridge network must terminate the line with an impedance that closely matches the line's impedance. By definition, the impedance of an ideal current source is infinite; but the receiver impedance must also be high. If the receiver draws too much cur- rent, it will affect the bridge balance and impedance. From the two conditions shown along with figure 1, it is a simple matter to derive the values Ri and R 2 , in terms of the characteristic impedance R . The relations derived are: R 2 = 2 Ro Ri = 2 / 3 Ro r<3 OUTPUT 1 C L<3 CX TRANSMISSION LINE 6EEEE--E3 m ) OUTPUT 2 TERMINAL A TERMINAL B Figure 1: The fundamental transmission scheme. Tl and T2 are current sources (ie: transmitters) which may be either on or off. Pro- per termination of the transmission line is accomplished by the selection of bridge impedances to fit the equation: 1-1 + Ro R 2 3 R 1 where R is the impedance of the transmission line. Solving this equation simultaneously with the bridge balancing equation: 1 = _J_ + _A_ R, Ro R 2 gives the exact resistance values required. 96 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Your micro -computer deserves the best in data base management Get the most out of your micro-computer. Use an advanced and progressive data management system. . .one with many large-computer features. . ,one designed to meet your present and future needs. HDBS is an extended hierarchical data base system offering 1 . fixed length records 2. file-level read/write protection 3. one-to-many set relationships MDBS is a full network data base system offered as an upgrade from HDBS. . .or it may be ideal as your initial system. Unique and versatile, it adds these features: 4. full network CODASYL-oriented data structures 5. variably length records 6. multiple levels of read/write protection 7. one-to-one, many-to-one, and many-to-many sets 8. non-redundancy of data, easy updating 9. occurrences of a record type may own other occurrences of the same type 10. a single set may have multiple owner and member record types MDBS-DRS. As an add-on to MDBS, the DRS system offers extraordinary flexibility in data base restructuring to meet new needs. 1 1 . Item, record, and set types can be added, deleted, or renamed in an existing data base as well as other data base characteristics. You can redesign the data base after it is already on-line! HDBS and MDBS Packages include: • DDL data definition language analyzer/editor • 260-page users manual • DMS data management routines callable from host language • Sample application program and DDL files • Relocator to re-org all routines • System specific manual for bringing up our software Both HDBS and MDBS Systems. . . Run under CP/M (and similar derivatives) with Microsoft BASICS, FORTRAN or COBOL; under North Star DOS with North Star BASIC; under TRSDOS or NEWDOS with TRS Disk BASIC and with Apple DOS and Applesoft BASIC. Machine language callable forms also available. b. Up to 254 record-types definable in the data base; each record-type may contain up to 255 item- types; each item-type may be up to 9,999 bytes in length. c. Names of data items, records, sets, and files are wholly user definable. d. Command to add, delete, update, search, and traverse the data base. e. Straightforward use of ISAM-like structures. f. Records can be maintained in several sorted orders. g. Written in machine language for maximum execution efficiency and minimal memory usage. h. Independent of types and sizes of disk drives. Support data base spread over several disk drives (max. 8); disks may be mini- or full-sized floppies or hard disks. i. Available in versions Z80 (requires approx. 18K), 6502 (approx. 26K), and 8080 (approx. 22K). Ordering and pricing information: HDBS - Z80 S250.00 HDBS - 6502 325.00 HDBS - 8080 325.00 HDBS/MDBS Manual 35.00 HDBS - Upgrade to MDBS 550.00 System Specific Manual (each) 5.00 For machine language callable forms, add $75.00 We accept Visa and Master Charge. When ordering, specify intended use with . . . 1. North Star DOS and BASIC 2. CP/M - Microsoft BASIC 4.XX 3. CP/M - Microsoft BASIC 5.XX MDBS - Z80 MDBS - 6502 MDBS- 8080 MDBS/HDBS Manual MDBS - DRS add-on MDBS - DRS Manual $750.00 825.00 825.00 3500 100.00 5.00 Add $2.50 handling fee for non-cash order ($5.00 outside U.S.) Indiana residents add 4%. 5. CP/M - Microsoft COBOL-80 6. TRSDOS and TRS Disk BASIC 7. NEWDOS and TRS Disk BASIC 8. CP/M - machine language callable form 4. CP/M - Microsoft BASIC Compiler 9. Apple DOS and Applesoft BASIC or FORTRAN-80 10. (Other versions coming) DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS j d © «... Write or call for free copy of 54-page "primer" on data base systems for micro-computers. Name (please print) Company City Zip Master Charge # Visa # Bank # Expr. date (either card) Finally, our software may cost a little more. . . but it's worth a lot more in quality and versatility. w Micro Dntn Hnse Systems, inc. Box 248, Lafayette, Indiana 47902 / 317-742-7388 Circle 63 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 97 SERIAL OUT <3 SERIAL IN O 75ft TRANSMISSION LINE 3 Figure 2: Typical bidirectional line-driver circuit designed for a 75-ohm transmission line. Capacitor marked with an asterisk has a value determined by the data-transfer rate. (See text.) ' New Features. Relocatable Object Modules. Reduced Compile Time. AND MORE! Meet our new, improved Pascal/Z™ The true Z-80 compiler that's 5-70 times faster than P-code, and produces ROMable re-entrant code for true multi-tasking capability. Our new compiler adds features like variant rec- ords, strings and random access. Also included are an improved macro-assembler that generates Microsoft- compatible relocatable object modules; a linker/loader and source on the full library. All six programs on a CP/M®-compatible disk, $395. (Other formats and OEM licenses available.) For more information, call or write. OoDfeo% v ste]oos T " Ithaca Intersystems. Inc., 1650 Hanshaw Road/RO. Box 91, Ithaca, NY 14850 • 607-257-01 90/TWX: 510 255 4346 © 1980. Ithaca Intersystems Inc. CP/M registered trademark of Digital Research For 75-ohm coaxial line, the values R 2 = 150 ohms and R t = 47 ohms would be about right. Slight im- balance in the bridge may be cor- rected as will be described lat* t. The impedance of the bridge and cable combination is effectively 73 ohms. It is obvious that some variation may be introduced by the tolerance of the resistors, so you may have to choose the resistors carefully. The Transmitter /Receiver Circuit With this configuration in mind, some other arbitrary specifications of the circuit can be chosen. The com- ponents specified in figure 2 will be unsuitable for cable impedances other than 75 ohms. The supply voltages were selected as those most likely to be available from the processor or terminal with which the circuit is to be used. In electrically noisy envi- ronments, it may be necessary to use higher transmission voltages to hide the interference, in which case higher supply voltages will be required. Using the 5 V supply, about 2 V is left as a suitable transmission voltage after biasing transistors Ql and Q2. (The transmission voltage actually varies depending on whether both 98 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 64 on inquiry card. SYNCHRO-SOUND The ORIGINAL Computer People who KNOW Computers and offer EVERYTHING you need in Small Computer Systems s «P£ft ""^a. TERMINALS ADDS Regent 25 Tex, LEARSIEGLER ADM 3A V ADM 31 ADM 42 Si* tPri, iracte ' ,0nal Pnnting ? 10 .&£»& or-ire^' ' oSST*^ f &&&& O/V^y $3095. s us/i " es sSys ft 'em HAZELTINE 1400 1410 1420 1500 1510 1520 Modi Edit \ COMPUTERS DIGITAL SYSTEMS I DSC 2 Dble. Density " Dual Drive Disk PRINTERS QUME Sprint 5/45 KSR 5/55 NORTHSTAR HORIZON II HORIZON II Quad -ar* CROMEMCO System 3 DECwriter IV LA 34 . 800 TELETYPE 43 ATARI 400 800 MORE SPECIALS CENTRONICS 779-2 | 703-0 700-2 730 0kidataSL125 $2595.00 0kidataSL300 2995.00 Persci277 1395.00 Integral Data Systems PaperTigerPrinter. . 895.00 lmsaiPCS80/15 .... 499.00 Televideo9l2,920. . . CALL Livermore Accoustic Coupler $195.00 Centronics MicroPrinter 349.00 5" Scotch Diskette Box 34.95 8" Scotch Diskette Box 39.95 MANY OF OUR PRICES ARE TOO LOW TO ADVERTISE. PLEASE CALL OR WRITE We carry a full line of Alpha-Micro Products. We have a full staff of Programmers and Computer Consultants to design, configure and deliver a Turnkey Computer System to meet your specific requirements. NCHRO-SOUND ENTERPRISES, IN *0NE ORDERS. CALL: New York 212/468-7067 Los Angeles-213/628-1808 Chieago-312/641-3010 DaUas-214/742-6090 Circle 65 on Inquiry card. No.13: Gourmet Goodies Software lor most popular 8080/ Z80* computer disk systems including NORTH STAR, iCOM, MICROPOLIS, DYNABYTE DB8/2 & DB8/4, EXIDY SORCERER, SD SYSTEMS, ALT AIR, VECTOR MZ, MECA, 8" IBM, HEATH H17& H89, HELIOS, IMSAI VDP42 & 44, REX, NYLAC, INTERTEC SUPER-BRAIN, VISTA V80 and V200, TRS-80* MODEL I and MODEL II, ALTOS, OHIO SCIENTIFIC, DIGI-LOG, KONTRON PSI80, IMS 5000 diskette formats and CSSN BACKUP cartridge tapes. ingle density disfieliei. res additional diskettes, diskette will be a ddo<}. lor software On CSSN CP/M* VERSION 2 FOR TRS-80 MODEL II NOW AVAILABLE win /Manual □ CP/M* FLOPPY DISK OPERATING SYSTEM - Digital Research's operating system configured lor many popular micro-computers and disk systems: System Version Price North Star Single Density 1.4 145/25 v North Star Double Density 1 .4. . . .145/25 North Star Double/Quad 2x 170/25 iCOM Micro-Disk 241 1 1.4. . . .145/25 iCOM 3712 14 170/25 v" (COM 3B12 1.4... .170/25 " Mils 3202/Altair BB00 1.4 145/25 Heath HB + H17 1.4. .. .145/25® Heath H89 1.4 145/25® Heath HB9 by Magnolia 1 .4 250/250 TRS-80 Model I 1.4 145/25® TRS-BO Model II 2. x. . . .170/25 Processor Technology Helios II ..1.4 145/25 Cromemco System 3 1.4. . . .145/25 Intel MDS Single Density 1.4 145/25 Intel MDS Single Density 2.x 170/25 Intei MDS BOO Double Density ...2x 200/25 Intel MDS 230 Double Density . . . 2.x. . . .200/25 Micropolis Mod I 1.4. .. .145/25 v Micropolis Mod II , 1.4 145/25 v The following configurations are scheduled for re- lease during the first hall of 1980: North Star Double/Quad + Corvus 2.x 250/25 North Star Horizon HD-1 2.x. .. .250/25 Ohio Scientific C3 2x.... 200/25 Ohio Scientific C3-B 2.x. . , .250/25 Ohio Scientific C3-C 2.x 250/25 Micropolis Mod II 2.x. .. .200/25 MostekMDXSTDBus System 2x 350/25 *• iCOM3B12 2.x 225/25 " iCOM 4511/Pertec D3000 2.x 375/25 • + TRS-80 Model II + Corvus 2.x 250/25 Software consists o/ the operating system, text edi- tor, assembler, debugger and other utilities lor Hie management and system maintenance. Complete set o/ Digital Research's documentation and additional implementation notes included. Systems marked ' and " include firmware on 2708 and 2776. Systems marked + include 5440 media charge. Systems marked ® require the special ® versions o/ software in this catalog. Systems marked v have minor variants available to suit conso/e interlace ot system. In- cludes hardware addition to allow our standard ver- sions ot software to run under it. Call or write lor lull list o/ options. □ MP/M* —Intel MDS single density only (Documenta- tion includes CP/M 20 manuals) S300/S50 □ Z80 DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE- Consists of; (1) disk ® file line editor, with global inter and intra-line facili- ties; (2) Z80 relocating assembler, Zilog/Mostek mne- monics, conditional assembly and cross reference table capabilities; (3) linking loader producing abso- lute Intel hex disk file S95/S20 □ ZDT — 260 Monitor Debugger to break and examine ® registers with standard Zilog/Mostek mnemonic dis- assembly displays. $35 when ordered with 280 Devel- opment Package S50/S1 □ XASM-68 - Non-macro cross-assembler with nested conditionals and full range of pseudo operations. As- sembles from standard Motorola MC6B00 mnemonics to Intel hex S200/S25 MICROSOFT □ BASIC-80 -Disk Extended BASIC, ANSI compatible © with tong variable names, WHILE/WEND, chaining. ® variable length file records S325/S25 □ BASIC COMPILER — Language compatible with © BASIC-80 and 3-10 times laster execution. Produces (Sh standard Microsoft relocatable binary output. In- eludes MACRO-80. Also linkable to FORTRAN-80 or COBOL-80 code modules S350/S25 D FORTRAN-80 - ANSI 66 (except for COMPLEX) plus © many extensions. Includes relocatable object com- ® piler, linking loader, library with manager. Also in- eludes MACRO-80 (see below) S425/S2S D COBOL-80 - Level 1 ANSI 74 standard COBOL plus © most of Level 2. Full sequential, relative, and in- ® dexed (He support with vaiiablo file names. STRING, UNSTRING, COMPUTE, VARYING/UNTIL, EXTEND, CALL, COPY. SEARCH, 3-dimensional arrays, com- pound and abbreviated conditions, nested IF. Power- ful interactive screen-handling extensions. Includes compatible assembler, linking loader, and relocat- able library manager as described under MACRO-80 S700/S25 D MACRO-80 - 8080/ZBO Macro Assembler. Intel and © Zilog mnemonics supported. Relocatable linkable @ output. Loader, Library Manager and Cross Refer- ence List utilities included S149/S15 O XMACRO-86 - 80B6 cross assembler. All Macro and © utility features of MACRO-80 package. Mnemonics slightly modified from Intel ASMB6. Compatibility data sheet available S275/S25 □ EDIT-80 - Very fast random access lext editor for text © with or without line numbers. Global and intra-line commands supported. File compare utility included. S89/S15 □ PASCAL/M* - Compiler generates P code from ex- © tended language, implementation of standard PAS- CAL. Supports overlay structure through additional procedure calls and the SEGMENT procedure type. Provides convenient string handling capability with the added variable type STRING. Untyped files allow memory image I/O. Specify 80B0. Z80 or Cromemco when ordering. Requires 56K CP/M S175/S20 D PASCAL/Z — Z80 native code PASCAL compiler. Pro- © duces optimized, ROMable re-entrant code. All inter- lacing to CP/M is through the support library. The package includes compiler, Microsoft Compatible re- locating assembler and linker, and source for all library moduies. Variant records, strings and direct I/O are supported. Requires 56K CP/M and 280 CPU. S395/S25 □ DISTEL - Disk based disassembler to Intel 8080 or TDL/Xitan 280 source code, listing and cross refer- ence files, Intel or TDL/Xitan pseudo ops optional. Runs on 8080 S65/S10 D DISILOG - As DISTEL to Zilog/Mostek mnemonic ® files. (Runs on 280 only i- S65/S10 D SMAL/80 Structured Macro Assembler Language — © Package of powerful general purpose text macro processor and SMAL structured language compiler. SMAL is an assembler language with IF-THEN-ELSE, LOOP-REPEAT-WHILE, DO-END, BEGIN-END con- structs S75/S15 □ tiny C - Interactive interpretive system lor teaching © structured programming techniques. Manual includes full source listings S105/S40 ] BDS C COMPILER — Supports most features of lan- t> guage, including Structures, Arrays, Pointers, recur- ) sive function evaluation, overlays. Includes linking loader, library manager, and library containing gen- eral purpose, file I/O, and floating point functions. -Lacks initializers, statics, floats and longs. Docu- 7 mentation includes "The C PROGRAMMING LAN- GUAGE" by Kernighan and Ritchie S125/S20 ] WHITESMITHS C COMPILER - The ultimate In sys- ) terns software tools. Produces faster code than a \ pseudo-code Pascal with more extensive facilities. Conforms to the full UNIX" Version 7 C language, de- scribed by Kernighan and Ritchie, and makes avail- able over 75 functions lor performing I/O. string manipulation and storage allocation. Linkable to Microsoft REL files. Requires 60K CP/M S630/S30 All Lifeboat programs require CP/M, unless otherwise stated. Softwai* / Software J with /Manual with /Manual Manual/ Atone Manual/ A Ion. MICROPRO □ SUPER-SORT 1 — Sort, merge, extract utility as abso- © lute executable program or linkable module in Micro- solt format. Sorts fixed or variable records with data in binary. BCD, Packed Decimal, EBCDIC, ASCII, floating & fixed point, exponential, field justified, etc. Even variable number of fields per record! . S225/S25 □ SUPER-SORT II — Above available as absolute pro- © gram only S175/S25 D SUPER-SORT III -As II without SELECT/EXCLUDE © S125/S25 □ WORD-STAR— Menu driven visual word processing © system for use with standard terminals. Text format- ting performed on screen. Facilities lor text paginate, page number, justify, center and underscore. User can print one document while simultaneously editing a second. Edit facilities include global search and replace, Read/Write to other lext files, block move, etc. Reouires CRT terminal with addressable cursor positioning S445/S40 □ WORD-STAR Customization Noles-For sophisticated users who do not have one of the many standard terminal or printer configurations in the distribution version of WORD-STAR .NA/S95 D WORD-MASTER Text Editor - In one mode has super- @ set of CP/M's ED commands including global search- ing and replacing, forwards and backwards in file in video mode, provides full screen editor lor users with serial addressable-cursor terminal S145/S25 □ KBASIC- Microsoft Disk Extended BASiC with all © KISS facilities, integrated by implementation of nine additional commands in language. Package includes KISS. REL as described above, and a sample mail list program S585/S45 To licensed users of Microsoft BASIC-80 (MBASIC) S435/S45 □ XYBASIC Interactive Process Control BASIC - Full disk BASIC leatures plus unique commands to han- dle bytes, rotate and shilt, and to test and set bits. Available in Integer, Extended and ROMable versions. Integer Disk or Integer ROMable S295/S25 Extended Disk or Extended ROMable S395/S25 □ BASIC UTILITY DISK - Consists ol: (1) CRUNCH-14 ® - Compacting utility to reduce the size and increase the speed of programs in Microsoft BASIC 4.51, BASIC-BO and TRS-BO BASIC. (2) DPFUN - Double precision subroutines lor computing nineteen trans- cendentat functions including square root, natural log, log base 10, sine, arc sine, hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic arc sine, etc. Furnished in source on diskette and documentation S50/S35 □ STRING/80 - Character string handling plus routines for direct CP/M BDOS calls from FORTRAN and other compatible Microsoft languages. The utility library contains routines that enable programs to chain to a COM file, retrieve command line parameters, and search file directories with full wild card lacilities. t/ PASCAL/MT - Subset of standard PASCAL. Gener- ates ROMable 8080 machine code. Symbolic debug- ger included. Supports interrupt procedures, CP/M file I/O and assembly language interface. Real vari- ables can be BCD, software floating point, or AMD 9511 hardware floating point. Version 3 includes Enumeration and Record data types. Manual explains BASIC to PASCAL conversion. Requires 32K f $250/530 ] ALGOL-60- Powerful block-structured language com- # piler featuring economical run-time dynamic alloca- tion of memory. Very compact (24K total RAM) sys- tem implementing almost all Algol 60 report features plus many powerful extensions including string han- dling direct disk address I/O etc. Requires 280 CPU S199/S20 ] CBASIC-2 Disk Extended BASIC - Non-Interactive i) BASIC with pseudo-code compiler and run-time in- terpreter. Supports lull file control, chaining, integer and extended precision variables, etc S120/S15 MICRO FOCUS □ STANDARD CIS COBOL - ANSI 74 COBOL stand- © ard compiler fully validated by U.S. Navy tests to ANSI level 1. Supports many features to level 2 in- cluding dynamic loading ol COBOL modules and a full ISAM file facility. Also, program segmentation, interactive debug and powerful interactive extensions to support protected and unprotected CRT screen formatting from COBOL programs used with any dumb terminal S850/S50 □ FORMS 2 - CRT screen editor. Output is COBOL data © descriptions for copying into CIS COBOL programs. Automatically creates a query and update program of indexed files using CRT protected and unprotected screen formats. No programming experience needed. Output program directly compiled by STANDARD CIS COBOL S200/S20 EIDOS SYSTEMS p < D KISS - Keyed Index Sequential Search. Offers com- © plete Multi-Keyed Index Sequential and Direct Ac- cess lire management. Includes built-in utility func- tions lor 16 or 32 bit arithmetic, string/integerconver- sion and string compare. Delivered as a relocatable linkable module in Microsoft format for use with FORTRAN-80 or COBOL-80, etc S335/S23 D STRING/80 source code available separately S295/NA □ THE STRING BIT - FORTRAN character string han- @ dllng. Routines to find, fill, pack, move, separate, concatenate and compare character strings. This package completely eliminates the problems asso- ciated with character string handling in FORTRAN. Supplied with source S65/S15 □ VSORT —Versatile sort/merge system lor fixed length ® records with fixed or variable length (ields. VSORT can be used as a stand-alone package or loaded and / iij called as a subroutine from CBASIC-2. When used as \(y _a subroutine, VSORT maximizes the use of buffer I /"''space by saving the TPA on disk and restoring it on completion of sorting. Records may be up to 255 bytes long with a maximum of 5 fields. Upper/lower case translation and numeric fields supported. S175/S20 □ CPM/374X - Has full range of functions to create or re-name an IBM 3741 volume, display directory infor- mation and edit the data set contents. Provides full file transfer facilities between 3741 volume data sets and CP/M files S195/S10 □ BSTAM — Utility to link one computer to another also ® equipped with BSTAM. Allows file transfers at lull data speed (no conversion to hex), with CRC block control check lor very reliable error detection and automatic retry. We use it! It's great! Full wildcard expansion to send *.COM, etc. 9600 baud with wire. 300 baud with phone connection. Both ends need one. Standard and® versions can talk to one another. S150/S5 □ WHATSIT?* Interactive data-base system using as- sociative tags to retrieve information by subject. Hashing and random access used for fast response. Requires CBASIC-2 S175/S25 □ SELECTOR III-C2 - Data Base Processor to create ® and maintain multi Key data bases. Prints formatted t sorted reports with numerical summaries or mailing labels. Comes with sample applications, including Sales Activity, Inventory, Payables, Receivables, Check Register, and Client/Patient Appointments, etc. /7 Requires CBASIC-2. Supplied in source . . .S295/S20 □ GLECTOR- Genoral Ledger option to SELECTOR III-C2. Interactive system provides for customized COA. Unique chart of transaction types insure proper double entry bookkeeping. Generates balance sheets, P&L statements and journals. Two year record allows for statement ol changes in financial position report. Supplied in source. Requires SELECTOR III-C2. CBASIC-2 and 52K system S250/S25 □ CBS — Configurable Business System is a compre- hensive set of programs for defining custom data files , and application systems without using a program- ,\n ming language such as BASIC, FORTRAN, etc. Mul- #1 _>Iiple key fields for each data file are supported. Set-up / 'program customizes system to user's CRT and printer. Provides last and easy interactive data entry and retrieval with transaction processing. Report genera- tor program does complex calculations with stored and derived data, record selection with multiple cri- teria, and custom formats. Sample inventory and mail- ing list systems included. No support language re- quired S295/S40 A / D POLYVUE/80 - Full screen editor lor any CRT with ® XY cursor positioning. Includes vertical and horizon- tal scrolling, interactive search and replace, auto- matic text wrap around for word processing, opera- tions for manipulating blocks of text, and compre- hensive 70 page manual S135/S15 □ POLYTEXT/80 - Text formatter for word processing ® applications. Justifies and paginates source text files. Will generate form letters with custom fields and conditional processing. Support lor Daisy Wheel printers includes variable pitch justilication and mo- tion optimization $85/515 □ TEXTWRITER III - Text formatter to justify and pagi- ® nate letters and other documents. Special features include insertion of text during execution from other disk files or console, permitting recipe documents to be created from linked fragments on other files. Has facilities for sorted index, table of contents and footnote insertions. Ideal for contracts, manuals, etc. Now compatible with Electric Pencil* prepared files. S125/S20 SA5/C MX^/^OX,! PEACHTREE SOFTWARE ' n GENERAL LEDGER - Records details of all financial © transactions. Generates a balance sheet and an in- t come statement. Flexible and adaptable design lor both small businesses and firms performing client writeup services. Produces reports as follows; Trial Balance. Transaction Registers, Balance Sheet, Prior Year Comparative Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Prior Year Comparative Income Statement and De- partment Income Statements. Interactive with other PEACHTREE accounting packages. Supplied in source code lor Microsoft BASIC S990/S30 □ ACCOUNTS PAYABLE -Tracks current and aged © payables and Incorporates a check writing feature, t Maintains a complete vendor file with information on purchase orders and discount terms as well as active account status. Produces reports as follows: Open Voucher Report, Accounts Payable Aging Report and Cash Requirements. Provides input to PEACHTREE General Ledger. Supplied in source code for Micro- soft BASIC S990/S30 D ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE- Generates invoice regis- © ter and complete monthly statements. Tracks current t and aged receivables. Maintains customer file includ- ing credit information and account status. The cur- rent status of any customer account is instantly avail- able. Produces reports as follows: Aged Accounts Receivable, Invoice Register, Payment and Adjust- ment Register and Customer Account Status Report. Provides input to PEACHTREE General Ledger. Sup- plied in source code for Microsoft BASIC . .S990/S30 Prices and specifications subject to change without notice. £^^ 0 tustitw, X0® "Percom has been manufacturing mini-disk storage systems for microcomputers since 1977 when we introduced the 35-track, single-drive LFD-400™. Now we produce 1-, 2- and 3-drive systems in 40- and 77 -track versions, a multi-density MEGABASE™ system and a host of accessories and software. "Volume not only means experience in critical production and testing operations, it also means we can offer superior design features, extra testing and qualified backup support at very competitive prices. "I know of no other microcomputer disk system manufacturer who even begins to offer the broad spectrum of disk equipment and programs available from Percom/' "So before you buy a mini-disk system for your 6800, 6809 or TRS-80 * computer, take a good look at what the people at Percom have to offer/' Harold Mouch President, Percom Data Company Percom disk systems start at only $399.00. Disk systems and other quality Percom products are available at computer dealers nationwide. Call toll-free, 1-800-527-1592, for the locations of dealers in your area, or to order direct. PERCOM PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. 211 N. K1RBY GARLAND, TEXAS 75042 1214) 272-3421 PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. TM trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc. *trademarK of Tandy Radio Shack Corporation which has no relationship to Psrcom Data Company. 104 BYTE June 1980 "From an efficient lK-byti control system DOS to high level languageslsuch as FORTRAN and Pascal, no other microcomputer disk systems manufacturer provides the range and quality of development and] application programs available from Percom." ;ilKlill» -fm j 1 ; ¥■ -& sill lonnie is running a 'cats eye' test on a mini-disk drive I to check radial track alignment. Drive motor- speed tjjming and sensor alignment tests have already been performed. Disk formatting anH format verification tests are next. These measurements are part of the ; 100% testing eveny single unit receives.' 1 "Whether you call about a shipping date or askla tough technical question, you get a competent courteous answer. Outstanding customerlservice is a hallmark of Percom." "Richard's making final changes to a disk controller which will allow Percom drives to be used with yet another computer. We \m constantly developing and introducing 'new products that extend nd enhance the value of Percom systems." "Slipping a circuit board through the eyb of a needle would be easier than slipping a cold solder join! past Beverly. These are four-drive LFD-400/800 disk system controllers she's inspecting." ] _J __ * - /: Circle 67 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 105 SYSTEM A SYSTEM B SYSTEM C ADDRESS DATA IT TT DATA 1P 1 — 2651 It TRUE DO; {WAIT} INLINE f'LOA / $F0CO / "ST A / S309BJ; {OJB CODE} END; PROCEDURE INTERRUPT [RTC VECTOR] RTC ISR; BEGIN {INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE} GET SAMPLE [* EVERY SECOND *] INCREMENT TIME OF DAY END; BEGIN NOW. SECONDS: = 0; NOW. MINUTES: = 0; NOW. HOURS: INLINE ["MVI A, / S3E / "SIM {B0B5}]; {START CLOCK} GET SAMPLE; {TAKE FIRST SAMPLE} WHILE NOW. HOURS <> 3 00; {SAMPLE FOR 3 HOURS} END. {AT END RETURN TO OPERATING SYSTEM} Features a SYMBOLIC debugger which allows variable display and breakpoints. Supports I/O port access and interrupt procedures. Contains bit and byte manipulation facilities. Minimum overhead of 1.25K bytes. Includes business and scientific arithmetic. Price: $250 : Business & Scientific Compilers, Runtime Source, Debugger, User's Manual S> 30 : Manual Only, refundable with purchase of total package VISA master charge MT micro SYSTEMS 1 562 Kings Cross Drive Cardiff, CA 92007 [71 4] 753-4856 We ship on 8" single density floppies ® PASCAL/MT tradename of MT MICROSYSTEMS, CP/M trademark of Digital Research OTHER DISK FORMATS: LIFEBOAT [212] 580-0082, FMG [817] 294-2510 Circle 69 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 109 Circle 70 on inquiry card. ! SOUND EFFECTS ! GUNSHOTS! PHASERS! MUSIC! "OUTER SPACE NOISES" AND MUCH MORE... with the ads S-100 BUS and nOrtEITlxKE^ u © APPLE II BUS™- BOARDS USE THE Gl AY 3-8910 TO PRODUCE SOUND EFFECTS UNDER SOFTWARE CONTROL • On board audio amp • Breadboard area with +5, gnd • Tone generators, noise source • Envelope generator, I/O ports FULL MANUAL INCLUDES: Construction notes, software examples, full notes on AY 3-8910 schematic, parts list, etc. P.C. board soldermasked, gold contacts, parts silkscreen NEW FEATURES!!!! noisemaker (S-100 Bus) Now, TWO on board audio amps for stereo, and on board wait state logic for 4MHz systems ATTENTION APBLE II™- USERS! Assembled & tested noisejnaker II now available at $79.95! plus $1.50 shipping & handling noisemaker P.C. board & manual $34.95 + 500 shipping noisemaker II P.C. board & manual $34.95 + 500 shipping Please specify which version when ordering. Illinois residents add sales tax "Apple is trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Write for details on the new ADS sound effects interpreter, the "Sound Writer" ads Ackerman Digital Systems, Inc. 110 N. York Rd., Suite 208 Elmhurst, Hi. 60126 (312) 530-8992 110 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc for the following functions: • Store the membership file. • Update record 57. • Add new member number 108. • Delete record 12. • Print a membership list for the entire club. If the access method is sequential, the file will occupy eighteen sectors of storage (4 X 18 = 72). To read and then update record 57, the fifteenth sector must be obtained. When using a sequential-access method, the preceding fourteen sectors must be read, giving a total of fifteen read operations and one write operation. Adding a record past the current end of file entails first reading the entire data set (eighteen reads) and then ex- ecuting a write. Deleting record 12 implies rewriting every record from record 13 to the end of the file. Since the point of deletion has to be read first, every sector is read, and sectors 13 thru 18 are written. Finally, print- ing a membership list simply involves eighteen read operations. (This data is summarized in table 1.) Suppose you choose to access the membership file using a random- access file. Since the I/O package reads sectors from the disk, it will make a one-to-one correspondence between the sector of a record and a Sequential File Random File Address Record Record Address Record Record Key Data Key Data 001 003 DDDDDDDD 001 (empty) 002 005 DDDDDDDD 002 (empty) 003 007 DDDDDDDD 003 003 DDDDDDDD 004 (empty) 004 (empty) 005 (empty) 005 005 DDDDDDDD 006 (empty) 006 (empty) 007 (empty) 007 007 DDDDDDDD Figure 1: Data organization in sequential-access and random-access files. In a sequential file, data records are stored physically adjacent to each other; this saves storage space, but the entire file must be rewritten if a new record is inserted. In a random file, data records are stored with respect to the record's key. This requires a larger initial invest- ment in storage space but allows new records to be inserted without rewriting the entire file. INDEX SE.CT0R 1 | ) INDEX HIGH KEY SECTOR HIGH KEY SECTOR HIGH KEY SECTOR HIGH KEY SECTOR FILE 004 01 008 02 068 017 072 018 SECTOR 01 PRIME RECORD 1 RECORD 2 RECORD 3 RECORD 4 FILE KEY 001 DATA KEY 002 DATA KEY 003 DATA KEY 004 DATA SECTOR 02 RECORD 1 RECORD 2 RECORD 3 RECORD 4 KEY 005 DATA KEY 006 DATA KEY 007 DATA KEY 008 DATA SECTOR 18 RECORD 1 RECORD 2 RECORD 3 RECORD 4 KEY 069 DATA KEY 070 DATA KEY 071 DATA KEY 072 DATA Figure 2: Structure of an ISAM file. The ISAM file presented is actually two files. The prime file contains a series of contiguous physical records, each of which contains a number of logical records. (Here, one physical record equals one disk sector.) All the logical records contained within one physical record are in ascending-key sequence for the file. The second file, the index file, provides an index of physical records in ascending-key sequence. Together, these two files allow the ISAM file to be in ascending-key sequence without the use of the random-access method. ALMOST FEKFEC. The MAGK WANd is the most powerful, most flexible, most reliable, most usable word processing software available for a CP/M-based computer. That's not bragging. That's just telling it like it is. The MAGIC WAND is the best word processing software ever written for a microcomputer. It can do more work in less time with higher quality than any other product you can buy. The MAGIC WAND is a rock solid piece of software. The command structure is simple and logical and complete. We have not tossed in features without thought to the overall design of the package. Nor have we included any feature that is not thoroughly implemented. The programs are crash-proof and completely reliable. And the system is supported by whatwe are told is the best user's manual ever pro- duced for microcomputer software. It contains a step-by-step instructional pro- gram designed for the novice. The trainee uses sample files from the system disk and compares his work to simulated screens and printouts in the manual. Support doesn't stop when you buy the package. As a registered user, you receive our bi-monthly newsletter which answers questions, reports upgrades and teaches new applications of the MAGIC WAND. It's through a lot of hard work that we are able to offer you a product that is "almost perfect," but we aren't about to stop working until we can say that the MAGIC WAND/s perfect. Full screen text editing The MAGIC WAND has probably the most responsive and easy-to-use editor avail- able for either a serial or DMA terminal. It uses only single stroke control keys to give command and takes advantage of the special function keys on your terminal whenever possible. In addition, you can set up library fileswith coded sectionsthat you can merge by section name. Full text formatting commands The MAGIC WAND allows you to set the left, right, top and bottom margins, page length, indentation, paragraph indenta- tion, (incuding "hanging" paragraphs), text left flush, right flush, justified (two ways), literal or centered, variable lineand pitch settings, variable spacing (including half lines), boldface, underlining (solid or broken), conditional hyphenation, sub- and superscripting. You may change any of these commands at run-time without reformatting the file. Merging with external data files You may access any external data file, with either fixed length or sequential records. The MAGIC WAND converts the record into variables that you define and can use like any other variable. Of course, you may use the data for automatic form letter generation. But you can also use it for report generation. Variables You may define up to 128 variables with names of up to seven characters. The cur- rent value of a variable may be up to 55 characters, and you may print it at any point in the text without affecting the cur- rent format. Although the MAGIC WAND stores the variables as strings, you may also treat them as integer numbers or for- mat them with commas and a decimal point. You may increment or decrement numeric variables or use them in format- ting commands. Conditional commands You may give any print command based on a run-time test of a pre-defined condi- tion. The conditional test uses a straight- forward IF statement, which allows you to test any logical condition of a variable. You may skip over unneeded portions of the file, select specific records to print, store more than one document in a single file, etc. True proportional printing The MAGIC WAND supports proportional print elements on NEC, Diablo and Qume printers. Other formatting commands, including justified columns, boldface, underline, etc., are fully functional while using proportional logic. Available on 8" soft-sectored and 5 1/4" Northstar or Micropolis (hard or soft sectored) diskettes, as well as ONYX hard disk. Terminalssupported include— ADDS. Beehive. Crorn'emco. Dynabyte, Hazeltine. Heath. Imsai, Intertec. Lear Siegler, Microterm Act V. Perkin Elmer. Sol VDM1, Soroc, TEC. TEL Televideo, TRS80 Mod II. Vector Graphics, plus a variety of video boards. Also available in OASIS stuaM business applications, lac. 3220 Louisiana • Suite 205 • Houston, Texas 77006 • 713-528-5158 Circle 71 on inquiry card. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corp BYTE June 1980 111 person's membership number. This means that the random-access method will start'! by costing 999 sec-' tors of storage, ine sector for each possible membership number. Multi- ple records per sector are not possible with this addressing scheme, so 75% of each sector is unused (one sector could hold four records). Once this price Has been paid, the rest seems fairly , simple. Reading record 57 costs the user one I/O operation, as does writing to update the record. The addition of recorcj 108 takes just one < write operation since the disk space is already there. A deletion, though;, raises some in- teresting questions for a random- access file. The sector icannot be elim- inated from the disk, so it must be written over with a standard pattern to indicate that the slot is empty. This implies that the I/O package (or pro- gram) must recognize the pattern that indicates an empty record. Because all records are empty before the file is created, a formatting program must be run to create 999 empty records before the first real record can be add- ed to the random file. The use of random access also sets a physical limit to the size of the file — that is, to a maximum of 999 en- tries. Will the club ever grow beyond 999 members? If it does not, this ap- proach is fine. But if there is a possibility of having more than 999 members in the club, the key size must be changed and the allocation for the random-access file must be in- creased to 9999 sectors. Producing a membership list from this random file means that every sec- tor in the data set must be read unless you know the highest key currently assigned. Even if you know that the highest key is 108, you will have to execute a minimum of 108 read op- erations. Again, these figures are given in table 1. If ISAM is chosen as the access method, the records can be stored four to a sector (the content of a sec- tor is sometimes called a block). However, you must build an index file to tie the record's key to its physical location. (A good I/O package will create the index file automatically.) Records in the index file will consist of the highest key from the records in a given sector and the physical address (or sector number) of that sector. There are only eighteen index records, since only eighteen sectors are needed to save seventy-two records. These eigh- teen sectors are called prime blocks. The index records are small enough to fit in one sector of the storage device. Getting back to the evaluation questions in table 1, an update of record 57 involves reading the index (which can be done with one read operation), searching the index records until there is a high or equal compare, then reading the prime sec- tor that corresponds to the sector number from the index. The sector from the prime file is then rewritten, but it is not necessary to update the index sector (which stays the same). Adding record 108 involves reading the index sector and updating it as well as writing a new prime sector. Record 12 is deleted by locating the logical record, writing over it with a predetermined pattern, and updating the corresponding index record so that it contains a high key value of 11. Printing a membership list calls for accessing the index and reading each of the eighteen prime sectors. A summary of these results for an ISAM file are given in table 1. Most readers will notice that a situ- ation where a new record is added between two existing records has not yet been discussed. This was done deliberately so that ISAM's basic features could be reviewed. Now we must look at overflow. Overflow processing is unique to ISAM files and can cause a tremen- dous increase in the number of I/O operations necessary to access ISAM records. Since fast response time is one ' of the attractive features of ISAM, overflow will be discussed in some detail. (Please note that there are several ways to implement ISAM, all of which involve overflow pro- cessing of some kind. Although the guidelines that will be developed are based on a detailed consideration of one implementation, the general prin- Characteristic Sequential Random ISAM (Indexed- Access Access Sequential . 1 Method Method Access I Method) Number of sectors used for storage 18 999 19 Number of I/O operations to update record 57 16 2 3 , Number of I/O operations to add record • 1 108 19 1 3 Number of I/O operations to delete record i'12 34 1 4 Number of I/O operations to print member- ships lists 18 108 19 Software must be able to recognize a delated record? no yes yes Must run disk formatting program? no yes no Maximum file size device 999 device i limit limit Table 1: Comparison of disk-access methods. Using the example of a file containing seventy-two records, the characteristics listed here point up the relative strengths and weaknesses of each method. Action Read Index file Read Overflow Block 019 Read Overflow Block 017 Read Overflow Block 009 Read Overflow Block 001 (Key 266 in overflow block 1 is high) Write 252 as Overflow Block 020 ! Read Overflow Block 009 again (Change Block 9 Link Field to 020) Write Updated Overflow Block 009 \ I/O Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Table 2: Processing a record that is in the overflow file of an ISAM file. Given the problem of writing a new record with a key of 252 to an ISAM file as represented in figure 6, this table lists the sequence of events necessary to add the new record, which will go into the overflow file between the records with keys 250 and 266. 112 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 72 on inquiry card. s npin .jjp^pM ■^ ,/. r/:.=;. : .\... . - ■" is born! , ■ *-,/,,,» ,-;:, a better computer system any way you look at it. The facts speak for themselves. The QUAY 500 SERIES offers more for the money than North Star Horizon computers. MORE TECHNICAL FEATURES. A single board computer in- stead of a backplane with multiple boards, means fewer parts, fewer interconnections and fewer problems □ additional disk capacity for more program storage □ DMA controlled disk transfers for increased system performance D on-board expan- sion capabilities for additional parallel and serial ports, and EPROM □ AC convenience outlets D a more compact design. IMMEDIATE DELIVERY. The 500 SERIES is available off the shelf for virtually immediate delivery. No waiting for far off de- livery dates for this one. LOWER PRICE. The advanced technology engineered into Quay computers actually lowers our cost to manufacture. The price of the 500 SERIES is about 20% lower than the Horizon-2-32K-D — and our 520 SERIES also offers significant savings over the Horizon-2-32K-Q. The bottom line is simple. There is a new star in the computer field. The 500 SERIES by Quay. It out- shines all of the competi- tion. COMPARE FOR YOURSELF: Advanced single board modular design. SPECIFICATION QUAY 500 H0RIZ0N-2-32K-D Architecture Single Board S100 bus CPU Z80A, 4MHz. Same Dynamic RAM (std/max) 32/64 Kb. Same Disk drive type Doubledensity Same No. of drives (std/max) 2/4 Same Capacity per drive (on-line) 200 Kb. 180 Kb. Direct Memory Access (DMA) Yes No CP/M S disk operating system Standard Optional Unit Price $2,500. $3,095. SPECIFICATIONS QUAY 520 H0RIZ0N-2-32K-Q Disk drive type Quad density Same Capacity per drive (on-line) 400 Kb. 360 Kb. Unit Price $3,200. $3,595. The QUAY500 offers technical superiority— availability —a $2,500 price! CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digital Research QUASI CORPORATION P.O. Box 386, Freehold, New Jersey 07728 ■ (201) 681-8700 Factory: Route 34, Wall Township, New Jersey 07719 DISTRIBUTOR AND REPRESENTATIVE INQUIRIES WELCOME ciples will apply to all ISAM im- plementations.) One of the advantages of ISAM is that records whose keys differ greatly may occupy physically adjacent loca- tions in the storage medium. For ex- ample, it is perfectly proper to have the ISAM prime block illustrated in figure 3. The index entry for this sec- tor would carry 266 as the highest key entry. Suppose that record 200 is to be added. If this record is written in its normal place, something must be done with record 266, as there can be only four records in a block. If 266 is relocated to the next block, the highest record in that block will be bumped, and so on. Bumping records in this manner would increase the ac- cess time significantly by necessitat- ing the rewriting of the entire prime file from the point of addition on (as in a sequential file). Because access speed is one of the reasons for con- sidering ISAM, this approach is usually avoided by writing bumped records into an overflow file. In addi- tion, the format of the ISAM index record is modified to indicate the presence and address of any overflow entries. Figure 4 presents the disk file example with the extensions neces- sary to add record 200 to an overflow file. The pointer in the overflow field of the index is the address of the sector in the overflow file that contains the next record with a key that is higher than the prime block high key. In figure 4, the next record higher than 250 is found in overflow sector 1; ap- parently record 266 was the first overflow to occur for the prime file. Each record in the overflow file consists of the key of the record, its data, and a link field. The link field contains a pointer to the next higher record in overflow associated with this particular disk sector. If more records are added to the original sec- tor, the link fields in the overflow file form a chain of records displaced from the prime file. Suppose records with keys of 210 and 218 are added to the ISAM file on different days. Figure 5 shows how the blocks in the three files would appear. The overflow pointer in the index record has changed to a value of 017, while the overflow key remains at 266. This shows three things: that there is an overflow chain for this set of prime records; that the highest key INDEX SECTOR 1 INDEX FILE HIGH KEY SECTOR 37 PRIME FILE SECTOR 37 RECORD A RECORD B RECORD C RECORD D KEY 198 DDDDDDDD KEY 222 DDDDDDDD KEY 250 DDDDDDDD KEY 266 DDDDDDDD Figure 3: A valid physical record in an ISAM file. Since an ISAM file does not require saving disk space for every possible key, records with nonadjacent keys can be adjacent in the file. If, for example, the record with key 252 were to be added to this file, this physical record would be rewritten with record 252 in the place of record 266. Record 266 would then be written in the overflow area for this physical record. in the chain is 266; and that the chain starts with overflow block 017. In this example, the overflow chain has three entries. If a record is added whose key is greater than the highest key currently in the prime area, then that record is written at the end of the overflow file. The index and overflow link values are altered to put the new record in its proper place. For example, if record 220 is added, the prime block remains unchanged while the overflow and in- dex blocks are modified as shown in figure 6. The overflow records have three distinct characteristics. First, they are not in key sequence. Second, the records are not blocked. Third, the overflow records do not have the same format as the non-overflow records (link fields are present). Although there is only one overflow chain for each prime block, the chain may have multiple entries. In order to access an ISAM record, the program may have to "walk" along an overflow chain until it finds the desired record. Any such overflow processing adds tremen- dously to the number of I/O opera- tions executed during a retrieval. If the files looked like those in figure 6, it would take just two I/O operations to read record 198 (one read of the in- dex file and a read of the prime file). However, retrieving record 266 takes five read operations, four of which are overflow reads. The processing necessary to add record 252 near the end of the overflow chain is listed in table 2. ( INDEX SECTOR 1 J V DISK OVERFLOW V INDEX / HIGH KEY SECTOR HIGH KEY SECTOR / FILE T 250 037 266 001 > 1 ■ f 1 ' ' SECTOR 37 RECORD A NEW RECORD RECORD B RECORD C PRIME FILE KEY DATA KEY DATA KEY DATA KEY DATA 198 DDDDDDDD 200 NNNNNNNN 222 DDDDDDDD 250 DDDDDDDD ' ■ ^ OVERFLOW SECTOF 1 OVERFLOW RECORD D FILE KEY DATA LINK 266 DDDDDDDD 000 Figure 4: Index entry for a given physical record in an ISAM file. Along with the pointer to the physical record (here, a disk sector), a pointer must be established to the first record in the overflow area that belongs to the current physical record. When record 200 is added to the file here, it bumps record 266 out of the same physical record. Record 266 is placed in the overflow file with a' pointer to it from the index entry. 114 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc IDS Announces S-100 Energy Management Module The 100-EMM Energy Management Module provides temperature measurement at four separate locations indoors or out; monitors eight (8) doors, windows, or fire sensors; controls six external devices via relay or op- toislator; and provides an intrusion alarm with battery backup (alarm operates even during primary powerout- ages). Put the 1 00-EMM to use in your home or business and claim a 30% tax credit for the cost of your S-1 00 computer system including the 1 00-EMM. (Purchasing the 1 00-EMM can actually save you several times its cost in tax credits. Full instructions for filing are included in the 100-EMM manual.) BUY THIS S-100 BOARD AND GET UP TO A 30% TAX CREDIT BASED ON THE COST OF YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEM! 100-EMM Energy Management Module Assembled and Tested $395.00 Kit $345.00 Options for 100-EMM: CP-52 Cable Panel - Terminates two 26-conductor flat cables in 26 screwlugs. Use it for convenient interconnection of the 1 00-EMM to the "outside world". $45.00 C ABL-26-STD 26-Conductor Flat Ribbon Cable - Four feet in length with connectors for 1 00-EMM and CP-52 above. $35.00 Other lengths available on special order. Add $1.00 per foot. OTHER PRODUCTS FROM IDS. The most complete source of S-100 compatible modules for process con- trol, data acquisition, energy management, and data communications. 88-MODEM S-100 ORIGIN ATE/ ANSWER MODEM WITH AUTO- DIALER. Software selectable baudrate provides any baudrate from 66- 600 baud. Provides 1.5 stop bits when operated in 5-bit code mode. Auto-answer programs available for CROMEMCO CDOS, CP/M, North Star Horizon and MDS, and Alpha Micro. Assembled and Tested $395.00 Kit $245.00 88-UFC UNIVERSAL FREQUENCY COUNTER Four software selected inputs. Measure frequency from O-650 MHz and period from .luS to 1 Second. Extensive software in- cluded. Assembled and Tested $299.00 Kit $199.00 Temperature- Compensated Crystal Oscillator option $145.00 88-SAI SYNCHRONOUS/ASYNCHRONOUS INTERFACE The most versatile serial interface on the market. Computer ac- cess/control of all data and handshake lines and provision for masked interrupts, inversion of any input or output signal, and onboard baudrate generation for 110, 134.5, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, and many other baud rates. Many more features. Assembled and Tested $299.00 Kit $199.00 88-SPM TIME OF DAY CLOCK with battery backup. Set the clock with three out instructions: no delays! Programs included in North Star BASIC, CBASIC, and 8080 assembly language. Assembled and Tested with crystal option $199.00 Kit less crystal option $99.00 Crystal Option Kit $25.00 88-RCB RELAY CONTROL BOARD 1 6 Relays on one board. Control appliances, production equip- ment, or even musical instruments (See BYTE Magazine Sept 1977 page 12) Assembled and Tested $299.00 Kit $199.00 INTERNATIONAL DATA SYSTEMS, INC. Mailing Address: Post Office Box 17269 Dulles International Airport Washington, DC 20041 Telephone (703)661-8442 Shipping Address: 400 West Service Road, Suite 130 Dulles International Airport Washington, DC 20041 USA TELEX 901112 IDS CTLY Circle 73 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 115 This brief description of the I/O operations associated with processing overflow chains indicates why ISAM overflow processing must be avoided at all costs. There is no more certain way of slowing down a program than to force it to process long overflow chains. Each record in the overflow file consists of the key of the record, its data, and a link field. Since it is fairly common to add new records to an existing file, some overflow is bound to occur. How can this overflow be removed? Many ISAM I/O packages provide a utility program that will reorganize an ISAM file — that is, rewrite the entire file so that all records are written into the prime disk file. After reorganiza- tion, the overflow file is empty and all delay associated with overflow records is eliminated. If such a utility is not available, a program to do the reorganization may have to be created. The obvious next question is, "When should an ISAM file be reorganized?" Unfortunately, there is no precise answer. One guideline used in the past by this author is as follows: an ISAM file should be reorganized whenever the file response time increases by more than 30%, or whenever more than 20% of the records in the file are stored in overflow. The first part of this guideline im- plies that there must be some way of measuring response time, even if it is subjective. There also must be some- one assigned to a monitoring func- tion. The second part suggests that there should be another utility pro- gram that will give certain informa- tion about an ISAM file. It must at least show the ratio of prime to overflow storage, and it might also tell the number of blocks that have overflow chains and the number of entries in each chain. Now some criteria may be established for judging whether ISAM is appropriate for a given ap- plication. First, you must be certain that reorganization and diagnostic utilities are available (or that the user is willing to create them). It is difficult to see how ISAM files can be con- sidered without such utilities unless very few records will ever be added to the file. Next, see if the other two access methods can be eliminated. Is the se- quential access method really too slow? What kind of response is re- quired (not just desired) for this ap- plication? If rapid response (less than 1 second) to the user is a requirement, then sequential files are probably eliminated. Of course, this judgement has to be made on an application by application basis: if an inventory system is being designed, it is reasonable to require a reasonably prompt response to an inventory question. On the other hand, the need for immediately answered inquiries to a membership file for the computer club is less obvious. To evaluate the random-access method, the keys to the file should be examined. Can a unique key be assigned that will translate to a physical address? If this key is alphanumeric and of any length, the number of possible key values may easily exceed the storage capacity. Even if the key is numeric, the range may be larger than the storage. In either case, the pure random-access approach is usually impractical. If both sequential and random files are impractical, consider ISAM files. First, establish the approximate size and growth rate for the file. Once the system is fully operational, how many records are expected to be stored in this file? How often are rec- ords added to the file? Are they added uniformly with respect to time, or is there a particular period when there will be rapid growth for this file? For example, you expect a marked dif- ference in the growth pattern for an inventory file for an auto parts store as opposed to an inventory file for a toy store, especially during the Christmas season. Rapid, irregular growth of an ISAM file indicates ra- pid growth of the overflow file; if computer time is limited, there may be potential problems with schedul- ing the file's reorganizations. In connection with reorganizing the file, two questions must be asked. How long will it take to reorganize the full file? Can the user permit this file to be unavailable to him for the INDEX SECTOR 1 INDEX FILE DISK HIGH KEY 218 SECTOR 037 PRIME FILE OVERFLOW HIGH KEY SECTOR SECTOR 37 RECORD A KEY DATA NEW RECORD KEY DATA NNNNNNNN NEW RECORD KEY 210 DATA NNNNNNNN NEW RECORD KEY 218 DATA NNNNNNNN OVERFLOW SECTOR 1 RECORD D KEY DATA LINK 266 DDDDDDDD 000 (END OF -* OVERFLOW FOR SECTOR 37) OVERFLOW FILE OVERFLOW SECTOR 17 RECORD B KEY 222 DATA LINK 009 OVERFLOW SECTOR 9 RECORD C KEY 250 DATA DDDDDDDD 001 Figure 5: Multiple-overflow records associated with a physical record. When more than one logical record originally from a given physical record is pushed into overflow, the records are threaded together in ascending-key sequence as presented. The overflow in- dex points to the first overflow record. Each overflow record points to its successor, with a pointer of 000 indicating the end of the string of records. 116 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc *« ^ MPI MODEL 88T IMPACT MATRIX PRINTER The first of a series of new, full-capability, low cost, high performance printers designed by MPI to meet the requirements of the general use computer market - hobbyist or professional. SPECIFICATIONS • Impact Bidirectional •7x7 Dot Matrix • lOO Characters Per Second • 80, 96 and 132 Column • lO Lines Per Second • Tractor and Friction Feed • Normal Paper. Roll. Fan-fold or Cut Sheets • 115/230 VAC ±10%. 50/60 Hz. • 96 ASCII Upper and Lower • RS232C. 20 ma. Current Loop • 110-1200 BAUD • 2 Line Buffer; 1 or 2 K Optional • Centronics Parallel • 41x27x16 cm; 7 Kg. Sigma International, Inc. is master international distributor for MPI and seeks dealers/distributors worldwide. Please write us on your letterhead at the following address: SIGMA INTERNATIONAL, INC. P.O.Box 1118 SCOTTSDALE.AZ 85252 USA Tel. (602) 994-3435 Tlx. 1 65-745 Sigma Cable: SIGMAS LRC EATON MODEL 7000+ IMPACT PRINTER Simple Design Simple Maintenance Simple Interfacing to: - Apple - Pet - TRS-80 - Exidy -OSI and many other personal computers The 7000+ was designed to provide the per- sonal computer user with an inexpensive, yet reliable printer. Take a look - you won't regret it! SPECIFICATIONS • Impact Unidirectional • Standard Paper Rolls • 125 LPS; 50 CPS • lOO Million Character Printhead • 40 or 64 Column Life (minimum) • 5x7 Dot Matrix • 6 LPI Line Spacing Substantial Dealer Discounts are Available. OEM inquiries are invited. Please contact: SIGMA INTERNATIONAL, INC. P.O. Box 1118 SCOTTSDALE.AZ 85252 USA Tel. (602) 994-3435 Tlx. 165-745 Sigma Cable: SIGMAS MICROCOMPUTERHANDLER WIR LADEN EIN! Hahdeln Sie als Wiederverkaufer mit Microcomputer- systemen und Peripheriegeraten und sehen sich daher gezwungen. mit den imrner noch uberhohten Preisen Jhrer jetzigen Lief eranten zu kalkulieren? Dann wahlen Sie doch den einf acheren Weg und beziehen direkt aus den USA! Sigma ist weltweiter Lieferant fuhrender amerikanischer Hersteller und offeriert Preise und Service, wie sie Ihnen keine andere Quelle bieten Unter anderem verkaufen wir Gerate der Firmen: Base 2 Impact Data North Star Centronics Industrial Micro Ohio Scientific Century Data Integral Data PerSci Control Data Konan Qume Exidy LRC Eaton Soroc Hazeltine Micro Peripherals Tele video Houston Inst. N.E.C. Texas Instruments Wir laden Sie daher ein, kostenlos unsere neueste' Preisliste anzuf ordern, und Sie werden feststellen, dass Sie wesentlich gunstiger kaufen konnen. Bitte schreiben Sie - auf Kopfbogen - an folgende Adresse: ^ Sigma SIGMA INTERNATIONAL, INC. P.O.Box 1118 SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85252 USA Tel. (602) 994-3435 Tlx. 165-745 Sigma Cable: SIGMAS IMPACT DATA MODEL 801 THE HEAVY DUTY WORKHORSE AT THE AFFORDABLE PRICE. •7x7 Impact Dot Matrix • 132 CPS (max.) • 96 Character Upper/Lower ASCII • 8.0 in. (20.3 cm) Line Length • 80 or 96 Columns • 6 LPI Line Spacing • Tractor or Friction Feed • 127 Character Buffer - 2 K Optional • Feed at 50 LPM Printing - 560 LPM Slewing • Continuous Loop Ribbon with Re-inking Roller - 5 Million Character Life • Paper is Standard Fan-fold. Multi-copy Computer Forms up to 9-5/8" (24.45 cm) • 8-bit Parallel (Centronics Compatible). RS232 or 20 ma. Current Loop Interfaces, 110/1200 BAUD, Switch Selectable • 115 VAC. 3A. 60 Hz or 220 VAC, 1 5A. 50 Hz • 12"H x 18"W x 14"D (30 x 45 x 35 cm) High Quality • High Technology • Low Price Substantial Dealer/Distributor Discounts Available SIGMA INTERNATIONAL, INC. P.O. Box 1118 SCOTTSDALE.AZ 85252 USA Tel. (602) 994-3435 Tlx. 165-745 Sigma Cable: SIGMAS Circle 74 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 117 1_ INDEX SECTOR 1 ! ) y_ DISK OVERFLOW { INDEX ) HIGH KEY SECTOR HIGH KEY SECTOR FILE y 218 037 266 019 "~~ I ' i ' 1 ' SECTOR 37 RECORD A NEW RECORD NEW RECORD NEW RECORD PRIME FILE KEY DATA KEY DATA KEY DATA KEY DATA 198 DDDDDDDD 200 NNNNNNNN 210 NNNNNNNN 218 NNNNNNNN r ■ i i i OVERFLOW SECTOR 1 OVERFLOW SECTOR 9 RECORD D RECORD C KEY DATA LINK KEY DATA LINK 266 DDDDDDDD 000 250 DDDDDDDD 001 i i OVERFLOW SECTOR 17 OVERFLOW RECORD B FILE L « KEY DATA LINK 222 DDDDDDDD 009 OVERFLOW SECTOR 19 NEW RECORD KEY DATA LINK 220 NNNNNNNN 017 , i' Figure 6: Comparison of record-access times for overflow and non-overflow records. It takes two disk-read operations to access any record that is in the disk file: one to read the index entry, and one to read the physical record. Since an overflow record is read by chaining through the overflow records associated with a given index entry, retrieving an overflow record may take many disk-read operations. It will take five disk-read opera- tions to read record 266: one to read the index entry, and four to read through records 220, 222, and 250, before arriving at record 266. length of time necessary for the reorganization? In particular, if the answer to the second question is "no," the file must be redesigned (and probably the application as well). Although this point may seen trivial at the very least, it indicates that large ISAM files may be inappropriate for businesses that are operated 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Now it is necessary to determine roughly how often the file must be re- organized. How long will it take the file to grow by 20 % ? If the answer is 90 days, you have 3 months to reor- ganize the file. If the answer is only 9 days, you may have a bit more of a problem in scheduling the processing necessary to do the reorganization. In addition to the number of new records being added, also consider the relative activity of those records. Is a new record more likely to be ac- cessed than an old record? If this is the case, then it is possible that the new record might be placed in over- flow; this would cause either longer access time when the record is being referenced or time lost in reorganizing the file. The indexed sequential-access method has many advantages, but it should not be selected without a thorough examination. When provid- ed with a basic understanding of ISAM files and the questions sug- gested in this article, the personal computer user can determine if the ISAM method of data access is the best choice for his application. ■ r S-100 USERS: GIVE YOUR COMPUTER THE GIFT OF SIGHT! "1 The DS-80 Digisector® is a random access video digitizer. It works in conjunction with a TV camera (either interlaced or non-interlaced video) and any S-100 computer conforming to the IEEE standards. Use it for: • Precision Security Systems • Moving Target Indicators • Computer Portraiture • Fast To Slow Scan Conversion • Robotics • Reading UPC Codes, schematics, paper tape, musical scores CHECK THESE FEATURES: □ High resolution — a 256 x 256 pic- ture element scan □ Precision — 64 levels of grey scale □ Speed — Conversion time of 14 microseconds per pixel □ Versatility — scanning sequences user programmable □ Economy — a professional tool priced for the hobbyist; comes fully assembled, tested and burned in, with fully commented portrait print- ing software. Price: $349.95 MasterCharge and Visa IMAGE PROCESSED BY DS-80 L_^y©[KM)2l? P.O. BOX 11 10, DEL MAR, CA92014 714-756-26871 118 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 75 on inquiry card. Diablo introduces the first printer that runs on four wheels. The Diablo 630 printer is the most versatile printer you can get. It's the only one that gives you a choice of 4 different interchangeable print wheels and over 100 different type styles. ^'Wi^iM*' ' Every 630 works just as well with a 96-character plastic daisy print wheel as it does with an 88, 92, or 96-character metal daisy print wheel. The 630 also has fewer moving parts than competitive printers, which makes it exceptionally reliable. This new addition to our line offers unsurpassed print quality. Compatibility with existing Diablo supplies. And automatic bi-directional printing. ^w -^_ , The Diablo 630 printer. "^ Probably the best thing to happen to printing since we re-invented the wheel. Diablo Systems Diablo® and XEROX® arc trademarks of XEROX CORPORATION. XEROX Circle 76 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 119 DataStar.™ A general purpose key to disk data entry software package that's way ahead of the pack. DataStar has two distinct phases. One allows you to. actually design on the CRT the exact form you need. The other allows you to store and retrieve data. Quickly. And accurately. So, when it comes to data entry and verification, go with the leader. Go with DataStar. WordStar.™ The world leader in microcomputer word processing. With so many advanced features, isn't it quite obvious? WordStar is a born leader. In fact, more than seven thousand people have pur- chased WordStar from over 300 dealers around the world. In just the first year! Proof positive that WordStar is the word processing software package for Z-80, 8085 and 8080 microcomputers. Prices and specifications subject to change without notice. SuperSort.™ It makes sorting so simple, it's simply in a class by itself. There you are. With a mountain of tedious tasks. But don't panic. Here comes SuperSort to the rescue! SuperSort is faster, more powerful and able to sort 560 records in a single minute. Hooray for SuperSort. It makes molehills out of mountains. WordMaster.™ It's everything you've ever wanted in a video text editor. And more. WordMaster is so powerful and flexible it can actually double as a word processor. Yet it has all the capabilities you need to enhance your file management needs on a small budget. No wonder it's the path most programmers wish to take. I/O Master.™ The economic route to quality printing. Now you can get better input/ output performance for less money because I/O Master's S-100 board ^f Vfov *0* gives you the advantage of using lower cost O.E.M. letter quality printers. Plus you get so many extra features. Like two fully-buffered serial ports, so you'll never have to worry about keystrokes and data ever getting lost again. So, when it comes to high quality/perform- ance, look to MicroPro to lead the way. And then follow, follow, follow! Leads the way. MicroPro International Corporation 1299 4th Street, San Rafael, California 94901 Telex 340388 Dealer/Distributor/O. E. M. inquiries invited. A Time-Sharing /Multi-User Subsystem for Microprocessors Don Kinzer 19972 NW Metolius Dr Portland OR 97229 Now that the personal, computer has become firmly established, many users are developing an appetite for more complex and sophisticated systems. Disk-based systems, quite rare among users several years ago, are now commonplace. Among the concepts being investi- gated and implemented by advanced experimenters are: real-time operating systems; multiprocessor systems (eg: resource sharing); advanced disk-operating systems; multitasking systems; parallel pro- cessing; and time-sharing/multi-user systems. Indeed, almost every feature of large computer systems is being considered for implementation on microcomputers. This article will explain some of the problems, tech- niques, advantages, and disadvan- tages of time-sharing/multi-user microprocessor systems. For the most part, the techniques are applicable to all currently popular microprocessors (eg: 6800, 8080, 6502). However, the exact implementation and circuitry required may differ depending upon the microprocessor. The impetus for time-sharing or multi-user systems is to allow for more efficient use of processor time and to allow several people to share the processor. A microprocessor can do only one thing at a time: the trick is to make it appear to be doing more than one thing simultaneously. In most home computer applications, the processor is input/output (I/O) bound — that is, the processor spends much of its time waiting for I/O. The only time the pro- cessor "wastes" is the overhead time required to change users. The idea, then, is to let the pro- cessor execute the next user's job while the I/O interface handles the time-consuming serial I/O. This may lead to the false proposition that we need complicated I/O interfaces. But all serial I/O devices, such as the universal asynchronous receiver/ transmitter (UART), or the asyn- chronous communications interface adapter (ACIA), are I/O processors. After they get the character to trans- mit, for example, they are processor independent, allowing the processor to do something else (usually a loop to wait for the device to come to a ready state, as in single-user systems). Imagine two programs, both in memory, two I/O routines, and two terminals. Program A (Spaceflight, for example) uses I/O routine A that drives terminal A. Program B, a BASIC interpreter, uses I/O routine B that drives terminal B. Each I/O routine has the flowchart shown in figure 1. One program executes until it needs its I/O device and the device is busy. At that time, control is transferred to the other program after first saving the contents of the pro- cessor registers. When the other pro- gram meets the same condition with its I/O device, control switches back again. But what happens if program A gets caught in a loop or if program B doesn't do any I/O? The answer is, of course, that the multi-user system fails. What we need is some way to insure that each user gets a share of the processor time. To accomplish this, we can adopt a whole new philosophy that gives each user equal time. The clock circuitry shown in figure 2 will interrupt the processor at regular intervals. The interrupt routine will consist of saving one user's registers, restoring the next user's register contents, and begin- ning execution. This solution is much more foolproof. No user can hang up the system unless interrupts are masked or disabled. However, this returns to the same problem we started out to solve: if user A is doing 122 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc SMOKE SIGNAL BROADCASTING Presents 3 Powerful New SS-50/SS-50C Boards DCB-4 Disk Master Double Density Controller Board and DOS68D Double Density DOS $449.00 The new DCB-4 is a truly state-of-the-art develop- ment which allows up to 366K bytes to be stored on a single 5%" disk and has these outstanding features: • Up to four 5Vand four 8" drives can be handled in the same system with a user de- finable logical unit table. (DOS68D will be compatible with future hard disk systems). • Under software control, the user can select the following for any drive: ft Single sided or double sided operation. ft Single density or double density data. ft 5%"or8". ft Stepping Rate. ft 40 track or 35 track density on double sided 5%" drives. ft User can select the system boot configu- ration. • Occupies only 16 bytes of memory space (F760-F76F standard). User selectable to any 16 byte address space. • Can read and write a single sector by itself. On-board buffer memory allows full inter- rupt capability in interrupt driven systems. Once data transfer has been initiated, no more processor time is required. • Contains extended decoding circuitry for ex- tended addressing per SS— 50C bus which can be enabled by an option jumper. • SSB provides a means for copying software written by older versions of DOS68 to be read by DOS68D. All new media formatted by DOS68D can be read by all older versions of DOS68. DOS68 is SSB's 6800 disk opera- ting system. • Track of side is recorded in single den- sity per IBM standard. • Phase-locked-loop assures highest data inte- grity attainable. All of these features are available for immediate delivery on one standard SVz" x 9" 50 pin SS— 50/ SS-50C card for only $449.00. The price includes DOS68D version 5.1, MONITOR object code on diskette, and a manual with the source listing. SCB-69 Super Computer Board 6809CPU Board $299.00 The most versatile 6809 CPU Board on the market is now available from Smoke Signal Broadcasting and has the following features: • Standard 2 MHz operation. • 20 bit address generation for up to 1 Mbyte of memory. Uses an improved address translation RAM which is compatible with present extended addressing schemes yet requires much less overhead when used in multi-user systems. • All on-board devices can be switch selected to occupy any or all ex- tended pages. Any on-board device may be disabled and its memory space is then available for exter- nal memory. • Standard real— time clock (time— of— day, day— of— week, day— of— month) with battery back up ca- pable of generating programmable interrupts. • Up to 20K of EPROM can be in- stalled on the CPU Board. • Standard 1K of RAM on board. • Includes improved 6809 Monitor (and source listing). • Contains an FPLA for decoding EPROM address and optional de- vices. Switches are used to select 2K/4K EPROM and Fast/Slow I/O. • Contains provision for optional 9511/9512 floating point pro- cessor. • NMI line is user selectable to work with either SS-50 or SS-50C busses. Price for the new SCB— 69 is only $299.00 for an assembled, burned-in fully tested board. M-32-X 32K Memory Board $539.00 $439.00 The first and best 32K Static Ram Board on stan- dard size (5 1 / 2 " x 9") SS-50/SS-50C Bus Cir- cuit Card is made by Smoke Signal. • Switch selectable to any 4K boundary. • Any 4K block may be switch enabled or dis- abled. • Fully compatible with SS-50C extended ad- dressing (allows mem- ory decoding up to 1 Mbyte). • Extended addressing capability may be switched off for com- patibility with SS-50 systems. • Gold Bus Connectors for high reliability. • Guaranteed 2MHz op- eration (tested at 2.2 MHz). • Low power consump- tion — 8 volts at 2.4 amps typical. M-32-X Board is $539.00. 32K Memory priced at M-24-X 24K Memory Board expandable to 32K, is $439.00. AndourM-16-X 16K board is back to the old price of $299.00. Circle 77 on inquiry card. It n S^ 31336 Via Colinas, Westlake Village, CA 91361, (213) 889-9340 I/O and his device is not ready, pro- cessor time is wasted waiting for it. The obvious solution is to use the best parts of both systems and eliminate the disadvantages of each: allow each user a time slice, and when the time has expired, move to the next user. Furthermore, if a user needs his I/O device and the device is busy, truncate (ie: terminate) his time slice and move to the next user. With this system, a user's program will execute until the allotted time runs out or an f ENTER J /DEV \REA ce\ yes DY y> 3 yS |N0 READ OR WRITE CHARACTER SAVE REGISTERS f RETURN J GENERATE INTERRUPT TO GET OTHER USER f END J Figure 1: Flowchart of I/O routines in a multi-user system. The software control- ling both programs leaves the control with one until that program requires the use of an I/O device that is not currently available. This scheme is too simple to be used in a practical situation. I/O request receives a busy response. Hence, the processor is always doing something useful, and the only time it wastes is the overhead time required to change users. The efficiency of the system, in terms of processor time efficiency (PTE), is defined as: + 5V PTE = execution time (execution 4- overhead time) Although the system can never be 100% efficient, it will be the system designer's goal to make the processor time efficiency as high as possible. This is subject to other constraints to be discussed later. It is clear that we need some means to terminate a time cycle and concur- rently generate an interrupt to the processor. Furthermore, we want to insure that when the current user prematurely terminates, the next can still get his full time allotment. The circuit in figure 3 will implement this for a 6800 microprocessor. An 8080 implementation might use IN or OUT instructions instead of memory- mapped I/O. SEL is a signal that comes from a memory-mapped bit and indicates that we are addressing the interrupt circuitry, while VMA indicates a valid address on the bus. Normally, ICla will time out (ie: Q output will drop low) after a certain period of time set by its resistor/capacitor com- bination. It will trigger IClb for a 1 /is pulse. This pulse is fed to the inter- + 5V :iok e _n_ £>■ -O INTERRUPT IC3 7405 m Number Type + 5V GND IC1 555 8 1 IC2 74121 14 7 IC3 7405 14 7 Figure 2: Schematic diagram of a time-slicing interrupt clock. This circuit generates a periodic pulse that is used to interrupt the processor. When coupled with the appropriate software, the circuit can be used to divide processor time equally among all the running programs. rupt line of the processor through the open-collector inverter IC2. Further- more, when IClb times out, it trig- gers ICla and starts the cycle over again. However, when VMA and SEL are true and the processor is doing a write (ie: R/W false), ICla will be cleared early. This action fires IClb which then interrupts the processor and also triggers ICla to start a new cycle. We now have a means for the processor to interrupt itself! In general, when the system is first powered up, we do not want these interrupts occurring all over. Unless the system is in read-only memory, we must first load in the software including the interrupt handler. Furthermore, back-to-back one-shots usually have startup problems so that the circuit of figure 3 may not always run. We can fix both of these problems simultaneously as shown in figure 4. Upon powe r-up or pressing the reset button, the RESET line becomes ac- tive and sets the RS flip-flop formed by IC4a and IC4b. Through IC5, IC4b holds ICla cleared and IC4a holds the A input of IClb high. Because ICla is cleared, the B input of IClb remains high as well. When VMA and SEL are true and the pro- cessor is executing a read operation, the RS flip-f lop is reset. This removes the CLEAR signal from ICla, thus triggering IClb, which causes the processor to be interrupted. When IClb times out, it triggers ICla and then the cycle is the same as before. As you can see, when the system powers up, the interrupt timer is disabled until the processor reads a particular location (ie: the memory- mapped bit SEL), which then starts the timer. Furthermore, pressing the reset button will also disable the timer. Memory management is important in such systems. For example, if we have a sixteen-user system and the users will never be running the same program, we can merely assemble all the programs so that they fit in the memory space available. Additional- ly, we need to set aside a separate temporary storage area for each user. With the 8080 this is no great disad- vantage, but with the 6800 or 6502, there is the 256-word page which is most efficiently used as temporary storage. With large programs requir- ing large amounts of storage, there 124 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc ' -■ v: ,.