A new small computer that won't limit you tomorrow New Cromemco System One shown with our high-capability terminal and printer. jmm gm^ MUM <^tKr ^H^r J^^V SHIR Expandability Here's a low-priced computer that won't run out of memory capacity or expandability halfway through your project. Typically, computer usage tends to grow, requir- ing more capability, more memory, more storage. Without a lot of capability and expandability, your computer can be obsolete from the start. The new System One is a real building-block machine. It has capability and expandability by the carload. Look at these features: ■ Z80-A processor ■ 64K of RAM ■ 780K of disk storage ■ CRT and printer interfaces ■ Eight S-100 card slots, allowing expansion with — color graphics — additional memory — additional interfaces for telecommunica- tions, data acquisition, etc. ■ Small size GENEROUS DISK STORAGE The 780K of disk storage in the System One Model CS-1 is much greater than what is typically available in small computers. But here, too, you have a choice since a second version. Model CS-1H, has a 5" Winchester drive that gives you 5 megabytes of disk storage. MULTI-USER, MULTI-TASKING CAPABILITY Believe it or not, this new computer even offers multi-user capability when used with our advanced CROMix* operating system option. Not only does this outstanding O/S support multiple users on this com- puter but does so with powerful features like multi- ple directories, file protection and record level lock. CROMIX lets you run multiple jobs as well. In addition to our highly-acclaimed CROMIX, there is our CDOS*. This is an enhanced CP/M^^type system designed for single-user applications, cp/m and a wealth of CP/M-compatible software are also available for the new System One through third- party vendors. COLOR GRAPH ICSAVORD PROCESSING This small computer even gives you the option of outstanding high-resolution color graphics with our Model SDI interface and two-port RAM cards. Then there's our tremendously wide range of Cromemco software including packages for word processing, business, and much more, all usable with the new System One. ANTI-OBSOLESCENCE/LOW-PRICED As you can see, the new One offers you a lot of performance. It's obviously designed with anti- obsolescence in mind. What's more, it's priced at only $3,995. That's considerably less than many machines with much less capability. And it's not that much more than many machines that have little or nothing in the way of expandability. Physically, the One is small — 7" high. And it's all- metal in construction. It's only HVs" wide, ideal for desk top use. A rack mount-option is also available. CONTACT YOUR REP NOW Get all the details on this important building-block computer. Get in touch with your Cromemco rep now. He'll show you how the new System One can grow with your task. *CROMIX and CDOS are trademarks of Cromemco Inc. tCP/M is a trademark of Digital Research □ Cromemco TM 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400 Tomorrow's computers today Circle 469 on inquiry card. CROMIX* — Cromemco's outstanding UNIX — like operating system CROMIX is just the kind of major development you've come to expect from Cromemco. After all, we're already well-known for the most respected software in the microcom- puter field. And now we've come up with the in- dustry's first UNix-lookalike for microcomputers. It's a tried and proven operating system. It's available on both 5" and 8" diskettes for "Cromemco systems with 128K or more of memory. Here are just some of the features you get in this powerful Cromemco system: • Multi-user and multi-tasking capability • Hierarchical directories • Completely compatible file, device, and interprocess I/O • Extensive subsystem support FILE SYSTEM One of the important features of our CROMIX is its file system comprised of hierarchical directories. It's a tree struc- ture of three types of files; data files, *CROMtX is a trademarl< of Cromemco. Inc. tUNIX is a trademark of Bell Telepiione Laboratories directories, and device files. File, device, and interprocess I/O are com- patible among these file types (input and output may be redirected inter- changeably from and to any source or destination). The tree structure allows different directories to be maintained for different users or functions with no chance of conflict. PROTECTED FILES Because of the hierarchical structure of the file system, cromix maintains separate ownership of every file and directory. All files can thus be protected from access by other users of the system. In fact, each file is protected by four separate access privileges in each of the three user categories. TREMENDOUS ADDRESS SPACE, FAST ACCESS The flexible file system and general- ized disk structure of cromix give a disk address space in excess of one gigabyte per volume — file size is limited only by available disk capacity. Speed of access to disk files has also been optimized. Average access speeds far surpass any yet implemented on microcomputers. 