- \bu Knew Tarbell But do you know oil the co Torbell hos reody for you? When someone says "Torbell" there's no doubt what's meant . . . the cas- sette interface whose reliability and solid engineering mode it an in- dustry standard. Since that first breakthrough- product, Don Tarbell has expanded his list of useful, dependable com- ponents . . . components to meet your heeds of today; and keep you prepared for tomorrow. Check this partial list of quality com- ponents Don Tarbell has ready for you. You're probably ready for them, right now. • When it comes to RAM memory, Torbell means reliability. 16K and 32K static memory that offers you easier trouble shooting, and far easier maintenance. Remember that. • Tarbell BASIC brings simplicity and sophistication to your programs. Our BASIC is easier to program, and offers unique commands and statements not found in regular BASICS under any name. - • CP/M® disk operating system is, of course, the standard for software exchange. At Tarbell we provide our own approved CP/M system mod- ified for oil Torbell floppy disk inter- faces. Note. We also haveMP/M® for those interested in multi user systems. • The Torbell VDS line comes as a complete package ... or, as sep- arate units. For example, the Tarbell mainframe can be ordered with 1 or 2 Shugort or Siemens drives, or no drives. Whichever way you go, you get the reliability of Torbell tested components. • With the Tarbell Double Density floppy disk interface, storage capa- city, speed and versatility are greatly (increased. Under our DD CP/M, single and double density disks may be intermixed with no penalty. The system automatically determines which is in place. We also still have our Single Density floppy disk interface. It's specifically designed to operate with many dif- ferent and unusual drives. Naturally, they're Tarbell tested. 950 Dovlen Place, Suite B Carson, California 90746 (213)538-4251 / 538-2254 *CP/M 6 MP/M ore products of Digital Research Corp. Circle 78 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 125 may not be enough page memory to go around. Further problems are encountered when we try to let all users run the same program at the same time. One approach is to have one copy of the program in memory for each of the users: sixteen users and sixteen copies. The amount of memory used may rule out multiple copies. A second, more desirable approach is to overlay memory from the disk. Under this scheme, when we change users, we write memory out to the disk and load in the next user's memory. This is fine for extremely fast disks or very small programs, but the overhead time mentioned earlier becomes extremely large. Hardware paging, a more reason- able solution, is very similar to disk- overlay paging. Using this technique, we set out to fool the processor by manufacturing our own address bits. Figure 5 shows a 16 K-byte memory system attached to a sixteen-user time-sharing system. As far as the processor is concerned, the 16 K bytes of memory occupy only 1 K bytes of memory. A 16 K-byte memory re- quires 14 address bits, A 13 thru A 0/ and the lower 10 bits are supplied by the processor with IC2 enabling the memory for hexadecimal addresses 0000 to 03FF (1 K bytes of memory ). The other four address lines are supplied by ICl, a 4-bit binary counter. Conveniently, we have sixteen blocks of memory, each of which is effectively the first 1 K-byte block in memory. The processor has no idea which 1 K-byte block it is and couldn't care less. If we have sixteen users, each has his own 0000-thru- 03FF block of memory to use for tem- porary storage. Now, if every time we go to another user, we increment + 5V + 5V + 5V :iok -^ -O INTERRUPT IC2 7405 Number Type + 5V GND IC1 74123 16 8 IC2 7405 14 7 IC3 7410 14 7 A A IC3 7410 IC2 7405 SEL VMR R/W Figure 3: Schematic diagram for a multi-user interrupt -timer circuit. ICl and ICl are monostable multivibrators set to work in a one-shot mode. Together they generate a 1 fis negative- going pulse used to interrupt the system at a rate equal to the time allotted to each user. If control is to be passed early to the next user, the current user can write al to a given memory-mapped location. This causes the SEL pin to go high and the interrupt to be generated early. Number Type + 5 V GND IC1 74123 16 8 IC2 7405 14 7 IC3 7410 14 7 IC4 7400 14 7 IC5 7408 14 7 IC6 7404 14 7 + 5V -H5V C> INTERRUPT Figure 4: Schematic diagram for an improved multi-user interrupt -timer cir- cuit. The figure 3 circuit has several disad- vantages that are solved by this circuit. The IC4a and IC4b NAND gates act as a set /reset (RS) flip-flop. The part of the cir- cuit that includes IC3 thru IC5 disables the periodic interrupt signal until the memory location containing memory-mapped bit SEL is read. 126 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Please send your free software catalog. (Check which software is of particular interest) □ C COMPILER. Optimized native code for VAX 11/780, PDP-11, LSI-11, Z80, 8085, 8080. Full C language as defined in Kernighan and Ritchie, with com- prehensive portable library. Cross compilers available. Runs under VMS, IAS, RSX-11D, RSX-11M, RSTS/E, RT-11, UNIX, Idris, CDOS, CP/M. From $500. D IDRIS OPERATING SYSTEM. System calls and file system identical to UNIX V6, including pipelines. Utilities include shell, editor, assembler, loader, archiver, compare, copy, grep, etc., plus system utilities for file system maintenance. Runs on LSI-11, PDP-11. From $1000. D PASCAL COMPILER. Optimized native code for VAX 11/780, PDP-11, LSI-11, Z80, 8085, 8080. Full Pascal language as defined in Jensen and Wirth, with standard library. Includes C compiler and portable library, permitting intermixed C and Pascal. Cross compilers available. Runs under VMS, IAS, RSX-11D, RSX-11M, RSTS/E, RT-11, UNIX, Idris, CDOS, CP/M. From $750. Name_ Company. Street City _State_ _Zip_ Idris is a trademark of Whitesmiths Ltd. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Co. VMS, RSX-11, RT-11. RSTS/E. VAX. PDP-11. LSI-11 are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. Whitesmiths, Ltd Software for grownups. (212)799-1200 P.OB. 1132 Ansonia Station, New York, NY 10023 RESET C> DATA FROM PAGE REGISTER A13 C>~ A12 d>" All O" A10 CZ>" FROM PROCESSOR a AAA a a a A A15 A14 A13 A12 All A10 A9 VMA A9 O" A8 O- A7 LZ>- A6 O- A5 0~ A4 O- A3 0- A2 O- Al O- AO C^ 16K PROGRAMMABLE MEMORY SYSTEM ENABLE A15 O" A14 C>- A13 C^ AliO AllO aioC>- A9 O" IC4b 7404 A zy^t^ -OSEL IC5 7430 IC2 7430 12 yUU a A15 A14 A13 A12 All A10 VMA Figure 5: Overview of a 16 K-byte hardware-paged memory design. The 16 K-byte block of memory shown appears to the computer as a 1 K block with hexadecimal addresses 0000 thru 3FFF, The block of memory is enabled when IC2 goes low, which occurs when address bits A15 thru A10 are low (that is, when an address of hexadecimal 03FF or lower is seen on the address bus). The 4-bit binary counter ICl is incremented when IC3 goes low. This occurs when a hexadecimal address of 06xx (or 07 xx) appears on the address bus; the software in listing 1 uses the hexadecimal address 0600. The SEL line goes high and causes an early interrupt in the circuitry of figure 4 when a hexadecimal address of04xx (or 05xx) occurs on the address bus. The software in listing 1 uses the address 0400 in two different contexts. the page register (ICl), we have changed the physical memory which responds to addresses 0000 thru 03FF. This operation will take at most 6 /jls, so we keep overhead low. Since the circuit that first increments the page register and later increments the interrupt circuitry must be memory-mapped to an address outside the 1 K-byte memory space, the whole system occupies a 2 K-byte block. An 8080 would not need to waste this extra memory if IN and OUT inst ruction s were used. Also note that RESET sets the page register to user 0. The paging scheme, while having separate storage areas with identical addresses, will allow us to have only one copy of each program. This, of course, rules out the use of self- modifying code, unless that code modified is in the first 1 K of memory allotted to each user. On the other hand, code should not be written to modify itself. Now that the hardware description is complete, I can discuss the soft- ware. Since my experimentation was done on a 6800, it will be used as an example. Implementation for a 6502 will be similar and that for an 8080 only slightly more involved. General flow for initialization, interrupt, and I/O routines is shown in figure 6. The 6800 machine code used to implement the flowcharts is given in listing 1. It is assumed that all users Text continued on page 134 128 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 32K Board Pictured Above Why Not the Best? From The Dynamic RAM Company. 2MHz 4MHz 16K-$249 $259 32K— $375 $395 48K-$500 $530 64K-$625 $665 We have now been shipping our 2MHz dynamic RAM boards for over two years. Hundreds of 4MHz boards have been going out every month since early 1979. Our reliability is proven in the thousands of systems which contain our board. Many quality- minded systems houses across the country and overseas are using our boards for their equipment. Our prices still beat all. Despite rising 16K memory chip prices (at least from reputable suppliers), Central Data continues to give you the best buy in memory today. Nobody offers a board with a capacity of 64K, assembled, tested, and guaranteed for a full year at the price we do. Circle 79 on inquiry card. Deselect around PROMs. Our boards have the important deselect feature which lets you overlap any fixed memory in your system with no interference. Our features make the board easily used and expanded. You address our boards on 1 6K boundaries with mini-jumps (small shorting plugs that slide over wire- wrap pins) near the top of the board for easy access. If you want to expand your board after you have purchased it, all that you need to do is add memory. We can supply you with expansion packages ($1 50-2MHz, $1 60-4MHz) which include eight RAMs that you can depend on as well as two mini-jumps for addressing. And of course, our board never generates wait states. Low power consumption keeps your computer running cool and reliable. The total power consumption of our 1 6K board is typically less than 4 watts (+8V @ 300ma, + 1 6V @ 1 50ma and -16V @ 20ma). Boards with additional memory typically increase power consumption only 1 watt per 16K! Standard S-100 Interface. Our board is designed to interface with any standard S-1 00 CPU. All of the timing of the board is independent of the processor chip, and the board is set up for different processors by changing two plugs on the board. Call or write us today. That will guarantee a fast response with more information on the board. Or make an order — you'll probably have the board in two weeks! If you're interested, also ask for a catalog on our Z8000 16-bit processor board designed for the MULTIBUS. All of these products are available to your local dealer, also. Central Data Corporation, 713 Edgebrook Drive, PO Box 2530, Station A, Champaign, IL 61820. (217) 359-8010 Central Data BYTE June 1980 129 Listing 1: Software routines for the author's 6800-based multi-user system. INIT is an initialization routine called just after power-up or reset. INTERR is the interrupt routine that saves the status of a given user and prepares the system for the next user in line. OUTCH is the output routine used by the system. This software is assumed to work with the circuitry of figures 4 and 5. In INIT, reading TIMER causes 5EL line of figure 5 to go high and the interrupt system in figure 4 to be enabled for the first time. In INTERR, writing to NUSER causes the page register in figure 5 to increment, causing the next user's block of memory to be immediately en- abled. In OUTCH, writing to FORCE causes the SEL line in figure 5 to go high, causing an early interrupt to occur. Hexadecimal Hexadecimal Address Code Label Instruction Mnemonic Operand Commentary TIME SHARING SOFTWARE 03F2 ORG $3F2 03F2 STACK RMB 8 03FA ACIAH RMB 1 03FB ACIAL RMB 1 03FC XSAVE RMB 2 03FE SP * * RMB 2 0400 * FORCE EQU $400 0400 TIMER EQU $400 0600 NUSER + EQU $600 2000 * ORG $2000 2000 OF INIT SEI 2001 5F CLR B 2002 CE 03 F2 INITLP LDX #STACK 2005 FF 03 FE STX SP 2008 CE 08 00 LDX #$800 200B FF 03 F8 STX STACK + 6 200E 86 80 LDA A #$80 2010 B7 03 FA STA A ACIAH 2013 F7 03 FB 1 STA B ACIAL 2016 F7 06 00 STA B NUSER 2019 5C INC B 201A 5C INC B 201B CI 20 CMP B #16*2 201D 26 E3 BNE INITLP 201F C6 10 LDA B #16 2021 FE 03 FA STACIA LDX ACIAH 2024 86 03 LDA A #3 2026 A7 00 STA A 0,X 2028 86 15 LDA A #$15 202A A7 00 STA A 0,X 202C B7 06 00 STA A NUSER 202F 5A DEC B 2030 26 EF BNE STACIA 2032 8E 03 F9 LDS #STACK + 7 2035 B6 04 00 LDA A TIMER 2038 0E CLI 2039 7E 08 00 * * JMP $800 203C BF 03 FE INTERR STS SP 203F B7 06 00 STA A NUSER 2042 FE 03 FE LDX SP 2045 3B * * RTI 2046 FF 03 FC * INCH STX XSAVE 2049 FE 03 FA LDX ACIAH 204C A6 00 CHECKR LDA A 0,X 204E 47 ASR A 204F 24 08 BCC NOTRED FORCED INTERRUPT ADDR START TIMER ADDR NEXT USER ADDRESS DISABLE INTERRUPTS SET USER SET STACK POINTER LOAD PROGRAM ADDRESS SET USERS PC SET ACIA HIGH ADDR SET ACIA LOW ADDR SET NEXT USER GET NEXT USER ID CHECK DONE LOOP TILL DONE SET USER COUNT GET USERS ACIA ADDR RESET ACIA SET CHARACTERISTICS SET NEXT USER COUNT DOWN LOOP TILL DONE SET USER STACK START INTERRUPTS ENABLE INTS GO TO USERS PROGRAM SAVE USERS SP SET NEXT USER GET THIS USERS SP START PROCESSING HIM SAVEX GET USERS ACIA ADDR GET STATUS BRANCH IF NOT READY Listing 1 continued on page 132 130 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc The Place To Buy Computers CR0MEMC0Z-2H HARD DISK • Full 11 -megabyte hard disk system • fast Z80A 4 MHz processor • two floppy disk drives • 64K RAM memory • RS^32 special interface • print- er interface • extensive software available List $9995 .. .OUR PRICE ONLY $8489 CROMEMCOHDD 11/22 megabyte hard disk for use with exist- ing systems. DMA controller, transfer rate of 5.6 megabytes/sec. HDD-11. List $6995 . . OUR PRICE $5,939 HDD-22, List $11,995 10,189 CROMEMCO SYSTEM 3 - NOW DOUBLE THE CAPACITY! - Features 4 MHz CPU, 64K of RAM, dual-sided PerSci 299B floppy disk drive (provision for in- stalling a second 299B), RS232C interface, print- er interface. All Cromemco systems are assem- bled and tested, ready to use. With 64K of RAM, List $6990 $5890 CROMEMCO SYSTEM 2 NOW DOUBLE THE CAPACITY (with double-sided drives) With 64K of RAM, two minifloppy disk drives, RS232 interface and printer interface board. System 2 w/64K RAM, List $3990 $3390 CROMEMCO Z-2 Can be rack mounted. Z-80 processor, 21 slots, power supply, front cover panel. In- cludes fan and all edge connectors. Assembled and tested. Z-2W, Assem., List $995 $845 NORTH STAR HORIZON HORIZON 1 KITS 16K, Double Density, List $1599 . . $1474 32K, Double Density, List $1849 ... 1684 32K, Quad Density, List $2049 .... 1869 HORIZON 1 ASSEMBLED & TESTED* 32K, Double Density, List $2695 . . $2279 32K, Quad Density, List $2995 .... 2539 HORIZON 2 KITS 16K, Double Density, List $1999 . . $1824 32K, Double Density, List $2249 ... 2034 32K, Quad Density, List $2629 .... 2359 HORIZON 2 ASSEMBLED & TESTED* 32K, Double Density, List $3095 32K, Quad Density, List $3595 . 48K, Double Density, List $3590 48K, Quad Density, List $4090 . 64K, Double Density, List $3830 64K , Quad Density , List $4330 . $2619 $3049 . 3039 . 3469 . 3239 . 3669 VECTOR MZ Now 64K with Bank Select — Complete Peachtree Business Software Package also available - Call for details. INTER SYSTEMS (formerly ITHACA AUDIO) The new series 1 1 CPO Board features a 4 MHz Z-80A CPU and a full feature front panel. 20-slot actively terminated motherboard, with 25-amp power supply (50/60 HZ operation, incl. 68 cfm fan). DPS-1 , List $1495 . . . • - OUR PRICE $1299 SD SYSTEMS SDS-100, w/32K RAM, $6995, ONLY $5945 SDS-200, List $8995 7645 SUPERBRAIN By INTERTEC Available with 32K, 48 K & 64K Totally self-contained in a single box; 32K, 48K, or 64K Version; Uses two Z-80 CPU's; Commercial-type terminal with 12" monitor (like the Intertube); Dual double-density minifloppies w/360 Kilobytes of storage capacity; I/O ports included; Expandable (if needed) with an external S-1 00 bus interface; Comes with CP/M^M operating system; ex- tensive software support. w/32K of RAM, List $2995 . . ONLY $2685 w/64K of RAM $2883 DYNABYTE 48K and 64K models, single and double density, dual mini disk (77 track), standard 8" and dual-sided 8" systems . SA VE 15% HEATH WH-89 — All-in-one computer. Features two Z-80's, 16K to 48K. Call or write for prices. RADIO SHACK TRS-80 10% OFF TM WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG Above prices reflect a 2% cash dis- count (prepaid prior to shipment). Add 2% to these prices for credit cards, C.O.D., etc. Prices are f.o.b. shipping point. Prices are subject to change and offers subject to with- drawal without notice. Circle 80 on inquiry card. MiniMicroMart, Inc. 1 61 8 James Street, Syracuse NY 13203 (315)422-4467 twx 71 0-541 -0431 Circle 81 on inquiry card. "«-^^ Anti-Static a ^^^ Dust Cowers Protect your computer and accessories. • Anti-static vinyl helps prevent static from damaging sensitive components and caus- ing faulty operation. • Double-fold stitching will not rip out and is unmatched for strength and long life. • Heavy gauge textured vinyl blends with any decor and folds easily for convenient storage. • Over 1000 custom designs gua- ; v ranteed to fit precisely. • 100% satisfaction guarantee means we stand behind our product. Yes, there are differences in Dust Covers. Differences which can be vitally important to the proper ^S8R functioning of your system. At Cover Craft we've manufactured the highest quality Dust Covers for the electronics industry for more than six years. We've been selected by major equipment manufacturers to make covers for their products. Our covers are in use in every state and in more than 50 countries. We know what it takes! THE BEST DUST COVERS AT ANY PRICE %\ MOST PRICED $7.95 to $11.95 mj PLUS POSTAGE AMD HANDLING VISA-MasterCharge *^HMBl* y^ So visit your dealer or contact Cover Craft for our latest catalog and list of over 200 dealers. C COVER CRAFT P.O. BOX 555 • AMHERST, N H 03031 • (60: (603)889*6811 Listing 1 cor tinued: 2051 A6 01 LDA A 1,X ELSE GET DATA 2053 84 7F AND A #$7F MASK OFF PARITY 2055 FE 03 FC LDX XSAVE RESTORE X 2058 39 RTS 2059 B7 04 00 NOTRED STA A FORCE FORCE INTERRUPT 205C 20 EE * BRA CHECKR GO CHECK AGAIN 205E 36 OUTCH PSH A SAVE CHARACTER 205F FF 03 FC STX XSAVE SAVEX 2062 FE 03 FA LDX ACIAH GET USERS ACIA ADDR 2065 A6 00 CHECKD LDA A 0,X GET STATUS 2067 47 ASR A 2068 47 ASR A 2069 24 07 BCC NOTDON BRANCH IF BUSY 206B 32 PUL A GET CHARACTER BACK 206C A7 01 STA A 1,X SEND IT 206E FE 03 FC LDX XSAVE RESTORE X 2071 39 RTS DONE 2072 B7 04 00 NOTDON STA A FORCE FORCE INTERRUPT 207j 20 EE BRA CHECKD GO CHECK AGAIN END NO ERROR(S) DETECTED SYMBOL TABLE: ACIAH 03FA ACIAL 03FB CHECKD 2065 CHECKR 204C FORCE 0400 INCH 2046 INIT 2000 INITLP 2002 INTERR 203C NOTDON 2072 NOTRED 2059 NUSER 0600 OUTCH 205E SP 03FE STACIA 2021 STACK 03F2 TIMER 0400 XSAVE 03FC 132 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc <5SsS> ,p nt eu ; o are" ieS si >fjO '>"" 3-D ANIMATED GRAPHICS The Program made famous on National TV! FOR APPLE II COMPUTERS APPLE WORLD turns your Apple into a sophisticated graphics system capable of creating animated three-dimensional color images, projecting them in true perspective on the screen, rotate them, move them closer, further away, and many other exciting and imaginative things. A powerful screen-oriented text editor is included to facilitate image formation. This program was recently featured on Tom Snyder's Prime Time Saturday TV Show and is now available for sale. APPLE WORLD'S powerful editor is so easy to use that children will love it. You can now "sketch" your dream house, boat, car, or fantasy empire. Then view it as it would be seen from 10,000feet, or you can ZOOM in until the screen is filled with a doorknob. You could then go inside and move from room to room examining furniture placement as your screen rotates within the room. Images or specific parts of images can easily be saved to disk or printer. Does all this sound like science fiction? You won't think so after you have visited Apple World. Introductory Price $59.95 36 page manual included Look for the RED-WHITE-BLUE United Software Display at your local computer dealer, or send check or money order, plus $3.00 shipping to: UNITED SOFTWARE OF 750 3RD Avenue, AMERICA New York NY 10017 (212) 682-0347 Telex 640055 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED KEYED RANDOM ACCESS METHOD Many times more powerful and efficient than the primative "relative | record" method used by Apple & Commodore. FOR APPLE II & COMMODORE PET KRAM is the FASTEST and MOST POWERFUL keyed access method available for the Apple & Commodore CBM (Pet) Computers. Written entirely in 6502 machine code, KRAM is extremely fast, comprehensive in scope, very compact, and easy to use. KRAM function calls are invoked via a single instruction. Using the sophisticated capabilities of KRAM the Apple& CBM (Pet) can now fully meet the requirements of information management applications, such as: Accounts Receivable/Payable, Inventory Control, General Ledger, Payroll, Mailing lists, and Database Management. Programs can now be 30% to 90% shorter and run many times faster.' Less experienced users can now create powerful programs! KRAM Release 2.0 Functions: • Create/Open a dataset • Put record by Key • Add & delete records by Key • Get any record by Full/Partial key in 4/10ths of a second (2/10ths with Corvus Disk) • Read next or previous record • Dynamic space allocation • Dynamic space reclamation • Dynamic index compression • Never needs file reorganization! An 87 page manual fully documents KRAM 2.0 detailing KRAM functions and illustrating with programming samples. KRAM architecture is fully explained and a sample mailing list application program is included. PET & Apple Requirements KRAM is designed to work with both Apple's Disk II, or Corvus Systems 10 Megabyte Winchester Disk, and Commodores 2040, 3040, and 8050 Disk units. KRAM 2.0 requires an integer Apple or Apple Plus with integer card and at least one disk drive. KRAM works on any 40/80 column 16K/32K PET. Introductory Special $99.95 FOR COMMODORE 16K/32K COMPUTERS DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM — A comprehensive, interactive system like those run on mainframes! Six modules comprising 42K of programming allow you to; create, edit, delete, display, print, sort, merge, etc., etc. - databases of up to 10,000 records. Printer routines automatically generate reports and labels on demand. 60 pages of concise documentation are included. Requirements - 16-32K PET and 2040 Dual Disk (printer optional) COST $1 25 OTHER UNITED SOFTWARE PRODUCTS APPLE COMPUTERS Super Space Wars S 9.95 States & Capitals 9.95 Moving Point Average 19.95 Stock Options 24.95 Finance 12.95 Bonds 12.95 Stock Analyzer 22.95 Mortgage 15.95 COMMODORE PET Space Intruders ("Best Game of 1979") ..$19.95 Jury/Hostage 9.95 Kentucky Derby/Roulette 9.95 Alien I.Q./Tank 9.95 Tunnelvision/Maze Chase 14.95 Submarine Attack 9.95 Battle of Midway 7.95 Laser Tank Battle 9.95 Swarm 14.95 Baseball 9.95 Super Startrek 14.95 PET Music Box 29.95 :■% 6a 6b 6c f 1NIT ^ TlNTERRj [ OUTCH J SET USER'S PC.SP, AND REGISTERS SAVE REGISTERS NEXT USER INITIALIZE I/O DEVICES RESTORE REGISTERS f RETURN J YES DO I/O ( RETURN J NO /INITIAL^ IZED ALL .USERS^ ENABLE INTERRUPT TIMER ( RETURN J Figure 6: High-level flowchart for multi-user software routines. The figure 6a flowchart is used to initialize the necessary pointers and devices for each user just after the system is brought up. Figure 6b flowcharts the interrupt routine necessary to set up the next user. Figure 6c flowcharts the I/O routine that must be used by all programs. In listing 1, the names of these routines are INIT, INTERR, and OUTCH, respectively. Text continued from page 128: are running the same program (for example, BASIC) that starts at hexa- decimal 0800. Furthermore, it is assumed that ACIAs are used for the I/O interface and are located con- tiguously at hexadecimal 8000, with each one occupying two memory locations. No pointer initializations are shown for any programs that require them. If you are going to run BASIC, you will need to set pointers in user areas to indicate the memory area to be used as source-code storage for that particular user. The overhead in the interrupt handler is a mere 36 (is, including the time to respond to the interrupt, assuming that you have 1 MHz system clock. The interrupt rate, or time-slice length, depends on several factors and must be selected accord- ing to the software being run. If the I/O devices are running at 1200 bps, the character time is 8.33 ms. Con- tinuing our example of sixteen users, a j;ood starting point would be 1/16 of this time. This would allow each user to output at full speed, but would have 93% efficiency (ie: PTE). A more efficient system could be realized by lengthening the time slice at the expense of slowing effective output speed. The trade-off here depends on the computing-to-I/O ratio to be encountered in the applica- tion. The apparent efficiency perceived by a single user also depends on the amount of I/O being encountered. If no users are doing I/O, then the speed reduction factor (SRF) for each user will be: SRF = PTE 16 where 16 is the number of users. As a worst-case example, if a certain operation takes N (is to execute on a single-user system, it will now take N/SRF [is to execute. However, if some or all other users are doing nothing but I/O, the apparent speed rises considerably. This is how a sixteen-user time- sharing system can be implemented. The technique can be applied to a greater or smaller number of users by changing minor points. Furthermore, the system requires little hardware and a small amount of software. In fact, the 16 K user storage, paging hardware, and interrupt circuitry can all be placed on one printed-circuit board at a modest cost. The only ad- ditional hardware necessary is the ex- tra I/O ports and terminals. ■ BACK-up Backup: A complete hardware/ software solution designed to be functionally compatible with the entire spectrum of S/100 hard disk systems. Cromemco Micromation Thinker Toys North Star Vector Graphics XCOMP Konan others, as available 'Security for your S-100 hard disk data' 134 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 82 on inquiry card. Don't let a hard disk be the soft spot in your data security The availability of fast, reliable, high capacity hard disk storage. for the S-100 computer market has created a wave of excite- ment. It has also underscored the somber necessity for a reliable means of backup. No serious application is practical without a dependable, economical method for backup and archival of critical on-line data. Now, CSSN breaks the barriers to hard disk applications by offering the complete hardware and software solution for data - security... BAGN"|ffi CS5N Put your valuable data on-line with a hard disk , Save it off-line with our Back-Up Solution Software provides: • File by file save and restoral operation using standard CP/M file naming conventions • Tape files are totally O.S. inde- pendent • Read after write with vertical and horizontal error check ensures data integrity • Files may be grouped in logical savesets Selective restore can key off of save date Includes command file and log file facilities Runs under CP/M compatible operating systems on 8080, 8085 and Z80 microprocessors All Lifeboat software now avail- able on CSSN Backup cartridges Hardware provides: • 6400 BPI cartridge tape drive with power supply • Up to 13.4 megabytes per tape • S/100 interface card • Available as either a panel rack mount unit or in a deluxe table top/rack mount enclosure • Uses EMCA/ANSI standard 3M tape cartridges COMPUTER SERVICE SYSTEMS NETWORK 120 DOYL5TON STREET • FOURTH FLOOR- B0570N, MA55ACHU5£TT5 02116 • (617) 482-2343 • TWX (710) 321-1913 INCORPORATED Circle 82 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 135 SAVE £& APPLE® AND TRS-80® NEWDOS/flO Powerful Disk Operating System fortheTRS-80® designed for the sophisticated user ond professional programmer. NEWDOS/80 is nor meont to replace the present version of NEWDOS 2.1 which satisfies most users, bur is a carefully planned upward enhancement. • New BASIC Commands with variable record lengths up to 4095. • Mix or march drives. 35, 40, 77TK . • Security boot-up for BASIC or machine code opplicoton programs. • Improved editing commands. • Enhanced RENUMBER rhor allows relocarion. • Device handling for routing to display ond printer simultaneously. • CDE function; striking of C, D, ond E keys allows user to enter o mini-DOS. • Comparible with NEWDOS ond TRSDOS 2.0. • Superzop 0.0 and 2.1 utilities, LIMITED UPGRADE O FFER M 49 NEWDOS owners up-grade to NEWDOS/80. Conroct Apparat orMTlfor information, NEW DOS FOR APPLE® "APEX" The complere APEX packoge with operating system, assembler, edirorand user manuals. 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Princeton Ave. Denver, CO 80237 (303)741-1778 Telex #678401TABIRIN ALL PRICES CASH DISCOUNTED • FREIGHT FOD FACTORY Beck Reviews The Network Nation: Human Communications via Computer by S R Hiltz and M Turoff Addison-Wesley, 1978 hardcover $29.50 so ftcover $17,50 One of the most promis- ing areas in personal com- puting is public-information utilities, which can bring people into communication with each other and open doors to vast information resources. One aspect of the new computer communica- tions media is computer con- ferencing. A computer con- ference is a structured town meeting where all the discussants may "speak" and "listen" simultaneously without being present at the same times and places. A computer conferencing facil- ity monitors the progress of the discussion and provides a complete and constantly available verbatim transcript of the entire conference. The Network Nation is a comprehensive treatment of this new electronic com- munications medium, writ- ten by two professionals very much involved with its genesis. Murray Turoff is a computer scientist who is one of the pioneers in com- puter conferencing. Starr Roxanne Hiltz is a sociologist who, in col- laboration with Turoff, has made careful studies of the psychological and sociological dynamics of computer conferences. This book treats you to an over- view of what a computer conference is, what it is like to participate, and how the new medium is different from conventional face-to- face conference situations. Examples are drawn from the historical antecedents of present systems and the most important existing pro- grams. Applications of these systems in high-level plan- ning and decision making, scientific conferencing, etc are presented. Future ap- plications for mass public use are predicted along with speculation on the psychological, sociological, and cultural implications that may be expected from the widespread availability of computer conferencing. The Network Nation is an entertaining, informative, and thought-provoking book that should appeal to a wide range of readers. It is unusual in its technical ex- cellence as well as its em- phasis on human and cultural issues. It should be read by everyone interested in the direction that our technology is taking us and particularly by those in- terested in personal com- puting. The authors sum- marize best the impact of their subject in the following quotation drawn from the preface of the book. "Computerized con- ferences [are] a new form of human communication utilizing the computer. We believe that it will even- tually be as omnipresent as the telephone and as revolu- tionary, in terms of facilitating the growth and emergence of vast networks of geographically dispersed persons who are nevertheless able to work and com- municate with one another at no greater cost than if they were located a few blocks from one another." ■ Glen A Taylor 19 June PI Matawan NJ 07747 Circle 83 on inquiry card. Circle 84 on inquiry card. SOFTStDE MA6A"ZJWE5 the-fanwqy-b learn progrqmmir^g . . » The easiest and most entertaining way to learn to program is by entering games into your computer. You get to see how other programmers accomplish certain tasks, gain experience with new BASIC instructions, and the reward of playing the game when you finish serves as constant encouragement. That is whatSoftSideis all about. To make iteveneasier, we includelotsof programming hints, and occasionally takeprogramsapart completely and describe what each part does. Our games are very good. Many of the games we have published have sold individually for $8, $10, or even $15 each! One issue is normally worth the price of a years subscription for the game value alone. For example, our May Issueof theS-80EditionfortheTRS-80andVideoGeniecomputers isaspecialStarTrek Issue. We include two complete Star Trek games, including one for which over 2000 people paid $14.95 each. We include 8K of remark statements not included in the commercial version so you can understand how it works and make your own modifications. There is a ten page article and flight manual lavishly illustrated with examples from the actual playof thegame. Youcan even subscribe on cassette or diskette if you don't want to type in the line listings. The game issue also includes an article on Star Trek, the Motion Picture, including five programs developed on a 4K Level I TRS-80 to be used as displays in the movie! Another program included is an uncopyrighted day of the week routine that you can use in your own programs. The May issue of our Apple Edition includes a high speed, colorful, challenging version of thespace invaders game that isso popular in the arcades. Otherfeaturesincludethe second installment ofthebook, "Intimate Instructions in Integer BASIC", Right/Left — agame for very young children, Small Marquee — a word guessing game, Black Box — a game of deduction, Magic Cave — a game seeking treasure in a hazardous dungeon, plus a disk catalog program and a method for protecting your program against copying. Atari owners will soon have their own SoftSide! SoftSide: Atari is now accepting charter subscriptions, and the first issue will come this summer. SoftSide:S-80 Bulk rate $18 year First Class $25 Cassette $39.50, 6 months Diskette $69.50, 6 months SoftSide: Apple^ $15 year $22 (not available) $69.50, 6 months SoftSide: Atarljj^ $15 year $22 (not available) (not available) Call toll free 1-800-258-1790 and use your Visa or Master Charge (in N.H. call 603-673-5144) Or send your check and the version you desire to P.O. Box 68 Milford, N.H. 03055 -55ft5ia Also from SoftSide Publications Unlock the hidden power of your computer! Rnfiwiys Thnouqk ihE ROM The guide to using machine language routines from Level II BASIC (TRS-80) in your own programs. Contains comments on the complete code of Level II BASIC, several programs to explore and use the subroutines in read only memory, and explanations of how to use the material. Includes line listing for a complete monitor and Z-80 disassembler. This book includes Supermap and the TRS-80 Disassembled Handbook, independently published at $30. The Software Exchange 6 SouthSlrcvt, Box 68, Milford, NH 03055 603 - 673-5144 Only $19.95 plus$1 shipping 1-800-258-1790 (in NH call 673-5144) Circle 85 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 137 WIiere can you f iryd. . . * Descriptions of hundreds of the best programs from... The Software Exchange, The Programmers Guild, Quality Software, Radio Shack, Automated Simulations, Personal Software, Apparat, Adventure International, Synergistic Software, Peripherals Unlimited, Michael Shrayer Software, Small Business Systems Group, Racet Computes, Broderbund Software, Ramware, Level IV, Instant Software, Acorn Software, Atari, Hayden, Microsoft, Small Systems Software, Softape, Muse, Personal Finance Systems, Lance Micklus, Inc., SoftSide, Web Associates, Strategic Simulations, 80- US... Computer systems, peripherals, printers, floppy and hard disk drives, modems, power supplies, memories and other accessories for the TRS-80, Apple, and Atari computers at discount prices... 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PRINT"' .CHRS.PEEK.POKI- Compiled pituiun* nun.- !><■ wu'd ui TAPI.D1SK ■ •I ih.- TINY COMP Si.ium •.U) TIC TAC TOP", u-hu h um->.iI] m-i .mci is n',i(lv n»ii.mpil«' M.tniMl iih liuK-s sfvfi.il s.inipk- lumpiN .is urll .is ih.-icu^h cliHumctil.tlum i.l tin- Cnnipitn lot ih.iM- whii Like inknuu "luivx things wiuW And Im iIk.m' who mujlil cvvn wish to IXPANh mi TINY COMP ■s lrtM «| 1 ,K.s Tap, version: $19.95 Disk version: $24.95 138 BYTE June 1980 Circle 86 on inquiry card. HARDSIDE in conjunction with MICROMINT has solved the TRS-80 I/O bottle-neck. This new W^^^ expansion ■ff§^ ^^^ interface, designed by Steve Ciarcia, is ,- ■'"'' '"^^~*"* described in detail in the June issue ^p^-^of BYTE magazine. The COMM-80 provides the most used features of the RS expansion interface into a single low-cost ($180 vs. $400) unit. The COMM-80 has a full 8-bit parallel port compared to the RS' printer-only port. There is also a built-in RS-232-C interface (no extra board to purchase). A BUS connector is provided for future expansion. And to really clean up the I/O bottle-neck, up to 16 of these units can be chained together and addressed separately. The unit connects, with the cable supplied, directly to the CPU/Keyboard or expansion interface. This is the only interface you need to turn your TRS-80 into a time-sharing terminal with provisions for a printer. Terminal software is included. COMM-80 MBM^M^B^- $179.95 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED TO ORDER TOLL-FREE 1-800-258-1790 (in NH call 673-5144) ^ ^ ^^^ r HRRDSir- 6 South Street, Milford, NH 03055 (603) 673-5144 TRS-80 COMPUTERS: Level II, 4K Level II, 16K, no keypad Level II, 16K, w/keypad EXPANSION INTERFACES: COMM-80 Interface Expansion Interface, no RAM Expansion Interface, 16K RAM (NEC) Expansion Interface, 32K RAM, (NEC) DISK DRIVES: Percom, TFD-100, 40-track Percom, Dual TFD-100's Percom, TFD-200, 77-track Percom, Dual TFD-200's CompuThink, Dual Drive, Dual Sided DISK DRIVE ACCESSORIES: 2-Drive cable for TRS-80 4-Drive cable for TRS-80 Percom Data Separator Extender Card PRINTERS: Centronics 730 Centronics 737 Centronics 753-2 Centronics 779-2 RS Quick Printer II RS Line Printer III NEC 5530 SpinWriter LRC 7000+ LRC 7000+ (64 column) Circle 87 on inquiry card. LIST OUR PRICE PRICE $619.00 $559.00 669.00 849.00 749.00 179.95 299.00 269.00 448.00 369 00 597.00 459.00 399.00 389.00 795.00 775.00 675.00 650.00 1350.00 1300.00 1295.00 29.95 29.00 39.95 39.00 29.95 15.95 15.00 795.00 719.00 995.00 895.00 3196.00 2695.00 1559.00 995.00 219.00 209.00 1960.00 1813.00 2995.00 2595.00 389.00 369.00 405.00 389.00 PRINTER CABLES: QPII to Expansion Interface Cable LRC to TRS-80 cable LRC to APPLE cable LRC to EXIDY cable LRC to PET, IEEE cable LRC to RS232C male, cable LRC to RS232C female, cable 730 or 737 to TRS-80 cable 779 or 753 to TRS-80 cable PERIPHERALS: Novation CAT Modem UDS 103-LP RS-232-C Interface Board TRS-232 Printer Interface DATA Dubber 16K Memory Kit, Keyboard 16K Memory Upgrade Kit, E.I. Percom Electric Crayon, w/cable Busy Box, TRS-80 Busy Box, APPLE BSR X-10, Starter Kit ATARI COMPUTERS ATARI 800 Computer System ATARI 400 Computer ATARI 410 Program Recorder ATARI 810 Disk Drive ATARI 820 Printer Joystick Controllers Paddle Controllers "TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp. *Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Co. A 19.95 19.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 59.00 65.00 65.00 29.00 35.00 189.95 179.00 195.00 99.00 89.00 39.95 49.95 99.00 95.00 279.00 109.95 114.95 124.95 080.00 875.00 630.00 499.00 89.95 65.00 699.95 565.00 599.95 470.00 19.95 18.95 19.95 18.95 BYTE June 1980 139 A Telephone-Dialing Microcomputer John Renbarger Moore School of Electrical Engineering University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 Introduction This article describes an applica- tion of computers to personal control of communication facilities. I have added some simple hardware to my KIM-1 microcomputer and have suc- cessfully dialed local and long- distance numbers on my home telephone. Although I made use of an expanded KIM to develop the pro- grams listed here, the final program and data tables fit into the standard KIM memory. In the form presented here, the system accepts a single telephone number from the KIM keypad, dials it, and stores it for redialing. In my system, only one number is stored in the computer at a time, but the routines could be used by a super- visory program to select and dial from a list of several stored numbers. Two methods of dialing are avail- able. One method uses pulses to con- trol a solenoid that interrupts the telephone connection. The other method, which is faster, generates dual-tone, multiple-frequency signals that are acoustically coupled to the telephone receiver. How to Use the Program After loading into KIM, the dialer program is started at address hexa- Touch Tone is a registered trade- mark of the Bell System for its dual-tone, multiple- frequency sig- naling equipment. decimal 0200. The program will accept any telephone number up to eleven digits long from KIM's keypad. As the number is entered, the last six digits appear in the display, rolling earlier digits off the left edge of the display. All eleven digits are stored in the computer's memory. If you make a mistake, pressing the GO key clears the number, puts six Fs in the display, and lets you start over. You can generate higher frequencies by using a larger increment to step through the waveform table. When the number has been entered correctly, there are two options for dialing. The first option is to. push KIM's AD key. The system will pro- duce data for a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter to generate a pair of audio tones for each of the stored digits. These tones are the same ones produced by push-button telephones. The tones will operate the telephone switching circuits if the sound is coupled to the receiver mouthpiece by a speaker held nearby. The second option is to push KIM's DA key. The system will briefly break the telephone connection the proper number of times and at the correct rate, the way a rotary-dial telephone does. A solenoid must be connected to the cradle button of the telephone receiver to operate the telephone switching circuits. After the number has been dialed, it remains stored in the computer, ready to be dialed again. A new number can be entered by first press- ing the clear (GO) key and then using the keypad to enter the new number. Since the present system can store and recall only one number, the primary usefulness of the device is to eliminate reentering a number when repeatedly calling a line that is busy. If your telephone line to the central office is not set up to accept the Touch-Tone frequencies, you will be limited to the pulse-dialing method, using a solenoid to depress the cradle button. On the other hand, if you have a push-button telephone, your computer will be able to use both methods to dial. Telephone System Basics — Tones Push-button telephones dial other telephones by sending pairs of audio frequency tones over the telephone voice channel each time the user holds down a key on the telephone set. The telephone company selected the particular tones that are employed so they could be easily decoded, but we need only know what the frequencies are. Table 1 lists the frequencies generated by the various buttons. Central-office switching facilities decode the tones and connect the desired circuits based on the sequence of tone pairs received. Each tone pair must last long enough to be recog- 140 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Hexadecimal Hexadecimal Telephone KIM-1 Frequencies Offset Data Digit Key (Hz) 00 08 OC 941, 1336 02 02 0A 1 1 697, 1209 04 02 0C 2 2 697, 1336 06 02 OE 3 3 697, 1477 08 04 OA 4 4 770, 1209 0A 04 OC 5 5 770, 1336 OC 04 OE 6 6 770, 1477 0E 06 OA 7 7 852, 1209 10 06 OC 8 8 852, 1336 12 06 OE 9 9 852, 1477 14 08 OA * A 941, 1209 16 08 OE # B 941, 1477 18 00 00 none C silence Table 1: Dual-tone, multiple -frequency (ie: Touch-Tone) signals and tables within the DIAL program. Each Touch-Tone digit is composed of two frequencies, with a total of eight basic frequencies producing y he tones for the twelve valid Touch-Tone keys. (See table 2.) The numbers necessary to produce each of the eight frequencies are contained in the table FRQINC (at 2 bytes per frequency). The two numbers in the DATA column point to the appropriate numbers in the FRQINC table necessary to make the two frequencies used by this key. These same numbers (the contents of the DATA column) are in the table TONTAB (see listing 1), and the number pairs are pointed to by the number in the OFFSET column. nized as a digit by the switching equipment, and there must be enough separation between tone pairs to distinguish separate digits. Ex- perimentally, a tone pair duration of about 150 ms and a separation of about 75 ms seem to work with my telephone. Telephone System Basics — Dial Pulses When you pick up the receiver on a telephone, an electrical connection is made to the lines leading to the cen- tral office. When you replace the receiver on the cradle the connection is broken or interrupted. This applies to both push-button and rotary-dial telephones. The rotary dial on a telephone is a mechanical device which periodically breaks the connection leading to the central office. As you place your finger in a numbered hole and rotate the dial to the stop, the connection is still maintained. When you release the dial, as it travels back to its resting position it breaks the connec- tion at the rate of about ten times per second, thus dialing that digit. A number of interruptions equal to the value of the digit you dialed will occur each time you release the dial, with the exception that (ie: the digit zero) causes a total of ten interrup- tions. If you dial a 7, for example, seven interruptions will occur when you release the dial. + 24V MECHANICAL CONNECTION «-5V A PB0 O- 13 2A 2Y IC1 75450B 1A 1Y IB IE rh Number Type +5 V GND IC1 75450B 14 7 Figure 1: Schematic diagram for solenoid interface to the computer. In this method, the computer interrupts the phone line by pressing and releasing the cradle switch button on the body of the telephone set. ICl is a TTL-compatible peripheral driver capable of switching up to 300 mA at 30 V. A logical at the output bit PB0 leaves the push-type solenoid unenergized, and a logical 1 energizes the solenoid, pushing the cradle switch button down and interrupting the telephone line. The central-office circuitry counts the number of interruptions to deter- mine which digit was dialed. The longer pause between digits is inter- preted as evidence that one digit is complete and that another may begin. Numbers can also be dialed by pushing the cradle switch button at the rate of ten times per second. This means that a solenoid plunger can be mounted to depress and release the cradle switch on the telephone set. Since the telephone company pro- hibits the installation of unapproved equipment on the telephone lines, the only method of interrupting the phone line to be considered here is that of using a solenoid to push the cradle button rather than the method of making any direct connection to the line. Jules Gilder's book Telephone Accessories You Can Build (see References) contains solenoid in- stallation suggestions. There is no problem with using the dual-tone, multiple-frequency method of dialing as long as the coupling is done through the microphone of the handset and not by direct connection to the lines leading to the telephone. If you are interested in learning more about the operation of the telephone system in general, the References include other sources, such as Peter Luff's Scientific American article. Software Required — Pulses For generating interrupting pulses, an output bit on one of the KIM's in- June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 141 put/ output (I/O) lines connected to a solenoid driver can be used. KIM's programmable interval timer can help to simplify the programming to con- trol the duration of the solenoid on and off periods. The on time for a pulse (ie: the length of the interrup- tion) seems to be about 35 ms and the off time (ie: the time between inter- ruptions) seems to be about 65 ms. When a telephone number is entered to the program for dialing, each digit must cause a corresponding number of pulses to be output (eg: one pulse for a 1 digit, two pulses for a 2 digit, and so on). Ten pulses are Hexadecimal Hexadecimal Frequency Offset Integer, Fraction (Hz) 00 00,00 (silence) 02 0B.3E 697 04 0C.6B 770 06 0D,BE 852 08 0F.2D 941 0A 13,80 1209 OC 15.8C 1336 0E 17.D2 1477 10 1A.56 1633 Table 2: The basic frequencies used in the Touch-Tone system and their relation to the FRQINC table. The sound-producing routine SOUND creates the digital values that will become an analog audio signal by lookup in a table containing a sine wave "template. " The frequency of th ? sine wave is varied by changing the number of values of the template skipped over before releasing the next digital value. The values in FRQINC are the increment values necessary to generate the given frequen- cy, expressed as a hexadecimal integer -and-fr action pair. Great Selection! Great Prices! Great Deliveries Master Charge! Visa! C.O.D.! No Risk! List OUR List OUR Price PRICE Price PRICE Tl 99/4 Computer Console 950 859 Osborne GL, AR & AP, PR 69 ea. Horizon-2-64K-Quad 4330 3695 Hazeltine 1500 1225 1089 Horizon-2-32K-Double 3095 2595 Hi-Plot Plotter 1085 929 Horizon-2-64K-Double 3830 3195 Hi-Pad Digitizer 795 669 Northstar 32K RAM 739 599 TI810w/CP,FLC,FUL 2195 1989 North Star 16K RAM 499 399 Thinkertoys Discus-2 1199 1099 North Star 18MB Hard Disk .. Call Thinkertoys 26 MB Hard Disk .. Call NEC 5515 Serial Printer 2850 2499 ATARI 800 8K 1080 899 NEC Tractor Feed 220 199 PET 8K Graphics, Lg KB 795 695 Soroc IQ120 995 889 Word Star Word Processor 500 350 Hazeltine 1420 995 899 Magic Wand Word Processor 400 350 CIRCLE COMPUTER SALES Prices subject to change. Delivery subject to availability. We pay shipping on prepaid orders. 700 Larkspur Landing Circle Larkspur, CA 94939 (415) 461-2616 sent for the digit. The program must generate these pulses at the rate of ten per second and pause for about Vz second be- tween digits, thus allowing the telephone system to distinguish be- tween digits. For the program in this article, pulses on the KIM output line PB0 control a solenoid connected as shown in figure 1. Software Required — Tones One method of generating tone pairs for the telephone network is to produce two square waves of the cor- rect frequencies using just two com- puter output bits, combining the resulting tones by filters and a resistive network. This would give a waveform with much distortion, but it might be adequate for the telephone system. I have chosen to generate low- distortion sine waves by using the computer to shuffle data and send values to a digital-to-analog con- verter. I generate audio waveforms in real time by transmitting a byte to an 8-bit converter at a rate that is more than triple the frequency of my highest tone. This technique, de- scribed below, uses a table that holds the values for the shape of a sine waveform. The idea is based on Hal Chamberlin's work. (See References.) The sine waveform table occupies exactly 256 bytes and starts at the beginning of a page boundary. So that I need deal only with positive values, and to avoid overflow with addition, the values stored in the table range from a minimum of to a maximum of hexadecimal 7F. See the SINTAB table which starts at hexa- decimal 0300 in listing 1 for the values stored in the table. Since exactly one cycle is stored, going from the last en- try in the table to the first entry will give a smooth transition to the next cycle of a continuous waveform. My table is stored in page 03 of memory. Waveform Generation To give you an idea of how the real-time waveform generation works, I will use an example. Starting at the first table location, I get a value from the table and convert that value to a voltage. Later, after a fixed inter- val, I will go to the next table loca- tion, get the value stored there, and Text continued on page 160 142 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 236 on inquiry card. NEECO PROUDLY INTRODUCES Zenith Data Systems Z89 "Integrated Microcomputer" CPU with 16K user RAM expandable to 48K RAM. Integrated CRT, Disk & Keyboard. 1 00K Bytes of storage on one 5.25 Floppy Disk External Dual Drive available via Z87 peripheral drive. • 2 serial RS232 Ports • CP/M now available • Z87 Dual Floppy Disk $1195 16K Model HDOS-$100, Z19 "Intelligent Data Terminal" • 12" display with 80 column screen • RS232 with up to 9600 Baud • Ansii and DECVT52 compatible • Full Duplex or half duplex modes • Cursor addressing edit functions, and much more. $ 2595 48K*2895 MicrosoftBASIC - $150, Call for information =TTTT Purchase a 48K Z89 and you will receive HDOS and MBasicS for only $100. includes interface cable CALL FOR COMPLETE INFO ON ANY ZENITH PRODUCTS THT^ Trial Tested Osborne Business Packages on the Superbrain • Accounts Receivable $250.00 Complete 4 Module QOCTUl/A BE? • General Ledger $250.00 Package s 795 &%J* ■ llMnE . Accounts Payable $250.00 MicrosoftBASIC (Business Packages written in MicrosoftBASIC) • Payroll Packaqe $250 00 s 325 SUPERBRAIN 32K RAM $2795 64K RAM $2995 FORTRAN $ 450 "The Superbrain is ideal for use as an intelligent terminal or stand alone microcomputer system for OEM's, commercial customers, and other • sophisticated computer users." SPECIAL OFFER! Purchase a 64K Superbrain at $2995 and will include MBASICS for only $250! (regularly $350) SPECIAL OFFER! - Purchase a Centronics 704-9 (RS232, 180 CPS, retail $2380) printer and a 64K Superbrain together for only $4595 - cash price only. Two 5.25" Shugart Minifloppies with over 300 K (CP/M Version 2.2 or later) Disk Storage.' Integrated in a single compact housing. CP/M operating System with MBASIC5 and other interpreters/compilers available. 32K or 64K RAM models available. 2 I/O Ports - one fully enabled RS232 port for communications. Other port for RS232 serial printer output. Too many software packages are now available to list them here. OEM/DEALER INQUIRIES All pricing and specifications are subject to change.! 1 NEECO Mon-Fri 9:30-5:30 MasterCharge & 679 Highland Ave. Visa Accepted Needham, MA (617) 449-1760 Telex: 951021 02194 ISUPRBRAIN The Honor Graduate MICROAMERIGA DISTRIBUTING! "Nationwide distributors of Computer Equipment" 21 Putnam Street Needham, MA 02194 (617)449-4310 Circle 88 on inquiry card. Circle 89 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 Listing 1: Program listing for the main program, which includes the telephone number entry, audio-tone dialing, and pulse-dialing routines. The main routine, DIAL, starts at hexadecimal 0200. The sine wave table starts at hexadecimal 0300; it can be moved if the new beginning address starts on a page boundary and if the byte at PAGE1 points to that page number. The program uses routines SCAND5 and GETKEY of the KIM monitor. LINE ADDRESS OBJECT LABEL INSTRUCTION OPERAND COMMENTARY CODE MNEMONIC 1 3000 *=S00 2 3003 INC1F *=*+1 3 3001 INC11 * = **1 4 3002 PNT1F *-*+1 5 3003 PNT11 * = *+1 6 3004 03 PA6E1 .BYTE SO 3 PNT 11 AND PAGE1 TOGETHER POINT TO A LOCATION IN 7 3Q05 INC2F *=*♦! S1NTAB. THIS ENABLES USE OF INDIRECT ADDRESSING 8 0006 INC2I * = *4 1 9 3007 PNT2F * = *H 10 D003 PNT2I * = *+1 11 3009 03 PA6E2 .BYTE $03 12 300A TEMPX * = *+1 13 3003 OB NDIGIT .BYTE SOB 14 300C * = S1(J 15 3010 00 00 FRQINC .DBYTE $ CO , S0B3E , SOC 6B , $ QDB E , SOF 2 D VALUES FOR INCtfl, 1NC#F (NOTE ORD 15 3012 OB 3E 15 3014 OC 6P 15 331S OD BE 15 3013 OF 2D 16 301A 13 bO .DBYTE $ 1 380 f $ 1 58C , $ 1 7 D2 f $ 1 A5 6 16 001C 15 bC 16 301E 17 D2 16 3023 1A 56 17 3022 08 OC T ON TA B .DBYTE $ 80C , $020 A f $02 CC , * 020E HOLDS PAIRS OF OFFSETS FROM START 17 3024 02 OA 17 0026 02 OC 17 0023 02 OF 18 302A 04 OA .DBYTE $ 40 A f S040C , $04 OE , $U60 A OF FRQINC. EACH BYTE FOR ONE TON 18 002C 04 OC 18 002E 04 GE 18 3030 06 OA 19 3032 06 OC .DBYTE $ £0 C , $060E , $08 CA f $ 080E TONTAB WITH DIGIT NUMBER FROM 00 19 3034 06 OF 19 3036 08 OA 19 3033 08 OF 20 303A 00 DO .DBYTE $0000 21 303C DIGTAB *=**NDI6IT SPACE FOR THE DIGITS OF THE TELEPHONE NUMBER 22 3047 *=*41 LOCATION FOR LAST KEYCODE 23 3043 MAXKEY =$0C HIGHEST DIGIT ALLOWED IN TELEPHONE NUMBER 24 3048 1MH = $F9 KIM DISPLAY VARIABLES 25 3043 POINTH =$FB 26 0048 DAC =$1700 27 0043 DACDIR =$17U1 28 0048 PORTB =$17 02 29 3043 PBDIR =$1703 30 3043 T1024 =$1707 31 3048 TSTAT =$1707 32 3043 DUMMY =$194B 33 3043 SCANDS =$ 1 F 1 F 34 3043 GETKEY = $ 1 F 6A 35 3043 *=S0100 36 3100 A2 00 TONES LDX flSO C 37 3102 86 OA T0NES1 STX T E M PX SAVE X, IT WILL BE ALTERED BY SETUP 38 3104 B5 3C LDA DI6TAB.X 39 3106 20 11 01 JSR SETUP 6ET READY AND THEN MAKE THE TONES 40 3109 A6 OA LDX TE H PX 41 010B E8 INX 42 310C E4 OH CPX NDIGIT DONE ALL DIGITS OF NUMBER? 43 01DE 30 F2 BMI T0NES1 44 0110 60 RTS 45 3111 C9 OC SETUP CMP flMAXKEY KEYS ABOVE MAXKEY NOT ALLOWED 46 3113 10 2A BPL SETUP1 47 3115 OA ASL A 48 3116 A8 TAY 49 3117 B9 2? 00 LDA TONTAB.Y GET OFFSET INTO FRQINC FOR FIRST TONE 50 311A AA TAX 51 31 1 B B5 10 LDA FRQINC.X 6ET FREQ INCR FOR FIRST TONE 52 311D 85 01 STA INC 11 INTEGER PART 53 011F B5 11 LDA FRQINC+1.X 54 3121 85 00 STA INC1F FRACTIONAL PART 55 3123 B9 FORTRAN. MRS-80. APPLE II, and PET are trademarks ol Tandy Corp Apple Computer Co and Commodore Business Machines, respectively Circle 91 on inquiry card. jm - \ «■ \ Listing 1 continued: 140 325C E8 INX 141 325D 85 DEY 142 325E CO F9 CPY #INH DOWN TO LOWEST LOCATION YET? 143 3263 10 EE BPL S H I FT 3 144 3262 60 D 16 IT 1 RTS 145 3263 18 CMND CLC 146 0264 C9 10 CMP #S1 147 3266 10 01 BPL CMND1 14fc 3268 60 RTS RETURN IF KEYCODE IS SOO TO SOF 149 3269 C9 10 CWND1 CMP #S1 AD KEY 6ENERATES TONES 150 326B DO 05 BNE CMN D2 151 326D 20 00 01 JSR TONES 152 0273 38 SEC 153 3271 60 RTS 154 3272 C9 13 CMND2 CMP 0S13 60 K EY RESETS EVERYTHING 155 0274 DO 05 BNE CMND3 156 3276 20 30 02 JSR ZERO 157 3279 38 SEC 158 327A 60 RTS 159 3273 C9 1? CMND3 CMP #$1 7 ♦ KE * AVAILABLE FOR USER 160 327D DO 05 BNE CMND4 161 327F 20 4B 19 JSR DUMMY 162 3282 3b SEC 163 0283 60 RTS 164 3284 C9 11 CMND4 CMP #$1 1 DA KEY GENERATES PULSES 165 3286 DO 04 BNE CMND5 166 3283 20 8D 02 JSR PULSE 167 328a 38 SEC 168 328C 60 CMND5 RTS 169 328D A2 00 PULSE LDX #soc 170 328F 86 QA PULSE1 STX TEMPX SAVE X, CLICK MODIFIES X 171 3291 B5 3C LDA DIGTAP.X GET NEXT DIGIT OF TELEPHONE NUMBER 172 3293 20 9E 02 JSR CLICK 173 3296 A6 OA LDX TEMPX 174 329B E8 1NX 175 3299 E4 OB CPX NDIG1T CHECK IF ALL D161TS OF NUMBER HAVE BEEN PASSED 176 329B 30 F2 BM1 PULSE1 177 329D 60 RTS 178 329E C9 GA CLICK CMP #SOA PULSE DIALIN6 OMLY 6000 FOR DI6ITS 0-9 179 32A3 10 40 BPL CL1 CK5 150 02A2 C9 00 CMP #soo 181 02A4 DC 02 BNE CLICK1 182 32A6 A9 UA LDA #SOA MAKE D16IT HAVE TEN PULSES 183 32AB AS CLICK1 TAY 184 02A9 A2 01 CL1CK2 LDX #S01 185 32A3 8E 02 17 STX PORTB STAR T INTERRUPTION 186 32AE A2 25 LDX 4% 2 5 187 32B3 8E 07 17 STX T10 24 188 32B3 8E 07 17 STX T10 24 189 32B6 AE 07 17 CL1CK3 LDX TSTAT HOLD FOR 35 MSEC 190 32B9 10 FB BPL CLICK? 191 32B3 A2 00 LDX #soo 192 32BD 8E U2 17 STX PORTB RE-ESTABLISH CONNECTION 193 02C0 A2 3D LDX #S3D 194 32C2 8E 07 17 STX T10 24 195 32C5 8E 07 17 STX T10 24 196 32CS AE 07 17 CL1 CK4 LDX TSTAT HOLD FOR 65 MSEC 197 32C3 1C FP BPL CLICK4 198 32CD 88 DEY 199 32CE DO D9 BNE CLI CK2 ANY MORE PULSES TO 60? 200 32D3 AO 07 LDY #$01 c01 32D2 A2 FF DLY1 LDX ttSt F DO THIS LOOP TWICE FOR A 0.5 SEC PAUSE BETWEEN 202 D2D4 8F 07 1 7 STX T10 24 203 32D7 8E 07 1 7 STX T1 24 204 32DA AE 07 17 DLY2 LDX TSTAT 205 32DD 10 FB BPL DLY2 <;06 32DF 88 DEY 207 02ED 10 FO BPL DLY1 2 08 32E2 6C CLICK5 RTS 209 32E3 *=S0300 ^10 3300 40 SINTAB .BYTE 64 ,65,67, ,68,70,71,73,74 210 3301 41 210 3302 43 «L10 3303 44 210 3304 46 210 0305 47 210 0306 49 ^10 3307 4A 211 0303 4C .BYTE 76 ,77,79, 80,82,83,85,86 211 3309 4D 211 330* 4F Listing 1 con tinued on i TO CLI D161TS 148 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc SuperSof t announces a complete line of CP/M compatible software ACCOUNTING SuperSoft offers a complete, interactive accounting system at an affordable price. We started with the Osborne accounting system, the standard of the industry and made it even better. Since either the General Ledger and the Accounts Payable/Receivable can stand alone, you do not need to purchase the entire system at once. This means that you can start with what you need and up-grade later. Look for a compatible Payroll package in the future. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE/RECEIVABLE: A complete, user oriented package which features: automatic postings to general ledger (optional) accounts payable: • check printing with invoice • invoice aging accounts receivable: • progress billing • customer statements • partial invoice payments • Invoice aging The entire package is menu driven and easy to learn and use. It incorporates error checking and excellent user displays. This package can be used stand alone or with the General Ledger below. Requires: 48K CP/M, terminal with cursor positioning and clear screen, one 8" disk or Two 5" disks. CBASIC2 required. Supplied with extensive user manual: $200.00. Manual alone: $20.00. GENERAL LEDGER: A complete, user oriented package which features: • Accepts postings from external programs (i.e. AP/AR above) • Accepts directly entered postings • Maintains account balances for current month, quarter, and year and previous three quarters • Financial reports: trial balance, income statement balance sheet, and more. Completely menu driven and easy to learn and use. Excellent displays and error checking for trouble free operation. Can be used stand alone or with Accounts Payable/Receivable above. Minimal requirements: 48K CP/M, terminal with cursor positioning, home and clear screen, one 8" disk or Two 5" disks. CBASIC2 required. Supplied with extensive user manual: $200.00. Manual alone: $20.00. TEXT PROCESSING TFS-Text Formatting System: An extremely powerful formatter. More than 50 commands. Features include: lefts right margin justification headers and footers page numbering chaptering dynamic insertion from disk file exdented & indented paragraphs works with any printer or CRT tabbing auto paragraphing auto list numbering centering user defined macros underlining and backspace much, much more TFS lets you make multiple copies of any text. For example: Personalized form letters complete with name & address & other insertions from a disk file. Text is not limited to the size of RAM making TFS perfect for reports, manuals or any big job. Text is entered using CP/M standard editor or most any CP/M compatible editor. TFS will link completely with Super-M-List making personalized form letters easy. Requires: 24K CP/M. Supplied with extensive user manual: $85.00. Manual alone: $20.00. Source to TFS in 8080 assembler (can be assembled using standard CP/M assembler) plus user manual: $250.00. MAILING LIST SUPER-M-LIST: A complete, easy to use mailing list program package. Allows for two names, two address, city, state, zip and a three digit code field for added flexibility. Super-M-List can sort on any field and produce mailing labels direct to printer or disk file for later printing or use by other programs. Super-M- List is the perfect companion to TFS. Handles 1981 Zip Codes! Requires: 24K CP/M. Supplied with complete user manual: $75.00. Manual alone: $10.00 UTILITIES Utility pack #1: A collection of programs that you will find useful and maybe even necessary in your daily work (we did!). Includes: CMP: Compare two files for equality. Compacts many files into one, useful when you run out of directory entries. In core sort of variable length records. Extended, alphabetical directory listing with groupings by common extension. Formatted listings to printer. Lists files to CRT a page at a time . . . plus more . . Requires: 24K CP/M. ARCHIVER: SORT: XOIR: PRINT: PG: SuperSoft SYSTEM MAINTENANCE DIAGNOSTICS I: Easily the most comprehensive set of CP/M compatible system check-out programs ever assembled. Finds hardware errors in your system, confirms suspicions, or just gives your system a clean bill of health. Tests: • Memory • CPU (8080/8085/Z80) • Terminal • Disk • Printer To our knowledge the CPU test is the first of its kind anywhere. Diagnostics I can help you find problems before they become serious. A good set of diagnostic routines are a must in any program library. Minimal requirements: 24K CP/M. Supplied with complete user manual: $50.00 Manual alone: $15.00. SOFTWARE SECURITY ENCODE/DECODE: A complete software security system for CP/M. Encode/ Decode is a sophisticated coding program package which transforms data stored on disk into coded text which is completely unrecognizable. Encode/Decode supports multiple security levels and passwords. A user defined combination (One billion possible) is used to code and decode a file. Uses are unlimited. Below are a few examples: • data bases • general ledger • inventory • payroll files - correspondence • accounts pay/rec • programs • tax records • mailing lists Encode/Decode is available in two versions: Encode/Decode I provides a level of security suitable for normal use. Encode/Decode II provides enhanced security for the most demanding needs. Both versions come supplied on discette and with a complete user manual. Encode/Decode I: $50.00 Encode/Decode II: $1 00,00 Manual alone: $1 5.00 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ENHANCED 'TINY' PASCAL: We still call it 'Tiny' but it's bigger and better than ever! This is the Famous Chung/Yuen 'Tiny' Pascal with more features added. Features include: •integer arithmetic 'CASE • sequential disk I/O • one dimensional arrays •WHILE • 'PEAK' & 'POKE' •REPEAT... UNTIL -more 'Tiny' Pascal is fast. Programs execute up to ten times faster than similar BASIC programs. SOURCE TOO! We still distribute source, in Tiny' Pascal, on each discette sold. You can even recompile the compiler, add features or just gain insight into compiler construction. 'Tiny' Pascal is perfect for writing text processors, real time control systems, virtually any application which requires high speed. Requires: 36K CP/M. Supplied with complete user manual and source on discette: $85.00. Manual alone: $10,00, — INTERCOMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS TERM: a complete intercommunications package for linking your computer to other computers. Link either to other CP/M computers or to large timesharing systems. TERM is comparable to other systems but costs less, delivers more and source is provided on discette! With TERM you can send and receive ASCII and Hex files (COM too, with included convertion program) with any other CP/M computer which has TERM or compatible package. Allows real time communication between users on separate systems as well as acting as timesharing terminal. • Engage/disengage printer • error checking and auto retry • terminal mode for timesharing between systems • conversational mode •send files -receive files Requires: 32K CP/M. Supplied with user manual and 8080 source code: $100.00 Manu al alone: $15.00. formats: CP/M 8" SOFT SECTORED. NORTHSTAR CP/M All Orders and General Information: SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATES P.O. BOX 1628 CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 (217)344-7596 Technical Hot Line: (217) 384-0847 (answered only wtwn technician is available) *CP/M REGISTERED TRADEMARK DIGITAL RESEARCH • recursive procedures/functions ■ • FOR (loop) •IF... THEN... ELSE • READ & WRITE Supplied with instructions on discette: $50.00. First in Software Technology Circle 92 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 149 Circle 93 on inquiry card. CP/A OPTIMIZED SYSTEMS SOFTWARE PRESENTS CONTROL PROGRAM/APPLE the DOS you have been waiting for OSS CP/A is an all new, disk-based operating system which provides commands and utilities similar to CP/M®. CP/A has byte and block I/O, a simple assembly language interface, and direct access via Note and Point. And it's easy to add your own com- mands or device handlers. CP/A is expandable, flexible, consistent, easy-to-use and available now with compatible program products: BASIC — Some of the features of OSS BASIC are syntax checking on program entry, true decimal arithmetic (great for money applications), 32K byte string sizes, flexible I/O, long variable names (up to 255 significant characters), and the ability to get and put single bytes. BUSINESS BASIC WITH PRINT USING— This is virtually the only basic available on the Apple that has PRINT USING. It also has record I/O statements and all the features of our standard BASIC. EDITOR/ASSEMBLER/DEBUG — OSS EASMD is a total machine language de- velopment package. The editor provides functions like FIND, REPLACE, etc. The assembler uses standard 6502 mnemon- ics, can include multiple files in one assem- bly, and can place the object code in memory or to a disk file. Prices of CP/A with: BASIC $ 69.95 Business BASIC 84.95 EASMD 69.95 BASIC + EASMD 109.95 Business BASIC + EASMD .... 124.95 Requires 48K RAM and DISK Add $3.50 for shipping and handling in continental USA. California residents add 6%. VISA/Master Charge wel- come. Personal checks require two weeks to clear. SEE YOUR DEALER or ORDER TODAY OPTIMIZED SYSTEMS SOFTWARE is a product of Shepardson Microsystems, Inc. 20395 Pacifica Dr., Suite 108B Cupertino. CA 95014 (408) 257-9900 Listing 1 continued: ty'l 030B 50 n11 030C 52 211 030D 53 <:11 030E 55 211 330F 56 212 0310 58 212 3311 59 c12 0312 5B 4:12 0313 5C 212 3314 50 £112 3315 5F 212 3316 60 212 3317 61 213 3318 63 213 3319 6A t 13 Q31A 65 dll 331a 67 213 331C 68 d13 331D 69 ^13 331E 6A <:13 331F 66 <:14 3323 6C 21A 3321 6D 21A 0322 6F 21A 3323 70 <-14 332A 71 214 3325 72 21A 0325 73 21A 0327 73 215 332a 7A 215 3329 75 ^15 332A 76 215 3323 77 215 332C 75 215 332D 78 215 332E 79 215 332F 7A 216 3330 7A 216 3331 7E *16 3332 7fc 216 3333 7C 216 3334 7C *16 3335 70 216 0336 70 216 3337 7D 217 333S 7E ^17 3339 7E 217 033A 7E 217 3333 7F 217 333C 7F 217 0330 7F 217 333E 7F 217 333F 7f 218 33A3 7f 218 33A1 7F 218 33A2 7F 218 33A3 7F 218 33AA 7? n13 33A5 7f ? «0flEFQUJ*UHro51vUrfXVZC\r_ N Acdef 9hi jklAnopqrstuvyxyrCi^l bAUUU T Character Set: A BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ RSTU V W X YZ- ?:*3$tt()., 9014! 57; 2/68* Cursor Modes: Home, Backspace, Horizon/a/ Tab, Line Feed, Vertical Tab, Carriage Return. Two special cursor sequences are provided for absolute and relative X- Y cursor addressing • Cursor Control: Erase, End of Line, Erase of Screen, Form Feed, Delete • Monitor Operation: 50 or 60Hz (jumper selectable. Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428 To Order From Connecticut Or For Technical ^ m — r Assistance, Etc. Call (203) 354-9375 I I Netronics R&D Ltd., Dept. PE-9 333 Litchfield Road, New Milford, CT 06776 I Please send the items checked below — ID Netronics Stand Alone ASCII Keyboard/Computer r Terminal Kit, $149.95 plus $3.00 postage & handling. | ID Deluxe Steel Cabinet for Netronics Keyboard/Termi- ■ nal In Blue/Black Finish, $19.95 plus $2.50 postage | I and handling. D Video Display Board Kit alone (less keyboard), $89.95 | plus $3 postage & handling. 12" Video Monitor (10 MHz bandwidth) fully assem- I bled and tested, $139.95 plus $5 postage and handling. RF Modulator Kit (to use your TV set for a monitor), | I $8.95 postpaid. D 5 amp Power Supply Kit In Deluxe Steel Cabinet (±8VDC @ 5 amps, plus 6-8 VAC), $39.95 plus $2 postage & handling. Total Enclosed (Conn. res. add sales tax) $_ i City_ J State I I I I I I I I _l D Send Me More Information m ^ m ^ J I I lot By- ID Personal Check □ Cashiers Check/Money Order □ Visa D Master Charge (Bank ft ) I Acct. # . Signature. I Print _Exp. Date _ Start Computing For Just $129.95 With An 8085-Based Professional Computer Kit— Explorer/85 100% compatible with all 8080A and 8085 software & development tools! No matter what your future computing plans may be, Level "A "—at $129.95— is your starting point. Starting at just $129.95 for a Level "A" operating system, you can now build the exact computer you want. Explorer/85 can be your beginner's system, OEM controller, or IBM- formatted 8" disk small business system... yet you're never forced to spend a penny for a component or feature you don't want and you can expand in small, affordable steps! Now, for just $129.95, you can own the first level of a fully expandable computer with professional capabilities— a com- puter which features the advanced Intel 8085 cpu, thereby giving you immediate access to all software and development tools that exist for both the 8085 and its 8080A predecessor (they are 100% software compatible)— a computer which features onboard S-I00 bus expansion — plus instant conver- sion to mass storage disk memory with either 5-1/4" diskettes or standard IBM-formatted 8" disks. For just $129.95 (plus the cost of a power supply, keyboard/ terminal and RF modulator, if you don't have them already), Explorer/85 lets you begin computing on a significant level . . . applying the principles discussed in leading computer maga- zines. . .developing "state of the art" computer solutions for both the industrial and leisure environment. Level "A" Specifications Explorer/85's Level "A" system features the advanced Intel 8085 cpu, an 8355 ROM with 2k deluxe monitor/operating system, and an 8155 ROM-I/O — all on a single motherboard with room for RAM/ROM/PROM/EPROM and S-100 ex- pansion, plus generous prototyping space. (Level "A" makes a perfect OEM controller for industrial applications and is available in a special Hex Version which ftu~ : - 'V-' r can De programmed using fjfc (I the Netronics Hex Keypad/ S^Lj-, Display.) PC Board: glass epoxy, plated through holes with solder mask • I/O: provisions for 25-pin (DB25) connector for terminal serial I/O, which can also sup- port a paper tape reader ...provision for 24-pin DIP socket for hex keyboard/dis- play . . . cassette tape recorder in- put. ..cassette tape recorder output. . .cassette tape control output. . .speaker output. . . LED output indicator on SOD (serial output) line. . .printer interface (less drivers). . .total of four 8-bit plus one 6-bit I/O ports •Crystal Frequency: 6.144 MHz • Control Switches: reset and user (RST 7.5) interrupt. . .additional provisions for RST 5.5, 6.5 and TRAP interrupts onboard • Counter/Timer: programmable, 14-bit binary • System RAM: 256 bytes located at F800, ideal for smaller systems and for use as an isolated stack area in expanded systems . . . RAM expandable to 64k via S-100 bus or 4K on motherboard. System Monitor (Terminal Version): 2k bytes of deluxe system monitor ROM located at F000 leaving 0000 free for user RAM/ROM. Features include tape load with labeling . . .tape dump with labeling. . .examine/change contents of memory ...insert data... warm start. . .examine and change all registers . . . single step with register display at each break point, a debugging/training feature... go to execution address... move blocks of memory from one location to another. . .fill blocks of memory with a constant . . . display blocks of memory . . .automatic baud rate selection. . .variable display line length control (1-255 characters/line) ... channelized I/O monitor routine with 8-bit parallel output for high speed printer... serial console in and console out channel so that monitor can communicate with I/O ports. System Monitor (Hex Version): Tape load with labeling. Level "A " at $129.95 is a complete operating system, perfect for beginners, hob- biests, or industrial con- troller use. Hex Keypad /Display. Explorer/85 with "C" card cage. L ^l registers. . .single step with register display at each break point . . .go to execution address. Level "A" in the Hex Version makes a perfect controller for industrial applications and can be programmed using the Netronics Hex Keypad/Display. p- Hex Keypad/Display Specifications Calculator type keypad with 24 system defined and 16 user defined keys. 6 digit calculator type display which displays full address plus data as well as register and status information. Level "B" Specifications LeveP'B" provides the S-100 signals plus buffers/drivers to support up to six S-100 bus boards and includes: address decoding for onboard 4k RAM expansion select-able in 4k blocks. . .address decoding for onboard 8k EPROM expan- sion selectable in 8k blocks. . .address and data bus drivers for onboard expansion. . .wait state generator (jumper selectable), to allow the use of slower memories. . .two separate 5 volt regulators. Level "C" Specifications Level "C" expands Explorer's motherboard with a card cage, allowing you to plug up to six S-100 cards directly into the motherboard. Both cage and cards are neatly contained inside Explorer's deluxe steel cabinet. Level "C" includes a sheet metal superstructure, a 5-card gold plated S-100 extension PC board which plugs into the mother- board. Just add required number of S-100 connectors Level "D" Specifications Level "D" provides 4k or RAM, power supply regulation, filtering decoupling components and sockets to expand your Explorer/85 memory to 4k (plus the original 256 bytes located in the 8 155 A). The static RAM can be located anywhere from 0000 to EFFF in 4k blocks. Level "E" Specifications Level "E" adds sockets for 8k of EPROM to use the popular Intel 2716 or the Tl 2516. It includes all sockets, power supply regulator, heat sink, filtering and decoupling components. Sockets may also be used for soon to be available RAM IC's (allowing for up to 12k of onboard RAM). Order A Coordinated Explorer/85 Applications Pak! Experimenter's Pak (SAVE $12.50)— Buy Level "A" and Hex Keypad/Display for $199.90 and get FREE Intel 8085 user's manual plus FREE postage& handling! Student Pak (SAVE $24.45)— Buy Level "A," ASCII Key- board/Computer Terminal, and Power Supply for $319.85 and get FREE RF Modulator plus FREE Intel 8085 user's manual plus FREE postage & handling! Engineering Pak (SAVE $41.00)— Buy Levels "A," "B," "C," "D," and "E" with Power Supply, ASCII Keyboard/ Computer Terminal, and six S-100 Bus Connectors for $514.75 and get 10 FREE computer grade cassette tapes plus FREE 8085 user's manual plus FREE postage & handling! Business Pak (SAVE $89.95)— Buy Explorer/85 Levels "A," "B," and "C" (with cabinet), Power Supply, ASCII Key- board/Computer Terminal (with cabinet), 16k RAM, 12" Video Monitor, North Star 5-1/4" Disk Drive (includes North Star BASIC) with power supply and cabinet, all for just $1599.40 and get 10 FREE 5-1/4" minidiskettes ($49.95 value) plus FREE 8085 user's manual plus FREE postage & handling! Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428 tape dump with labeling. . .examine/change contents of mem- ory^nsert data^arm start. . .examine andchange all ' Jq ^ FrOm'connectiCUt Or For Technical ^Netronics R&D LfcT, BepH^'Fl^ ™ Assistance, Etc. Call (203) 354-9375 | 333 Litchfield Road. New Milford, CT 06676 I I -Zip Please send the items checked below D Explorer/85 Level "A" Kit (ASCII Version), $129.95 plus $3 p&h. □ Explorer/85 Level "A" Kit (Hex Version), S129.95 plus $3 p&h. D 8k Microsoft BASIC on cassette tape, $64.95 postpaid. D 8k Microsoft BASIC in ROM Kit (requires Levels "B," "D," and "E"), $99.95 plus $2 p&h. □ Level "B" (S-100) Kit, $49.95 plus $2 p&h. □ Level "C" (S-100 6-card expander) Kit, $39.95 plus $2 p&h. D Level "D" (4k RAM) Kit, $69.95 plus $2 p&h. □ Level "E" (EPROM/ROM) Kit, $5.95 plus 50C p&h. D Deluxe Steel Cabinet for Explorer/ 85, $49.95 plus$3 p&h. D ASCII Keyboard/Computer Ter- minal Kit (features a full 128 character set, upper & lower case, full cursor con- trol, 75 ohm video output convertible to baudot output, selectable baud rate, RS232-C or 20 ma. I/O, 32 or 64 char- acter by 16 line formats, and can be used with either a CRT monitor or a TV set (if you have an RF modulator), $149.95 plus $2.50 p&h. plus$2p&ii. D Deluxe Steel Cabinet for ASCII Keyboard/Terminal, $19.95 plus $2.50 p&h. D Power Supply Kit (± 8V @ 5 amps) in deluxe steel cabinet, $39.95 plus $2 p&h. D Gold Plated S-100 Bus Connectors, $4.85 each, postpaid. D RF Modulator Kit (allows you to use your TV set as a monitor), $8.95 postpaid. D 16k RAM Kit (S-100 Board expands to 64k), $199.95 plus $2 p&h. □ 32k RAM Kit, $329.95 plus $2 p&h. D 48K RAM Kit, $459.95 plus $2 p&h. D 64k RAM KitrS589.95 plus $2 p&h. G 16k RAM Expansion Kit (to expand any of the above up to 64k), $139.95 plus$2 p&h each. D Intel 8085 cpu User's Manual, $7.50 postpaid. D Special Computer Grade Cassette Tapes, $1.90 each or 3 for $5, postpaid. D 12" Video Monitor (10 MHz band- width), $139.95 plus $5 p&h. D North Star Double Density Floppy Disk Kit (One Drive) for Explorer/ 85 (includes 3 drive S-100 controller, I I I i I I I I ! ID Hex Keypad/Display Kit, $69.95 DOS, and extended BASIC with per- Mate sonalized disk operating system— just ■ plug it in and you're up and running!),! $699.95 plus $5 p&h. D Power Supply Kit for North Star! Disk Drive, $39.95 plus $2 p&h. □ Deluxe Case for North Star Disk I Drive, $39.95 plus $2 p&h. D Experimenter's Pak (see above),! $199.90 postpaid. . D Student Pak (see above), $319.85 1 postpaid. D Engineering Pak (see above), | $514.75 postpaid. . D Business Pak (see above), $1599.40 1 postpaid. | Total Enclosed $ I (Conn. res. add sales tax) By— | D Personal Check □ M.O./Cashier*s I Check D Visa D Master Charge ■ (Bank#_ -)■ Acct. ft Signature Print Name Fxp. Date Address Citv State Zip Send Me Information i Circle 96 on inquiry card. Circle 97 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 153 Circle 98 on inquiry card. UTILITY MEANS kUjfA APPLESOFT UTILITY PROGRAMS (Gilder) you calculate the decimal address of your machine language program, renumber the program in any increment, join two or more programs together, and more. Contains 9 subroutines, among them 3 statement formatters: REM, PRINT, and Poke writer. #03604, Apple II, $29.95 REVIVE (Glider) kefat, recover "lost" programs. ' When a program Is acciden- tally erased, REVIVE searches through memory and finds the information that enables It to restore the pointers that have been changed. Can be loaded at any time, even after you have accidentally erased the pro- gram. #03604, Applt II, $19.95 (t£fy4, SLOW LIST/ STOP LIST (Glider) start, stop, and control the speed of your program with Apple IPs game paddles. Con- trol the speedat which the disk catalog appears and terminate CATALOG operation in the middle. The program can be enabled and disabled under software control. #03904, Apple II, $10.95 .. .And All That Help Comes From Hayden — Your Software Publisher! Call (201) 843-0550, ext. 307 TO CHARGE YOUR ORDER TO Master Charge or BankAmerlcard! Minimum order is $10.00; customer pays postage and handling. Hayden Book Company, Inc. 50 Essex Street, Rochelle Park, N J 07662 Listing 1 continued: 231 231 231 232 232 -132 232 232 232 23 2 232 233 233 233 233 ^33 233 233. 233 234 234 234 234 234 234 <:34 234 235 235 235 235 <:35 235 235 235 236 236 236 236 236 *36 236 236 237 237 237 237 237 237 237 237 238 238 233 238 238 238 238 238 239 239 239 c39 239 239 239 239 240 240 n40 240 *40 240 240 240 241 241 <:41 241 241 241 D3AD D3AE 33AF 33B3 03B1 33B2 33B5 33B4 33B5 33B6 33B7 33BB 33B9 33BA 33B3 33BC 33BD 33BE 33BF 33C3 33C1 33C2 33C3 33U 33C5 33C6 33C7 33C3 D3C9 33CA 33C3 33CC 33CD 33CE 33CF 3303 33D1 33D2 33D3 33D4 33D5 33D6 33D7 33D8 33D9 33DA 33D3 33DC 33DD 03DE 33DF 33E3 33E1 33E2 33E3 33E4 33E5 33E6 33E7 33ES 33E9 33EA 33E3 33EC 33ED 33EE D3EF 03FD 03F1 33F2 33F3 33F4 33F5 33F6 33F7 33F9 33F9 03FA 33F3 33FC 33FD 07 06 05 05 04 04 03 03 02 02 02 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 oc 00 00 01 01 01 02 02 02 03 03 04 04 05 05 06 07 07 0« 09 DA 0b 0C 0C 00 0E 0E 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 A 1E 1C 1E 1F 20 22 23 24 26 27 29 2A 2C 2D 2F 30 32 33 35 36 3b 39 36 .BYTE 5,4,4,3,3,2,2,2 .BYTE 1,1 ,1 ,0,0,0, 0,0 .BYTE 0,0 ,0,0,0,0, 1,1 .BYTE 1,2 ,2,2,3,3,4,4 .BYTE 5, 5, 6, 7, 7,8,9,10 ► BYTE 11,12,12,13,14,14,16,18 ► BYTE 19,20,21,22,23,2 4,26,27 .BYTE 28,30,31,32,34,3 5,36,38 ► BYTE 39,41,42,44,45,4 7,48,50 ► BYTL 51,53,54,56,57,5 9,60,62 Listing 1 continued o n page 156 154 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc IT'S HERE AND CPU BOARDS WILL NEVER BE THE SAME AGAIN. The CompuPro Dual Processor Board gives true 16 bit power with an 8 bit bus, is downward compatible with the vast library of 8080 software, is upward compatible with hardware and software not yet developed, accesses 16 Megabytes of memory, meets all IEEE S-100 bus specifications, runs 8085 and 8086 code In your existing mainframe as well as Microsoft 8086 BASIC and Sorcim PASCAL/ M™, and runs at 5 MHz for speed as well as power. The Dual Processor Board has two CPUs that "talk" to each other; the 8088 CPU is an 8 bit bus version of the 8086 1 6 bit CPU, while the 8085 is an advanced 8 bit CPU that can run existing software such asCP/M. Amazingly enough, all this flexibility won't break your budget: introductory prices are $385 unklt, $495 assembled, and $595 qualified under the Certified System Component high-reliability program. Don't need 16 bit power yet? Then select our single processor version which does not inlcude the 8088 for $235 unklt, $325 assembled, and $425 CSC. The Dual Processor Board is built to the same stringent stan- dards that have established our leadership in S-100 system com- ponents . . . and starting June 1st, you'll be able to plug it into your mainframe to experience computing power that, until now, you could only dream about. CPU boards will truly never be the same again. THINKING GRAPHICS? ■■" THINK "SPECTRUM" COLOR GRAPHICS BOARD. The CompuPro Spectrum board is actually three sophis- ticated products in one: a fast (5 MHz), low power 8Kx8 IEEE compatible memory board with extended addressing; an I/O board with full duplex bidirectional parallel port (including latched data along with attention, enable, and strobe bits), capable of interfacing with keyboards, joysticks, or similar parallel peripherals; and a 6847-based graphicsgeneratorboard that can display all 64 ASCII characters. Put these together, and you've got 10 modes of operation — from alphanumeric/semi- graphics in 8 colors to ultra-dense 256x192 full graphics, in- cludes a 75 Ohm RS-170 compatible line output and video out- put for use with FCC approved video modulators, introductory pricing is $339 unklt, $399 assembled, and $449 qualified under the high-reliability CSC program. Looking for graphics software? Sublogics 2D universal Graphics interpreter (normal- ly $35) is yours for $25 with the purchase of a Spectrum board in any configuration. No longer must you settle for B&w graphics, or stripped down color graphics boards; starting June 1st, you'll be able to plug one of the industry's most cost-effective and full-feature color graphics boards into your S-100 system. 1 1 OUTST ANDING COMP UTER PRODUCTS: I All boards are static, run in 5 MHz systems, meet all ieee stan- dards, include a 1 year limited warranty, and feature low power consumption. Choose from unklt (sockets, bypass caps pre- soldered in place), assembled, or boards qualified under our high-reliability Certified System component (CSC) program (200 hour burn-in, 8 MHz operation, and extremely low power con- sumption. Name buss & Notes Unklt Assm CSC 8K Econoram* MA S-100 $169 $189 $239 l6KEconoramxiv S-100 (1) $299 $349 $429 16K Econoram x-16 S-100 $329 $379 $479 16K Econoram xiiia-1 6 S-100 (2) $349 $419 $519 16K Econoram xv-1 6 H8 (3) $339 $399 n/a 24K Econoram XHIA-24 S-100 (2) $479 $539 $649 32K Econoram x-32 S-100 $599 $689 $789 32K Econoram XIHA-32 S-100 (2) $649 $729 $849 32K Econoram xv-32 H8 (3) $649 $749 n/a 32K Econoram XI SBC/BLC n/a n/a $1050 * Econoram is a trademark of Bill Codbout Electronics. (1) Extended addressing (24 address lines). Addressable on 4K boundaries. (2) Compatible with all bank select systems (Cromemco, Alpha Micro, Etc.); addressable on 4K boundaries. (3) Bank select option for implementing memory systems greater than 64K. SPECIAL PRICE! TRS-80* -I Or -II MEMORY EXPANSION CHIP SET: $69! We've done it again ... 8 low power, 250 ns 16K dynamic RAMs at a trendsetting price. Don't be im- pressed with fancy packaging or four color ads; our chip set gives all the performance you want at a price you can afford. Offer good while supplies last Add $3 for TRS-80 compatible DIP shunts and complete in- stallation instructions. *TRS-80 is a trademark of the Tandy Corporation. TERMS: Cal res add tax. Allow 5% for shipping, excess refunded, visa*/ Master-charge* call our 24 hour order desk at (415) 562-0636. cod OK with street address for UPS. sale prices good through cover month of magazine; other prices are subject to change without notice. MOTHERBOARDS Meet or exceed all IEEE S-100 specs; with true active ter- mination, grounded Faraday shield, edge connectors for all slots. Unkits have edge connectors and termination resistors pre-soldered in place for easy assembly. 6 slot: $89 unklt, $129 assm. 12 slot: $129 unklt, $169 assm. 19 slot: $174 unkit, $214 assm. codbout computer box $289 desktop, $329 rack mount. With quiet fan, dual AC outlets and f useholder, line filter, card guide, etc. S-100 2708 EROM BOARD $85 unkit. 4 independently addressable 4K blocks, includes support chips and manual, but no EROMs. S-100 ACTIVE TERMINATOR BOARD $34.50 kit. Plugs into older, unterminated motherboards to improve per- formance. S-100 MEMORY MANAGER BOARD $59 unkit, $85 assm, $100 CSC. Adds bank select and extended addressing to older S-100 machines to dramatically increase the available memory space. 25 INTERFACE!* I" S-100 I/O BOARD $199 unkit, $249 assm, $324 CSC Dual RS-232 ports with full handshake. On- board crystal timebase, hardware UARTS, much more. 3P PLUS S INTERFACE!* II" I/O BOARD $199 unklt, $249 assm, $324CSC Includes 1 channel of serial I/O (RS-232 with full handshake), along with 3 full duplex parallel ports plus a separate status port. PASCAL/M™ + MEMORY SPECIAL PASCAL can give a microcomputer with CP/M more power than many minis. You can buy our totally standard Wlrth PASCAL/M™ 8" diskette, with manual and Wlrth's definitive book on PASCAL, FOR $1 50 with the purchase of any memory board. Specify Z-80 or 8080/8085 version. PASCAL/M™ available separately for $350. z-boa CPU board $225 unklt, $295 assm, $395 CSC Full compliance with IEEE S-100 bus standards, provision for ad- ding two EROMs, on-board fully maskable interrupts, power on jump and clear, selectable automatic wait state inser- tion, IEEE extended addressing, much more. CompuPro" t^BSeem; BH ^^^^^^^ H ^ ELECTRONICS ^ Bldg. 725, Oakland Airport, CA 94614 Circle 99 on inquiry card. Many of these products are stocked by finer computer stores world-wide, or write us for further information if there's no dealer in your area. BYTE June 1980 155 Circle 100 on inquiry card. A ATARI 400 A Warner Communications Comoany© PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM List $630 ONLY §499 ATARI® 800™ PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM. List $1080 ONLY $849 ATARI® 820 PRINTER, List $599.95 . . $499 810 DISK DRIVE, List $699.95 $589 APPLE II PERSONAL COMPUTERS 16K, List $1195 $ 989 32K, List $1395 1169 48K 1259 COMMODORE PET Call Us! EXIDY SORCERER COMPUTERS 16K RAM, List $1295 $ 999 32K RAM, List $1395 1099 48K RAM, List $1495 1199 Texas Instruments TI-99/^ Home I I 5*5*/^ Computer List $1150 OUR PRICE $995 Prices do not include shipping by UPS. All prices and offers are subject to change without notice. ersonal omputer ystems c s 609 Butternut Street Syracuse, N.Y. 13208 (315) 478-6800 Listing 1 continued: 241 33FE 241 D3FF HIFT2 SHIFTS SINTA3 SOUND S0UND1 029E 02AE 02A9 02B6 02C8 02E2 0263 0269 0272 027B 0284 028C 1700 1701 0200 023D 0262 003C 013A 0202 02DA 194B 0010 1F6A 0000 0001 0005 0006 00F9 0223 20 6 000C 000D 0004 0009 1703 0U02 0003 0007 0008 OOFD 1702 028D 028F 1F1F 0111 013F 0241 0243 024C 0250 0300 0140 014A 178 1b3 ia4 189 196 208 145 149 154 159 164 168 26 27 94 122 144 21 65 201 204 32 15 34 2 3 7 8 24 110 97 23 13 6 11 29 4 5 9 10 25 28 169 170 33 45 67 124 125 130 132 210 68 72 172 1&1 199 190 197 179 10 5 14 7 150 155 160 165 75 111 **** 107 123 38 66 207 205 161 51 98 54 52 60 58 14 2 96 102 45 21 *** * *•** * 11 2 77 73 84 74 131 114 166 176 97 39 46 **♦* 129 120 143 *** * 61 91 SYMBOL YALUE LINE DEFINED TEMPX 10NES J0NES1 T0NTH3 1STAT T1024 ZERO ZER01 000A 0100 0102 0022 1707 1707 0230 0234 12 36 37 17 31 30 1 15 117 37 15 1 43 49 65 63 15 6 119 55 90 64 CROSS-REFERENCES 100 101 118 125 126 130 171 53 78 81 85 88 104 122 42 79 80 8o 87 57 59 106 109 99 116 128 175 82 89 185 192 CROS S-REFERENCES 40 170 173 1 tS9 70 196 71 204 187 188 194 195 202 203 Record keeping problems? Our CCA Data Management System solves them easily. Having information at your fingertips can make your job a whole lot easier. And that's what the CCA Data Management System is all about. With this Personal Software™ package and an Apple II ,M or TRS-80™ disk system, it will be far easier to keep inven- tories, customer lists, accounts receivable and payable records, patient histories and many more items. In fact, you can use the CCA DMS for all of your data management needs, rather than buying (expensive) or writing (time consuming) separate programs for each applica- tion. That's because DMS lets you create your own filing systems, adapting itself to the types of records you keep. You specify the number and names of each data field— without any programming. With DMS keeping all of your records, you only have to learn how to use one system. That's easier, too. It's menu driven, with plenty of prompts to help you create files and add, update, scan, inspect, delete, sort, con- dense and print data. Our compre- _ i hensive 130-page step-by-step s y' instruction manual even provides complete "how to" inventory and mailing list applications so you can start processing immediately. DMS is a very powerful sys- tem, with more file and record storage capacity than other data base programs on the market. *Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.; TR5-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack Div. of Tandy Corp. Circle 101 on inquiry card. And it also gives you greater data handling flexibility. To cus- tomize DMS, write add-on BASIC programs that read or write DMS files and perform any kind of processing you want. You can sort and print your data in nearly any form of report and mailing label you want. Sort data by up to 10 fields for zip code, balance due, geographic location or whatever. And print reports with subtotals and totals automatically calculated. The CCA Data Management System, written by Creative Computer Applications, has two years of field testing on other microcomputers. Now Personal Software makes DMS avail- able on the TRS-80 Level II and Apple II and II Plus 48k disk svstems. And at under $100, DMS is also easy to afford. Apple DMS has two additional and exclusive features. Its ISAM search method finds any item on a diskette within 10 seconds. And its Data Interchange Format Program moves DMS files into our Apple VisiCalc™ program — the "electronic worksheet" — for powerful, flexible calculating. Ask your Personal Software dealer to show you how easy computerized record keeping is. To locate the nearest dealer, contact Personal Software Inc., (408) 745-7841, 1330 Bordeaux Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086. \ y4UB0. BYTE June 1980 157 proudly COMMODORE'S NEW 8000 introduces SERIES (so column) COMPUTERS $1695 (available May/June '80) CBM™ 8050 DUAL DRIVE FLOPPY DISK The CBM 8050 Dual Drive Floppy Disk in an enhanced ver- sion of the intelligent CBM 2040 Disk Drive. The CBM 8050 has all of the features of the CBM 2040, and provides more powerful software capabilities, as well as nearly one meg- abyte of online storage capacity. The CBM 8050 supplies relative record files and automatic diskette initialization. It can copy all the files from one diskette to another without copying unused space. The CBM 8050 also offers improved error recovery and the ability to append to sequential files. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS Dual Drives Two microprocessors 974K Bytes storage on two 5.25" diskettes (ss) Tracks 70 Sectors 17-21 Soft sector format I EEE-488 interface Combination power (green) and error (red) indicator lights Drive Activity indicator lights Disk Operating System Firmware (12KROM) Disk Buffer (4K RAM) FIRMWARE DOS version 2.0 Sequential file manipulation Sequential user files Relative record files Append to sequential files Improved error recovery Automatic diskette initialization Automatic directory search Command parser for syntax validation Program load and save CBM™ 8000 SERIES BUSINESS COMPUTERS The new Commodore 8000 series computers offer a wide screen display to show you up to 80-character lines of information. Text editing and report formatting are faster and easier with the new wide-screen display. The 8000 series also provides a resident Oper- ating System with expanded functional capabilities. You can use BASIC on the 8000 computers in both interactive and program modes, with expanded commands and functions for arithmetic, edit- ing, and disk file management. The CBM 8000 series computers are ideally suited for the computing needs of the business marketplace. SCREEN 2000 character display, organized into twenty-five 80-column lines 64 ASCII, 64 graphic characters 3 x 8 dot matrix characters Green phosphor screen Brightness control Line spacing: V/z in Text Mode 1 in Graphics Mode KEYBOARD 73-key typewriter style keyboard with graphic capabilities Repeat key functional with all keys MEMORY CBM 8016: 16K (15359 net) random access memory (RAM) CBM 8032: 32K (31743 net) random access memory (RAM) POWER REQUIREMENTS Volts: 110V Cycles: 60 Hz Watts: 100 SCREEN EDITING CAPABILITIES Full cursor control (up, down, right, left) Character insert and delete Reverse character fields Overstriking Return key sends entire line to CPU regardless of cursor position INPUT/OUTPUT Parallel port 1 EEE-488 bus 2 cassette ports Memory and I/O expansion connectors FIRMWARE 24K or ROM contains: BASIC (version 4.0) with direct (interactive) and indirect (program) modes 9-digit floating binary arithmetic Tape and disk file handling software The 8000 Series will be available May/June '80 Model 8016 Model 8032 2040 Dual Floppy Available Now $1495 $1795 $1295 £z commodore Available June/July $395 CBM™ IEEE MODEM SPECIFICATIONS *Full or half duplex operation *300 bits per second 'Standard IEEE 488 interface 'Switch selectable originate, off, answer-full duplex, test, half duplex "Visible indicators are transmit data, receive data, carrier ready, test 'Frequency shifted modulation *Bell 103/113 compatible "Execeptional performance ■ even on noisy phone lines" VISICALC FOR CBM $150 (™'«) *CBM is a registered trademark of Commodore, All prices and specifications are subject to change without notice. m NEECO 679 Highland Ave. Needham, MA 02194 Mon-Fri 9:30-5:30 MasterCharge & Visa Accepted (617)449-1760 Telex: 951021 MICROAMERICA DISTRIBUTING "Dealer and OEM inquiries invited" 21 Putnam Street Needham, MA 02194 (617)449-4310 158 BYTE June 1980 Circle 102 on inquiry card. Circle 103 on inquiry card. NEECO PROUDLY INTRODUCES MULTI-CLUSTER "Multi User Management System for Commodore CBM/PET* Computers" UP TO 8 CBM/PETS MAY NOW SIMULTANEOUSLY ACCESS ONE 2040! Channel Module CM^OO Multi-Cluster Model MC-800A Standard 3 Channels) $995 Up to 8 Channel (3 Standard) for CBM/PET Computers. Up to 8 CBM/PETS can multi-use one Commodore 2040 dual disk drive simultaneously with equal access. Multi-Cluster supports all 2040 disk O/S commands including sequential, random access, and user files. Multi-Cluster does not utilize any RAM or ROM from the 2040 or host CBM/PET units. Multi-Cluster is compatible with all known softwear that utilize the IEEE port. Multi-Cluster can be fully implemented on 8 PETS, completely ready to use, in less than 15 minutes. Simply plug the Multi-Cluster unit into the IEEE port of the 2040 Disk Drive, then attach a Channel Module, #CM800, (3 Channel Modules are standard with unit), to the IEEE port of each PET. THE MULTI-CLUSTER SYSTEM HAS BEEN USED AND FULLY-TESTED BY NEECO Multi-Cluster Model MO800A (Standard 3 Channels) ^ Up to 8 CBM/PETS May Access One 2040 Disk Drive Optional „ Output Printer Module Multi-Cluster is ideal for industrial, OEM, Vertical Markets, and Educational Institutions. Multi- Cluster allows you to make full use of the Com- modore 3 units for the price of 2 educational pro- grams. Standard Components: 1 Multi-Cluster #MC800A 3 Channel Modules #CM-100 3 6' Ribbon Cables #RC6 Output Printer Module allows 1 CBM/PET to scan 2040 Disk and print flagged files. Optional Component Prices: Eachadditional CM-100 $250 Each 12' Ribbon Cable (RC12) $ 40 Each 18' Ribbon Cable (RC18) $ 60 Output Printer Module (PM200) $200 (For Centronics Protnoal Printers) *PET Is a registered trademark of Commodore Business Machines. Small Keyboard PETS require a ROM Retrofit Kit for Multi- Cluster system operation. Multi-Cluster is available in Canada from BMB Compu Science, Milton, Ontario, (416) 878-7277 1 NEECO Dealer Sales: Microamerica Distributing 679 Highland Ave. 21 Putnum St., Needham, MA 02194 Needham, MA (61 7) 449-431 Telex: 951021 OP1Q4 vt Circle 105 on inquiry card. Customer Sales: NEECO 679 Highland Ave., Needham, MA 02194 (617)449-1760 Circle 104 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 159 Text continued from page 142: convert it. After going through all 256 table locations, I will return to the beginning of the table for the next value, continuing to go through the table for as long as I want a tone to be produced. The fixed interval between output samples is 63 /is for my program when it is run on a KIM-1 with a 1 MHz clock. Using this time for the example, it will take 256 steps/cycle multiplied by 63 ^is/step = 16.1 ms to go through the sine table once (one cycle of the waveform). As I continue to increment through the table for subsequent cycles, I am producing a continuous sine waveform with a period of 16.1 ms, or a frequency of 1/16.1 ms = 62 Hz. If I skip every other table location — that is, add 2 instead of 1 to get the next location — then it will take me half the time to step all the way through a complete cycle ((128 steps/cycle) X (63 /is/step) = 8.1 ms/cycle) and the frequency of the tone will be doubled (1/8.1 ms/cycle = 124 Hz). You can generate higher frequencies by using a larger increment to step through the waveform table. However, there is a commodore MAKES GOOD BUSINESS SENSE! i ■ 3E3 PROFESSIONAL PET 2001 (MODEL N) Terminal styled keybd. /numeric pad/graphics keys/40 column by 25 line display. (Basic 3.0 OS) BUSINESS CBM 2001 (MODEL B] Typewriter styled keybd./ numeric pad/40 column by 25 line display. (Basic 3 OS) 8K 16K c 7 nr FREE SOFTWARE IN only) * /yO + VALUED AT $50 * nnc FREE SOFTWARE (Specify Nor B) * 330 + VALUED AT $100 32K (Specify N or B] s 1,295 + FREE SOFTWARE VALUED AT $100 CBM MODEL B0D0 Ofl 1 G Typewriter styled keybd./ OU I D numeric pad/80 column by 25 nnoO line display/new screen edit OUuL (Basic 4.0 OS) SI iinC FREE SOFTWARE I ,430 + VALUED AT $100 SI TflC FREE SOFTWARE I ,/yO + VALUED AT $100 CBM 2022 PRINTER 80columndol matrix/plain paper or forms/tractor feed/ lull PET graphics/variable line spacing/programmable character onoo (CBM 2023 Prinler is friction feed) lUlO 2022 Printer s 795 Printer s 695 FREE SOFTWARE + VALUED AT $50 FREE SOFTWARE + VALUED AT $50 CBM 2040 DUAL DRIVE FLOPPY DISK Intelligent 5V mini-floppy disk system with 343K net user storage (DOS 10) CBM 8050 DUALDRIVEFLOPPY DISK Intelligent 5'*" mini-floppy disk system with over950K net user storage (DOS 2 0) FREE SOFTWARE on An ki one mttsuMWAHt L\iW Dual Floppy *| ,Olb + valued at $100 oncn si anc free software OUuU Dual Floppy I ,UX3D + valued at $100 CBM C2N CASSETTE DRIVE C2N CASSETTE DR. $95 CBM M00EM MODEM S395 QUALIFIED EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS RECEIVE 3 COMPUTERS FOR THE PRICE OF 2 I This is a limited duration special by COMMODORE. Software specials do not apply. TO ORDER: Certified checks or money orders receive FREE INSURED SHIPPING BY UNITED PARCEL SERVICE!" C.O.D. shipments require a 15% deposit — freight collect. Arizona residents: Add 5% sales tax.. Credit cards welcome. There are no handling charges. 1. MICRO-COMPUTER BROKERS is a COMMODORE AUTHORIZED SALES CENTER. 2. SOFTWARE OFFER IS CUMMULATIVE! Example: Order of I CBM 2001. 1 Printer 2022. 1 Oual Drive 2040 qualifies lor $250 in FREE SOFTWARE. 3. Great savings also on Industrial Micro. Leedex. N.E.C.. Televideo. Texas Instruments I or Micro-Computer Brokers mail order division 68l9-P,n.2lsLAve. • Phoenix, AZ 850 1 5 TELEPHONE ORDERS WELCOME (602) 242-9966 TELEX: (0) 668382 practical and theoretical) upper limit to the increment size: it should not be more than one third (practical) to one half (theoretical) of the length of the table itself. This means that the prac- tical frequency upper limit is 5300 Hz ((3 steps/cycle) X (63 /is/step) = 189 /is/cycle). So far, the important points are that I use a fixed sample rate to step through a waveform table, using a small increment size for a low fre- quency and a large increment size for a high frequency. The increment sizes up to now have been exact integers, restricting me to discrete frequencies (62 Hz, 124 Hz, 248 Hz, etc). How can I get all of the frequencies in be- tween? The control program in this case was made very simple. I will use a 2-byte increment and a 2-byte pointer. These have both an integer part and a fractional part. As I step through the table I will add both the integer part and the fractional part to the 2-byte table pointer, but will ignore the fractional part when I use the pointer as an offset from the beginning of the waveform table. Thus I will maintain a table pointer with both integer and fractional parts, but I will index into the table with just the integer part. For exam- ple, with 2.5 as the increment size used to choose successive samples within the 256-entry table, the pro- gram will take (on the average) not 256 but 256/2.5 = 102.4 steps to create one cycle of the sine wave. With each step taking 63 /is, the waveform has a period of 6.45 ms, which is equivalent to a frequency of 155 Hz. Combining two tones could be done by using two digital-to-analog converters and combining the audio frequency tones with a resistive net- work. However, I can let the com- puter add the instantaneous waveform values before sending the results out to the digital-to-analog converter. The resulting waveform is the same. My program keeps track of two in- crement sizes and two table pointers. When the processor has both values for a single sample instant, it per- forms an ADC (ie: add) instruction and sends the result to the digital-to- 160 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 106 on inquiry card. Circle 107 on inquiry card. Dataspcsen S-100 BUS PRODUCTS THE CONDUCTOR™ A versatile dual density floppy disk controller. Works with. '; most popular drives sucK as I SHUGART, MPI, SIEMENS, * PERSCI. etc., and guaranteed to work with virtually all leading CPU boards and RAM cards. Backed up with dual density CP/M 2.2 ($150) and available NOW!!! - $325 assembled 5 AND 8 INCH SINGLE-AND DOUBLE-DENSITY CONTROLLER ON ONE BOARD VCB-Itm VIDEO CONTROLLER Memory mapped 80 x 24 with dual character sets (PROGRAMMABLE!) parallel port, 1K user ROM and HARDWARE SCROLLING. Firmware available. $349 assembled THE PERFECT I/O COMPANION TO THE CONDUCTOR We feature SHUGART drives. Each drive system includes the CONDUCTOR dual density- controller, cabinet power supply and cables, EVERYTHING you need for a solid dual-density system at solid savings; DOUBLE-DENSITY MINI-FLOPPY SYSTEMS Single-Sided System ; (SA-400) $795 Double-Sided System (SA-450) Y,-. j $895 DISK SYSTEMS Let DATASPEED package your • disk system. All the hardware you need for a complete floppy disk system. Just add CP/M and a computer. PLUS- FREE Osborne Accounting software. complete systems from $795 Single Drive System Dual Drive System 8" DRIVE SYSTEMS single-sided (oneSA-800). . . $1149 (twoSA-800) . ■. ; $1849 double-sided (oneSA-850). .. $1349 (twoSA-850) . . . $2049 DATASPEED INC. IS NOT AFFILIATED WITH ANY BELL SYSTEM COMPANY OR PRODUCT. Canada: \RDEX DISTRIBUTING CO. LTD. 31 PROGRESS CL UNIT 12 SCARBOROUGH {' ONTARIO Exclusive European Distributor: TRANS AM COMPONENTS , 12 CHAPEL STREET LONDON ENGLAND DATASPEED, INC. 1300 NOE STREET SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94131 (415) 641-8947 VISA AND . MASTER CHARGE ACCEPTED PA7 [Z> PA6 O PA5 O PA4 C> PA3 O PA2 CZ> PA1 O PAO O LSB 0,1/iF + 9 T0+12V £ 0.1/iF -)h- r-s^TO AUDIO 1— ^ AMPLIFIER //7 1 10 O/i F 1 0.05/iF ion SPEAKER Number Type + 5 V GND + 12 V IC1 IC2 IC3 4050 4050 LM386 1 1 8 8 4 6 IC2 4050 Figure 2: Schematic diagram of circuit for audio dialing. Thetonesused for dual-tone, multiple-frequency (ie: Touch-Tone) dialing are generated by the conversion of an 8-bit digital quantity to an analog signal Here, a resistive ladder converts the 8-bit value to an analog voltage, and a resistor-capacitor pair acts as a low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of about 3 kHz. The signal can either be sent to an external amplifier, or it can be amplified by the circuit centering around IC3. analog converter. The maximum value of the sum must never exceed the 8-bit range of a single byte, so the waveform values themselves must all be less than one half of hexadecimal FF. (This gives the previously stated value of hexadecimal 7F.) The waveform produced is a stair- case approximation to the superposi- tion of two frequencies. The sharp transitions in the voltage levels pro- duced by this method are full of high- frequency harmonics. Filtering will be required to get rid of these unwanted frequencies. Hardware Required — Tones Hardware required to generate tone pairs consists of a simple 8-bit digital-to-analog converter, a low- pass filter, an amplifier, and a small speaker. (See figure 2 for a schematic diagram of the circuit I used.) The 8-bit latched output from the computer is applied to a ladder- network digital-to-analog converter using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) buffers. This is unsigned binary conversion: a code of hexadecimal FF produces close to 5 V output and a code of hexa- decimal 00 produces close to V output. A similar ladder network could be constructed using transistor- transistor logic (TTL) integrated cir- cuits, but CMOS buffers give more accurate results (even though the quality of conversion is not too im- portant in this application). For each of the 50 k-ohm resistors shown, I used two 100 k-ohm resistors in parallel. The output of the digital-to-analog converter goes through a single-pole, low-pass filter with a cutoff frequen- cy of about 3 kHz. The output of the filter can be fed to an amplifier and speaker system. Use a capacitor in series (as shown in figure 2) to block the DC voltage offset from the con- verter. Make your connection at the wiper of the potentiometer if your amplifier lacks a volume control of its own. The volume-control poten- tiometer I used a 25 k-ohm linear trimmer, but almost anything from 20 k thru 100 k should work fine. I found it convenient to use an integrated-circuit audio amplifier to drive my speaker (one side of a pair of headphones). The manufacturer of the LM386 suggested the simple cir- cuit I used. The input is direct cou- pled (ie: the DC offset voltage poten- tial from the converter will be main- tained through the amplifier stage). The output capacitor blocks direct current to the speaker; it must be of a value of at least 100 /iF to produce a sound loud enough to work with my system. Another factor in loudness is the supply voltage for the LM386. A 5 V supply will produce tones that are clearly audible but which are not loud enough to work the telephone circuits when I use the headphone speaker. The headphones work fine using a 9 V or a 12 V supply. If a speaker lower in impedance than mine is used, the 5 V power supply may be sufficient. My circuits were constructed on an 162 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 108 on inquiry card. PRB-1 DIGITAL LOGIC PROBE Compatible with DTL, TTL, CMOS, MOS and Microprocessors using a 4 to 15V power supply. Thresholds au- tomatically programmed. Automatic resetting memory. No adjustment re- quired. Visual indication of logic lev- els, using LED's to show high, low, bad level or open circuit logic and pulses. Highly sophisticated, shirt , pocket portable (protective tip cap and removable coil cord). • DC to > 50 MHZ • 10 Nsec. pulse response • 120 K n impedance • Automatic pulse stretch- ing to 50 Msec. • Automatic resetting memory • Open circuit detection • Automatic threshold resetting • Compatible with all logic families 4-15 VDC • Range extended to 15-25 VDC with optional PA-1 adapter • Supply O.V.P. to ± 70 VDC • No switches/no calibration * ADD $2.00 FOR SHIPPING (N. Y. CITY AND STATE RESIDENTS ADD TAX) OK MACHINE & TOOL CORPORATION 3455 Conner St., Bronx, N.Y. 10475 (212) 994-6600 /Telex 125091 MR. PROGRAMMER Are you finding programming the most tedious pursuit you've ever engaged in? MR. DEALER Would you find your hardware sales increased 100 fold if your prospectJj^pdrchasers could create th programs immediately? njS MR. HOBBYIST &? IjK How about you? Spending lots and lots of time debugging? MR., MRS., MS. Who ever you are - if programming has become unpalatable or if you LET THE CREATOR 6 TAKE A THE CREATOR®. does the work! You answer the simple direct questions and THE CREATOR^creates ... all in Basic language. THE CREATOR®. makes complete running pro- grams that are modular and fully documented. THE CREATOR®. cuts programming time up to 90% THE CREATOR®. requires NO (none) prior pro- gramming knowledge or skills THECREA design. your programs to your THE CREATOR is presently available for Apple II THE CREATOR® is presently available for TRS 80 Model I TRS 80 Model II Tandy 10 THE CREATOR® will soon be available for CP/M systems Please Print Enclosed is my check (or money order) in the amount of $250.00. Please send me my serial numbered, registered copy of THE CREATOR® as soon as my check clears. (No wait for Certi- fied checks, bank checks or money orders.) Sorry, no credit cards accepted. MamP Address Citv Cnmputpr make State MoHpI Apt. No. Zip We are seeking qualified dealers and distributors to handle our growing software lines. Address inquires, on your company letterhead, to: Complete Business Systems, Inc., Software Division, 9420 W. Foster Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60656. Circle 109 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 163 Circle 110 on inquiry card. A 1 The advantages of PASCAL are well recog- nized and accepted. Now, JRT Systems makes a good thing even better. JRT PASCAL is a compiler and run-time package with extensions. Not a subset, it is a complete PASCAL and is fully CP/M* compatible —because it's specifically designed for CP/M. It gives you all the standard PASCAL benefits —all data types, (records, arrays, sets, user defined types, etc.); 14 digit BCD floating point package PLUS extensions to support commercial applications and reduce programming effort Powerful dynamic storage management system / dynamic variable allocation procedures NEW & DISPOSE are fully implemented / automatic dynamic storage compression / user assigned pointer variables allow access to any part of storage- example: a memory mapped video display could be accessed as an array of characters. External procedures/ functions may be separately compiled and disk-stored in relocatable format /allows development of large programs, not limited by main storage size / automatic loading into dynamic storage when procedure is referenced /automatic purging from dynamic storage by a least-recently-used algorithm. Powerful disk I/O facilities/ data may be stored in ASCII text or space-saving binary format/ random access by relative byte address, perfect for index file structures and data base systems /random access by relative record number. String and structured variables /entire arrays and records, strings of different lengths may be assigned, compared, input or output with simple statements / function return values may be string, array, record. CASE statement with ELSE clause /CASE labels may be full expressions. More readable identifiers / up to 32 characters / may contain underline characters. Assembler routine interface. Hex constants. JRT PASCAL User Manual, Diskette, and PASCAL User Manual & Report by Jensen & Wirth: $225. Manuals only: $25. (VISA/^ MC accepted. California residents sales tax. Dealer inquiries invited.) Order today from: JRT SYSTEMS, INC PO. Box 22365 San Francisco CA 94122 Telephone 415/566-4240 integrated-circuit breadboard without much attention paid to com- ponent layout and wire lengths. The 0.05 juF capacitor and 10-ohm resistor on the amplifier output were recom- mended by the manufacturer for f DIAL J INITIALIZE KIM PARALLEL PORTS AS OUTPUT SCANDS REFRESH KIM DISPLAY GETKEY CHECK FOR KEYPRESS STORE PREVIOUS AND CURRENT KEYPRESSES INTERPRETS KEY- PRESS AS COMMAND AND EXECUTES IF VALID YES DIGIT STORE KEYPRESS AS A DIGIT OF A TELEPHONE NUMBER Figure 3: Flowchart for DIAL, the main loop of the program used to store and dial a telephone number. SCANDS and GETKEY are KIM monitor routines to display data on the KIM readout and to check for a keypress, respectively. CMND executes the most recent keypress if it is a valid command, and DIGIT stores and displays the digit key just pressed during the process of entering the number to be dialed. stability, but they were not required in my system. When you run the program to generate tones, adjust the volume control to give an output as loud as possible without clipping distortion. If you have an efficient speaker, perhaps you can set the volume con- trol lower than would otherwise be necessary. Try dialing some local numbers to test correct operation. I have found that (in my local telephone system) dialing my own number will give a busy signal if everything is working properly. If a dial tone remains after the system has produced the tones, or if there is silence, I know the system needs ad- justment. Software Required — Control There must be an overall control- ling mechanism to accept user com- mands and digits and to execute the proper routines. The control program in this case was made very simple, relying on calls to subroutines to ex- ecute desired operations. The KIM monitor routines are used to collect input data from the keypad and to put information into the display. Other routines are called to set up I/O registers, to enter a digit from the keypad into memory as part of the telephone number, and to interpret and execute a command key when pressed. The remainder of this article is a discussion of the individual routines used in the dialer program. Refer to the flowcharts in figures 3 and 4 for a general idea of the program's logic. I shall first describe the overall soft- ware structure and then each of the subroutines in more detail. Listing 1 shows the main routine of the program. I kept it very short and relied on subroutines to do the work so that I could concentrate on getting the basic program flow to work before I tried out the more com- plicated and error-prone subroutines. When I was testing the main routine, I changed the subroutine addresses to call KIM location hexa- decimal 194B, which contains hexa- decimal 60, a return instruction. Each such subroutine call is a dummy pro- viding an immediate return. When the main routine worked to my satisfaction, I began writing the subroutines and one by one replaced the dummy calls with calls to a new routine to be tested. 164 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc FINALLY ! PASCAL for the price of BASIC SORCIM's $175.00 PASCAL M Sorcim delivers all the advantages of PASCAL — from ease of learning to sophistication of application — in a totally CP/M* compatible software package for 8080 or Z80 based systems. And, the features are as impressive as the price: ■ Built-in error checking (PASCAL/M's unique runtime debug support) ■ Runs under both CP/M 1.4 and 2.2 ■ Optional updating service protects your investment ■ Extensions chosen for compatibility with other popular PASCALS ■ Console cursor controls for word processing-like editing capabilities ■ Complete random file and longer integer (32 bit, 9 digit) support ■ Case statement includes otherwise clause ■ Full Wirth implementation ■ All I/O totally compatible with CP/M file structure ■ Special version (at no extra cost) for Z80 + 9511 math chip based systems ■ Comprehensive 90 page manual describing PASCAL/M implementation ■ Full access to CP/M data files written in other languages and stored under CP/M ■ Assembly code external support for added flexibility . . . and there's more. Find out why Sorcim's $175 PASCAL/M is the choice of companies such as Digital Marketing, FMG Corporation, Godbout Electronics/CompuPro, and Lifeboat Associates . . . and why it should be yours. Still need convincing? The 90 page manual is available separately for $10, and tells all about PASCAL/M's implementation. Need more background? Jensen and Wirth's definitive book on PASCAL is available from us for $7.90. You may never go back to BASIC again. PASCAL/M™ is a trademark of Sorcim *CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research k SORCI/H 22730LLEDELUN\ S4NI4 CMRk OIIFOPNIK 95050 | 2 J PASCAL/M requires 56K of RAM and one floppy disk. All disks are shipped on single- ■ 0C 1 sided/single density, soft-sectored CP/M compatible media. I LL | TERMS: We accepl UPS COD. Mastercard®, VISA®, personal checks (allow j CC 1 ,ime ,0 clear )' and certified checks. Price good through cover month of 8080 PASCAL/M 1 UI ■ magazine. Z80 PASCAL/M ■ a I ■ OC 1 Send the indicated items to: ZBO + 9511 PASCAL/M | Name PASCAL/M manual l^ 1 I C 1 1 O " UPS address Jensen & Wirth book ■ Ll_ 1 Iff ■ J J"" 1 Town State Zip CA sales tax Add $10 outside US 1 CC | Mastercard* datB ■ ^ |VISA® Enclosed is Circle 111 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 165 f CMND J CLEAR CARRY FLAG IS CODE IN J ACCUMULATOR LESS 1THAN HEXADECIMAL I 10 ! I I TONES DIAL STORED NUMBER BY TONE METHOD SET CARRY ZERO CLEARS CURRENT NUMBER FROM MEMORY SET CARRY DUMMY NO OPERATION PERFORMED SET CARRY PULSE DIAL NUMBER STORED BY PULSE METHOD SET CARRY f RETURN J Figure 4: Flowchart for CMND, a command decoding subroutine. TONES and PULSE cause the telephone number currently in memory to be dialed by the audio-tone and pulse-dialing methods, respectively. ZERO clears the current number from memory, and DUMMY is a trivial subroutine used to test the calling routines. The CMND subroutine returns with the status of the carry flag denoting whether or not the last keypress is a valid command (set) or a digit (cleared). The logic of the main program is not too complicated. First, a call to an initialization routine is made to set up Key Pressed Code Returned none 15 00 1 01 2 02 3 03 4 04 5 05 6 06 7 07 8 08 9 09 A 0A B 0B C OC D 0D E 0E F OF AD 10 DA 11 + 12 GO 13 PC 14 Table 3: Codes returned by the KIM monitor subrout ine GETKEY. These values must be knc )wn in order to decode a keypress in the CMND subroutine. data-direction registers of the I/O devices and to load variables with starting values. I then use two KIM routines to put data in the display (SCANDS) and to check for a key closure on the KIM keypad (GETKEY). If no key is pressed, the GETKEY routine returns with a value of hexa- decimal 15 in the accumulator. If one of the keys (except for reset and stop) is pressed, a hexadecimal code from 00 to 14 will be stored in the ac- cumulator. (See table 3 for the key names and the codes returned by GETKEY.) The main routine waits for a hexadecimal 15 from GETKEY between separate closures on the keypad. In this way, the program can distinguish between an old key still held down and a second closure of the same key. Further processing of a key will determine whether the key is a com- mand (GO, AD, DA, PC, +) or a digit (0 thru 9 and A thru C). If the key is a command, then the action called for will be carried out by in- voking the appropriate subroutine. The keycode is passed to the CMND subroutine in the ac- cumulator. If that routine returns with the carry flag set, then a com- mand was carried out and no further processing need be done. If the carry flag is cleared ( = 0) when the subroutine returns, then it was not a valid command keycode and process- ing will be done in the DIGIT subroutine. The DIGIT routine also checks for valid digit codes and returns im- mediately if the code is out of range. If the code is a digit, then the DIGIT subroutine will take that code and store it into memory as the next digit of the telephone number. The display will also show the new digit, as I will show later. When digit processing is over, the program makes an uncondi- tional relative jump to service the keyboard and the display. Subroutine INIT loads the I/O con- trol registers with data-direction in- formation, making all bits of applica- tion port A and B into outputs (although only lines PA0 thru PA7 and PB0 are used in this application). 166 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 112 en inquiry card. PET TWO-WAY RS-232 and PARALLEL OUTPUT INTERFACE SADI - The microprocessor based serial and parallel interface for the Commodore PET. SADI allows you to connect your PET to parallel and serial printers, CRT's, modems, acoustic couplers, hard copy termi- nals and other computers. 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BYTE June 1980 Location Contents Name Description 00 01 XX XX 1NC1F, INCH Frequency increment value for current note 1. 02 03 XX XX PNT1 F, PNT1 1 Pointer to SINTAB for note 1. 04 03 PAGE1 SINTAB is page 03. 05 06 XX XX INC2F, INC2I As above for note 2. 07 08 XX XX PNT2F, PNT2I 09 03 PAGE2 SINTAB is page 03. 0A XX TEMPO Temporary storage OB XX TEMPI Temporary storage OC OB NDIGIT Maximum number of digits in telephone number Table 4: Definitions and locations for variables and constants within the DIAL program. There are pointers (PNTxx) and incre- ment values (INCxx) to two frequencies (xxxlx and xxxlx), each of which has a fractional (xxxxF) and an integer (xxxxl) byte. PAGE2 points to the page boundary that contains the beginning of the sine wave table SINTAB. The increment values are valid only if the KIM-1 board is running at 1 MHz. The entry point labeled ZERO can be called as a subroutine by other parts of the program. It cle a rs out the digits stored in memory by replacing them all with hexadecimal OF. Then subroutine SHIFT2 (part of subroutine DIGIT) is called to update the display variables (INH, POINTL, POINTH) to show all Fs. The CMND subroutine examines the keycode and passes control to the correct subroutine to carry out the ac- tion required. The CMND routine initially clears the carry flag. If the keycode in the accumulator from the DIAL routine does not match with a valid command code, then the routine will return with the carry flag still cleared. Otherwise, the keycode is com- pared with each valid command code. If a match is found, the com- mand is carried out by calling a subroutine. When that subroutine returns, the carry flag is set to 1, and control is returned to the main pro- gram, which must examine the carry flag to see if a command was ex- ecuted. If this is the case, then no fur- ther processing of the keycode is re- quired. The DIGIT subroutine also ex- amines the keycode and appends it to the telephone number if it is a valid digit key. The routine first checks to see if the keycode is within the proper range to be a valid digit (hexadecimal 00 thru 0C). If so, then the new digit is shifted into the string of previously entered digits. This is facilitated by storing the keycode in the next byte beyond the string of old digits. The KIM display contents, which are held in locations 00F9 (INH, the two rightmost digits of KIM's display), 00FA (POINTL, the next two digits), and 00FB (POINTH, the two leftmost digits), are also changed to reflect the six most recent digits entered. At the start (or whenever the GO key is pressed), the display shows "FFFFFF", and the memory also con- tains all hexadecimal OF bytes to act as a flag that no digit is to be dialed. Be aware of telephone company restrictions con- cerning direct connection to the telephone circuits. The PULSE subroutine is called by the CMND subroutine when the keycode for solenoid dialing of the stored number is processed. It steps through the stored-digit table one digit at a time, passing each digit, through the accumulator, to the CLICK subroutine that pulses the solenoid to dial the digit. As the pro- gram is currently set up, the number of digits stored is eleven. This number can be changed by modifying hexa- decimal location 000C (NDIGIT) to some number other than hexadecimal 0B (11 decimal). After calling CLICK eleven (NDIGIT) times, control is passed back to the CMND routine. The CLICK subroutine pulses the output bit that controls the button- pressing solenoid. The keycode in the accumulator is checked to see if it is a valid digit. In this case, the valid digits are those of a standard dial telephone, thru 9. The basic func- tion of this routine is to cause the solenoid to close the correct number of times for the digit which was passed to it. The user must make sure that the length of line interruptions caused by the solenoid actuation and the separation in time between inter- ruptions is within phone company tolerances; the values given here will work for a KIM-1 running at the stan- dard 1 MHz frequency. One catch is that a dialed digit is not zero interruptions but ten. The zero must be tested for and the value in the accumulator changed to ten if a match is found. The CLICK routine times the interruption for approx- imately 35 ms and waits approx- imately 65 ms between interruptions. Furthermore, after the last click for any digit, the routine delays an addi- tional half second before returning. This is to simulate the pause taken between digits when a person uses a rotary-dial telephone. Notice that each time I use the timer, I load the initial value twice. This is to avoid improper timer operation that occurs when the timer is loaded just as it times out from the countdown in progress (and it is always counting down). (See Timothy Martin's letter in KIM-1/6502 User Notes.) The operation of the TONES subroutine is similar to that of PULSE. It is called by the CMND routine to count the eleven digits passed to the subroutines SETUP and SOUND, which do the dialing — in this case the sounding of tone pairs. A code for the digit to be dialed is passed to SETUP in the accumulator. Subroutine SETUP prepares data for use by the tone-generating routine, SOUND. The subroutine checks the accumulator for a valid digit (in this case, anything between hexadecimal 00 and OF). Only 00 thru 0B actually produce tone pairs, 0C produces a pause, and 0D thru OF cause an immediate return. The code in the accumulator is first multiplied by two (via a shift left 168 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 2 08 on inquiry card. MARKET YOUR HARD- WARE AND SOFTWARE PRODUCTS IN THE RAPIDLY EXPANDING U.K. AMD EUROPEAN MARKET THROUGH Sun Computing Services 60 Broad Lane Hampton Middlesex London England Tel: 01 979 9824 TWX: 8954428 SUNCOM G LONG ESTABLISHED IN THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY WE GIVE FULL HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTOR SUPPORT, NATIONAL ADVERTISING IN ALL RELEVANT PERIODICALS. AND CAREFULLY VET DEALER APPLICATIONS. TWX OR PHONE PAUL DOCKERILL TODAY WITH CONFIDENCE AND OPEN UP A WHOLE NEW MARKET. Circle 277 on inquiry card. At last. ..the Typewriter Interface! Turn your electric typewriter into a low cost, high quality hard copy printer. 1 Year Warranty The patented* RDI— I/O Pak is fast becoming the industry standard for typewriter output. Why? Because: 1. It takes 2 minutes to initially install and 5 seconds to remove or replace. 2. You do not have to modify your typewriter. All factory warranties and maintenance agreements on your typewriter will be honored. 3. You can use it with all powered carriage return typewriters that have U.S. keyboard. Our Model I works with all non Selectrics and our Model II works with Selectrics. Conversion between models takes 2 minutes and the kit (26 plungers) is available for a nominal charge. 4. You don't have to lug around a bulky printer when you travel. If there is a typewriter at your destination, you can install the light (3 lbs.) I/O Pak in just 2 minutes. 5. Same interface for TRS-80, Apple and GPIB. Centronics and Pet compatible interfaces are available in third quarter 1980. Electric pencil available. 6. Delivery: stock to 2 weeks. Price: $639.50, FOB Rochester, Do- mestic. See your local distributor or call Bob Giese, 716 385-4336. We have the only "clean" approach to the typewriter/printer market. •Pdtem Pending 3100 Monroe Avenue, Rochester, New York 14618 incorporated Put your computer in touch with the world AJ makes it possible for only $185 with the A 242 acoustic data coupler. Experts call it "the best acoustic coupler ever made'.' Thousands are in use by major companies all over the U.S. And now the A 242 from AX refurbished at the factory, can connect to your terminal or personal computer, putting you in touch with every other compatible terminal or computer. If you can telephone the site, you can send or receive data. The originate-mode A 242 can interface to either EI A or TTY terminals and operates at speeds up to 450 bits per second. At just $185— about half the original price- it's a tremendous bargain. We're so confident you'll' agree, we're offering a 10-day money-back guarantee* *Details on request. Circle 114 on inquiry card. Call toll-free for details: (800) 538-9721. California residents call: (408) 263-8520. Prices subject to change without notice. BYTE June 1980 169 (ASL) instruction) and used as an off- set from the beginning of data table TONETAB. The reason for multiply- ing by two is that the table contains value pairs. Two-tone or frequency-identifier codes are obtained from the table. These two identifiers are each used as indices into another data table, FRQTAB. From this table, we get in- crement values (both integer and frac- tional parts) that are used by SOUND to step through the waveform table. SOUND will produce the dual tones for a fixed length of time. When control returns to SETUP, a delay of approximately 75 ms is inserted before returning to TONES. The pur- pose of this delay is to allow the telephone company equipment to distinguish between individual digits. The purpose of subroutine SOUND is to produce a waveform at the out- put of the digital-to-analog converter that is the superposition of two sine waves of different frequency. The routine actually computes the com- posite waveform by adding instan- taneous values for two tones. Data for a single cycle of a pure sine wave is stored in hexadecimal locations 0300 thru 03FF, filling all of Future World-Today Instant Nationwide Communications A Micromodem 100 in your S-100 bus adds: Automatic Time Sharing, Nationwide Communications, Remote Data Base Access, TWX Simulation, Branch Office Communications, and much, much more. The D.C. Hayes Associates Micro- modem 100 is compatible with 300 baud modems and the proposed IEEE S-100 bus standard. It is built to the highest quality standards and tested with automated equipment to assure reliability. Whether built-in to original equipment, or added on from your local computer store, the Micromodem 100 adds new communications capabilities to every S-100 bus computer. D.C. Hayes Associates, Inc. MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS 10 Perimeter Park Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341 (404) 455-7663 tarkof Apple Computer, Inc. Mien 170 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc asbSMm page 03 of memory. A loop in the SOUND routine is repeatedly ex- ecuted for 150 ms, determined by a value loaded into the interval timer (T1024). It is very important to remember that the loop always takes 63 pts to execute once. Each time through the loop, a new value of the waveform (the instantaneous voltage out of the digital-to-analog converter) is determined by adding together values from the table for the two fre- quencies. The waveform values are obtained by using only the integer part of a 2-byte pointer (PNTlI, PNT1F or PNT2I, PNT2F) kept for each tone as an offset into the sine- wave table. After one instantaneous value has been output to the digital-to-anaJog converter, the pointers are increased by adding both integer (INCRlI and INCR2I) and fractional (INCRlF and INCR2F) parts of an increment value. The carry out from the fractional ad- dition must be added in with the in- teger part. If the sum of the integer parts for the printer goes above 255, the carry is ignored, and the table reference will wrap around to the beginning of page 03. A continuous sine wave will be produced. Summary Additional hardware needed to add to a microcomputer for controlling the dialing of numbers with a telephone receiver is minimal. The software shown here is complex, but it has been written in modular form to enhance its usefulness in custom- ized applications. Be aware of telephone company restrictions con- cerning direct connection to the telephone circuits; do not use any method of connection that destroys the electrical integrity of the telephone system. ■ References Chamberlin, H, "A Sampling of Techniques for Computer Performance of Music," BYTE, volume 2, number 9, September 1977, page 62. Chamberlin, H, "Advanced Real-Time Music Synthesis Techniques," BYTE, volume 5, number 4, April 1980, page 70. Gilder, J H, Telephone Accessories You Can Build, Hayden Book Co, Rochelle Park NJ, 1976. Luff, P P, "The Electronic Telephone," Scien- tific American, volume 238, number 3, March 1978, page 58. Martin, T, Letter in KIM-1/6502 User Notes, number 12, page 11. Circle 115 on inquiry card. Circle 116 on inquiry card. NEW FROM LOBO: NOW! ALL DRIVES COMPATIBLE WITH MODEL II An Entire Family of Disk Drives for APPLE, TRS-80*, and S-100 Computers Only LOBO DRIVES offers you an entire family of fully-compatible disk drives to select from. Whatever computer you're using, APPLE, TRS-80, or S-1 00, you can add a LOBO drive now, with the peace-of -mind of knowing there's a whole family of drives available when you're ready to expand. And every drive you order comes complete with chassis and high reliability power supply. Each drive is 1 00% calibrated, burned-in, and performance tested on either an APPLE, TRS-80, or S-1 00 computer before it's shipped. We are so proud of our drives . . . our quality, reliability, and performance, that we back-up every drive with a one year, 1 00% parts/labor warranty. 400SERIES FLOPPY DISK DRIVES Meet our low-cost 5.25-inch mini drive that records data in either hard or soft sectored format. It is available in single or double density configurations, with a total storage capacity of 220K bytes. 800/801 SERIES FLOPPY DISK DRIVES Here is our dual 8-inch Floppy disk memory unit. It records and retrieves data on standard 8-inch diskettes to provide 800K bytes of data storage unformatted, or 5 1 2 K bytes drives] I INTERN AT IONAL 935 Camino Dei Sur Goleta, California 93017 (805) 685-4546 "CAN YOU REALLY AFFORD TO PAY LESS?" in IBM format per drive. It is also available with double-sided, double-density capabilities, for a maximum storage capacity of 1 .6 Megabytes. 7000 SERIES HARD DISK DRIVES I The latest member of our ? drive family, the Series 7000 is an 8-inch, 1 Mega- byte Winchester Technology, hard disk drive. It is fully hardware/software compatible and comes complete with disk controller. Now you can have the convenience, speed, reliability, and all the storage capacity you need. Call orwriteforthe complete LOBO DRIVES story. Find out just how competitively priced a quality drive can be. Quantity discounts available - Dealer inquiries invited. I I Yes, I want to know more about LOBO Drives and what they can do. Send me information on: □ TRS-80 □ APPLE □ S-1 00 D 5 1 /4-in. Floppy drive □ 8-in. Floppy drive Single sided Double sided □ 8-in. Winchester hard disk, 10 Mbyte drive □ Double density expansion interface Name_ Company _ Address __ City Phone No. . If dealer, provide resale no. . ♦TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack, a Tandy Company. ._l CQMRJTRQMCS N • • . E VERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS-80 • • • TRS-ho Is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Cor|>orutlon * All Orders processed within 24-Hours * Free Shipping within U.P.S. areas (add $3 for orders outside of the U.S.A. or U.P.S. areas). * 30-Day Money Back Guarantee on all Software (less a $3 penalty for handling). if 10-Day Money Back Guarantee on Disk Drives and Printers PLUS 1 20-Day s Free Service. LEARNING LEVEL II by David Lien ": The Original Author Of The Level Manual A Step By Step approach to Learning Level II especially geared to new TRS-80'" Owners S 1 5 95 • TRS-80 DISK AND OTHER MYSTERIES $19.95 ($22.95 after 2/1/80). Over 100 pages of indespensible information for disk owners Learn to recover information from bad disks, how to make Basic programs unlistable and 12 more chapters of never published tips and infor- mation Written by H C Pennington (For. 'all Disk Owners) NEW SBSG BUSINESS SYSTEM FOR MODEL I OR MODEL II - IN STOCK - General Ledger - Accounts Receivable - Accounts Payable - Payroll - Inventory Control With Invoicing • Each module can be operated individually or as a coordinated SYSTEM. Turn-Key error catching operation for beginners • Complete manual and documentation accompany each program • Minimum System requirements 2-Disk Drives for Model l...1-Disk Drive for Model I! • Each module can be formatted to span data on Upto 4-Disk Drives • Free 30-Day telephone consultation • Call for complete specifications • Model I Version $125 per module $495 per System • Model II Version $225 per module $995 per System DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - DMS replace index cards or any data requiring long lists of information. • TBS In-Memory Information System (for cassette systems) $24.50 • TBS Disk Data Manager (requires 1 or more disk drives). ..Set up fast random access files in minutes. Stores up to 320K of information on 4 Drives. Up to 10 fields and 255 characters per record. Supports upper and lower case RS-232 or TRS-232... Features complete editing $49.50 • Personal Software CCA Data Management System... Completely user oriented, menu drive, 130 page Step by Step Manual... capable of inventory control, sorting data, reporting data in nearly any form (for reports and mailing labels). Sorts data by up to 10 fields for zip code, balance due, geographic location or whatever. Prints reports with subtotals and totals automatically calculated. Fast random access $75.00 •CQMRJTRQMCS: Mgn-gMgTCAL AFT*JCiWON6 SC«VCE~ Box 149 New City, New York 10956 FROM RACET COMPUTES • REMODEL-PROLOAD - Renumbers pro- gram lines, combines programs. The only re- number program that will renumber the middle of a program Specify 16K. 32K or 48K Works with Cassette or Disk . . . $34.95 • GSF - Use m your Basic Programs for Instant Sorting (will sort 1000 items in 9 seconds) Other commands include Compress and Uncompress Data. Duplicate Memory. Display Screen Controls and Fast Graphic Controls . . . $24.95 (For Cassette or Disk, specify 16K. 32K or 48K) • DOSORT - All G S F commands plus special Multiple Disk Sorting Routines . . . $34.95 (Specify 32K or 48K) • INFINITE BASIC - Adds 70 commands to your TRS-80 including Instant Sort, Matrix Commands. String Commands. Left and Right Justification, String Centering. Simultaneous Equations. Upper and Lower Case Reverse and more . . . $49.95. (For Cassette or Disk) • INFINITE BUSINESS (Requires Infinite Basic) - Eliminate Round-off error. 127-Digit Calcula- tion Accuracy, Insert New Elements in Sorted Arrays. Automatic Page Headings, Footings, and Pagination, Multiple Precision Arithmetic and more . . . $29.95. (For Cassette or Disk) • COPSYS - Copy Machine Language Programs . . . $14.95 (For Cassette only) FROM SMALL SYSTEM SOFTWARE RSM-2 Machine Language Monitor . . . $26.95 RSM-2D Disk Version of RSM-2 . . . $29.95 DCV-1 Converts Machine Language Programs from tape to disk . . . $9.95 AIR RAID - The ultimate TRS-80 game con- verts your TRS-80 into a real time shooting gallery . . . $14.95 BARRICADE - A fast pong style game . . $14.95 CPM - $150 (for Disk only) TRS-232 INTERFACE - Interface with Soft- ware driver RS-232 printers to your TRS-80. . . $49.95 TRS-232 FORMATTER Additional (optional) Sofiware for TRS-232 owners Ads many printer commands to your TRS-80 . . . $14.95 ($9 95 with purchase of TRS-232) MAIL PAC - For Model I or Model II Disk Systems only . . .$99.95. Quick-sorting full user control over mailing list from Gallactic Software FROM ADVENTURELAND INTERNATIONAL • ADVENTURE #1 - #8 by Scott Adams . $14.95 each available on Cassette or Disk SARGON II THE CHESS CHAMP $29.95 FROM APPARAY NEW DOS ♦ $99.95 35. 40 and 77 Track Versions available 48-Page Catalog $2 FREE With Any Order Order by Phone or Mail No Shipping Charge Add $3 for CO. D. Add $3 for all Foreign and non-UPS shipments Add $3 for UPS Blue Label FROM THE BOTTOM SHELF • CHECKBOOK II (for Cassette or Disk) . . $18.50 • INFORMATION SYSTEM (for Cassette or Disk . . . $24.50 • SYSTEM DOCTOR (a complete diagnosisof your TRS-80 checks memory, video, cassette, disk. ROM and all other parts of your system) - for Cassette or Disk . . . $28.50 • CHECKBOOK REGISTER ACCOUNT- ING SYSTEM (requires 2 disk drives) .. $49.50 • LIBRARY 100 - 100 established business, game and educational programs plus FREE Tiny Pilot all for . . . $49.50 • BASIC TOOL KIT - lists all variables. GOTOs and GOSUB's in your program . . . $19.80 SOUNDWARE - Ads sound to your TRS-80. Just plus it in . . .$29.95. Sample programs included TING TONG - Can be used with Soundware for a Sound version of pong . . . $9.95. VIC- The Carta Visual Instructional $19.95 Computer Program The Level II 16K Cassette is designed to teach beginners the Basics of Machine Language and Assembly Language Programming See every Machine Language Instruction Display on your, Video VIC includes a Step By Step 55 page manual VISTA V80 DISK DRIVE 110 K OF STORAGE $395 Add $29.95 for Cable (Free with Purchase of Two Disk Drives) — 10 Day Money Back Guarantee — FROM HOWE SOFTWARE MON-3- Machine Language Programming for Beginners. MON-3 is a Complete System Monitor with Users Manual . . $39.95 MON-4 - Disk Version of MON-3 . . . $49.95 LEVEL III BASIC . . . $49.95 FROM MICROSOFT - Now Cassetteownerscanadd Disk Commands to their TRS-80 without owning a Disk Drive BRAND NEW OLIVETTI PRINTER . . .$2495 Business Letter quality print, Automatic Line Justification (on request). Quick Printing, can be used as a Memory Typewriter, plugs right into your TRS-80 without any modification or software THE ELECTRIC PENCIL Cat t ette . . . $99.95 Disk . . . $150.00 HORSE SELECTOR II by Dr Hal Davis . . $50. The TRS-80version updated for the TRS-80 and originally reviewed in Systems and Methods 24 HOUR ORDER LINE (914) 425-1535 172 BYTE June 1980 Circle 117 on inquiry card. THE ORIGINAL MAGAZINE FOR OWNERS OF THE TRS-80 ™* MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR TRS-SO " OWNERS H CQMPUTRQMCS MONTHLY NEWSMAGAZINE Practical Support For Model I & II I N C. MONTHLY NEWSMAGAZINE FOR TRS-80 " OWNERS PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS BUSINESS GAMBLING • GAMES EDUCATION PERSONAL FINANCE BEGINNERS CORNER NEW PRODUCTS SOFTWARE EXCHANGE MARKET PLACE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PROGRAM PRINTOUTS AND MORE PROGRAMS AND ARTICLES PUBLISHED I N OUR FIRST I 2 ISSUES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: A COMPLETE INCOME TAX PROGRAM (LONG AND SHORT FORM) INVENTORY CONTROL STOCK MARKET ANALYSIS WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM (FOR DISK OR CASSETTE) LOWER CASE MODIFICATION FOR YOUR VIDEO MONITOR OR PRINTER PAYROLL (FEDERAL TAX WITHHOLDING PROGRAM) EXTEND 16-DIGIT ACCURACY TO TRS-80™ FUNCTIONS (SUCH AS SQUARE ROOTS AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS) NEW DISK DRIVES FOR YOUR TRS-80'" PRINTER OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR YOUR TRS-80™ A HORSE SELECTION SYSTEM***ARITHMETIC TEACHER COMPLETE MAILING LIST PROGRAMS (BOTH FOR DISK OR CASSETTE SEQUENTIAL AND RANDOM ACCESS) RANDOM SAMPLING***BAR GRAPH CHECKBOOK MAINTENANCE PROGRAM LEVEL II UPDATES***LEVEL II INDEX CREDIT CARD INFORMATION STORAGE FILE BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO MACHINE LANGUAGE AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE LINE RENUMBERING AND CASSETTE TIPS. PROGRAM HINTS. LATEST PRODUCTS COMING SOON (GENERAL LEDGER. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND RECEIVABLE. FORTRAN-80, FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS PACKAGE. PROGRAMS FOR HOMEOWNERS. MERGE TWO PROGRAMS. STATISTICAL AND MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMS (BOTH ELEMENTARY AND ADVANCED) . . . AND f* &> I* WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM (Cassette or Disk) For writing letters, text, mailing lists, etc., with each new subscriptions or renewal LEVEL II RAM TEST (Cassette or Disk) Checks random access memory to ensure that all memory locations are working properly. DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (Cassette or Disk) Complete file management for your TRS 80™ CLEANUP (Cassette or Disk) Fast action Maze Game. * TRS SO" IS A TRAhtMARK OF TANDY CORP SEND FOR OUR NEW 48 PAGE SOFTWARE CATALOG (INCLUDING LISTINGS OF HUNDREDS OF TRS 80™ PROGRAMS AVAILABLE ON CASSETTE AND DISKETTE). $2.00 OR FREE WITH EACH SUBSCRIPTIONS OR SAMPLE ISSUE. ■CaMPUTRQUICS! Box 149 New City, New York 10956 ONE YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $24 TWO YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $48 SAMPLE OF LATEST ISSUE $ 4 START MY SUBSCRIPTION WITH ISSUE (#1 - July 1978 • #7 - January 1979 • #12 - June 1979 « HOUR 24 ORDER LINE (914) 425-1535 #18 - January 1980) NEW SUBSCRIPTION RENEWAL CREDIT CARD NUMBER, SIGNATURE NAME _^_ EXP. DATE_ ADDRESS . . STATE. ^ZIP_ ADD S6/YEAR (CANADA, MEXICO) - ADD $12/YEAR AIR MAIL - OUTSIDE OF U.S.A., CANADA & MEXICO < Circle 118 on Inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 173 BYTELINES NEWS AND SPECULATION ABOUT PERSONAL COMPUTING Conducted by Sol Libes N« I ew IBM Micro- computer, More On The Way? IBM is not sitting by idly in the microcom- puter revolution. It has introduced a new desktop computer, the model 5120, which sells for $13,500 and features 16 K bytes of pro- grammable memory and either BASIC or APL in read-only memory. But Electronics magazine, a McGraw-Hill publication, recently reported the prediction of a $4500 IBM computer. The IBM 5105 microcomputer was predicted by Creative Strategies Inc of San Jose, California, an industry analysis firm. The 5105 will be made in Japan, and it will be designed to inter- face with the S-100 bus. Creative Strategies predicts that the desktop machine will have, among other features, at least 16 K bytes of programmable memory, a high-speed magnetic tape cartridge for mass storage, and a small thermal printer. They also predict the introduction of the 5130, a multiterminal ver- sion of the 5105 machine. ■Smalltalk For Microcomputers: Rosetta Inc, a company located in Houston, Texas, has been working for the past year on an original interactive language called "Rosetta Smalltalk." The language, inspired by but not con- nected with Xerox Corpora- tion's Smalltalk language, can be expanded to include new features and has been designed to run on a Z80 system. For evaluation pur- poses, Rosetta Inc is privately offering a pro- totype version of the language to several selected owners of Z80-based systems. i MSAI Back In Business: IMSAI is back in operation as the IMSAI Computer Division of Fischer-Freitas Corporation. IMSAI de- clared bankruptcy last summer. Its manufactured stock, trademarks, software, etc, were purchased by Fischer-Freitas. The company is now selling the complete line of IMSAI products and will continue to support all IMSAI hard- ware and software products. w, ill Your Copilot Be A Computer? A research pro- ject at the University of Il- linois, Urbana-Champaign, is working on an exper- imental computer system that will determine the cor- rect procedures for airplane pilots to follow in unexpected situations. The system will monitor the flight plan and airframe stress; it will also adjust control settings in response to changing environmental conditions, detect malfunc- tions, and predict failures. Thus the computer will apply its data, analyze the problem, compute the solu- tion, warn the pilot, and provide instructions through a synthesized voice. The pilot will be able to request assistance from the computer via voice input. The research group expects to have an operational model within three years. fclenith To Produce Home Computer: Zenith Radio Corporation is the first television manufacturer to plunge into the home- computer market. Actually, Zenith entered this market in a limited way last year with the acquisition of Heath and the formation of Zenith Data Systems. Zenith now plans to produce an under-$1000 home com- puter on its color television production line. The unit will compete with the Radio Shack TRS-80 and other computers. N. I ational Introduces New 16-Bit Micro- processors: National Semiconductor will soon be shipping samples of its 16-bit microprocessors. There is the 16008, a 16-bit microprocessor with 8-bit input/output (I/O), the 16016 microprocessor with 16-bit I/O, and the 16032 16-bit microprocessor with 24-bit memory addressing (8 megabytes). Further- more, the 16008 and 16016 are u bilmgual"(ie: they execute two instruction sets, their own and the 8080's instruction set). L LBM Testing Josephson- Junction-Based Computer: IBM's Research Division is currently testing a proto- type computer that uses 4000 circuits employing Josephson-junction logic devices. These devices operate in the 35 to 40 picosecond range. This project could lead to a tiny computer (1 or 2 cubic inches) with a projected cycle time of 2.5 ns. This is eighty times faster than IBM's System 370/168. Josephson-junction technology uses the phenomenon of supercon- ductivity occurring at temperatures near absolute zero (0° K). In a Josephson- junction device, a magnetic field is used to turn the electron flow on or off. This technology provides a big leap forward in miniaturiza- tion and will result in reduced costs. V ideo Cassette To Be Used For Winchester Backup: Pixel Corporation of Burlington, Massachusetts, plans to manufacture 500-megabyte data-storage systems that use video-cassette recorders (VCRs). Corvus Systems Inc of San Jose, California, a maker of Winchester hard- disk drives, is presently field-testing an interface to its disk controller that enables it to be attached to a consumer VCR. Corvus claims a data-storage capacity of 100 megabytes for the system. Corvus M^^^^^^ 1 Introducing the DG-80 Z80 CPU ! Hardware Features: Compatible with Heath H8® hardware and software and DG-32D* Z80 CPU Enhanced Instruction Set Operational at 2 MHz or 4 MHz Jump on Resetto any 1 K boundary On board provisions for up to 8K PROM and/or 4K RAM Wait States available for any or all 8K Memory blocks for 4 MHz operation using slow memory Interrupt acknowledge (INTA) and dynamic RAM refresh signals (RFS) available on bus Augat gold machined sockets for PROM and RAM Many advanced features are included to enable future expansion and flexibility Frequently selected options are switch selectable. The Z80 CPU has finally arrived for the H8®. All the features you have wanted with power to spare. The DG-80 is packed with feature after feature that allows you expansion and versatility options to do almost anything. The DG-80, using the powerful Z80 microprocessor, up- grades the H8® to levels never before possible. The full complement of advanced features available on the Z80 microprocessor are avail- able on the DG-80 CPU for those who wish to utilize the full potential of their system. The DG-80 is fully compatible with all Heath H8® hardware and software. *The DG-80 is assembled, tested, and ready to plug-in. (Heath® ROM must be installed prior to use.) Complete documentation includes the Mostek® Z80 programming manual and is supplied with each board. DG-80 CPU. . . $249 (Documentation only: $25.) * Not all advanced features compatible with H8® (hardware and/or software) Z Z mh£| H il ill ' SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER! OUR POPULAR OG-32D Dynamic RAM Board (fully populated only) Regularly $479.00 OUR POWERFUL NEW DG-80 CPU Regularly $249.00 Regularly Total $22&ffl NOW through June, 1980, both for only $625 .00 16K CHIP SETS (8-4116 Type Dynamic RAMS) for DG-32D, Apple®, TRS-80®, H88/89® and PET® (Tested) $64.00 (Programming jumpers available at additional cost) 32K/DG-32D $479.00 HALF POPULATED 16K/DG-32D $415.00 DOCUMENTATION ONLY (DG-32D) $12.00 Heath, H8, TRS-80, Apple, Mostek and Pet are Registered Trademarks. D-B Onfering InfannatkD: Products listed available from DG Electronic Devetop- ments Co., P.O. Box 1124. 1827 Soutti Armstrong, Denison.Tx. 75020. Check, Money Order, VISA or Master Charge accepted. FTwne orders (charge only) call (214) 465-7805. No COD's. Freight prepaid. Al tow 3 weeks for personal checks to dear. Texas restdents add 5%. Foreign orders add 30%. Circle 119 on Inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 175 expects to sell its interface controller for $790. Added to the cost of $1000 to $1500 for the video recorder, this gives a total cost of $1800 to $2300 for the disk backup system. Development of video recorders proceeds apace. BASF, the German maker of floppy -disk drives and media, recently established the BASF Video Corpora- tion in Fountain Valley, California. BASF Video will soon produce a consumer video-cassette recorder. BASF showed a 72-track recorder at a recent elec- tronic show. The unit stores 94.6 megabytes using a longitudinal-scan method, rather than the more com- mon helical-scan tech- nique. The longitudinal method is preferable for random-access applica- tions. Some Japanese manufacturers may introduce low-cost longitudinal-scan video recorders that can be used for data storage. In comparison with com- peting data-storage tech- niques, the VCR-based systems provide a good price/performance ratio. For instance, the 3M !/2-inch cartridge tape drive with controller stores 75 megabytes of data at a list price of $21,150. 