'C COMPILER AVAILABLE, TOO Cromemco offers a wide range of languages that operate under cromix. These include a high-level command process language and extensive sub- system support such as COBOL, Fortran IV, ratfor, lisp, and 32K and i6K basics. There is even our highly-acclaimed 'C compiler which allows a program- mer fingertip access to cromix system calls. THE STANDARD O-S FOR THE FUTURE The power and breadth of its features make cromix the standard for the next generation of microcomputer operating systems. And yet it is available for a surprisingly low $595. The thing to do is to get all this capability working for you now. Get in touch with your Cromemco rep today. Cromemco TM incorporated 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415)964-7400 Tomorrow's computers today circle 470 on inquiry card. In The Queue Volume 7, Number 4 April 1 982 Features 32 The Generic Word Processor, A Word-Processing System for All Your Needs by Philip Schrodt / You'll be amazed by this product's versatility. 40 Use Infrared Communication for Remote Control by Steve Ciarcia / Texas Instruments' SN76832AN Infrared Remote-Control Receiver simplifies the tough job of receiving modulated infrared light. 50 How to Use Color Displays Effectively, A Look at the Elements of Color Vision and Their Implications for Programmers by John Durrett and Judi Trezona / Color is becoming an affordable option for personal computers, but like any new tool, it has special limitations and requirements. 56 A Human-Factors Case Study Based on the IBM Personal Computer by Robert G. Cooper Jr., Paul Thain Marston, John Durrett, and Theron Stimmel / Members of a human-factors evaluation team put the Personal Computer to the test. 108 A Human-Factors Style Guide for Program Design by Henry Simpson / Design considerations that make programs user- friendly. 1 34 The Atari Tutorial, Part 8: Generating Sound with Software by Bob Fraser / The sound capabilities of the Atari 400 and 800 are influenced by the software technique used. 1 58 A Po(r)tpourrl of Ideas, Fifth In a Series by William Barden Jr. / Three inexpensive hardware and software projects for a tone generator, a telephone dialer, and an RS-232C output channel, 186 The Input/Output Primer, Part 3: The Parallel and HPIB (IEEE-488) Interfaces by Steve Leibson / An introduction to two common Interfaces between computers and other devices. 212 User's Column: The Osborne I, Zeke's New Friends, and Spelling Revisited by Jerry Pournelle / A seasoned computer user takes a look at new products and updates. 242 Designing the Star User Interface by Dr. David Canfield Smith, Charles Irby, Ralph Kimball, Bill Verplank, and Eric Harslem / The Star User Interface adheres rigorously to a small set of principles designed to make the system seem friendly by simplifying the human-machine interface. 284 Designing a Text Editor? The User Comes First by Steven Jong / A system's power is measured in ease of use. 302 Managing Words: What Capabilities Should You Have with a Text Editor? by Craig A. Finseth / The ideal text editor is defined drawing on the experience of many users. 322 A Disk Operating System for FORTH, An in-depth Look at How a DOS Operates by Peter Reece / Develop a DOS for the FORTH language and gain an understanding on how all DOSes operate. 380 MOD Ml: TRS-80 Model ill Features for Your Model 1 by Joe W. Rocke / Add video line print, selectable cursor, and automatic key repeat to your TRS-80 Model I. 398 Binary-Coded Text, A Text-Compression Method by Dr, Richard Tropper / You can trim text size by 40 percent by encoding common character strings. 439 Career Opportunities In Computing by Jacqueline Johnston / Hobby-level Interest in computers can lead to a career in the computer Industry. 447 Converting Apple DOS and Pascal Text Flies by John B. Matthews / Now you can exchange Information between DOS 3.3 and Pascal Operating Systems. 464 A Simple Multiprocessor implementation by John Harrington / A simple connection can be the start of a multiprocessing, multitasking system. 472 An Introduction to NSC Tiny BASIC, The Language of the iNS8073 by Jim Handy / National Semiconductor's unique version of Tiny BASIC combines the elegance and efficiency of assembly language with the convenience of a high-level language. Reviews 76 The Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop-HPILby Robert Katz 96 Strawberry Tree's Dual Thermometer Card for the Apple by Dr. William Murray 312 Two Word Processors for North Star by Edgar F. Coudal 371 Selector IV by Micro-Ap, An Information-Management Program by Jack L. Abbott Nucleus 6 20 102, 104 362 414 418 419 429 432, 435 482 489 490 491 542 542 544 Editorial: A Revolution in Your Pocket Letters 1 55, 240 Book Reviews: Software Psychology: Human Factors in Computer and Information Systems: The Mind's I: Handbook of Digital IC Applications Product Description: The Epson HX-20, The First Byte-sized Computer Technical Forum: MicroShakespeare, BYTELINES BYTE's Bits What's New? Ask BYTE 436 Programming Quickies: A BASIC Program for Home Cryptography: Base Conversion on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer Software Received System Notes: Easy-Entry Program for Radio Shack's Color Computer Clubs and Newsletters Books Received Event Queue Unclassified Ads BOMB, BOMB Results Reader Service Page 40 Page 50 " i" i ;|:i., . Sifrf" a 1 i I ii * Page 56 Page 76 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 3 Editor in Chief Christopher Morgan Managing Editor Mark Haas Technical Editors Gregg Williams, Senior Editor; Richard S. Sliuford: Curtis P. Feigel; George Stewart; Arthur