8 -Inch Winchester Disk Standard Being Developed: An American National Standards Institute (ANSI) committee is near- ing adoption of a standard interface for the 8-inch Winchester fixed-disk drives. Such a standard would hasten acceptance of such drives by original- equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and large-scale integration (LSI) chips would be quickly developed to carry out the standard. The interface should support concurrent device operations, unidirec- tional data pass, nonreturn- to-zero (NRZ) data transmis- sion, and should be able to handle variable data rates up to 10 megabytes/second over cables up to 8 meters in length. Cost will also be considered. Final adoption of the standard should be reached in mid- 1980. Uc ' CSD Pascal News: The University of California, San Diego (UCSD) has ar- bitrarily revoked licenses to distribute UCSD Pascal. These licenses were previously granted to and paid for by a number of computer clubs. The clubs had paid $250 for the license and they, in turn, had allowed club members to copy the software package at costs ranging from $5 to $50. A user now must pay $250 to obtain a copy of the UCSD package.... A newsletter for UCSD Pascal users is being published by Jim McCord, 330 Vereda, Legenda CA 93017. Send Jim $2 to get on the mailing list. The first issue of the newsletter was 9 pages long and full of in- formation.... An inter- national Pascal Users Group (PUG) has been formed. To join, send $6 to PUG, c/o Dick Shaw, Digital Equipment Corpora- tion, 5775 Peachtree Dun- woody Rd, Atlanta GA 30342. Your effort will get you an occasional news- letter that is several hun- dred pages long.... J-lconomic Woes Of The Personal-Computer In- dustry: The current rocketing interest rates on business loans are said to be cutting profits and cur- tailing the growth of personal-computer manufacturers, distributors, and dealers. Some smaller businesses may collapse, while throughout the field decreasing inventories are prolonging customer waiting time. In some in- stances, finance charges and interest rates run as high as 24 to 30 percent, when money is available. Retail stores are finding it difficult to finance small- business systems, and distribution of new pro- ducts is curtailed. ComputerLand Corporation of San Leandro, California, reports that potential store owners are having trouble buying franchises. M< Lotorola Introduces 32-Bit Microcomputer Bus: Motorola has introduced a new microcomputer- development system with address and data buses that are 32 bits wide. The system can support 8-bit, 16-bit, and the forthcoming 32-bit microprocessors. (Most experts feel, however, that 32-bit micro- processors are still about five years away from pro- duction.) Called the "Ver- sabus," it allows direct addressing of up to four billion words of memory. Motorola has published a specification for the bus, which can be obtained by contacting the Motorola engineering offices. M< Lemory News: Intel Corporation has announced a new 16 K-by-1-bit metal- oxide semiconductor (MOS) static programmable memory with a 40 ns access time. Known as the 2167, it will draw about 500 mW from a single + 5 V supply and will be transistor- transistor-logic (TTL) com- patible on all pins. The estimated date of avail- ability has not been set; however, it will probably be the final quarter of 1980.... Several manufac- turers are in the initial pro- duction phases of 64-K bit dynamic memory devices. Included are Texas Instruments and Motorola. A56 K-Byte Programmable-Memory Devices Announced: Nip- pon Telephone and Telegraph and NEC- Toshiba have announced that 256 K-byte programmable-memory devices are under develop- ment by the two companies. The devices have been con- structed in prototype form, and speculation is that pro- duction is still a couple of years away. This announcement has great significance because it is one indication that leadership in the high- density, integrated circuit technology has passed from the US to Japan. B. Pell Laboratories Licenses UNIX For Microcomputer Systems: Bell Laboratories, via the AT&T Western Electric Company subsidiary, has licensed Onyx Systems Inc of Cupertino, California, for implementation of UNIX on a Z8000-based micro- computer system. The system will be introduced this month. Jtlandom Rumors And News Bits: Several toy manufacturers are working on electronic toys with voice output for the Christmas season. However, most manufac- turers are reluctant to divulge any details. But you can expect the rage of Christmas 1980 to be talk- ing toys.... Radio Shack is very secretive about the sales volume of the TRS-80 computers. But one top executive recently revealed that, as of March 1, 1980, Radio Shack had manufac- tured 370,000 TRS-80s. That means that since 1979 Radio Shack has been pro- ducing 600 to 700 TRS-80s per day.... Contrary to predictions, 8-inch Win- chester disks are meeting with resistance from poten- tial purchasers. Most OEMs are adopting a "wait and see" attitude. One problem is that backup storage for the nonremovable disks that have a capacity of greater than 10 megabytes is still lacking. Furthermore, the prices for the larger 14-inch drives are very competitive with the larger 8-inch drives. The greatest demand for hard 8-inch ANNOUNCING AN APPLE II® COMPATIBLE SYNTHESIZER THAT PRODUCES MUSIC plus SOUND EFFECTS HARDWARE FEATURES of the Juke Box Synthesizer • Three simultaneous programmable voices and one programmable white noise generator • Five octave range starting at 55 Hz (the A below bass clef) to 1760 Hz (the second A above the treble clef) • On board amplifier capable of directly driving an eight ohm speaker, (no external amp needed) • Gp to six synthesizers can be installed to create stereophonic, quadraphonic, and polyphonic operation SOFTWARE FEATURES of the KIS Music Editor • Three part interactive program consisting of a play mode, a composition mode and an edit mode • Play mode displays low resolution color graphics of each voice while the song is playing • Composition mode enables the user to hear and see, in high resolution graphics, each note as it's input • Edit mode sounds and displays, in high resolution graphics, each note as the user single steps through the song • Notes can be inserted, deleted and changed SOFTWARE FEATURES of the Sound Effects Program • Uses the channel of white noise to create a vast array of sounds. Some of these are as follows: explosions, steam engine, whistle, phasers, gun shots, race cars, sirens, chimes and jet engines • Modular so that any one sound can easily be patched into an existing program • Detailed instructions illustrate how to generate unusual sounds AVAILABILITY • All Juke Box synthesizers are shipped with the KIS Music Editor and are available at most computer stores for $ 1 29.95 • The Flash & Crash sound effects program is available separately for $39.95 'VKpple II is the registered trademark of Apple Computer Co. 705 N. Bowser Richardson, Texas 75080 (214)238-1815 Circle 121 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 177 disks is expected to be for drives with a capacity of less than 10 megabytes.... Initial sales reports for the Texas Instruments (TI) 99/4 per- sonal computer indicate a "ho-hum" response to the unit. Sales have not been up to expectations. TI will start shipping the unit without a color monitor (as is done with the Apple and Atari computers) and will reduce the price to $950 in an effort to improve the lagging sales.... Diablo printer and service prices are due to be raised by 8.5 percent this month. Labor and material costs were cited as reasons for the increases. A andy Signs Floppy- Disk Supplier: Tandy Cor- poration (parent company of Radio Shack) has signed an agreement with Data- point Corporation for the latter to manufacture 8-inch and 5-inch floppy-disk drives. Radio Shack cur- rently purchases drives from Shugart, Control Data, and Tandem Magnetics. Alobot Hand Developed: The Research Institute of Industrial Safety of the Japanese Ministry of Labor has announced develop- ment of a manipulator that operates like a human hand. It has 12 degrees of freedom, three joints, and can apply 1 newtons of force. It uses the Winslow- effect clutch, which is based on an instantaneous, reversible, and substantial change in apparent vis- cosity when a fluid is sub- jected to an external elec- tric field. i ntegrated Circuit Black Market Emerges: Apparently a black market exists for integrated cir- cuits. Intel Corporation reported in January that 10,000 unmarked integrated circuits, mostly type-2732 erasable pro- grammable read-only memories (EPROMs) valued at one million dollars, were stolen. One black-market dealer has already been arrested for illegal posses- sion of integrated circuits manufactured by Intel, Signetics, and National Semiconductor. All the devices were cosmetic rejects. Two former Intel employees have been arrested for stealing parts. Last summer, Intel reported a large loss of parts that turned up in Germany. In February, Wang Laborato- ries disclosed that $750,000 worth of Intel EPROMs had been stolen. n onono Phone orders: P.O. Box 68602 ,„.., „ If master charge] THI INTERBANK CARD Indianapolis, IN 46268 (317)253-6828 A REFURBISHED "SELECTRIC" ASCII TERMINAL FOR THE SMALL BUSINESSMAN OR SERIOUS HOBBYIST. The AJ 841 I/O terminal. Now available from dealers nationwide. Demand for our AJ 841 I/O computer terminal has been great. And now it's getting even greater. So call your local computer shop dealer right away. Supply is limited! You may never have another opportunity like this one to buy your own professional terminal. The AJ841 features: • Choice of serial RS 232 or parallel interface • ASCII code • 14.9 cps printout • High quality Selectric printing • Heavy-duty Selectric mechanism • Off-line use as typewriter • Documentation included • 30-day warranty on parts and labor (details available on request) Call toll-free now For location of your nearest AJ dealer, call toll-free: 800/538-9721 California residents call 408/263-8520. Circle 145 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 201 Circle 146 on inquiry card. Diagnostics I Someday your computer is going to break; even the most reliable computer systems "go down". Often, finding exactly what is wrong can account for the most time consuming part of repairing the system, and the longer the system is down, the more money you lose. DIAGNOSTICS I is a complete program package designed to check every major area of your computer, detect errors, and find the cause of most common computer malfunctions, often before they become serious. For years, large installations have run daily or weekly diagnostic routines as a part of normal system maintenance and check-out procedures. DIAGNOSTICS I is designed to provide that kind of performance testing for 8080/Z80 micro computers. DIAGNOSTICS I will really put your system through its paces. Each test is exhaustive and thorough. The tests include: ■ Memory Test - CPU Test ( 8080/8085/Z80 ) • Printer Test ■Disk Test -CRT Test To our knowledge, this is the first CPU test available for 8080/Z80 CPU's. Many times transient problems, usually blamed on bad memory, are really CPU errors. A good set of diagnostics is an indispensable addition to your program library even if your system is working fine. Hours have been wasted trying to track down a "program bug" when actually hardware was to blame! DIAGNOSTICS I also allows you to be confident of your system. This can be critical when file merges or sorts and backups are involved. You want to be as sure of your computer as possible during these critical times. Running DIAGNOSTICS I prior to these and other important functions helps to insure that your system is operating at peak performance. DIAGNOSTICS I is supplied on discette with a complete users manual. DIAGNOSTICS I: $60.00 Manual only: $15.00 Requires: 24K CP/M; 16K disc for TRS-80 formats: CP/M 8" SOFT SECTORED, NORTHSTAR CP/M AND TRS-80 DOS All Orders and General information: SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATES P.O. BOX 1628 CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 (217)359-2112 Technical Hot Line: (217)359-2691 (answered only when technician is available) wires that we encountered can be avoided. The Computer Science Dept also has two LSI-11 sys- tems that will someday be connected to the PDP-11/34 system through RS-232 lines. On these, programs could be used in a multiprocessing mode to monitor and control one particular car. We determined that one output channel can control both the speed and the lane of the computer car. Should we be suitably inspired by the advent of a high-quality race-car set, we shall resume our original plan of racing against the computer. Our ultimate goal: having two computer programs race against each other. ■ Acknowledgements / received advice and assistance in this project from Tom Nartker, Greg Freiberg, Russ Calvery, and Dick Carlson. A listing of the FOR- TRAN program to monitor the cars may be obtained by writing to me. Please include a self-addressed envelope with $0.28 US postage affixed. Computing Time Between Dates Paul E Condon, Staff Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bldg 90, Room 3078, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720 There is an easier way to find the elapsed time between two dates than the one given by W B Agocs in the Pro- gramming Quickie "Day of Week and Elapsed Time Pro- gram" (September 1979 BYTE, pages 126 and 129). Zeller's congruence as given by Agocs is a specialized ver- sion of a formula for the elapsed time in days since February 28, 0000 AD: N=[(13XM-l)/5] + K+365XY+ [Y/4] + 36524 X C + [C/4] M is the month number minus 2, except it is 11 or 12 of the previous year for January or February. K is the day of the month. Y is the year (modulo 100), and C is the cen- tury (ie: [(the year AD)/100]). The square brackets in- dicate the integer part of the enclosed expression. To find the elapsed time between two dates, evaluate N for each date and subtract. If this leads to numerical overflow on a small system, one can replace C by (C-16). Then the formula will still work for all pairs of dates after the fifteenth century. Also, Agocs should avoid so many GOTOs in coding the Zeller formula. Instead of lines 35 thru 115 of his listing 1, why not have: 35 LET M1 = M 40 LET Y1 = Y 45 LET MX = INT((M + 9)/l2) 50 LETM = M - 2 + 12 * MX 55 LET Y = Y - 1 + MX 60 LETC = INT(Y/100) 65 LET Y = Y - 100 * C 70 LET D1 = INT ((13 * M - 1)/5) + D + 80 LET D1 = D1 + lNT(C/4) + INT(Y/4) 2 * C The variable MX is equal to for January or February, and is 1 otherwise. ■ 202 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 147 on inquiry card. Circle 148 on inquiry card. Zo-SYSTEMS 3 ZOBEX INC. Complete computer on 3 S-100 boards for UNDER $1000.00* Runs M/PM, C/PM and OMNIX 64K RAM 4 MHz No WAIT States IEEE Std. Low power, DMA operation, Bank select in 16K sections Can be disabled in 4K increments i i Z80 CPU 2-4 MHZ IEE Std. 3 serial ports, 3 parallel, one 4K EPROM, Vectored interrupts, real time clock, Software controlled baud rates, 1 i Drives daisy wheel printer directly DISK CONTROLLER 8" and 5" DRIVES All digital design for stable and reliable performance. No one- shots or analog circuitry. i i CARD CAGE and Fan Wide-spaced 6 slot shielded motherboard for good cooling and low noise. SEND FO 6 months warrj Zg-SYST P.O. Box 1 ♦introduct R FREE INFORMATIONS tnty on our boards with normal use EMS / ZOBEX INC. 847, San Diego, Ca. 92112 (714) 447-3997 ory offer for limited time only DISCOUNT PRICES Microcomputers & Peripherals ITS YTES OOKS ARGAINS \ [c TN*II Cromemco • SWTPC • Lear-Siegler Hazeltine • RCA • North Star Verbatim • Perkin Elmer and others Fast, off the shelf delivery. Call TOLL FREE 800/523-5355 MARKETLINE SYSTEMS, Inc. 2337 Philmont Ave., Huntingdon Valley, Pa. 19006 215/947-6670 • 800/523-5355 Dealer Inquiries Invited Are you ready for the Z8000 microprocessor revolution? Zilog's generation-ahead, 16-bit, Z8000 is changing the way systems manufacturers and designers think about microprocessing. Now there's an easy way for you to learn everything you need to know to stay on top of this powerful new technology. Enroll today in Zilog's five-part, home-study seminar on Zilog Z8000 architecture for the advanced engineer. Learn the details of the Z8000's 16-bit architecture, techniques of memory management, methods for inter- facing memory and peripherals, proper handling of interrupts and traps, and use of the Z8000's powerful instruction set. You study at your own pace at home. Each test is individually graded and critiqued. Total cost for all course materials and tests is $39. Enroll today. Become your company's expert on the micropro- cessor technology of the future. Upon completion of the course, every registrant gets a colorful Captain Zilog T-shirt! Allow four weeks for receipt of your first lesson. 7iloft An Affiliate of E)^ON ENTERPRISES INC. BUSINESS ADDRESS Training and Education Department C 10460 Bubb Road, Cupertino, CA 95014 Enroll me today in the 1 980 Zilog Z8000 Architecture Course □ Enclosed is my check or money order for $39. Make check payable to: Zilog, Inc. Pleasechargemy □ Masterchargeor D Visa account: □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ Expiration date ©1979 Zilog. Inc BILLING ADDRESS (asshownonchargecard.) NAME •A \ CITY/STATE /ZIP \ \ Mail lessons to: D Business Address □ Billing Address Circle 149 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 203 DYNACOMP Quality software for: PET Apple II Plus TRS-80 (Level II) North Star All software is supplied with complete documentation which includes clear explanations and examples. Each program will run with standard terminals (32 characters or wider) and within 16K program memory space. Except where noted, all software is available on PET cassette, North Star diskette (North Star BASIC), TRS-80 cassette (Level II) and Apple cassette (Applesoft BASIC). These programs are also available on PAPER TAPE (Microsoft BASIC). FLIGHT SIMULATOR Price: $17.95 postpaid (as described in SIMULATION, Volume II) A realistic and extensive mathematical simulation of take-off, flight and landing. The program utilizes aerodynamic equations and the characteristics of a real airfoil. You can practice instrument approaches and navigation using radials and compass headings. The more advanced flyer can also perform loops, half-rolls and similar aerobatic maneuvers. SIMULATION, Volume II (BYTE Publications): $6.00 V ALDEZ Price: $14.95 postpaid A simulation of supertanker navigation in the Prince William Sound and Valdez Narrows. The program uses an extensive 256X256 element radar map and employs physical models of ship response and tidal patterns. Chart your own course through ship and iceberg traffic. Any standard terminal may be used for display. BRIDGE 2.0 Price: $17.95 postpaid An all-inclusive version of this most popular of card games. This program both BIDS and PLAYS either contract or duplicate bridge. Depending on the contract, your com- puter opponents will either play the offense OR defense. If you bid too high the com- puter will double your contract! BRIDGE 2.0 provides challenging entertainment for advanced players and is an excellent learning tool for the bridge novice. HEARTS 1 .5 Price: $14.95 postpaid An exciting and entertaining computer version of this popular card game. Hearts is a trick-oriented game in which the purpose is not to take any hearts or the queen of spades. Play against two computer opponents who are armed with hard-to-beat play- ing strategies. DATA SMOOTHER Price: $14.95 postpaid This special data smoothing program may be used to rapidly derive useful information from noisy business and engineering data which are equally spaced. The software features choice in degree and range of fit, as well as smoothed first and second derivative calculation. Also included is automatic plotting of the input data and smoothed results. FOURIER ANALYZER Price: $14.95 postpaid Use this program to examine the frequency spectra of limited duration signals. The program features automatic scaling and plotting of the input data and results. Prac- tical applications include the analysis of complicated patterns in such fields as elec- tronics, communications and business. MAIL LIST I Price: $18.95 postpaid (available for North Star only) A many-featured mailing list program which searches through your customer list by user-defined product code, customer name or Zip Code. Entries to the list can be con- veniently added or deleted and the printout format allows the use of standard size address labels. Each diskette can store more than 1000 entries. CHESS MASTER Price: $19.95 postpaid (available for North Star and TRS-80 only) This complete and very powerful program provides five levels of play. It includes castl- ing, en passant captures, and the promotion of pawns. Additionally, the board may be preset before the start of play, permitting the examination of "book" plays. To max- imize execution speed, the program is written in assembly language (by SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS of California). Full graphics are employed in the TRS-80 version, and two widths of alphanumeric display are provided to accommodate North Star users. TEXT EDITOR I (Letter Writer) Price: $14.95 postpaid An easy to use, line-oriented text editor which provides variable line widths and simple paragraph indexing. This text editor is ideally suited for composing letters and is quite capable of handling much larger jobs. GAMES PACK I Price: $10.95 postpaid Seven entertaining games for less than a dollar a kilobyte! Play CATAPULT, CRAPS, SWITCH, HORSERACE, SLOT MACHINE, BLACKJACK and LUNAR LANDER. This is an excellent and economical way to start your games library. All orders are processed within 48 hours. Please enclose payment with order. If paying by MASTER CHARGE or VISA, include all numbers on card. Foreign orders add 10% for shipping and handling. Write for detailed descriptions of these and other programs available from DYNACOMP. MS3M DYNACOMP P.O. Box 162 Webster, New York, 14580 (716) 586-7579 New York State residents please add 7% NYS sales tax. master charge Event Queue JUNE 1980 June Laboratory Short Courses, Virginia Polytechnic In- stitute and State University, Blacksburg VA. Dr Peter Rony will conduct three short courses for scientists and engineers. For informa- tion, contact Dr Peter R Rony, Course Director, Virginia Polytechnic In- stitute, Blacksburg VA 24061, (703) 961-6370. June Software International Seminars. These seminars cover the use of Software International business soft- ware. The courses are being held in the US and Canada. For a schedule, contact Soft- ware International Corp, 2 Elm Sq, Andover MA 01810, (617) 475-5040. June and July Zilog Courses on Hardware and Software Products, Cupertino CA. A series of technical courses for engineers who use Zilog components and systems is being offered at Zilog head- quarters and Zilog's US sales offices. Special emphasis will be placed on the Z80 and Z8000 microprocessors. Contact Zilog, 10460 Bubb Rd, Cupertino CA 95014, (408) 446-4666. ]une2-4 Improving Productivity and Distributed Data Entry, Sheraton Center, New York NY. The conference and seminar schedule includes discussions on word process- ing, data processing, the future directions of data en- try, improving data-entry productivity, automated of- fices, installing a data-entry incentive system, and more. Contact Data Entry Manage- ment Association, POB 3231, Stamford CT 06905. June 2-5 The Ninth Annual Symposium on Incremental Motion-Control Systems and Devices, Ramada Inn, Champaign IL. Exhibition space is available for this conference. Contact Pro- fessor B C Kuo, POB 2772, Station A, Champaign IL 61820. June 4-5 Microprocessors: Hardware, Software, and Application, Holiday Inn, Boston MA. This course is recommended for technical professionals who need an understanding of microprocessors in rela- tion to their corporate and business careers. Contact Office of Continuing Educa- tion, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA 01609. June 4-6 Salon de l'Ordinateur Computer Show, Place Bonaventure, Montreal, CANADA. This exhibition will feature over eighty manufacturers' hardware and software. For more in- formation, contact Industrial Trade Shows of Canada, 36 Butterick St, Toronto, On- tario M8W 3Z8 CANADA. June 9-13 Microcomputer Workshop, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA. Engineers, research scientists, educators, and managers will benefit from this course. It covers all aspects of microcomputers and soft- ware. Hands-on training will be provided. The tuition is $585 and housing can be ar- ranged. Contact the Post College Professional Educa- tion, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA 15213. June 10-13 Pascal Computer Program- ming, George Washington University, Washington DC. 204 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 150 on inquiry card. Circle 151 on inquiry card. Event Queue Laboratory sessions and hands-on experience are two aspects of this course. For details of this and other courses being offered by the University, contact The Director of Continuing Engineering Education, George Washington Univer- sity, Washington DC 20052, (202) 676-6106 or toll free (800) 424-9773. June 14 Microcomputers in Business and the Professions: Systems Selection, Butler University, 4600 N Sunset Ave, In- dianapolis IN. This seminar will cover various types of hardware and software, how to evaluate the kinds and performances of computers, and their applications in business and the home. The registration fee is $75. For information, contact College of Business Administration, Butler University, 4600 N Sunset Ave, Indianapolis IN 46208. June 14-25 Introduction to Microcom- puter Interfacing, Virginia Military Institute (VMI), Lexington VA. This hands- on course will feature the TRS-80 Level II system with one station for every two participants. The tuition is $450. Contact Dr Philip B Peters, Dept of Physics, VMI, Lexington VA 24450, (703) 463-6225. June 15-18 International Summer Con- sumer Electronics Show, McCormick Place, McCor- mick Inn, and the Pick- Congress Hotel, Chicago IL. The Consumer Electronics Show (CES) will feature exhibits from many com- panies and seminars and discussions. Items to be displayed will range from televisions, tape recorders, telephones, and translators, to computers, component systems, auto sound systems, and electronic games. Attendance is limited to dealers and the press. Contact Consumer Elec- tronics Show, Two Illinois Center, Suite 1607, 233 N Michigan Ave, Chicago II 60601. June 16-17 The BYTE Conference on Languages and Tools for Microcomputing, McGraw- Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY 10020. The program covers block-structured languages and software systems, Pascal, Ada, C, LISP, FORTH, background con- text of traditional assembly- language tools, and more. Some of the speakers are Carl Helmers Jr, Editorial Director of BYTE magazine; Dr Ken Bowles, Dr Peter Grogono, Dr Fred Martin, Dr Henry Baker, and John Morse. For more informa- tion, contact McGraw-Hill Conference and Exposition Center, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, Rm 3677, New York NY 10020 (212) 997-4930. June 16-19 The Thirteenth Annual Association of Small Com- puter Users in Education (ASCUE) Conference, University of Tennessee, Martin TN. Conference ses- sions will include presenta- tions of papers and demonstrations of com- puters. Tutorials on struc- tured programming, data- base management systems, programming in Pascal, and computer graphics will be included. Contact James Westmoreland, Computer Center, University of Ten- nessee at Martin, Martin TN 38238, (901) 587-7891. June 16-20 Data Flow Concepts in Computer Language and Ar- chitecture, Massachusetts In- Discover Savings and Service with MAIL ORDER DIVISION <° RDERTOLL FREE D QCrometnco incorporated Tomorrow's Computers Today SOFTWARE CBASIC2 ver 2.05 85. EBSG/L ACCOUNTING SYSTEM GENERAL LEDGER 400. ACCTS. PAYABLE 500. ACCTS. RECEIVABLE 500. PAYROLL (Calif.) 600. INVENTORY 200. ORDER ENTRY 200. MAILING LIST 100. Manuals included Requires dual disk/48K 24x80 CRT with curs addr CBASIC2 and CP/M or CDOS ALL CROMEMCO SYSTEMS NOW HAVE DOUBLE CAPACITY! SYSTEM 3 1 Mbyte 5990. SYSTEM 2 3190. Z-2H 1 1 Mbyte 8995. HDD-11 11 Mbyte 5945. HDD-22 22 Mbyte 9995. 3102 CRT 1695. 3779 PRINTER 1270. 3703 PRINTER 2545. 3355 PRINTER 2715. SCC 380. BYTESAVER II 210. ZPU 335. 4FDC 420. 64KZ 1510. TU-ART 250. Z3-SDSK 335. Z3-MDSK 590. COBOL 90. FORTRAN IV 90. MACROASSEMBLER 90. 16K BASIC 90. 32K BASIC 275. DBMS 90. WORD PROCESSING 90. RATFOR 180. TRACE 90. 1 1 MEGABYTE HARD DISK BUSINESS SYSTEM CROMEMCO Z-2H CROMEMCO 3102 CRT CROMEMCO 3703 PRINTER EBS G/L ACCT. SYSTEM 10 DISKETTES 1 BOX FANFOLD PAPER ALL CABLES CBASIC2 ONLY $ 15,500 Over $17,600 List Price TERMINALS SOROC IQ120 750. SOROC IQ140 1150. TELEVIDEO 912B 780. TELEVIDEO 912C 830. TELEVIDEO 920B 805. TELEVIDEO 920C 855. ADDS REGENT 25 925. PERKIN ELMER 550 785. PERSCI 277 with eject options 1195. 1345. PRINTERS BASE-2 499. with tractor 599. CENTRONICS 704-1 1795. CENTRONICS 703-2 2375. CENTRONICS 779-1 995. CENTRONICS 779-2 1095. QUME SPRINT 5 RO 2650. includes power supply TEK COM COUPLER acoustic, originate only 175. WE ALSO OFFER: • Complete analysis of your system needs • Installation, training, support & maintenance • Custom applications software AT OUR REGULAR CONSULTING RATES Phone inquiries welcome "XECUTIVE USINESS lYSTEMS 20457 E. Valley Blvd., Walnut, CA 91789 (714) 594-5736 TO ORDER: COLLECT PHONE ORDERS welcome or send check or M.O. Please include phone number. Personal or Co. checks require two weeks to clear. Items in stock will be shipped next business day upon receipt of certified funds. Within Calif, add 6% sales tax. All prices and offers subject to change without notice. SHIPPING: We ship freight collect by UPS when possible. Larger items shipped by motor freight. Air and express delivery avail- able. CDOS 11 ' Cromemco, Inc. CP/M J! Digital Research CBASIC™ Compiler Systems, June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 205 Circle 152 on inquiry card. BUSINESS - PROFESSIONAL - GAME SOFTWARE FOR APPLE II G HOME FINANCE PAK I: Complete package $49.95 [~l BUDGET: The heart of a comprehensive home finance system. Allows user to define up to 20 budget items. Actual expense input can be by keyboard or by automatic reading of CHECKBOOK II files. Costs are automatically sorted and compared with budget. BUDGET produces both monthly actual/budget/variance report and a year-to-date by month summary of actual costs. Color graphics display of expenses by month. S24.95 LJ CHECKBOOK II: This extensive program keeps complete records of each check/deposit. Unique check entry system allows user to set up common check purpose and recipient categories. Upon entry you select from this pre-defined menue to minimize keying in a lot of data. Unique names can also be stored for com- pleteness. This system produces rapid access to check files. Check registerdisplay incorporates unique up/ down scrolling system for the ultimate in flexibility. 40 column printout of check register. Up to 100 checks per month storage. Files accessible by BUDGET program S19.95 Q SAVINGS: Allows user to keep track of deposits/withdrawals for up to 10 savings accounts. Complete records shown via screen or 40 column printer S14.95 QCREDIT CARD: Keep control of your cards withthisprogram. Organizes, storesand displays purchases, payments and service charges. Screen or 40 column printer display. Up to 10 separate cards S14.95 □ THE UNIVERSAL COMPUTING MACHINE: $39.95 A user programmable computing system structured around a 15 row by 30 column table. User defines row and column names and equations forming a unique computing machine. Table elements can be multiplied, divided, subtracted or added to any other element. User can define repeated functions common to a row or column greatly simplifying table setup. Hundred of unique computing machines can be defined, used, stored and recalled, with or without old data, for later use. Excellent for sales forecasts, engineering design analysis, budgets, inventory lists, income statements, production planning, project cost estimates-in short for any planning, analysis or reporting problem that can be solved with a table. Unique curser commands allow you to move to any element, change its value and immediately see the effect on other table values. Entire table can be printed by machine pages (user-defined 3-5 columns) on a 40 column printer. Transform your com- puter into a UNIVERSAL COMPUTING MACHINE. I I COLOR CALENDAR: HI-RES color graphics display of your personal calendar. Automatic multiple entry of repetitive events. Review at a glance important dates, appointments, anniversaries, birth- days, action dates, etc. over a 5 year period. Graphic calendar marks dates. Printer and screen display a summary report by month of your full text describing each day's action item or event. Ideal for anyone with a busy calendar S19.95 □ BUSINESS SOFTWARE SERIES: Entire package $159.95 QMICROACCOUNTANT: The ideal system for the small cash business. Based on classic T-accounts and double-entry bookkeeping, this efficient program records and produces reports on account balances, general ledger journals, revenue and expenses. Screen or 40 column printer reports. Handles up to 500 journal entries per period, up to 100 accounts. Program instructions include a short primer in Financial Account- ing $49.95 □ UNIVERSAL BUSINESS MACHINE: This prog.am is designed to SIMPLIFY and SAVE TIME for the serious businessman who must periodically Analyze, Plan and Estimate. The program was created using our Universal Computing Machine and it is programmed to provide the following planning and forecasting tools. CASH FLOW ANALYSIS SALES FORECASTER PROFORMA PROFIT & LOSS STATEMENT SOURCE AND USE OF FUNDS PROFORMA 8ALANCESHEET JOB COST ESTIMATOR Price, including documentation and a copy of the base program, Universal Computing Machine S89.95 □ BUSINESS CHECK REGISTER: Expanded version of the Checkbook II program. Handles up to 500 checks per month with complete record keeping. .- . S29.95 BUSINESS BUDGET: As described above and companion program to Business Check Register. Handles 500 transactions per month, up to 20 cost categories. Accesses BCR files for actual costs S29.95 □ ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SERIES: Both programs $159.95 Q LOGIC SIMULATOR: SAVE TIME AND MONEY. Simulate your digital logiccircuits before you build them. CMOS, TTL, or whatever, if it's digital logic, this program can handle it. The program is an inter- active, menu driven, full-fledged logic simulator capable of simulating the bit-time by bit-timeresponse of a logic network to user-specified input patterns. It will handle up to 1000 gates, including NANOS, NORS, IN- verters, FLIP-FLOPS, SHIFT REGISTERS, COUNTERS and user-defined MACROS. Edge triggered or 2 phase clocks. Up to 40 user-defined, random, or binary input patterns. Simulation results displayed on CRT or printer. Acceptsnetworkdescritpionsfrom keyboard or from LOGIC DESIGNER for simulation. Specify 1000 gate version (48K required) or 500 gate version (32K required). Price including manual and demos S89.95 QLOGIC DESIGNER: Interactive HI-RES Graphics program for designing digital logic systems. A menu driven series of keyboard commands allows you to draw directly on the screen up to 15 different gate types, including 10 gate shape patterns supplied with the program and 5 reserved for user specification. Standard patterns supplied are NAND, NOR, INVERTER, EX-OR, T-FLOP, JK-FLOP, D-FLOP, RS-FLOP, 4 Bit COUNTER and N BIT SHIFT REGISTER. User interconnects gates just as you would normally draw using line graphics commands. Network descriptions for LOGIC SIMULATOR generated simultaneously with the CRT diagram being drawn. Drawing is done in pages of up to /. Ogates. Up to 50 pages (10 per disc) can be drawn, saved and recalled. Lines crossing pages can be interconnected using any of the 50 page connectors, The ideal interactive LOGIC DESIGN SYSTEM. Specify 1000 gate (48K) or 500 gate (32K) system . S89.95 □ MATHEMATICS SERIES: Complete Package $49.95 Q N UMERIC AL ANALYSIS: HIRES 2-Dimensional plot of any function. Automatic scaling. At your option, the program will plot the function, plot the INTEGRAL, plot the DERIVATIVE, determine the ROOTS, find the MAXIMA and MINIMA and list the INTEGRAL VALUE. For 16K S19.95 Q MATRIX: A general purpose, menu drivenprogram for determining the INVERSE and DETERMINANT of any matrix, as well as the SOLUTION to any set of SIMULTAN EOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS. The program will handle up to 55 equations in 55 unknowns (48K Ram). Matrix parameters can be saved and retrieved using the program Disc I/O. Specify 55 set (48K), or 35 set (32K) S19.95 □ 3-D SURFACE PLOTTER: Explore the ELEGANCE and BEAUTY of MATHEMATICS by creating HIRES PLOTS of 3 dimensional surfaces from any 3-variable equation. Disc save and recall routines for plots. Menu driven to vary surface parameters. Demos include BLACK HOLE gravitational curvature equations. Specify Disc (32K) or no disc (16K) version S19.95 □ ACTION ADVENTURE GAMES SERIES: Entire series $49.95 □ REO BARON: Can you outfly the REO BARON? This fast action game simulates a machine-gun DOG- FIGHT between your WORLO WAR I BIPLANE and the baron's. You can LOOP, DIVE, BANK or CLIMB inany one of 8 directions -and so can the BARON, in HI-RES graphics (16K) S19.95 □ BATTLE OF MIDWAY: You are in command of the U.S.S. HORNETS' DIVE-BOMBER squadron. Your targets are the Japanese carriers, Akagi, Soryu and Kaga. You must fly your way through ZEROS and AA FIRE to make your OIVE-BOMB run. In HI-RES graphics (16K) S19.95 QSUB ATTACK: It's April, 1943. The enemy convoy is headed for the CORAL SEA. Your sub, the MORAY, has just sighted the CARRIERS and BATTLESHIPS. Easy pickings. But watch out for the DE- STROYERS • they're fast and deadly. In HI-RES graphics (16K) $19.95 □ SENO FOR FREE CATALOG - All programs run on Apple II with Disc and Applesoft ROM Card and re- quire 32K RAM unless otherwise noted. Detailed instructions included. Orders shipped within 48 hours. Card users include card number. Add S1.50 postage and handling with each order. California residents add I^mmm add 6'/:% sales tax. Make checks payable to: SPECTRUM SOFTWARE • fJ, E c ?hn».in QUIRIES P.O. B O x 2084 -SUNNYVALE, CALIFORNIA 94087 WcLLUMEU FOR PHONE ORDERS -408-245-1415 stitute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA. MIT's pro- gram will cover principles of data-flow computer organization and program- ming language design and applications. Certain archi- tectures will be covered and techniques discussed. Familiarity with languages and architecture is a pre- requisite. The tuition is $750. Living arrangements can be made through the school. Contact the Office of the Summer Session, Room E19-356, MIT, Cam- bridge MA 02139. June 17-19 Data Comm, Palais des Ex- positions, Geneva, SWITZERLAND. Data com- munications and distributed- data processing are the main themes of this conference and exhibition. Software development and tools; computer languages; man- aging data-communications systems; and definitions, concepts, and applications of data communications and distributed-data processing are among the topics that will be covered in the con- ference. For more information, contact Industrial and Scien- tific Conference Manage- ment Inc, 222 W Adams St, Suite 999, Chicago IL 60606. June 16-27 Designing Microprocessor- Based Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cam- bridge MA. This course is intended to give individuals with a technical background the ability to create cost- effective designs using microprocessors. Software techniques and hardware structures will be covered along with lab projects. Contact Francis F Lee, Pro- fessor of Electrical Engineer- ing and Computer Science, Summer Session Office, MIT, Cambridge MA 02139, (617) 253-2598. June 18-21 Association for Computa- tional Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA. The meeting will cover theoretical and methodological problems of computational linguistics, speech acts, analysis of multisentence texts, dialogue, machine transla- tion, and computational semantics. For further infor- mation contact Don Walker, Artificial Intelligence Center, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park CA 94025. June 20-22 The Fifth Annual Com- puterfest, Franklin Univer- sity, Columbus OH. Spon- sored by the Midwest Af- filiation of Computer Clubs, this is a gathering of in- terested hobbyists, profes- sionals, and business- oriented computer users. Workshops and discussions are the main features of the conference. Contact James Crowley, 4008 Rickenbacker Ave, Columbus OH 43213. June 23-27 The First World Conference on Transborder Data Flow Policies, Rome, ITALY. Legal and social implica- tions, economic dimensions, regulatory environment, interdependence caused by global communications, and assessing the status of data flow developments are some of the topics that will be covered in this forum. Write to the Intergovernmental Bureau for Informatics, POB 10253, 00144 Rome, ITALY. June 30-July 3 Electronic Music Workshop, New England Conservatory, Boston MA. A combination of demonstrations and hands-on workshops are part of this course involving synthesizers, computers, and related materials. Arp, Moog, Buchla, and EML synthesizers will be available. Studio techniques will be discussed and demonstrations offered. Contact Robert L Annis, Summer School 1980 — Elec- tronic Music, New England 206 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 153 on inquiry card. Circle 154 on inquiry card. |Buy By Mail and Save! COMPUTERS INTERTECSuperBrain® 32K RAM $2995 . . . $2495 64K RAM $3345 . . . $2695 64K Quad, $3995 . . $3395 NORTH STAR Horizon® 1 32K Kit, List $1999 . $1579 32K Assembled $2695 $2149 Horizon 2 32K DD. Kit, $2399 . $1885 32K DD, Assm. $3095 $2439 32K QD, Kit $2779 . $2359 32K QD, Assm. $3595 $2859 CROMEMCO System 3, 64K, $6990 . $5479 System 2, 64K, $3990 . $3179 Z-2, List $995 $829 COMMODORE PET 16K$849 APPLE 16K, List $1195 $979 TI-99/4, List $11 50 , . $985 ALTAR I® 400, List $630 $489 800 List $1080 $839 DISK SYSTEMS THINKER TOYS® Discus 2D, $1149 $ 939 Discus 2 + 2, $1549 ... . $1288 PRINTERS/TERMINALS ANADEX DP-8000 . . $799 T.I. 810 $1575 CENTRONICS 730-1 . $639 737, List $995 $849 PAPER TIGER IDS-440 $849 with Graphics Option . $949 INTERTUBE II, $995 $729 P-E Bantam 550 ... $789 SOROC 120 $745 TELEVIDE0 912 . $789 FLOPPY DISKS, 5 1 /4" box of 10 SPECIAL $29.95 Most items in stock for immediate delivery, factory-sealed cartons, with full factory warranty. N.Y.S. residents add appropriate sales tax. Prices do not include shipping. VISA and Master Charge add 3%. COD orders require 25% deposit. Prices subject to change and offers subject to withdrawal without notice. Computers Wholesale P.O. Box 144 Camillus, NY 13031 (315)472-2582 Iff il GRAND OPENING i SAL you -E We've moved to a new location to better serve (ALL ITEMS ARE IN STOCK NOW!) NORTHSTAR DISCOUNTS! SALE reg. Quad Drive— Orig. Mfr. NEW $550 $725 Dbl. Dens Drive— Orig. Mfr.— NEW $325 $500 Horizon 32K 2 dbl. dens, drives (asmb.) $2750 $3095 Horizon 32K 2 quad drives (asmb.) $3250 $3595 Northstar T-SHIRTS (Blue, Orange, S.M.L.XL) $5 $7 Full service facilities on our premises — service contracts available DYSAN MINIDISKS FOR NORTHSTAR 107/1 D 10 sector dbl. dens. 1 side $30 $37 107/2D 10 sector dbl. dens. 2 side (Quad) $33 $40 ANADEX PRINTERS The ultimate in reliability at affordable prices DP-8000 80 column dot matrix, 115 cps. $825 $995 DP-9500 132 column dot matrix, 115 cps. $1350 $1650 Northstar Users Group now forming — call for details! Prices good until July 15, but subject to change due to manufacturer increases to us - All items are new, with factory warranty. DATEK Systems, Inc. RETAIL STORE: 4786 Lee Highway, Arlington, Virginia 22207 MAIL ORDERS: Box 4146, Arlington, Virginia 22204 PHONE ORDERS AND INFORMATION: 703/243-3770 VISA AND MASTERCARD ACCEPTED! Call now for a quotation (312) 733-0497 The 550 BANTAM from Perkin-Elmer $799 All the features of the Hazeltine 1400 & LSI ADM-3A plus • Upper/Lower Case • 7x10 Character Matrix • White or Black Characters • Transparent Mode • Addressable Cursor • Tab Function • Backspace Key • Shiftlock Key • Print Key • Integrated Numeric Pad • Editing Functions • Extremely Compact: 15" W x 19" D x 14" H • Silent fan-free operation All products in stock! U.S. RDBDTICS, INC 1035 W. LAKE ST. CHICAGO, ILL. 6D6D7 LA34 DECwriter IV $1199 Tabs 132 columns 10. 12. 13.2, 16.5 characters/inch 2. 3. 4. 5. 8 or 12 lines/inch Optional tractor feed 110 or 300 baud RS232C/ASCII Friction feed/up to 15" wide paper 9x7 dot matrix, impact printing Upper/lower case PENRIL 300/1200 MODEM Originate/Auto-Answer $799 0-300 or 1200 baud Bell 212A & 103/113 compatible 1 year warranty Stand alone RS232 Full duplex over voice grade phone lines FCC certified for direct connection to phone lines via RJ11C voice jack (standard extension phone jack) Teletype Model 43 KSR $1049 110 or 300 baud RS232C/ASCN Pin feed/8 V 2 " H x 11" W paper is perfect for filing and copying. 132 columns Upper/lower case, true descenders Dot matrix, impact printing Connect your TRS-80, Apple or ANY other computer to the phone lines with the. . . USR-330 Originate/ Auto-Answer Modem $339 FCC certified for direct connection to phonelines via standard extension phone jack • 0-300 Baud • Bell 103/113 compatible • Stand Alone • RS232 • 1 Year Warranty • Crystal Controlled • State of the Art LSI circuitry • 5 stage active filters USR-310 Originate Acoustic Coupler $159 Circle 155 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 207 Conservatory, 290 Hunt- ington Ave, Boston MA, (617) 262-1120. JULY 1980 July TRS-80 Interfacing and Ap- plication for Scientific In- strumentation and Motorola 6801 Single Chip Microcom- puter Design, Interfacing and Applications, Virginia Tech Facility, Dulles Air- port. These are hands-on workshops sponsored by Virginia Polytechnic In- stitute and State University. For more information, con- tact Dr Linda Leffel, CEC, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, (703) 961-5241. July I IEEE Indy Microcomputer Show, Sheraton Motor Inn East, Indianapolis IN. There will be exhibits, demonstra- tions, and technical seminars addressing all the applica- tions of microcomputer systems. Contact Publicity Chairman, IEEE Indy Microcomputer Show, Naval Avionics Center, D/810, 6000 E 21 St, Indianapolis IN 46218, (317) 353-3047. July 7-11 Computers and Related Pro- ducts, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA. This show is limited to ap- proximately forty firms for exhibition. For details, con- tact Robert Wallace, Rm 6015A, US Dept of Com- merce, Industry and Trade Commission, Washington DC 20230. July 14-16 Diagnostic Software: Plan- ning and Design, Sheraton- Lexington Motor Inn, Lex- ington MA. The seminar is for design, test, and diagnostic engineers. Design TERMINALS FROM TRANSNET PURCHASE FULL OWNERSHIP AND LEASE PLANS PURCHASE PER MONTH DESCRIPTION PRICE 12 MPS. 24 MPS. 36 MPS. LA36 DECwriter II $1 ,695 $162 $ 90 $ 61 LA34 DECwriter IV 1 ,295 1 24 69 47 LA120 DECwriter III KSR ... 2,495 239 140 90 LA180 DECprinter I 2,095 200 117 75 VT1 00 CRT DECscope 1,895 182 101 68 VT132 CRT DECscope 2,295 220 122 83 DT80/1 DATAMEDIA CRT ... . 1,895 182 101 68 TI745 Portable Terminal ... . 1,595 153 85 57 TI765 Bubble Memory Terminal 2,795 268 149 101 TI810 R0 Printer 1,895 182 101 68 TI820 KSR Printer 2,195 210 117 79 TI825 KSR Printer 1,695 162 90 61 ADM3A CRT Terminal 875 84 47 32 QUME Letter Quality KSR ... 3,195 306 170 115 QUME Letter Quality R0 .... 2,795 268 149 101 HAZELTINE 1410 CRT 875 84 47 32 HAZELTINE 1500 CRT 1,195 115 64 43 HAZELTINE 1 552 CRT 1 ,295 1 24 69 47 Dataproducts 2230 Printer . . 7,90Q 757 421 284 DATAMATE Mini Floppy 1,750 168 93 63 FULL PWNERSHIP AFTER 12 PR 24 MPNTHS • 10% PURCHASE PPTIPN AFTER 36 MPNTHS ACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT ACOUSTIC COUPLERS • MODEMS • THERMAL PAPER RIBBONS • INTERFACE MODULES • FLOPPY DISK UNITS PROMPT DELIVERY • EFFICIENT SERVICE m rahsNet Corporation 1945 route 22, union, n.j. 07083 201-688-7800 examples, lectures, informal sessions, and programming are part of the course. The fee is $450. Contact Pro- fessor Donald French, In- stitute for Advanced Profes- sional Studies, One Gateway Center, Newton MA 02158. July 14-18 SIGGRAPH '80, Seattle Center, Seattle WA. Panel discussions and readings will be included in this con- ference. The topics will in- clude graphic displays, animation/dynamics, car- tography, input techniques, video and color hardware, and more. For general infor- mation, write to SIG- GRAPH '80, POB 88203, Seattle WA 98188. July 22-24 Microcomputer Show, Wembley Center, London, ENGLAND. New products will be exhibited, along with presentations of papers. For information contact TMAC, 680 Beach St, Suite 428, San Francisco CA 94109. AUGUST 1980 August 4-6 Data-Entry Management and Supervision Seminar, Chicago IL. Data-entry managers and supervisors will benefit from the tech- niques provided in this seminar. Topics will range from data-entry control techniques and improving data-entry operator produc- tivity, to personnel com- munications and motivation. Contact MIC, 140 Barclay Center, Cherry Hill NJ 08034, (609) 428-1020. August 12-14 Computer Graphics '80, Bir- mingham, ENGLAND. Computer Graphics '80 will bring together experienced users and specialists to pre- sent applications experiences and research findings. In ad- dition to the conference, there will be an equipment exhibition and an animated film festival. To register, contact Paula Stockham, Online, Cleveland Rd, Ux- bridge UB8 2DD, ENGLAND, phone Uxbridge (0895) 39262. August 14-24 Electronics/China 80, Guangzhou (Canton), CHINA. This is the first ex- hibition of US electronic companies in the People's Republic of China. The United States-China Trade Consultants are the sponsors of the show. Products demonstrated will include circuit components, system elements, test instrumenta- tion, product equipment, and materials. Details are available through Expocon- sul Inc, Clapp and Poliak Inc, Princeton-Windsor Of- fice Park, POB 277, Princeton Junction NJ 08550. August 23-24 Personal Computer Arts Festival, Philadelphia Civic Center, Philadelphia PA. Tutorials, seminars, musical performances, and graphic extravaganzas will be featured in this show. Com- puter musicians and artists have until July 1 to submit material for presentation. Contact PCAF '80, c/o Philadelphia Area Computer Society, POB 1954, Philadelphia PA 19105. ■ In order to gain optimum coverage of your organization's com- puter conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice should reach our office at least three months in advance of the date of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE Publications, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. Each month we publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough in advance. VX 710-985-5485 208 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 156 on inquiry card. G>U\PETO PERSONAL M, COMPUTING GETT\NG ST/*TED V**wt You Need AndfifcVhat it Will Cost EQUIPMENT REVIEWS TRS-BO, Apple, Sorce%r and PET Best>SeUtn3 Author JERRY POURNELLl "V/ntina Vfitn A. Microcomputer" THEB1NARY WORfi Also... A. PERSONAL COMPUTER DIRECTTORir COMPUTER CLUBS; V*MO NEEDS TMEJsA? Are you prepared for the explosive transformation? Right in your] own home? Electronic mail. Personalized *, investment analysis. Foreign language tutorial. Home energy management. Robots. Computer music. Secretarial service. Diet and menu planning. And more, more* more. onComptiting™ the new McGraw-Hill quarterly, prepares you for the enormous changes coming during the / Personal Computer - YOU? 1980's (Some are already here). onCompating™ explains in nontechnical language what personal computers are, how they work, and how you can use them at home, for fun and profit Don't let the personal computer explosion catch you ofFguard. Know what's happening and help make it happen! Prepare now for the exciting future with a subscription to onComptrting™! CattToll-Free 800-258-5485 Start your subscription today. r ----------------- ----------1 onCompatfaig™ Subsaiption Dept. P.O. Box 307, Martinsville, NJ 08836 | DOMESTIC subscription rate : 2 1 D U.S. 1 yr. (4 issues) @ S8.50 D Canada & Mexico, 1 yr. (4 issues) @ $10.00 2 | FOREIGN (to expedite sen/ice, please remit in U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank.) n 1 □ Europe (and all other countries, except above), 1 yi\ @ $ 12.00 — surface delivery. 5" | D Bill Visa D Bill Master Charge D Bill me (North America only) Z * • onComptrting, Inc. 1980 L T 1 Card Number Expiration 5 ■ o'J Signature Name (please print) *j Z n Street/ Apartment Number £ ' 5' 1 80 ■ City State/Province/Country Code yacr) II Blubs sod Newsletters Southeastern Michigan Computer Organization (SEMCO) The objective of SEMCO is to share ideas on pro- gramming, troubleshoot problems, and review new products. Meetings are held on the second Sunday of the month at the Ford Automotive Safety Center Auditorium at 7 PM in Detroit, Michigan. SEMCO's newsletter, Data Bus, is a monthly publication. Membership is $10 per year. Contact SEMCO, POB 02426, Detroit MI 48202. Rochester Area Microcomputer Society (RAMS) RAMS, which has been in existence for nearly four years, meets on the second Thursday of each month in room 1250 of the Science Building on the Rochester Institute of Technology cam- pus. A RAMS' monthly meeting features a speaker plus reviews of products and news of interest. Their newsletter, Memory Pages, is published monthly. Membership in RAMS runs from October to September, and the dues are $7.50. For details, write RAMS, POB 90808, Rochester NY 14609. Homebrew Computer Club This pioneering personal- computer club is based in Mountain View, California. They meet monthly on the second Thursday at the Sherman Fairchild Medical Center Auditorium in Stan- ford, California. Their newsletter contains reviews of products, programs in different languages for all types of systems, bulletin board news, and more. To obtain information, contact Homebrew Computer Club, POB 626, Mountain View CA 94042. Long Island Computer Association The Long Island Com- puter Association is open to all computer users with in- terests in programming, ap- plications, or related sub- jects. Dues are $10 per year; members receive a news- letter called The Stack. There are groups for 8080 users, TRS-80 users, and 6502 users. The meetings feature guest speakers and reports on individual members' projects. The Stack includes reports of the meetings, want ads, com- puter store listings, pro- grams, and more. Contact the club at 3788 Windsor Dr, Bethpage NY 11714. Delaware Valley Computer Society The Delaware Valley Computer Society (DVCS) is dedicated to the develop- ment and improvement of its members' programming and hardware skills on the TRS-80. Meetings are held at 8 PM on the third Thurs- day of each month at the Bristol Township Municipal Building, near Levittown, Pennsylvania. Recent meetings have included discussions of fast graphics programming in Level II BASIC, interfacing with the real world, assembly- language programming, and beginner's BASIC program- ming. DVCS publishes a newsletter six times a year. AUTHORIZED I® Radio /tiaek DEALER A301 COMPUTER SPECIALISTS 10 O. o DISCOUNT Off List 64K 1 Drive S3499.00 No Taxes on Out Of State Shipments Immediate Shipment From Stock. Popular 16K Level 1 1 System S 722.00 26-1145 RS-232 Board 84.00 26-1140 "O" K Interface 254.00 26-1 160 Mini Disk 424.00 26-1 171 Telephone Modem 169.00 Fast 100 CPS Centronics 730 Printer 750.00 Highly Reliable Lobo 5 V Drives ........ 375.00 Versatile Lobo Interface, 8" Drives and IMI Hard Drives Call For Prices MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC. DOWNTOWN PLAZA SHOPPING CENTER 115CSECONDAVE.S.W. CAIRO, GEORGIA31728 912-377-7120 15% DISCOUNT Off List 4K Level II $527.00 Circle 157 on inquiry card. Full Factory Warranty on All Items Sold. VISA, Master Charge and COD's, Add 3% Circle 158 on inquiry card. Circle 159 on inquiry card. TRSrgO.. Shown is Level I. Level II includes Alphanumeric keypad. The world's most popular microcomputer, with 16 K of memory and Level 1 1 basic for only $675, complete with full 90 day Radio Shack warranty. We accept check, money order orphone orders with VisaorMasterCharge. (Shipping costs added to charge orders). Disk drives, printers, peripherals, software and games . . . you name it, we've got it (Both Radio Shack & other brands). Write or call for our complete price list, C&S ELECTRONICS MART Ltd. AUTHORIZED DEALERSHIP Radio Jhaek 32E.MainStreet*MilanMichigan48160*(313)439-1400 6809 1-100 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER MEETS I.E.E.E. S-100 STANDARD 10 addressing modes TM e3> • 24 indexed sub modes ^P • auto increment/decrement • constant indexing from PC • 4K/8K/16K ROM • 2K RAM ROM /RAM relocatable on 4K boundary • ACIA; PIA; 8080 SIMULATED I/O • 20 PARALLEL I/O LINES • 256 I/O PORTS ACIA provides RS-232 lines for asychronous com- munications with limited modem control at 8 select- able baud rates; I/O locatable at any 4K boundary • COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL WITH SOFTWARE LISTINGS • P.C. BOARD: SOLDERMASKED WITH PARTS LEGEND P.C. Board & Manual $69.95* + shipping • adsMON: ADS MONITOR SUPPORTS BREAKPOINTS User definable interrupt service & more. Available in PROM, write for prices. Illinois residents add sales tax. "add $1.00 for shipping & handling Ackerman Digital Systems, Inc. 110 N. York Rd., Suite 208, Elmhurst, III. 60126 (312) 530-8992 H0t Produced and widely used in England and U.S.A. COMPLETE BUSINESS PACKAGE INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM INVENTORY TO SALES SUMMARY PROMPTS USER, VALIDATES EACH ENTRY, MENU DRIVEN Approximately 60-100 entries/Inputs require only 2-4 hours weekly and your entire business is under control. PROGRAMS ARE INTEGRATED- 01 = ENTER NAMES/ADDRESS, ETC 02= ENTER/PRINT INVOICES 03 = ENTER PURCHASES 04 = ENTER A/C RECEIVABLES 05 = ENTER A/C PAYABLES 06 = ENTER/UPDATE INVENTORY 07= ENTER/UPDATE ORDERS 08= ENTER/UPDATE BANKS 09= EXAMINE/MONITOR SALES LEDGER 10= EXAMINE/MONITOR PURCHASE LEDGER 1 1 = EXAMINE/MONITOR (INCOMPLETE RECORDS) 12 = EXAMINE PRODUCT SALES SELECT FUNCTION BY NUMBER- 13= PRINT CUSTOMER STATEMENTS 14 = PRINT SUPPLIER STATEMENTS 15= PRINT AGENT STATEMENTS 1 6 = PRINT TAX STATEMENTS 17 = PRINT WEEK/MONTH SALES 18= PRINT WEEK/MONTH PURCHASES 19= PRINT YEAR AUDIT 20 = PRINT PROFIT/LOSS ACCOUNT 21 = UPDATE END MONTH FILES MAINTENANCE 22= PRINT CASH FLOW FORECAST 23= ENTER/UPDATE PAYROLL (NOT YET AVAILABLE) 24 = RETURN TO BASIC WHICH ONE? (ENTER 1-24) 01 SUB. MENU EXAMPLE: 01 = EXAMINE: 02 = INSERT: 03 = AMEND: 04 = DELETE 05 = PRINT (1,2,3): 06 = NUMERIC COMBINATIONS: 07 = SORT VERY FLEXIBLE. ADD YOUR OWN FUNCTIONS. EASY TO INTEGRATE. All programs in BASIC for CP/M. PET. 6800 G. W. COMPUTERS UTD, the producers of this beautiful package in U.K. WE EXPORT TO ALL COUNTRIES: BARCLAYCARD ACCEPTED CBM APPROVED CP/M Ver. 9.00 is one 16 K core program using random access releasing both drives for data storage, and 250 word vocabulary is translatable in any foreign language. PRICES: Programs 1 -23 EXC (19,20,22,23) £475 CALLERS BY APPOINTMENT ONLY 89 Bedford Court Mansions Bedford Avenue London WC1, U.K. CONTACT TONY WINTER 01-636-8210 BARCLAYCARD ACCEPTED CBM APPROVED CP/M Ver. 9.00 is one 16 K core program using random access releasing both drives for data storage, and 250 word vocabulary is translatable in any foreign language. £575Stock Integrated Option + £100 Bank Integrated Option + £100 Circle 160 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 211 SORCERERS SOFTWARE! All programs on cassette. Only 8K of memory required. MARTIAN INVADERS™ by James Albanese. How long can you hold out against a persistent invasion force from Mars? Zap all the members of the landing party and another group comes after you The longer you hold out, the higher your score. The Sorcerer's programmable graphics make this game look great, plus we've added special keyboard routines to really zip it up. Written in machine language. $14.95 NIKE II™ by Charles Finch and Bob Broffel. You may never get your computer back from your kids once they start playing Nike II. The object is to destroy enemy bombers by firing Nike missiles at them. If you miss the bombers, they bomb your factories and return for a second pass. Nine levels of play make this game a challenge for everyone. Written in machine language. $11.95 TANK TRAP by Don Ursem. An action game that combines skill, strategy, and luck. A rampaging tank tries to run you down. You are a combat engineer, building concrete barriers man effort to contain the tank. Four levels of play make this animated game fun for everyone. Written in BASIC with machine language subroutines. $11.95 DPX™( Development Pac Extension) by Don Ursem. SenousZ80 program developers will find this utility program to be invaluable. Move the line pointer upward. Locate a word or symbol. Change a character string wherever it occurs. Simple commandsallow you to jump directly from EDIT to MONITOR or DDT modes and automatically set upthe I/O you want for listings. Built-in serial printer driver. Stop and restart listings. Abort assembly with the ESC key. Save backup files on tape at 1200 baud. Load and merge files from tape by file name. Versions for 8K. 16K. 32K, and 48K Sorcerer. Requires Exidy Development Pac. $29.95 QS SMART TERMINAL by Bob Pierce. Convert your Sorcerer to a smart terminal. Used with a modem, this program provides the capability for you to communicate efficiently and save connect time with larger computers and other microcomputers. The program formats incoming data from time-sharing systems such as The Source for the Sorcerer Video. Incoming data can be stored (downloaded) into a file in RAM. Files, including programs, may be saved to or loaded from cassette, listed on the video, printed, transmitted out through your modem, or edited with an onboard text editor. The text editor includes commands to delete and insert lines and to find or change character strings. Many other features are included, and all features are thoroughly documented. $49.95 PLOT by Vic Tolomei. High res and low res modes. $14.95 SHAPE MAKER™ by Don Ursem. An on-screen character maker. $14.95 DEBUG by Bob Pierce. Debug machine language programs. $14.95 Z80 DISASSEMBLER by Vic Tolomei. Decode machine language programs $14.95 FASTGAMMON™ by Bob Christiansen. A fast backgammon opponent. $19.95 MAGIC MAZE™ by Vic Tolomei. A challenging maze game. $11.95 SOFTWARE INTERNALS MANUAL FOR THE SORCERER by Vic Tolomei. A mustfor anyone writing software for the SORCERER. Seven chapters. Indexed. Includes diagrams and software routines. 64 pages. $14.95 QUTiLrry software 6660 Reseda Blvd., Suite 103, Reseda, CA. 91335 Telephone 24 hours, seven days a week: (213) 344-6599 WHERE TO GET IT: Ask your nearest Sorcerer dealer to see Quality Software's Sorcerer programs. Or, if you prefer, you may order directly from us. MasterCharge and Visa cardholders may telephone their orders and we will deduct $1 from orders over$19 to compensate for phone charges. Or mail your order to the address above. California residents add 6°« sales tax. Shipping Charges: Within North America orders must include $1.50 for first class shipping and handling. Outside North America the charge for airmail shipping and handling is $5.00 — payable in U S. currency. <: The name "SORCERER" lias been tradp/narkprl by Fxidy. Inr Membership dues are $12 per year. For information, contact DVCS, POB 651, Levittown PA 19058. Apple's Contact 6 Newsletter This newsletter is pub- lished by Apple Computer Inc, 10260 Bandley Dr, Cupertino CA 95014. It con- tains articles on programs, hardware, and other related items produced by the com- pany. There is an editorial section and letters from Apple II owners and users. The newsletter also has pro- duct reviews of equipment for the Apple that is manufactured by other com- panies. Every issue includes valuable program listings for the Apple. New York Amateur Computer Club The New York Amateur Computer Club is an organization to promote the exchange of information about computers for per- sonal use and to encourage fellowship among those in- terested in computing. General meetings are held once a month, normally on the second Thursday. Several specialized user groups also meet on a monthly basis. Club dues are $10 per year which includes a newsletter. For information, write to the club at POB 106, Church St Sta, New York NY 10007. Newsletter for Texas Instruments' Programmable Calculator Users The Texas Instruments Personal Programmable Calculator Club and its newsletter, TI PPC Notes, will continue coverage of all TI programmable calculators formerly covered by 52-Notes. The new format will be mainly concerned with practical programming aids and routines. Active member participation is encouraged. Write TI PPC Club, Maurice E T Swinnen, 9213 Lanham Severn Rd, Lanham MD 20801. Software Management Newsletter Salt 'ri Pepper is a quarterly newsletter dealing with software management issues. An article in a recent issue entitled "Cost Effec- tiveness: A Challenge for OEMs" suggests that a higher degree of special- ization and creativity will characterize successful original equipment manufac- turers (OEMs) in the 1980s. Another article gives reasons for software products firms to consider offering a pro- cessing service. Other topics have included industry trends in software maintenance and software pricing. Subscriptions are $35 per year from Culpepper and Associates Inc, 4922 Heatherdale Ln, Atlanta GA 30360. ■ BYTE's Bits An Othello Tournament for Humans and Computers An Othello tournament is going to be held at North- western University on June 19. A one-day competition of three rounds is planned. There will be eight players: two or three humans and five or six computer pro- grams. David Levy's pro- gram will run on a Com- modore PET. Professor Peter W Frey of North- western University is spon- soring the event. He will be running his second- generation Othello program on either an Apple or a TRS-80 personal computer. Fidelity Electronics has been invited to enter their new Reversi Challenger. The Carnegie-Mellon program, as described in Scientific American, will be entered by Hans Berliner. Jonathan Cerf, the US national 212 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 161 on inquiry card. Othello champion, may also compete in the event. BYTE magazine is going to co- sponsor the event. Contact Professor Peter W Frey, Cresap Neuroscience Laboratory, 2021 Sheridan Rd, Evanston IL 60201, (312) 492-7405. Call for Papers on Computer Simulation Papers are being solicited for the 1981 Summer Com- puter Simulation Conference to be held July 21 to 23, 1981, in Washington DC. The conference theme is "Simulation: Foundations and the Future." A 500-word summary or com- plete drafts of original papers must be submitted by November 15, 1980 to L G Culhane, The Mitre Corp, 1820 Dolley Madison Blvd, McLean VA 22102, (703) 827-6447. The major areas of in- terest include simulation methodology, chemical sciences, biomedical systems, energy, system engineering, and special topics. Some other areas of special interest are govern- ment applications; simula- tion applications in sports, television, games, and movies; and microcomputer applications. Call for Papers, Industrial Control Papers are being solicited for the 1981 International Conference on the Applica- tion of Microcomputers to Industrial Control in the area of general systems to be held in Calcutta, INDIA. Hardware, software, and operational experience should be covered. A 300- to 600- word abstract is re- quired by August 22, 1980. The full paper should not exceed twelve 8V2- by 11-inch double-spaced pages. Three copies of the abstracts and papers are required. The deadline for the paper is September 26, 1980. Address material to Dr Sushil Dasgupta, Professor and Head of the Electrical Engineering Dept, Jadavpur University, 40B, Southern Ave, Calcutta-700029, INDIA. The 1981 International Conference on Microcom- puter Applications to In- dustrial Control will be held February 14 to 16 at Jadav- pur University in Calcutta. The First Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence Recently we received a letter from Louis G Robin- son, the conference co- ordinator of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI). He wanted BYTE readers to know that the First Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence will be held at Stanford University August 19, 20, and 21st, 1980. The AAAI is headed up by professor Allen Newell of Carnegie-Mellon University and professor Edward A Feigenbaum of Stanford University. The AAAI is in- tended to serve as a vehicle for communication among researchers in the US artificial intelligence com- munity. This communication will be accomplished through two means. One means will be a magazine- format publication produced by the organization and the other will be an annual US artificial intelligence con- ference. The first of these con- ferences is the 1980 Con- ference this August. The ac- tivities during the conference will include a one-day tutorial examining the cur- rent state of the art of US artificial intelligence to be held on August 18th at Stanford University. We are sure that many of our readers will be interested in attending this tutorial, to say nothing of the formal conference sessions on August 19, 20, and 21. We know that the AAAI will be an important, vital organiza- tion within the computer- science community during the years to come. ■ Circle 162 on inquiry card. ™H More Printing Terminals From M1CR0MAIL . DIABLO Prints at 40 cps, using 88, 92, or 96 char, metalized printwheels. Vertical resolution 1 /48"; Horizontal 1/120". Capable of proportional spacing, bidirectional printing, and graphics under software control. Bidirectional normal and direct tabs. Left, right, -top and bottom margins. R.0. $2890.00 KSR $3285.00 DIABLO 1640 • Uses plastic printwheel and prints at 45 cps. Otherwise, shares identical features with 1 650 including: — Friction or tractor feed, up to 1 5" wide : — Cartridge ribbon, fabric or carbon. R.O. $2745.00 KSR $3140.00 • Includes upper/lower case option. • Bidirectional printing at 1 50 cps. • Tractor-feed forms, 3" to 1 5" wide. $1599.00 Options: — Forms length control — $100.00 — Vertical Format Control with Compressed Print — $125.00 DEC LA 34 (Shown with optional forms tractor and numeric keypad). • Prints 10, 12, 13.2, or 16.5 characters per inch, upper/lower case. • 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 12 lines per inch. • Friction feed, paper width to 1 5 inches $999.00 Options: — Numeric keypad — $80.00 — Adjustable forms tractor — $130.00 TELETYPE 43 • Prints 132 columns, upper/lower case with true descenders. • 30 character/second print speed. 110-300 baud. • Uses 1 2" wide by 8.5" pinfeed paper. • Print position scale, paper guide and supply rack, $999.00 We Also Represent the Following Manufacturers: SOROC TEC GTC Write or Call In for Our Free Catalogue! «MJCR0MflU..i MICROMAIL • BOX 3297 • SANTA ANA, CA 92703 (714) 731-4338 TO ORDER: Send check or money order to: MICROMAIL, P.O. Box 3297, Santa Ana, CA 92703. Personal or company checks require two weeks to clear. Termi- nals in stock are shipped the business day after receipt of certified funds. All equipment includes factory warranty. SHIPPING: We ship freight collect by UPS when possible. Larger terminals are shipped by motor freight. Air and express delivery is available on all products. Inter personalized Media: What's News? James A Levin The Communications Program University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 We are in the midst of a major change in the ways that we com- municate. This change will affect many areas of our lives — the ways we are informed, educated, and enter- tained; the ways we interact with friends, organizations, and the world. New communication media are aris- ing from the grass roots as personal computers become widespread and are interconnected. These media allow new possibilities for interac- tive, personalized communication, so I will call them interpersonalized media. Already there are small-scale ef- forts to interconnect personal com- puters via telephone lines. There are several national personal-computer networks and many local computer '"bulletin board" systems, five in the San Diego area alone. These developments will lead to such radically modified institutions as per- sonalized news, classroomless educa- tion, and interactive soap operas. In this article, I will focus on the in- fluence of these new media on the in- terchange of information that con- stitutes news. About the Author Jim Levin is a cognitive scientist interested in the implications of computer-mediated com- munications for the people involved. He teaches in The Communications Program and pursues research in the Laboratory of Com- parative Human Cognition at the University of California, San Diego. Personalized News Imagine your own personal news staff, preparing a report every day on only those topics that you have ex- pressed interest in: political news con- cerning Ghana, reports of advances in alternate energy sources, sports news about certain teams, want ads for Volkswagen Rabbits for sale within fifty miles for less than $3000, etc. By the time you specified a fairly detailed news profile, you would probably be receiving a unique, per- sonalized news report. If the current decrease in the cost of computation and data storage con- tinues, a system for distributing personalized news will soon be economically feasible. Is this concept of personalized news a notion for some distant time in the future? No. The requirements for such a system are quite minimal and well within current capability. A pro- totype for parts of such a system ex- ists at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Stanford University, where the daily Associated Press wire contents are stored by a computer, and users are notified of stories that match their specified news profile. The details of storing, indexing, and retrieving large amounts of text have been worked out well. (However, the retrieval techniques are not foolproof. One user at Stanford, in- terested in dolphin research, asked to see all stories containing the word "dolphin." He was then puzzled that he was being notified of all the Mon- day morning football-score sum- maries, until he noticed the stories had the scores for the Miami Dolphins!) The barrier to such systems has been economic — the costs of storage, computation, and communication have been too high to challenge the existing mass-distributed media of television, radio, and newspaper news. However, the cost of all three factors is rapidly dropping, and if the current decreases continue, a system for distributing personalized news will soon be economically feasible. (See the economic analysis by Panko in reference 11 for first-class business mail, for instance.) This development is especially likely when the interac- tive information system is integrated into a broader system for entertain- ment, education, and commercial in- teractions. Electronic Mail Electronic mail is an almost ac- cidental development of interactive computer networks, but it may become the most significant use of computers in our everyday lives. It 214 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 163 on inquiry card. Circle 164 on inquiry card. 8088 S1 00 CPU Want to upgrade your 8 bit system to a 1 6 bit system? Don't want to discard your 8 bit boards? The LDP88 offers 1 to 20 times the processing power of your present CPU while retaining com- patibility with your 8 bit memory and peripherals. The LDP88 is a single board computer with com- plete IEEE SI 00 bus compatibility. The board has the following features: • Up to 8K bytes of ROM/EPROM • 1 K bytes static RAM • 8 vectored interrupts • Serial I/O port • 1 6 bit instruction set • 8086 software compatibility • Address up to 1 Megabyte of memory PRICE: $399.99 (assembled and tested) Serial monitor for CRT or TTY: $79.99 (Mass. residents add 5% sales tax) See your March and April BYTE for Steve Ciar- cia's articles about the 8088. To order send check or money order to: Lomas Data Products 1 1 Cross Street Westborough, MA 01581 Telephone: (617) 366-4335 * \* M »* .3* & &$s LIST PRICE OUR PRICE Cromemco System II (64K, Two 160K disks) Vector Graphic 64KZ Dynabyte DB8/4-22 Nee 5515 Spinwriter Thinker Toys 16K Memory Master Zenith WH 19 Word-Star Microsource Timekeeper Invmaster— Inventory w/A/R $3995 $3292 975 4195 3200 399 995 445 595 1595 796 3499 2550 345 895 375 499 995 Send ad for free catalog. SARA TECH P.O. Box 692 • Venice, FL 33S95 BUILD YOUR COMPUTER BREADBOARDS Si INTERFACES FASTER AND EASIER WITH NEW VECTOR PLUGBORDS EASY TO USE! COST EFFECTIVE! CLEAN HOLES! 4610 Series - For STD- BUS-WW, solderable and unpatterned models 4608 Series - For Intel/ National SBC/BLC 80-WW/ solderable, or unpatterned 8804 Series - For S100 - 5 models available 4607 - For DEC LSI 11/ PDP8-11, Heath H-11 4609 - For Apple II, SuperKim, Pet Commo- dore with Expandamem 4350 - For Tl 980 Com- puter l/e^8MZonicCbmpamj INCORPORATED 12460 Gladstone Ave., Sylmar, CA 91342 (213) 365-9661 TWX (910) 496-1539 Available through Distributors or Factory Direct If not available locally. 74801 Circle 165 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 215 FREE THE HOMAGES! Ten humans, including the beautiful Delilah, are being held hostage by the High Tollah. Who are the High Tollah? They're fiends who are secreted in a moon base, in the star system of Rigel, on the fringe of human-occupied space. Their leader, Sha Tollah, was deposed. And rather than face the Tollah's revenge for his excesses while in power, he took refuge in the Stellar Union. In a fit of vengeful fury, the Tollah grabbed the humans off the planet of Ultima Thule and are holding out for an exchange— return the Sha Tollah or the humans will die, including Delilah. You'll rescue the hostages and have Delilah for your very own in this exciting REALTIME computer game from Automated Simulations. You'll destroy armed aliens and hostile creatures in an unexplored environment— 60 chambers in the convoluted layers of the Tollah moon base. Find the rooms in which each hostage is held. Find Delilah. But HURRY! Your vital powerpack is being depleted and you still have to beam each hostage up to your gunboat in orbit. If you have a PET, TRS-80 or an APPLE, you can play "RESCUE AT RIGEL". You'll destroy the Tollah, and Delilah will be yours. Ask your dealer or rush $19.95 (for cassette) or $24.95 (for TRS-80 or APPLE disk) to us. Please add $1.00 shipping and handling. California residents add 6% sales tax. Be sure to tell us if you have a PET 32K, TRS-80 16K or APPLE 48K (APPLESOFT). Or, call our FANTASY LINE toll free, 800-824-7888, Operator 861 to order and to tell us what other fantasies you would like to touch. (California, 800-852-7777, Operator 861). Automated Simulations, Dept. CT3 P.O. Box 4232, Mountain View, began as interactive users of large computers needed ways to com- municate with other users. Initially, mechanisms were developed to allow one person to type text that im- mediately appeared on the terminal of another user. However, these com- munication mechanisms could be used only if the other person was us- ing the computer system at the same time. Computer-mail systems were the next development, through which one user could type an entire message, to be seen by the other user whenever he or she next used the system. Since then, computer-mail systems have grown in power (and thus in convenience of usage) until they are now used even by people unable or unwilling to use computers for programming. In the few organizations where they have been available for general use, electronic-mail systems have become a major communication medium. They are assuming much of the load previously carried by written memos and telephone calls, and even some of the interaction previously carried out face to face. For example, I have been using an electronic-mail system at the University of Califor- nia, San Diego (UCSD) called MSG (which will be described in more detail later). Over the course of the five days before I wrote this, I re- ceived fourteen messages on this system. Two of these were directed specifically to me; two had been writ- ten to another person with a copy sent to me. Two more were directed to me as a member of a defined group of nine people, all concerned with a particular problem. This ability to send messages to a defined group of people easily allows these mail systems to be used for teleconferenc- ing (described later). The remaining eight messages were addressed to a group called "all," a group consisting of all thirty-seven users of this computer system. We can say that such messages are posted on an electronic bulletin board. But such use also leads to a potential problem, especially for systems in- volving a large number of people — the widespread distribution of electronic junk mail. 216 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 166 on inquiry card. Circle 167 on inquiry card. EVERY TRS-80 MODEL II NEEDS DataBank Data Management & Reporting System Configure it ... to what YOU want to do! Inventory /Accounting Data Mailing/Membership lists School/Student Records Patient/Client Files DataBank includes: 1 . Configuration Utilities 2. File Management Program 3. Report Generator 4. User Subroutines 5. Complete Documentation Call or write: DATA ACCESS CORPORATION 4221 Ponce De Leon Blvd. Coral Gables, FL 33146 (305) 446-0669 TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack DlSCOUM SOFTWARE CP/M® TRS-80® MODEL II OSBORNE AND ASSOC. business software in CBASIC-2 * General Ledger, * Acct. Rec./Acct. Pay j * Payroll w/Cost Acct \ **K /manual manLai/ only S59/S19 each Buy 2 get 1 free All 3 plus CBASIC-2 . S11B/S57 . S199/S71 CBASIC-2® . . S89/S14 DIGITAL RESEARCH CP/M® 2.2 forTRS-SO* Model II S149/S24 CP/M® 2.2 for Northstar $149/524 WORDSTAR by MicroPro S399/S24 WHITESMITHS *"C" Complier S600/S29 •Pascal (includes "C"). ..... S750/S44 * SELECTOR III-C2 S269/S19 PEACHTREE business software in Microsoft BASIC source code. tGeneral Ledger \ t Acct. Rec / t Acct. Pay I S399/S65 1 Payroll I each t Inventory ) All 5 plus WORDSTAR S1995/S349 CP/M® 2.2 Latest Version S149 ELECTRIC PENCIL II Standard Printer $249 Diablo, Qume, NEC S279 APPLE II® VISICALC® by Personal Systems. . . S122 VISA • MASTERCHARGE ORDERS ONLY - CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-854-2003 ext. 823 A Calif. 1-800-522-1500 ext. 823 a For information write or call: THE DISCOUNT SOFTWARE GROUP 1610 Argyle Ave., Bldg. 102 Los Angeles, CA 90028 (213) 461-3127 CP/M users: specify disk systems and formals. Most formats available Add S2.50 postage and handling per each item. California residents add 6% sales lax. Allow 2 weeks on checks. CO. D ok Prices subject to change wilhoul notice All items subject to availability P.S. — We want to be your software source. Give us the opportunity to beat any nationally advertised price ! 64K BYTE EXPANDABLE RAM DYNAMIC RAM WITH 0NB0ARDTRANSPARENT REFRESH GUARANTEED TO OPERATE IN NORTHSTAR, CROMEMCO, VECTOR GRAPHICS, SOL, AND OTHER 8080 OR Z-80 BASED S100 SYSTEMS *4MHZ Z-80WITHNOWAITSTATES. • SELECTABLE AND DESELECTABLE IN 4K INCREMENTS 0N4K ADDRESS BOUNDARIES. • LOW P0WER-8 WATTS MAXIMUM. • 200NSEC 4116 RAMS. • FULL DOCUMENTATION. • ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS ARE GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR AND PURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IF BOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN 14 DAYS. ASSEMBLED/ TESTED 64KRAM $595.00 48KRAM $529.00 32KRAM $459.00 16KRAM $389.00 WITHOUT RAM CHIPS $319,00 S100 MAINFRAME AND CAR0 CAGE __ Q * W/ SOLID FRONT PANEL $239.00 * W/ CUTOUTS FOR 2 MINI-FLOPPIES $239.00 * 30 AMP POWER SUPPLY SI 19.00 "8 SLOT MOTHERBOARD $149.00 *19 SLOT MOTHERBOARD $199.00 VISTA V-200 MINI-FLOPPY SYSTEM • S100 DOUBLE DENSITY CONTROLLER 204 KBYTE CAPACITY FLOPPY DISK DRIVE WITH CASE & POWER SUPPLY MODIFIED CPM OPERATING SYSTEM WITH EXTENDED BASIC $695.00 EXTRA DRIVE, CASE & POWER SUPPLY $395.00 16KX1 DYNAMIC RAM THE MK4116-3 IS A 16,384 BIT HIGH SPEED NMOS, DYNAMIC RAM. THEY ARE EQUIVALENT TO THE MOSTEK, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, OR M0T0R0LA4116-3. * 200 NSEC ACCESS TIME, 375 NSEC CYCLE TIME. * 16 PINTTL COMPATIBLE. * BURNED IN AND FULLY TESTED. * PARTS REPLACEMENT GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR. $8.50 EACH IN QUANTITIES OF 8 COfTPUTER DEVICES 1230 W.OOUinS AVE. ORAACE, CA 92668 (714)633-7280 . residents please add 6% sales tax. Mastercharge sa accepted. Please allow 14 days for cheeks to me orders welcome. Shipping charges 3ZK BYTE MEMORY RELIABLE/COST EFFECTIVE EXPANDABLE RAM FOR 6502 AND 6800 SYSTEM-AIM 65-*KIM*SYM*PET*S44-BUS * PLUG COMPATIBLE WITH THE AIM-65/SYM EXPANSION CONNECTOR BY USING A RIGHT ANGLE CONNECTOR (SUPPLIED) MOUNTED ON THE BACK OF THE MEMORY BOARD. * MEMORY BOARD EDGE CONNECTOR PLUGS INTO THE 6800 S 44 BUS. * CONNECTS TO PET OR KIM USING AN ADAPTORCABLE. * RELIABLE-DYNAMIC RAM WITH ON BOARD INVISIBLE REFRESH-LOOKS LIKE STATIC MEMORY BUT AT LOWER COST AND A FRACTION OF THE POWER REQUIRED FOR STATIC BOARDS. * USES +5V ONLY, SUPPLIED FROM HOST COMPUTER. * FULL DOCUMENTATION. ASSEMBLED AND TESTED BOARDS ARE GUARANTEED FOR ONE YEAR AND PURCHASE PRICE IS FULLY REFUNDABLE IF BOARD IS RETURNED UNDAMAGED WITHIN 14 DAYS. ASSEMBLED WITH 32K RAM.... $419.00 & WITH 16K RAM $349.00 TESTED WITHOUT RAM CHIPS $279.00 HARD TO GET PARTS (NO RAM CHIPS) WITH BOARD AND MANUAL $109.00 BARE BOARD & MANUAL $49.00 PET INTERFACE KIT-CONNECTS THE 32K RAM BOARD TO A 4K OR 8K PET. CONTAINS: INTERFACE CABLE, BOARD STANDOFFS, POWER SUPPLY MODIFICATION KIT AND COMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS $49.00 BYTEJunel980 Circle 168 on inquiry card. GET IT OFF THE FLOOR Now that you have a shiny new computer terminal, what are you going to put it on? Computer Furni- ture and Accessories makes a variety of furniture for a wide range of com- puter applications. In combinations of six widths, three depths, and three heights. With "L" shaped returns, Micro shelves, data shelves, RETMA mounting, and printer stands. With optional drawers, doors, CRT turn- tables, and casters. Sizes, shapes and colors designed to fit your office or computer room environment. Rea- sonably priced and shipped from stock. Call CF&A. We'll get your system up where you can really put it to use. CF*A Computer Furniture and Accessories, Inc. 1441 West 132nd Street Gardena, CA 90249 (213)327-7710 One unexpected property of text teleconferences is the tendency for multiple streams of conversation to form and flow in parallel. Electronic Bulletin Boards The use of electronic bulletin boards has already spread through the personal -computing community. A student of mine, Mary Loughran, discovered five electronic bulletin- board systems in operation in the San Diego area as of June 1979; two local "nodes" of nationwide bulletin-board systems, and three systems set up by individuals. Electronic Junk Mail The problem of electronic junk mail is a major issue for these bulletin-board systems, one that becomes critical for a widespread electronic-mail system. People get upset if they get a lot of junk mail. Fortunately, personal computers give us a direct way to deal with this prob- lem — we can design and use elec- tronic junk-mail "filters," programs that preprocess our electronic mail and systematically discard recognized junk mail. For example, if every message I have ever received from Bill Smith has not been worth reading, I can program my mail filter to automatically discard any messages from him. As such junk-mail filters become widely used, general announcements (advertisements) will become more sophisticated, so that announcements are targeted only to people that are genuinely interested in them (or else are disguised as interesting messages). We can predict several rounds of ac- tion and counteraction like this within an electronic-mail system — beyond that, the system is likely to evolve into novel, currently unpredictable forms. Teleconferences Another mode of electronic in- teraction is the teleconference, which draws an analogy to more conven- tional, face-to-face meetings. Early computer teleconferencing systems had a chairman who assigned the floor to a speaker (who was then allowed to type in text that everyone else in the teleconference saw, until either he or she relinquished the floor or the chairman reclaimed it). However, it was soon discovered that this new medium does not re- quire a "floor" since many people can enter text simultaneously. More im- portant, the participants do not even have to be simultaneously in- volved — the "tele-" aspect was then extended to mean "remote in time" as well as "remote in space." In this way, the non-real-time teleconference was born. You may ask, "Why bother with computer-text conferences if you can just arrange a meeting or even a con- ference phone call?" First of all, anyone who has tried to arrange a meeting time for even a small number of busy people knows how difficult it is to find a common free time. This problem is aggravated by differing time zones; in arranging a conference telephone call that includes people from both the east coast and the west coast of the United States, you have only four hours during which both sets of people are normally available during the working day. Between London and Los Angeles there is only a one-hour window, and for much of the world there is no overlap at all. Even when there is a considerable overlap, even a normal two-person phone call is not easy to conduct. You call the other person; she is in a meeting, so you leave a message; she returns the call an hour later only to find that you are in a meeting, and so on. I have gone as many as five rounds like this to establish com- munication, even when I have known I was not getting a "tele-runaround." In addition, the interruption of another phone call is amazingly disruptive — have you ever been able to finish a coherent thought when your phone rings? But you might wonder, "Isn't a non-real-time teleconference a stilted, artificial, and ineffective way of con- ducting discussion or decision mak- ing?" The answer to this seems to be (1) yes, at the start, and (2) no, not after the participants acquire some experience with this new medium. A number of transcripts from different types of text teleconferences that seemed to work for the participants quite smoothly and effectively are 218 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 169 on inquiry card. Circle 170 on inquiry card. CP/M® SOFTWARE TOOLS NEW ED-80 TEXT EDITOR ED-80 offers a refreshing new approach for the creation and editing of program and data files conversationally -and it saves you money. Its powerful editing capabilities will satisfy the most demanding professional— yet it can still be used by the inexperienced beginner. Look at These Outstanding Features: ■ FULL SCREEN window displays with forward and backward scrolling for edit- ing your data a page-at-a-time, rather than line-by-line. ■ Provides you with all the features found on the large mainframe and minicom- puter editors, such as IBM, UNIVAC. CDC. and DEC. ■ Commands include forward or backward LOCATE, CHANGE, and FIND; and INSERT, DELETE, REPLACE, APPEND, SAVE, PRINT, WINDOW, MACRO, TABSET, SCALE, DUMP, and others. ■ Compatible with existing CP/M editand textformatted files, with CBASIC, and with Microsoft's MBASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, and ASSEMBLER. ■ CHANGE commands allow you to make conditional changes and to use vari- able length strings. ■ Designed for CP/M and derivative operating systems, including LIFEBOAT, CDOS, IMDOS, DOS-A, ADOS, etc. ■ GET and PUT commands for concatenating, moving, duplicating, and merging your edit files on the same or different diskettes. ■ Provides you with fast memory-to-memory COPY commands, and an inter- mediate buffer for copying lines over-and-over. ■ Saves your last LOCATE, CHANGE, FIND, and APPEND command for easy re-execution. ■ Simple line oriented commands for character string editing. ■ Safeguards to prevent catastrophic user errors that result in the loss of your editfile. ■ INLINE command for your character-oriented editing. ■ Designed for today's CRT's, video monitors, and teletypewriter terminals. ■ Thoroughly field tested and documented with a comprehensive User's Manual and self-instructional tutorial. And remember — in today's interactive programming environment — your most impor- tant software tool is your text editor. ED-80 is already working in industry, government, universities, and in personal computing to significantly cut program development time and to reduce high labor costs. Why not let ED-80 begin solving your text editing prob- lems today? ED-80 is protected by copyright and furnished under a paid-up license for use on a single computer system. Single Density Diskette and Manual: $99.00, or the Manual atone: S20.00 (credited with purchase of the Diskette). Specify Disk make/mode*, 5" or 8", hard or soft sectored. ORDER NOW and we'll pay the postage! SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT & TRAINING, INC. Post Office Box 451 1 Huntsville, Alabama 35802 ^■B Dealer Inquiries Welcomed wmm. ® CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research 8" DISK CONTROLLER NOW— DOUBLE SIDED OPTION! • DOUBLES APPLE ][ STORAGE • APPLE DOS COMPATIBLE • SHUGART 800 OR 850 COMPATIBLE • IBM 3740 DATA ENTRY CAPABILITY • CP/M, UCSD PASCAL CAPABILITY Available at your local APPLE Dealer: $400. 2EE> SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES 11722 SORRENTO VALLEY RD. SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 INFINITE BASIC For MOD I TRS-80™ Tape and Disk Systems DISK SORT MERGE 'DSM' For MOD I and MOD II TRS-80™ Extensions to Level II and Disk BASIC $49.95 Full MATRIX Functions — 30 BASIC commands! ! Mathematical and common matrix functions. Change arrays in mid-program. Complete array handling. Tape array read and write, including strings. Common subroutine calls. Over 50 more STRING Functions as BASIC commands!! String manipulation, translation, compression, copying, search, screen control, pointer manipulation and utility functions. 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Save and verify portion or all of combined merged programs to tape. GSF (Specify 1 6, 32, or 48K) $24.95 18 Machine language routines. Includes RACET sorts. CHECK VISA, M/C, C.O.D. DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED Calif. Residents add 6% WHE n ordering please Telephone Orders Accepted (714) 637-5016 advise publication source TRS-80 ISA REGISTEREDTRADEMARKOFTANDY CORPORATION FAST- Now you can sort an 85K diskette in less than 3 minutes* - FAST Perfect for your multi-diskette RANDOM file mailing lists, inven- tory, etc. Ideal for specialized report generation. Sort, merge or combination. All machine language stand-alone package — Efficient and easy to use. No separate key files required! Physical records are rearranged on diskette! Supports multiple sub records per sector including optional sector spanning. Sorts on one or more fields — ascending or descending. Sort fields within records may be character, integer, and floating-point binary. Provides optional output field deletion, rearrangement, and padding. *Sort timings shown below are nominal times. Times will vary based on sort and system configurations. Nominal times based on Mod I 48K 4-drive configuration, 64 byte records, and 5 sort keys. TYPE FILE SIZE SORT TIME TYPE FILE SIZE SORT TIME SORT (Bytes) 16K (Sec) 33 SORT SORT 32K 49 SORT SORT 85K 173 SORT and SORT 170K 445 MERGE (Bytes) 340K 680K 85K SORT + 1275K Merge DSM for Mod I (Minimum 32K, 2-drives) $75 On-Disk DSM for Mod II (Minimum 64K, 1 -drive) $150 On-Disk Mod II Development Package $100 Machine Language SUPERZAP, Disassembler patches. Mod II Generalized Subroutine Facility 'GSF' $50 (Sec) 1081 2569 1757 plus Editor/Assembler and £" RACET COMPUTES "^ 702 Palmdale, Orange CA 92665 Circle 171 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 219 Your Software Source! BUSINESS PACKAGES in MICROSOFT BASIC • GENERAL LEDGER • ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE • ACCOUNTS PAYABLE • PAYROLL Extremely well documented with source code. BEST VALUE ON THE MARKET! Support limited. ONLY $99 per package All four: ONLY $399 CBASIC-2 Disk Extended BASIC $89.95 MICROSOFT BASIC-80 $269 BASIC COMPILER 325 FORTRAN-80 389 MICROPRO SUPER-SORT III $120 WORD-STAR 395 -WORD-STAR/MAIL-MERGE 525 STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GENERAL LEDGER (requires CBASIC-2) $749 ACCTS. RECEIVABLE (req. CBASIC-2) . 749 ACCTS. PAYABLE (req. CBASIC-2) ... 749 PAYROLL (req. CBASIC-2) 749 INVENTORY CONTROL SYS. (requires CBASIC-2) $449 ANALYST (req. CBASIC-2) 199 LETTERIGHT (req. CBASIC-2) $169 NAD (requires CBASIC-2) 89 QSORT 89 PEACHTREE GENERAL LEDGER, List $1000 $749 ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, List $1000 749 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, List $1000 . . 749 PAYROLL, List $1000 749 INVENTORY, List $1200 799 MAILING ADDRESS, List $800 599 OSBORNE Business Software Only $89 per Package All 4 for only $289 General Ledger, Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, and Payroll (with Cost Accounting). Available in the following BASICs: CBASIC2, Cromemco 16K, NorthStar, Microsoft, and TRS-80 All packages available in 8" CP/M™ and 5 V CP/M™ for North Star, Micropolis, Vector Graphic, SuperBrain, and others. SHIPPING AND INSURANCE: Add $2.50 per Order. All prices subject to change and all offers subject to withdrawal without notice. Prices in this ad are for prepaid orders. Slightly higher prices prevail for other-than-prepaid orders, i.e., C.O.D., credit card, etc. - WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG - MiniMicroMart 1618 James Street, Syracuse, NY 13088 (315) 422-4467 recorded in the book Network Na- tion: Human Communication via Computer by Hiltz and Turoff . [See the review by Glen Taylor on page 136 of this issue.... RSS] Isn't spontaneity lost without real- time interaction? My experience with text teleconferences over several years has been that spontaneity is just as possible as in face-to-face meetings (and just as problematic — in how many meetings have you felt free to be spontaneous in your participation?). One property of text teleconferences that is unexpected (and a bit disconcerting at first en- counter) is the tendency for multiple streams or threads of conversation to form and flow in parallel. Multiple streams are disruptive in a face-to- face meeting, but are easily accom- modated by many text- teleconferencing systems. In my ex- perience, anew conversational thread does not appear out of the blue, but instead starts as a response to a message that branches from the main, continuing stream. Some participants follow the main stream; others follow the new branch. Many participants follow both, especially in non-real- time conferences where the urgency of real time is lacking. Open News Networks: Being Your Own Editor and Reporter We can now return to the general issues concerning the effect of new in- terpersonalized media on the ways that we exchange information. I started out with a discussion of per- sonalized news. In effect, personal- ized news allows everyone to become his or her own news editor, since each person specifies which items he or she wants to see from the much larger pool of information. Once editorial capability has become distributed, the restrictions on input and on transmission of in- formation can be relaxed. Broadcast media structurally require strong cen- tral control of information, since the same few items are sent out to a large audience. Such restrictions are not needed for "narrowcast" media like personal letters, phone calls, personal conversation, or interpersonalized media. Everyone can thus serve as a reporter of whatever he or she defines to be news and then act as editor, again defining the small part of a vast information pool which is considered news. The structure of information flow can change from the current "hourglass" form to that of an open network; the constriction in flow can be removed. What Is News? The kinds of changes discussed here may have a major impact on the ways we circulate information about the world. The general notion of what constitutes news will be challenged. Currently, "news" is in- formation that is sufficiently in- teresting to a broad enough section of an audience to be judged worthy of being broadcast or otherwise disseminated by a commercial or governmental organization. If a Little League baseball team in Peoria, Illinois, wins a local cham- pionship, that is generally not news for a San Diego, California, newspaper. However, if your nephew is playing on that team, then the result of the game is news to you (even if you live in San Diego). If you personalize the information you receive, then you are redefining what is news. Thus, news as information of general interest to a broad audience is replaced by news as information of specific interest to each particular in- dividual. There will still remain a role for news mediators in an open informa- tion network. Given a complex world and a large body of information about it, people will still depend on other people to collect, evaluate, and condense information. I will return to this issue of mediators after I consider a more general way to view these in- teractive information networks. Mixed-Intelligence Information Networks The examples we have explored of new forms of news networks are par- ticular cases of general systems for sending and receiving information. You can picture yourself as part of a vast network, branches going in all directions, with you at one of the many places where branches con- verge, a node of the net. Each of the branches entering and leaving your node represents a way in which you receive and transmit information: by television, by newspaper, by phone call, or by word of mouth. The Circle 173 on inquiry card. Circle 174 on inquiry card. THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS NORTH STAR BASIC - CP/M The Fabulous North Star Basic Meets The Industry Standard CPjM Operating System Not all perfect marriages are made in heaven; this one was made in SoHo! The software professionals at the SoHo group present The MATCHMAKER, an easy-to- use conversion kit which enables North Star owners who also own the CP/M operating system to gain the full power of their North Star Basic, running under CP/M. You'll have dynamic file allocation, automatic file creation and extension, and automatic reuse of deleted files, all under the control of the powerful in- struction set of the outstanding North Star Basic inter- preter with its byte-access or random files, multiline functions, and extensive library of software. 32K memory is all you need. No relocation or modification of Basic is necessary. And all your existing North Star programs will run without modification! The installation takes about 30 minutes and involves no disassembly or machine coding. Every powerful feature of both systems is maintained with this profes- sional piece of software. And the instructions are COMPLETE and easy to follow. The SoHo Group 140 Thompson St. Suite 4-B New York f NY 10012 The MATCHMAKER $89.95 ppd. Manual only, $9.95 applicable against purchase NY residents include sales tax Note: CP/M and North Star are registered trademarks of Digital Research and North Star computers, respectively. CATCH THE S-100INC. BUS* LIST PRICE OUR SPECIAL CASH PRICE 349.00 298.00 599.00 512.00 Godbout, Econoram XIV 16K Static Ram w/Extended Addressing 4 MHz Assembled & Tested Godbout Econoram X 32K 4 MHz Static Memory Board — "Unkit" S.D. Systems VDB 80x24 Video Board Kit S.D. Systems Z-80 Starter Kit w/PIO Sanyo Video Monitor 9" Intertec Intertube Terminal U/L Case 80x25 Subject to Available Quantities • Prices Quoted Include Cash Discounts. Shipping & Insurance Extra. We carry all major lines such as S.D. Systems, Cromemco, Ithaca Intersystems, North Star, Sanyo, ECT, TEI, Godbout, Thinker Toys, Hazeltine, IMC For a special cash price, telephone us. 370.00 340.00 240.00 309.00 275.00 160.00 995.00 779.00 Hours: Mon.-Fri. 10 A.M.-6 P.M. bus S-IDD,inc. Address 7 White Place Clark, N.J. 07066 Interface ....201-382-1318 The Mainframe (or how to get a good night's sleep) There is no other mainframe that compares with the performance and reliability of a TEI mainframe. Its unique design enhances substantially the reliability of any S-100 computer system by providing high efficiency power, brown out protection, line noise rejection and asophisticat- ed high-speed bus packaged in a durable enclosure. TEI manufactures the broadest selection of S-100 mainframes ... 8, 1 2 and 22 slot, desk top and rackmount models. Whether your requirements are standard or cus- tom, TEl's extensive manufacturing capacity and know- how can solve your mainframe problems today! Successful OEM's, system integrators and computer dealers worldwide rely on TEI mainframes and enjoy a good night's sleep knowing that their systems are still running. Call TEI today . . . you too can enjoy a good night's sleep! More than a decade of reliability. 5075 S. LOOP E., HOUSTON, TX. 77033 (71 3) 783-2300 TWX. 1 910-881-3639 Circle 175 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 221 Circle 176 on inquiry card. SAVE MORE THAN 20% NORTH STAR— INTERTUBE— MICROTEK ZENITH— HEATH— ITHACA THINKER TOYS— GODBOUT— SOFTWARE The smartest computers at the smartest price FACTORY ASSEMBLED & TESTED LIST ONLY HORIZON M6K DOUBLE DEN KIT SPECIAL $1269 HORIZON 1 32K DOUBLE DEN KIT $1999 1575 HORIZON-2-32K-DOUBLE DEN KIT 2399 1879 HORIZON 1 32K DOUBLE DEN 2695 2129 HORIZDN 2-32K DOUBLE DEN 3095 2435 H0RIZ0N-2 32KQUAD DENSITY 3595 2839 HORIZON 2 64K-QUAD+HARD DISK 9329 7229 HORIZON MEMORY 16K 389 32K 579 NORTH STAR HARD DISK 1 8 Mb 4999 3949 PASCAL FOR NORTH STAR ON DISK 199 190 Powerful NORTH STAR BASIC.The Best FREE 2 NORTH STAR SOFTWARE DISKS w/HORIZON FREE NORTH STAR BUSINESS PROGRAMS & N0RTHW0RD.PH0NE COLOR! 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BROCHURE FREE North Star Documentation refundable w/HRZ 20 ORDER 2 or more COMPUTERS. . . .BIGGER DISCOUNTS FACTORY ASSEMBLED & FACTORY WARRANTY AMERICAN SQUARE COMPUTERS KIVETT DR • JAMESTOWN IMC 27282 (919)889-4577 possibilities discussed above are steps toward a mixed-intelligence informa- tion network, where some of the nodes are human (as in our current information networks) and some of the nodes are computers. Let us look at the simplest case, in which you and your personal com- puter are sending and receiving elec- tronic mail from a friend (and her personal computer). You type a message; your personal computer transmits it, placing a telephone call to your friend's personal computer (trying repeatedly if the line is busy). Your friend reads the message the next time she checks her mail, perhaps entering a reply message to be sent back to you. This network has four nodes: two human nodes and two computer nodes. By expanding the number of people involved, we can develop much more complex mixed-intelligence networks for send- ing and receiving information. Dispatcher Mediators Imagine that you want to send a message to all people who are in- terested in a certain topic, but you do not know who they are. You can broadcast a general message to everyone and let everyone decide whether he or she is interested, but that would be extremely expensive. Instead, you can send the message to a single person who keeps a list of people interested in the topic and ask that person to send the message on to the appropriate people. This single person can thus serve as a dispatcher, mediating the distribution of messages. If a human dispatcher grows tired of forwarding the same kinds of messages to the same list of people, he can program his personal computer to automatically distribute these well- defined group messages. Thus, both human and computer dispatchers are likely to emerge in interactive infor- mation networks, with computers handling the routine cases and humans called upon to handle dif- ficult cases. A dispatcher lowers the cost of reaching a desired audience, raising the efficiency of the whole network. The dispatcher can then charge for the service provided according to the amount saved. Therefore, dispatchers will have incentive to develop ac- curate knowledge of which nodes in the net are interested in receiving what information. Standing Answers In any information network, peo- ple come to have different kinds of knowledge. Experts in different areas emerge, and others go to these experts to ask questions in the area of exper- tise. Expert advice can be expensive, as anyone who has gone to an auto mechanic lately can testify. One func- tion of this high cost is to control ac- cess, so that the experts are not over- whelmed by demands on their time. (Another function is to make the ex- perts rich.) In situations where the cost of accessing experts is kept low (as in Great Britain's system of socialized medicine), other kinds of barriers arise (difficulty in getting ap- pointments, long waits in office waiting rooms, and other problems). How can access to expert knowledge be handled in mixed- intelligence networks? Say that you are an expert member of such a system, on the topic of backpacking in San Diego County. You receive questions from all over, which you answer for a small fee. After a while, since you give good answers, ques- tions pour in. Worse, most of the questions are the same. You get tired of answering the same old questions again and again and again. What can you do? You can pro- gram your personal computer to scan through the incoming messages. Any that the computer can identify as a "standard" question, it answers with your "standard" answer. You have thus specified a standing answer, which is to be given to any incoming question matching your specification for the standing answer. Slowly, you build up a computer data base of your specialized knowledge that is readily available to other people. You can easily add new information and remove incorrect or obsolete information. Questions that do not fit any standard pattern are automatically passed on for your ex- pert human judgment, and any ques- tion that even you, the expert, cannot handle can be forwarded to another expert. From the point of view of the ques- tion, it bounces around the network, with each node it visits attempting to answer it. Both computer and human nodes in this net can easily face the possibility of being unable to handle a question, since it is easy to pass the 222 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 177 on inquiry card. Circle 178 on inquiry card. At Last! HIGH RESOLUTION S-1 00 GRAPHICS $925 Unretouched photograph e interface • LIGHT PEN ed and tested « HIGH RESOLUTION i memory • 51 2 X 640 MATRIX J video output # S . 10Q p LUG . |N 'bridge • HIGH SPEED • SOFTWARE Send for brochure and data CAMBRIDGE DEVELOPMENT LAB 44 Brattle Street. Cambridge. MA 021 38 Call (617) 547-3894 Complete interface Assembled and tested Onboard memory Standard video output Monitor extra FOB Cambridge What TECO* does for minis, TED will do for your micro. Like TECO*, TED is a character-oriented editor that gives you everything you'd expect. Plus, you get many things you wouldn't expect. — ^^^_ TED and user manual $90 Manual alone $20 Coupon furnished with manuals purchased separately worth $20 towards purchase of TED. 36 command/text buffers 32-entry push-down stack Sophisticated macros Conditional & iterative command execution ► Conditional & absolute branching ► Multiple open files ^ — — * You'll also find some elegant enhancements among TED's 90-plus commands. TED's compatible with Z-80*-based systems supporting standard CP/M*. We recommend at least 24K bytes RAM. TED's supplied on CP/M*-compatible 8-inch disks. SEND FOR FREE COMMAND SUMMARY jfl/small system design PO. BOX 4546 MANCHESTER, NEW HAMPSHIRE 03108 TELEPHONE: 603-432-7929 'TECO® Digital Equipment Corp.; Z-80® Zilog Inc.; CP/M® Digital Research Inc. SOFTWARE FOR NORTH STAR® TEXT PROCESSORS TFS- Text Formatting System. At last a full featured text processor for NorthStar that you can rely on! TFS has left & right margin justification, page numbering, chaptering, page headings, centering, paged output & MORE. Supports powerful text manipulation including: global & local search and change', file merges and block moves. This means that you can restructure your text file at any time to look the way you want it to, you can even chain' files together from disk for documents larger than your current memory. TFS is completely load and so' therefore you can start using it at once. You get two (2) user's manuals: one is a Quick Start manual to get you going in minutes, the other is an in depth study of TFS. (TFS requires RAM from OOOOH to 20O0H) $75.00 (Manual only: $20.00) PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Tiny* P&scal-This is famous Chung/Yuen tiny' Pascal. FAST - ELEGANT - STRUC- TURED. Local and global variables plus procedure and function independence make tiny' Pascal great for high speed applications. Compiles to 8080 code that executes up to 25 times faster than BASIC. You also receive SOURCE to tiny' Pascal written in Pascal. This means that you can compile the compiler! Add features, relocate, etc. (you will need 36K to do this) $50.00 UTILITIES D E B E — ( Does Everything But Eat 1 ) This is a must for NorthStar users. You can: COMPACT & EXPAND BASIC programs. Compacting removes unnecessary spaces and remarks. This saves money and makes programs run faster. Expanding puts them back again. Cross-reference BASIC programs by variables and transfer statements. Global substitutions of variables and transfer statements Formatted print outs of BASIC programs as well. $40.00 All Orders and General Information: SUPERSOFT ASSOCIATES P.O. BOX 1628 CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 (217)359-2112 Technical Hot Line: (217)359-2691 (answered only when technician is available) * ms-aa trademark tandycorp Vg4 ■i TRS-80* SPEECH SYNTHESIZER SOFTWARE ANGLOPHONE': At last you can take complete advantage of your TRS-80 voice synthesizer. Forget about cumbersome phonetic codes. With Anglophone' you can simply use ordinary English. Completely interfaces with BASIC, or just about any other programming language. Anglophone' applies sophisicated pronunciation rules to transform normal English spelling into speech using the TRS-80 Voice Synthesizer. Minimum hardware: Level I!, 16K, Voice Synthesizer. Comes complete with user's manual and test program. $45.00 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE DIAGNOSTICS I: Easily the most comprehensive set of CP/M compatible system check-out programs ever assembled. Finds hardware errors in your system, confirms suspicions, or just gives your system a clean bill of health. • Memory • CPU (8080/8085/Z80) • Terminal • Disk • Printer To our knowledge the CPU test is the first of its kind anywhere. Diagnostics I can help you find problems before they becomeserious. A good set of diagnostic routines are a must in any program library. Minimal requirements: 24K CP/M. Supplied with complete user manual: $60.00 Manual alone: $15.00 SOFTWARE SECURITY ENCODE/DECODE: A complete software security system for CP/CP/M. Encode/ Decode is a sophisticated coding program package which transforms data stored on disk into coded text which is completely unrecognizable. Encode/Decode supports multiple security levels and passwords. A user defined combination (One billion possible) is used tocode and decode a file. Encode/Decode is available in two versions. Encode/Decode I provides a level of security suitable for normal use. Encode/Decode II provides enhanced security for the most demanding needs. Both versions come supplied on discette and with a complete user manual. Encode/Decode I: $50.00 Encode/Decode II: $100.00 Manual alone: $15.00 SuperSoft First in Software Technology Circle 179 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 223 question on to some other node if the current node cannot answer it. To keep the network from filling up with unanswerable questions, any question that is unanswered after traversing enough nodes can be sent back to the asker with the answer of "unknown." In fact, if a small "han- dling charge" is added to a question at each step, then the asker can specify exactly how hard the system as a whole should work in trying to answer a question by specifying a maximum cost for a question. A question judged by the asker to be unimportant would either be answered in the first few steps or returned unanswered, while an im- portant question would keep cir- culating on to new experts for con- sideration. Any question can be answered dif- ferently by different experts. A mixed-intelligence information net- work easily handles this kind of con- flict by sending all answers back to the asker. The asker may not want to deal with multiple conflicting answers. This situation provides for another kind of mediator in these interactive networks: one that collects divergent If a given piece of exper- tise is in great demand, then it will spread through the network, becoming common knowledge. answers to a question and selects one. This "sifter" role is similar to that played by editors and other gatekeepers in the current mass- media systems. The flexibility of these new interpersonalized media is illustrated here by the fact that a per- son can choose to have his or her answers edited or not, and can direct- ly select the mediator. Standing Questions We started this exploration of in- teractive information systems by con- sidering the possibilities for per- sonalized news. I discussed the possibility for each person to specify his or her own "news filter." A more active way to view this personaliza- tion is that each participant in a mixed-intelligence network can for- \<& A rP a? Mm M4* mulate standing questions. These questions can reside in one or more of the nodes of the net, and any infor- mation arriving at that node which answers the standing question will be sent to the asker. For example, you might set up as a standing question, "What is the score of the most recent Pittsburgh Steelers' football game?" or "Has Fermat's Last Theorem been proven?" or 'What will the weather be tomorrow?" Whenever the answer to any of these questions crosses a node containing the corresponding standing question, that node will send you that information. Diffusion of Knowledge in a Mixed-Intelligence Network Expertise can spread through these interpersonalized-media information networks in a way directed by the de- mand of the participants. Each node in the net can keep a record of how often it has asked a given question of a given expert. If the question is asked and answered often enough, then the node in question can store the answer received to be then used as its own standing answer, thereby moving that bit of knowledge one step out- ward through the net. The decision at each node can be individually determined, but presumably would be based on the trade-off between the cost of contact- ing the expert and the cost of storing the information locally. This trade- off is conditioned on the likelihood of needing that information in the future, which can be judged by the need in the recent past. If a given piece of expertise is in great demand, it will spread through the network, becoming common knowledge. In an area of knowledge that is rapidly changing, each node can guarantee the integrity of its own knowledge by leaving behind, with the experts consulted, standing ques- tions that request any updated answers to those questions. In special cases, experts may want to selectively disseminate corrections to those nodes that had previously received answers to questions. In this way, knowledge among participants of an interpersonalized-media network can be flexibly and efficiently distributed and updated. Feasibility Issues Are the kinds of interpersonalized media I have described so far possible 224 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 280 on inquiry card. Circle 181 on inquiry card. FANTASTIC MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS ! ! ! LJ. [apple computer 16K $959 ADO 2% IF USING CREDIT CARD ONLY ON APPLE COMPUTERS APPLETJORAPPLEQPLUS APPLE II 32K M 040 APPLE II 48K M 1 00 APPLE D ACCESSORIES CORVUS10MEGABYTEDISK DRIVE.... $4650 PASCAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM 445 GRAPHICS INPUT TABLET 675 DISK II with CONTROLLER CARD 495 DISK II without controller 440 APPLESOFT II FIRMWARE CARD 155 INTEGER FIRMWARE CARD 155 PARALLEL INTERFACE CARD 155 SERIALINTERFACECARD 160 COMMUNICATIONS CARD 190 SUP-R-MOD RF TV MODULATOR 25 SUP-R-TERM 80 col. 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PC-100C Printer/plotter for TI-59. ONLY Talking learning aid. Additional word Spell ™ £f%Q Q*\ modules available. ▼ 05,,J, ° Suggested Retail $20. U.C. $14.99 Special Bonus for Ordering Nowl Order' your T.I. 59, PC-100C or Speak & Spell by Sept. 1, and receive a T.I. Joggers Watch Model 562-10— retail value $17.00, for only $11 .25. MAKE CHECKS PAYABLE TO: U.C. PRODUCTS 1516 53rd Lubbock, Tx 79412 NAME . ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP PRICE POST PAID D TI-59 $228.99 □ Tl Jogger $11 25 D PC-100C $157 99 D Speak & Spell $59.95 D Check Enclosed $ No COD f T U e VS«td^»T O VtSA O MASTER CHARGE Add 5% Tax). I II °™ INTERBANK NO Expires L Signaiure ^_^^^^^^_^^^^^_^__^ D More Information. Offer expires Sept. 30, 1980. Circle 182 on inquiry card. Circle 183 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 225 Circle 184 on inquiry card. SUPER-MICRO Executes Pascal 13x faster than an LSI-11! The SUPER-MICRO'" series of X-pert Systems:" designed by Computex, combine high performance with low cost. The X9000 system line features the Pascal MICROENGINE"" 16-bit CPU and is now available for delivery. "Trademark Western Digital Ccrp SYSTEM X9020 (CPU Manual $19.95) $4195 READY TO RUN SYSTEM FEATURES (partial list} Pascal MICROENGINE" X9000 • 16 bit P-code CPU • 64K bytes RAM/Full DMA • Floppy disk controller (SS or DS) • Floating point hardware {IEEE standard) • System software with enhancements • 2serial,2parallel ports • Pascal compiler. text editors, file manager. CPU & memory diagnostics, symbolic Pascal debugger, linker, utilities and more. Floppy Disk Drives (2) • 1M combined memory • Double density, single sided • Standard 8" diskettes • 6 ms track to track SYSTEM X9023 $ 5095* PLUS... SYSTEM FEATURES (same as above) MODEL X-920 DISPLAY/EDIT TERMINAL X-920 FEATURES (partial list) • Microprocessor controlled • SerialRS232C and 20 ma current loop • 10baudrates— 75to19,200 • 24 lines x 80 characters • 12x10 character resolution • Dual intensity display • Programmable reverse video & underline • 14 key numeric pad with decimal • 16 special function keys • 8 edit function keys • 2 block transmission keys • Block, protect & self-test modes • 80storable tabbing • Insert/delete character and line ■ Addressable cursor • A host of other features, including cursor controls and remote commands such as; clear to nulls, spaces, end of line, end of screen; set hi, low. zero intensity; set blink, etc. •LIMITED TIME cash price. 10% DOWN guarantees priority. Master Charge & VISA cards accepted. Customer satisfaction is guaranteed. Full refund with the return of any product within 10 days. Prices: X9000 CPU $2995. Manual $1995. X-920CRT $920. Manual $10. Perkin-Elmer "Bantam" CRT $799. X-800 disk drive $495. Hardware F.O.B. Chicago. Manuals postpaid. Custom systems are also available. We service what we sell. Written hardware warranty. Nationwide service contracts. Custom software. We provideexperttechnical support. COMPUTEX Microcomputer Systems \ "The Computer Experts" 5710 Drexel, Chicago. IL 60637 Listing 1: A typical message sent using the electronic-mail system called MSG at the University of California, San Diego. This particular message was sent to two recip- ients, the author (Levin) and Hutchins. To: hutchins levin From: dan Date: Thu Nov 15 17:42:31 1979 Subject: Wednesday at 3 pm cc: Message: I have put the two of you down for 3 PM, Wednesday. OK? My office. dn Listing 2: The procedure for generating a message under the MSG electronic-mail system. All input by the user is shown underlined. The caret (a) indicates use of a con- trol character, in this case a control~D. < — sndmsg To: hutchins Subject: tomorrows meeting with dan cc: levin cc: Type message, end with^D S hould we get together shortly before 3 to go over what we'll cover with dan? ad now? If not, what capabilities are needed to make them feasible? These kinds of information networks de- pend heavily on distributed process- ing and storage, features that are op- tionally available with relatively in- expensive off-the-shelf personal com- puters. The existence of computer- based community bulletin boards demonstrates the feasibility of using current microcomputers (for exam- ple, the Apple II and Radio Shack TRS-80). The physical interconnection can be provided by the dialed-telephone network (as in existing bulletin-board systems), by a combination of dialed and leased lines (as in existing nation- wide packet-switched networks), by cable television lines, or by radio transmission. The simplest format for message transmission is to transmit straight ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) characters through an acoustic-coupler modem. With noisy lines (generated by all of the physical interconnections de- scribed above), you lose characters, but for many purposes this is accept- able (the English language is con- siderably redundant). However, a protocol called Dialnet is currently being developed at Stanford Universi- ty for personal computers (see Dialnet Protocol by M Crispin and I Zabala, Stanford Artificial In- telligence Laboratory, Palo Alto CA, 1979). This protocol, which sends in- formation in error-resistant blocks called packets, and ones like it, can allow personal computers to use noisy lines to send noise-free messages. In many cases, users are not overly concerned about the possibility that some unknown person might look at their electronic mail. Yet most often we prefer to know that nobody else is reading our mail. In some cases, this need for privacy is critical. There are many simple encoding/decoding algorithms that provide some secu- rity; unfortunately, these simple algo- rithms are relatively easy to decipher. (As an example of such a system, you can encode a message by calculating the exclusive-OR of text segments with a secret key, then have the receiver decode it by another exclusive-OR operation with the same key.) Recently, a series of trap-door en- coding/decoding algorithms have been developed, at Stanford by Diffie and Hellman in 1976 and later at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman in 1977 (see references 4 and 12). Trap-door algorithms prom- 226 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 185 on inquiry card. Circle 186 on inquiry card. FOR SERIOUS USERS OF 8080, 8085, OR Z80 COMPUTERS PRINTER WIZARD — Now add powerful capabilities to your printer. Free your computer for use while simultaneously printing backlogged output on a first-in- first-out basis. Transparent operation without noticable slowing of the computer. Allows continuous computer and printer operation on programs having sporadic output. Will backlog up to 100 pages when used with a disk system. Adds optional automatic paging with numbers, adjustable margins on 4 sides, indented overflow lines. Occupies less than 2Vi K. Documentation only EX80M103 EX80M103D $45.00 $ 7.50 DISASSEMBLER — Disassemble machine code into stan- dard source language. Modify or relocate existing programs such as DOS or BASIC using your existing assembler (not included). Disassembles any 8080, 8085, or Z80 code, in- cluding embedded data blocks and "trick" codes. Generates symbol and label tables. Documentation only EX80M217 EX80M217D $75.00 $12.50 ALL EXCOM products are fully supported and warranted indefinitely against original defects. Available on single or double density NORTHSTAR 5V*" diskettes, 300 or 1200 baud cassettes (specify). Washington residents add 5.3% tax. EXCOM P.O. Box 1802 Bellevue, Washington 98009 U.S.A. Telephone (206) 641-6577 Main/Frames ^ $200 Main/Frames .» $200 ' 14 Basic Models Available » Assembled & Tested • Power Supply: 8v@15A, ± 16v@3A ^ » 15 Slot Motherboard (connectors optional) %p » Card cage & guides % » Fan, line cord, tuse, power ^ & reset switches, EMI filter » 8v@30A, ± 16v@10A option on some models Rack mounted Main/Frame 8" Floppy Main/Frame (includes power lor drives and main/frarr.es) Write or call for our brochure which includes our application note: 'Building Cheap Computers' INTEGRAND 8474 Ave. 296 • Visalia, CA 93277 • (209) 733-9288 We accept BankAmericard/Visa and MasterCharge BEAD AMERICA'S NUMBER 1 NON-SELLER. \ Consumer I I information I l Catalog Not for sale in any bookstore! Not avail- able at any price! The new Consumer Information Catalog! It's the free booklet that lists over 200 helpful Federal pub- lications; more than half, free. On topics like home repairs. Money management Nutrition. Informa- tion that could help \you to a better way [of life. To get your free copy, just write: CONSUMER INFORMATION CENTER, DEPT.E 'PUEBLO, COLORADO 81009 APPLE II PARALLEL INTERFACE CARD John Bell Engineering is announcing an Apple II Parallel Interface Card. There are four I/O ports with handshaking logic. The board has two 6522 versatile Interface adapters and a 74LS74 for addressing and timing. Each6522has two interval timers. This will in- terface your Apple II to printers, speech synthesizers, keyboards, and other John Bell Engineering products. Inputs and outputs are TTL and CMOS compatible. Prices: 79-295 Complete kit $69.95 79-295 Assembled $79.95 SOLID STATE SWITCH Now you can control the World! Switch lights on and off for home security, computer controlled disco light shows. Turn your printer on only when needed. The Switch can handle 720 watts (120 VAC 6 AMPS). Its in- put is TTL compatible (5V-2MA), isolation 1500VDC. The circuit board Is 2" square on the one channel kit and 2"x 8" on the 4 channel unit. Prices: 1 Channel kit $9.95 assm. $12.50 4 Channel kit $34.95 assm. $44.95 A to D D to A CONVERTER John Bell Engineering now has available an Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Converter Board. Featues low cost medium speed {50,000 conversions per second) for applications such asspeech recording and music synthesizing. Single power ( + 5) required. Parallel Inputs and outputs Include 6 data bits, strobe lines, and latches. Analog inputs and outputs are medium impedance zero to five volt range. Prices: 79-287 Kit $49.95 79-287 Assembled $69.95 PRODUCTS AVAILABLE FROM: JOHN BELL ENGINEERING P.O. BOX 338 DEPT. 4 REDWOOD CITY, CA 94064 (415)367-1137 ADD fi% SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA AND S1.00 SHIPPING < HANDLING FOR ORDERS LESS THAN $20. ADD 4% FOR VISA OR M.C. J B ENGINEERING IrftV General Services Adnurustration. J Circle 188 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 227 ise an extremely high degree of securi- ty for even everyday use. A clear description of these cryptic functions is provided by Martin Gardner in the August 1977 issue of Scientific American (reference 5). MSG: A Usable Electronic-Mail System Many different software ap- proaches have been tried for sending and receiving electronic mail. However, certain features are com- mon to many existing electronic-mail systems. These have been included in a system called MSG. Every message is structured in a way illustrated in listing 1. One command that is needed is S (an abbreviation for sndmsg), which automatically puts in the "From" and "Date" parts of the message header and assists in entering the rest of the message. For example, a message- generation sequence is shown in listing 2 (user input is underlined). On the UNIX operating system, the MSG program announces the arrival of new mail to you with the following message: From levin: tomorrows meeting with dan Two commands are used to read mail. The H (for header) command allows you to skim over mail, since it prints out only the sender and subject headers of the message. The T (for type) command then prints out the messages specified. The D (for delete) command is used to delete messages. A command that seems to add significantly to the utility of the mail system is the A (for answer) com- mand, which quickly sends a reply to the originator of a message. When the A command is used, the MSG system automatically fills in the entire header, so that the user can easily compose a quick response. The ability in MSG to define a group of people to receive messages allows this message system to be used / want to thank the many Communications students at UCSD who participated in the development of these ideas, and Yaakov Kareev for helpful comments on earlier ver- sions of this paper. My thanks to the many people across the country who participated in the evolutionary development of the MSG electronic-mail system, including Martin Yonke, John Vittal, and others at BBN, and Greg Haerr at UCSD. for teleconferencing. With the MSG system, a user can type a list of names into a text file, then send one or more messages to all of these people simply by supplying the name of the text file. The particular MSG system described here has other nice features, such as a forward command and the ability to keep several different mail files. But the capabilities described above seem to be the ones that make the system valuable enough to be used widely. New Images of News We have explored a new world — a world in which "news" is defined by each individual. Everyone serves as his or her own editor of news through the establishment of a set of standing questions. Everyone also serves as a reporter of news by submitting stand- ing answers to the information net- work. These standing questions and standing answers bounce around the net until they are appropriately matched, possibly through the assistance of various kinds of mediators. Knowledge spreads through the net, following the heavily traveled paths to where it is needed. This new kind of information net- work has major implications for us and for our society. I have touched on some of these issues here; I am also exploring the effects of this kind of interactive media on education and on entertainment (see references 8 and 9). These other uses of interper- sonalized media will affect the information-interchange uses, since the educational and entertaining uses are likely to carry personal computers into homes, thus bringing about widespread use. Costs are dropping substantially, but even so, not many people are likely to invest several hundred dollars to improve their in- formation access. However, they are likely to invest that amount for enter- tainment. So the educational and in- formational uses may well follow interactive entertainment. For More Information If you are concerned with develop- ing new forms of interactive com- munication, I urge you to contact me and my associates by whatever medium you select. Our mailing ad- dress is given at the beginning of this article; our telephone number is (714) 452-4410. We are located at Third College, Media Center Communica- tion Building, and my address for electronic mail is "cattilevin" for those with access to UCSD's word- processing system. ■ REFERENCES 1. Christensen, W and R Suess, "Hobbyist Computerized Bulletin Board," BYTE, November 1978, pages 150 thru 157. 2. Crispin, M and I Zabala, Dialnet Protocols, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Palo Alto CA, 1979. 3. Costas, J, "Cryptography in the Field, Part 1: An Overview," BYTE, March 1979, pages 56 thru 64; "Part 2: Using the Pocket Calculator," BYTE, April 1979, pages 144 thru 165. 4. Diffie, W and M Hellman, "New Directions in Cryptography," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, November 1976. 5. Gardner, M, "Mathematical Games," Scientific American, August 1977, page 120. 6. Hiltz, S R and M Turoff, The Network Na- tion: Human Communication via Com- puter, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, Reading MA, 1978. 7. Johansen, R, J Vallee, and K Spangler, "Electronic Meetings: Utopian Dreams and Complex Realities," The Futurist, December 1978, pages 313 thru 319. 8. Levin, J A, Computers and Education, Laboratory of Comparative Human Cogni- tion at University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA, 1979. 9. Levin, J A, Inter Personal! zed Media: In- teractive Entertainment, The Communica- tions Program of the University of Califor- nia, San Diego, La Jolla CA, in prepara- tion. lO.Meushaw, R, "The Standard Data Encryp- tion Algorithm, Part 1: An Overview," BYTE, March 1979, pages 66 thru 74; "Part 2: Implementing the Algorithm," BYTE, April 1979, pages 110 thru 126. H.Panko, R R, "The Outlook for Computer Mail," Telecommunications Policy, 1977, volume 1, pages 242 thru 253. 12.Rivest, R L, A Shamir, and L Adleman, A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cry ptosy stems, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, Cam- bridge MA, 1977. BYTE's Bits Fixing the Fee A Bits item in the March 1980 BYTE ("Real-Time BASIC Available Free/' page 174) reported that the LLL BASIC system developed at the Lawrence Liver- more Laboratory was available for just the duplication fee from the National Software Center in Argonne, Illinois. One of our readers called the Center and learned that the duplication fee for LLL BASIC is $159. ■ 228 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 189 on inquiry card. Reliable Business Bookkeeping Software ORDER ENTRY MICROSOFT CP.'NL, PET, APPLE II, MICROPOLIS: $350/ea. GL, A/P, A/R, INVENTORY, PAYROLL TRS«80 MOD I: $100/ea. CBASIC-CP/M R : $200/ea. ATARI, PET, APPLE II, TRS«80 MOD II, MICROPOLIS, VECTOR, EXIDY, DYNABYTE, CROMEMCO, MICROSOFT CP/M C $140/ea. 'R- They all work together Buy simple, effective programs designed specifically for your machine. Call us once for same week delivery on a product you can use the day you receive it, and two years from now when your company is twice as big. 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NYC) BYTE BACK ISSUES FOR SALE The following issues are available: 1976: July 1977: March, May thru December 1978: February thru October, December 1979: January thru December except March 1980: January and March Cover price for each issue thru August 1977 is $1.75 Domestic; $2.75 Canada and Mexico; $3.75 Foreign. September 1977 through October 1979 issues are $2.50 Domestic; $3.25 Canada and Mexico; $4.00 Foreign. November 1979 to current is $3.00 Domestic; $3.75 Canada and Mexico; $4.50 Foreign. Send requests with payment to: BYTE Magazine 70 Main St, Peterborough, NH 03458 Attn: Back Issues BITE WANTED A Hot Mew Market Looking for a Systems House! Retail Pharmacy Computerization • New approach that assures patentability • Simple, flexible functioning plus pharmacy management and accounting. • Efficient "third party" billing. • Eliminates time consuming pharmaceutical chores. • Applicable to any pharmacy situation or size. Expected Period of Development Approximately 6 Weeks D^" Write or call: Art Bennett 1000 Pine Ave., Apt. 17 7 Redlands, C A 92373 (714)792-6676 BYTE June 1980 229 Fifteen: A Game of Strategy (or Tic-Tac-Toe Revisited) John Rheinstein 10 Gould Rd Lexington MA 02173 Most of us lost interest in the game of tic-tac-toe by the age of ten or twelve. By this time we had learned the strategy, and the game presented no further challenge. Upon casting the game in a different format, though, the strategy is no longer so obvious and a new, more challenging game may be developed. The game of Fifteen, described in Robert Teague's Computing Problems for FORTRAN Solution, is such a game. Listing 1: The game of Fifteen, written in Digital Group Ma xi BASIC. The program can be easily modified to run in other versions of BASIC. Fifteen is a two player game. Players alternate picking numbers between 7 and 9, using each number only once. The object is to select numbers so that the sum of three of them is 15, while at the same time preventing the opponent from achieving the sum with three numbers. 10 20 30 40 50 60 65 70 80 90 100 110 120 160 170 180 190 200 230 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 345 350 360 370 # " #"FIFTEEN-A GAME OF STRATEGY" # " " #"DO YOU WANT INSTRUCTIONS (YORN)"; INPUT A$ IF A$ <> "Y"THEN 160 # "" # " YOU AND THE Z-80 ALTERNATE PICKING NUMBERS BETWEEN" #" (INCLUDING) 1 AND 9 -YOU START. THE OBJECT IS TO" # " PICK THREE NUMBERS THAT SUM TO 15, AND TO KEEPTHE" # " Z-80 FROM DOING THIS. " #" IF YOU PLAY PERFECTLY YOU MAY WIN OR FORCE A TIE. " #" IF YOU GOOF -THE Z-80 MAY WIN. " DIM C (11) ,D (11) FOR K=1 TO 11 READ C (K) ,D (K) :NEXT K FOR K = 1 TO 9 READ A1 (K) ,B1 (K) : NEXT K DIM B (9), A (3,3) #" " #"NEW GAME STARTS NOW..." FOR J=1.TO 3 FOR 1 = 1 TO 3 LET A (I, J) =0 NEXT I NEXT J LET Z = #"":#" Y O U R MOVE", INPUT C1 # " " IF C1 > 9 THEN 620 IF C1 < 1 THEN 620 R = A1 (CD :C = B1 (CD Listing 1 continued on page 232 The game of Fifteen is a two player game. The players alternate picking numbers between 1 and 9, using each number only once. The object is to select numbers such that the sum of three of them is 15, and at the same time to prevent the opposing player from achieving a sum of 15 with three numbers. For example, assume that the two players are A and B. If the first player, A, picks the number 5, the status of the game may be indicated as shown below: 123456789 A If the second player, B, then picks the number 3, we have: 123456789 B A Continuing, we might have: 123456789 B A A B Neither player can now achieve a sum of 15 in the next move, which might look as shown here: 123456789 B B A A B A On the next turn A can win by picking 2 as follows: 12 3 4 5 6 7 B A B A A B 8 9 since the sum of 2 + 5 + 8 is 1 5. The relationship between tic-tac-toe and the game of Fifteen, as described above, is based upon the 3 by 3 magic square: 6 1 8 7 5 3 2 9 4 230 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 190 on inquiry card. Circle 191 on inquiry card. CP/M SOFTWARE Word Processing For CP/M FMT Text Formatter $75 Use FMT and your text editor to convert your CP/M system to a powerful word processor. FMT features include automatic page headings and footings, page numbering, centering, underscoring, external file merging, and in-line console input. 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Marymac Industries Inc Radio /hack AUTHORIZED SALES CENTER Save 10% 15% OR MORE ► « DELIVERED TO YOUR DOOR Owned and operated by Marymac Industries Inc. Houstons only independent Radio Shack® dealer. Warranties will be honored by all company owned Radio Shack® stores and most franchise and dealer authorized sales centers. Store open Mon.-Sat. 10-7. We pay freight and insurance. Save state sales tax. Texas residents add only 5% sales tax. Brand new in factory sealed cartons. Reference: Katy National Bank. Call us for a customer reference near your city. Offered ex- clusively by Radio Shack® Authorized Sales Center 21969 katy Fwy., Katy (Houston) Texas 77450 Telephone 1-713-392-0747 TRS-80 for BUSINESS, LEARNING AND ENTERTAINMENT Meet TRS-80's Big Brother! The New TRS-80 Model II W e are located just 5 hours from the giant Tandy Com- puterware House in Ft. Worth, Texas. Call Joe McManus Today We've added a bigger, more powerlul "brother" to the TRS-80 family It's TRS-80 Model ll — a completely new microcomputer for business applications CHARGE IT Radio /hack rr A Message to our Subscribers From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber list available to other companies who wish to send our subscribers promotional material about their products. We take great care to screen these companies, choosing only those who are reputable, and whose products, services, or information we feel would be of interest to you. Direct mail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personal computer goods and services to our subscribers. Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use of our mailing list, and look forward to finding information of interest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers' names and addresses only (no other information we may have is ever given). While we believe the distribution of this information is of benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the wishes of any subscriber who does not want to receive such promotional literature. Should you wish to restrict the use of your name, simply send your request to BYTE Publications Inc, Attn: Circulation Department, 70 Main St, Peterborough NH 03458. Thank you. ^= IBM + CP/M + OSM = CP/M Compatible Distributed Processing Multi-User Computer System OSM Model 6300 O S M Computer Corporation is introducing a true multi user, multi tasking computer system. Hardware features 1. IBM 3101 terminals. 2. Each user has its own complete system consisting of CPU, memory, console, and printer(op- tional). 3. Unlike MP/M system there is no speed degradation as you add users. 4. All users share common data base disk storage and host printer. 5. Users can select either host or local printer. 6. Dual floppy and up to 128 mega byte hard disk storage. 7. Up to 128 user terminals. 8. Each user has a hardware CPU reset button. If any of the users "crash" he can reset his CPU without affecting other users. Software Features Use of CP/M 2.2 allows any CP/M compatible software to be used. DPOS/2 multiuser supervisor ex- ecutive 2 file protect modes (in addition to CP/M's) prevent "fatal em- brace" and "interleaved update sequences". Automatic system printer spool- ing. Messages can be passed among users. r'U^/^M Corporation Prices Single user Mainframe memory, 2 serial 3 parallel M Byte 8 inch dual disk) Two user Mainframe Each additional user (CPU, 64K memory, I/O) IBM 3101 terminal Texas Instrument 820 RO . QUME5/45RO 27 Mega Byte Hard Disk . . (Z80, 64K I/O, 1.2 . $5,195.00 $7,790.00 $1,295.00 $1,250.00 $1,695.00 $2,550.00 $4,995.00 "£364 Walsh Ave. Santa Clara, CA 95051 (408)496-6910 Dealer Inquiries Invited Circle 216 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 231 It may be seen that the sum of any horizon- tal row, any vertical column, or any diagonal is 15. In addition, no other combination of three of these numbers sums to 15. Thus playing the game of Fifteen is the same as playing the game of tic-tac-toe if the rela- tionship indicated in the magic square is known. If this relationship is not known, then derivation of the strategy, except by enumeration of all cases, is not trivial. The accompanying listing was written in MaxiBASlC for a Digital Group Z-80 micro- computer. With minor changes it should run on any computer with BASIC. If your version of BASIC does not have an EXIT statement, then just leave this statement out of any lines in which it appears. The symbol # is a short form of the command PRINT. The program is based upon a modified ver- sion of the game of tic-tac-toe in David Ahl 's 101 Basic Games. As listed here, the com- puter will make a random move on its first or second move, after which it will play perfectly. If you play perfectly, you will either win or force a tie, each of these outcomes having roughly an equal proba- bility of occurrence. If you are playing the game of tic-tac-toe as listed in Ahl's book, inserting the follow- ing statement will make the game much more interesting by eliminating some less than optimal moves: 1915B(8) = A(3/I) + A(2,2)+A(1,3) I have found that friends who evidence no interest in playing the game of tic-tac-toe will play the game of Fifteen with great interest and find it to be challenging. As soon as I indicate the magic square relation- ship with tic-tac-toe, the interest quickly wanes after just a few more games. I hope you'll find the game interesting, too. ■ Listing 1 continued: 380 IF A (R,C) OOTHEN 620 390 LET A (R,C) = -1 400 GOSUB 1660 410 IF Z = 1 THEN 490 420 REM MACHINE MOVE 430 GOSUB 1100 440 REM TEST FOR GAME WIN 450 GOSUB 1660 460 IF Z = THEN 650 490 # " " 500 FOR K = 1 TO 9 510 B = A(A1 (K) ,B1 (K) ) 520 #TAB (20) ;K; 530 IF B <> 0THEN 550 540 #" " 545 GOTO 575 550 IF B > 0THEN 570 560 # " YOU " ; 565 GOTO 571 570 # " Z-80 " ; 571 IF ABS (B) > 1 THEN #"*" 573 #" " 575 NEXT K 580 # " " 590 IF ZO0THEN 2070 600 GOTO 330 620 # " ILLEGAL MOVE, TRY AGA 1 N" 630 #" " 640 GOTO 330 650 LETT2 = 660 FOR J = 1 TO 3 670 FOR 1 = 1 T03 680 IF A (I, J) OOTHEN 700 690 LETT2=T2+1 700 NEXT I 710 NEXT J 720 IFT2 >0THEN 270 730 GOSUB 1340 740 GOTO 490 750 IF T2>1 THEN490 760 FOR J = 1 TO 8 770 IF B (J) =-2 THEN EXIT 800 780 NEXT J 790 GOTO 730 800 GOSUB 2000 810 GOTO 490 900 FOR J = 1 TO 9 910 B (J) = 920 NEXT J 930 FOR J = 1 TO 3 940 FOR I = 1 TO 3 950 B (J) = B (J) + A (J, I) 960 B (J+3) = B (J+3) + A (I, J) 970 NEXT I 980 NEXT J 990 B (7) = A (1,1) + A (2,2) + A (3,3) 1000 B (8) = A (1,3) + A (2,2) + A (3,1) 1010 RETURN 1100 FOR I = 2 TO 3 1110 C (I) = INT(2.99*RND (0) ) + 1 1120 D (I) = INT (2.99*RND (0) ) + 1 1130 NEXT I 1200 FOR I = 1 TO 8 1210 IF B (I) >1 THEN EXIT 1370 1220 NEXT I 1230 FOR 1 = 1 T08 1240 IF B (I) <-1 THEN EXIT 1370 1250 NEXT I 1270 FOR K = 1 TO 11 1280 LET l = C(K) 1290 LET J = D (K) 1300 IF A (I, J) OOTHEN 1330 1310 LET A (I, J) = 1 1320 GOTO 1360 1330 NEXT K 1340 #"...TIE G AME..." 1350 LET Z = 3 1360 RETURN 1370 IF l>3 THEN 1440 1380 FOR J = 1 TO 3 1390 IF A (l,J)=0THEN EXIT 1420 1400 NEXT J 1410 GOTO 1360 1420 LET A (l,J) = 1 1430 GOTO 1360 1440 IF l>6 THEN 1510 1450 FOR J = 1 T03 1460 IF A (J,l-3) =0 THEN EXIT 1490 1470 NEXT J 1480 GOTO 1360 1490 LETA (J,l-3) =1 1500 GOTO 1360 1510 IF l>7 THEN 1550 1520 FOR J = 1 TO 3 1530 IF A (J, J) =0 THEN EXIT 1590 1540 NEXT J 1550 IF A (1,3) =0 THEN 1610 1560 IF A (3,1) =0THEN 1630 1570 LETA (2,2) =1 1580 GOTO 1360 1590 LETA (J, J) =1 1600 GOTO 1360 1610 LETA (1,3) =1 1620 GOTO 1360 1630 LETA (3, 1) =1 1640 GOTO 1360 1660 LETT1=0 1700 FOR J = 1 TO 3 1710 IF A (J,1) <>A (J, 2) THEN 1750 1720 IF A (J, 1) <>A (J, 3) THEN 1750 1730 T1 = A (J, 1) Listing 1 continued on page 234 232 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 193 on inquiry card. MAKE YOUR BASIC BETTER FOR BUSINESS Developing business applications without keyed file support is like producing a play without the right cast — you can expend needless time and money, and end up giving an inadequate performance Enter MAGS AM MAGSAM picks up where your BASIC leaves off by providing it with a powerful Keyed File Management System that's quick and easy to use. The result is applications that do exactly what you want them to— instead of only what BASIC allows you to. Supporting Cast MAGSAM's advanced features and capabilities include: • Random, sequential, and generic access by key • Secondary indexing with any number of keys • Key and record deletes with automatic space reclamation • Dynamic file allocation and extension • Complete compatibility with BASIC files • Interactive tutorial program • One year update service The versatile MAGSAM file management is now available in two major versions. MAGSAM IV, the new high performance assembler version, is ideal for business applications in which response time is critical. Complete with an interface for CBASIC, MAGSAM IV is $295. MAGSAM III is the standard version and is in use world wide. Written in BASIC, it is available for CBASIC, Microsoft BASIC, or Micropohs BASIC for $145. The MAGSAM manual alone is $25. You're the Star MAGSAM is available immediately —off the shelf. Soyou can begin saving time and money now while providing your customers and clients with applications that truly meet their needs. Send for a free brochure telling the full story on MAGSAM. or see a demonstration at your computer dealer today. Another Business Solution from: ] ffvlicno Applications Group rmME) 7300 Caldus Avenue. Van Nuys, CA 91606 Circle 194 on inquiry card. Multi-User North Star Horizon Hard Disk Computer Systems Interrupt-driven, bank-switching timesharing, developed by Micro Mike's, Inc. for the North Star Horizon computer, has been mated to Micro M ike's hard disk operating system. As many as four 26,5 megabyte (formatted) Winchester-type, sealed-media Shugart hard disk units can provide users access to as much as 106 megabytes (formatted) of stored information in a flash. Micro Mike's timesharing/hard disk operating system, T1MESH A VER,® allows as many as seven users per timesharing computer system, each user simultaneously running a different program. The programming staff of Micro Mike's has written a wide variety of comprehensive business application programs in North Star BASIC, based around a set of defined Common SUBroutines (CSUB). Most programs are available separately or are included in Micro Mike's Program Library. IN STOCK: North Star Horizon computers Zenith Z 19 intelligent (ZBO-based) terminals Printers: NEC Spinwriter, Texas Instruments TI 810, IDS- 440 Paper Tiger Shugart 26.5 megabyte (formatted) hard disk units with S-100 controller card for North Star* systems Call or write for details and descriptive literature. ..... , Micro Mike's, Inc. t /l /I A /UI0C 905 South Buchanan {J \JV VUMiS Amarillo , Texas7910 i -USA- telephone: 806-372-3633 making technology uncomplicated ... for People Copyright 1980 Micro Mike's, Inc. All Rights Reserved Worldwide. rsiroTroiroirrirrnrroinn /To further improve ervice to our customers we have installed a toll-free ^ WATS line in our Peterborough, New Hampshire office.^ If you would like to order a 1 subscription to\ BYTE, or if BYTE's Toll-free Subscriber W.A.T.S. Line (800)258-5485 We thank you and look forward to serving you. you have a question relat- ed to a BYTE subscription, you are invited to call* (800)258-5485 between 8:00 AM and 4:30 PM Eastern Time (Friday 8 AM -Noon). * Calls from conti nental U.S. only. S ©; 78*1 SULJUULJIJUULSUUULSISL^ 91: LSULOJUUL9JD WHY PAY MORE? Compare our prices and service SOROC BPI GENERAL LEDGER IQ 120 $ 790. Accounting System tor Apple IQ 140 $1190. II Computers-Special. . . $399. CENTRONICS PRINTERS CDS SERIES 80 IPS-100 Prices too low to advertise. ■ Main Frame Call tor best price. ■ KeySwitch (ON/OFF) LIVERMORE DATA MODEMS ■ 8085 Processor 300 BAUD $170. ■ 630,000 Byte Disks RS-232, 2 yr. uncond. guarantee ■ 10 Slot S-1 00 Buss BASF DISKETTES ■ ^ K J? am 5V4" 10/S30 Independent RS-232 8" 4 10/$30. ' l/OPorts ■ Up to Four Users CABLES ■ 110 Volts 60 HZ IEEE to Centronics $100. B 2 20 Volts Available RS-232 $ 25. g u S f Price $3295. COMMODORE SPECIALSFREE* ■ Sale Price $2700. PET32K(N&B) 1295... 175. PET 16K (N8cB) 995 ... 1 35. TO ORDER: PET 8K 795 ... 100. Send check or money order. PET 2040 Disk VISA/Master Charge/C.O.D. Drive 1295... 175. PET 2022 Tractor Printer 795... 100. PET CZN Cassette Deck 95... 12. •Free merchandise with purchase of CBM item. INTERNATIONAL P.O. Box 17675 Washington, D.C. 20041 703-573-9633 Circle 195 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 233 Circle 196 on Inquiry card. CORPORATION FROM THE ORIGINATOR OF THE TRS-80 PROJECT FMG Corporation — for HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES • FORTRAN • BASIC •PASCAL • COBOL lnI[»}7*T»(*liiT«l*TuT»^t«]m7M7^a^ applications, engineers, consumers,- hobbyists and others who have a se- rious interest in computers. 5280 Trail Lake Drive Suite 14 Ft. Worth, Texas 76133 (817) 294-2510 SEND FOR SOFTWARE CATALOC • CP/M —Industry Standard Operating System • USCD PASCAL PACKAGE •GENERAL LEDGER; PAYROLL; ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE and ACCOUNTS PAYABLE • FORTRAN-80 PACKAGE — New Capabilities for TRS-80 Users • FMG's MICRO COBOL — For TRS-80 and TRS-80 Model II • CP/M Z80 — Macro Assembler • ZSID — Symbolic Debugger • Custom Programming, Service, Installation and Training are Available at Additional Cost FMG Corporation is an Independent Software Company — from the ORIGI- NATOR OF THE TRS-80 PROJECT and THE AUTHOR OF THE FIRST CP/M FOR THE TRS-80. m-452 Listing 1 continued: 1740 A (J,1) = 3*A (J,1) 1745 A (J, 2) = A (J,1) :A (J, 3) = A (J,1) 1750 NEXT J 1760 FOR J = 1 TO 3 1770 IF A (1,J) <> A (2, J) THEN 1810 1780 IF A (1,J) <> A (3, J) THEN 1810 1790 T1 = A (1, J) 1800 A (1,J) = 3*A (1,J) 1805 A (2, J) = A (1, J) : A (3, J) = A (1, J) 1810 NEXT J 1820 IF A (1, 1 ) <> A (3,3) THEN 1860 1830 IF A (1 # 1) <> A (2,2) THEN 1860 1835 T1 = A (2,2) 1840 A (1,1) = 3*A (1,1) 1845 A (2,2) = A (1,1) : A (3,3) = A (1,1 1860 IFA(1,3) <> A (3,1)THEN 1910 1870 IFA(1,3) <> A (2,2) THEN 1910 1880 T1 = A (2,2) 1890 A (1,3) = 3*A (1,3) 1900 1910 1915 1920 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2070 2080 2090 2120 2130 2135 2140 2150 2160 9999 READY THIS TIME S T H I S T I M E A (2,2) = A (1,3) : A (3,1 ) = A (1,3) IF T1 > 0THEN 2030 IFT1 <0 THEN 2000 GOTO 900 # . . . Y O U WIN LET Z = 1 RETURN #" . . . Z - 8 WIN LET Z = 2 RETURN # " DO YOU WISH TO PLAY AGAIN (Y OR N) " ; INPUT X$ IF X$= "V'THEN 250 # "" # "THANKS FOR THE GAME. HOPE YOU HAD FUN!!' #" " GOTO 9999 DATA 2,2,1, DATA 2,3,3, END 3,3, 1,2, 3,3, 2,2, 1,3, 3,3, 3,2,2, 2,1 3,2,1 UCSD Pascal* for TRS-8Qt Model II The Standard Package: Operating System □ Compiler □ Screen Editor □ Filer D Library D Z-80 Assembler □ Patch Utility Program □ 280 page User Manual □ Jensen & Wirth Pascal Reference Manual □ Bowies' Beginners Guide To UCSD Pascal □ tutorial disk. Plus: > Single or double density diskettes in one or more $350 Complete $300 without manuals or tutorial disk standard formats. Disk Formatting program. Configuration program for serial I/O. Optional Utility Programs: • File conversion— CP/M* to Pascal $50.00 TRSDOSt to Pascal $50.00 • Z-80 Disassembler/Dump Program $50.00 PCD SYSTEMS P. O. Box 143 • Penn Yan • New York 1 4527 • 31 5-536-3734 Trademark of the Regents of the University of California tTrademark of Tandy Corp. ^Trademark of Digital Research Corp. 234 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 197 on inquiry card. JINSAM i Manager • CUSTOM DATA FILES • FAST/EASY/MENU DRIVEN • HELP COMMANDS • KEYED RANDOM ACCESS • MULTIPLE SEARCH KEYS • PRIVACY ACCESS CODES • WILD CARD SEARCH For 16K-32K PET, Dual Disk, and Printer FREE: LABEL PRINTER MODULE FREE: REPORT GENERATOR MODULE Specify CBM 2040 or COMPU/THINK Package $150 User's Guide only $25 Introductory Demo Tape $5 Disk $ 8 Check or Money Order plus $2 Shipping (NY residents add 8% Sales Tax) -DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOMED- JINI MICRO-SYSTEMS, Inc. P.O. Box 274-B • Bronx, NY 10463 Circle 198 on inquiry card. MEMOREX Floppy Discs Lowest prices. WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD!! Buy any quantity 1-1000. Visa, Mastercharge accepted. Call free (800)235-4137 for prices and information. All orders sent postage paid. PACIFIC EXCHANGES 100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401. (In Od. call (805)543-1037.) DISCOUNT PRICES NORTH STAR APPLE II MICROTEK ANADEX TRENDCOM CENTRONICS SO ROC INTERTUBE THINKER TOYS SOLID STATE MUSIC & OTHERS Call for Prices (301) 694-8884 FREDERICK COMPUTER PRODUCTS Municipal Airport Frederick, MD. 21701 Circle 199 on inquiry card. MAGiC WAND Word Processing System $400 Starburst Computer Group, Inc. Route 2 Box 183 Afton Virginia 22920 (Authorized Dealer) Magic Wand works on any CP/M® system with all major CRT's. Ask for our free point-by-point com- parison of Magic Wand and two popular word processing systems. Magic Wand is a Trademark of Small Business Applications Inc. "CP/M is a registered Trademark of Digital Research " (804) 361-1180 DISK DRIV6/CRT •Sfll€*|< Shugart SR801R for RS MOD. II ONLY *489 ■ Hazeltine 1 000 (unused) $ 599 ShugartSfl400 282 Pertec FD200 *282 - FD250 ... 399 MPI651 $ 279-B52 399 SR801 R w/PS/Cab 799 Dual Drives w/PS/Cab 1 645 LIMITED QURNITIT6S MTI 3304 UJ. MocRrthur Blvd. Santa Rna, CR 92704 (714) 979-9923 H9 OWN€RS! Upgrade your video terminal with one of these long overdue kits: GRRFIX — Graphical display capa- bilities assembled and tested $69.95. Kit $59.95. CURSOR CONTROL - n total of 8 functions assembled and tested $34.95. Kit $29.95. FLICK6R FR€€ — 4800 baud operation assembled and tested $79.95. Kit $69.95. All have a full 6 month warranty. NORTHW6ST COMPUTCR S6RVICCS, INC. B503 N.€. 30th Rvenue Vancouver, Wfl 96665 Circle 201 on inquiry card. Circle 202 on inquiry card. Circle 203 on inquiry card. 80X24 VIDEOTERM™ 7X9 MATRIX DISPLAY FOR APPLE II® LOWER CASE W DESCENDERS J J tfl»M MARK OF 80 columns by 24 lines with easy to read 7x9 dot matrix, upper and lower case with descenders using shift lock feature* iKfirmware incorporates PASCAL and BASIC protocalis so user is not required to enter machine language programs or change PASCALS. Misc. info, or Gotoxy files • Compatible with all APPLE II peripherals so user won't need new software patches for future software products • Crystal controlled dot clock for excellent character stability ■ VIDEOTERM is the same size as t he Apple language card and power consump- tion is held to a minimum through the use of CMOS and lower power devices • Character set can be user de- finable up to a maximum of 128 symbols of 8x16 dot matrix font • Dispiay control character mode and four standard displayformatscontrolled by escape sequen- ces • Built in light pen capability • Inverse display mode • 50/60 HZoperation • Sockets on all ICs. PRICE:Wlthout graphic EPflOM $345 /S OPTIONS: Graphics EPR0MMn«dwg.$25 VIDEO SWITCH PLATE.Inserls In case slot to choose between APPLE II' andVlDEOTERMS12 Qgk ''^ff* MANUAL: $15 W mm V10EX 3060 N.W. Thistle PI. Corvallls, OR 97330 Phone (503) 758-0521 i SURPLUS ELECTRONICS ASCII ASCII IBMSELECTRIC BASED I/O TERMINAL WITH ASCII CONVERSION INSTALLED $645.00 • Tape Drives • Cable • Cassette Drives • Wire • Power Supplies 12V15A, 12V25A, 5V35A Others, • Displays • Cabinets • XFMRS • Heat Sinks • Printers • Components Many other items, SEND $1 .00 FOR CATALOG REFUNDABLE FIRST ORDER WORLDWIDE ELECT. INC. 1 30 Northeastern Blvd. Nashua, NH 03060 Phone orders accepted using VISA or MC Call 603-889-7661 DISBURSEMENTS & CASH RECEIPTS JOURNALS In stock & ready to go to work, ready to ship.... no waiting a.) Co-authored, debugged and used by a licensed, practicing CPA. b.) A copyrighted document balance routine provides for no-fault entries, c.) As many as 4 Gen. Ledger postings for each document, can all be different, d.) Document types supported by programs: DJ-1001 Cash/Checks/Payroll CJ-2001 Deposits/R.O.A/Credit Memo e.) Complete audit trails for analysis, f.) Concise, ready-to-use printouts, g.) No special training. Programs use live- cueing at every step, h.) Fully Documented, with listings, & supplied on 5 1 A" diskette, written in TRS-80 Basic, i.) Also available In MOD II format, j.) Total support-for 1-year from date-of- purchase. DISBURSEMENTS JOURNAL DJ-1001 $95.00 CASH RECEIPTS JOURNAL CJ-2001 $75.00 SPECIAL..BOTH PROGRAMS ONLY $14500 Complete software packages, and computer supplies at competitive prices. Checks O.K. S & A DATA SYSTEMS Master Charge/Visa P O BOX 39 NO COD'S Craig, CO 81625 NO CHARGE 1 -800-854-2003 (ext 804) TOLL In Calif. 1-800-522-1500 (ext 804) FREE Circle 204 on inquiry card. Circle 205 on inquiry card. Circle 206 on inquiry card. Take the mystery out of programming with the latest from BYTE Books tm The BYTE Book of Pascal Edited by Blaise W. Liffick Based on the growing popularity of Pascal as a programming language, numerous articles, language forums and letters from past issues of BYTE magazine have been compiled to provide this general introduction to Pascal. In addition, this book contains several important pieces of software including two versions of a Pascal compiler - one writ- ten in BASIC and the other in 8080 assembly language; a p-code inter- preter written in both Pascal and 8080 assembly languages; a chess playing program; and an APL in- terpreter written in Pascal. $25.00 Hardcover pp. 342 ISBN 0-07-037823-1 "u^ ? | The BYTE Book Ui pascal ggg ! YOU JUST BOUGHT A PERSONAL WHAT? ,*&**"' "!£" ^JU /W, by Thomas Dwyer and Margot /$/ Critchfield Whether you are a novice pro- grammer or an experienced computer user, this book is filled with practical ideas for using a personal computer at home or work. It will take you through the steps necessary to write your own computer programs, and then show you how to use structured design techniques to tackle a variety of larger projects. The book contains over 60 ready-to-use programs written in Microsoft and Level II BASIC in the areas of educational games, financial record keeping, business transactions, disk-based data file and word processing. $11.95 pp. 256 ISBN 0-07-018492-5 Beginners Guide for the UCSD Pascal System by Kenneth Bowles Written by the originator of the UCSD Pascal System, this highly informative book is designed as an orientation guide for learning to use the UCSD Pascal System. For the novice, this book steps through the System bringing the user to a sophisticated level of expertise. Once familiar with the System, you will find the guide an invaluable reference tool for creating advanced applications. This book features tutorial examples of programm- ing tasks in the form of self-study quiz programs. The UCSD Pascal Software Systems, available from SofTech Microsystems Inc, 9494 Black Moun- tain Road, San Diego CA 92126, is a complete general purpose software package for users of microcomputers and minicomputers. The package offers several interesting features including: • Programs which may be run without alteration on the General Automation or DEC PDP-11 minicomputers, or an an 8080, 8085, Z80, 6502, 6800, or 9900 based microcomputers. 1 Ease of use on a small, single- user computer with display screen and one or more floppy disk drives. $11.95 ISBN 0-07-006745-7 ( „ihl Jk«*'* i These and other BYTE/McGraw-Hill books are available from BYTE Books or your local computer store. Please send □ □ □ copies of The BYTE Book of Pascal copies of You Just Bought a Personal What? copies of Beginner's Guide for the UCSD Pascal System M Add 75c per book to cover postage and handling. Name Title Company Street City State/Province Code □ Check enclosed in the amount of $ □ Bill Visa □ Bill Master Charge Card No.. . Exp. Date.. R IJTf BYTE BOOKS Division • 70 Main Street KrjriVfc Peterborough, NH 03458 B6 | -„ - — ■ 236 BYTE June 1980 CARD FAMILY Industrie! For MULTIBUS*: MIKUL 68000 CPU CARD Motorola 8 MHz 16 bit processor 4 channel DMA . . . PTM . . . ACIA 7 vectored interrupts MIKUL S8001 MEMORY CARD 6/12K x 16 PROM . . . 