Little; Stanley Wszola, Steve Ciarcia: Mark Dahmke Philip Lemmons; Allan Lundell, Consulting Editors; Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor Copy Editors Beverly Cronin, Chief; Faith Hanson; Warren Williamson; Anthony J, Lockwood; Ann Graves. Linda M, Evers; Hilary Selby Polk; Elizabeth Kepner Assistants Faith Ferry; Debe Wheeler; Beverly Jackson Production David R. Anderson, Assoc, Director; Jonathan M. Graves, Creative Consultant; Patrice Scribner; Damian Henriques;. Jan Muller; Linda J. Sweeney; Virginia Reardon; Sherry McCarthy, Chief Typographer; Debi Fredericks; Donna Sweeney; Valerie Horn Advertising Thomas Harvey, Director; Marion Carlson; Rob Hannings; Deborah Porter; Vicki Reynolds; Cathy A. R. Drew; Jacqueline Earnshaw. Reader Service Coordinator; Wai Chiu Li, Advertising/ Production Coordinator Circulation Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager; Andrew Jackson, Asst. Manager; Agnes E. Perry; Barbara Varnum; Louise Menegus; Pinky Krulis; Sheiia A- Bamford James Bingham. Dealer Sales; Deborah J. Cadwell, Asst. Linda Ryan Controller's Office Daniel Rodrigues. Controller; Mary E, Fluhr. Acct. & D/P Mgr.; Karen Burgess; Jeanne Cilley; Linda Fluhr; Vicki Bennett Traffic N. Scott Gagnon; Scott Jackson, Kathleen Reckhart Publishers Virginia Londoner; Gordon R, Williamson: John E. Hayes. Associate Publisher; Cheryl A. Flurd; Michele P. Verville, Publisher's Assistants; Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Com- pany: Paul F. McPherson, President: Executive Vice Presidents: Daniel A. McMillan, III. Gene W. Simpson; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schuiz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Ander- son. Business Systems Development: Harry L. Brown, Special Markets; Robert B. Doll, Circula- tion; James E, Hackett. Controller: Eric B Herr, Planning and Development; H. John Sweger, Jr.. Marketing. Officers of the Corporation: Harold W, McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; Joseph L, Dionne, President and Chief Operating Officer; Robert N. Landes. Senior Vice President and Secretary: Ralph J. Webb. Treasurer. In This Issue As computer technology continues to make inroads into our lives, the man/machine interface assumes greater importance in the total system design. Human-factors engineering, our theme this month, is the discipline concerned with the need for friendly computers. Our cover, photographed by Paul Avis, features a new, user-friendly produa, the IXO Telecomputing System. For a detailed description of this hand-held terminal see Chris Morgan's editorial. To help you make your systems user-friendly, we present "A Human- Fartors Style Guide for Program Design" by Henry Simpson and "De- signing the Star User Interface" by Dr. David Canfield Smith, Charles Irby, Ralph Kimball, Bill Verplank and Eric Harslem. In "A Human-Fartors Case Study Based on the IBIVI Personal Computer," Robert G. Cooper Jr., Paul Thain Marston, John Durrett, and Theron Stimmel discuss the Personal Computer from a human-factors perspective. Steve Ciarcia demonstrates how to use in- frared systems, William Barden Jr. presents a collection of projects for the TRS-80 Color Computer, Gregg Williams treats us to a sneak preview of Epson's new portable computer, and Bob Katz reviews the Hewlett-Packard interface Loop. BYTE IS published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Mam St. Peterborough NH 03458. phone (603) 924-928 i , a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc, Address subscriptions, change of address, USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590, Martinsville NJ 08836, Second class postage paid at Waseca, Minnesota 56093 - USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second class registra- tion number 932 1 , Subscriptions are S 1 9 for one year, S34 for two years, and S49 for three years in the USA and Its possessions. In Canada and Mexico. S2I for one year. S38 for two years. S55 for three years. S43 for oneyear air delivery to Europe. S35 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon re- quest. Single copy price is S2.95 in the USA and its possessions, S3. 50 in Canada and Mexico, S4.50 in Europe, and S5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America. Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE. POB 372, Hancock NH 03449, Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1 982 by BYTE Publications Inc, All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the base fee of S 1 .00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to the CCC, 2 1 Congress St, Salem MA 0 1 970, Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGiaw-Flill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher. BYTE'* IS available in microform from University Microfilms International. 300 N Zeeb Rd. Dept PR. Am Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row. Dept PR. London WCiR 4EJ England. Office flours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AlVl - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon, Eastern Time April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc " . . . stands well above other S-100 graphics dis- plays in its price and per- formance range." BYTE, Product Review . better monochromatic . display . ELECTRONIC DESIGN, 1981 Technology Forecast RS-170 com- posite or direct drive output Local or external sync generation 4Mhz Z80 microprocessor 60 hertz real- time clock 8 level interrupt tie-in IEEE SlOO bus compatible MICROANCELO fflGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER 512x480 resolution black and white and vivid color displays Light pen interface Time multi- plexed refresh 4K resident Screenware™ Pak I operating system 32K RAM isolated from host address space High speed communications over parallel bus ports Screenware™ Pak I A 4K byte operating system resident in PROM on MicroAngelo™. Pak I emulates an 85 character by 40 line graphics terminal and provides over 40 graphics commands. Provisions exist for user defined character sets and directly callable user extensions to Screenware™ Pak I. Screenware™ Pak II An optional software superset of Pak I which adds circle generation, polygon flood, program- mable split screen for separate graphics and ter- minal I/O, relative coordinates, faster vector and character plotting, a macro facility, full UCSD Pascal compatibility, and more. And now. . .COLOR!! The new MicroAngelo™ Palette board treats from 2 to 8 MicroAngelos as "bit planes" at a full 512 X 480 resolution. Up to 256 colors may be chosen from 16.8 million through the program- mable color lookup table. Overlays, bit plane precedence, fade-in, fade-out, gray levels, blink- ing bit plane, and a highly visual color editor are standard. Ask about our multibus and RS-232 versions. SCION Circle 363 on inquiry card. 12310 Pinecrest Road • Reston, VA 22091 • (703) 476-6100 • TWX: 710-833-0684 Editorial circle 146 on inquiry card. foot-note, n. 1. a note or comment at the end of a page, referring to a specific part of tlie text on tlie page. 2. an essential program for the serious WordStar user. FOOTNOTE'" brings full foot- noting capabilities to WordStar™. FOOTNOTEautomatically num- bers both footnote calls and foot- notes, and formats the text, placing footnotes on the bottom of the correct page. At the user's option, the footnotes can also be removed from the text file to a separate note file. Footnotes can be entered singly or in groups, in the middle or at the end of paragraphs, or in a completely separate note file. After running FOOTNOTE the user can re-edit the text, add or delete notes, and run FOOTNOTE again to re-number and re-format the WordStar file. The price is $125., and includes PAIR, a companion program that checks that printer commands to underline or set in BOLDFACE, are properly terminated. FOOT- NOTEand PAIR require CP/M", WordStar, 48K RAM and a Z80 or 8080/85 computer. SOFTK^RE SOFTM/^RE DIGIT/1L/V14RKETING DIGML/VWRKETING" 2670 Cherry Lane • Walnut Creek • CA 94596 (415) 938-2880 Telex #17-1852 (DIGMKTG WNCK) PRO/TEM FOOTNOTE anO PAIR Irademarks o( PRO/TEM Sollwaie Inc WordStai Iradernark ol Mtctopto Inl'l CP/M Irademafk ol Digilal Research A Revolution in Your Pocket by Chris Morgan, Editor in Chief Imagine a terminal that costs about $500 and can: • access the Source, Compuserve, Dow Jones, or other remote database or computer services • automatically handle the protocols to access these services so that you need only enter your password to be online • have a full ASCII character set • have a built-in modem with autodialer and full- and half -duplex capability • be able to emulate other terminals • have an uninterruptible power supply • fit in your pocket • operate from a battery Sounds amazing, doesn't it? Yet it's not fantasy; the product does exist. It's called the IXO Telecomputing System (hereafter referred to as the Telecom- puter), and it's featured on our cover this month. Photo 1: The IXO Telecomputing System. It's a complete pocket terminal with built-in modem and autodialer that will sell for about $500. The phone number displayed is IXO's Access Center. 6 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc You Get More Out of Percom Disk Systems. Expect It At Percom, our business is mal" ..f,,,f,. ■ THIS AD MARKED THE BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA IN MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMMING. It announced PEARL': PEARL ushered in the era where programmers could free themselves from boring, routine and repetitive tasks. Because PEARL handles 60-70% of programming details, which pennits programmers to spend their time more creatively, and more productively. But that was two years ago. Today, there's Personal PEARL - to be introduced at the West Coast Computer Fair. And it goes a giant step further. Personal PEARL makes the capabilities of the computer available to virtually anyone. For its $295 price, even people without technical backgrounds can use it to visually create their own applications and reports on any computer. So the ad you're reading now is announcing an even more important breakthrough in computer and personal productivity. Just diink about the RELATIONAL SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL possibilities . 