16/32/48K x 16 RAM 68000 a-sync cycle support *Intel-TM ALSO 6809 cards and custom design TL Industries, Inc., 2573 Tracy Road Northwood, OH 43619, 419-666-8144 16-BIT CARD FAMILY Dial: 402-987-3771 ^m77Mn\L MLINE 3 ^ YOU NEED CRISP, HIGH CONTRAST BUCK-WHITE and VIVID COLOR ^LPHA-NUMERICS/GRAPHICS ^ CAPABILITIES FROM YOUR VIDEO MONITOR IF YOU WANT REALLY SUPER-LOOKING IMAGES FROM YOUR COMPUTER! AS SPECIALISTS IN VIDEO IMAGING ...we think we have the right monitor or modulator for your system. Our product line includes the popular "NScro-Verter" (OS1 and Apple Inc. approved UHF color modulator), a variety of color and B-W monitors, color J cameras, B-W cameras, Audio subcarrier kits and parts. FREE / CATALOG UPON REQUEST. > Dealers welcomed, Well established program with over 400 dealers, > D1al:(402) ,987-3771 Miumn \ATV Research is-bbroaoway Dakota city, NB.GB73I I The best choice in mainframes ! • S100 CARD FRAME • AXIAL BLOWER • 22MHi12"CRT MONITOR • ASSEMBLED& TESTED • 18 AMP POWER SUPPLY • READY FOR YOUR CARDS I S895.00 OEM QUANT. ONE >Q OOU I IMF IN IT Celebrating Our IJrh Year. 819 E. STRAW8RIDGS, MELBOURNE. FL 32901 - (305) 724 1588 Circle 207 on inquiry card. Circle 209 on inquiry card. EWLETT PACKARD 15% off Hewlett-Packard's Series E Calculators HP41C,38C,34C,33C in stock FARNSWORTH COMPUTER CENTER 1891 N. Farnsworth ft E-W Tollway Aur ora, II, 60505 (312)851-3888 Weekdays 10-8; Sat. 10-5 SHORT CASSETTES Al' . Qty. Price r i^ 50 1 $1.00 10 $0.75 MiciWWL-m, ca m itv«ur SwwvwKC l.*M« Circle 210 on Inquiry card. 50 $0.65 Premium tape and cassettes acclaimed by thousands of repeat ordermicrocom- puter users. Price includes labels, cas- sette box and shipping in U.S.A. VISA and M/C orders accepted. California residents add sales tax. Phone (415) 968-1604. MICROSETTE CO. 475 Ellis Street Mt. View, CA 94043 Circle 211 on inquiry card. NORTH STAR BUSINESS SOFTWARE Very comprehensive software now available in BASIC. • Job costing • Payroll • General Ledger • Accounts Payable • Inventory • Interfaces to GL • Veterinarian • Questionnaire: Survey/Polling • Other Misc. Software • Also Corvus Hard Disc WE ACCEPT MASTER CHARGE A/ ISA THE COMPUTER PLACE INC. 2718 COLONIAL AVENUE S.W. ROANOKE, VA. 24015 (703)982-3661 Circle 212 on inquiry card. JGET m Paid^ for using your Computer ^ FUN-' EaS7 gSDv RUSH COUPON FOR ^ FREE FACTS 'G^ SPARETIME Send today to — D AR-B6 3110 Fulton Ave, Sacramemo CA 95821 OHIO SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS CALL TOLL FREE (800) 558-0870 or WRITE FOR CATALOG FARAGHER & ASSOCIATES 7635 BLUEMOUND MILWAUKEE, WI 53213 (414) 258-2588 In Wisconsin minnm rriFirVT 16K UPGRADE KIT FOR TRS-80, APPLE, PET, SORCERER $70 MICROPOLIS 8" Hard Disk DRIVE with Power, S-100 controller 9 Megabyte $3995 27 Megabyte $4495 45 Megabyte $4995 TI994 $1050.00 Without Monitor $895.00 DISCOUNTS on EXIDY SORCERER, PET, most other systems, peripherals, and software. MICROCOMPUTER!, PERIPHERAL! AND SOFTWARE 1016 NAVARRO SAN ANTONIO. TEX AS 78205 512/222 1427 Circle 213 on inquiry card. Circle 214 on inquiry card. Circle 215 on inquiry card. languages Fwum Comment and Correction for Mouse Tom Lane, 612 W Laurel, Ft Collins CO 80521 I enjoyed Peter Grogono's article on Mouse (July 1979 BYTE, page 198). It demonstrates that an interesting and powerful language can be implemented with very little effort, if carefully designed. The decision to express the program in a machine-independent form such as Pascal was especially commendable; it makes the program easier to understand and useful to a wider range of readers. I hope that other authors will follow this example. A major benefit of a high-level program is that it is more easily understood and debugged than the equi- valent assembly-language program. I hope to graphically demonstrate this claim by reporting on several bugs which I found in the Mouse interpreter program. First off, there were several typographical errors in the listing. Line 42 should have read "CAL := CAL — 1", not "CAL : = CAL = l".This kind of syntax error would be caught by an assembler as well as a compiler, so Pascal is not ahead here. Line 176 should have been "PARAM: PARBAL : = PARBAL + 1;" (a plus sign not a minus). In order to catch this error, one must understand the logic of the loop on lines 172 thru 179. The equivalent assembler code would be much more than eight lines long, and would contain a lot of extraneous detail (eg: how to access the STACK data structure); the incrementing and decrementing of PARBAL would not stand out at all. The next problem I found was in the SKIP routine. It fails if it has to skip over a quoted string containing one of the bracketing characters. For example, consider the program fragment: A. [ "PRINT A BRACKET ] HERE" ] If A<0, SKIP will be invoked to skip over the condi- tional clause. In its present form it will only skip to the first right bracket; the interpreter then tries to evaluate the rest of the quoted string. When the closing quote is reached, control takes off looking for a matching quote, which is never found. We can fix this by rewriting SKIP as follows: CNT := 1; repeat GETCHAR; if CH = ""then repeat GETCHAR until CH = "" else if CH = LCH then CNT := CNT + 1 else if CH = RCH then CNT : = CNT - 1 until CNT = This bug looks like a simple oversight. Such oversights are probably more common in assembler programs, simply because there is more code and thus there are more opportunities to forget something. The same problem exists in the loop on lines 182 thru 190, which searches for the desired actual parameter in a macroinstruction call. Furthermore, this loop will fail when an actual parameter being skipped over contains two adjacent macroinstruction calls, as in: #A, #B, 1; #C, 2; , 34; Here, after skipping over "#B, 1;" by calling SKIP at line 187, the GETCHAR on the same line advances CH to the following "#". But since this is already past the test for CH = '#', the second macroinstruction call is not recognized as such. If we were looking for the second parameter of A, "2" would be found instead of "34". What is really needed, following the call to SKIP, is to return to the GETCHAR call at line 183. With both prob- lems fixed, the loop becomes: repeat GETCHAR; if CH = ""then repeat GETCHAR until CH = "" else if CH = '#' then SKIP('f ,';') else if CH = ',' then PARNUM := PARNUM - 1 else if CH = ';' then PARNUM : = until PARNUM = 0; Notice that we have to modify the loop exit logic so that it will not exit after returning from SKIP (for we are not done scanning, even though CH = ';'). I suspect that the original code did exit the loop in this case, and that this bug arose as a result of trying to fix the SKIP code rather than the exit condition. This particular bug would never have occurred in assembler code, since after the call to SKIP one would merely jump back to the top of the loop; it illustrates that "GOTO-less programming" has its own pitfalls. Finally, there is a subtle problem with the allocation of local variables for macroinstructions. Consider the pro- gram: #A, #B; ; $AQ1= ' $B Q33 = $$ >AQ.I When A is invoked it sets its local variable Q to 1, then evaluates its parameter, which results in B being invoked. B sets its local variable Q to 33. Since A and B have inde- pendent local variables, this should not change A's Q, so when A finally prints out the value of Q it should print 1. With the interpreter as published, it prints 33. This can be seen by following the manipulations of OFFSET. Ini- tially OFFSET = 0, signifying that the main program's variables A thru Z occupy DATA locations 1 thru 26. 238 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc ■ SOFTWARE BY m KEY-TRONICS M FOR TRS-80 LEVEL II COMPUTERS *Eam $$$$$ with COMPUTER DATING single disc holds 1000 entries disc #1 — $49.00 disc #2 — $39.00 ♦GASOLINE ENGINE SERIES 4 cycle and 2 cycle engines 3 cassetts — $9.95 each or all 3— $19.95 EDUCATIONAL ♦STATIC DISCHARGE KIT Helps eliminate accidental disc start up easy installation a must for computer buffs just $16.95 KEY-TRONICS P.O. BOX 1097 HAGERSTOWN, MARYLAND 21740 301-790-0547 TRS-80 is a product of the TANDY corporation SUPPLIES • 3M DISKETTES, MINI OR STANDARD • 3M DATA CARTRIDGES, CASSETTES, DISK PACKS • RIBBONS, PRINT WHEELS, ELEMENTS, PAPER ^\ ZAPP fS STATIC PROBLEMS??? CALL US ON 3M VELOSTAT® ANTISTATIC FLOOR MATS 5555 Magnatron Blvd. #J San Diego, CA92111 (714) 565-4505 ': TA With This Ad HAZELTINE 1420 $780 CENTRONICS 779 W/TRACT0R $969 NEC SPINWRITER $2250 Get the Catalog & Our Low Prices D, DATA PRODUCTS MAINTENANCE CORP. 9460 Telstar Avenue El Monte, CA 91731 (213)573-5991 (714)994-4180 Circle 217 on inquiry card. Circle 218 on inquiry card. APPLE ][ ™ A/D INTERFACE BOARD • 8 CHANNELS • 8 BITS • 65 //S CONVERSION • ON BOARD REFERENCE S99.50 + S2.50 SHIPPING (S5.00 SHIPPING FOREIGN) TM TRENDCOM 100 GRAPHICS UPGRADE KIT • TGU1 - FOR PRINTERS WITH SELF-TEST JUMPER • TGU2 - FOR PRINTERS WITH SELF-TEST SWITCH • APPLE II HIRES DUMP SOFTWARE S59.95 + S2.50 SHIPPING (S5.00 SHIPPING FOREIGN) fSECl ) f STREET ELECTRONICS CORPORATION 8900 SW BURNHAM. #F9 TIGARD. OR 97223 (503) 620-2713 ALL CP/M & CROMEMCO SYSTEMS INVENTORY CONTROL (for Manufacturers & Retailers) $250 Parts explosions for finished goods & assemblies Parts requirements forecasting & ull Sheets Economic Order Quantities & Reorder Reports 1500 items per S.D. 8" disk side ACCOUNTS PAYABLE/RECEIVABLE SI 7S/S175 Replaces all your hand written ledgers Prints Monthly Ledger Sheets, Checks, Vouchers & Stubs Aged Trial Balances & Statements Handles Discounts, Partial Payments, Credits, Etc. APARTMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM S250 Prints all your Monthly Rent Bills Reports Late Payments, Vacancies, and Lease Expirations Links with Accounts Receivable Program PAYROLL SYSTEM $175 300 Employees per S.D. 8" disk side Federal, State and Local Taxes Quarterly & Yearly Reports (inc. 941 's & W-2's) Prints Payroll Registers, Checks & Vouchers MAILING LIST $99 Maintains your list up to 1700 customers per S.D. 8" disk side Prints the list by Customer Type, City, State or Zip Can be used to send Personalized Form Letters These programs run FASTER & BETTER than ones costing up to 5 times more. All used over Vh years by several large corporations. Hardware Required: 48 KRAM, dual floppy disks.132 col. printer. Written in Cromemco 16 K EXTENDED BASIC (runs under CP/M) FEITH SOFTWARE CedarbrookA-1103 Wyncole. Pa. 1 9095 (215) BB7-97B0 Circle 219 on inquiry card. Circle 220 on inquiry card. DOUBLE YOUR LA36 DECWRITERSSPEEDT0 60CPS The ACCELEWRITER converter enables you to convert the LA36Decwriterfrom 10715/30 to 10/30/60 CPS. Utilizes Decwriter's own built-in 60 CPS. speed Plugs into logic board Compatible with Decwriter option boards Decwriter reconverts to "stock" in seconds Thousands sold In use for over 3 years Full one-year warranty $115 includes shipping Brochure sent promptly at your request. Write or call us. LARKS ELECTRONICS & DATA P.O. Box 22. Skokie, IL 60077 (312) 677-6080 Circle 221 on inquiry card. INTEL SBC 80/10 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT $225 ea. Complete computer on a multi-bus P.C.B. includes 8080 CPU, system clock, 1 K bytes of ram memory, sockets for 4K bytes of E prom's allowing customized firmware 48 programmable I/O lines, a USART, RS232C and TTY drivers and receivers, sockets for I/O line drivers and terminators, and 6 inter- rupt lines. PROGRAMMABLE KEYBOARD $100 ea. KEYTRONICS 65-01641-01 PCB-002A. KEYTRONICS custom pro- grammable keyboard, 10 programmable function keys, numeric keypad (ASCII) en- coded alphabet, 1K bytes of read only memory. BOSCHERT POWER SUPPLY $100 ea. 115/230v AC, outputs + 5v ± 1%; -5 ± 5%; +12v ± 5%; -12v ± 5%; +15v ±5%; -15v ± 5%. Contact Ernest at Exeter Intl, 52 Church St., Boston, MA 02116 (617) 357-5223 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE For TRS-80 and North Star Computers SPACE FRAME (Finite Element - Stiffness Method) includes Space Frame, Plane Frame, Space Truss & Floor Grids Disk Version $ 1 50.00 CassetteVersion $50.00 TRS-80Modelll $200.00 Documentation Only $25.00 plus postage TRUSS FORCE (Method of joints solution of Common Trusses) Disk Version $50.00 Documentation Only $5.00 Cassette Version $25.00 plus postage LINEAR PROGRAMMING (Simplex Method) Disk Version $ 60.00 Cassette Version $25.00 Documentation Only $5.00 plus postage ENGINEERING ANALYSIS SOFTWARE P.O. Box 26206 Fort Worth, Texas 76 11 6 Phone (214) 298-1248 In California Contact: MICOPS INC. 421 Royale Park Dr. San Jose, Ca. 95136 Phone (408) 629-5716 MINI FLOPPY SALE TRS-80 OWNERS SINGLE SIDED $365.00 DOUBLE SIDED $485.00 READY TO GO- CABINET- POWER SUPPLY-CABLE ASSEMBLED $ TESTED ADD ON DRIVES SINGLE SIDED $225.00 DOUBLE SIDED $ 345.00 INTERFACE, INC. 20932 CANTARA STREET CANOGA PARK,CA. 91304 (213) 341-7914 MASTER CHARGE f T VISA Circle 222 on inquiry card. Circle 223 on inquiry card. Circle 224 on inquiry card. When macroinstruction A is invoked, OFFSET is set to 26 (see line 160 in the interpreter), so that A's variables occupy 27 thru 52; in particular, Q occupies 43. When we start to evaluate A's actual parameter, OFFSET is reset to (see line 181). This is essential since variable names within the text of the actual parameter should refer to main program variables. When the call to B is processed, OFFSET is set to 26 (line 160 again), so B's variables are allocated on top of A's variables. Hence, when B stores into its Q, A's Q gets changed. The problem essentially is that the variable OFFSET is used for two incompatible purposes. One is to keep track of the current context (ie: the set of locations to which the names A thru Z refer). The other is to remember how much of the DATA array is in use, so that fresh locations can be allocated when a macroinstruction is called. These uses are obviously incompatible because the total storage allocation changes only at macroinstruction call and return, while the context changes at macroinstruction call/return and when accessing actual parameters. Once the problem is phrased this way, the fix is simple. 1 chose to retain OFFSET for indicating context, and to introduce a new variable L ASTUSED for keeping track of free space. The required changes are: In line 17, add L ASTUSED to the list of global integer variables. In line 88, add "LASTUSED : = 26;" Replace line 160 with "OFFSET := LASTUSED; L ASTUSED := LASTUSED + 26; " Inline 166, add "LASTUSED := LASTUSED - 26;" OFFSET is still saved and restored in the control stack; LASTUSED need not be, since it can only change as shown above. All these bugs were found during two evenings of studying the interpreter listing, with no machine use whatever. The fixes were invented in the same period. I was later able to test the fixes on a Pascal machine; they all worked correctly the first time. I am sure you will agree that equivalent problems in an assembler program would not have been detected so easily nor fixed so read- ily. The approach recommended by Mr Grogono, namely coding the algorithm in a high-level language and then translating to assembler, has great merit. It is capable of producing bug-free programs in a shorter time than the conventional methods. However, to achieve best results one must spend time examining the high-level program before plunging into assembler coding. (It helps a lot if you can actually run the program in that form.) As I hope I have demonstrated, it is much easier and quicker to remove bugs at this stage than later on. Peter Grogono Replies: First of all, I would like to commend Mr Lane for so carefully reading and checking the Mouse interpreter before rushing off to the nearest computer and attempting to implement it. If more programmers behaved likewise, there might not be a "software crisis" in industry today. The proof copy of listing 6 that I received was a poor photocopy, hence the typographical errors in the program. The proof of the article was very clear, so I have no excuse for the error in the right-hand column on page 205; the definition of F should read: $FN%A = 1 (N.I N.* NN. 1-=) @ / have little to say about Mr Lane's other points. The prob- lems that he identifies are all genuine bugs, and his corrections are simple and elegant. I would like to take this opportunity to apologize to other readers who have been inconvenienced by them. As I mentioned in the article, Mouse is based on a language that I first implemented several years ago. The bugs are, perhaps, partly due to my confusion between the old and new versions of the language. This confusion also appears in the design. I now feel that I should have made % a postfix operator with a numerical operand, like the other unary operators. The formal parameters are then 1%, 2%,... rather than %A, %B,.... In general % may be preceded by any expression that has a positive value. This extends the power of the language, as can be seen from the following program, which prints 15: #S, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0; ! $S N0= (NN.l+= N.%1 N.%+ ) @ The changes required to the interpreter are very small; in line 170 change to GETCHAR: PARNUM: = NUM (CH); PARNUM: = POPCAL; S-100 8086 CPU with $450. Vectored Interrupts PROM-I/O $495. RAM $395. 8K x 16/16K x 8 Parallel I/O $350. and Timer S-100 ANALOG A/D16 Channel, $495. 12 Bit, High Speed D/A4 Channel, $395. 12 Bit, High Speed S-100 VIDEO DIGITIZATION Real Time Video $850. Digitizer and Display Computer Portrait System $4950. S-100 Boards Video and/or Analog Data Acquisition Microcomputer Systems min RR XNC. * The High Performance S-100 People TECMAR, INC. 23414 Greenlawn • Cleveland, OH 44122 (216) 382-7599 240 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 225 on inquiry card. FOR SALE BY OWNER: Mini-Computer, Vector, Z-80 Based, 4BK, 8"-Dual Disc Drive. Guaranteed Perfect Condition, 2 years old — Cost 56,000.00 Asking $3,000.00. Also Centronics 700 Printer — 5700.00. B. KLEIMAN 7600 Osier Drive, Baltimore, MD 21204 PHONE: (301) 821-0764. CRANIAL LABS BASEBALL & FOOTBALL the 2 most exciting non- graphics games yet. plus CLEAR THE SKIES Pure Graphics, call your plays or test your reactions. Order # 102 ....$11. 00 Post Paid Created for TRS-80, 16K LEVEL II SYSTEMS. Games played with friend or computer. CRANIAL LABS 168 Villa Avenue Buffalo, NY 14216 FAST A/D FOR MICROS At last: Scientific quality data acquisition in real time for microcomputers. A/D Section: 12 bits (1 part in 4096 resolution) in 25 microseconds, 5channels input (expandable to 21) unipolar or bipolar, software selected full-scale range for each channel. D/A Sec- tion: 2 (up to 6) 12 bit double-latched fast analog outputs, selectable ranges. Rugged, modular construction with internal supplies. Ready to operate, includes extensive software pack- age. Customized to your needs, applications consult- ing. Interface card for Apple II and TRS-80. Please write for information. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS, INC. 1534 Cambridge Street, Suite 2 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Circle 226 on Inquiry card. Circle 227 on inquiry card. Circle 228 on inquiry card. MEMOREX Floppy Discs Lowest prices. WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD!! Buy any quantity 1-1000. Visa Mastercharge accepted Call free (800)235-4137 for prices and information. All orders sent postage paid. PACIFIC EXCHANGES 100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401. (InCal. call (805)543-1037.) BUSINESS SOFTWARE -FOR - MICROPOLIS MOD II Now available, the business software that is becoming a standard. General Ledger, Payroll, Accounts Receivable & Payable originally developed by OSBORNE & ASSOCIATES have been converted by M-SOFTWARE to MBASIC using MDOS. All programs are shipped on W floppy disk. Payroll w/Cost Accounting $125 Accts. Rec./Accts. Payable $125 General Ledger w/Cash Journal . . $125 - CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6°.. SALES TAX - M-SOFTWARE 21215 Merridy Chatsworth, CA 91311 ■ Animation Compiler and Graphics Editor Package ■ Add smooth, fast action to basic programs ■ Create ad layouts, newsletter covers, posters H* ■ ^«^^ write or call for complete catalog AUCROreONICSJnc. 1125 N. GoldenState Blvd./SuiteG Turlock.CA95380(A) (209)667-2888/634-8888 We are experiencing telephone difficulties, please keep trying. California residem*, add 6% la* VISA or MC Circle 199 on inquiry card. Circle 229 on inquiry card. Circle 230 on inquiry card. PROVEN CP/M AND NORTHSTAR SOFTWARE is always available from The Sottware Review. This . months offerings include: OSBORNECBASIC BUSINESS PROGRAMS— Com- plete set (A/R, A/P. GIL. Payroll) in most CP/M formats (Documentation separate) $100 SUPER-PILOT 4.1 — The definitive education lan- guage for Northstar Systems. Includes tutorials on disk $49.95. KRIS STEWART'S "SCRUNCH"— San Diego State College Master's Project puts state-ol-art FOR- TRAN numerical analysis routines into structured Northstar BASIC. Includes documented source code and thesis $29.95 YVGAMES VOL. 1— Games tor Northstar w/VDM. Real-time action games for VDM/Flashwriter video displays. Hot stuff $21.50 COPY— Single density single drive copy utility for CP/M systems. The best way to copy programs from one disk to another on a single drive system (specify format and diskette size desired). . $21.50 BUSINESS ADDRESS AND TELEPHONE DIREC- TORY— For Northstar systems, the best mailing list/phonebook database system we've found. Lots of features $79.95 NSSE DISKS 14-22 & POI—Just released and available from the Software review. Set of 10 diskettes $100 ORDER FROM The Software Review 704 Solano Ave., Albany, CA 94706 (415)527-7730 2716's $19.95 ANY QUANTITY $5 per order for shipping handling & insurance floppy drives $1550 including two Siemens 8" drives, cabinet & power Intelligence Systems, Ltd. 124 South Delaware, Indianapolis. IN (3I7) 63I-55I4 NorthSta^ HORIZON II Computer With 32K RAM FULLY TESTED & ASSEMBLED $2150. IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY C.O.D. OR CASH IN ADVANCE CUSTOM BUSINESS COMPUTERS LYNBROOK, N.Y. 11563 103 ATLANTIC AVE. (516) 887-3340 AUTHORIZED DEALER FOR MAGiC WAND" WORD PROCESSING $400. Circle 231 on inquiry card. Circle 232 on inquiry card. Circle 233 on Inquiry card. Wtat'sNew? PERIPHERALS Modem for Digital Devices Floppy-Disk Drive Compatible with DEC and IBM Formats This floppy-disk drive system is com- patible with all Digital Equipment Cor- poration (DEC) and IBM disk formats, including the IBM double-density, double-sided format. The DSD 480 system reads and writes on both sides of 8-inch disks for a formatted capacity of 1 megabyte per disk or 2 megabytes of on-line storage. The system is fully com- patible with DEC LSI-11 and PDP-11 computers. It is possible to transfer data and applications programs written for IBM machines directly to DEC com- puters, and vice versa. The DSD 480 features hardware bootstrap, off-line disk formatting, and "Hyperdiagnostics"— a library of routines that perform system self-tests. Priced at $4495, the DSD 480 is available from Data Systems Design, 3130 Coronado Dr, Santa Clara CA 95051. Circle 595 on inquiry card. Light Pen for the Apple II A self-contained light pen which plugs directly into the Apple has been an- nounced by the 3-G Co, Rt 3, POB 28A, Gaston OR 97119. The light pen bypasses the keyboard and interacts directly with the information displayed on the video screen. A menu can be displayed on the screen and the user can make a selection from that menu by using the light pen. By elimination of the need to use the keyboard, children can use computers with the pen for educational purposes. A demonstration cassette, sample program, and complete programming instructions are included with the pen. The package sells for $32.95. Circle 596 on inquiry card. Where Do New Products Items Come From? The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. If in our judgement the information might be of interest to the personal computing ex- perimenters and homebrew ers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. We openly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first in first out queue, subject to occa- sional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inac- curate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluate the pro- ducts and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality or company performance. The Bell-compatible model 103 LP modem enables digital devices (com- puters and/or interactive terminals) to communicate with each other via the analog facilities of the telephone net- work. The model 103 LP allows full- duplex data communication at speeds of up to 300 bits per second (bps). All necessary operating power is taken directly from the telephone line. Only three snap-in connections are required to set up the unit. Connectors for RS-232 and current loop interfaces are featured. A talk/data switch enables the user to return the telephone to the voice com- munication mode without disturbing cable connections. The model 103 LP is less than 3.2 cm (1.25 inches) thick and fits under an ordinary telephone. The price is under $200. For details, contact UDS, 5000 Bradford Dr, Huntsville AL 35805, (205) 837-8100. Circle 597 on inquiry card. Lobo Drives Offers Expansion Interface for TRS-80 Lobo Drives International, 935 Camino Del Sur, Goleta CA 93017, announced the addition of an enhanced expansion interface for the Radio Shack TRS-80 personal computer. The model LX80 can expand memory storage capacity up to 40 megabytes. It provides facilities for up to 32 K bytes of programmable memory and offers a second serial port. The keyboard read- only memory (ROM) can be overridden for booting in diagnostics and custom- ized operating systems. There is a bidirectional parallel port exclusively for Lobo Drives' model 7710T Winchester hard-disk drive. Other features include a parallel Centronics printer port, screen printer port, two microprocessor- controlled bidirectional serial ports, and a crystal-controlled real-time clock. The model LX80 expansion interface is priced at $525. Circle 598 on inquiry card. 242 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc What's New? SYSTEMS 6809 SS-50 Microprocessor Card Is Also Stand- Alone Microcomputer The SBC/9 card can be used as a stand-alone control computer or as an upgrade processor card for SS-50 bus microcomputers. It includes its own operating system; 1 K of programmable memory; 1 K bytes of read-only memory; and a full-duplex, RS-232C serial interface. The card is completely compatible with the SS-50 bus and requires no modification. The SBC/9 hardware features include a port for 8-bit bidirectional data lines, a multilevel data bus, extended address line capability to accommodate up to 16 megabytes of memory, a serial interface for use with cassette recorders, and more. The SBC/9 with the operating system and a manual sells for $199.95 from Percom Data Co, 211 N Kirby, Garland TX 75042. Circle 599 on inquiry card. Mainframe for PC/M's 12-bit, PDP-8-Compatible Microcomputer ' I The PCM-12 Omega mainframe is compatible with Digital Equipment Cor- poration's PDP-8 series minicomputers. The PCM-12 is based on the 6100 microprocessor and is software- compatible with all PDP-8 systems. The mainframe includes connectors for 18 plug-in cards (enough for 32 K words of memory), and up to 14 peripheral inter- faces and input/output (I/O) devices. The power supply is over-voltage pro- tected and fold-back current limited. Operation is from 100 to 240 V, 50 or 60 Hz. The front panel structure pro- vides real-time operational display and includes all PDP-8/E functions, plus built-in bootstraps for paper tape, RX01 and RX02 floppy disks, RK05 hard disk, and TU-58 DECtape. The Omega main- frame is priced at $889. Contact PC/M Inc, 6800 Dublin Blvd, Dublin CA 94566, (415) 829-8700. Circle 601 on inquiry card. R2E Introduces a Single Board Microcomputer The model 80-20 is a small-business microcomputer system. The single board system includes a Z80 microprocessor; 32 K bytes of programmable memory, expandable to 64 K bytes; two single- sided, double-density, 5-inch floppy-disk drives with 140 K bytes of storage on each; an ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) keyboard; parallel Centronics printer interface; cabinet and power supply. The system also has a 1024-character uppercase and lowercase video display. Software for the model 80-20 includes R2E's BAL Language (Business Oriented BASIC) with sequential, indexed sequen- tial, and random access file manage- ment, plus a macroassembler. Optional are FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, APL, CBASIC, and MBASIC (compiler and interpreter). These operate under CP/M. The 80-20 is priced under $3000. For more information, contact R2E of America, 47 Bedford St S E, Minneapolis MN 55414. Circle 600 on inquiry card. 64 K-Byte Board Compatible with S-100 Bus Systems and MP/M The DMB6400, a 64 K bank- selectable, dynamic-memory board, is compatible with Alpha Micro, Cro- memco, North Star Horizon, and other S-100 bus computers, as well as MP/M systems. The memory board uses output-port addressing for the bank- select feature and is configured as 4 independent 16 K-byte banks of memory. Any of the 256 ports can be decoded, and 8 banks of memory are possible for each port. Each memory bank can be turned on or off at system reset, and phantom addressing can be used by any of the 4 banks. The memory board will run with all 8080 processors, 8085s at 3 MHz, and most Z80As at 4 MHz. In addition, it will run with the Marin M9900 processor. The boards come with documentation and are guaranteed for 1 year. Contact Measurement Systems and Control Inc, 867 N Main St, Orange CA 92668, for original equipment manufacturers and dealer pricing information. Circle 602 on inquiry card. June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 243 What's New? MISCELLANEOUS 8-Inch Floppy-Disk Controller Disk 2 + 2 is a single-density, 8-inch floppy-disk controller for the Apple II computer. It increases the data on line, increases the individual file size, and reduces the number of disks handled by the user. The board operates under the Apple disk operating system 3.1 or 3.2. It will control up to 4 standard 8-inch floppy-disk drives. The card uses a 1771 LSI controller integrated circuit that allows exchange from the Apple to IBM 3740 format. Disk 2 + 2 costs $400 and is available from Apple dealers. For more information, contact Sorrento Valley Associates, 11722 Sorrento Valley Rd, San Diego CA 92121. Circle 603 on inquiry card. Sink the Bismarck Computer Bismarck is an historical simulation game of the British attempt to seek and destroy the German battle- ship Bismarck in 1941. The game is played on an Apple II with Applesoft read-only memory (ROM) or an Apple II Plus. The game requires 48 K bytes of programmable memory and a floppy- disk drive. It features high-resolution One-Line, 40-Character, Dot-Matrix Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD) Kylex Inc, 420 Bernardo Ave, Moun- tain View CA 94043, has introduced a one-line, 40-character, 5-by-10 dot- matrix LCD with integral electronics that can interface directly with microprocessors through a single peripheral parallel interface device. The LX140 is aimed at electronic typewriter, word processing, and terminal printer applications. It includes integral drive, refresh, temperature compensation, and power supply electronics. The LCD is designed for use in high ambient light conditions to reduce eye strain. The 5-by-10 dot matrix for each character provides display capability for the full ASCII (American Standard Code for In- formation Interchange) set, with each dot addressable. Price for the LX140 in quantities of 100 and up is $199. Circle 604 on inquiry card. color graphics and can be played by one or two players. Players take turns moving their vessels and aircraft across the North Atlantic. Only enemy units which are spotted are revealed to the players. Rules cover all of the critical aspects of the naval campaign, from weather to ship fuel capacities. Combat occurs when opposing units have spot- ted each other. Computer Bismarck comes with a program disk, rule book, and 7 player-aid charts for $59.95 from Strategic Simulations Inc, POB 5161, Stanford CA 94305. Circle 605 on inquiry card. 64 K-Byte Dynamic Programmable Memory Board The ST4203, a 64 K-byte dynamic programmable-memory board, is com- patible with any processor in the STD BUS environment, and will operate at any microprocessor speed, up to and including 4.0 MHz. The onboard refresh controller feature allows the processor to synchronize to external events, or use peripheral controllers which require multiple WAIT states without regard to refresh timing. The ST4203 can take the place of four 16 K static programmable- memory cards, and it can make available 3 slots in the STD BUS card cage. Memory expansion for bank- selection and phantom-memory opera- tions are selectable. A number of WAITRQ options are also available. Prices range from $220 for a card without memory to $700 for a complete 64 K-byte unit in the 2.5 MHz version. For more information, contact Applied Micro Technology, POB 3042, Tucson AZ 85702. Circle 606 on inquiry card. Memory Board for Hewlett-Packard 9845B/T Computer Eventide Clockworks, 265 W 54th St, New York NY 10019, is manufacturing and marketing a board which adds 128 K bytes of programmable memory to the Hewlett-Packard (HP) 9845B/T computer. The Eventide WMAP-1 has identical capabilities to those of the HP part #09845-66526, but it costs half as much. The WMAP-1 board carries a full 1-year parts and labor warranty. Com- plete schematics, field installation instructions, and troubleshooting data are provided. Circle 607 on inquiry card. 244 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Whsft New! MISCELLANEOUS ~i Catalog for Micah Software A four-page foldout catalog lists soft- ware from Micah, POB 22212, San Francisco CA 94122. Micah software products include Expand, which expands CP/M to run Cromemco software; Spool, a spooler for CP/M or Cro- memco; CBIOS, CP/M for Cromemco computers; and DUP/1, disk utilities for Tabletop Winchester Tape Cartridge Add-On for DEC PDP-11 ABC Computers Inc, 500 Tonopah, POB 7529, Tahoe City CA 95730, (916) 583-5562, is offering a tabletop, 20-megabyte add-on Winchester system with a tape-cartridge backup unit for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 Series. The Winchester is the Marksman 14 drive from Cal Comp, a division of CP/M and CDOS. Micah also has Osborne business software and graphics software. Contact the company for a copy of the catalog. Circle 608 on inquiry card. Xerox. The 17-megabyte tape cartridge is produced by DEI. The entire system is delivered in a 27.5 cm (10.5 inch) high cabinet complete with power supply and controller for $8600. Circle 609 on inquiry card. A New Software Vendor Directory The Software Vendor Directory, a listing of microcomputer software ven- dors, is available from Micro-Serve Inc, POB 482, Nyack NY 10960. The publication lists over 700 vendors within 35 categories of hardware and operating systems. Software is classified into per- sonal (games, etc), programming (operating systems, utilities, languages, etc), general business, and industry business (insurance, medical, etc). Ven- dors of books and other publications have also been included. The directory is designed for hardware and software vendors, computer stores, consultants, programming services, sales and marketing people; in short, those who need information on software products for microcomputers. The Software Ven- dor Directory is priced at $37.95. A quarterly update service is also offered at a price of $9.95 per issue. Circle 610 on inquiry card. 12-Inch Monitor for Under $200 Leedex Corp, 2300 E Higgins Rd, Elk Grove Village IL 60007, has introduced a 12-inch black and white monitor, the Video 100-80. Built for industrial use, the monitor includes a metal cabinet and a removable face plate that provides mounting space for a floppy-disk drive. There is also space inside the cabinet for an ll-by-14 printed circuit board for custom-designed electronics. The 90-degree deflection picture tube allows an 80-character by 24-line display, and the unit features a 12 MHz bandwidth. The Video 100-80 is plug compatible with Apple, Atari, Radio Shack, OSI, Microterm, and Exidy computers. It is priced under $200. Circle 611 on inquiry card. Light Pen for Apple II Users The Lipson Light Pen is now available for the Apple II. The pen is packaged with 12 BASIC programs on cassette, a manual, cable, and a connector to PDL(0) on the Apple II. The demonstra- tion programs are designed to be incor- porated into programs created by the user. The pen utilizes a cadmium selenide cell for light detection, enabling the user to detect and measure varying intensities of light. High-resolution graphics, sound, and color are im- plemented in the demonstration pro- grams. The Lipson Light Pen is available exclusively from ARESCO, POB 1142, Columbia MD 21044, for $24.95. Circle 612 on inquiry card. Floppy-Disk Head- Cleaning Kits from 3M Scotch head-cleaning disks use a wet and dry method by which a cleaning solution is applied to the porous clean- ing fabric in the disk envelope. The cleaning disk is then run in a normal manner for 30 seconds. Two-sided systems may be cleaned with the same technique. Each kit contains two disks and a bottle of fluid. A maximum of 30 cleanings is possible. Each 5- or 8-inch floppy-disk kit costs $30. Further details concerning the Scotch 7400 and 7440 head-cleaning disk kits may be obtained by writing to 3M, Dept DR80-1, POB 33600, St Paul MN 55133, (612) 733-9572. Circle 613 on inquiry card. PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE This is professional software designed to meet the exacting requirements of the Institute of Real Estate Management. This software jineered and has been thoroughly developed in actual nationwide use managing all types of income properties. The software is written in CBASIC. requiring dual drives and 48K of memory (also TRS-80. Pet. Apple compatable). We feel this is the most extensive property management software written for a microcomputer. The system includes: • Full General Ledger • Tenant Information • Lost Rent Report • Checkwriter • Rent Roll • Vendor Report — manual check can • Delinquency List • Full Audit Trail also be used • Vacancy List • Real Estate Support • Budgeting • Lease Expiration Report • Plus much, much more Demonstration diskettes with manual is $35.00 and can be applied toward full software price of $650.00. MasterCharge. Visa and Tenant Information Rent Roll Delinquency List Vacancy List Lease Expiration Report A-T Enterprises 221 No. Lois, La Habra. CA 90631 (213) 947-2762 Circle 235 on inquiry card. June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 245 What's New? MISCELLANEOUS Upgrade TRS-80 to Emulate Z80 CP/M System The "Freedom Changes" are upgrades for the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I personal computer. The Freedom Option reorganizes memory to emulate a stan- dard Z80 machine that responds to CP/M software. The extended memory adds programmable memory to the Model I, bringing it up to 64 K bytes. Part of it is available in normal TRS-80 mode. The Freedom Option consists of a board, system disk, and instructions. The board configures programmable memory at the bottom and the memory- mapped areas on top. The disk has the T8 operating system and the software to utilize the switch to make the system compatible with CP/M software. The disk format is changed to read and write in the IBM-compatible 128-byte sector convention. The system will recognize 35- or 40-track disk configurations. The extended memory puts certain unusable address locations into operation, thus adding 2560 bytes of programmable memory under normal TRS-80 opera- tion. This space is ideal for programs ^r^^^^^T'*' 1 ^ f m j *t » j * r f | *i*im*j < ' f I* * ■ l J t f I 'i* ! f ^f i'l^lM* t f 1 ***! f v* IM 1 !*! 1 ! * J 81 l\ 91 Si frl €| ; iillltjlH/iluHllllllilllllilllllllllUlilUllilllllUUtMilH such as RS-232 communication, de- bounce, lowercase, and more. In the Freedom mode, the extended memory allows the machine to function on pro- grammable memory only. Both changes require a 48 K-byte disk system. Only the extended memory requires minor hardware changes. The Freedom Option is priced at $245 and the extended memory is $295. Contact Field Engineering Consultants Ltd, POB 2368, Woburn MA 01888, (617) 944-5329. Circle 614 on inquiry card. Card File Consolidates AIM-65 with Expansion File The MTU K-1005A-A card file integrates the AIM-65 computer, keyboard, and a series of expansion boards into a single compact unit. Drawing no power, the unbuffered motherboard utilizes the AIM bus struc- ture to carry expansion connector signals to up to 4 additional boards. A fifth undedicated position is provided for a board not on the bus. The card file features a U-shaped black-anodized aluminum frame measuring 39.5 by 29.5 by 11.5 cm (15.5 by 11.5 by 4.5 inches). Other card files are offered for the PET, KIM-1, and SYM-1 computers. The MTU K-1005A-A card file is priced at $95, including manual. For additional information, write Micro Technology Unltd, 841 Galaxy Way, POB 4596, Manchester NH 03108. Circle 615 on inquiry card. AC Remote-Control System for the PET Honders Inc offers a complete AC remote-control system for the Com- modore PET or CBM. Most electrical devices can be switched on or off and lamps can be dimmed or brightened under computer control. No additional wiring is needed. Up to 256 points can be controlled. This system is useful for security- and energy-control systems. The basic package includes a plug-in module to the PET's second port, 3 remote power controllers, and a cassette software package for demonstration and applications. The package may be ordered for $179 from Honders Inc, Kennel Rd, Cuddebackville NY 12729. Circle 616 on inquiry card. Sound Generator for the Apple II Symtec Inc has introduced a sound- synthesizer card for the Apple II. The Super Sound Generator, or SSG, uses 13 programmable registers to control three voices. The SSG is provided with an output cable and RCA phono plug for hook-up to stereo systems. It features separate 8-bit parallel input and output (I/O) ports for connection to accessories, such as an alphanumeric keyboard, an organ keyboard interface, or a parallel printer driver. SSG control is accomplished with a series of 4 POKES to 3 memory locations. The SSG card may be programmed in any language available for the Apple. The music composing software provides for entry and editing of the entire music score using keyboard commands. The score can be copied by a graphics printer. Stereo effects and orchestrations can be produced using multiple cards. Up to 21 voices can be accessed by the user with a complete complement of SSG cards. The Symtec SSG is available for $159.95 from Symtec Inc, POB 462, Farmington MI 48024. Circle 617 on inquiry card. 246 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Whsft New? MISCELLANEOUS Datagrid II Computer- Aided Drafting Systems Brochure The Datagrid II series of computer- aided drafting systems is described in a brochure from Summagraphics Corpora- tion. The Datagrid II series are used by engineers, draftsmen, and others to create designs and drawings. The brochure is free from Summagraphics Corp, Dept MS-80, 35 Brentwood Ave, Fairfield CT 06430, (203) 384-1344. Circle 618 on inquiry card. High-Resolution Video Display with a Refresh Rate of 60 Hz A black and white high-resolution video display which refreshes at 60 Hz (eliminating the flicker of many high- resolution displays) has been introduced by Calma, 527 Lakeside Dr, Sunnyvale CA 94086. The RB1000 uses an internal graphics processor with its own raster memory that controls all display func- tions. This allows the refresh rate of 60 times per second. The high resolution of the 1280-by-1024 video monitor elimi- nates the "stair-stepping" appearance of nonorthogonal lines. Separate video screens for graphic displays and for nongraphic alphanumeric data are pro- vided. The unit features selective erase, on-screen menus, and multiport views. The Calma RB1000 is available on Calma interactive-graphics systems as an extra item. Circle 619 on inquiry card. Anniversary Catalog from V R Data V R Data has introduced its eighth an- niversary catalog. The complete Cen- tronics and Apple line of equipment and supplies from MPI, Pertec, Nashua, NEC, Memorex, Maxell, and Dysan are featured. V R Data also includes its disk head-cleaning kit for 5- and 8-inch floppy-disk drives, for $12.95. For a catalog, call toll free, (800) 345-8102, or write V R Data Corp, 111 Henderson Blvd, Folcroft Industrial Park, Folcroft PA 19032. Circle 620 on inquiry card. Letter-Quality Printer Interface from MicroPro The I/OMaster S-100 interface board allows use of lower cost letter-quality printers and/or high-speed line printers within the same microcomputer con- figuration. The I/OMaster interfaces with less expensive versions of the NEC, Diablo, and Qume letter-quality printers, and can also be used with high- speed Centronics printers for draft and nonletter-quality applications. The board features two serial and two parallel ports, and 8-level interrupt- control and dual-interval timer circuitry. The two 8251-based serial ports have built-in 32-character first-in, first-out (FIFO) buffers to prevent loss of data during switching operations. The I/OMaster costs $400 from MicroPro International Corp, 1299 Fourth St, San Rafael CA 94901, (415) 457-8990. Circle 621 on inquiry card. Report on the Warnier-Orr Diagram A Powerful Structured Tool: Warnier- Orr Diagram is a report providing a strong introduction to the Warnier-Orr diagram. The report includes an over- view of system and program design and documentation tools; the need for proper logical tools; how to read a Warnier-Orr diagram; benefits of the diagram; the use of the diagram to develop the mini-specs of structured analysis and to document existing systems; and more. The report includes an annotated bibliography containing 20 entries, a capsule description of a soft- ware package to automate the diagram, and 5 illustrations. The Warnier-Orr report is available for $12 (prepaid) from Shetal Enterprises, Dept 2, 1787 B W Touhy, Chicago IL 60626. Circle 622 on inquiry card. 16 K RAMS & RAM CONTROLLERS 16 K X 1 DYNAMIC RAMS MK4H6P3 • 200 NSEC ACCESS/375 NSEC CYCLE TIMES • 16 PIN/TTL COMPATIBLE • ALL CHIPS BURNED IN AND FULLY TESTED • PRICE WITH DATA SHEET S68.00 IN 0TY OF 8/THATS S8.50 EACH 6800/6502 64K BYTE RAM & CONTROLLER SET MAKE 64K BYTE MEMORY FOR YOUR 6800 OR 6502 THIS SET INCLUDES: • 32 M5K 4116-3. 16K X 1. 200 NSEC RAMS • 1 MC3480 MEMORY CONTROLLER • 1 MC3242A MEMORY ADDRESS MULTIPLEXER AND COUNTER • DATA & APPLICATION SHEETS. PARTS TESTED AND GUARANTEED. S295.00 PER SET DYNAMIC MEMORY CONTROLLER mc3«ol • GENERATES RAS/CAS & REFRESH TIMING FOR 16KT0 64K BYTE MEMORIES • PRICE WITH DATE SHEET: $13.95 EACH MEMORY ADDRESS MUX/COUNTER MC3242AP • MUX ADDRESS & REFRESH COUNTER FOR 16K TO 64K BYTE MEMORIES • PRICE WITH DATA SHEET: $12.50 EACH 0UANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE ALL 0fl0£flS POSTPAID U.S. fUNOS ON INTfRNATIONAl ORDERS. CHECK OR MONEY ORDER. VISA BA.MC ALSO AC CEPIE0 SfNO ACCI. NO . EXPIRATION 0ATE. S INTERBANK NO WITH SIGNED ORDER. CALIF RESIDENTS PLEASE ADO 6S SALES TAX PHONE ORDERS 1 7 1 41 633 4460 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS & CONTROLS, inc. MEMORV DEVICES DIVISION 867 NORTH MAIN ST.. ORANGE. CA 32668 mMM %1g0§f SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER $99.50* with 6800 MPU, 6850 serial I/O, 2 6820 parallel I/O (32 lines), 512 RAM. socket for 2708, 2716, EROM. Interface modules for industrial control, data acquisition, lab instrumentation, on 44 pin 4V%"x6tt" PCB's. RAM, ROM, CMOS RAM/battery, A/D.D/A, Driver/Sensor, Serial I/O, Parallel I/O, Counter/Timer, IEEE 488 GPIB, floppy controller. •OEM (500 piece) price WIXIKK 1B01 South Street Lafayette.lN 47904 Phone (317) 742-8428 Corp. Circle 237 on inquiry card. TEXAS INSTRUMENT 99/4 COMPUTER $ 989 TI 810 PRINTER $1590 CENTRONIC PRINTERS: 730-1 PARALLEL PRINTER $ 749 SAVE ON ALL OTHER MODELS SPINWRITERS FROM NEC 5510 R/O SERIAL INTERFACE $2690 5520 KSR SERIAL WITH KEYBOARD $2890 5530 PARALLEL INTERFACE $2690 COMPRINT 912 APPLE, TRS-80, PET $ 559 912 SERIAL $ 599 APPLE II PLUS 4BK RAM $1340 COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES PET 2001-8K COMPUTER $ 695 PET2001-16K $ 895 PET 2001-32K $1090 PET 2022 TR AC. FEED PRINTER $ 699 PET 2023 FRIC. FEED PRINTER $ 679 PET 2040 DUAL FLOPPY DISK DRIVE $1090 ATARI800 $ 889 400 $ 495 INTERTEC SUPERBRAIN(32K) $2595 NORTH STAR COMPUTER AND ACC *'SAVE$ SAVE$** DISPLAY TERMINALS: INTERTUBE II $ 775 HAZELTINE 1410 $ 785 SAVE ON COMPLETE HAZELTINE LINE IMMEDIATE DELIVERY FROM STOCK. MULTI-BUSINESS COMPUTER SYSTEMS 28 MARLBOROUGH STREET ijflM^ PORTLAND, CONN. 06480 QQ (203) 342-2747 ■■Ml _^^_ Circle 238 on inquiry card. WbsftNew? SOFTWARE Word Processing for the UCSD Pascal Operating System Renaissance Systems Inc, 11760 Sor- rento Valley Rd, Suite M, San Diego CA 92121, has announced two software packages for the UCSD Pascal operating system. PROFF is a program to format and print text files. The PROFF package features adjustable margins; filling, centering, and adjusting; automatic pagination; text underscoring and print- ing. An "include" command allows reading from files other than the original' input file. The FORML package aids the user in document generation. Multiple copies of a form letter, each addressed to a dif- ferent individual, can be produced. FORML requires a PROFF source file to perform textual substitution, then it calls PROFF to produce the modified copy of the document. The packages currently support output to a Diablo Hytype II printer, a disk file, the system console, or the system printer. The packages are available in machine-readable form on an 8-inch soft-sectored, single- or double-density floppy disk. Manuals are included with the package or pur- chased separately for $25. The PROFF package costs $425 and the PROFF and FORML package is $500. Circle 623 on inquiry card. Space Shuttle Landing Simulator for the Apple II Modeled after the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Shuttle Mission Simulator in Houston, Texas, this program is a real flight simulator (except for roll motion) with a visual display of the sky and ground. High-resolution color graphics show the shuttle's forward view using animation, projective geometry, and machine language to depict the runway, sky, ground, and distant scenery. Flight data, messages, and warnings are printed on the screen. Functional features are angle of attack control, speed brakes, full stall capability, land- ing gear, wheel brakes, eject, variable pitch rate control, and more. Runway Software for Music Board on CP/M-Compatible Disk Software support for the Newtech Model 6 music board is available on CP/M-compatible disks. The MV80 Multivoice Music Interpreter allows the user to enter four-voice music in a simple notation. The waveforms for each voice can be individually controlled to create the impression of an in- strumental quartet. MV80 requires CBASIC2 and a 40 K-byte or larger 8080, Z80, or 8085 CP/M system. MV80 is available on 8-inch floppy disks for $29.95 including a manual. Contact Newtech Computer Systems Inc, 230 Clinton St, Brooklyn NY 11201. Circle 625 on inquiry card. Atari and Texas Instruments Software Image Computer Products Inc, 615 Academy Dr, Northbrook IL 60062, has introduced a series of programs for the Atari 400 and 800 series and the Texas Instruments 99/4 microcomputers. The programs include Baseball, Wall Street Challenge, Mind Master, Strategy Pack, Skill Builder, and Tournament Brick Bat. There are two copies of each pro- gram, which arrive on cassette. Some of the simulation games allow users to save the program on tape in the middle of a game, so that play can be resumed later. The prices for the programs are $19.95 and $29.95. Circle626 on inquiry card. stripes on rollout give a visual indication of motion. The program requires 48 K bytes of memory. Version A is for Applesoft read-only memory (ROM) and version B for Applesoft program- mable memory. The price is $17 for the cassette and $21 for the floppy disk. It is available from Harvey's Space Ship Repair, POB 3478, University Park, Las Cruces NM 88003, (505) 522-1482 (eve- nings). Circle 624 on inquiry card. 68' FORTH for 6809 and ?. s ° urc I te ^ v itor ,' The S J f m I s supplied with additional vocabulary to 68' FORTH is a 6809 implementation simulate disk in memory, to use the disk of the FORTH language, which is a for virtual memory, to interface with combination operating system, inter- FLEX 9.0 text files, and to perform stan- preter, and compiler. It is well suited for dard FORTH disk-block read and write, situations where it is necessary to be It is supplied on 5-inch floppy disks con- able to quickly test and modify routines figured for SwTPC MF-68 systems. The or data, especially in the development of minimum memory requirement is 8 K algorithms, graphics, data collection and bytes for FLEX plus 12 K bytes of pro- analysis, and instrument control. 68' grammable memory. The disk plus FORTH consists of full FORTH Interest documentation is $39.95 from Talbot Group standard vocabulary to 31 Microsystems, 2433 Dorrington St, Keyboard Expandor This hardware and software modifica- tion transforms Apple II microcomputers into complete uppercase and lowercase systems. Cap and shift locks are includ- ed; all Apple characters and monitor editing functions are maintained. Soft- ware is transparent to the user and com- patible with the Apple disk operating system. Uppercase and lowercase can be used in text files, in PRINT and REM statements within BASIC programs, in disk operating system file names, and in immediate mode. The software runs in 250 bytes of memory. It costs $20 and is available from C and H Micro, POB 249, Clifton Park NY 12065. Circle 628 on inquiry card. characters, 16- and 32-bit integer Houston TX 77030. mathematics, compiler error checking, Circle 627 on inquiry card. Four-Part Music System for PET A B Computers, 115 E Stump Rd, Montgomeryville PA 18936, has an- nounced a system that enables PET users to create and play musical compositions of up to four parts. The KL-4M board includes an 8-bit digital-to-analog (D/A) converter, a low-pass filter, and an audio amplifier. No additional hardware other than a speaker is required. Con- nection is made via the PET parallel and cassette ports. The KL-4M is compatible with any of the four-part music monitors. The Visible Music Monitor is written in 6502 machine language and displays the musical staff and notes for all four voices on the PET screen. It in- cludes edit capabilities, successive piece loading without intervention, user- definable keyboard, tempo flexibility, transpose capability, and waveform modification capability. Music can be played with or without note display. The entire system is $59.90. The KL-4M board is $34.90 and the Visible Music Monitor is $29.90. Circle 629 on inquiry card. 248 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc Wtisft New? SOFTWARE I/OS Disk Operating System for Microcomputers InfoSoft Systems Inc has introduced its I/OS disk operating system for 8080, 8085, and Z80 disk-based systems. The system is designed for use with hard and floppy disks and has a file capacity ex- ceeding 268 megabytes. It features printer spooling, supports up to 15 disk units, includes a symbolic debugger, text editor, directory status, disk-copy and file-transfer programs, disk and memory diagnostics, and a printout formatting facility. I/OS Version 3.0 is compatible with the CDOS 02.00 from Cromemco Inc. I/OS is also compatible with CP/M ver- sions 2.0 and earlier. The price of the package is $150 plus a dealer configura- tion fee. Contact InfoSoft Systems Inc, 25 Sylvan Rd S, Westport CT 06880. Circle 630 on inquiry card. Home Improvements Pro- gram for the Imagination Machine APF Electronics Inc, 444 Madison Ave, New York NY 10022, (212) 758-7550, has announced the Space, Size, and Surface program for its per- sonal computer, The Imagination Machine. The program assists homeowners with home improvements involving maintenance, covering sur- faces, and materials required. It calcuates the necessary materials for lawn projects, wall papering, painting, panelling, tiling, and more. The pro- gram asks for dimensions and areas to be covered or left uncovered, and then tabulates the amount of materials re- quired to complete the job. The program also compares the costs of different pro- ducts and computes various percentage margins to allow for extra materials due to patterns and fittings around doors and windows. The price for Space, Size, and Surface Guide program is between $19.95 and $29.95, depending on the format. Circle 631 on inquiry card. Educational Programs for the PET This series of documented programs will run in 8 K bytes of programmable memory and requires no peripherals. One series is entitled "Mathematical Enrichment." Programs such as "Sym- metry" and "Third-Dimension" suit themselves to planned curriculum or experimentation. A second series features cooperative games for various ages; many are based on the ideas of Jim Deacove of Family Pastimes. Prices range from $10 to $20 per documented cassette. For complete information, con- tact Go:Forth Microcomputing, 329-22 St E, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, S6V 1N3 CANADA. Circle 632 on inquiry card. Lifeboat Puts CP/M on Altair Disk The Lifeboat implementation of the CP/M operating system on the Altair and MITS 3202 series of floppy-disk systems takes advantage of the 300 K bytes of memory capacity per disk and the error-free characteristics of the equipment. No changes of any kind are required. With the use of CP/M on the Altair disk, users will have access to the broad range of systems and applications software available. Languages such as C, COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal, and BASIC are available, as are applications from word processing to accounting. The price for the CP/M system is $145. Contact Lifeboat Associates, 2248 Broadway, New York NY 10024. Circle 633 on inquiry card. North Star BASIC SCAN Command Scan is a machine-language utility program that can be added to North Star BASIC. It allows the user to scan a BASIC line from a single character or variable to complete sentences or key words. The SCAN command operates like LIST except that it lists only those lines that contain the item being scanned for. In the debug mode, it will find all references to any line number such as in GOSUB or GOTO statements. Scan works with single-, double-, or quad- density versions of North Star BASIC. It is available for $27.50 from Electronic Technicians Software Services, 1072 Casitas Pass Rd, Carpinteria CA 93013, (805) 684-6049. Circle 634 on inquiry card. ' '" ~ ^" iiHH'nc^^^M ' $ " ^i=r ! '>>'=*in:TH -„,*,,.■, '~\H ■ 9 •hmm^g/m?^ VAK-4 16K STATIC RAM BOARD • Designed specifically for use with the AIM-65, SYM-1, and KIM-1 microcomputers • Two separately addressable 8K-blocks with write protect. • Designed for use with the VAK-1 or KIM-4* motherboards • Has provisions for mounting regulators for use with an unregulated power supply • Made with 1st quality 2114 static ram chips • All IC's are socketed • Completely assembled, burned-in, and tested We manufacture a complete line of high quality expansion boards. Use reader service card to be added to our mailing list, or U.S. residents send $1.00 (International send $3.00 U.S.) for airmail delivery of our complete catalog. *Product of MOS Technology VAK-4 DUAL 8K-RAM %Z&m $325.00 plus shipping VAK-2 8K-RAM (Vz populated) $239.00 Circle 239 on inquiry card. iJRNB> ENTERPRISES INCORPORATED 2967 W. Fairmount Avenue • Phoenix, AZ 85017 • (602) 265-7564 June 1980 © BYTE Publications Inc 249 What's New? PUBLICATIONS UCSD Pascal Newsletter This newsletter is addressed to those using UCSD Pascal on LSI-11 com- puters. The first issue contains a detailed article on the situation regarding UCSD and Softech and the licensing problems. It also includes a precise report on the different versions of UCSD Pascal and the anomalies that exist in versions. The publisher is using 8-inch floppy-disk drives with his system and includes articles on the use of the drives and text formatting with the system. There are items of interest concerning new pro- ducts for the system and letters from users. To get on the mailing list, send $2 to Jim McCord, 330 Vereda Leyenda, Goleta CA 93017. Circle 635 on inquiry card. Computer Careers Magazine Computer Careers Magazine is dedicated to the computer job market. The audience is made up of systems analysts, programmers, data processors, and technicians. The magazine contains news and information directed to the computer professional, with an emphasis on career development. Feature articles in this twice monthly magazine cover career goals, communicating more effec- tively, preparing resumes, and choosing the right company. Other areas covered are company profiles, supportive editorials, and classifieds. Contact Com- puter Careers Magazine, 3901 Mac- Arthur Blvd, Newport Beach CA 92660. Circle 636 on inquiry card. Dataguide Dataguide is a 500-page purchasing guide to original equipment manufac- turers computer hardware, software, supplies, and accessories. It is published in the spring and fall; the subscription rate is $38 per year. Dataguide features a manufacturers directory and a product directory. The manufacturers directory contains over 1500 listings of companies with detailed information on each com- pany. The product directory lists nearly 6000 companies organized under categories which include computers and microprocessors, memory systems, disk drives, tape drives, video displays, printers, and plotters, and more. Catalogs for Printers and Punched Paper-Tape Readers Design literature and catalogs for printers and punched paper-tape readers are now available. Printers are numeric and limited-alphanumerical and are largely used for data logging. The readers read punched paper-tape prepared to American National Stan- dards Institute (ANSI) standards for levels five to eight at up to 150 characters per second (cps) asyn- chronously, and are used for computer entry, numerical control, data transmis- sion, and programmable read-only memory (PROM) programmers. For more information, contact Addmaster Corp, 416 Junipero Serra Dr, San Gabriel CA 91776, (213) 285-1121 Circle 637 on inquiry card. Subscription order forms may be obtain- ed by contacting Sentry Publishing Co, 5 Kane Industrial Dr, Hudson MA 01749, (617) 562-9308. Circle 638 on inquiry card. Z80 $1250 APPLE GAME PORT REMOTE PLUG-IN EXPANDER with SELECTOR! Allows continuous connection of any three of theApple game port j options. *3995 80-COLUHM IMPACT PRINTER LOW»TJH PMCI-H1QHKIT IN PERFORMANCE 'Uttmtt Urn, MM Qmwcmr M 119 CA A 8038C VCO Waveform Gen^ ^-~- wAsine S265 mm 4116 Dynamic RAM MEMORY ADO-ON FOR THE TRS-800R APPLE II" to 450ns 8.0,54995 i//c/eo 12" BLACK & WHITE LOW COST VIDEO MONITOR 1024X8 EPHM 450ns AMD, SGS S0R0C IQ120 * 74900 RESISTOR NETWORKS 1 f jf rfrfl I 270.4.7K, & 15K OHMS 1.5K & 10K ) .89» 100/49C DustCovei for Apple keyboard *8 95 disk *395 IMH0026CJ I DUAL CLOCK I DRIVER sjnni T.I./M.M.I. 74LS240 74LS241 74LS243 74LS244 74LS373 74LS374 $245 LIMIT 10 EACH IN STOCK I74S373 74S374 S325 EPROM ERASER by spectoune UP TO 6 EPROMS IN 19 MINUTES ^49^ 6000 HOUR BULB LIFE ^ I.C. MASTER NEW 1980 * 5995 S-100 16K ADD-ON BARE BOARD WITH DOCUMENTATION AND &OQ95 DETAILED INSTRUCTION BOOK. ? 28 £ 2114L 1024x4 Static RAMI 450 ns $475 CONCORD COMPUTER COMPONENTS 1971 SOUTH STATE COLLEGE ANAHEIM, CA. 92806 VISA- MASTER CHARGE (lMl\an J1C07 MINIMUM 0R0ER-S10.00 CHECK OR MO. Ul^W/'UDO/ ADD $1.50 FOR FRT. NO COD. We stock and sell over 12,000 typesof semi-conductors CAL.RES.ADD 6% ULIM2001 High-current Drivers Darlingtons QQC 16K" ~ STATICS RAM S-100 MEMORY ADD-ON ** FULLY STATIC OPERATION ** USES 2114 TYPE STATIC RAHSMS ** +8 VDC INPUT AT LESS THAN 2 AMPS «* BANK SELECT AVAILABLE BY BANK PORT AND BANK BYTE ** PHANTOM LINE CAPABILITY ■'■■■• ADDRESSABLE IN 4K BLOCKS IN AK INCREMENTS ** LED INDICATORS EOR BOARD/ BANK ** SOLDER MASK ON BOTH SIDES OK BOARD ASSEMBLED $ QCAm I & TESTED ^Dy^l California Computer Systems 250 June 1980 © BYTE Publications lnc Circle 240 on inquiry card. America' ^Largest Mail-Order Computer Store ATflffiFl Home ideo System HOB0VUJOALD eiecmoNics, inc. Coll Toil-Free: USA (800) 423-5387 In Calif: (800) 382-3651 Local & Outside USA: 886-9200 (213) Chess !hollenger"7" Chess VOICC" Challenger If you're into chess you will love Chess Challenger! 7 levels of play. "Mate in Two" and "Chess by Mail". Like to have your opponent call out the moves? Try "Voice" Chess Challenger. 96,000 Bits of Read Only Memory, and over 8,000 bits of Ran- dom Access Memory. Can be used by the blind as the game will audibly call every move, capture, and repeat board position. Cat No. 2399 Chess Challenger "7" Cat No. 2398 Chess Voice Challenger Backgammon Challenger $11530 You will be challenged and intrigued by this game. Uses all strategies of the game . including a running game, hit and run, blocking and bear off games. YOU handle the dice! Choose offense or defense. Computer responses vary every game. Weight 3 lbs. Cat No. 2411 117.95 353.95 STAR Tft€K III One of the most advanced Star Trek games ever. Locate the 5 Class M Planets, battle Klingons, but watch out for black holes and pulsars. This version is 3 dimensional, not flat like other versions. Watch the Enterprise phasers hit and explode the Kling- ons! Extensive use of graphics throughout. At the end, return to Star Fleet command, where the data in the ships computer evaluates and rates your performance. Takes about 2 hours top lay a game. Cat No. 10 41 TRS-80 level II/16K S15.75 $65.00 16K Memory Rdd-On Kit Everything needed to upgrade your TRS-80, Apple or Exidy! An additional 16K inciudes illustrated instructions. RAMS, and preprogrammed jumpers. No Special tools required. Wt. 4 oz. CAT NO. 1156 1156-A DESCRIPTION TRS-80 Keyboard Unit TRS-80 Exp. Interface (prior to 4/1/79) TRS-80 Exp. Interface (after 4/1/79) for APPLE II for EXIDY CAT NO. 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 The nation's best selling home video entertainment center is here! Currently supports a library of 23 video game cartridges with over 1300 variations and options. Comes with interchangeable joystick and paddle controllers, special circuits to protect home TV, realistic sound effects and produces crisp, bright colors on your TV screen. Also includes ATARI'S "Combat" game with 108 variations and options. CAT NO. DESCRIPTION WT. PRICE 2375 ATARI Video Computer System 8 lb. $181.95 2206 Driving Controller-Pair 2 lb. $ 20.95 2207 Paddle Controller-Pair 2 lb. $ 20.95 2208 Joystick Controller-Pair 2 lb. S 20.95 ATARI Gome Cartridges WT. PRICE 6 oz DESCRIPTION Starship Slack Jack Space War Surround Slot Machine Outlaw Slot Racer Video Olympics Breakout Canyon Bomber Street Racer Homerun Basketball Football 6 oz. 6 oz. 6 oz. 6 oz. 6 oz. 6 oz. 6 oz. 6 oz. 6 oz. 6 oz. 6 oz. 6 oz. 6 oz. S16.75 S16.75 S 16.75 S16.75 S16.75 $18.95 $18.95 $18.95 $18.95 $20.95 $20.95 $20.95 $20.95 $20.95 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2500 6 oz. 6 oz. Bowling Skydiver Fun With Numbers 6 oz. Brain Game 6 oz. Superman 6 oz. Casino 6 oz. Backgammon 6 oz. Video Chess 6 oz. Space Invaders 6 oz. $20.95 $20.95 $20.95 $20.95 $28.50 $28.50 $47.25 $47.25 $29.95 NOT€: Not for use with ATARI Programmable Computers SRRGON II Hayden The champ of champs! Surpasses Microchess, and even Sargon I! Of- fers complex moves, 7 levels of play, activity indicator, a special "hint" mode, plus more! The best chess pro- gram ever! Cat No. 2082 Cat No. 2083 $31.50 NOVATION "CAT" ACOUSTIC MODCM The FIRST compact modem designed for the" small computer user. Transmits data over stan- dard telephone lines . . Exchange data or pro- grams with other systems. Data transterrate up to 30 char/sec. Complete and ready to use. Requires 110 VAC. 60 Hz. Cat No. 1480 Weight 3 lbs. Price: $189.00 VCRBRTIM 5%" DISKCTTCS 10 per box CAT NO. 1147 1149 2330 2331 TYPE 525-01 577-01 577-10 577-16 DESCRIPTION soft sector, TRS-80, Etc. 10 hole, hard, Apple, North star 16 hole, hard. mlcropolis soft sector certified 10 hole, hard, certified 16 hole, hard, certified $33.00 $49.95 $49.95 CMAKO 22 MICROPRINTER The EMAKO 22 microprinter is a dependable, low cost, addition for your persona' computer system. It features a9X7 dot-matrix character format, bi-directional printing at 125 CPS and sprocket feed paper mechanism. Line length is select- able at 40, 80, or 132 characters per line. Forms may be loaded either from the bottom or the rear. Avail- able with parallel or asynchronous serial interfacing. Cat No. 2455 2456 Description Parallel Interface Model RS232-C Serial Model Weight 22 lb. 22 lb. Price $834.75 $894.00 Fuller Electronics TRS-80 LPRINT/ LUST PLUG Many users are faced with the pro- blem of running programs with LPRINT or LLIST, but they do not want a print out. In this case, all LPRINTS have to be removed from the program before it will run, and this takes time and ties up your keyboard. But there is an alterna- tive! Simply connect the TRS-80 LPRINT/LLIST plug to your line printer port, and the program wil run just as if there was a printer connected to your machine. Easy installation and detailed instruc tions. Wt. 2 oz. +mm ap Cat No. 2480 *N«TD MflTCHieSS MS-80 TRS-80 MINI DISK DRIVC Plugs into the expansion inter- face. Complete factory tested drive includes installation in- structions and software listing to Cat No. Description 1375 MS-80 Disk Drive 2964 2 Drive Cable 1396 4 Drive Cable 1938 Accessing Software, tracks 36-40 1485 D MS-80 MPI 51 Manual 1147 Verbatim Diskettes, (box of 10) access 3 times faster than Radio Shack drives. 40 tracks instead of 35. Existing 35 track software completely compatable. Weight " lbs. 4 oz. 2oz. Price $464.25 $ 25.75 $ 41.95 S 10.50 $ 1.75 $ 33.00 CCS 78113 AAITHM€TIC PROCESSOR Assembled & tested, adds ad- vanced arithmetic power to your Apple II. AMD AM 9511 based, 16 and 32 bit fixed point, 32 bit floating point operation. Float to fixed and fixed to float conver- sions. Trig and inverse functions, square roots, logs, exponentiation. Interrupt daisy chain, DMA daisy chain, and much more. Weight 2 lbs. Cat No. 1635 $419 95 DISKETTE DRIVE H€AD CLEANING KIT Diskette drive heads, like your 8 track car stereo cassette heads, need peri- odic maintenance to assure efficient and error-free operation. Unlike other peripheral devices, the read/write head(s) on diskette drives are ex- tremely difficult to clean without par- tially disassembling the drive. The unique concept of the diskette head cleaning kit allows the user to clean the drive heads without disassembly in just minutes. Available for 8" or 5V4", both single and double sided disk drives. Kit contains 2 cleaning diskettes, a 4 oz. bottle of CS-85 cleaning solution and easy-pour dispenser. Weight 12 oz. Cat No. Description Price 2499 8" Disk Drive Cleaning Kit $30.75 2534 5V4" Disk Drive Cleaning Kit $30.75 S€ND FOR FR€€ FLV€R FCRTURING: Page after page of exciting products. Computerized toys and games, per- sonal computers, disk drives, in- tegrated circuits, semi conductors. Add new dimension to your Apple, Atari, TRS-80, etc. with our special ap- plication boards and comprehensive software library. Hundreds of pro- ducts available at terrific Hobbyworld prices. Circle our reader service number or write/phone for your free illustrated flyer today. HOW TO ORD€R Pay by check, Mastercharge, Visa, or C.O.D. Charge card orders please include expiration date. Payment in U.S. dollars only. Order by phone, mail or at our retail store. MINIMUM ORDER $10.00. Please include phone number and magazine issue you are ordering from. Prices valid thru last day ol cover date. SHIP- PING: USA: Add S2.00 for lirst 2 lbs., 35c each addt'l lb. for ground. For AIR add $3.00 first 2 lbs., 75c each addt'l lb. FOREIGN: sur- face: S3.00 first 2 lbs., 60c each addt'l lb. AIR: $11.00 first 2 lbs.. $5 00 each addt'l lb. COOs: add S1.25 addt'l. Not responsible for typographical errors. Some items subject to prior sale or quantity limitations. 120 day guaranteed satisfaction. Exception: partially assembled kits. 19511 Business Center Drive Dept. B6 Northridge, Co. 91324 Circle 241 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 251 HEX ENCODED KEYBOARD Four onboard LEOs indi- cate the HEX code gen- erated for each key depression. The board requires a single +5 volt supply. Board only $ 15.00 Part No. HEX-3, with parts$49.95 Part No. HEX- 3A. 44 pin edge connector $4.00 Part No. 44P. T.V. TYPEWRITER • Stand alone TVT • 32 char/line, 16 lines, modifications for 64 char/line included • Parallel ASCII ("ITU input • Video output • 1 K on board memory • Output for computer controlled curser • Auto scroll • Non- destructive curser • Curser inputs: up, down, left, right, home, EOL, EOS • Scroll up, down • Requires +5 volts at 1.5 amps, and -1 2 volts at 30 mA • All 7400, TTL chips • Char. gen. 2513 • Upper case only • Board only $39.00 Part No. 106, with parts $145.00 Part No. 106A 44 BUS MOTHER BOARD Has provisions for ten 44 pin [.156) connec- tors, spaced 3/4of an inch apart. Pin 20 is connected to X, and 22 is connected to Z for power and ground. All the other pins are connected in parallel. This board also has provisions for bypass capacitors. Board cost $15.00 Part No. 102. Connectors $3.00 each Part No. 44WR UART & BAUD RATE GENERATOR • Converts serial to parallel and parallel to serial • Low cost on board baud rate gener- ator • Baud rates: 110, 150, 300, 600. 1200, and 2400 • Low power drain +5 volts and -12 volts required • TTL com- patible • All characters contain a start bit, 5 to B data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, and either odd or even parity. • All connections go to a 44 pin gold plated edge connector • Board only $12.00 Part No. 101, with parts $35.00 Part No. 101A, 44 pin edge connector $4.00 Part No. 44P RS-232/20mA INTERFACE This board has two passive, opto-isola- ted circuits. One con- verts RS-232 to 20mA, the other con- verts 20mA to RS- 232. All connections go to a 10 pin edge connector. Requires +12 and -12 volts. Board only $9.95, part no. 7901, with parts $14.95 Part No. 7901A. ASCII TO CORRESPONDENCE CODE CONVERTER This bidirectional board is a direct replace- mentforthe board inside the Trendata 1000 terminal. The on board connector provides RS-232 serial in and out. Sold only as an assembled and tested unit for $249.95. Part No. TA1000C ASCII KEYBOARD 53 Keys popular ASR-33 format • Rugged G-10 P.C. Board • Tri-mode MOS encoding • Two-Key Rollover -MOS/DTL/TTL Compat- ible • Upper Case lockout • Data and Strobe inversion option • Three User Definable Keys »Low contact bounce -Selectable Par- ity • Custom Keycaps • George Risk Model 753. Requires +5, -12 volts. $59.95 Kit. ASCII KEYBOARD TTL & DTL compatible • Full 67 key array • Full 12B character ASCII output • Positive logic with outputs resting low • Data Strobe • Five user-definable spare keys • Standard 22 pin dual card edge connector • Requires +5VDC, 325 mA. Assembled & Tested. Cherry Pro Part No. P70-05AB. $119.95. COMPRINT PRINTER I Printing Characteristics: 225 characters/ second (170 lines/minute) throughput • 9 horizontal x 12 vertical matrix • 96 ASCII character set with upperand true lower case • BO characters/ line • 5.B lines/inch Buffer Memory: standard 256 bytes; • optional; 2.04B bytes (buffer memory option designated as Model 912-2K), add $149.95. Paper Requirements: electrosensitive type (aluminum coated] • B-1 /2 inch width • 3.7 inch max. (300 ft.) roll diameter. Model 912-S Interfacing: serial interface RS232 and 20 mA current loop • BAUD rates 1 1 0, 1 50, 300, 600. 1 200, 2400 and 4B00 are strap selectable. Model 91 2-P Interfacing: parallel interface, IEEE-4B8 and 8 bit parallel (strobe/ acknow- ledge). Model 912-S, Part No. CPIA, 321 1B, $579.95. Model 91 2-P, Part No. CPIA, 32117, $559.95. T.V. INTERFACE • Converts video to AM modulated RF, Channels 2 or 3. So powerful almost no tuning is required. On board regulated power supply makes this ex- tremely stable. Rated very highly in Doctor Dobbs" Journal. Recom- mended by Apple • Power required is 1 2 volts AC C.T., or +5 volts DC • Board only $7.60 part No. 107, with parts $13.50 Part No. 107A SOROCIQ120 Upper/lower case dis- play • Numeric keypad & cursor keys • Pro- tected fields, V? inten- sity display • RS 232 interface & aux. port. IQ120— $799.95 • IQ140 Detachable key- board— $1199.95 RS-32/TTL INTERFACE : *-***£**l#>"* .,. V: ::.>* ■••■-,. ;jtir->* ■ • Converts TTL to RS- 232, and converts RS- 232 to TTL • Two se- parate circuits • Re- quires -12 and +12 volts • All connections go to a 10 pin edge connector, kit$9.95 Part No. 232 A 1 R n edgecon- nector $3.00 part No. 10P. TAPE INTERFACE • Converts a low cost tape recorder to a digital recorder • Works up to 1200 baud •Dig- ital in and outareTTL- serial • Output of board connects to mic. in of recorder • Ear- phone of recorder con- nects to input on board • No coils • Requires +5 volts, low power drain • Board only $7.60 Part No. 111, with parts $2 9. 9 5 Part No. 111A MODEM • Type 103 •Full or half duplex • Works up to 300 baud • Originate or Answer • Serial TTL input and output • con- nect 8 11 speaker and crystal mic. directly to board • Requires +5 volts •Board only $7. 60 Part No. 1 09, with parts $29.95 Part No. 109A. COMPUCOLOR II a L With reg. keyboard MOD3 BK $1595.95 M0D4 16K $1695.95 MOD532K$1995.95 Now includes $250 more, worth of soft- ware and accessories with 101 key option add $134.95 with 117 key option add $179.95 DC POWER SUPPLY • Board supplies a regulated +5 volts at 3 amps., +1 2, -1 2, and -5 volts at 1 amp. • Power required is 8 volts AC at 3 amps., and 24 volts AC C.T. at 1.5 amps. • Board only $12.50 Part No. 60B5, with parts excluding transformers $42.50 Part No. 60B5A Tq QrHpr- Mention part no. description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money order. We accept C.O.D. orders in the U. S. only, or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature, phone no., shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5% for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail postage and han- dling. Payment must be in U. S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. 24 hour order line (408] 448-0800 Send for FREE Catalog ... a big self- addressed envelope with 41* postage gets it fastest! ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS Dept. B P.O. Box 21638, San Jose, CAUSA 95151 252 BYTE June 1980 Circle 242 on inquiry card. ^Cippkz II Or APPLE II PLUS \ 16K$975.95,Extra / l6K E.S. RAM installed $74.95, extra 32KE.S. RAM installed $1 48.95. APPLE II HOBBY/ PROTOTYPING CARD Partl\lo.7907£14.95 REALTIME 100,000 DAY CLOCK MI HARDWARE Dou- ble the utility of your S-100 bus computer with a real-time clock that keeps time in 100/uS increments for over 273 years. Pro- gram events for the en- tire period with real time interrupts...without de- railing the system. Main- tain a log of computer usage, time and date transaction printouts, call up lists...virtually any activity where time is a factor. On-board battery backup. MHPX004- £249.95 SUPER MODEM Orignate, RS-232 and 20mAcompatable, Full duplex, and half duplex, direct connect or a- coustic coupled, on board power supply, car- rier detect light, DB25 plug, 300 BAUD, Type 103 compatable fre- quencies, Bare board Part No. 2000,519.95. Kit Part No. 2000A, £99.95. 16K EPROM Uses 2708 EPROMS, memory speed selec- tion provided, ad- dressable anywhere in 65K of memory, can be shadowed in 4K in- crements. Board only £24.95 part no. 7902, with parts less EPROMs£49.95part no. 7902A. PET COMPUTER JttBiii' With 16K & monitor - £ 795. Dual Disk Drive- £10 95 OPTO-ISOLATED PARALLEL INPUT BOARD FOR APPLE II There are 8 inputs that can be driven from TTL logic or any 5 volt source. The circuit board can be plugged into anyof the B sockets of your Apple II. It has a 16 pin socket for standard dip ribbon cable connection. Board only£1 5.00. Part No. 120, with parts £69.95. Part No. 120A. VIDEO TERMINAL 16 lines, 64 columns* Upper and lower case • 5x7 dot matrix • Se- rial RS-232 in and out with TTL parallel keyboard input • On board baud rate generator 75, 110, 150, 300, 600, & 1200 jumper select- able • Memory 1024 characters C7-21L02) • Video processor chip SFF96364 by Necu- lonic • Control char- acters (CR, LF, -. <-, r , l, non destructive cursor, CS, home, CL • White characters on black background or vice-versa • With the addition of a key- board, video monitor or TV set with TV interface [part no. 107A3 and power supply this is a com- plete stand alone terminal »alsoS-100 compatible • requires + 16, & -16 VDC at 100mA, and BVDC at 1A. Part No. 1000A £199.95 kit. This board has 8 tnacs capable of switching 110 volt B amp loads (660 watts per channel) or a total of 5280 watts. Board only $15.00 Part No. 210, with parts $119.95 Part No. 210A. APPLE IK- SERIAL I/O INTERFACE Baud rate is continuously adjustable from to 30,000 • Plugs into any peripheral connector • Low current drain. RS-232 input and output • On board switch selectable 5 to 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, and parity or no parity either odd or even • Jumper selectable address • SOFTWARE • Input and Output routine from monitor or BASIC to teletype or other serial printer • Program for using an Apple II for a video or an intelligent terminal. Also can output in correspondence code to interface with some selectrics. • Also watches OTR • Board only £1 5.00 Part No. 2, with parts £42.00 Part No. 2A, assembled $62.00 Part No. 2C 8K EPROM PICEON • Programs 2708's address relocation of each 4K of memory to any 4K boundary • Power on jump and reset jump option for "turnkey" systems and computers without a front panel • Program saver software in 1 2708 EPROM £25. Bare board £35 including custom coil, board with parts but no EPROMS £1 39, with 4 EPROMS £179, with 8 EPROMS £219. WAMECO PRODUCTS With ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS parts FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD will drive shugart, pertek, remex 5" & 8" drives up to 8 drives, on board PROM with power boot up, will operate with CPM (not included). PCBD £42.95 FPB-1 Front Panel. (Finally) IMSAI size hex displays. Byte or instruction single step. PCBD £42.95 MEM-1A BKxB fully buffered. S-100, uses 2102 type RAMS. PCBD £24.95, £168 Kit QMB-1 2 MOTHER BOARD, 1 3 slot^termi- nated, S-1 00 board only $34.95 £89.95 Kit CPU-1 BOBOA Processor board S-1 00 with 8 level vector interrupt PCBD .. £25.95 £89.95 Kit RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independ- ent interrupts. Software programmable. PCBD $25.95, B60.95 Kit EPM-1 1702A 4K EPROM card PCBO £25.95 £49.95 with parts less EPROMS EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K EPROM card PCBD £24.95 £49.95 with parts less EPROMS QMB-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of QMB-1 2. 