1 hen contact our rq Bqx 12892/Salem, Oregon 973(»/(503) 363-8929 Personal PEARL Product Manager. ^,,,3 ,,,, CPU International is the former name ofRelationa! Systems International. PEARL (Prtxliicing Error-Free Automatic Rapid Logic) Emm mm " MM Send today for our NEW full-color 56-page catalog with continuous checks, statements, invoices, stationery, envelopes, supplies and accessories. We will also send our FORMS SELECTOR GUIDE, to help you find the right forms for your software. • Quality products at low prices • Available in small quantities • Fast Service • Money-Back Guarantee • Convenient TOLL-FREE ordering Fast Service by mail or. . .PHONE TOLL FREE 1 + 800-225-9550 Mass. residents 1 +800-922-8560 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time IVIonday — Friday Please rush a new computer forms catalog to: CITY, STATE and ZIP Hardware and Software being used. 78 Mollis Street, Grotot^, Massachusetts 01471 A division of New England Business Service, Inc. CODE 22460 Editorial has a password, the terminal has a built-in password (unknown to the user), and the host computer has a pass- word. (This is the proposed standard. Presently, only the IXO Access Center computer adheres to it.) The host computer combines its password with both the user's password and the terminal password in complex, ran- domized ways to make it virtually impossible for some- one else to emulate your terminal with another terminal or computer, even if he knows your password. It's an ad- mirable approach to securing data. I hope manufacturers will pay serious attention to it. The Telegraphic Age Rochlis likes to compare today's computer age to the telegraphic age of the nineteenth century. In many ways, he says, the technique of talking to computers is still in its "telegraphic" stage. Back when the telegraph was the chief means for long-distance communication, telegraph operators were required as intermediaries for all trans- actions. Unfortunately, they "spoke" a different language than their clients: Morse code. Today, most of the public at large do not know how to operate computer terminals and must rely on computer operators. The latter are in ef- fect the most expensive "peripherals" of all. To bring computing power to the people, we must supply them with cheap and easy-to-use computers and terminals. There is a trend this year toward the development of briefcase-sized computers and terminals. (See the report about Epson's new HX-20 portable computer on page 104.) And that's just the beginning: watch for a series of new, small computers from both America and Japan. But size and cost alone will not guarantee the success of these machines with the general public. Human engineering has to be our paramount concern in the personal-computing field; the IXO terminal is a major step in this direction. Piracy Addendum Many people have asked me to comment on the issues of software piracy raised in Jerry Pournelle's January col- umn. (See "User's Column: Operating Systems, Lan- guages, Statistics, Pirates, and the Lone Wolf," January 1982 BYTE, page 132.) My only comment is that, while I sympathize with many of the opinions expressed by Jerry's "mad friend" Mac Lean, my overall attitude toward copying software has not changed since I spoke out in the May 1981 editorial. Nevertheless, I thirJc it's important to air opposing viewpoints in BYTE. The debate is healthy and being overly dogmatic serves no useful purpose. I'd like to hear more from readers about this issue.! 18 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 293 on Inquiry card. Circle 285 on inquiry card. > An Apple II®, a printer, a video screen, a modem, a disk drive, nction, and The CPS Multifunction card and cables are all you need to connect almost any printer, mo- dem, or terminal to your Apple 11" . It's really three cards in one. It provides the capabilities of a serial interface, parallel output interlace, and real-time clock/calendar. It saves you money, power, and slots. The CPS Multifunction is compatible with DOS, CPM, PASCAL, and BASIC. Suggested retail price $239, including software. Cables $24.95 each. The RAMPLUS+ card allows you to expand the available memory of your Apple 11" to 80K. RAMPLUS+ has two 16K banks of RAM. The card is supplied with 16K of installed RAM, with an additional 16K of plug-in RAM available. It is compatible with DOS, CPM, PASCAL, and BASIC, also. Suggested retail price $ 189. Additional 16K RAM $24.95. HOOHrAIH COKPUTtLR INC. 306 El. PtJEBLO fiOfkO scons UfltLEV. CftLIFOHHin ■*aft 43e-6fi36 CPS nittTIf-UHCTIOH i Letters The Missing LINC I keep seeing the "personal computer era" referred to as having begun in the mid-1970s, as if it required the microchip to make it possible to design hardware and software for a single-user computer. But there are important antecedents to this, dating back twenty years, and they were not hand-held calculators so much as proper computers with analog interfaces and mass storage — namely, lab com- puters. In 1962, at MIT's Lincoln Labs, Wesley Clark and Charles Molnar designed the LINC (Laboratory INstrument Com- puter), to be used in a research lab in a manner analogous to an oscilloscope. It wasn't merely its display and analog-to- digital converters (hence joysticks and Spacewar) which made it unique: its soft- ware was designed to enable the scientist- user to program without a professional programming staff. Much of the design rationale was process-control oriented (hence interrupts) so that online data analysis could be performed during an ex- periment, allowing modification to the ex- perimental protocol. But having such a friendly computer in the room, shared only with the other users of the same lab, created the atmosphere of "personal com- puting" a decade before mass-market economics extended it. The first 24 LINCs (with their small memories and dual small-reel magnetic tapes — so-called LINCtapes — which were the forerunners of the floppies) were built under a government research grant and distributed around the country in 1963 to various physics, chemistry, and life sciences labs (they were especially impor- tant in my own field of neurobiology). With the plans in the public domain, several computer manufacturers began selling them (Digital Equipment Corpora- tion's version cost $54,000 — and in 1966 dollars, at that) and improving on the design (DECs LINC-8 and PDP-12 were the major extensions). In essence, thousands of users experienced the per- sonal computer revolution in the 1960s and helped shape its present philosophy. It is curious how this heritage has been forgotten in the great expansion. One con- sequence is an excessive amount of rein- venting the wheel. The interactive soft- ware packages developed by LINC users (especially at Washington University and the University of Wisconsin) were ex- cellent — I have yet to see a statistics-and- plotting package for microcomputers which equals LINDSY for the LINC, and the LINC's text editor and operating sys- tem (LAP) puts CP/M to shame. And— another forerunner of the present micro- computer situation — the really good general-purpose software came from small groups, not manufacturers. Most people tend to compare new microcomputer software to fancier main- frame versions, but it is often more ap- propriate to compare it to the lab com- puter antecedents, which shared a similar philosophy. It is the design philosophy for microcomputers that so sets them apart from the staffed mini- and main-frame computers, and it is that single-user-as- master philosophy that was so extensively developed by the LINC users. William H. Calvin, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Neurophysiology Department of Neurological Surgery RI-20 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Computer Scrabble* We were pleased to see an article dis- cussing the feasibility of a computer op- ponent for Selchow & Righter's popular Scrabble word game (see "Computer Scrabble," December 1981 BYTE, page 320). Others who are intrigued by this concept will appreciate knowing that the state of the art in microcomputer Scrabble has made a great leap forward. It is far beyond the boundaries that Mr. Roehrig tells us will not be broken by anything less than a new, superior generation of micro- computers. "Monty plays the Scrabble Brand Crossword Game" (a computer-opponent program available on disk for the Apple II and TRS-80 Models I and III from Ritam Corporation for $39.95) demonstrates both speed and ability, within the con- straints of today's microcomputers. Monty spends an average of only iVi minutes per move at the highest skill level, and yet it uses an extensive word list (over 50,000), based in part on the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary . As for memory, the program requires no more than 48K bytes for Apple and 32K bytes for TRS-80 versions, much of which is devoted to machine-language graphics, music, and other user-interface requirements. The dictionary is accessed from disk and is stored in an average of only two bytes per word (with an average length of 6 or 7 letters) by use of advanced compression techniques. In addition, Monty is capable of challenging other players' words, based on linguistic anal- ysis, without accessing the disk. To give Mr. Roehrig's efforts due credit, the "game's complexities" do offer a challenge I It took us several major design breakthroughs, over four man- years of programming (for three different computers), and a lot of determination to develop "Monty plays Scrabble" without conceding to "certain constraints" on word length, search, and placement. Although his conclusion that "im- proved computerized Scrabble will re- quire a faster host computer with more memory capacity" has been disproved by example, we thank Mr. Roehrig for his ar- ticle. It makes our endeavor seem quite worthwhile when we learn that we've achieved the impossible! By the way, Mr. Roehrig neglected to properly acknowledge that Scrabble is a trademark of the Selchow & Righter Com- pany, and to disclaim, as does Ritam, any sponsorship or endorsement by Selchow & Righter. Robert Walls, President Ritam Corporation POB 921 Fairfield, lA 52556 * Scrabble is a registered trademark of Selchow & Righter Company. We apolo- gize for not acknowledging this in a prior article. . . . MH More Commbat I would like to thank George Stewart for his excellent and perceptive review, "Commbat: A Tele-Game for Two," in the December 1981 BYTE (page 100). He captured my motivation for creating Commbat in the first paragraph. The problems he mentioned of synchro- nizing both systems upon initial start-up 20 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 426 on inquiry card. 897 N. W. Grant Ave. • Corvallis, Oregon 97330 • 503/758-0521 Introducing the Enhancer ][: a new Standard which is improving the relationship between Humans and Apples. The Enhancer ][ can help your Apple ]['s keyboard become more sociable by remembering words or phrases which can be entered into the Apple by the mere touch of a key. Life can become even easier because the Enhancer ][ can remember what you typed while your Apple was busy talking to your disc Cor doing other things). Naturally, it knows the difference between upper and lower case letters and what shift keys are supposed to do. It even knows to auto repeat any key held down. The Enhancer ][ replaces the encoder board making installation simple. Suggested retail price: $149.00. THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA FOR APPLE ][.