9 Slots PCBD £30.95 £67.95 Kit MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 Board PCBD £25.95, £269.95 Kit Fully S-100 bus compatible including 16-bit machines and 4 MHz processors. • Two soft- ware selectable Baud rates — 300 Baud and a jumper selectable speed from 45 to 300 Baud. (110 standard). Supports originate and answer modes. • Direct-connect Microcoupler. This FCC-registered device provides direct access into your local telephone system, with none of the losses or distortions associated with acous- tic couplers and without a telephone company supplied data access arrangement. • Auto- Answer/Auto-Call. The MICROMODEM 100 can automatically answer the phone and receive input; it can also dial a number automatically. • Automatic Reset and Disconnect. • Software compatible with the D.C. Hayes Associates 80-1 03A Data Communications Adapter. Micromodem-DCHA32625— £379.95 TIDMA Tape Interface Direct Memory Access • Record and play programs without bootstrap loader (no prom) has FSK encoder/decoder for direct con- nections to low cost recorder at 1 200 baud rate, and direct connections for inputs and outputs to a digital recorder at any baud rate • S-100 bus compatible • Board only £35.00 Part No. 112, with parts £1 10.00 Part No. 1 1 2A. SYSTEM MONITOR 8080, 8085, or Z-80 System monitor for use with the TIDMA board, There is no need for the front panel. Complete with documentation £12.95. RS-232/TTY INTERFACE This board has two active circuits, one con- verts RS-232 to 20 mA, the other converts 20 mA to RS-232. Re- quires + 12 and -12 volts. £9.95 Part No. 600A Kit. SERIAL I/O Four Serial I/O RS-232 ports. S-100 Bus, Soft- ware or jumper selectable baud rate (110, 300. 600, 1200.2400,4800,9600, 19.2K), on board Xtal baud rate generator. Address- ing, switch selectable. Parity or no parity (odd or even) switch selectable, 1 or 2 stop bits, 5 to 8 bits/character. Board only £29.95, Part No. 7908. With parts (kit) £199.95. Part No. 790SA S-100 BUS ACTIVE TERMINATOR Board only £14.95 Part No. 900, with parts £24.95 Part No. 900A Tft OrflPr ■ Mention P art no - description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money order. la U! Uv! . We accept rj.O.D. orders in the U. S. only, or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature, phone no., shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5% for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail postage and han- dling. Payment must be in U. S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. 24 hour order line (4083 448-0800 Send for FREE Catalog ... a big self-addressed envelope with 41* postage gets it fastest! [ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS B P. 0. Box 21638, San Jose, CA USA 95151 Circle 242 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 253 TRS-80 SERIAL I/O • Can input into basic • Can use LLIST and LPRINT to output, or output continuously • RS-232 compatible • Can be used with or without the expansion bus • On board switch selectable baud rates of 110,150.300,600, 1 200, 2400, parity or no parity odd or even. 5 to 8 data bits, and 1 or 2 stop bits. D.T.R. line • Requires +5, -12 VDC • Board only $1 9.95 Part No. 8010, with parts $59.95 Part No. 801 OA. assembled $79.95 Part No. 8010 C. No connectors pro- vided, see below. EIA/RS-232 con- nector Part No. DB25P S6.00. with 9'. B conductor cBble $10.95 Part Nd. DB25P9. 3' nbbon cable wjthBttBchedcon- nectorstofitTRS- 80 and our serial board $19 95 Part No. 3CAB40 COMPUCRUISE $1 29.95; with cruise con- trol $1 69.95 THETELESIS VAR-80 INTERFACE UNIT I GAME PADDLES & SOUND For the TRS-80 with Level II Basic • Provides 8 outputs • Provides 8 inputs • 2 ft. of inter- connectingcablew/con- nector • Plugs directly into TRS-80 • Power supply provided • As- sembled and tested. Part No. VARBO, Intro- ductory priceSI 09.95. Includes: 2 game pad- dles, interface, soft- ware, speaker, power supply, full documen- tation including: sche- matics, theory of operation, and user guide; plus 2 games on cassette (Pong and Starship War). $79.95 Complete Part No. 7922C DIGICOM DATA PRODUCTS INC. Series 31 2 Acoustic Coupler 300 BAUD Originate, Part No. AC3122, $219.95. 300 BAUD Answer, Part No. AC3122, $219.95. 300 BAUD Answer/Or- iginate, PartNo.AC31 23, $229.95. LIGHT-PEN ForYourTRS-80 Your TRS-80 Light-Pen is a carefully engineered instrument and with the proper care will give satisfactory use and many years of service. Part No. TRSBOLP $24.95. SYSTEM EXPANSION from LNW Research • Serial RS232C/20 mA I/O • Floppy con- troller • 32 K bytes memory • Parallel print- er port • Dual cassette port • Real-time clock • Screen printer bus • Onboard power supply • Software compatible • Solder mask, silk screen. PC board and user manual, Part No. LNWBO, $69.95. DISKETTES Yferbatim Box of 10, 5" $29.95, 8" $39.95. Plastic box, holds 10 diskettes, 5" -$4.50, 8" -$6.50. 1BKRAMS For the Apple, TRS-80 or Pet $B each PartNo. 41 16/ 2117. LEEDEX MONITOR 12" Black and White- 12 MHz Bandwidth • Handsome Plastic Case-$139.00 S-100 INTERFACE AN S-1 00 bus Adapter— Motherboard for the TRS-80. Kit, Part No. HUH81 DLXK, $295.95. Assembeled.PartNo. HUH81 DLXA,$375.95. NOW! A FULL SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR TRS-80 • 32K of RAM • EPROM firmware • Disk control • Data acquisition • Parallel I/O • Serial I/O • Plug into GPA's Motherboard. GPA's quality design includes • 6-44 pin edge connectors • +5V, -5V, +1 2V, -1 2V external power supply required • Active termination. The Motherboard, Part No. GPABO, is only $149.95. TAKE ADVANTAGE OF GPA-EXPANSION CARDS FOR THE GPA80 Memory cards: Now with Fortran compilers available for your TRS-80, additional expansion memory is a must! Card with sockets only, Part No. GPA801 ,$1 1 9.95. Card with 1 6K of 41 1 6 Dynamic Ram, Part No. GPA802, $224.95. Card with 32K of 41 1 6 Dynamic Ram, Part No. GPA803, $329.95. All cards come equipped with sockets to accomodate 32K of Ram. EPROM firmware card. Put those valuable subroutines in firmware. Don't waste time loading and unloadingtapes and disks. For 2708 or 271 6 EPROMS, Part No. GPA806, $79.95. Serial I/O card. Here's what you've been asking for, a full serial terminal interface, with RS-232C or 20 m A. Current loop. Input/ output capabilities. Part No. GPA807, $79.95. Parallel I/O Card. Control functions in the outside world, monitor and store real time events. Two parallel output ports. Dip switches select ports (0-254). Part No. GPABOB, $79.95. FLOPPY DISK STORAGE BINDER DISK JACKET Three-ring binder comes with ten trans- parent plastic sleeves which accommodate either twenty, five-inch or ten, eight-inch floppy disks. Binder & 10 holders $14.95 Part No. 8800; Extra holders 95G each. Part No. BOO. DIGITAL CASSETTE 5 min. each side. Box of 10 $9.95. Part No. C-5. ■ Holds two 5-1/4 inch diskettes and will fit any standard three ring binder.$9.95/10Pack. TRENDCOM PRINTER • 40 characters per second • 4-7/16 inch wide thermal paper • Graphics (TRENDCOM 100): 480 sevendot print postions per line. TRENDCOM 100,Part No.TRCOl 00,5495.95. TRENDCOM 200, Part No.TRC0200,$375.95. Interface for TRS-80, PartNo.TB0A$45.95. For Apple II, Part No. TRCAll, $75.95. For PET, NO. TRCP2, $79.95. ForScoccerer, TRCSR1 $45.95. SARGON: A Computer Chess Program Features the complete program that won the 1978 West Coast Computer Faire Tourna- ment. Part No. 00603 — TRS-80 Level II; PartNo. 00604 — Apple II (24K). $19.95 SOUND EFFECTS AND MUSIC FOR YOUR COMPUTER SOUND WARE is a complete system. It includes a speaker/amplifier unit with volume control, earphone jack, and connectors. It boasts excellent tone quality yet is small and convenient to use. Add batteries, plug it in, and play. One year warranty. SOUNDWARE package (in- cludes INTRO to SOUNDWARE programs) PET (BK), Part No. 20003, $29.95. TRS-80 Level II M6K), Part No. 20002, $29.95. Compucolor II (BK), Part No. 20001, $39.95. INTRO to SOUNDWARE programs only PET and TRS-80, PartNo. 20005, $1 4.95. Compu- color I! Part No. 20006. $1 9.95. TO OrdSF ■ Mention P art no - description, and price. In USA shipping paid by us for orders accompanied by check or money order. We accept C.Q.D. orders in the U. S. only, or a VISA or Master Charge no., expiration date, signature, phone no., shipping charges will be added. CA residents add 6.5% for tax. Outside USA add 10% for air mail postage and han- dling. Payment must be in U. S. dollars. Dealer inquiries invited. 24 hour order line [408) 448-0800 Send for FREE Catalog ... a big self-addressed envelope with 41* postage gets it fastest! .ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS De pt- b p - °- B ° x 21638 ' san j ° se ' ca usA 95151 254 BYTE June 1980 Circle 243 on inquiry card. DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS (214) 494-1505 16K EPROM CARD-S 100 BUSS FIRST TIME OFFERED! BLANK PC BOARD - $28 USES 2708's! Thousands of personal and business systems around the world use this board with complete satisfaction. Puts 16K of software on lineatALLTIMES! Kit featuresatopqualitysoldermaskedand silk-screened PC board and first run parts and sockets. Any number of EPROM locations may be disabled to avoid any memory conflicts. Fully buffered and has WAIT STATE capabilities. OUR 450 NS 2708'S ARE $8.95 EA. WITH PURCHASE OF KIT ASSEMBLED AND FULLY TESTED ADD $30 16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS PRICE CUT! *225 KIT ; ;ia eh 1 11 lij i a tii ii ii ■ run i m[ii ■ ■ KIT FEATURES: 1. Addressable as four separate 4K Blocks. 2 ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry. (Cro- „ y „ ^ A __ ..,,«.-, -.„„ memco standard'). Allows up to 512K on line! BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA-$33 3. Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Static Rams. . nw pRnF „ F coPKET SFT-S12 4- ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES. LOW PRONLb bUOKt I bt I 3>1^ 5. Double sided PC Board, with solder mask and SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS-&19 95 silk screened layout. Gold plated contact fingers. 6. All address and data lines fully buffered. 7. Kit includes ALL parts and sockets. 8. PHANTOM is jumpered to PIN 67. 9. LOW POWER: under 1.5 amps TYPICAL from the +8 Volt Buss. 10. Blank PC Board can be populated as any multipleof 4K. ASSEMBLED & TESTED-ADD $35 OUR #1 SELLING RAM BOARD! 8K LOW POWER RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS SALE P *ce COT'- $ 1 1 9 5 £ 21L02 (450 NS RAMS!) Thousands of computer systems rely on this rugged, work horse, RAM board. Designed for error-free, NO HASSLE, systems use. Blank PC Board w/Documentation $29.95 ASSEMBLED AND FULLY BURNED IN ADD $35 ALL ASSEMBLED BOARDS ARE TESTED AT 4MHZ. Low Profile Socket Set. .13.50 Support IC's (TTL & Regulators) S9.75 Bypass CAP'S (Disc & Tantalums) $4.50 16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS PRICE CUT! *22&.t IS it 1 1 SEE SI i i 1 E 2 i S i i i II 1 i 1 1 1 HI | II ~ FULLY STATIC AT DYNAMIC PRICES FOR SWTPC 6800 BUSS! KIT FEATURES: 1. Addressable on 16K Boundaries 2. Uses 2114 Static Ram 3. Runs at Full Speed 4. Double sided PC Board. Solder mask and silk screened layout. Gold fingers 5. All Parts and Sockets included 6. Low Power: Under 1.5 Amps Typical BLANK PC BOARD— $26 COMPLETE SOCKET SET— $12 SUPPORT IC'S AND CAPS— $19.95 ASSEMBLED AND TESTED - $35 Mt\i\n STEREO! a/^, S-100 SOUND COMPUTER BOARD Perfect for OEM's S-100 Z80 CPU CARD COMPLETE KIT! $84^5 (WITH DATA MANUAL) BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA $31 At last, an S-100 Board that unleashes the full power of two unbelievableGeneral lnstrumentsAY3-8910 NMOS computer sound IC's. Allows you under total computer control to generate an infinite number of special sound effects for games or any other program. Sounds can be called in BASIC. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE, etc. KIT FEATURES: * TWO Gl SOUND COMPUTER IC'S. * FOUR PARALLEL I/O PORTS ON BOARD * USES ON BOARD AUDIO AMPS OR YOUR STEREO. * ON BOARD PROTO TYPING AREA. * ALL SOCKETS, PARTS AND HARDWARE ARE INCLUDED. * PC BOARD IS SOLDERMASKED, SILK SCREENED, WITH GOLD CONTACTS. * EASY, QUICK, AND FUN TO BUILD. WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS. * USES PROGRAMMED I/O FOR MAXIMUM SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY. Both Basic and Assembly Language Programming examples are included. SOFTWARE: SCL Interpreter coming soon! Our new Sound Command Language interpreter along with the Register Examine/Modify (REM) routines and Sound Effects Library (SEL) will be available soon in EPROM. SCL makes sound effects programming generally easier and quicker than that written in Basic or Assembly Language. An SCL users group will be formed, and the best new SCL programs submitted will be added to the Sound Effects Library in EPROM. *169 95 WIRED! NOT A KIT! 4 MHZ ASSEMBLED AND TESTED! READY TO USE! Over 3 years of design efforts were required to produce a TRUE S-100 Z80 CPU at a genuinely bargain price! BRAND NEW! FEATURES: * 2 or 4 MHZ Operation. * Generates MWRITE, so no front panel required. * Jump on reset capability. • 8080 Signals emulated for S-100 compatability. • Top Quality PCB. Silk Screened. Solder Masked. Gold Plated Contact Fingers. FOR 4MHZ SAV-^- t LOW POWER - 300NS 8 FOR 2114 RAM SALE! *" 4K STATIC RAM'S. MAJOR BRAND. NEW PARTS. These are the most sought after 21 14's, LOW POWER and 300NS FAST. 8 FOR $44 NEW! G.I. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP AY3-8910. As featured in July, 1979 BYTE! A fantastically powerful Sound & Music Generator. Perfect for use with any 8 Bit Microprocessor. Contains; 3 Tone Channels, Noise Generator, 3 Channels of Amplitude Control. 16 Bit Envelope Period Control. 2-8 Bit Parallel I/O. 3 D to A Converters, plus much more! All in one 40 Pin Dl P. Super easy to interface to the S-100 or other busses. SPECIAL OFFER: $14.95 each Add $3 for 60 page Data Manual. Digital Research Computers ** (OF TEXAS) ■ P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 494-1505 TERMS: Add $1.00 postage, we pay balance. Orders under $15 add 75C handling. No COD. We accept Visa and MasterCharge. Tex. Res. add 5% Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H. 90 Day Money Back Guarantee on all items. Orders over $50. add 85C for insurance. NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE. Circle 244 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 255 Circle 245 on inquiry card. •I CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS 16K RAM BOARD. Fully buffered addressable in 4K blocks. IEEE standard for bank addressing 2114's. PCBD ...$27,95 Kit 450 NSEC ....$249.95 PT-1 PROTO BOARD. Over 2,600 holes 4" regula- tors. All S-100 buss functions labeled, gold fingers. PCBD $26.95 PT-2 PROTO BOARD. Similar to PT-1 except set- up to handle solder tail sockets. PCBD ...$26.95 CCS MAIN FRAME. Kit (S-100) $339.95 APPLE EXTENDER. Kit $22.95 APPLE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION INTERFACE KIT 7490. Kit $275.00 ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR FOR APPLE 7811A. Kit ;..._ $350.00 APPLE ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE 7710A. Kit _.. $89.95 APPLE SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE 7712A. Kit $89.95 ALL OTHER CCS PRODUCTS AVAILABLE ==»! PB-1 2708 & 2716 Programming Board with pro- visions for 4K or 8K EPROM. No external supplies required. Textool sockets. Kit $129.95 CB-1A 8080 Processor Board. 2K of PROM 256 BYTE RAM power on/rest Vector Jump Parallel port with status. Kit ....$129.95 PCBD $27.95 VB-3 80x55 VIDEO BOARD. Graphic included. 4 MHZ $379.95 IO-4 Two serial I/O ports with full handshaking 20/60 ma current loop: Two parallel I/O ports. Kit $130.00 PCBD $27.95 VB-1B 64 x 16 video board, upper lower case Greek composite and parallel video with software, S-100. Kit $125.00 PCBD $27.95 CB-2 Z80 CPU BOARD. Kit $185.95 AIO APPLE SERIAL/PARALLEL $125.95 ALL OTHER SSM PRODUCTS AVAILABLE * W7Y7Cj j nCt WAMECO INC. FDC-1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER BOARD will drive shugart, pertek, remic 5" & 8" drives up to 8 drives, on board PROM with power boot up, will operate with CPM™ (not Included). PCBD $42.95 FPB-1 Front Panel. IMSAI size, hex displays. Byte, or instruction single step. PCBD $47.50 MEM-1A 8Kx8 fully buffered, S-100, uses 2102 type rams. PCBD $25.95 QM-12 MOTHER BOARD, 13 slot, terminated, S-100 board only $38.95 CPU-1 8080A Processor board S-100 with 8 level vector interrupt. PCBD $27.95 RTC-1 Realtime clock board. Two independent in- terrupts. Software programmable. PCBD $24.95 EPM-1 1702A 4K Eprom card. PCBD $25.95 EPM-2 2708/2716 16K/32K EPROM CARD. PCBD $25.95 QM-9 MOTHER BOARD. Short Version of QM-12. 9 Slots. PCBD $32.95 MEM-2 16Kx8 Fully Buffered 2114 Board. PCBD ..$27.95 PTB-1 POWER SUPPLY AND TERMINATOR BOARD. PCBD $27.95 IOB-1 SERIAL AND PARALLEL INTERFACE. 2 parallel, one serial and cassette. PCBD $27.95 2708 $ 9.49 2114L 450 NSEC $5.99 2716 $35.95 2114L 200 NSEC $6.99 ml N0TE "' nnrqc AND PHONE kipUI ADDRESS aim NE \W ADDRESS ««<— ■ (415) 726-7593 P. O. Box 955 • El Granada, CA 94018 Please send for IC, Xistor and Computer parts list JUNE SPECIAL SALE ON PREPAID ORDERS (Chargecards not included on this offer) JUNE SPECIAL 5% off on all CCS, WAMECO and SSM PCBD and kits. Also included are MIKOS parts assortments. MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENT WITH WAMECO AND CYBERCOM PCBDS MEM-2 with MIKOS -7 16K ram with L2114 450 NSEC $249.95 MEM-2 with MIKOS -13 1 6K ram with L2114 250 NSEC $279.95 CPU-1 with MIKOS -2 8080A CPU $ 94.95 QM-12 with MIKOS -4 13 slot mother board $ 95.95 RTC-1 with MIKOS -5 real time clock $ 59.95 EMP-1 with MIKOS -10 4K 1702 less EPROMS $ 49.95 EPM-2 with MIKOS -11 16-32K EPROMS less EPROMS $ 59.95 QM-9 with MIKOS c 12 9 slot mother board $ 89.95 FPB-1 with MIKOS "14 all parts for front panel $144.95 MIKOS PARTS ASSORTMENTS ARE ALL FACTORY MARKED PARTS. KITS INCLUDE ALL PARTS LISTED AS REQUIRED FOR THE COMPLETE KIT LESS PARTS LISTED. ALL SOCK- ETS INCLUDED. VISA or MASTERCHARGE. Send account number, interbank num- ber, expiration date and sign your order. Approx. postage will be added. Check or money order will be sent post paid in U.S. If you are not a regular customer, please use charge, cashier's check or postal money order. Otherwise there will be a two- week delay for checks to clear. Calif, residents add 6% tax. Money back 30-day guarantee. We cannot accept returned iC's that have been soldered to. Prices subject to change without notice. $10 minimum order. $1.50 service charge on orders less than $10.00. UP TO 30 /O OFF AND IMMEDIATE DELIVERY TRS 80™ $3626. 00 MODEL II 64K IN-STOCK FULLY GUARANTEED ORDER NOW (1) 800-345-8102 DISK DRIVES $350.00 OVER $149.00 LESS THAN RADIO SHACK Fully compatible with Radio Shack's operating system TRSDOS™ and drives. Just plug in and run! • One, two, three orfourdrive configurations, 102k to 408k bytes. • All systems include a patch program to upgrade your TRSDOS™ to 40 tracks. • Cases are furnished in gray to match your system. ORDER NOW (1) 800-345-8102- TRS-80 4 K LEVEL I SYSTEM TRS-80 A K LEVEL II SYSTEM TRS-80 16 K LEVEL II SYSTEM EXPANSION INTERFACE (O K Memory) S299 00 $278.10 TELEPHONE MODEM S19900 5185.10 LIST OUR PRICE PRICE $499 00 $464.10 $619 00 $575.70 $849 00 $789.60 LIST OUR PRICE PRICE CENTRONICS 730 S995 00 $695.00 CENTRONICS 737 • 100 CPS • LETTER QUALITY DOT MATRIX $950.00 • TRUE DESCENDERS NECSPINWRITER5530(wlthTractofi) 3195 00 2950.00 V R DATA CORPORATION 777 HENDERSON BOULEVARD N-6 FOLCROFT INDUSTRIAL PARK FOLCROFT, PA. 19032 (215) 461-5300 TM ■V R DATA'S TRS-80 SWEEPSTAKES Celebrating V. R. DATA'S 8th Anniversary OVER $1700.00 in PRIZES GRAND PRIZE - 16K Lll TRS-80 TWO SECOND PRIZES - DISK DRIVES FOUR THIRD PRIZES - s 50. 00 Gift Certificates] SWEEPSTAKES RULES 1. ALL ENTRIES MUST BE SUBMITTED ON ORIGINAL ENTRY BLANK. 2. ONE ENTRY PER PERSON. 3. WINNERS SELECTED BY RANDOM DRAWING, NOTIFIED BY MAIL. 4. ENTRIES MUST BE RECEIVED BY 10/31/80. 5. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED BY LAW, NO PURCHASE NECESSARY. [ MAIL NOW TO ENTER V. R. DATA'S SWEEPSTAKES j NAME i ADDRESS CITY ; TELEPHONE STATE . ZIP . -OCCUPATION COMPUTER EQUIPMENT OWNED INTENDED USE SEND FOR CATALOG □ 256 BYTE June 1980 Circle 246 on inquiry card. Now get OHIO SCIENTIFIC personal computer products with guaranteed, quick, mail order delivery. ONLY S299 Ohio Scientific Superboard II The first complete computer system on a board. Includes keyboard, video interface and audio cassette interface. BK BASIC-in-ROM; 4K RAM. Requires power supply +5V at 3 Amp. "We heartily recommend Superboard II for the beginner who wants to get into microcomputers with a minimum cost. A real computer with full expandability. 91 POPULAR ELECTRONICS, MARCH, 1979 "The Superboard II is an excellent choice for the personal computer enthusiast on a budget. 91 BYTE, MAY, 1979 Ohio Scientific C1P Series. The Challenger 1P. The best bargain in personal computer anywhere! BK BASIC-in- ROM. 4K RAM. Cassette based with 53-key keyboard. B&W video interface, 30 rows x 30 columns. Upper and lower case. S399. Ohio Scientific C1P MF. Mini-floppy version of the C1P. BK BASIC-in-ROM. 20K RAM and OS-65D software. Fully expandable. S1250. SOFTWARE Cassettes Add Game S 6.00 BASIC Tutor Series S29.00 Torpedo S 6.00 Address Book $ 8.00 Programmable Calculator S12.00 Savings Account 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 S12.00 Breakout Battleship Bowling Destroyer Space War Star Trek TigerTank Disks When ordering, specify Challenger 1 P, 4P orBP MOMS Education System S29.00 MOMS Checking and Savings Account S29.00 MOMS Personal Calendar/Address Book S29.00 Home Control II S29.00 DAC I Music Generation S39.00 Baseball I & II, Golf, Bowling, Hockey S39.00 Poker, Black Jack. Spades, Hearts, more S29.00 TigerTank, Space Attack, Etch-A- Sketch, more S29 00 Star Wars, Zulu 9," High Noon, more S29.00 Monster, Kite, Three Little Pigs, Humpty Dumpty and more (2 Disk Set] S29.00 Many, many more software systems are available to you. See our catalog for complete listings. Accessories AC-3P1 2" B/W monitor, TV S 125 AC-15P 12" Color monitor $ 450 AC-16P 2-8 Axis Joysticks with cable $ 39 AC-11P Answer/Originate 300 baud modem with cable $ 199 AC-17P Home Security Starter Set. 1 fire detector, 2 window alarms, 1 door unit. S 249 AC-18P BY?" alummized paper printer. Upper/lower case. S 695 AC-9TP Centronics 799 11 Ocps tractor feed, business printer with interface S 1250 AC-12P AC-Remote starter set. Console. 2 lamp modules, 2 appliance modules, OS 65D home control operating system $ 175 Disk Drives CD 3P Single 5" mini floppy $ 499 CD 2P Dual 8" Disk with interface and 0S-65D DOS $ 1599 Power Supplies PS 1. 5-volt @ 3 amps regulated. For use with Superboard II S 29 Boards [Assembled and tested] CM 9P. 24K Static. $ 399 610. BK Static. Expandable to 24K and dual mini-floppy controller. S 298 CA-14A. Votrax® voice synthesizer. S 399 CA-15 Universal Telephone Inter- face, rotary or touch tone S 499 CA-15V UTI with Votrax® $ 799 CM-6 48K Dynamic memory board. $ 499 4KP. 4K static RAM chip set S 69 CA12. 96 line parallel I/O $ 175 Books: How to Program Microcomputers, By William Barden S 8.95 Basic and Personal Computer By Dwyer & Critchfield S12.95 Howard Sams C1 P Service Manual $ 7.95 Howard Sams C4P Service Manual $15.95 Freight Policies All orders of $1 00 or more are shipped freight prepaid. Orders of less than $1 00 please add $4.00 to cover shipping costs. Ohio Residents add 5.5% Sales Tax. Guaranteed Shipment Cleveland Consumer Computers & Components guarantees shipment of computer systems within 48 hours upon receipt of your order. Our failure to ship within 48 hours entitles you to 535 of software, FREE. Ohio Scientific C4P Series. The Challenger 4P. A 4-slot computer with one open slot. Highly sophisticated 1 6 color video interface. 32 rows x 64 columns, upper and lower case. BK BASIC-in-ROM, BK RAM. 200-20KHz programmable tone generator. AC remote interface. Expandable to 32K RAM and two mini-floppy drives. S750. The Challenger 4P MF. Mini-floppy version of the 4P. Two to three times faster than competitors. More I/O built-in than any other in its class. 24K RAM. Real time clock. Modem interface. Printer interface. Foreground/Background operation and much, much more. $1795. Ohio Scientific 8P Series. Challenger 8P. Ohio Scientific's mainframe- class. Personal computer. 8 slots with 6 open. Cassette based with BK BASIC-in- ROM. BK static RAM, expandable to 32K RAM, and dual 8-inch floppy disk drive. S950. Challenger 8P DF. A top of the line personal and small business computer. 32K RAM, expandable to 48K. Features dual 8" floppy disk drives. Audio output 200 20KHz. DAC for voice generation. Keypad interfaces. Joystick [2] interfaces. AC Remote. Real Time Clock. Printer & Modem interfaces. And more. S2895. To Order: Dr to get our free catalog CALL 1-800-321-5805 TOLL FREE. Charge your order to your VISA or MASTER CHARGE ACCOUNT Ohio Residents Call: [216] 464-8047. Or write, including your check or money order, to the address listed below. Hours: VtSA SB Call Monday thru Frida 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM ' y E. S.T. E.i CLEVELAND CONSUMER I! COMPUTERS & COMPONENTS ■ nn d«w /iccoi P.O. Box 46627 Cleveland, Ohio 44146 TO ORDER: CALL 1-800-321-5805 TOLL FREE Circle 248 on inquiry card. BYTEJunel980 257 Circle 249 on inquiry card. FREE! Axiom EX-801 PETPrinter(withgraphics)$ 475.00 Axiom EX-820 PEf Plotter $ 749.00 Anderson Jacobson 841 Selectric ... $1015.00 Leedex Video 100 12" Monitor $ 119.00 Heath WH 19 Terminal (factory asm.) ...$ 770.00 Heath WH 14 Printer (factory asm.) ... $ 735.00 IEEE-RS 232 Printer Adaptorfor PET ... $ 88.00 Up to $170 in merchandise with purchase of one of following PET-CBM items ! ! ! BETSI PET to S-1 00 Interface $ 11 9.00 PET Connectors-Parallel or I EEE $ 1 .95 Cassette Port $ 1.45 Hands on Basic with a PET $ 1 0.1 5 Programming the 6502 (Zaks) $ 1 0.45 6502 Applications Book (Zaks) $ 1 0.45 6500 Manuals (MOS Technology) .... $ 6.50 Programming a Microcomputer: 6502 . $ 7.75 6502 Assembly Language (Osborne) NEW! $ 9.90 All Book and Software Prices are Discounted PET Personal Computer Guide (Osborne) ... $ 1 2.75 PETandthelEEE-488Bus(Osborne).... $ 12.75 6502 Software Cookbook (Scelbi) $ 9.45 Cassettes (all tapes guaranteed) AGFA PE61 1 Premium quality, high out put lownoise in 5 screw housing with labels: C-10 10/5.65 50/25.00 100/48.00 C-30 10/6.90. 50/30.00 100/57.00 PET SPECIALS *FREE PET 1 6N 16K full size graphics keyboard $995 $130 PET 1 6B 16K full size business keyboard $995 $130 PET 32N 32K full size graphics keyboard $ 1 295 $1 70 PET 32B 32K full size business keyboard $1295 $170 PET8N 8K full size graphics keyboard $ 795 $100 PET2040 DUAL DISK DRIVE-343,000 bytes $1295 $170 PET 2022 Tractor Feed Printer $795 $100 PET 2023 Pressure Feed Printer $ 695 $ 70 PET C2N External Cassette Deck $ 95 $ 12 Used 8K PETs (limited quantities) $ 495 a, EDUCATIONAL DISCOUNTS Ju ^ Buy 2 PET Computers, get 1 FREE * *Free Merchandise with Purchase of PET-CBM Item. 2716EPROM(5 volt) ... $29.00 5@ 27.00 10@ 25.00 4116RAM16Kx1 $7.50 8 @ 7.10 21 14 L 450 $5.35 20 @ 4.95 80 @ 4.45 2114 L 300 $6.10 20 @ 5.65 80 @ 5.05 6502 $8.35 1 @ 7.85 40 @ 7.35 6522 $7.15 10@6.95 40 @ 6.45 6520 $5.15 10@4.90 40 @ 4.45 6532 $7.90 10 @ 7.40 40 @ 6.85 6502A $9.50 6504 $7.95 21L02 $ .90 6550 RAM (PET 8K) $12.70 S-100 Wire Wrap $2.85 1 @ 2.65 S-1 00 Solder Tail $2.35 10 @ 2.15 KIM-1 $ 159 (add S30 for power supply) SYM-1 $209 BAS-1 Microsoft ROM Basic for SYM $ 85 Memory Plus (KIM, SYM, AIM) $195 SYM Assembler in ROM $ 85 KIM 1 6K Static RAM $284 Seawell Motherboard - 4K RAM Space ... $139 KTM-2/80 Synertek Video Board $349 S-100 16K Static RAM Kit SALE $198 TIS PET Workbooks - set of 6 $ 21 .50 Dust Cover for PEf $ 7.45 ATARI -INTRODUCTORY SPECIAL ATARI 400. Atari 000 and all Atari Modules 20% OFF. Programmers Toolkit -PETROM Utilities. $ 44.90 Sargon II (TRS-80 or Apple) NEW! $ 24.90 Microchessfor PET (Peter Jennings) $ 17.90 Visible MusicMonitor(4Voice)forPET ... $ 29.90 KL-4M 4 Voice Music Board (PET) $ 34.90 CmC Word Processor (8K $25) (16K$34) Adventures by Scott Adams 1 5% Off SALE , {write for quantity prices) ™| Scotch 8" Disks . . . 10/S31 .00 ' Scotch 5 1 /4" Disks . 10/S31.50 Verbatim 5 1 / 4 " Disks 1 0/$26.50 Diskette Storage Pages 10/$ 3.95 Disk Library Cases 8" - $2.95 5" - $2.15 BASF 5 1 /4" Disks 1 0/$28.00 BASF 8" Disks 1 0/$29.00 MINIMAX by COMPU/THINK 1 1 5 E. Stump Road (215) 699-8386 Montgomeryville, PA 1 8936 699-5826 A B Computers MINIMAX I (.8 Megabyte Disks) $3395 MINIMAX II (2.4 Megabyte Disks) $4495 SPECIAL— MINIMAX pricesincludeCompu/ Think PAGEMATE Database and Report Writerat no charge. WRITE FOR COMPLETE CATALOG Add $1.00 per order for shipping. We pay' balance of UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders. BUILD YOUR OWN LOW COST MICRO-COMPUTER POWER SUPPLIES FOR S-100 BUS, FLOPPY DISCS, ETC. POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets) ITEM NO. USED IN KIT NO. PRI. WINDING TAPS SECONDARY WINDING OUTPUTS 2x8 Vac 2x14 Vac 2x24 Vac SIZE W x D x H T1 T 2 T 4 OV, 110V, 120V OV, 110V, 120V OV, 110V, 120V OV, 110V, 120V 2x7.5A 2X12.5A 2x9A 2x4A 2x2.5 A 2x3.5A 2x2.5A UNIT PRICE 2x2.5A 2x3A 3 3 /4"x3 5 /8"x3V 8 " 3 3 /4"x43/ 8 "x3 1 /8" 3 3 /4"x43/ 8 "x3 1 /8" 3%"x3 5 / 8 "x3 1 /8" 21.95 27.95 29.95 21.95 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time) ITEM USED FOR @+8Vdc @-8Vdc @ + 16Vdc @-16Vdc @+28Vdc SIZE WxDxH UNIT PRICE KIT 1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A KIT 3 DISC SYSTEM 15A KIT 4 DISC SOURCE 8A 1A 1A 2.5A 3A 2A 2.5A 3A 2A 4A 5A 12"x6"x4 7 / 8 " 12"x6"x4 7 /a" 14"x6"x4 7 /a" 10"x6"x4 7 /a" 51.95 58.95 66.95 49.95 EACH KIT INCLUDES: TRANSFORMER, CAPACITORS, RESIS., BRIDGE RECTIFIERS, FUSE & HOLDER, TERMINAL BLOCK, BASE PLATE, MOUNTING PARTS AND INSTRUCTIONS. DISC DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" assy. & tested, open frame, size: 9" (W) x 5" (D) x 5" (h) 64.95 SPECS: +5V @ 5A REGULATED, -5V @ 1A REG., +24V @ 5A REG., SHORTS PROTECT. IDEAL FOR 2 SHUGART801 /851 OR SIEMANS FDD 100-8/200-8 DISK DRIVES & ROCKWELL AIM-65. SHIPPING FOR EACH TRANSFORMER: $4.75. FOR EACH POWER SUPPLY: $5.00 IN CALIF. $7.00 IN OTHER STATES. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX. OEM WELCOME. MAIL ORDER: P.O. BOX 4296 TORRANCE, CA 90510 SUNNY INTERNATIONAL (TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER) Telephone: (213) 633-8327 STORE: 7245 E. ALONDRA BLVD. PARAMOUNT, CA 90723 STORE HOURS: 9 AM-6 PM 258 BYTE June 1980 Circle 250 on inquiry card. rm /micro BUSINESS WORLD Immediate response to your orders (verbal or written). Phone (213) 371-1660 Cromemco System Three FEATURES . . . • Z-80A Micro Processor • 64K RAM • Dual 8" Double Sided Disk Drive easily expan- dable to 4 Drives • RS232 and Printer Interface. CALL FOR OUR PRICE CromemCO System Two FEATURES . . . • Z-80A Micro Processor • 64K RAM • Wangco Drives • RS232 and Printer Interface. CALL FOR OUR PRICE •sanyo 9" MONITOR A Superb Black and White TV Monitor that can be used with most Computers OUR PRICE $185 Apple II personal computer We have a complete stock of different Software for the Apple II All Apple and Apple related products... 15-25%OFF list price Texas Instruments 1 |~:7>J/4 Home Computer The TI-99/4 gives you an unmatched combination of features, including: • Powerful TI-BASIC— built-in 1 3- digit, floating point BASIC. • Up to 72K total memory capacity — 16K RAM (Random Access Memory), 26K ROM (Read Only Memory), plus up to 30K ROM in Tl's Solid State Command Modules. • 13" color monitor included • Revolutionary Solid State Speech'" $999 Synthesizer (optional) without monitor $699 ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS: Smart Video Terminal ■M ._ 44a Impact Printer TheRaperTiger This low-cost printer has the capability of printers twice it's price. Ideal for use with small computers w/graphics OUR PRICE $995.00^ Z-89 Computer System: includes: Z19 Display, a built in 5Va" Floppy Disk, 2 serial ports, and 16K of memory. 2295.00 48K Memory version 2595.00 Z-19 has a Z80 Microprocessor, Numeric Keypad and 8 function key $895.00 DYSAN DISKETTES THE CADILLAC OF THE FLOPPY DISKS AT LOW LOW PRICES 8" (Box Of 10) 37401/1 sgl side/sgl density 8" (Box Of 10) 3740/1 D sgl side/dbl density 5" (Box of 5): 104/1 Soft Sector or 107/1 10 Sectors or 105/1 16 Sectors $4.50 ea. $6.95 ea. $4.50 ATARI OUU Computer System Packed with: Computer Console, Basic Language Card, Education System Master Cartridge, Cassette Recorder, TV Modulator, 8K Memory (expandable to 48K), Power Supply & all Books and Manuals $799.95 ilTADI AHA Personal Computer /llttnl 4AJU System for less Packed with: Computer Console, Basic Language Cartridge, Power Supply, TV Modulator, and all Books and Manuals $499.95 ATARI Program Recorder 69.99 ATARI Software, Roms, Cassettes 25% off list price ATARI Expansion Memory 8K Module 99.99 16K Module T69.99 TheVectorMZ Microcomputer System B is a Z-80 based microcom- puter with over 630,000 characters of on- line storage and is capable of handling standard accounting or special com- putations of any small business or large company department — even scientific calculations in a technical environment. Call for Our Price Plastic Floppy Disk Holder Plastic Floppy Disk Holder (up to 10) 8" $3.95 (uptoio)5" $3.25 16 K RAM set of 8 41 16's 250 ns or better $59.00 Prices subject to change without notice. VISA and MASTER CHARGE WELCOME. Allow. 2 weeks for cashiers check to clear, 4 weeks for personal checks. Add 2% for shipping and handling. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax. (Sorry, no C.O.D.) U.S. and International dealer inquiries invited. Copyright 1980 • MICRO Business WORLD circle 251 on inquiry card. /viicno BUSINESS WORLD 15818 Hawthorne Boulevard Lawndale, California 90260(213) 371-1660 y BH ■BH Circle 252 on inquiry card. ^^^_ ^^^^ ^ ^^ WAMECO THE COMPLETE PC BOARD HOUSE EVERYTHING FOR THE S-100 BUSS INTRODUCTORY SPECIAL IOB-1 SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE BOARD * TWO PARALLEL DATA PORTS PROGRAMMABLE USING AN 8255 WITH SEPARATE HANDSHAKING. * ONE SERIAL PORT USING AN 8251 WITH PROVISIONS FOR PARITY, STOP BIT AND CHARACTER LENGTH. BAUD RATES 110 TO 9600 BAUD. OUTPUTS RS232, TTL AND CURRENT LOOP. * KANSAS CITY STANDARD CASSETTE INTERFACE, 300 BAUD FOR USE WITH THE SERIAL INTERFACE. * STATUS MAY BE POLLING SOFTWARE OR VECTURED INTERRUPTS. $31 PCBD KIT TO BE ANNOUNCED LATER. FUTURE PRODUCTS: 80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD. Z-80 CPU BOARD WITH ROM, 8 PARALLEL PORT I/O BOARD. DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED, UNIVERSITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER MOST PRODUCTS FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT. NO 4-8 WEEK DELAYS REQUIRED FOR OTHERS. 95 •ST>** M*o ? \\0& wmc J/fC. WAMECO, INC., P.O. BOX 877 • 455 PLAZA ALHAMBRA • EL GRANADA, CA 94018 • (415) 726-6378 if on computers, peripherals, software and other Radio Shack® products. NO ONE CAN GIVE YOU A BETTER DEAL ON TRS-80 COMPUTERS!! OUR Radio Shack® Merchandise is New and covered by Radio Shack® War- ranties WE PAY Domestic U.P.S. Shipping & In- surance on minimum orders NO TAXES are collected on out-of-state Shipments TOLL FREE Order Number OPEN 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., Central Time, Monday through Friday; 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., Saturday I Offered Exclusively By Pan American Electronics Radio /hack AUTHORIZED SALES CENTER INCORPORATED VISA' 1117 CONWAY MISSION, TEXAS 78572 TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 800/531-7466 TEXAS AND MAIN TELEPHONE NUMBER 512/581-2765 I 260 ( BYTE June 1980 V y* £ 1 Circle 253 on inquiry card. computer products, inc. 11542-1 KNOTT ST. GARDEN GROVE, CA 92641 (800)854-6411 (714)891-2663 MICROBYTE 1CI/ STATIC ID IV RAM BOARD • S-100 Compatible • 4K Bank Addressable • Extended Memory Management • No DMA Restrictions • Assembled & Tested • 4MHz Operation 250 00 APPLE II DISK DRIVE INTERFACE • SA400, Cabinet, Power Supply & Cable $395 00 *WITH OPTIONAL INTERFACE CARD $49500 2716's 5-V0LT0NLY (450 NS) S 30°e°a TEXAS INST., FUJITSU 4116's- 200ns Add-On Memory for: Apple, TRS-80, Heath, Exidy, SD Expandoram, etc. 8«or $ 55 00 16for S 105 00 MICROBYTE IMSAI CONN. 100 PIN GOLD SOLDERTAIL S 2.60ea or 10 for $2.45 ea. LO-PRO SOCKETS 32K INTEL'S s 32 00 e STATIC RAM BOARD IEEE/S-100 4K Bank Addressable to any 4K Slot within a 64K Boundary On-board 8-Bit Output Port No DMA Restrictions Assembled & Tested 4MHz Operation $500 00 STATIC & DYNAMIC RAM CHIPS CATALOG AVAILABLE CALL OR WRITE 14 PIN 16 PIN 18 PIN 20 PIN 24 PIN 28 PIN 40 PIN 1-99 .10 .12 .15 .23 .26 .30 .42 100 UP .09 .11 .13 .21 .24 .28 .40 ATARI 400 & 800 2104 (4K Dynamic) 4108/4115 (8K Dynamic) 5257-3L (4K Static) 250 NS $ 2 25 ea. 54 50 ~ ea. ;oo " ea. MODEL 400 Computer Console Basic Language Cartridge Basic Language Programming Manual Operators Manual Power Supply TV Switch Box CALL FOR PRICE AVAILABLE FROM STOCK 74LS244 $-|75 QTY. ea. PRICES AVAILABLE MODEL 800 Computer Console Basic Language Cartridge Education System Master Cartridge Basic Language Programming Manual Operators Manual Atari 410 Program Recorder Guide to Basic Programming Cassette 8K Ram Module Power Supply TV Switch Box 8080A CERAMIC $ 2 50 ea. CENTRONICS PRINTERS (MODEL #703) 180 CPSB1 -Directional Logic Seeking Printer 132 Column Carriages VFU & Centronics Standard Parallel Interface M995 00 MODEL #704 (Serial) s 1895 01 SA400 SHUGART • Enclosed in Metal Case • Cutouts lor Data Cable, Switch, Fuse &Pwr Cord $ 315 00 LINEAR COMPONENTS LM348 75 LM 377 90 LM555 35 LM3900 42 TRS-80 DISK DRIVES Shugart SA400, Single or Double Density, Soft Sector, up to 218K Bytes, 25 MSec. Access Time, Software Compatible. 5 395 00 REGULATORS 320T-5 90 320T-12 80 340T-5 75 340T-12 65 78H05 5.25 COMMODORE SOFTWARE Basic/Basic Mortgage Stock Portfolio Basic Finance Statistics Pkg. Checkbook Basic Math Alphabetizing Guess A Sentence Spelling CALL FOR PRICES ORDERING INFO Name, Address, Phone Ship by: UPS or Mail Shipping Charges, Add $2.00 up to (5) lbs. CAPACITORS .1 @ 12 Volts CERAMIC 100/MO 00 LOBOINT'L SA800 Shugart8" Single-Sided/ Double Density Floppy Disk Drive, Cabinet & Power Supply (1) Drive Installed $77500 (2) Drives Installed s 1 250 00 2708's (450 NS) $goo ea. or 8/ $ 58 00 SHUGART SA801R Bare Drives Single Sided/ Sgl/Dbl Density CALL FOR PRICE AND DELIVERY SANYO B&W MONITORS 9" MODEL $ 175 oo MODEL $250 00 15 TERMS We Accept Cash, Check, Money Order, Visa & Master Charge. C.O.D.'s on Approval. (U.S. Funds Only) Tax: 6% Calif. Res. Circle 254 an inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 261 Circle 255 on inquiry card 'apple computer J 1050 M125 $975« APPLE II OR APPLE II PLUS DISK ll-ORIVE ONLY 1429 DISK II DRIVE & CONTROLLER CARD. . 489 MODEM IIBW/INTERFACE 339 MODEM MB ONLY (Novation Cat). .. .159 GRAPHICSTABLET 659 SILENTYPE PRINTER W/Apple Inteface. 519 APPLE COMPUTER INTERFACE CARDS PROTOTYPING/HOBBY CARD 52Z PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE CARD. 145 COMMUNICATION CARD &DBZ5 Connector Cable HI-SPEED SERIAL INTERFACE CARD , LANGUAGE SYSTEM WITH PASCAL . CENTRONICS PRINTER INTERFACE CARD APPLESOFT II FIRMWARE CARD W/Auto-Start ROM 149 INTEGER BASIC FIRMWARE CARD W/Mon. & Prog, Aid ROMS .... 149 ADD-ONS 16K MEMORY UPGRADE (TRS-80. Apple. Sorcerer) $69 ABT NUMERIC INPUT KEYPAD (Old or New Kybrd) 119 ALF MUSIC SYNTH'SIZER Z39 ALF TIMING MODE INPUT BOARD 19 BRIGHTPEN LIGHTPEN liom SOFTAPE. 32 CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS 12K ROM/PROM ASSEMBLED BOARD NO. 71 14A $69 ffi 145 145 145 109 185 155 429 185 PROGRAMMABLE TIMER MODULE No. 7440A 3 A - DIGIT BCD ANALOG TO DITIGALCONVERTER 135 GPIBIEEE-488 (1978) INTERFACE No. 7490A 259 ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE No 7710A SYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE NO 7712A PARALLEL INTERFACE No, 7720A . ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR CARD NO. 781 IB 339 WIRE WRAP BOARD 20 SOLDER TAIL BOARD 20 EXTENOER BOARD 24 PCBETCHBOARD 20 CORVUS CORVUS 10 MEGABYTE HARD DISK DRIVESYSTEM $4495 CORVUS MIRRORI (VTR Required) .695 CORVUS MIRROR2 (VTR Required) ... 795 CORVUS CONSTELLATION 595 DANPAYMAR LOWER CASEADAPTER.. 44 DCHAYESMICROMODEMU 319 HUERISTICS SPEECHLINK 2000(64 Word Vocabulary) 219 SPEECHLAfl ZOA (Cassette) 169 SPEECHLAB 20A (Diskette) 189 MODEL 70 CONTROLLER 75 M&R SUP-R-MOD TV MODULATOR M&R SUP-R-TERMINAL 80 COLUMN 339 299 339 229 MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD SYSTEM W/CP/M MICROWORKS OS-65 DIGISECTOR . MOUNTAIN HARDWARE APPLE CLOCK/CALENDER CARD . SUPERTALKER SPEECH SYNTHISIZER SYSTEM 249 ROMPLUS - w/KEYBOARO FILTER. . . 169 ROMPLUS - wO/KEYBOARO FILTER . 155 INTROL/X-10 REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM 249 INTROL X-10 CONTROLLER ONLY .... 169 ROMWRITER SYSTEM 159 PROGRAMMAAPPLE JOYSTICK . . .. 39 SEE-THRU CLEAR PLASTIC TOP FOR APPLE II 23 SSMA10 SERIAL/PARALLEL I/O CARO(KIT) 129 SSMAIO ASSEMBLED & TESTED . 169 SYMTEC APPLE LIGHT PEN SYSTEM 219 SUPER SOUND GENERATOR (MONO).. 139 SUPER SOUND GENERATOR (STEREO). 229 SVA8 INCH DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER CARD 339 VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER DRAWING SYSTEM 219 VIOEXVIOEOTERM 80COLUMNCARD 319 VIOEX VIDEOTERM W/GRAPHICS EPROM 339 The APPLE II is a completely assembled and tested computer system. The system includes a rugged molded case, typewriter- style Keyboard with N-key rollover, high-efficiency switching power supply, two hand controllers, demonstration programs on tape cassettes, AC power cord, cassette cable, reference manuals. APPLE II has ROM -resident Integer BASIC interpreter, monitor, mini-assembler and disassembler & BASIC Programming Manual. APPLE II PLUS has ROM-resident Applesoft Extended BASIC interpreter. Auto-Start ROM, disassembler & Applesoft Tutorial Manual. ifljl APPLE II & APPLE II PLUS SOFTWARE PASCAL wilh LANGUAGE SYSTEM . . $429 FORTRAN for use wilh LANGUAGE SYSTEM 169 CP/Mlorusewith MICROSOFT 2-80 SOFTCARO 299 THE CONTROLLER General Business System 519 THE CASHIER Retail Management & Inventory 199 APPLEWRITER Word Processor 65 APPLEPOSTMaihngList System 45 APPLEPOST Graph & Plot System .... 85 DOW JONES PORTFOLIO EVALUATOR. 45 CONTRIBUTED VOLUMES 1 THRU 5 w/ MANUALS 35 VISI-CALC by PERSONAL SOFTWARE . . 125 DESKTOP/PtAN by DESKTOP COMPUTERS 85 CCA DATA MANAGEMFNT By PERSONAL SOFTWARE 85 PIMS Personal Information Management System 23 ADVENTURE by MICROSOFT 27 SUB-LOGIC FSI Flight Simulator 23 SARGON II Chess by HAYDEN (Cass.) . .27 SARGON llChesson Oishette 32 Bill Budges TRILOGYof GAMES 27 Bill Budges SPACE GAME ALBUM 32 SPACE INVADER on cassette 18 SPACE INVADER on Orskette 23 SYBEX APPLE SO 8080 SIMULATOR ... 17 FORTH II by PROGRAMMA SOFTWARE. . 45 SINGLE DISK COPY ROUTINES. 17 APPLEBUG ASSEMBLER/ DISASSEMBLER ... 79 APPLEBUG DEBUGGER. . , 27 APPLESOFT UTILITY PROGRAMS By HAYDEN 27 PRINTERS, TERMINALS & MONITORS PRINTERS, TERMINALS & MONITORS ANAOEX OP8000 or OP8000AP . $795 ANAOEX OP9500 or OP9501. 1395 BASE 2 w/TRACTOR & BUFFER 599 CENTRONICS 700-9 . .: 1099 CENTRONICS 737 849 MPI 88T 699 PAPER TIGER IDS 440 . 895 W.'GRAPHICS OPTION ... 995 NEC SPINWRITER 5530 or 5510. . .2595 TRENOCOM100 329 TRENDCOM200 529 LEEOEX VIDEO 100 139 SANYO 9 INCH B&W MONITOR .159 SANYO 15 INCH MONITOR . 249 TI13INCHCOLORMONITOR 429 SOROC IQ 120 .729 SOROCIQ140 ||99 HAZELTINE 1500 979 HAZELTINE 1510 .... 1079 HAZELTINE 1520 . 1379 HAZELTINE 1410 749 HAZELTINE 1420 829 "WE WILL NOT BE UNDER SOLD!" BUDGET COMPUTER PRODUCTS 4878 RONSON COURT, SUITE A g J:. Mkt ' SAN DIEGO, CA. 921 11 (714)698-0260 4016 4017 401B 4019 C/MOS (DIODE CLAMPEDI 4S1B - 4520 - 74C00 - 74C02 - 74C08 - 74C10 - 10 74C14 - 10 74C20 - ,10 74C42 - 76 74C73 - 74C74 - 74C83 - 74C96 74C83 - 74C151 - 74C157 - 74C160 - 74C161 - 74C163 - 74C165 - 74C173- 74C174 - 74C175 - 74C192 - 74C193 - 74C901 - 74C9Q2- 74C9I4 - INTERFACE - I489-RS232INTHFACE- 2509-THISTATESTAT.Sn - 251BHEX32BITSB- 2522-STATICSH1FTREG.- 2708-8K EPROMH50 nsJ _ TMS-3M9 MCBO BirSDYN. S fl 27KHTW VOtTAGES 271Mnt»0 ♦ 5V 2102 1 MSO nil - 21L02-1 (450 ns! - MM6270 4KX1DYN. - MK400BP - 2101 1254 x 4 STATIC - 2111.1 266 x4STATIC- 2112-1256 x 4 STATIC - 2U44KSTAY.RAMt4S0ni) - Z1I7-16KDYNRAM- 4116.2I6KRAM150NS 4 II 9- 3 t6R STATIC RAM 300 N S2B0/2107S4KOYNRAM - 8130 - 2.95 8T3t 3 TMSWSOI-- 5 TMS 4045-25 - IK » 4 5 2S0NSSTATICRAM 3 82S23- 6 82S129- 5 82S123- 5 82S126- 5 82S131 - 5 82S130- 3 AY5I0J3VART - TRI602B - 5 MC6845- i PT1482BP5AT- i MCMS71A7 .9Cnj.Kle.gl 6 MMM5321-TU SYNC GEN DATEL'S DAC-089C - 8 bit DAC - $9.95 8" DISKETTES - HARD SECTOR $1.75, 10/S16.00 4.000 MHz 3.57 LMHz 5.000 MHz 6.000 MHz 8.000MHz 10.000 MHz 18.000 MHz 20.000 MHz RIBBON CABLE FLAT (COLOR CODED) 130 WIRE 26 cond. - ,50/pef foot 40 cond. - .75/per foot 50 cond. - .90/pef foot UNIVERSAL 4Kx8 MEMORY BOARD KIT $69.95 32-2102-1 fully buttered, 16 address lines, on board decoding for any 4 of 64 pages, standard 44 pin buss, may bo used with -" I- KIM SAD 1024 - 1024 STAGE ANALOG SHIFT REGISTER 11.95 FCS 8024 -4 digit C.C. 8* display FND503C.C..5- FND510C.A..5" DL-704-.3- C.C. LED READOUTS $5.95 DL-707 CA. .3' $ .85 DL747C.A..6- $ .85 HP3400 .8- CA S .85 HP3405.8-CC PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD x6" DOUBLE SIDED EPOXY BOARD 1/16" thick iOea 5/$2.60 EPOXY glass vector board 1/16" thick with 1/10" spacing $1 .95 74S0O 74S02 74S08 74S11 74S15 74S32 74S86 • 74S112 74S151 - 1.25 745157 - 1.25 745158 - 1.25 74S174 - 1.40 S .75 $1.50 $1.95 $1.95 Silicon Power Rectifiers PRV 1A 3A 12A 50A 125A 240A 400 "665~ ~0T" .90 .3.70 5.00 800 1W .25 sr .40 1.30 4.25 6.50 1.00 "T25 - 2.00 2.50 -Jorr 10.50 16.50 12.50 20.00 SILICON SOLAR CELLS * diameter ,4V at 1 AMP 910.00 IN 4148I.IN914) 15/S1.0O .1 or .01 uf 25V ceramic disc, caps. 16/51.00, 100/$50.00 RS232 CONNECTORS DB 25P male $2.95 DB 25S female . . . $3.50 HOODS $1.50 7 WATT LD-65 LASER DIODE IR $8.95 25 watt Infra Red Pulse l-- $ 369 95 s< Reg 15 MHz Triggered Miniscope Model MS-15 Reg. S319.00$rtCQ95 30 MHz Dual Trace Triggered Miniscope " Rsg. 5559.00*479 Logic Probe ■ Compact circuit powered Detects pulses as short as 50 ^sec-DTmTUHTUCMOS, compatibility $AAQ$ RC Circuit Box ■ 36 resistors (15 i! to 10 Mi!)" 18 capacitors (100 pf to 0.22 „Q % . Reg. 549,95 Ht. includes test leads VIZ Model WC412A Chess Challenger 7 Reg 5110.00 Model $ 79 95 BBC Portable VOM Multitester * -\ Model $HQ95 ^^VM520 *& 20 m VDC ■ 10 KP VAC, HICKOK Digital CB In-Line Tester $ 169 95 / Reg. S399.00 Model 388 100 MHz 8-Digit Counter ■ 20 Hz to 100 MHz M ° d ^ range -LED display t ^™ ■ Fully automatic *^ 27 6"x9'' 3-Way Speaker ■ 20 oz. ceramic magnet Model BP20GD-69TR Mg. $14 95 ea. Logic Monitor • Automatically displays static and dynamic logic • Model LM-1 Works with DTL, HTL, $CQ95 TH-, and CMOS • 16 LED display Function Generator Model 2001 Reg. 5185.95 $ 157 95 * Sine-, square-, triangle- and separate TTL square wave output ■ Frequency range; 1Hz-100KHz Wellef.Xcelite* Attache Style Tool Case Model TC100/ST s^ $ 279 95 Service Master Tool Kit Model 99-SM sS $ 47 50 f^_i^ Model 820 Measures capacitance from O.lpFto 1 Farad ■ Resolves to 0.1pF ■ 10 ranges for accuracy and resolution ■ 4 digit easy-to-read LED display ■ 0.5% accuracy Proto USE Preassembled Mnrip ,«^L Boards Model Xu^Btfm. «aaqc: PB-104\gBB**49 3b Fully assembled breadboard contains four QT-59S sockets, seven QT-59B bus strips and four 5-way binding posts Proto Board with Built-in Power Supplies-;^ $ 129 95 ! 30 MHz LEADER Dual Trac e 699 95 * Weller'Controlled Output Soldering Station Model WTCPN Reg. S77.50 $4995 EfiSMES Portable Digital C apacitance Meter • ' ' Telephone Answering Model 1500 $0/1095 M Call Control Z**y J Reg. 5349.95 Model 1400* 1 ay 33 CODE-4-PHONE WAHL iSQfsiP Cordless 60 Soldering wv# Iron $2g95 Model 7800 77t&tfna£S/2at Model »oo Circuit Tester $ 29 95 FREE 8 pc. Tool Set (value $14.95) with $200.00 purchase from this ad. Miniature High Fidelity 3-Way Stereo Speakers $gQ50 Rgg- S149.95 ESC 3V2- Digit 0.1% Digital Capacitance Meter Model 3001 ■ 9 ranges from 1999 pF to 199.9 nF ■ 0.1% of reading accuracy Reg $17A S190.00 I * U DIGI TAL MULTIMETER SimpSOO 461 Complete with nickel- cadmium batteries, AC charger/adapter, test J 1 **—? leads $14995 In-Dash Car Stereos 8-Track Tape Player with AM/FM/MPX Ra_d|o_ Model C-777 p $ 52 5o Cassette Tape Player with AM/FM/MPX Radio Model CAS-888 $5750^ BSRX-10 Remote Control lor Lights & Appliances A Pc Standard Starter Kit ■ One ( t) Standard Command Reg SB7 95 Console ■ Two :2i Lamp MtodufeS ■ One (l) Appliance SVQ50 Module I Vaii Switch Modules $14.50 w»l" Hand Held Remote * a;> .33 BS41iH#lil3Q MHz Portable Frequency Counter Reg.swkoo Stereo Power Booster Model POW-40 so A ot: ■ 40W stereo ^d,H • : » 855 Conklin St. ■ Master Charge Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735 ■ BankAmericard ■ VISA » COD ■ Money Order ■ Check N.Y. Stale residents add appropriate sates tax ADO FOR SHIPPING AND INSURANCE to S 250.00 J 3.50 $251.00 to 500.00 5.00 501.0010 750.00 T.50 751.00 Id 1000.00 10.00 over 1000.00 12.50 COD's extra ^(800)645-9518 in N.Y. State call (516) 752-0050 | Dual Trace Oscilloscope HITACHI 30 MHz • TV sync-separator circuit • High-sensitivity 1 mV/div (5 MHz) • Sweep-time n (10 times) • Z-axis input (Intensity modulation) • Signal delay line • X-Y operation • Trace Rotation SD Systems KITS $220 250 295 340 SD Systems 27001 Ei'indoRAM Xil ■ bpindlbli RAM Boud Kit (Mo RAMi) 27002 Vuufloppr Ruibli Ditk Di'ioo Coniioltii tot 27003 SBC-100 Singti Boird Compute Kit 27004 no s..n«, Kit 27007 Eipond.PflOM Kt 175 27010 Add.oaRAM(1BKDovictt)411B(250iiitc)(pii«»mniH Boicd Kit 200 27015 MPB-lOa 210 Control Practising Unit Bond Kit 250 27017 Add-on RAM (IBKdi.im) 41 1< (200 lit) 250 2701 8 sbc-200 $..■■« h>-i Co-piiif nt 320 27024 bpotdoRAM II EipMdiMo 0AM 6oa Cdgo Coootctoi (ooo oad) 50 38017 CoMotoiSOIDO/SO-200lii1nticotoTKti Imiramonti BtSPnnt.r. . . 80 38018 Coble, tamo .. ibovt (Internol) 120 38019 Ciblo. itoio oi oboo'o (EiUtBil) 80 38020 EipondoRAM II (I6K Population.) .. 610 38021 EipondoRAM II <32K Populotion) 840 38022 EipondoRAM II (48K Populotion) 1070 38023 EipondoRAM II (E4X Populotion) 1300 38024 Vortolloppr II Ooobto Dontilr Roiibht Oiik Drivo Cooltolltt. 430 38025 PROM-IOOPfiOM Program™ n.... 265 38026 MPB-IDO ZIO Micitpiocmoi Bootd 325 38028 SBC-200 Singl. floo.d Cnmpui.r 400 NEW HICKOK LX 304 DIGITAL MULTIMETER Compact Accurate Dependable 95 5 89 Function Generator KIT XR-2206KB $ f Q95 MICRO- PROCESSOR 8080A $ 5 95 POWER SUPPLY 5 Volt 3 Amp APS 5-3 ■1-9 $37.25 io up S35.55 25 up $34.05 Two Color Light Emitting Diode CflQir Red-Orange Color mixing possible due to separatean- ode terminals. and Green ONLY $1 60 Flasher LED ONLY FRL-4403 Red LED and FlasherlCChip Q2C In One Package ^ mm ^ r 4 Universal Oscilloscope Probe ^^^ $ 36 00 SWITCHABLE X1 and X10 ATTENUATION FACTOR KEY ADDITIONAL FEATURES: • 100 MHz bandwidth • Heavy duty tip • Break resistant center conductor • Slender, flexible cable • 6 ft. length • Wide compensation range • Fits all scopes • Ground reference can be activated at tip • Includes SPRUNG HOOK, I.C. TIP, BNC ADAPTOR, INSULATING TIP and TRIMMER TOOL accessories EPROM 2708 $10 50 EPROM (5 Volt) $ OO 9 2716 ^y Vacuum Vise vv-i $3.49 * 15% * DISCOUNT COUPON Bring this COI'POX into one of ourstores or mail to our Mail Order address shown below and receive a 15% DISC Ol \\T on purchases from this Ad of $1 00.00 or more. Offer EXI'IHKS on Juno ,i I IfMUl NAME , , ADDRESS , CITY STATE ZIP - PHONE NO Coupons accepted only with full name and address filled in. Send check or Money Order to: P.O. Box 2I08Y. Cubtr City CA 90230. Californta residents add 6% sales tan. Minimum Order; SIO.OO. Add SI .00 to cover postage and handling. Master Charge and Visa welcomed. Please include your charge card number, Interbank number and expiration date. PHONE ORDERS: (213) 841-4D64 MAIL ORDER PORTLAND SANTA ANA CULVER CITY P.O. Bo* 2208R 1125 N.E. B2nd Ave, 1300 £. Edmnei Ava. 11080 Jefferson Bivd, CuKttrCrtv.CA 90230 Portland, OH 97220 Santu Ana. CA 92705 Culver City. CA 90230 1211) *41-40S4 {SO}] 2S4-S541 (714) M7-B424 (211) JS0-3S9S TUCSON HOUSTON ATLANTA SUNNYVALE 451 B £. Bioadway 2649 Richmond 3330 Piodmoni Rd. N.E. 1054 E. El Cammo Real Tucson, AZ 85711 Houston, TX 77098 Atlanta, GA 30305 Sunnyvale. CA 94087 (SD2) M1-23U (713) 529 34(9 (404) 281-7100 (401) 243-4121 264 BYTE June 1980 Circle 259 on inquiry card. NEW PRODUCTS! SuperColorS-100VideoKit$129.95 Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95 Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color graphics. 6847 with all display modes computer controlled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expanda- ble to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085, Z80 etc. Delivery January '80. 1802 16K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00 Expandableto32K. Hidden refresh w/clocks upto 4 MHz w/no wait states Addl. 16K RAM $63 Quest Super Basic Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pin plus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex- pansion). High and low address displays, state and mode LED's optional $18.00. Gremlin Color Video Kit $ 69.95 32 x 16 alpha/numerics and graphics; up to 8 colors with 6847 chip; 1K RAM at E000. Plugs into Super Elf 44 pin bus. No high res, graphics. Quest, the leader in inexpensive 1802 systems allowing some credit for cassette version. New announces another first. Quest is the first com- pany worldwide to ship a ful I size Basic for 1 802 systems. A complete function Super Basic by Ron Cenker including floating point capability with scientific notation (number range ±,17E 3B ), 32 bit integer ±2 billion; Multi dim arrays; String arrays; String manipulation; Cassette I/O, Save and load, Basic, Dataand machine languagepro- grams; and over 75 Statements, Functions and Operators. Easily adaptable on most 1802 systems. Re- quires 12K RAM minimum for Basic and user programs. Cassette version in stock now. ROM versions coming soon with exchange privilege improved version with improved speed and accu- racy now avail. Source list for I/O now incl. Super Basic on Cassette $40.00 Tom Pittman's 1802 Tiny Basic Source listing now available. Find out how Tom Pittman wrote Tiny Basic and how to get the most out of It. Never offered before. $19.00. S-100 4-Slot Expansion $ 9.95 Super Monitor VI. i Source Listing $15.00 Coming Soon: Assembler, Editor, Disassem- bler, OA/AO, Super Sound/Music, EPROM programmer, Stringy Floppy System. RCA Cosmac Super Elf Computer $106.95 Compare features before you decide to buy any A 24 key HEX keyboard includes 16 HEX keys other computer. There is no other computer on the market today that has all the desirable bene- fits of the Super Ell for so little money. The Super Elf is a small single board computer that does many big things. It is an excellent computer for training and for learning programming with its machine language and yet it is easily expanded with additional memory, Full Basic, ASCII Keyboards, video character generation, etc. Before you buy another small computer, see if it includes the following features: ROM monitor; State and Mode displays; Single step; Optional address displays; Power Supply; Audio Amplifier and Speaker; Fully socketed for aii IC's; Real cost of in warranty repairs; Full documentation. The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for pro- gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLE STEP lor program debugging which is not in- cluded in others at the same price. With SINGLE STEPyou can see the microprocessor chip opera- ting with the unique Quest address and data bus displays before, during and after executing in- structions. Also, CPU mode and instruction cycle are decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators. An RCA 1861 video graphics chip allows you to connect toyour own TV with aninexpensivevideo modulator to do graphics and games. There is a speaker system included for writing your own music or using many music programs already written. The speaker amplifier may also be used to drive relays for control purposes. plus load, reset, run, wait, input, memory pro- tect, monitor select and single step. Large, on board displays provide output and optional high and low address. There is a 44 pin standard connector slot for PC cards and a 50 pin connec- tor slot for the Quest Super Expansion Board. Power supply and sockets for ail IC's are in- cluded inthe price plusa detailed 127pg, instruc- tion manual which now includes over 40 pgs. of software info, including a series of lessons to help get you started and a music program and graphics target game. Many schools and universities are using the Super Elf as a course of study. OEM's use it for training and R&D. Remember, other computers only offer Super Elf features at additional cost or not at all. Compare before you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, High address option $8.95, Low address option $9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelled plexiglass front panel $24.95. Expansion Cabinet with room for 4 S-100 boards $41.00. NICad Battery Memory Saver Kit S6.95. All kits and options also completely assembled and tested. Questdata, a 12 page monthly software pub- lication for 1802 computer users is available by subscription for $12.00 per year. Issues 1-12 bound $16.50. Tiny Basic Cassette $10.00, on ROM $38.00, original Elf kit board $14.95. 1802 software; Moews Video Graphics $3.50. Games and Music $3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50. Super Expansion Board with Cassette Interface $89.95 This is truly an astounding value! This board has been designed to allow you to decide how you want it optioned. The Super Expansion Board comes with 4K of low power RAM fully address- able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro- tect and a cassette interface. Provisions have been made for all other options on the same board and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinet alongsidethe Super Elf. The board includes slots for up to 6K of EPROM (2708, 2758, 2716 or Tl 2716) and is fully socketed. EPROM can be used forthe monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes. A IK Super ROM Monitor $19.95 is available as an on board option in 2708 EPROM which has been preprogrammed with a program loader/ editor and error checking multi file cassette read/write software, (relocatible cassette file) another exclusive from Quest. It includes register save and readout, block move capability and video graphics driver with blinking cursor. Break points can be used with the register save feature to isolate program bugs quickly, then follow with single step. The Super Monitor is written with subroutines allowing users to take advantage of monitor functions simply by calling them up. Improvements and revisions are easily done with the monitor. If you have the Super Expansion Board and Super Monitor the monitor is up and running at the push of a button. Other on board options include Parallel Input and Output Ports with full handshake. They allow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard to the input port. RS 232 and 20 ma Current Loop for teletype or other device are on board and if you need more memory there are two S-100 slots for static RAM or video boards. Also a 1 K Super Monitor version 2 with video driverfor full capa- bility display with Tiny Basic and a video interface board. Parallel I/O Ports $9.85, RS 232 $4.50, TTY 20 ma 1/F $1.95, S-100 $4.50. A 50 pin connector set with ribbon cable is available at $15.25 for easy connection between the Super Elf and the Super Expansion Board. Power Supply Kit for the complete system (see Multi-volt Power Supply below). TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif residents add 6%tax. BankAmericard and Master Charge accepted. Shipping charges will be added on charge cards. Same day shipment. First line parts only Factory tested. Guaranteed money back. Quality IC's andothercomponentsatfac- tory prices. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 7400TU 7400N 7402N 7414N 7420N 7422N 7430N 7442N 7445N 7447N 7448N 7450N 7474N 7475N 7485N 7489N 7490N 7492N 7493N 7495N 741O0U 74107N 74121N 74125N 74145N 74I50N 74151N 74154N 74157N 74161N 74162N 74163N 74174N 74175N 74190N 74192N 74193N 74221N 74298N 74365N 74366N 74367N 74LS00 TTL 74LS00N 74LS02N 74LS04N 74LS05N 74LS08N 74LS10N 74LS13N 74LS14N 74LS20N 74LS22N 74LS28N 74LS30N 74LS33N 74LS38N 74LS74N 74LS75N 74LS90N 74LS93N 74LS95N 74LS107N 74LS112N 74LSI13N 74LS132N 74LS136N 74LS151N 74LS155N 74LS157N 74LS162N 74LS163N 74LS174N 74LS190N 74LS221N 74LS258N 74LS367N LINEAR CA3045 CA3D46 CA3081 CA30B2 CA3089 LM301AN/AH LM305H LM307N LM308N LM309K LM311H/N LM317T/K LM318 LM320K-S LM323K-5 5.95 CD4026 .19 LM320K-12 1.50 CD4027 20 LM320K-15 1.50 CD4028 .25 LM32QT-5 J. 35 CD4029 .23 LM320T-B 1.35 CD4030 .20 LM320T-I2 1.35 CD4035 .70 LM320M5 1.35 CD4040 .20 LM324N 1.40 CD4042 39 LM339N 1.00 CD4043 .20 LM340K-5 1.35 CD4044 .58 LM340K-8 1.35 CO4046 74 LM340K-12 1.35 CD4049 58 LM340K-15 1.35 CD4050 .77 LM340K-24 1.35 CO4051 .20 LM340T-5 1.25 CD4060 .35 LM340T-8 1.25 CD4066 .« LM34DM2 1.25 CD4068 .88 LM340MS 1.25 CD4069 1.85 LM340T-1B 1.25 CD4070 .43 LM340T-24 1.25 CD4071 .43 LM350 7.50 CD4072 .43 LM377 3.50 CD4073 P.O. Box 4430X, Santa Clara, CA 95054 . Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave. ^(408) 988-1640 ELECTRONICS ,, 4116 200ns 3 . jl 8/4 116 200ns 60. 00 £ 25138 ii MM5262 il MM5280 °i MM5320 °l MM5330 " PD411D-3 °l P04II0-4 *l P5101L 4200A 82S25 91L02A HD016S-S MM57100 G1AV38500-1 MCM667S1A 2 50 1.42 9 95 CONNECTORS 5.94 30 pin edge 4.00 44 pin edoe 500 100 pin edoe i.ou 895 100 pin edoe WW 5 25 9.95 2.90 IC SOCKETS 1.50 Solder Tin Low Pioflle 6 95 PIN 1UP PIN 1UP 70.00 14 95 29 95 .15 22 .30 " 24 .35 .69 LM379 1.20 LM380N .35 LM381 .34 LM382 .59 LM703H .45 LM709H .77 LM723H/N 1.20 LM733N .69 LM74ICH 2,00 LM741N .69 LM747H/N .87 LM748N 1.25 LM13D3N .87 LM1304 .96 LM1305 .95 LM1307 1.15 LM1310 .87 LM1458 .85 LM1800 2 75 LM1812 1.65 LM1889 .89 LM2111 .89 LM2902 .89 LM3900N LM3905 LM3909N .35 MC1458V .35 NE550N .55 NE555V .40 NE556A .45 NE565A 45 NE566V 55 NE567V 1.25 NE5708 .45 78L05 .45 78108 .45 78M05 45 75108 75 75491CN .75 75492CN 1.25 75494CN CD4075 CD4076 1.60 CO4078 1.60 CD4081 .65 CD4082 .28 CD4116 .50 CO4490 .85 CD4507 .35 CD4508 .38 CO4510 .75 CD4511 .35 CD4515 1.75 C04516 1.10 C04518 1.27 CD4520 2.00 CD4527 2.75 C04528 .47 C04553 1.75 CD4566 7.50 C04583 3.00 CD4585 1.75 CD40192 2.25 74CO0 .60 74C04 1.75 74C10 .95 74C14 ■HOD 416 350 18 .27 36 10.00 20 .29 40 165 CLOCKS .40 MM5311 .35 MM5312 .35 MM5314 .47 MM5369 5.50 MM5841 1.00 MM586S 4.25 CT7001 5. BO 1.02 CT7010 8 95 .94 CT7015 8.95 2 52 MM5375AA'fJ 3.90 1.10 MM5375AG,'N 4 90 1.02 720S 16.50 1.02 7207 151 7208 .79 7209 3.50 DS0026CN 2.25 DS0056CN 2.35 MM53104 ] ii\ CRYSTALS 5 80 ' MHz ■ 8 ° 2 MHz 8 MHz 7 56 20MH ' Afr 32 MHz ™ll 32768 Hz *== 1.8432 MHz ill 3.5795 MHz i'Q 2.0100 MHz £.W 2.097152 MHz MICROPROCESSOR 2 4576 MHz 74C20 00 74C30 39 74C48 85 74C74 00 74C76 50 74C90 00 74C93 75 74C154 60 74C160 60 74C175 85 74C192 75 74C221 50 74C905 55 74C906 89 74C914 74C922 A to CONVERTER 74C923 100 8038B 1.10 8700CJ 65 8701CN .65 8750CJ 45 LD130 .89 940CC.JV/F .65 ICL7103 1 10 1CL7107 1.10 1.10 CMOS 1.65 CD4000 1.65 CD4001 2.00 CD4002 1.25 CD4006 250 CO4007 160 CD400B 1.65 CD40O9 CD4010 CD4011 90 CD4012 1 10 CD4013 1.80 CD4014 1.90 CO4015 2.95 CD4016 .35 CD4017 .87 CD4018 .35 CD4019 1.00 CD4020 1.50 CD4021 .90 CD4022 3.75 CD4023 1.35 CD4024 1.50 CD4025 74C925 1395 74C926 22.00 74C927 4,25 8097 8098 8T09 .25 8T10 .35 8T13 35 8T20 1.10 8T23 .35 8T24 .28 8T25 45 8T26 .45 8T28 ■■ 8T97 6502 6504 6522 6800 6802 Z80A 8212 8214 8216 8224 8228 8251 8253 8255 8257 8259 4 50 4 50 95 3.2768 MHz 9.95 5 0688 MHz 4.50 9.95 5.185 MHz 4.50 6.95 57143 MHz 4.50 11.95 6.5536 MHz 4 50 495 14.31818MHz 4,25 5.95 18.432 MHz 4.50 595 22.1184 MHz 4.50 ]??§ XEYBOAROENCOOERS 75 AY5-2376 S12.50 17 95 10 50 16.50 • Tot AY5-3600 ''•95 AY5-9100 290 AV5-9200 3 95 74C922 5. 2-90 74C923 5.! 3" HD0165-5 6. 4-JI AY5-9400 10. 15 00 D Connectors RS232 575 DB25P 2. 10 95 D825S 3 1495 Cover 1,1 KEYBOARDS 56 keyASCII keyboard ki Fully assembled 53 key ASCII keyboard ki Fu\y assembled Enclosure Plastic Metal Enclosure LEOS Red T018 Green, Yellow T016 Green, Orange. Yellow Jumbo .25 Clipllle LEO Mounting Clip* 8/S1.25 (spealyred. amber, green, yellow, clear) CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In slock Complete line olbreadboardlest equip. MAX-100 8 dlfill Freq. Ctr. 1126.95 OK WIRE WRAP TOOLS In slock Portable Multimeter $18.00 Complele llneof AP Products in stock. SPECIAL PRODUCTS MM5865 Stopwatch Timer will) 10 pg spec. 9.00 PC board 7.50 Switches Mom. Pushbutton .27 3 pos. slide .25 Encoder HD0165-5 6 95 Paratronlcs 100A Logic Analyzer Kit S224.00 Model 10 Trigger Expander Kit S229 00 Model 150 Bus Grabber Kit $369,00 Sinclair 3Vj Olglt Multimeter 559.95 Clack Calendar Kit S23.95 2.5 MHz Frequency Counter Kll $37.50 30 MHz Frequency Counter KM $47.75 TRANSFORMERS 6V3O0ma 2 12 Volt 300 ma transformer 1 12 6VCT600ma 2 12V 250 ma wall plug 2 12V CT 250 ma wall plug 2 24VCT400ma 2 10V 1 2 amp wall plug i 12V6amp 12 7 c n 0*J3 1133 „;__ Z-2? 1802CP plas 13.95 DE9S °l\ 1B02DP plas. 17 95 DA15P 695 1861P 11.50 °A15S 65 COP1B02CO 19.95 Hlekok3rt DlgltLEOmul- COP1802D 2500 ,| meler H 9S 12.95 28 BT98 COP1861 jsl DART/FIFO .65 AY5-I013 25 AY5-1014 .50 3341 6.95 0° PROM •50 1702A 4.95 ]° 2513B uppercase6.95 •50 2708 775 20 2716T1 24.50 2716 Intel 34.95 8/2716 Intel240 00 85.00 22.50 85 00 10/15 VAC 8.' 16 V A wall plug 9.75 DISPLAY LEOS MANl CA .270 2.90 MAN3 CC .125 .39 MAN72/74 CA'CA 300 1 00 DL704 CC .300 1.25 OL707/DL707H CA .300 1.00 DL727/728 CA.'CC .500 1 Slopwalch XII Auto Clock Kit Dlglial Clock Kll 4.95 8K/16K Eprom Kll (less PROMS) Motherboard S39 00 Etiender Board rrs: 8741A MOS/MEMORY RAM 8 748 2101-1 2.95 B748 . B 2102-1 .95 a 75 c A 2102AL-4 1.25 N82S23 1-60 N82S123 1-18 N82S126 495 N82S129 375 N82S131 3-75 N82S136 iwc-c. 3.95 N82S137 2114L300ns7.40 D M8577 2114L450ns6.40 8223 ,94 2102AN-2L .45 21L02-1 1.02 2104A-4 1.35 21078-4 RESISTORS Vi wall 5% 10 per type .03 25 per type 025 100 per 1ype .015 1000pertype .012 350 piece pack 5 per type 6.75 V> watt 5%> per type .05 DL747 750 DL750 FND359 ,,.. ...... F»iD5035iO FND8O0'807 3 digit Bubble 4 digit Bubble uu DG8 fluorescent 55 qq OG10 Fluorescent 5 digit 14 pin display 10 digit display ,• 7520 Ctairex photocells TIL311 Hex !■.,. ••..-.. :.. •■> r,!AN-l610 CA/CC .600 1.95 CC 600 1.95 CC .357 70 CC/CA .500 1.35 CC/CA 500 .90 CC/CA .800 2.20 39 950 CC .30 1.10 CA .40 1.20 CC ,40 1 20 CA .40 .95 CC .40 120 CC ,56 2 95 CA .60 1.35 CC .60 1.35 MA1002A MA1002E MA1012A 102P3 Iranslomier MA1012A Transformer Rockwell AIM 65 Computer 6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboard and 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, alphanu- meric display, ROM monitor, fully expandable. $375.00. 4K version $450.00. 4K Assembler $85.00, 8K Basic interpreter $100.00. Special small power supply f or AIM65 assem. in frame $49.00. Complete AIM65 in thin briefcase with power supply $485.00. Molded plastic enclosure to fit AIM65 plus power supply $47.50. Special Package Price: 4K AIM, 8K Basic, power supply, cabinet $599.00 AIM65/KIM/VIM/Super Elf 44 pin expansion board; 3 female and 1 male bus. Board plus 3 connectors $22.95. AIM65/KIM/VIM I/O Expansion Kit; 4 parallel and 2 serial ports plus 2 internal timers $39.00. PROM programmer for 2716 $150.00. 32K RAM Board assem. $419.00. 16K RAM assem. $360.00 Multi-volt Computer Power Supply 8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, -5v .5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12 option. ±5v, ±12v are regulated. Kit$29.95. Kit with punched frame $37.45, $4.00 shipping. Kit of hardware 514.00. Wpodgrain case $10.00, $1 .50 shipping. PROM Eraser Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultra- violet, assembled $37.50 Safety switch/Timer version $69.50 60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40 Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy. NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit Opens shorted cells that won't hold a charge and then charges them up, all in one kit w/f ull parts and instructions. $7.25 LRC 7000 + Printer $389.00 40/64 column dot matrix impact, std. paper. Interface all personal computers. S-100 Computer Boards 8K Static RAM Kit $129.00 8K Static Godbout Econo IIA Kit 145.00 16K Static Godbout Econo XIV Kit $285.00 24K Static Godbout Econo VIIA-24 Kit 435.00 32K Static Godbout Econo X-32 Kit $575.00 16K Dynamic RAM Kit 199.00 32K Dynamic RAM Kit 310.00 64K Dynamic RAM Kit 470.00 Video Interface Kit $129.00 80 IC Update Master Manual $55.00 Complete IC data selector, 2700 pg. master refer- ence guide. Over 51 ,000 cross references. Free update service through 1980. Domestic postage $3.50. 79IC Master closeout $29.95. Z80 Microcomputer 16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Bread- board space. Excellent for control. Base Board $28.50. Full Kit $99.00. Monitor $20.00. Power Supply Kit $35.00. Video Modulator Kit $8.95 Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/o affecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc. Modem Kit $60.00 State oftheart.orig., answer. Notuning neces- sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive acoustic coupler plans included. BSR Controller $39.95 Connect y our computerto the BSR Home Control System. Computer controlled ultrasonic trans- mitter for your BSR. Software for 1802 user FREE: Send lor your copy of our NEW 1980 QUEST CATALOG. Include 280 stamp. Circle 260 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 265 CIRCUIT BREAKER PRICE SLASHING $59 16K MEMORY UPGRADE KITS for TRS-80*, Apple II, Sorcerer (specify) PRINTERS NEC Spinwriter Letter Quality High Speed Printer Includes TRS-80* interface software, quick change print fonts, 55 cps, bidirectional, high resolution plotting, graphing, propor- tional spacing $2998 With Tractor Feed $3198 DIABLO 1650 Letter Quality High Speed Printer Prints at 40 cps, using 88, 92 or 96 char. Metalized printwheels. Vertical resolution y 4a "; Horizontal 1 / 120 ". Capable of proportional spac- ing, bidirectional printing, and graphics under software control. Bidirectional normal and direct tabs. Left, right, top and bottom margins. Friction and tractor feed. rq. $2890 KSR $3285 779 CENTRONICS TRACTOR FEED PRINTER $969 Same as Radio Shack line printer 737 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER $849 Text quality matrix , proportional spacing 730 CENTRONICS FRICTION & PIN FEED PRINTER $639 7x7 matrix P1 CENTRONICS PRINTER $339 Same as Radio Shack quick printer PAPER TIGER (IP440) $949 Includes 2K buffer and graphics option TI-810 Parallel and serial w/ TRS-80* interface software $1575 with upper and lower case and paper tray $1665 OKIDATA Microline 80 Friction and pin feed $795 Tractor Feed, friction, and pin feed $920 EATON LRC 7000+ 64 columns, plain paper $349 LEEDEX MONITOR Video 100 $135 SOFTWARE FOR THE TRS-80* SBSG Free enhancements and upgrades to registered owners tor the cost of media and maiiing. 30-day free telephone support from vendor. User references sup- plied upon request. SBSG maintains a time-sharing computer where you can diai-up and leave your prob- lems, 24 hours, 7 days a week. KVP: Allows use of serial printer with TRS-80". Lower case. Keyboard debounce. Direct entry of graphics and control characters from the keyboard. $29.95 Fully Interactive Accounting Package: Requires 2, 3, or 4 drives. Includes General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, and Payroll. Report generating. Well documented and fully tested by accountants. Complete Package: $389.00 Individual Modules: $99 A/P, A/R, G/L, Payroll for Model II Individual Modules: $129 Inventory II: Requires 2 or 3 drives. Handles up to 1000 items per disk drive. Reports include complete activity, inventory, listing, and minimum quantity search. $95.00 Mailing List Name & Address II System: Requires 2 drives. Use with Electric Pencil files for automatic insertion of name, address and greetings in letters. Has ability to print envelopes. Menu driven. Includes enter, delete, update, search, extract, merge and print. Up to 1250 names per diskette. Will sort up to 600 names in 7 minutes. 40 page manual. Zip code sort is excellenl for bulk mail applications. $99.00 Intelligent Terminal System St-80 III: Enables a TRS-80* to act as a dial-up terminal on any standard time sharing network. Provides a TRS-80" with control key, ESC Key, Repeat Key, Rub Out Key, Break Key, full upper and lowercase support, selectable printer out- put and program selectable transmission rates. $149.00 Stock and Bond Portfolio Management System: Designed for the stock investor to track individual buys and sells of assets and to examine the total buy/ sell portfolio with a minimum of time and effort. Sup- ports up to 999 clients, 500 assets and 3.000 outstand- ing transactions. This system has the advantage ol maintaining all open information on Hie by specific transaction. Both YTD Unit and$ amount of purchase/ sales are summarized for each client in the Client Master. Current total stock levels for each stock is available in the Asset Master. $189.00 Client Billing System: Designed for CPA and law firms to track time and activities (or services) performed for clients. Supports up to 999 clients, 99 employees, 99 pre-coded activities and 3000 outstanding transac- tions. This system has the advantage of maintaining all information on file by specific transaction. Avail- able information include personnel/expense reports for each client, YTD hours and $ amount for clients, employees and activities, reports of employee in- house activities, and work-in-progress summaries. $299,00 File Management System: For specialized storage needs. Sorts files in ascending or descend mg order on 3 separate fields. Scanable. Some applications have been fixed assets, phone numbers, names, slides, albums. Selectively totals numeric and dollar fields. Display and print capability. $49.00 S&M SYSTEMS INSEQ-80TM - indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM) for the TRS-80" Model I. Four machine lan- guage programs that can be called from your BASIC program via USR functions to access records either sequentially or randomly. The INSEQ-80 programs maintain all indexes and chains for you. Includes reorganization utility to consolidate files. $49.95. DISK DRIVES $299 More capacity than Radio Shack 35 Track (80 K Bytes) drives. Fully assembled and tested. Ready to plug-in and run the moment you receive it. Can be intermixed with each other and Radio Shack drive on same cable. TRS-80* compatible silver enclosure. 90 DAY WARRANTY. ONE YEAR ON POWER SUPPLY. FOR TRS-80* CCI-100 5 W\ 40 Track (102K Bytes) for Model I $299 CCI-200 5 1 /4", 77 Track (197K Bytes) for Model I $549 CCI-800 8" Drive for Model II (V 2 Meg Bytes) $795 For Zenith Z89 CCI-189 5 1 /4", 40 Track (102K Bytes) add-on drive $394 Z-87 Dual 5 V* " add-on drive system $1095 DISKETTES — Box of 1 (5 V« ") $24.95 — 8" double density for Model II (Box of 10) $36.49 DISK OPERATING SYSTEMS PATCHPAK #4by Percom Data NEWDOS Plus — with over 200 modifications 35 Track and corrections to TRS-DOS 40 Track CP/M for Model I, Zenith CP/M for Model II, Altos COMPLETE SYSTEMS TRS-80* LEVEL II-16K with keypad TRS-80* Expansion Interface ZENITH Z89 ,16K expands to 48K, all-in-one computer ZENITH Z19 ATARI 400 $524 ATARI 800 $849 MATTEL INTELLIVISION Tl 99/4 * NORTH STAR #W>ta Call $ 8.95 $ 89.00 $ 99.00 $145.00 $170.00 $699 $249 $1949 $740 $249 $979 for prices CAT MODEM Originate and answer same as Radio Shack Telephone Interface II CP/M BASED SOFTWARE for Zenith, Altos, Radio Shack $157.50 Software /Manual w/M— " DOTAL RESEARCH MAC - 6080 Macro Assembler. Full Intel macro defini- tions. Pseudo Ops include RPC, IRP, REFT, TITLE, PAGE and MACLIB. Z80 library included. Produces intel absolute hex output plus symbols file for use by SID(seebebw). $120V$15 SID - 6080 Symbolic debugger. Full trace, pass count and break-point program testing system with back- trace and histogram utilities. When used with MAC, provides full symbolic display of memory labels and equated values. $105/515 ZSID - As above for ZB0. Requires ZB0 CPU. 5130*25 TEX - Text formatter to create paginated, page- numbered and justified copy from source text files, directable to disk or printer. 5105/515 DESPOOL - Program to permit simultaneous printing of data from disk while user executes another pro- gram from the console. 580/55 MICROSOFT Basic-80: Disk Extended BASIC. ANSI compatible with long variable names, WHILE/WEND, chaining, variable length file records. 5300/525 Basic Compiler: Language compatible with BASIC-80 and 3-10 times faster execution. Produces standard Microsoft relocatable binary output. Includes MACRO-80. Also linkable to FORTRAN-80 or COBOL-CO code modules. 5350/525 MICROPRO WORD-STAR: Menu driven visual word processing system for use with standard terminals. Text format- ting performed on screen. Facilities for text paginate, page number, justify, center and underscore. User can print one document while simultaneously editing a second. Edit facilities include global search and replace. Read/Write to other text files, block move, etc. Requires CRT terminal with addressable cursor posi- tioning, 5445/540 S&M SYSTEMS Fully Interactive Accounting Package: Includes General Ledger, Accounts Payable. Accounts Receiv- able, and Payroll. Individual Modules: 599/515 Inventory: 5125/520 "cci TELNET Version 5: Comprehensive intelligent ter- minal program. Supports numerous teleprocessing protocols. Reads and stores teleprocessing data on disk. 575/515 ACCESSORIES HEAD CLEANING DISKETTE: Cleans drive Read/Write head in 30 seconds. Diskette absorbs loose oxide particles, fingerprints, and other foreign particles that might hinder the performance of the drive head. Lasts at least 3 months with daily use. Specify 5'// or 8". S20ea/545for3 FLOPPY SAVER: Protection for center holes of 5y 4 " floppy disks. Only 1 needed per diskette. Kit contains centering post, pressure tool, tough 7-mil mylar rein- forcing rings, installation tools and rings for 25 disk- ettes. 514.95 Re-orders of rings onty: 57.95 Send for FREE Catalogue The CPU SHOP TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522 Massachusetts residents call (617)242-3361 For detailed technical information, call 617/242-3350 Hours: 10AM -6PM (EST)M-F(Sat.tiM5) *TRS-80 is a Tandy Corporation Trademark 5 Dexter Row, Dept. B6M Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129 Massachusetts residents add 5% sales tax Quantities on some items are limited VISA* master charge 266 BYTE June 1980 Circle 261 on inquiry card. Precision Engineered Drives... Power supply guaranteed for one year. More Capacitance: Insures stable operation over greater line voltage variations (105-125 Vac.) Scratch resistant steel cover; Primed and baked enamel finish. Virtually eliminates video interference. Color compatible with Radio Shack or Zenith Z89. Increased ventilation for additional cooling: Top, side and bottom vents mean lower operating temperatures for longer life. -. \ Switch designed with high ^ current ratings (10 AMP) Transformer designed as integral part of system for best line regulation. Not separately encased to avoid heat build-up providing longer life. Designed to Ui. specifications. Wide operating .temperature range (0°C to 50°C) Tested to 1500 voltS'inputtaoutput isolation for enhanced power surge protection , Simpler, more reliable circuitry. Easy access to terminating resistor for easy field conversion from drive Oto drivel, 2, or 3. Extender: Easy plug-in access 3-wire ground* for addedopBratpr s* With the number of disk drives on the market increasing, more and more people are beginning to ask what's under- neath that cover. The CCI™ series of disk drives have been designed for long life and ease of operation. The features shown above are what set our CCI drives apart from the rest. With a CCI drive you get an integrated professional design! If you're still not convinced that you get the most for your money with a CCI drive, just ask for our complete specifica- tions sheet. Then, compare our disk drives to anyone else's. 51/4" DRIVES CCI-1 00 40 Track (102K Bytes) for TRS-80* Model I $399.00 CCI-189 40 Track (102K Bytes) forZenithZ89 $499.00 CCI-200 77 Track (197K Bytes) for TRS-80* Model I $675.00 8" DRIVES CCI-800 77 Track (1/2 Meg Bytes) forTRS-80*Model II $895.00 All CCI drives are also available for 220 Vac (50Hz) operation. ComputerCity 175 Main Street, Dept. b-6 Charlestown, MA 02129 Hours: 10AM-6PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 5). Operating Systems NEWDOS Plus for 5W, 40 and 77 Track Drives— with over 200 modifications and corrections to TRSDOS $ 1 1 0.00 CP/Mf or Model I, Zenith $150.00 CP/M for Model II, Altos $250.00 Software by S&M Systems INSEQ-80™— Indexed Sequential Access Method ( ISAM ) for the TRS-80 Model 1. Four machine language programs that can be called from your BASIC program via USR functions to access records either sequen- tially or randomly. The INSEQ-80 programs maintain all indexes and chains for you. Includes reorganization utility to consolidate files. $49.95 Professional Business Software using INSEQ-80 for the TRS-80* Model I and Zenith Z89. Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, General Ledger, Payroll per package $99.00 Inventory per package $125.00 TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-343-6522 TWX: 710-248-1796 JIA Massachusetts residents call 617/242-3350 For detailed technical information, call 617/242-3350. Freight Collect, F.O.B. Charlestown. TRS-80 is a trademark of the Tandy Corporation Products also available from: Radio Shack, NEC, Centronics, Paper Tiger, Tl, Altos, MP1, Zenith, Mattell, ATARI, PET, OKIDATA, Apple, Eaton/LRC. FRANCHISE AND DEALER (NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL) INQUIRIES INVITED Retail Stores: MA: Burlington, Charlestown, Framingham, Hanover NH: Manchester RI: Providence ViSA Circle 262 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 267 Qume Datatrak 8 Double sided floppy with NO HEADACHES. Although many think this an impossibility, seeing is believing, and this drive is really something! Shugart compatible, fully option- ed, reliable, and rapidly becoming the stand- ard in double-sided diskdom. $599. Two/$549. A sleeper in the floppy drive industry: built like the proverbial tank and chosen for use by Motorola and DEC, this drive features single/double density, write protect and much more. With Electrolabs' special cabling, it magically becomes Shugart compatable. .. . Cal Disk 142 M $439 Two/$419 The following 5%" mini-floppies share most features with their 8" cousins, so without further ado. . .. Siemens F DD 1 00-5D $279. Cal Disk Mini 279. Qume Datatrak 5 (double sided). . . . 399. BASF Mini mini . .. 279. SA 400 „ „ .. 299, All the above mini-floppies are fully SA400 compatible.. Disk Accessories Electrolabs' Monthly Special!!! Incredible!! — Two 8" Shugart compatible single sided floppy disk drives (double density), CP-206 power supply, in hand- some color coordinated cabinet, with full cabling, connectors, and documentation, plus one box diskettes!!! All for an un- precedented $1295. Up to one MBY of storage. Delta Products double density disk controller Operate at 2 or 4MHZ, with 8 or 5" drives $399 Micromation doubler w/programmable UART RS-232 port $495 Sorrento Valley single density for Apple $399 Again, purchase price of manuals ($5) is applicable towards future purchase price. Subtract 15% OFF any Controller with Purchase of 2 Drives Cable kits for 8" drives with 10' 50 cond. flat cable, power cable, and all connectors. Assembled if de- sired. One drive 27.50, two 33.95, three 38.95 for mini floppies (34 cond): one 24,95, two, 29.95 CP-206 Power-one power supply. Powers two drives more than adequately, top quality. 2.8A/24V, 2.5A/5V, 5A/-5V. $99. Electrolabs POB 6721, Stanford, CA 94305 415-321-5601 800-227-8266 Telex: 345567 (Electrolab Pla) Visa MC Am. Hxp. Tarbell floppy disk controller, A & T $325 Tarbell floppy disk controller, A & T $225 Tarbell double density, DMA A & T $425 Tarbell double density, DMA, kit $325 Hard Disk Media -*&■ 8" CM HB 10 MBY fully REMOVEABLE cartridge drive. Complete with controller, personality card, media, power supply, cabling, connectors and documentation. Highlighted by stylish & modern cabinetry. $6995. Shugart SA4008 20MB Y fixed disk system. S-100, includes controller, power supply, and all that is necessary to run $6995. ENCLOSURES Rackmount Mainframe MT-200. This gorgeous beast is so appealing that it can easily function also as stand-alone mainframe. Veryvinodern styling with fully actively terminated S-100 bus., With two 8" single-sided disk drives. . . $1899. With two 8" double sided disk drives in place of single-sided variety $2499. ....$39.93/1 single-sided/single density ....$55.00 single sided/double density ....$55.00 double sided/single density ....$60.00 double sided ....specify hard or soft ...,$34.95 single sided ....$60.00 double sided Verbatim, Memorex, Scotch, or equiva- lent name brand Diskette head cleaning kit for 5Vi" or 8' $28.75 includes everything for 1 drive for 1 year. Alignment Diskette for Floppy Drives $39.00 8" 8" 8" 8" S% Manuals for all drives are $10, refundable against future purchase of drives. Also, all 8" drives can be ordered with 220 v/50 hz for world- wide use. Moving on to the realm of floppy disk controllers... al- though we still feel that single density is more reliable, there are many excellent double density disk controllers available, so choose your weapons carefully. Desktop Mainframe MT-100. Contemporary styling, a handsome cabinet coated with durable epoxy finish colors (blue, beige, off-white & silver). Easy to fit into an office environment. The proper way to start your system. Above plus two 8" single sided disk drives $1 599. Above with two 8" double sided disk drives in place of single-sided variety $2199. 268 BYTE June 1980 Circle 263 on inquiry card. Keyboard Special 1 !! CHERRY "PRO" Keyboard $119.00 Streamlined Custom Enclosure 34.95 BOTH only $134.95 Keyboard Special 2 !! Keytronics 1660 $149.00 Hard Plastic enclosure 49.00 BOTH only $152.00 June Bonanza!! 4116 dynamic RAM, 16K Set of 8, 16K, for Apple, TRS-80, Exidy, Heath & more. 200 Ns., prime parts, at the unheard of $49/8. Large discounts available for quantity & dealers (500 & up). Offer limited while supply lasts, as these will vanish quickly!!! Daisy Wheel Printers Disk Subsystem Matchmaker Technology TURNKEY DISK SUBSYSTEMS APPLE ..„,.. Single density disk controller. Expanded Apple DOS TRS-80 . . Single or double density. Expansion interface neces- sary, Space for 48K dynamic RAM on controller card RS232 port SORCERER . . Full RS-232 Interface. One S-100 slot for memory ex- pansion. Single or double density All above units come as follows: Complete, assembled and tested, with two 8" floppy disk drives (Apple available in one drive model). Includes all cabling, connectors and documentation in a stunning color coordina- ted cabinet with power supply. Ready to go, plug in and run!!! * # * When ordering specify single or double sided drives * # * Software available for above disk add-ons * * # TRS-80 & Sorcerer operate on all CP/M compatible software Data Display Monitors Please call us for particulars Qume Sprint 3\^5 Electrolabs POB 6721, Stanford, CA 94305 415-321-5601 800-227-8266 Telex; 345567 (Electrolab Pla) Visa MC Am. Kxp. PRINTER (factory warr.) POWER SUPPLY (Borschert) (Shown mounted on rear of print COMBINATION SPECIAL Cases available S-1 00 interface card SPRINT 5/45 RO, RS-232 Complete, assembled, in case, plu print, hence, no muss & no fuss NEC Spinwriter $1499. 349. er) 1699. 200. 149. g-in & $2699. $2899, Software CP/M 1.4 .... „ $ 99 CP/M 2.0 149 OS-1 (incl. 1st yr. update) . . 249 Spellbinder (Exc. secretiarial type word-processor) 350 Peripheral Sale!! Hiplot Plotter $875. Hipad Digitizer . . . ,. 715. Televideo 912C 760. Televideo 920C 860. IDS 440 Paper tiger . . n 899. SD Expandoram 1 1 (A&T, 64K) 560. Imsai 65K dynamic RAM III 399. D C Hayes Micromodem 1 00 . . 399. Super switcher power for hard disk & more 349. CM HB 1 MBY 3300. SA 4008 2799. C-Basic 99. Fortran Compiler 100. C Compiler 600. Basic compiler 350„ ESAT 200B BILINGUAL 80x24 Communicating Terminal Scrolling, full cursor, bell, 8x8 matrix, 110- 19,200 baud. Dual Front Applications. Arabic & Hebrew, Multilingual Data Entry Forms Drawing, Music, & Switchyards, Alone $279. with Cherry Pro keyboard & custom metal case $399. NEWn x e» Operating System for Z-SO OS-1 OS-1 is truly a breakthrough in the micro world! OS-1 is NOT a "control program for micros" but is, instead a large, professional operating system designed to lower the cost and improve the quality of programming efforts. OS-1 provides a "friendly" human interface for both system programmers and users. Finally, with OS-1, the capability of a Z-80 system is vastly expanded. OS-1 appears exactly like UNIX to the user, and includes virtual i/o, "set tty" and "login" comm- ands, a shell, a hierarchical "tree" type file structure with 16Mby file size and an unlimited no. of files and devices. OS-1 allows the extremely useful "pipes" and "filters" to be implemented. OS-1 also provides for up to 1024 users and 64 groups and security for users, groups, files and devices. OS-1 occupies 12Kby and comes with a 4Kby "enhanced" cp/m adapter which runs ALL cp/m and most CDOS pro- grams. Source code is supplied with adapter. 0S-1 (Including Debugger, "UNIX-type" editor, Linker-Loader & 1 Yr. update) $249 "C" Compiler (Whitesmiths') $600 Microsoft Compiler Interface (interfaces MS Fortran & Cobal compilers directly to OS-1. This allows compiler output to "Command" OS-1 Routines. The Electrolabs' Software Group considers this interface indispensable. Contains over 100 separate routines) $49 Manuals: (price applies to OS-1 purchase) Introduction to 0S-1 (60pg) $15 0S-1 Users' Guide (150pg) $35 Sys-Gen Manual for 0S-1 (40pg) $10 SET $45 Circle 263 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 269 CaUForn.a DiqiTAl Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503 With Purchase of The INTEGRAL DATA 440 Paper Tiger Your Choice, S200 Value 1) Graphics Option Package 2) Interface for APPLE II 3)TRS-80 Printer Interface California Digital has resently researched the complete low cost printer market. It is our opinion that the IDS 440 Paper Tiger is. without doubt, the most versatile and offers the best value of any printer cost- ing under $1,000. This quality dot matrix printer I incorporates such features as software selectable character size to allow print densities upto 132 characters per line. Full forms handling capabilities and tractor feed mechansim adjustable to 9.5". The Paper Tiger is engineered to accept either parallel or RS232 serial ASCI 1 . 110/220V.50/60Hz. »•:-*-*» $995.00 plus shipping ***** 100 Mother Board I TELETYPE MODEL 43 18 slot IMSAi *149 HARD TO FIND Not cheap .... But available examples 00 .39 123 1.29 02 .49 125 .89 04 .39 138 1.79 08 .39 139 1.39 74 1.49 148 75 .89 151 .89 86 .95 153 .89 90 .95 157 .89 n purchase 100 each Edge Connectors GOLD 100 PIN IMSAi /ALTAIR Imsal solder 125x250 Imsal w/w.l25centers Altair soldertail.l40row SPECIALS 22/44 Kim eyelet. 156" 25/50 soldertab .156" 36/72 wide post w/w.156 ♦2.95 3/* 7.50 $4.95 3/$13.00 $5.95 3/$15.00 $1.95 3 $500 $1.09 3 $2.00 $1.95 3/$5.00 Authorized Distributor Scotch* Data Products 10 Pak $39.00 740-0 IB M soft format. 740/2 Double sid<; soft 65.00 741-0 Double density 53.00 743-0 Double/Double 70.00 740-32 8" Hard sector 39.00 744-(0)(10)(16) 5 l/4"mini 39.00 Library caso for any above; Add $3. 00 834 A Data Cassette 5.50 DC 100 Minicartridge 16.00 DC 300 Data Cartridge 20.00 920( ) D isk Cartridge 89. 00 50+ $3. 50 6.00 4. 90 6. 60 3.50 3. 50 New factory sur- plus. M3000/3211 Motorola CRT monitors. 20 MHz bandwidth Electronics term- inate into single ten pin (. 156 l? > edge connector. Requires DC pow- MOTOROLA er supplv 4320 KEYBOARD TTL AAA RS232....AAK Friction . . , AAE 103 Modem AAB $1050 nan p,us 1100 shipping 1575 n^h CDCC PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE ■"•■CI" ■ with purchaseof each box of .... I»^^ Memorex mini-diskettes. S5 value. JHSKEIIES NorthMur Qurut 32V II Compucolor II Model llazeltllie 1420 Hazelllnel500 MONITORS Leedi-x Video 100 12" Leetlc* Vld.io 100-80 12" PRINT E R S I'rimroni* P-600 Teletype Model 43 (RS232 Teletype Model 40(132 col NEC Sptnwrller 5510 F Texas Instrument s8 10 Centronics 730 frlctla 779-2 trac /O Centronics 704 An-idex OPB000 I An.idex DP9500 Anndex DPSSOl Diablo H40R/O plastic wheel 2 Diablo H-10 KSR plastic wheel 3 MODEMS Universal Data Systems 1.P300 Dlrecl coupled • FCC Approved powered from phnuu line. 11 ISK DRIVES ohugart SAS00R 8" floppy (449 Shtigart SA801R a" hard sec. 479 Lobo / Two Shugart 601 « with poweraupply .ind enclosure 1195 One Sluif'art 00) with power supply -ind enclosure 795 Lohohard drive for Apple 10 meR/byte7710a 3995 Lobo hard drive for TRS80 3995 Lobo 400-t 5 1/4" for T RS80 388 Vista V-80 for TRSS0 UOirkl 388 Corvue Systems hard drive APPLE COMPATIBLE PRODUCTS Apple disk drive with controller560 Apple drive without controller 495 Apple Parallel Interface 179 Ten Key Data Pad for Apple 1 19 Maintain II ordware Supertalk 279 Mountain / Intro X-IO for BSR 239 ••••• Mcmorcx Special ••**•••••* S" oofi sector dhtkettea (10) 27 8" double density for TRS80 30 12H-J s-ioo pHouucrs fkidbout Rick End os Godbout Desk Top Enclosure Electronic Control* £CT 10 OF 250 Cd.DiEital IB nlot motherbd. 30 S-100 BOARDS Think/Toys Switchboard I/O Godbait Econoram Products Mullin TB-2 Ettcne). iLogic Artec WW100 WireWrap Proto SD 64K Expandoram Memory 16 BIT S-100 BOARDS Godbout 8088/8085 Ithaca lnlersystems Z-8000 MISCELLANEOUS Cherry Pro ASCII Keybd. Maxiswitch HEX Keyboard 219 11-t I RJ-' Modulator Shugart Associates SA800-R Floppy Disk Drive The most cost effective way to store data proc- essing information, when random recall is a prime factor. The SA800 is fully compatible with the IBM 3740 format. Write protect cir- cuitry, low maintenance ft Shugart quality. $44950 XEROX 800 WORD PROCESSING KEYBOARD ASCII ENCODED This 7 7 key word processing keyboard was manufactured by Microswitch for use in the Xerox 800 word processing system. The keyboard outputs a seven bit ASCII code along with an eighth bit that allows most keys to shift and double function as special characters. Extra large " Tab fc Return" keys are designed into the layout of the keyboard to emulate the IBM Selec- tric. 17 illuminated keys serve for special word processing codes. The keyboard is equipped with two thumbwheel switches for defining line width. Original Xerox acquisition over $400.00 California Digital USEDprlce only $49.00 Excellent cond. Documentation included. MEMORY TRS-80S| APPLE II 16k memory (8) 4116's Installation is simple. Anyone who has ever changed a spark plug should be able < to up-grade his microcomputer. How can California Digital offer these memory up-grade sets at 25% below our competition? Simple, we buy in volume, wholesale to dealers and sell the balance directly to owners of personal micro- systems. These 16K dynamic memory circuits are factory prime and unconditionally guaranteed for one full year. NOW, before you change your mind, pick up the telephone and order your up-grade memory from California Digital. Add S3 for TRS80 jumpers. Microcomputer Power Supply This regulated supply is pow- ered by an 8 Amp centertap ped industrial transformer. 36,000 MFD of filtering and ^ dual pass transistor regula- tion make this power supply a must for any micro-computer workshop. Triple outputs. f gg 5, 7.2. 6.5 Volt D.C. Miniature Switches static 21L02 450nS. 21L02 250nS. 2114 1Kx4 450 2114 1Kx4 300 4044 4Kxl 450 4044 4Kxl 250 4045 1Kx4 450 4045 1Kx4 250 5257 low pow. 1-31 1. 19 1.49 5.95 8.95 5.95 9.95 8.95 9. 95 5. 95 32-99 100-5C .99 1. 39 5. 50 8. 50 5. 50 9.50 8.50 9. 50 5. 50 . 95 1. 25 5. 25 8. 00 5. 25 9.00 8.00 9.00 5.00 -999 . 90 1K+ direct connect MODEM UniversaL Data 107 Connects directly to the new modular phone jack. Fully powered from your existing telephone line. No need to locate external AC power. Crystal control prevents fre- quency drift. Direct connect feature elim- inates loss of information due to carbon compression that is associated with hcous- tic modems. Runs circles around those other "Domesticated" modems. your choice 10 50 100 lfc *- 30 $.88 .81.73.66 J SPOT Miniature Toggles 7101 C&K ON -NONE- ON 7107 jbt ON-OFF(mnt.ON) I 710R CK ON-tmoment 0N> 7103 CK ON 0FF0N Rotary 3P-4-Pos. Rotary 3P-6-Pos. Push B (NO.) S.39ea 4 -'SI DIP Switch $129 25 100 II ^$1.19 1.09 .97 .83 specify 4 r8pos.| SPECIAL CIRCUITS Z80A 4 MHz. 8080A CPU 8085 8086 Intel 16 bits TMS9900 16 bits 24.95 9.95 22. 50 85. 00 49. 95 AY5-1013A UART 4.95 Floppy Disc Controllers WD 1771 single D. 39. 95 WD 1781 Double D 65.00 WD 1791 D/D3740 * E PROMS 1-15 16-63 64+ 1702A 2K 2708 8K 2716 5vl6K 2716TI 2532 4.95 9.95 29.95 24.88 85. 00 4. 50 9.50 27. 50 20. 00 .00 .00 Wire Wrap^enter PORTABLE DATA ENTRY SYSTEM These used data terminals were originally designed for chain store inventory c trol and order entry systems. The operator enters the inventory control numb merchandise «n hand and the unit price. After all pertinent dnU the recorder, ihe main warehouse is telephoned, the hiindset is coupler and all thn recorded information is transmitted back to the master computer. With a little imagination and one of these portable entry systems, you should be able to exchange programs and computer information with associates across the country. All units were removed from service in work tng condition. Original cost $2,500. ■Portable Cassette Drive Unit •Five Could "D" NiCads «DIJ23 Cable ■Removable Entry Keyboard 'Acoustical Coupler .Shoulder starp with LEI) Display ■ Battery Char fie r -EuLl Documentation VISA IC SOCKETS pin wire wrap ea. 25 50 low profile ea. 25 50 S 14 17< 16 15 18 17 16 37(36 35 16 38 37 36 19 18 17 24 99 93 85 36 35 34 40 189 155 139 63 60 58 son. '.98 500 1,000 11,000 n. $15. SI 05. page DEAL#1 Hobby Wire Wrap Starter Package BW2630 WWTool $19.95 BT30 #30 Bit 3.95 B C 1 Batteries & Charger 14.95 * Kit #1 Wire Kit 9.95 RegularPrice $48.80 $39 95 *Kit#1 Contains 900 pes. of precut wire in asst. sizes. Choose from Red, Blue, White, Black, Green, Orange, Violet, Yellow, or assort- ment. DEAL #2 Industrial Wire Wrap Starter Package BW928BF WW Tool $52.95 BT30I #30 Bit & Sleeve. . 29.50 B C 1 Batteries & Charger 14.95 v Kit#3 WireKit 32.95 RegularPrice . . . $130.35 $119 95 * Kit #2 Contains 4000 pes. of precut wire in asst. sizes. Choose from Red, Blue, White, Black, Green, Orange, Violet, Yellow or assort- ment. • * BIG DEAL * * IC Sockets by the Tube RN HIGH RELIABILITY eliminates trouble. "Sidewipe" contacts make 1 00% greater surface contact with the wide, flat sides of your IC leads for positive electrical connection. SOLDER TAIL Low Profile Tin Closed Entry Design * Sockets sold at these prices by the tube only. 1

Rugged Socket Body Design TRTUE* 1-9 10-24 25-99 DIP PLUGS PART NO. PRICE 1-9 10-24 PART NO. RNS-0BWWG RNS-14WWG RNS-16WWG RNS-1BWWG RNS-20WWG RNS-22WWG RNS-24WWG RNS-2BWWG RNS-40WWG_ *Price based on gold not exceeding $500 per 02. _Sockets purchased in mulitples of 50 per type may be combined for best price. 14 16 18 2C 22 24 28 40 .50 .60 .65 .85 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.60 1.85 .42 49 .52 .75 .90 1.15 1.15 1.50 1.65 .40 .47 .50 .70 .80 1.10 1.10 1.40 1.55 .37 .45 .47 .65 .75 1.05 1.05 1.30 1.45 .33 .42 .44 .60 .70 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.35 KNX-OBDP KNX-140P KNX-160P KNX-240P KNX-40DP 14 16 24 40 .50 .65 .70 1.15 1.90 .45 .60 .65 1.05 1.70 .43 .40 .58 .55 .62 .58 .90 .95 1.60 1.5CL ZERO INSERTION FORCE TEST SOCKETS adl WINCHESTER ELECTRONICS ffl Litton D-Subminiature Connector ZIP-16DIP $5.50 ZIP-24DIP $7.50 ZIP-40DIP S10.25 J FLEX-COM Edgecard Connector PART NO. NO. OF PINS IDC-0E9P IDC-DE9S IDC-DE9C 9 9 9 4.00 4.20 1.10 3.60 380 1.00 IDC-DA15P IDC-0A15S I0C-DA15C 15 15 15 4.20 4.85 1.25 3 75 4.35 1.10 IDC-DB*25P tDC-DB*25S IDC-DB*25C 25 25 25 6.00 6 35 1.50 5.20 5.60 1.35 IDC-DC37P IDC-DC37S I0C-DC37C 37 37 37 BOO 10.25 2.00 7.20 9.20 1.80 3.20 3.40 3.40 3.90 .95 4.70 5.00 1.20 6.40 8.20 1.60 Dip Plugs NO. OF PINS IDC-140P 14 IDC-16DP 16 I0C-24DP 24 1.40 1.25 1.10 1.60 1.45 1.30 2.20 2.00 1.80 .JUUUUUUUUULM. _ 11" 1 huh HflnnHHHHf PART NO. NO. OF PINS PRICE 1-9 10-24 25-99 IDC-20CE IDC-26CE IDC-34CE IDC-40CE IDC-50CE 10/20 13/26 17/34 20/40 25/50 4.15 3.75 4.75 4.30 5.70 5.10 650 5.B0 7.00 6.30 3.30 3.80 4.50 5.25 5.40 RIBBON CABLE "^ Color Coded Laminated Cab'e lor Insulation Displacement 28 Guage. 7 Strand PART NO. I0C-09CC~ IDC-14CC IDC-16CC IDC-25CC IDC-26CC IDC-34CC IDC-40CC IDC-50CC NO. OF CONDUCTORS PRICE PER SPOOL 10 Ft. 100 Ft. IDC System Socket Connector ii i i i i fc MBlBiaBBiM PART NO. IDC-20SKT IDC-26SKT IDC-34SKT IDC-40SKT IDC-50SKT NO. OF PINS 10/20 13/26 17/34 20/40 25/50 1-9 PRICE 10-24 25-99 2.50 2.25 2.00 3.20 2.85 2.30 4.20 3.75 3.30 5.00 4.50 3.90 6.00 5.40 4.75, Header Connector 14 16 25 26 34 40 50 N/A 4.60 5.20 N/A 8.50 11.00 N/A 16.00 26.20 36.65 42.00 68.15 68.15 89.10 104.85 131.05 GRAY LAMINATED CABLE FOR INSULATION DISPLACEMENT 28 Gauge 7 Strand PART NO^ I0C-09GY I0C-14GY I0C-16GY I0C-20GY IDC-25GY I0C-26GY I0C-34GY IDC-40GY I0C-50GY NO. OF CONDUCTOR PRICE PER SPOOL 10 Ft. 14 16 20 25 26 34 40 50 N/A N/A 4.00 N/A N/A 6.00 8.10 N/A 11.00 100 Ft. 1B.05 26.20 30.20 38.50 50.32 50.32 65.25 76.85 93.10 Right Angle Soldertail GOLO Header PART NO. 1-7 10-24 25-99 IDC-RAH 20STG IDC-RAH 26STG IDC-RAH 34STG I0C-RAH 40STG I0C-RAH 50STG 1.60 2.00 2.60 3.00 3.60 1.45 1.80 2.35 2.70 3.25 1.30 1.60 2.10 2.40 2.90 Right Angle Wire Wrap Gold Header PART NO. 1-9 10-24 25-99 I0C-RAH 20WWG I0C-RAH 26WWG I0C-RAH 34WWG IDC-RAH 40WWG IDC-RAH 50WWG 3.60 4.30 5.00 6.00 6.80 3.25 3.90 4.75 5.40 6.20 2.90 3.50 4.50 4.80 5.50 PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS 16723K Roscoe Blvd. Sepulveda, CA 91343 Terms: Visa, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6% sales tax, Minimum order $10.00 Prepaid U.S. orders less than $75.00 include 5% shipping and handling. MINIMUM $2.50. Excess refunded. Just in case ... please include your phone no. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices thru JUNE 1980 •SOCKET and CONNECTOR prices based on GOLD, not exceeding $500 per oz. 'Sale Prices are for prepaid orders only credit card orders will be charged appropriate freight INSTALLATION/ASSEMBLY TOOLS are available call for prices & information. FOR MORE INFORMATION SEE OUR 52 PAGE AD In JANUARY BYTE OR SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG • Sale Prices are for prepaid orders only • Quantities are limited, subject to prior sale • CREDIT CARD ORDERS WILL BE CHARGED APPROPRIATE FREIGHT ^ 274 BYTE June 1980 ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423 5633 Circle 268 on inquiry card. PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS CENTRONICS 730 Dot Matrix Printer SAVE $100.00 STANDARD FEATURES: • 50Characlers/second • Characiers/line • 10 characters/.nch • 3 way paper handling system • 7 x ?doi matrrx . 96 character ASCII ■ microprocessor electronics • indirection print al 50 iPs ■ high speed return approximately 10 ips • 21 pm with B0 columns printed • 58 Ipm with 20 columns printed • 60 character buffer • 6 Ipi vertical • Centronics Colors and logo FORMS HANDLING: Roll Paper 8 5 in « 5 dia w.lh l in. core max.mum dimens.on 3.5 in wide with 38 in core minimum dimension Fan Gold: 9 in /22 9 cm wide pin lo Dm 9.5 in m i 1cm wide overall Up to 3 ply paper with 2 carbons (total thickness not lo ex ceed 012 inches) Cut Sheet: Maximum width 8 5 inches. RIBBON SYSTEM: Continuous nC-bon 9/16" (14mm) wide. 20 yards (16.3 meters) lonq moOius Loop allows printing on upper and lower portion on alternate passes OPERATOR CONTROLS: Power on/oil Reset Switch -allows disabling ol printer wilhoul dropping AC. DATA INPUT: 7 or 8 bit ASCII para dicates that data was received . TTL h with slfobe Acknowledge puis PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS: Weight: less than 10 lbs /5 kg Width 14 5 inches/37 cm •Oeplh 110 mches/28cm Height 4 89 mches/l3cm -Dimensions exclusive ol roll paper SHIPPING WEIGHT. 14 lbs. CEN-730-1 (Parallel Int.) LIST PRICE: $795.00 TRS-80/APPLE MEMORY EXPANSION KITS 4116's RAMS PRICE $695.00 Ao <& from Leadin 9 Manufacturers DAL - COMP ■v > MODEL 550 "BANTUM" CRT Interactive CRT terminal with high resolution 1 2" diagnol 24x80 display and a 7x10 character matrix. All 128 ASCII characters, highlighted numeric pad. RS-232C interface with eleven switchable baud rates (1 10 to 9600). Inverse video and transparent modes, switchable panty, full or half duplex and stop bits, absolute and relative cursor control from host computer. 115V, 60 Hz. $799.00 v DYNAMIC RAMS 4116 — 250 NS OR BETTER 8 FOR $55.1 ► STATIC RAMS 2114 — 450 NS 4.50 2114L — 450NS 5.25 2114L — 300NS 5.50 v > 8080/8085 SUPPORT < 8212 8214 8216 8224 8228 8238 8243 $3.75 4.50 2.50 3.50 5.95 6.25 7.95 8251 8253 8253-5 8255 8257 8279-5 8295 6.95 19.50 6.25 20.25 17.95 18.50 16.50 >■ > ^ 3881 PIO 2 MHZ 8.75 CMOS LIMITED QUANTITIES — NOT BUFFERED 4000 4001 4002 4006 4007 4010 4011 4012 4013 4014 4015 4016 4017 .15 4018 .19 4019 .20 4023 .90 4024 .25 4025 .40 4027 .23 4028 .20 4030 .37 4035 1.00 4049 .97 4050 .43 4528 1.00 74C151 .86 .43 .22 .72 .20 .45 .80 .43 .95 .40 .43 .75 1.55 >= y DIP SWITCHES 3Pos. 4Pos. 5Pos. $1.00 1.00 1.00 6Pos. 7Pos. 8Pos. $1.10 1.15 1.20 ZIP DIP II SOCKETS 16 Pin $5.50 24 Pin 7.50 s 40Pin 10.25 > r RS-232 CONNECTORS * DB25P— Male Plug $2.95 DB25S — Female Socket 3.60 DB25C — Cover 1.50 >- USRT S2350 $7.95 ■< UARTS TR1602B $3.95 TR1863/AY51015 5.95 DISC CONTROLLER 1771 1791 $26.95 37.95 MICROPROCESSORS 5 )> J c Z80A 6502 8008 8008-1 $13.95 11.95 15.95 15.95 8035 8080A 8085A 8086 4.95 4.95 21.95 89.95 ■< CHARACTER GENERATOR • 2513 (2140) Upper 9.95 ^2513 (3021) Lower 9.95 LO-PRO SOCKETS 14 PIN 18 PIN 24 PIN 40 PIN .15 .19 .33 .45 16 PIN 20 PIN 28 PIN .17 .26 .37 z± PROMS 1702 2708 2716 — 5 Volt 2716 — Tl +5-5 +12V 2732 < p- (ALL SOCKETS ARE TIN) $4.95 6.25 21.95 17.00 85.00 MOTHER BOARDS -< J 2± 6 Slot Bare Board 6 Slot Kit 12 Slot Bare Board 12 Slot Kit 18 Slot Bare Board 18 Slot Kit $22.45 47.45 37.45 87.45 57.45 127.45 THE STAR MODEM FROM LIVERMORE to 300 baud data rate. Compatible with Bell 103 and 113. CCITT. Answer/Originate. Full/Half Du- plex. Special self test features. $169.00 < EPROM ERASER Compact, durable quality UV Lamp for erasing EPROM's. Features a special safety lock to pre- vent accidental exposure. Erases up to four de- vices (2708, 2716, 2732, 1702A, 52030, 5304Q, etc.) simultaneously. UVS-11E $68.95 >- < EDGE CONNECTOR .125IMSAI WIRE WRAP GOLD LIMITED QUANTITIES $3.25 '2±. < SD SYSTEMS EXPANDORAM I & II SD SYSTEMS VERSAFLOPPY I & II SD SYSTEMS SBC-100 & SBC-200 SD SYSTEMS VDB-8024 VIDEOBOARD PRICES TOO LOW TO PUBLISH — CALL TOLL FREE FOR BARGAIN QUOTES I04 2 PARALLEL & 2 SERIAL I/O BOARD SSM — I04 — KIT — $124.95 SSM — 104 — A&T — $1 97.95 AIO APPLE SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE KIT $115.00 ASSEMBLED & TESTED . $155.00 <> VB3 80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD SSM — VB3 — KIT— $297.95 SSM — VB3 — A&T — $387.95 a: VB2 I/O MAPPED VIDEO INTERFACE KIT $150.00 ASSEMBLED & TESTED $195.00 4- &4K/8K EPROM BOARD SSM — PB1 — KIT— $124.95 SSM — PB1 — A&T — $174.95 I02PARRALLEL I/O INTERFACE KIT $59.00 ASSEMBLED & TESTED ..$89.00 4> CB2Z-80 CPU BOARD SSM — CB2 — KIT— $184.95 SSM — CB2 — A&T— $249.95 ^ XB1 EXTENDER BOARD KIT (W/CONNECTOR) .... $19.95 ASSEMBLED & TESTED . . $29.95 < A- -< ■I CALL TOLL FREE 800-527-5310 TEXAS RESIDENTS CALL COLLECT (214) 350-6898 o^k .c?f* ^ C0 0& <$*■ TERMS OF SALE: Cash, checks, money orders, VISA, Master Charge. Minimum Order $10.00. Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Minimum shipping and handling charge $3.00. COD orders add $2.00 COD fee. U.S. funds only. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. SOME ITEMS SUBJECT TO PRIOR SALE. WE RESERVE THE RIGHTS TO LIMIT QUANTITIES. GUARANTEED SATISFACTION FOR 90 DAYS OR YOUR MONEY BACK. DAL-COMP M/O DIV. 2560 ELECTRONIC LANE, SUITE 108, DALLAS, TEXAS 75220 • (214) 350-6895 Circle 266 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 277 r 7400 TTL SN7400N SN7401N SN7402N SN7403N SN7404N SN7405N SN7406N SN7407N SN7408N SN7409N SN7410N SN7411N SN7412N SN7413N SN7414N SN7416N SN7417N SN7420N SN7421N SN7422N SN7423N SN742SN SN7426N SN7427N SN7429N SN7430N SN7432N SN7437N SN7438N SN7439N SN7440N SN7441N SN7442N SN7443N SN7444N SN7445N SN7446N SN7447N SN7448N SN7450N SN7451N SN7453N SN7454N SN7459A SN7460N SN7470N .29 SN7472N .29 SN7473N .35 SN74160N .89 SN7474N .35 SN74161N .89 SN7475N .49 SN74162N 1.95 SN7476N .36 SN74163N .89 SN7479N 5.00 SN74164N .89 SN7480N .50 SN74165N .89 SN7482N .99 SN74166N 1.25 SN7483N .69 SN74167N 1.95 SN748SN .89 SN74170N 1.59 SN7486N .35 SN74172N 6.00 SN7489N 1.75 SN74173N 1.2b SN7490N .45 SN74174N 1.00 SN7491N .59 SN74175N 1.00 SN7492N .43 SN74176N .79 SN7493N .43 SN74177N .79 SN7494N .65 SN74179N 1.95 SN7495N .65 SN74180N .79 SN7496N .65 SN74181N 1.95 SN7497N 3.00 SN74182N .79 SN74100N 1.25 SN74184N 1.95 SN74107N .35 SN74185N 1.95 SN74109N .59 SN741B6N 9.95 SN74116N 1.95 SN74188N 3.95 SN74121N .35 SN74190N 1.26 SN74122N .39 SN74191N 1.25 SN74123N .59 SN74192N .79 SN7412SN .49 SN74193N .79 SN74126N .49 SN74194N .89 SN74132N .75 SN74195N .69 SN74136N .75 SN74196N .89 SN74141N .79 SN74197N .89 SN74142N 2.95 SN74198N 1.49 SN74143N 2.95 SN74199N 1.49 SN74144N 2.95 SN74S200 4.95 SN74145N .79 SN742S1N .rwJ|!j>*»:OntTTL«quiv«lt Ouiput □...■: 20 TTLIOOdt ol ttitin loctl.ont 12 B0 noM) 65.H6 Mil Intormolion: DISCRETE LEDS XC556R XC556G XC556V XC556C XC22R XC22G XC22V MV10B .200" red 5/S1 .200" green 4/S1 .200" yellow 4/J1 .200" clear 4/S1 .200" red 5/S1 .200" green 4/$l .200" yellow 4/$l .170" red 4/S1 MV50 XC209R XC209G XC209V XC526R XCS26G XC526Y XC526C .08S" red 6/$l .125" red 5/S1 .125" green 4/S1 .125" yellow 4/S1 .185" red 5/S1 .185" green 4/$l .18S" yellow 4/S1 .185" clear 4/$l XC111R .190" red 5/$l XC111G .190" green 4/S1 XC111Y :190" yellow 4751 XCU1C .190" clear 4/J1 INFRA-RED LED W*Wx 1/16" flat 5/$l DISPLAY LEDS TYPE MAN 1 MAN 2 MAN 3 MAN 4 MAN7G MA 7Y MAN 72 MAN 74 MAN 82 MAN 84 MAN 3620 MAN 3630 MAN 3640 MAN 4610 MAN 4640 MAN 4710 MAN 4730 MAN 4740 MAN4810 MAN 4840 MAN 6610 MAN 6630 MAN 6640 MAN 6650 MAN 6660 MAN 6680 MAN 6710 POl-ARITY I Common Anode-red 5 x 7 Dot Ma1rix-red Common Cathode-red Common Cathode-red Common Anode-green Common Anode-yellow Common Anode-red Common Cathode-red Common Anode-yellow Common Cain od e-yellow Common Anode-orange Common Anode-orange t 1 Common Catri ode-orange Common Anode-orange Common Cathode-orange Common Anode-red Common Anode-red ± 1 Common Cathode -red Common Anode-yellow Common Cathode-yellow Common Anode-orange-D.D. . Common Anode-oranga ± 1 Common Calhode-orange-D.D. Common Calhode-orange ± 1 Common An ode-orange Common Cathode-orange Common Anode-red -C\D. TYPE MAN 6730 MAN 6740 MAN 6750 MAN 6760 MAN 6780 DL701 DL704 OL707 DL728 OL741 DL746 DL747 0L749 OL7S0 DL338 FND70 FND358 FN0359 FND503 FND507 5082-7730 HDSP-3400 HOSP-3403 5082-7300 5082-7302 5082-7304 5082-7340 POLARITY Common Anode-red + 1 Common Calhode-red-O.D. Common Cathode-red ± 1 Common Anode-red Common Cathode-red CommonAnode-red ± 1 Common Cathode-red Common Anode-red Common Cathode -red Common Anode-red Common Anode-red ± 1 Common Anode- red Common Cathode-red ± 1 Common Cathode-red Common Cathode -red Common Cathode Common Cathode ± 1 Common Cathode Common Cathode(FN0500) Common Anode (FND510) Common Anode-red Common Anode-red Common Cathode red 4 x 7 sgl Dfgll-RHDP 4 x 7 Sgl. Oigit-LHDP Oven ange character ( ±1) 4 x 7 Sgl. Digit -Hexadecimal 1-49 1-49 1.49 1.50 19.95 19.95 15.00 22.50 RCA LINEAR CA3013T 2.15 CA2023T 3.25 CA3035T 2.48 CA3039T 1.35 CA3046N 1.30 CA3059N 3.25 CA3O50N 3.25 CA3080T 1.25 CA3081N 2.00 CA3082N 2.00 CA3083N 1.60 CA30fi6N .85 CA3089N 3.75 CA3130T 1.39 CA3140T 1.25 CA3160T 1.2S CA3401N .59 CA36O0N 3.50 CALCULATOR CHIPS/DRIVERS $2.95 2.95 2.00 1.00 MM5725 MM573B DM8864 DM8865 DM8887 OM8889 9374 7-seg. LED driver 1.50 MMS309 4.95 LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS 8 Pin LP 14 pin LP 16 Pin LP 18 Pin LP 20 Pin LP 22 pin LP 24 Pin LP 28 Pin LP 36 pin LP 40 pin LP •MP ml In Spin SG 14 pin SG 16 pin SG 18 pin SG 24 pin SG 28 pin SG 36 pin SG 40 pin SG SOLDERTAIL (GOLD) STANDARD 1.10 1.65 1.75 MM5309 MM5311 MM5312 MM5314 MM5316 MM5318 MM5369 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 MOTOROLA MC1408L7 4.95 MC1408L8 5.75 MC1439L 2.95 MC3022P 2.95 MC3061P 3.50 MC4016(74416)7.50 MC4024P 3.95 MC4O40P 6.95 MC4044P 4.50 it 1 1 in SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN) 14 pin ST 16 pin ST 18 pin ST 24 pin ST 28 pin ST 36 pin ST 40 pin ST WIRE WRAP SOCKETS (GOLD) LEVEL #3 8 pin WW 10 Pin WW 14 pin WW 16 pin WW 18 pin WW 20 pin WW 22 pin WW 24 pin WW 28 pin WW 36 pin WW 40 pin WW 1.19 1.49 1.39 1.69 2.19 2.29 1.23 1.14 1.38 1.79 1.89 1/4 WATT RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS - 5% ASST. 1 ASST. 2 10 OHM 27 OHM 12 OHM 15 OHM IS OHM 72 OHM 33 OHM 39 OHM 4 7 OHM 56 OHM 68 OHM 82 OHM 100 OHM 120 OHM 150 OHM 180 OHM 220 OHM 270 OHM 330 OHM 390 OHM 470 OHM 5600HM 680 OHM 820 OHM IK UK 3.3k m pcs $1.75 so pcs 1.75 so pes 1.75 so pcs 1 .75 so pcs 1.75 so pcs 1 .75 so pcs 1.75 ASST. 8R Includes Resistor Assortments 1 -7 (350 PCS.) $9.95 ea. 1.5K 3.9K 470K 1.2M 3.3M 1.8K 4.7K 22QK 560K 1.5M 2.2K 5.6K ?70K 680K 2.7K 6.8K 120K 330K 820K 2.2M 5.6M $10.00 Min. Order - U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 25i Calif. Residents Add 6% Sales Tax 1980 Catalog Available -Sand 41* stamp Postage— Add 5%plus$1 Insurance (if desired) PHONE ORDERS WELCOME (415) 592-8097 MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS- WORLDWIDE 1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS AV-5-9100 Push Button Telephone Dialler AY-5-9200 Repertory Dialler AV-5-9500 CMOS Clock Generator AV-5-2376 Keyboard Encoder 1 68 keys) HD0165 Keyboard Encoder [" ' 74C922 Keyboard Encoder ( 74C923 Keyboard Encoder ( jrator r IBS keys) r 1 16 keys) r (16 keys) r (20 keys) 1CM7045 ICM7205 ICM7207 ICM7208 ICM7209 ICM CHIPS CMOS Precision Timer CMOS LEO Stopwatchflimer Oscillator Controller Seven Decade Counter Clock Generator NM0S REA0 ONLY MEMORIES MCM6571 128 X 9 X 7 ASCII Shifted with Greek 13.50 MCM6574 128 X 9 X 7 Math Svmbol & Pictures 13.50 MCM6575 128 X 9 X 7 Alpha Control Char. Gen 13.50 MISCELLANEOUS TL074CN Quad Low Noise bi-fet Op Amp 2.49 TL49-4CN Switching Regulator 4.49 U496CP Single Switching Regulator 1.75 11C90 Divide 10/11 PrescaTer 19.95 95H90 Hi-Speed Divide 10/11 Prescaler 11.95 4N33 Photo-Darlington Opto-lsolator 3.95 MK50240 Top Octave Freq. Generator 17.50 OS0026CH 5M hz 2-phase M0S clock driver 3.75 TIL308 .27" red num. display w/integ. logic chip 10.95 MM5320 TV Camera Sync. Generator 14.95 MM5330 AVt Digit DPM Logic Block (Special) 3.95. LD110/111 3 Vz Digit A/D Converter Set 25.00/set MC14433P 3% Digit A/D Converter 13.95 LITRONIX ISO-LIT 1 Photo Transistor Opto-lsoiator (Same as MCT 2 or 4N25) 494 each SN 76477 SOUND GENERATOR Generates Complex Sounds Low Power • Programmable $3.95 each TV GAME CHIP ANO CRYSTAL AY-3 -6500-1 and 2.01 MHZ Crystal (Chip & Crystal _ n _ , includes score display, 6 games and select angles, etc.7.95/SGt $8.40 4.40 4.40 1.55 XR205 XR210 XR215 XR320 XR-L555 1.50 XR555 .39 XR556 .99 XR567CP .99 XR567CT 1.25 XR1310P 1.95 XR1468CN 3.65 XR1466 1.95 XR1469 1.95 EXAR JE2206KB 19.95 XR1600 3.20 XR2206 4.40 XR2207 3.B5 XR2208 5.20 XR2209 1.75 XR2211 5.25 XR2212 4.35 XR2240 3.45 XR2242CP 1.50 XR2264 4,25 XR2556 XR2567 XR3403 XR4136 XR4151 XR4194 XR4202 XR4212 XR4S58 XR4739 XR4741 3.20 2.99 1.25 1.25 3.95 4.95 3.60 2.05 .75 1.15 1.47 1N746 1N751 1N752 1N753 1N7S4 1N757 1N759 1N959 1N965 1N5232 1N5234 1N5235 1N5236 1N5242 1N5245 1N456 1N458 1N4B5A 1N4001 DIODES VOLTS W 3.3 400m 5.1 400m 5.6 400m 500m 500m 500m 500m 500m 500m 50PIV 1 AMP PRICE 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 28 26 28 6/1.00 6/1.00 5/1.00 12/1.00 TYPE 1N4002 1N40O3 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007 1N36O0 1N4148 1N4154 1N4733 1N4734 1N4735 1N4736 1N4738 1N4742 1N4744 1N11B3 1N1184 1N1185 1N1186 1N1188 VOLTS W 100 PIV 1 AMP 200 PIV 1 AMP 400 PIV 1 AMP 600 PIV 1 AMP 800P1V1 AMP 1000PIV1 AMP 50 200m 75 10m 35 10m !w PRICE 12/1.00 12/1.00 12/1.00 10/1.00 10/1.00 10/1.00 6/1.00 15/1.00 12/1J 28 1w 50 PIV 35 AMP 100 PJV35 AMP 150PIV35AMP 200 PIV 35 AMP 400 PIV35 AMP SCR AND FW BRIDGE RECTIFIERS C360 ISA @ 400V SCR(2N1849) C36M 35A@600V SCR 2N2328 1.6A@300V SCR MOA 980-1 1 2A @ 50V FW BRIDGE REC. MDA 980-3 12A(a2Q0V FW BRIDGE flEC. C106B1 MPSA05 MPSA06 TIS97 T1S98 404 09 40410 40673 2N91B 2N2219A 2N2221A 2N2222A PN2222 Plastic 2N2369A MPS2369 2N2484 2N2906 2N2907 2N2925 MOE2955 2N3053 .50 .30 5/1.00 6/1.00 6/1.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 4/1.00 2/1.00 4/1.00 5/1.00 7/1.00 4/1.00 5/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 5/1.00 5/1.00 TRANSISTORS 1.9 2N3055 .89 MJE3055 1.00 2N3392 5/1.00 2N339B S/1.00 PN3567 3/1.00 PN3568 4/1.00 PN3569 4/1.00 MPS3638A 5/1.00 MPS3702 5/1.00 2N3704 5/1.00 MPS3704 5/1.00 2N3705 5/1.00 MPS3705 5/1.00 2N3706 5/1.00 MPS3706 5/1.00 2N3707 5/1.00 2N3711 5/1.00 2N3724A .65 2N3725A 1.00 2N3772 2.25 2N3823 1.00 2 " 3903 CAPACITOR 2N3904 2N3905 2N3906 2N4013 2N4123 PN4249 PN4250 2N440O 2N4401 2N4402 2N4403 2N4409 2N5086 2N5087 2N5088 2N5089 2N5129 PN5134 PN5138 2N5139 2N5210 2N5449 5,1 °° 2M -^ 51 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 3/1.00 6'1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 5/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 4/1.00 5/1.00 5/1.00 5/1.00 5/1.00 5/1.00 3/1.00 10 pi 22 PI 47 PI 100 pi 220 pl 470 01 .001ml .0022 .0047ml .01 ml .1/35V .15/35V 22/35V 33/35V 47/35V .68 /35V I.0/35V .47/50V 1.0/50V 3.3/50V 4.7/25V 10/25V 10/50V 22/25V 22/50V 47/25V 47/50V 100/25V 100/50V 220/25V 220/50V 470/25V 1000/16V 2200/16V U lflJ2 ISSL 50 VOLT CEflWKIC 0ISC CAPACITORS CORNER .12 O0VF .04 .03 ,0O47^f .04 .03 0VF .04 .03 .022,iF .04 .03 047 M F .04 .035 .V 100 VOLT MYLARFILM CAPACITORS .10 .07 .022m( .047mf .05 .04 .035 .05 .04 .035 12 .09 .075 .12 .10 .07 21 .17 .27 .23 .31 .22mf .33 .27 +20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (SOLID) CAPACITORS .39 .31 .25 15/35V .41 .33 .39 .31 .25 2.2/35V .51 .41 .39 .31 .25 3.3/25V .53 .43 .39 .31 .25 4.7/25V .63 .51 .39 .31 .25 6.B/25V .79 .63 ' 1555V 1-39 1.12 22/6V .47/25V 47/50V 1.0/16V 1.0/25V 1.0/50V 4.7/16V 4.7/25V 4.7/50V 10/16V 10/25V 10/50V 47/50V 100/16V 100/25V 100/50V 220/16V 470/25V .35 -30 .28 y 278 BYTE June 1980 Circle 271 on inquiry card. RUGGED CONSTRUCTION IDOO's OF USES - UB" TIP 2/51.00 MAGNETIC RETRIEVER TOOL Picks up elusive metal parts or tools in hard-to-reach places. EXTENDS TO 26%" - ROTATES 360° STRONG, LIFETIME MAGNET MRT-2281 $3.95 | CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES LOGIC PROBE KIT SPECIFICATIONS Input Impedance: 300,000 Ohms. Thresholds: "Lo" 30%Vcc - "Hi" 70%Vcc Maximum Speed: 300 nsec, 1.5MHz Input Protection: ±50 VDC continuous 1 1 7VAC for 15 sec. Power: 30mA @5V -40mA @ 15V - 25V max. reverse voltage protected; 36" cable with color coded clips included. Operating Temp.: 0-50°C. Dimensions: 5.8L x "l.OWx 0.7D in. (147x25x 18mni) Weight: 30 oz. (85 gm) LPK-1 $21.95/Kit ///// m Proto Clips mmf 14-PIN CLIP PC-14 16-PIN CLIP PC-16 24-PIN CLIP PC-24 40-PIN CLIP PC-40 $ 4.50 S 4.75 $10.00 $16.00 Proto Boards PB-6 $17.95 TSSa*A PB-100 19.95 PB-101 22.95 PB-102 26.95 PB-103 44.95 PB-104 55.95 , PB-203 99.95 PB-203A 155.00 PB-203A-Kit . . . 131.00 Jumbo 6-Digit Clock Kit * Four .630"ht. and two ,300"ht. common anode displays * Uses MM53I4 clock Chip * Switches for hours, minutes and hold functions * Hours easily viewable to 30 feet * Simulated walnut case * U5VAC operation * 12 or 24 hour operation * Includes all components, case and wall transformer * Size: 6*4 x 3Va x 1*4 JE747 $29.95 JE701 • Bright .300 ht. comm. cath- ode display • Uses MM5314 clock chip •Switches for hours, minutes and hold modes •Hrs, easily viewable to 20 ft. •Simulated walnut case •115 VAC operation • 12 or 24 hr. operation • Incl. all components, case & " Tsformer •Size: 6%" x 3-1/8" : 1 %" 6-Digit Clock Kit $19.95 Regulated Power Supply Uses LM309K. Heat sink provided. PC board con- """*' struction. Provides a solid 1 amp @ 5 volts. Can supply up to ±5V, ±9V and ±12V with JE205 Adapter. Includes compo- nents, hardware and instructions. Size: 3 1 / a " x 5" x 2"H JE200 $14.95 ADAPTER BOARD -Adapts to JE200- ±5V,±9Vand±12V DC/DC converter with +5V input. Toriodal hi- speed switching XMFR. Shortcircuit protection. PC board construction. Piggy-back to JE 200 board. Size: 3/2" x 2" x 9/16"H . JE205 $12.95 MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS 8212 8214 8216 8224 8226 B22B 8236 8251 8253 8255 8257 8259 MC6800 MC6802CP MC6810API MC6021 MC6828 MC6830LB MC6850 MC6852 MC6860 MC6862 MC6880A -808HA/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES- CPU B-Bit Input/Output Priority Interrupt Control Bi-Directional Bus Driver Clock Generator/Driver Bus Driver System Controller/Bus Driver System Controller Prog. Comm. 1/0 (USART) Prog. Interval Timer Prog. Periph. 1/0 (PPI) Prog. OM A Control Prog. Interrupt Control -6800/6800 SUPPORT DEVICES— MPU MPU with Clock and Ram 128X8 Static Ram Periph. Inter. Adapt (MC6820) Priority Interrupt Controller 1024XB Bit ROM (MC6BA30-8) Asynchronous Comm. Adapter Synchronous Serial Data Adapt. 0-600 bps Digital M00EM 2400 bps Modulator Quad 3-State Bus. Trans. (MC8T26) MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS - M-ZBO User Manual M-CDP1802 User Manual M-2650 User Manual S7.50 7,50 500 14.95 9 95 19.95 2513(2140) Character Generator(uppercase) 2513(3021) Character Generatorflower case) 2516 Character Generator MM5230N 2048-Bit Read Oniy Memory $1495 24 95 5 95 MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS— MISCELLANEOUS - Z80(780C) CPU Z80A(780-1) CPU CDP1802 CPU 2650 MPU 6502 8035 1295 74 95 2.25 $13.95 15.95 1995 19.95 ■Bit MPU w/clock, RAM. 1/0 lines CPU TMS9900JL 16-Bit MPU w/hardware, multiply MM500H MM503H MM504H MM506H MM510H MM5016H 2504T 2518 2522 2524 2525 2527 2528 2529 2532 3341 74LS670 SHIFT REGISTERS — Dual 25 Bit Dynamic Dual 50 Bit Dynamic Dual 16 Bit Static Dual 100 Bit Static Oual 64 Bit Accumulator 500/512 Bit Dynamic 1024 Dynamic Hex 32 Bit Static Dual 132 Bit Static 512 Static 1024 Dynamic Dual 256 Bit Static Oual 250 Static Dual 240Bit Static Quad 80 Bit Static Fifo 4X4 Register File (TriState) 1101 1103 2101(8101) 2102 21L02 2111(8111) 2112 2114 2114L 2114-3 2114L-3 5101 5280/2107 7489 74S200 93421 UPD414 (MK4027) UPD416 (MK4116) TMS4044- 45NL TMS4045 2117 256X1 1024X1 256X4 1024X1 1024X1 256X4 256X4 1024X4 1024X4 1024X4 1024X4 256X4 4096X1 16X4 256X1 256X1 4K S.SO MM5262 - RAM'S ■ Static Dynamic Static Static Static Static Static M0S Static 450ns Static 450ns low power Static 300ns Sialic 300ns tow power Static Dynamic Static Static Tristate Static Dynamic 16 pin Dynamic 16 pin 250ns Static Static Dynamic350ns (house marked) Dynamic - PROM'S 3 95 4.95 7 95 10 95 1702A 2048 FAM0S $5.95 2716INTEL 16K' EPROM 59.95 TMS2516 16K- EPR0M 39.96 (2716) "Requires single +5V powersupply TMS2532 4KX8 EPROM 89.95 2708 BK EPROM 10.95 2716T.I 16K" EPROM 29.95 "Requires 3 voltages, —5V, +5V, +12V 5203 2048 FAM0S A-Y-5-1013 30K BAUD 6301-1(7611) 1024 6330-1(7602) 256 82S23 32X8 82S115 4096 82S123 32X8 74186 512 74188 255 74S287 1024 Tristate Bipolar Dpen C Bipolar Open Collector Bipolar Tristate TTL Dpen Collector TTL Open Collector Static JE600 HEXADECIMAL ENCODER KIT FEATURES: • Full 8 bit latched output for micro- processor use • 3 User Define keys wilh one being bi- stable operation • Debounce circuit provided tor all 19 keys • LED readout to verify entries • Easy interlacing, with standard 16 pin iC connector • Only ^5VDC reouired tor ooerations FULL 8 BIT LATCHED DUTPUT— 19 KEYBOARD The JE600 Encoder Keyboard provides two separate hexadecimal digits produced from sequential key enlnes to aliowdiiecl prog- ramming for 8 bit microprocessor or 8 bit memory circuits Three (3)additionalkeysare provided loruseroperalionswithonehaving a bistable output available The outputs are latchedand monitoied with LEO readouts. Also included is a kev entry strobe JE600 $59.95 Hexadecimal Keypad only $14.95 DIGITAL THERMOMETER KIT €**5^ • Dual sensors— switching control for in- door/outdoor or dual monitoring ■Continuous LED .8" ht. display • Range: -40°F to 199°F / -40°C to 100°C ■Accuracy: ±1° nominal •Set for Fahrenheit or Celsius reading • Sim. walnut case - AC wall adapter incl. • Size: 3-1/4"Hx6-5/8"Wx1-3/8"D JE300 $39.95 62-Key ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit TheJE610 62-Key ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit can be interfaced into most any com- puter system. The JE610 Kit comes com- plete with an industrial grade keyboard switch assembly (62 keys), IC's, sockets, connector, electronic components and a double-sided printed wiring board. The keyboard assembly requires +5V @ 150mA and -12V @ 10mA for operation. FEATURES: • 60 Keys generate the full 128 char- acters, upper and lower case ASCII set • Fully buffered • 2 user-define keys provided for custom applications •Caps lock for upper case only alpha characters • Utilizes a 2376 (40 pin) encoder read only memory chip ■Outputs directly compatible with TTL/DTL or MOS logic arrays • Easy interfacing with a 16-pin dip or 18-pin edge connector JE610 $79.95 62-Key Keyboard only. .$34.95 HICKOK LX303 Portable LCD Digital Multimeter 5kH,);M» input; 6C 51b ic)9 on ?0Mfi<»' -1 0^ .in •0 5-,l. LX303 1% ACCURACY $74.95 LX304 .5% ACCURACY $89.95 RC-3 1 1 5V AC ADAPTER 7.50 CC-3 PADDED CARRYING CASE 7.50 VP-10 X10 DC PROBE ADAPTER (Up to 10K) 14.95 VP-40 40kV DC PROBE 35.00 CS-1 tO Amp DC Current Shunt 14.95 $10.00 Min. OrdBr - U.S. Funds Only Spec Sheets - 25rf Calif. Residents Add 6% Sales Tax 1980 Catalog Available- Send 41 i stamp Postage— Add 5% plus$1 Insurance (if desired) PHONE ORDERS WELCOME (415) 592-8097 MAIL ORDER ELECTRONICS - WORLDWIDE 1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE The Incredible Pennywhistle 103" $139.95 Kit Only The Pennywhistle 103 Is capable of recording data to and from audio tape without critical speed requirements torthe recorderandit is ableto communicate directly with another modern and terminal tor telephone "hamming" and communications. In addition, itisfreeofcriticaladjustmentsandis builtwitti non-precision, readilyavailable parts. Data Transmission Method Freouency-Shitt Keying, full-duplex (halt-duplex selectable). Maximum Data Rale ' 300 Baud. Data Formal Asynchronous Serial (returnto marklevel required between each character). Receive Channel Frequencies . ..2025 Hzfor space: 2225 Hz for mark. Transmit Channel Frequencies ..Switch selectable: Low (normal) - 1070 space. 1270 mark: High = 025 space. 2225 mark. Receive Sensitivity -46dbm accoustically coupled. Transmll Level -15 dbm nominal. Adjustable from -6 dbm to -20 dbm. Receive FrequencyToterance ...Frequency reference automatically adjusts to allow foroperation between 1 800 Hzand 2400 Hz. Olgilal Data Interface EiA RS-232C or 20 mA current loop (receiver is optoisolated and non-polar). Power Requirements 120 VAC. single phase. 10 Watts. Physical All components mount on a single 5" by 9" pnnted circuit board. AN components included. Requires a VOM, Audio Oscillator. Frequency Counter and/or Oscilloscope to align. TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit Expand your 4K TRS-80 System to 16K. Kit comes complete with: * 8 each UPD416-1 (16K Dynamic Rams ) 250NS * Documentation for conversion TRS-16K $75.00 •30 A WG wire • .025" square posts • Daisy chain or • Built- in cut off point-to-point • Includes 50 ft. wire • No stripping or slitting required- just wrap t No. Wiro JW-1-B Blue $11.95 JW-1-W White 14.95 JW-1-Y Yellow 14.95 JW-1-R Red 14.95 JUST WRAP" Replacement Wire Piirt No. Color Pries R-JW-B Blue 50 ft. roll S2.98 R-JW-W White 50 ft. roil . .- 2.98 R-JW-Y Yellow 50 ft. roll 2.98 R-JW-R Red 50 ft. roll 2.98 JUST UiRAP" Unwrap Tool $3.49 Vacuum Vise Vacuum-based light-duty vise for small components and assemblies. ABS con- struction. 1%" jaws, VA" travel. Canbe permanently installed. VV-1 $3.49 ADJUSTABLE WRENCH •Two Sizes: 6" and 10" •Professional Quality •Chrome Vanadium Steel 6"_ AW-6 . . $4.95 10"- AW-10. . $6.95 JOYSTICK VIDEO CONTROLLER • IDEAL FOR ALL VIDEO GAMESOR REMOTE CON- TROL PROJECTS •SMALL CASE SIZE: 1-1/2"H x 2-3/8"W x 4-5/16"L •2 MINIATUREPOTENTIOMETERS-40KOHM EACH • SPST PUSH BUTTON CONTROL •5-WIRE CONNECTION CABLE - 5 FEET LONG • RUGGED PLASTIC CASE JVC-40 $4.95eachy Circle 271 on inquiry card. BYTE June 1980 279 Buy Direct From CompuMart COMPUMART NOW OFFERS THE ENTIRE DEC LSI-11 PRODUCT LINE CALL FOR PRICES & DELIVERY. Buy Direct from the Largest Commodore Dealer in the Country — NCE/CompuMart. 8K-Keyboard N $795 16K-Keyboard B $995 l6K-Keyboard N $995 32K-Keyboard B $1 ,295 32K-Keyboard N $1 .295 B — large keyboard (graphics not on keys) N — large keyboard with graphics symbols SUPER SAVER. Thanks to Commodore their printer prices have been drastically reduced: Commodore Printer (tractor feed) was $995 NOWS795 Commodore Printer (friction feed) was S849 NOW $695 NEW FROM EXIDY THE SORCERER II 48K COMPUTER Z-80 Microprocessor. Full-sized keyboard • ROM PAC Programs • Microsoft BASIC • Powerful Graphics • Serial and Parallel I O • Dual Cassette I O Memory Internally Expandable • S-100 Expansion Options. 48K Sorcerer II S1.395 c<$& The 779-2 is a tractor feed printer designed for small business systems. Uses a 5x7 dot matrix to produce all 64 upper case ASCII characters. Centronics is the big- gest name in printers and this is their most popular model. List. S1.245 SALE! S1,079 The New 730-1 parallel matrix printer is ideally suited for all personal and microcomputer systems. Standard Features include: 100 cps • 80 char. /line • 3-way paper handling system • 7x7 dot matrix • 96 character ASCII • List S995 SALE! S839 To meet our Centronics' quotas we are offering these great specials on their printers! 753-9 9x9 Data Processing Printer. List: S2.995 SALE! S2.395 704-9 9 x 9 180 CPS. List: S1.995 SALE! S1.750 701-9 9x 9 Matrix. List: S1,595 SALE!S1,395 730-3 Serial 730. List: S895 SALE! S745 Brand New. Centronics Model 737. the first printer in its class capable of offering print quality suitable for text processing, plus the performance & application flexi- bility required for data processing. Unbelievablequality of type. 737-3 Serial Word Processor Printer S1,045 737-1 Parallel Word Processor Printer S995 Perfect Printer for Small Business Systems CompuMart 2 Good reasons for buying your PET** from CompuMart: (1) $100 IN FREE ACCESSORIES WITH 16K or32KPET. When you buy a 16K or 32K PET. apply S100 toward PET accessories. FREE. Choose from the acces- sories listed below and indicate on your order that you have reduced the cost of your accessories by S100 (2) FREE WITH PURCHASE OF ANY PET(Offerextended until June 15, 1980) A Texas Instruments' Hex/Octal Calculator / "*■*££ j| (S60 Vaiue). and a set of 6 PET Workbooks (Worth S36). PET Accessories Commodore Dual Floppy Disk Drive $1,295.00 Second Cassette— from Commodore $95.00 Commodore PET Service Kit $30.00 Beeper— Tells when tape is loaded $24.95 Petunia — Play music from PET $29 95 Video Buffer— Attach another CRT $29.95 Combo— Petunia abd Video Buffer $49.95 TNW Bi-Dir.RS-232 printer S-face S229.00 KIM 1 (A Single Board Computer from Commodore) S 179 00 PET TO IEEE Cable $39.95 IEEE TO IEEE Cable $4995 KIM1 & Power Supply Package Special . . $20000 Commodore's 3 for 2 is Back! SPECIAL OFFER TO EDUCATORS - GET A FREE PET COMPUTER For a limited time only, when your school buys any 2 PET's at the regular list (see our PET v prices listed above), Commodore will include another PET in the deal, absolutely FREE! Call CompuMart TOLL-FREEfor complete details. The Paper Tiger & Printer From ° A ftf Integral Data Standard features *. rr\ include:4character It- : ( 8.3 to 16.5 cpi • 56 cps at 10 char, per in. • Selectable line spacing • 8 switch-selectable form sizes. The IDS Graphics Option for the Paper Tiger allows full dot pattern control and includes an expanded 2048-byte buffer (a 256-byte buffer is standard). IDS Paper Tiger Printer $995 IDS Graphics Paper Tiger Printer $1,094 KM** 1 SANYO MONITORS 9-inch reg. $199 SALE! $169 Oil 15-inch reg. $299 SALE! $269, Perfect for Apple users . . . Sanyo Cassette Recorder S55 We've Had a Reputation for Dependability Since 1971. DEPT. BY60, 270 THIRD ST., CAMBRIDGE, MA. 02142 To Order: 1 (800) 343-5504 r— — In Mass: 1 (617) 491-2700 ! Member Computer Dealers Assoc. Wehave a completeinventory of Applecomputers, peri- pherals, & software In-Stock for immediate delivery — Call us lor prices. $200 in FREE accessories with the purchase of a 48K Apple tl reg. or Apple II plus. 16K Apple reg. or plus — $1,195 {$100 in free acces.) 32K Apple reg. or plus — $1,395 ($150 in free acces.) 48K Apple reg. or plus — $1,495 ($200 in free acces ) Apple Accessories PASCAL $495 Micromodem $379 VisiCalc S150 The Controller (Business Package) SALE 1 $550) The Cashier (POS System) SALE' $200 Integer BASIC ROM Card S200 Centronics Printer Interface $225 Disk and Controller $595 Parallel Printer Card $180 Communications Card $225 Hi-Speed Serial Card $195 Firmware Card $200 NEW' AppleWnter Text Editor $75 Apple Graphics Tablet . S795 NOVATION CAT™ ACCOUSTIC MODEM • Answer Originate • Bell 108 • 300 Baud • Low Profile Desi Looks good, works great! rogra7imer^™"^^™ Kit with Textool sockets $124.95 Assembled & Tested with Textool sockets $174.95 VB1B Memory Mapped Video Interface Kit $125.00 Assembled & Tested $180.00 QT MEMORY EXPANSION KITS FOR TRS-80 APPLE EXIDY 4116-200 ns Expansion Kit (8 pes) $55.00 ea. 100 pes $5.50 ea. 1,000 pes 5.00 ea. MICROPROCESSORS Z80 (2 MHz) $10.95 Z80A(4 MHz) ... $12.95 6502 $11.25 6800 $12.50 6802 $19.50 8035 $20.00 8035-8 $20.00 8080A $ 3.95 8085A $20.00 8086-4 $60.00 8748-8 $70.00 8080A SUPPORT 8212 $ 3.50 8214 $ 4.50 8216 $ 2.95 8224 $ 4.00 8238 $ 6.00 8243 $ 5.00 8251 $ 7.00 8253 $19.00 8255 $ 6.25 8257 $17.95 8259 $19.95 8275 $69.95 8279 $17.50 8295 $16.50 STATIC RAMS 21L02 (450 m) 64/ea./$1.20 ea. 100 ea./$1.10 ea. 1,000 ea./$.95ea. 2102-1 $1.35 21141. (450 n$) $5.25 ea. 100 ea./$4.50 ea. 2114L (250 nt) $5.50 ea. 100 ea./$4.75 ea. UARTS TR1602B $ 3.75 BAUD RATE GENERATOR MC14411P $10.00 CHARACTER GENERATORS 2513 (Upper case) $10.95 2513 (Lower case) $10.95 2513 Upper (5 v) $ 9.75 2513 Lower (5 v) $10.95 2516 (Slg) $13.00 6571 $13.00 6571AP $10.95 VB2 I/O Mapped Video Interface Kit ...$150.00 Assembled & Tested $195.00 VB3 80 Character Video Interface 80x24 Display, 2 MHz Kit.. Assembled & Tested . $299.95 . $389.95 80x24 Display, 4 MHz Kit Assembled & Tested . .$324.95 .$410.00 Upgrade Kit for 80x24 Display 2 MHz 4 MHz $ 69.00 $ 89.00 I02 Parallel I/O Interface Kit Assembled & Tested $ 59.00 .$ 89.00 CB1A 8080 CPU Kit. Assembled & Tested . $129.95 .$189.95 SB1 Music Synthesizer (4) Kit Assembled & Tested .$199.00 . $279.00 OB1 Vector Jump & Prototyping Board Kit $ 55.00 Assembled & Tested $ 85.00 MB6B 8K Static RAM 450 ns RAM Kit Assembled & Tested . .$129.95 $149.95 250 ns RAM Kit Assembled & Tested . .$159.95 . $224.95 MB7 Low Power 16K Static RAM Kit Assembled & Tested . $269.96 . $375.00 CB2 Z-80 CPU Kit Assembled & Tested . .$185.95 . $250.00 MB3 4K 1702 EPROM Board Kit - without EPROMs Assembled & Tested $ 65.00 .$125.00 MB8A 16K 2708 EPROM Board Kit - without EPROMS Assembled & Tested . $ 85.00 .$139.00 T1 Active Terminator Kit Assembled & Tested . $ 34.00 $ 64.00 MT1 15 Slot Motherboard Kit (with Connectors) Assembled & Tested .$129.95 .$149.95 XB1 Extender Board Kit (with Connector) . Assembled & Tested . $ 19.95 $ 29.95 COMPUTER SYSTEMS t I INC. I 15335 South Hawthorne Boulevard J Lawndale, California 90260 *,n (213) 970-0952 PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE 1-800-421-5150 (CONTINENTAL U.S. ONLY) (EXCEPT CALIFORNIA) TERMS OF SALE: ig charge S2.50. 7400 SN7400N SN7401N SN7402N SN7403N SN7404N SN7405N SN7406N SN7407N SN7408N SN7409N SN7410N SN7411N SN7412N SN7413N SN7414N SN7416N SN7417N SN7420N SN7421N SN7422N SN7423N SN7425N SN7426N SN7427N SN7429N SN7430N SN7432N SN7437N SN7438N SN7439N SN7440N SN7441N SN7442N SN7443N SN7444N SN7445N SN7446N SN7447N SN7448N SN7450N SN7451N SN7453N SN7454N SN7459N SN7460N SN7470N SN7472N SN7473N SN7474N SN7475N SN7476N SN7479N SN7480N SN7481N SN7482N SN7483N SN7485N SN7486N SN7489N SN7490N SN7491N SN7492N SN7493N SN7494N SN7495N SN7496N SN7497N SN74100N SN74107N SN74109N SN74116N SN74121N SN74122N SN74123N SN74125N SN74126N SN74128N SN74132N SN74136N SN74139N SN74141N SN74142N SN74143N SN74144N SN74145N SN74147N SN74146N SN74150N SN74151N SN74152N SN74153N SN74154N SN74155N SN74156N SN74157N SN74158N SN74160N SN74161N SN74162N SN74163N SN74164N SN74165N SN74166N SN74167N SN74170N SN74172N SN74173N SN74174N SN74175N SN74176N SN74177N SN74179N SN74180N SN74181N SN74182N SN74184N SN74185N SN74186N SN74188N SN74190N SN74191N SN74192N SN74193N SN74194N SN74195N SN74196N SN74197N SN74198N SN74199N SN74221N SN74251N SN74273N SN74279N SN74283N SN74284N SN74285N SN74290N SN74298N SN74365N SN74366N SN74367N SN74368N SN74390N SN74393N SN74490N CMOS CD4000 CD4001 CD4002 CD4006 CD4007 CO4008 CD4009 CD4010 CD4011 CD4012 CD4013 CD4014 CD4015 CD4016 CD4017 CD4018 CD4019 CD4020 CD4021 CD4022 CD4023 CD4024 CD4025 CD4027 CD4028 CD4029 CD4030 CD403I CD4032 CD4034 CD4035 CD4037 CD4040 CD404I CD4042 CD4043 CD404.i CD4046 CD4047 CD40-18 0^40^9 CD4050 CD4051 CD4052 CD4053 CD4055 CD4056 CD5 CD4516 CD4518 CD4520 CD4555 CD4556 CD4566 74CO0 74C02 74C04 74C08 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74C32 74C42 74C48 74C73 7f,/V/H NE552N LU/02H ; LM70 r IN/H | v.-w. -j H LM748N/H LM760CN LM1310N RETAI L STORES OPEN MON-S AT 1 31 "B" E. Edmger STORE 674 El Camino Real ADVANCED COMPUTER PRODUCTS 2 99 2.49 229 2.29 295 8 95 LM1414h LM1458CN/N .49 MC1488N 1.49 MC1489N 1.49 LM1496N 89 LM1556N 150 LM1800N .79 LM1820N .95 LM1850N 95 LM1889N LM2111N LM2900N LM2901N LM2917N CA3013T CA3018T CA30 21T CA3023T CA3035T CA3039T CA304GT LM3053N CA3059N CA3060N CA3062N LM3065N CA3080N CA3081N CA3082N CA3083N CA3086N CA3089N CA3096N CA3097N CA3130T CA3140T CA3146N CA3160T CA3190N CA3401N MC3423N MC3460N SG3524N CA3600N LM3900N LM3905N LM3909N HC4131N RC41 36 N HC4 151N RC4I9.J RC4195 ULN2001 ULN2003 SUTb-ibON SN 7545 IN SN75452N SN75453N SN 75454 N SN75491N SN75492N SN75493N SN75494N 1.90 3 95 2 50 2 95 2 29 1.99 3 49 2 99 2 75 325 325 4 95 1.99 1 29 2 75 249 199 249 49 249 395 3 95 3 50 2 95 BECKMAN Digital Multimeters MODELS TECH JM AMI TECH MO flSLOWAS ^-^ $ 100 00 w feature* 7 tuncium ClciceolMo*fc-TrieUCH310l 29 range pkc 025% Vdc aoof acy TteUCHGOOIasaOS^Vdc accuracy and all luIwithrjullnslaOlmiS™ continuity tonctwo TECH 300 Digital Mullimeler S 1 00. TECH 350 Digital Multimeter S130. VC-201 Vinyl Canying Case S 1 0. DC-202 Deluxe Canying Case S24. HV-211 HighVollage Probe S35. RP-221 RP Probe S35. C1-231 AC Current Clamp S42, DL-241 Deluxe Test Lead Kit S10. TL-242 SpareTest Leads : S6. I6pcs.) PROTECTION AGAINST TRANSIENT OVER VOLTAGE SAVINGS ON ENERGY COSTS I* 1 POWER-SENTRY"' n* fWir-Sertj nl litirttltK Sii|*-liti Sackit Pondes pro- tedoi ol al etetnmic aeteclncjlacparat;isoce»aiing on a 120 Volt snrjte-rjhase 60 Hi power Ire The urrts consist of a two gale solid state cscul board pro- tected by a 3 amp hoe Powb -Sent/y 31SO Intercepts Sizge-Less Socket 2 1 80 THE BONE FONE i % . 'A 4 Ik • SKIERS • JOGGERS • SKATERS • CYCLERS You must hear it and feel it to believe it!: AM/FM stereo surrounds and fills your body with sound. No earplugs. You wear it! $ 65 95 FLOPPY DISK DRIVES MPI B51-5V.". 40 tracks 279.00 Shugart SA400-5V 35 tracks 295.00 Shugart 800/601R 8" 475.00 Siemens Shugarl Compatible Model s FDD-1 20-8D 429.00 PERSCI Model 277 Dual 1 1 95 00 WANGO/SIEMENS 5' ." Onve 290.00 MPI B52 5V Dual 395.00 WANGO/SIEMENS 282 Dual 5' V. ...395.00 WANGO/SIEMENS 82 290 00 MONITORS Sanyo 9" S169.95 Sanyo 15" 279.00 Leedex 12" 13995 Motorola 12". High Resolution, 22 MHz, OEM Model 4M3000-340 219 00 Zenith 13'ColorMonitor... 499.00 MG A 1 3" Color TV 349 00 VAMP 19"ColorMonitor... 575.00 VAMP 15" Color Monitor. . . 449 00 ESECONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES ModelSOOl Digital Capacitance Meier 275 00 Model 333 Tn-Mode Comparator 295 00 Model IM-3 40-channel Logic Monitor 585 00 Model LM-I Logic Monitor CO 00 Model LM-2 Logic Monitor 14700 Model 2001 SweepableFuitction Generator 18600 Model 5001 Universal Counter-Timer 36000 Model600t650MH2 FrequencyCotinter 38500 MAX-IDO 100 MHz Portable Frequency Counter 14900 PS-500 500 MHz Decade Prescaler 7000 MM-50 50 Mhz Handheld Frequency Counter 7700 MM-550 550 MHz Handheld Frequency Counler 16500 Model 4001 Pulse Generator Model OP-1 Digital Pulser Logic Probes Model IP-l Digital Logic Probe Model LP-2 Economy Logic Probe Model LP-3 High Speed Logic Probe Model LPK-1 Logic Probe Kit Logic Probe Accessories Model LTC-1. LTC-2 Logical Analysis Kits 220/250 m « Apple 11 16K or Apple II. Plus $990 \ 16K Apple Upgrade Kit $62.95 Hi-Speed Seiial I/O S174.95 Centronics Printer I/O . . 19995 Applesoft II Firmware. ... 174 95 Apple Clock 18995 Introt X-10 System . 26995 Introf X-10 Cont/oIlK . All Music Synthesizer 16 Ch Analog Input 2 Ch. Analog Output 13-Key Keypad 11995 Visi-Calc 14995 17995 25995 24995 16495 OS65 Oigi-Sector Apple Graphics Tablet. D C Hayes Modem II . Disk II w/ConlrOller Disk tl Pascal Lang System . Parallel Printer Card . . . Communications Card $349.00 795 00 .34995 47500 57500 47500 . 16500 21000 Business Software Pkg. . . . 625 00 Corvus 10 Megabyte Dnve 4625 00 Integer ROM Card. . . Proto Card M & R Modulator Sanyo Cassette . . 16K Upgrade Kit Apple Radio Car 8" Floppy Controller . Heuristics Speechlab . Romplus -f . Supertaltcer Cashier S17500 2195 2995 . 54.95 6295 15900 . 35000 , 17900 16900 27900 25000 AATARrsoo&400 Personal Computer System ATARI 800 $899.00 ATARI 400 $499.00 ATARI 800 Includes: Computer Console, BASIC Lang. Cartridge, Education System Master Cartridge, BASIC Language Programming Manual, 800 Operator's Manual w/Notebook, Atari 410 Program Recorder, 8K RAM Module, Power Supply, TV Switch Box. Discorr* SWOO Pimtei 49900 Prcgran fieco*» 6900 &>lrm-8 0MC»(trideu EtiucatiaiSystemMaSterCartndge 2800 AtanBASIC $500 Asemtfet Ottx>g 5500 BxtelbaU . . 4200 Ute 4200 Super Bceakwl"* 4200 Muse Composer 5500 Super Bug™ 4200 CcmiDuterChess. , 5500 Hon «F i ran* 5500 EiKilka Srtia CiiHRl Prvgru SpetlJig 3500 US History 3500 Basic Electricity 35 00 US Co«™i«nt 3500 BascAige&ra 3500 Superwswy Sk«S 3500 Biuc EimiiiI frg)naCiutttu WorM History (Western) 3500 Guae to BASIC Programmis 1800 aKcSociotogy 3500 BASIC Game Prograrfis 1900 Counaet«tg PiocwJaes 3500 Ali-Bihtiaari Pintles ol Acwiunting 35J00 8K RAM r*mory MlUt 11000 Pt^cs 3500 I6K RAM Memory MaMe 22500 Great CIMMC5(Eno,«slO 3500 Oltittttt fiu iness Communu lens 3500 ■ • . Base Psycf«*gy 3500 OiskFieMa/eoer SGO EllecrrvsWiitmj 3500 touor) tinrmltij Auto Meclunic 3500 Driving CcmroSer Pa;' 1800 PrinoDteSotEttromics 3500 PaflOle ConlraterPau 18 00 Joystick Conlioter Pair 1B0O Texas Instruments 99/4 PERSONAL COMPUTER Superior Color, Music, Sound and Graphics- and a Powerful Extended Basic - All Built In. $1 099.00 ft commodore $775.00 PET AS ■ ^^ i nw as DISCOUNT PRICES LUVV A2> 200I-BK 200I-16KN 2001 -16KB beg) 200I-32KN 200I-32KB |reg) 2022 B0-C(X Dot Mam Punlei 77500 2023 80-Col Plain Papa Punter 69500 97500 2040 Dual Mm O.sX Dnve 125000 97500 Pet tolEEt Cable 3995 125000 IEEE lo IEEE Cable 4995 125000 C2N Eileinal Cassetie Deck 9500 79500 Model 41 ^^qp wilhnut 013**«»3 An onboaf d navtgajorut computer tor aulaiwbiles. trucks and recreational vehicles Features cruise control, luetmanage- ment syslern. trip computer, rrullifurclioned quart; crystal time •ountet, (His many other tuncticos HANDHELD COMPUTER SPORTS GAMES $18.95ea ELECTRONIC ELECTRONIC FOOTBALL SOCCER K$ TexQS Instruments LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR THAT SPEAKS _ FREE Linguage Modute with purchase lil June 30. The world's first handheld electronic translator to pronounce and display words, phrases and sentences LANGUAGE MODULES **» Ret ENGLISH • SPANISH * _ J^*™ FRENCH • GERMAN ^OtJ. eacl : Texos InstAiments ELECTRONIC DIGITAL THERMOSTAT The Intelligent Way To Cut EnergyCostsYear- , Round Use Only The Energy Yotjfleally Need -With TheTouch Ol A Button The Texas Instruments Electronic Digital Thermo- stat is the intelligent way to cut energy costs year round A fully automatic. 24-hour, sel and lorget comlort system (or the home, it can actually pay, lor itsefi in less than one season. Sugg. Ret SI 6000 ACPPr.ce S-«J 0495 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER SELECTION GUIDE 83500 8300 BOARD KIM-1 5000 2800 SYM-1 Crornemco 7700 SD-SBC100 2195 AIM 65 21 20/250 Cosmac Vip PROCESSOR ACP PRICE ENCLOSURE 6502 169.00 Add 29.95 6502 239.00 Add 39.95 Z80 409.00 N/A Z80 239.00 N/A 6502 375.00 Add 49.95 1802 199.00 Inc. STORE 1 31 "B" E. Edinger #1 Santa Ana, CA 92705 Showrooms, Retail, Warehouse #2 Tustln, CA 92880 Specializing in Systems P.O. Box 1 7329 Irvine, Calif. 9271 3 Direct Order Lines: (714) 558-8813 (800) 854-8230 or (800) 854-8241 FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDERS: 1401 E. Borchard (714)953-0604 Santa Ana, CA 92705 TWX: 91 0-595-1585 284 BYTE June 1980 Circle 274 on inquiry card. r~4AEMMNCED^— > ^-COMPUTER ^/PRODUCTS, w^v v STATICX /RAM BOARDS LtMfj • S-100 32K (uses 21 14) JU^" ASSEMBLED Kit I 1 /?.* P' 450ns. 499.00 450ns. 469.00 250ns. 539,00 250ns. 499.00 Bare Board 49.95 Bare Board w/all parts less mem. 99.95 b&' • S-100 16K (S-100 Compatible) • Low Power a ^ • 2 MHz or 4 MHz • 4K Bank Addressable • Extended Memory Management • Assembled S Tested 2 MHz S250.00 4 MHz.... $265.00 • LOGOS I 8K ASSEMBLED 450 ns. 149.95 KIT 450ns. 125.95 250ns. 169.95 250ns 149.95 Bare PC Board w/Data S21.95 "Special Offer" Buy (4) 8K 450ns. Kits S1 17.00 ' lpatible) -- >tfO>N- gement The VISTA V-80 Disk Drive System • 23% more storage capacity than THS-80 • 1 20 day warranty • 40 track patch at NO CHARGE Single drive system $ 395.00 Two dnve system S 770.00 Four drive system $1 450.00 Two drive cable $ 29.95 Four drive cable $ 39.95 THE VISTA V-200 FOR EXIDY Price: Starling as low as $1 199.00 v?O0E-ZO 400 2 Dnve. 23 lbs 119900 Single Head VJ00E-22 800 2 Drive. 2511a 154900 ' Out* Hud ¥200 E-30 600 3 Dm*. 32tbs 152400 ) Single Hud V2Q0E-32 12 MEG 3 Dm* 32 tos 199900 Ohm him DC-500 HARD DISK INTERFACE AMEO " DATA SYSTEMS INC UK DISH 1UIITSTEM I - SII9V0D - Includes CDC Hawk 10 MS Drive -InfcrticeofYourChace DC-500 Conirtfet - TRS 80 Model I. Catws 150000 DC-500 Controller- TRS SO Model n 150000 DC-SOO CcrtroBa - Apple n )500 00 ■•;• C:r-v<«- S-100 150000 * Apple II * TRS SO * Cromemco (S-100) * Others soon LOW-COST ADD-ON DISK SUBSYSTEM KIT * (2) 8" Drives /^o^ * VISTA Floppy Controller /con sy». \ Card \1 299.00/ * Power Supply and Inter- face Cable * CP/M Disk Operating System * Box of 10 Diskettes IMS STATIC RAM BOARDS * Memory Mapping * Low Power & • Phantom • Assembled & tested Recommended by Alphamicrosystems 250 ns. 450 ns. 8K Static S209.00 S1 89.00 16K Static $449.00 $399.00 32K Static $729.00 $629.00 ANADEX PRINTER new apple version Model DP-8000 compact, impact, parallel or serial. Sprocket feed. 80 cols. 84 lines/min.. bi-directional. New only 3875.00 DP-8000AP (for Apple)$875.00 SD SYSTEMS BOARDS KIT ASSEM SBC 100 Single Board ComputDH2MH/| $265 00 S 349 00 SBC 200 Single Board Compulf (4MH;) 299 CO 399 CO Z80 Slader Syslem 31900 449 00 VOB 8024 Video Display Board 335 00 45900 Vers=)-Floppy II 325 00 429 00 ExBftndQ PROM 11500 22500 S0100 Computer System *,'64K - 6995 00 SD2O0 Compuier Syslem w/64K 7995 00 APPLE/EXIDY/EXPANDO TRS 80 16K-UPGRADE KIT * Special: TRS80 Schematic $ 4.95 * Expansion Interface Schematic . . $ 4.95 * Expansion Interface Connector. . . 7.95 EXPANDORAM II MEMORY KITS • Bank Selectable • Uses 4 116 200 ns. • Write Protect • Power 8VDC. ±1 6VDC • Phantom • Up to 4 MHz |Expando64Kit(4116) 16K S290.00 48K S444.00 32K $365.00 64K 5519.00 TRS-80/APPLE MEMORY EXPANSION KITS, 4116's, 16 K (200/250 ns.) 8 pes for $62.95 w/instructions & jumpers Call For Volume Pricing HAZELTINE TERMINALS SALE $749.00 Model 1400 $749.00 Mode 1 1 500. .. $1085.00 Model 1410 .5825.00 Model 1 510. .51245.00 Model 1420.. S94500 Model1520 5149500 'EpronV' Eraser Model UVS-11E $69.95 Holds 4 Eprom's at a lime. Backed by 45 years experience. Model S-52T. . . $265.00 Professional Industrial Model EMAKO-20.. Reg $777 00 $599.00 UNBELIEVABLE!! 1 25 Caps, 60 Ipm -Vertical Formal Unit - 96 Charac- ters - Upper/Lower Case - 4.5" to 9,5" Adjustable - 80 col/40 col double width -Full 96 char. ASCI I EMAKO-22 $799.00 Prints a 1 3 2 col/line. Available with parallel or serial output at same price, MIKA 20 $1280.00 9x7, 125 cps 136 characters/line Full 15" width. Super for business applications requiring large IBM format paper. NEW CENTRONICS 737 PRINTER Uses any paper roll, fanfold, single sheets, 96 character ASCII, 7 x 7 dot matrix, 50 CPS, RS232 or parallel I/O WOW! $899.00 Z-80/2-80A/8080 CPU BOARD • On board 2708 * 2708 included (450ns.} • Power on jump + completely socketed • Z-80 Assembled and Tested 51 85.00 • Z-80 Kit SI 29.95 • Z-80 Bare PC Board S 34.95 • For 4MHz Speed Add SI 5.00 8080A Kit S 99.95 8080A Assembled S1 49.95 S-1 00 MOTHERBOARD SPECIAL 8 slot expandable w/9 conn. reg S69.95 NOW S52.95 SIEMEN'S FLOPPY SALE • Special buy while SIEMENS supply lasts. $429.00 • 8" Drive with Double- SHUGART Density 801 R • 90 Day Warranty $475.00 ACOUSTIC MODEM NOVATION CAT™ 0-300 Baud Bell 103 Answer, Originate $169.00 6800 MICROMODULE" 1 MODEL NO. DESCRIPTION 9601 l 6 Slot Moiher Board 9602 Card Cage 9603 B Sloi Mother Board 9604 Power Supply 9605 DC Input Power Supply 9610 utility Proio Board 9611 Anth. Proc/Memory Module 9612 Buffered Utility Proto Board 9616 32K EPHOM/HAM Module 9617 EPROM Programming Head 9620 16 Channel Parallel I/O Module 9622 Serial-Parallel I/O Module 9627 16K Sialic RAM Module 470ns 9629 32K Static RAM 450ns 9629A 32K Static RAM 200ns 9630 Card Exlender 9640 Multiple Programmable Timer 9650 8ChannelDuple*Senall/OMod 9655 Intelligent Tape Controller 96103 32/32 I/O Module 96702 Contact Closure Module UNPOPULATED 80ARDSS0 7 75 frSQ 7 75 SALE ( v/Bmder 3f>00 27 50 w/Binder 7&3Q. 18 50 2&SQ. 18 50 DILITHIUM COMPUTER BOOKS • SALE itjCom 6080Mici 8eg.nn.ng BASIC Beginners Glossary & Guide Peanul Butter S Jelly Guide 1o Comi 8080 Machine Language Programrr Home Computers Vol I Hardware Homy Computers Vol II Soltware .TS9*. 7 95 TJ% 11 95 ^96. 8 95 P-9&. 595 T-Sfc. 6.95 .7-SS- 695 T^S. 6 95 T*9fc II 95 FIRST TO OFFER PRIME PRODUCTS TO THE HOBBYIST AT FAIR PRICES! 1 . PrOVen Quality Factory tested products only. 2. Guaranteed Satisfaction 3. Over $1,000,000.00 Inventory 1980 CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE. Send S2.00 for your copy of the most complete catalog of computer products. A must for the serious computer user. MICROPROCESSORS Z8001 I6bi1 toSMb S18900 Z8002 16bi1 to64K 14900 Z80... 10.75 Z80A 14 50 F-6(3850) 1695 2650 18 95 CD1802 13.95 B080A 8,50 8080A-4MHZ . 19 95 SALE 8085 19.95 8008-1 1 4 95 2901 990 2901A 1495 2903 4-b.l Superslice 29 95 TMS9900JL .49.95 CP1600 39.95 6502 "SO 6502A 16 95 IM6100 29,95 6800 11.75 6800B2 MHz .'. 19.95 6602P 17.95 8035 19.95 8755 49 95 8748 69.95 6809 64.95 8086 6995 ADVANCED SUPPORT AM9511 Arilh. Processor ...175.00 9512 Anth Processor, 175.00 9513 Univ Timwg 79.95 AM9517 DMA Controller 18.95 AM9519UniversallnterruPt... 18.95 Z-80 SUPPORT CHIPS ZSO-PIO Z80A-PIO zeo-CTC Z80ACTC Z80-DMA Z80A-DMA 25 M 875 . 12 95 2 5 MHz 29.95 4 MHz 36.95 Z80-SIO/0 2 5 MHz 35.95 Z80ASIO/0 4 MHZ 39 40 Z80-SIO/1 25 MHz 35 95 Z80A-SIO/1 rtOMHz 39 40 Z80SIO/2 2 5 MHZ 35.95 Z80-SIO/2 4 MHz . 39 40 8080/8085 SUPPORT 8155/8156 I/O 2495 8755 l/Owilh Eprom .. 64 95 8202 Dyn Ram Conl 34 95 8205/74S 138 Decoder 3.95 B213 8 bil I/O 2.75 5 25 STATIC RAMS i.yj 25-99 100 21L02 450ns 1 30 1 25 99 21L02 250ns 1 59 1 55 1 15 2111 375 365 355 2112-1 2 95 285 265 2101-1 290 2 70 2 55 2114L-250DS (4045) 895 7 50 6 50 2114L-450ns. (4045) 5 50 5 25 4.75 4044 250 ns 8 95 7 50 6 90 4044 450ns. 595 595 4.75 EMM4200A 9 75 8 75 7 95 EMM4402 7 95 7 25 6 25 EMM 4804 12 50 11 50 9 95 5101C-E 7 95 7 95 725 AMD9140/41 1095 1025 925 AMD9130/31 1295 11 95 1025 1101 1 95 1 75 1 25 P2125/93425(45ns) 995 8 35 825 6508 IKjI CMOS 7 95 795 7 25 6518 IKjtl CMOS 7 95 7 95 7 25 74Sl8964bi1 Ram 3 95 325 2 50 2147LowPower4KSt 7 Numerical Dtsplay Numerical Display Array A I phaS nine nc Comm Anode RignlDP Comn Anode Lett DP Overtiovr. CA, Lett OP Comm Caltitde Right DP Cown Anode RughtOP Comm Anode LeliOP Overt low CA Lett DP Comm Catttcde. Right DP Comm Ana*. RigW DP Comm Anode. Lett DP Overflow C A Lell DP Comm Cathode ftgr,i DP 29.95 2995 2995 13 95 14 95 390 ...2.95 16 95 2708450 ns 2708-6650 ns ... 1702A . 2732 2716-5V 2716-5V. 12V 2758-5V 5203AO 5204 AO IM 5610 SALE 8223 32x8.... 82S115 512 x8(TS) 825123 32x8 .4.90 82S126 256x4 490 825 1 29 256x4 (TS( . . 4 90 825130 512 x4(OC) 6 50 82S23 695 825131 . 14 g 5 82S137 ... 14 95 NOTE: WE PROGRAM PROMS CHARACTER GEN. 2513-001 l5V)llpper 9.50 2513-005 (5V) Lower 10 95 2513ADM3(5V) Lower 14 95 MCM6571 11 75 MCM6571A 11 75 MCM6574 MCM6575 4 50 UARTS/BAUD RATE TR1602BI5V UVi AV51013I5V 12VI AV51014A/1612 15-I AY5 101 5A, 1863 <5V> TMS6"" 15'/ 12VI 3 95 495 6 95 695 i 8 95 995 1671 B Astros 2' 95 SALE TR14726 0.03 WO 194 1 (j 95 COM5016 1695 KEYBOARD ENCODERS AY5-2376 13 75 AY5-3600 13 75 HD0165 95 74C922 9 95 74C923 9 95 IC SPECIAL PURCHASE LF 13508 JFET Analog Mulli 6 Oil ICM 7045 Precision StopWalcry .. ICM 7205CMOS LED Stopwalch/rim ICM 7207 Oscillator Conlroller .... ICM 7208 Seven Decade Counter ICM 7209 ClockGeneralor ICL71073'/j Drgil A/0(LED) MCI4433P 3' i DtgilA/D Convener 1CL8211 Voltage Reference LM 390N Battery Op. Audio Amp... LM lBOONPLLFMSterero LM 1820N AM Radio LM 1850N Ground Faull IC . . LM 2900N Ouad Amplifier LM 2901 N (HM) Ouad Comparator LM 2917N Freq 1o Voll Conv AY-3-3550 4>. digit DMM. AY-5-3507 40MHZ DVM MEM 4963 Mos(e1 Smoke Detector . 27S08 32 x 8 Prom IIM 5600) G1 15M 6 Chiinnel Moslel . .". ULN 2O03A 7 channel Driver 10146 IK x 1 ECL Ram ICM1450564I 7520/25 . . 1488/1489 2/1 99 MK5014Calc 3/1 99 74S89 3/199 7BH05K 6 95 LM323K 4 95 MC1372 8 95 LM 377. LM387 LM 3302 LM4558 . RC4136 RC4131. COM 5027 COM 5037 . 13 95 195 3/100 3/1 00 3/1 00 3/100 2/1 00 2/1 00 2/199 .1 25 .. 1 25 3/199 3/1 99 2/199 2/1 99 3995 49 95 PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY NKRA Dynamic Memory 8oards, Assembled Without RAM, PROM, or Data Delay Line Up to 64K per Board S 139 95 FLOPPY DISKS CERTIFIED ! 40 TRACKS DOUBLE DENSITY 8" 3740 IBM Compal 5V Hard 10 Sector 5V Soft Sector 40 Track Vista compuier diskelles by V order 10 For nunnhly purchai ALSO AVAILABLE DOUBLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY PAKOF IDS'." S5640 8 " S63 90 Floppy disk hard holes ana apo'icators CALL FLOPPY DISK I/O 1771-01 8"* Minifloppy 2495 uPd372 Nec Ftop»y 4995 1701 Dual Floppy 2995 1791-01 Dual Floppy 3695 uPd 765 Floppy 49 95 A/D CONVERTERS 8700 8 bil Binary 8701 10 bit Binary 8703 8 bit TS 9400VOI1 to Freq Co 8750 3V, Digit BCD 139 140BL6 6bit ... 39 1408L8 8bit ... 59 DACOlDloA 59 TV CHIPS/SOUND 13 50 22 00 13 50 4 95 AY38500-1 6 Games B,'W AY385l5Cofor Convener 2 95 AY3B603-1 RoadraceGame 8,95 AY38605-1 Warfare Game CALL AY38606-1 Wipeoul Game . 9 50 AY38607-1 Shooting Gallery 895 AY389 10 Sound Generator 12 95 SN76477TISound Generator 3 95 MM5320/21 TV Synch Gen 9 95 MM5369 Prescaler 395 LM18B9 RF Modulalor . 395 MM57100NSCCotorTV 695 MM57104 Clock Gen 3 75 RF Modulalor w/AudiO 8 95 MSR Modulator 29.95 WAVEFORM GEN. 8038 Function Gen 3 95 MC4024VCO 295 LM566VCO . ... 1 95 XR2206 Function Generalor . , 5 25 SHIFT REGISTERS MM500H Dual25 50 MM5056N Dual 256 MM5060N Dual 128. 2510ADual 100 28470uad80 4.95 3341 0ual80 495 3351 40>:9 FIFO 17 95 3357 OuadBO . . 695 9403 I6x 4FIFO 2495 9408 10 Bil Sequencer 9 95 CTS DIPSWITCHES CTS206-2 1.75 CTS206-7 1.75 CTS206-4 1 75 CTS206-8 1 95 CTS206-5 175 CTS206-9 195 CTS206-6 1 75 CTS206-10 1 95 CONNECTORS (GOLD) DB25P1RS232) ... 325 DB25S Female . . 3 75 H00 O no > r-t a* — i cr o — T o c OQ m D" z "a I c cr o o* OJ CD 4^ Ln 00 cr. o 5" o i^ 5 > > gsn m -a m c= 2 ^? > a od ^ o o 00 00 OJ Ln c 00 Ln n 70 O Z Ln X H m > > •o =? n m "O m More than meets the eye. The new Series 5000 is mighty for its size. In more than several thousand ways! In fact, it's the first small system offering over a megabyte of integrated mini-floppy capacity. And with its super memory management, you can have better than 300k of RAM in desk or desktop ver- sions. But hardware is just the beginning of the story. It's the wide selection of software that really makes this system mighty. Operating systems? Choose CP/M* with CBASICt — the most widely accepted small computer operating system ever. Or MVT-FAMOS,** a multi- user, multi-tasking operating system with file management like the big guys, Or MICROCOBOL,tt also for multiple users, but implemented in COBOL, familiar to commercial users the world over. And applications programs for these operating systems number in the thousands. From real estate to accounting, taxes to inventory control, they're all available at low cost — ready to run. When you add these software and hardware features to Industrial Micro Systems' reputation for rugged, reliable quality products you'll begin to see it all. A lot more systems than your first glance reveals. See even more at your dealer. Call us to find out the name of your nearest dealer. He'll tell you everything you need to know. And really open your eyes! * I rademark ol Digital Research Inc. * "Trademark of MVT Microcomputer Systems Inc. ■("Trademark oi Soltware Systems ttProductof CAP-CPP INDUSTRIAL MICRO SYSTEMS 628 N. Eckhoff St., Orange, CA 92668, (714) 978-6966 2800 Lockheed Way, Carson City, NV 89701 Circle 276 on inquiry card. The Microcomputers you should take seriously. The Challenger III Series is the micro- computer family with the hardware features, high level software and application programs that serious users in business and industry demand from a computer system, no matter what its size. Since its introduction in August, 1977, the Challenger III has become one of the most successful microcomputer systems in small business, educational and industrial development applications. Tens of thousands of Challenger Ill's have been delivered and today hundreds of demonstrator units are set up at systems dealers around the country. The Challenger III systems offer features which make their performance comparable with today's most powerful mini-based systems. Some of these features are: Three processors today, more tomorrow. The Challenger III Series is the only computer system with the three most popular processors — the 6502A, 68B00 and Z-80. This allows you to take maximum advantage of the Ohio Scientific software library and programs offered by independent suppliers and publishers. And all Challenger Ill's have provisions for the next generation of 16 bit micros via their 16 bit data BUS, 20 address bits, and unused processor select codes. This means you'll be able to plug a CPU expander card with two or more 16 bit micros right in to your existing Challenger III computer. Systems Software for three processors. Five DOS options including develop- ment, end user, and virtual data file single user systems, real time, time share, and networkable multi-user systems. The three most popular computer languages including three types of BASIC plus FORTRAN and COBOL with more languages available from independent suppliers. And, of course, complete assembler, editor, debugger and run time packages for each of the system's microprocessors. Applications Software for Small Business Users. Ready made factory supported small business software including Accounts Receivable, Payables, Cash Receipts, Disbursements, General Ledger, Balance Sheet, P & L Statements, Payroll, Per- sonnel Files, Inventory and Order Entry as stand alone packages or integrated systems. A complete word processor system with full editing and output formatting including justification, proportional spacing and hyphenation. OS-DMS, the software star. Ohio Scientific offers an Information Management system which provides end user intelligence far beyond what you would expect from even the most powerful mini-systems. Basically, it The Challenger III Series from Ohio Scientific. allows end users to store any collection of information under a Data Base Manager and then instantly obtain information, lists, reports, statistical analysis and even answers to conventional "English" questions pertinent to information in the Data Base. OS-DMS allows many applications to be computerized without any programming! The "GT" option yields sub- microsecond microcomputing. Ohio Scientific offers the 6502C microprocessor with 150 nanosecond main memory as the GT option on all Challenger III Series products. The system performs an average of 1.5 million instructions per second executing typical end user applications software (and that's a mix of 8, 16 and 24 bit instructions!). Mini-system Expansion Ability. Challenger III systems offer the greatest expansion capability in the microcomputer industry, including a full line of over 40 expansion accessories. Networking and Distributed Processing OS-65U level 3 now provides networking capabilities as well as time sharing ability allowing Challenger IN based systems to be expanded to meet the most demanding business applications. Prices you have to take seriously. The Challenger III systems have phenomenal performance-to-cost ratios. The C3-S1 with 48K static RAM, dual 8" floppies, RS-232 port, BASIC and DOS has a suggested retail price of under $4000. 80 megabyte disk based systems start at under $13,000. Our OS-CP/M software package with BASIC, FORTRAN and COBOL is only $600, and other options are comparably priced. For literature and the name of your local dealer, CALL 1-800-321-6850 TOLL FREE. C3-B wins Award of Merit at WESCON 78 as the outstanding microcomputer application for Small Business. C3-OEM