= THE ENHANCER H VIDEOTERM The time tested Videoterm 80 column card; • 80 characters x 24 lines • True decenders • 7^3 character resolution • Low power consumption • Compatible with most word processors • Softcard and CP/M compatible • Modem compatible • Most popular character set of any 80 column card • Alternate character fonts available Suggested retail price $345.00 ■ SOFT VIDEO SWITCH The Soft Video Switch is an auto- matic ver- sion of the popular Switch- plate. It l;ale and driving his DeTamaso Pantera sports car. Steve Ciarcia FOB 582 Glastonbury, CT 06033 remote-controlled TV sets. There has been a silent revolution going on in the TV remote-control business. Silent indeed. No longer do Detecting an information-bearing infrared beam in an infrared-saturated environment is a signal-to-noise horror sliow. the control boxes emit ultrasonic im- pulses that drive all the dogs in the household into hysterics. Today's remote-controlled TV sets receive viewers' instructions on beams of in- frared light. The silent revolution has also made controlling the sets easier. Ultrasonic remote-control units, because of their complexity and cost, usually have had only two or three control chan- nels, making channel changing a tedious, repetitive task and limiting the set functions that could be remotely commanded. Infrared-light units are not only practical; they have become much more sophisticated, often making available thirty or more control chan- nels for less than the cost of a pair of ultrasonic transducers. To supply the demand for support circuitry to build remote-control systems, several semiconductor man- ufacturers (such as General Instru- ment, Hitachi, Signetics, and Texas Instruments) are producing integrated circuits that encode and decode the command information used in these TV remote controls. Most encoder chips are designed to accept a key- board input and directly modulate an infrared light source. At the receiving end, the encoded data stream is decoded by a decoder chip and a few discrete components. I decided to buy a pair of infrared encoder /decoder chips and build a 40 April 1982 ® BYTE Publications Inc RELATIVE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS 0-3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 X- WAVELENGTH -;im ULTRAVIOLET BLUE RED INFRARED ► Figure 1: Relative spectral characteristics of infrared light-emitting diodes and photo- diodes. quick and dirty remote-control unit. It was going to be so easy. Not so fasti There was a missing link: detecting the beam of infrared light so it could be decoded. To Find a Missing Link Was 1 going to let a little thing like a beam of light stop me? Of course not. I started investigating how to sense a beam of infrared light. Once again I found myself working on a topic about which I could find very little published information of use in practical experimentation. I suspect there have been few magazine articles dealing with infrared-light communication because of the diffi- culty in detecting an information- bearing beam of infrared light in an infrared-saturated environment. It's a signal-to-noise horror show! The sen- sitivities and dynamic ranges required are beyond simple amplifier-design techniques. My goal of building an inexpensive remote-control scheme using TV-set encoder/decoder chips therefore had to wait until I first designed a reliable infrared com- munication receiver. This article contains both a discus- sion of optical communication and a construction project of a useful in- frared-light transmitter/receiver in- terface for use with a personal com- puter. Along the way I attempt to answer some basic questions includ- ing the following: In what kind of ap- plications can light transmission be useful? Why use infrared rather than visible light? What is the best choice of optoelectronic components for each application? Why Use Light? Light is used in communication for two major reasons: the medium's immunity to certain forms of interference and the relative ease of providing security for the communi- cations link. Electrically noisy motors and other equipment generate electro- magnetic interference (EMI) that can play havoc with radio-wave trans- missions, and ambient noise can disrupt ultrasonic communication. These problems do not bother light beams, and a protected line-of-sight beam path or waveguide provides fair security against unauthorized inter- ception. Light can also be used in providing physical security for premises; a prowler might step over a tripwire, but he wouldn't know to avoid an in- visible shaft of infrared light aimed at a detector in an alarm system. What Is Infrared Light? The segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that we perceive optically as visible light is narrow. On both sides of this band of visible light are regions of radiation that we can't see but which otherwise exhibit similar optical properties. Radiation of wavelengths shorter than we can see is called ultraviolet (UV) light, while wavelengths longer than we can see form infrared (IR) light. Any warm object radiates some amount of in- frared radiation. (Some may quibble with my use of the term "light" to discuss radiation that cannot be seen. I feel that any radiation that can be manipulated op- tically [by lenses and the like] should be called light, and that's how I am using the term in this article.) The spectral graph of figure 1 shows that the visible band has wave- lengths between aboiit 400 and 700 nm (nanometers). Within the range of 400 to 700 nm, the different frequen- cies are perceived as different colors. For example, a light beam of 550-nm wavelength is perceived as green. What we perceive as white light con- tains all the visible frequencies. Transmitting information on a beam of light is done much the same way as on a radio wave. The light must be amplitude-modulated at some carrier frequency, say 40 kHz. This allows the receiver to differen- tiate between the light coming from the transmitter and unmodulated am- bient light. The data to be transmitted can be modulated onto the carrier in a number of ways, including amplitude and frequency modulation, pulse- width modulation (PWM), and pulse- code modulation (PCM). For my application of a simple op- tical remote-control system, the less complicated PCM technique seemed best. This merely consists of turning the 40-kHz-modulated light on and off. At the receiving end, the presence of light is interpreted as a logic 1 and the absence of light as a logic 0. Why use so high a carrier frequen- cy? We have to use a frequency high enough that the communication is not susceptible to interference. The operating environment of our in- frared system may contain such sources of interference as fluorescent lights, which flash at 120 Hz, or television sets, whose screens emit light with interference patterns at over 15 kHz. For open-air optical communication, frequencies at or above 40 kHz are preferred. Any electrically excited light source can be amplitude modulated, but not April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc 41 EMITTED PHOTONS ' f ^DIFFUSED p L ^ / / Zn DOPED Jli I AVER -p/n JUNCTION 25/im 6a AsP EPITAXY ; GaP OR GoAsP SUBSTRATE - n DOPED ^ J ///////// ^ / y ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ / ^ ^ ^ / / ^•TT- J \_ 25/j.m 150um 1 ^ AuSn BACKSIDE CONTACT Figure 2: Cross section of the structure of a standard visible red light-emitting diode. Blue LEDs at Last Longtime readers of BYTE may recall Steve's article from several years ago on a self-refreshing LED graphics display (see reference 2). In it, he described how single-color graphic im- ages can be formed on display panels containing arrays of many red light- emitting diodes and suggested that multicolor images could be displayed on a panel that contained arrays of triads of different-color LEDs. But his suggestion was ahead of technology. At that time, no practical method was known for making an LED that could emit blue light. Now the blue-light barrier has been broken, and in a way eminently suit- able to flat-panel graphics displays. In October 1981, the Sanyo Electric Com- pany of Japan unveiled an LED lamp component that contains two separate LED chips, one of which emits blue light at a wavelength of 480 nano- meters (see reference 3). The blue- emitting chip is formed from two liquid-phase-epitaxial layers of silicon carbide grown on a silicon-carbide wafer. The other chip, made of gallium phosphide with four epitaxial layers, can emit both red light at 700 nano- meters and green light at 565 nano- meters. A single component that can produce all three additive primary col- ors makes possible a full-color, flat- panel LED graphics display. The voltage potential dropped by the blue LED chip is about 3.5 V, pro- ducing 2 mcd (millicandelas) of light, while the two-color chip drops 2 V for 3 mcd of green light and 1.9 V for 3 mcd of red light. Thus we see that real components reflect the theoretical predictions of greater efficiency at longer wavelengths. . . . RSS all of them at 40 kHz. Modulating a 100-watt incandescent light bulb at such a high frequency is out of the question: the thermal time constant of the filament is much too long. The only light sources capable of switch- ing at such a frequency are elec- troluminescent devices, of which the light-emitting diode (LED) is the least expensive and most familiar. In a light-emitting diode, shown in figure 2 on page 42, light is generated when a forward-bias current is ap- plied. This causes electrons to be in- jected into the n-type (negative- doped, electron-rich) semiconductor material and holes (shortages of elec- trons) to be injected into the p-type (positive-doped, electron-poor) material. When the injected electrons and holes recombine with the majority carriers at the p/n junction, energy is released in the form of photons. The pattern of radiation emission can be controlled somewhat by reflective surfaces within the mounting struc- ture and by plastic lenses. Generally, a spherical dome lens with a narrow beam width is best for communica- tion. The color of the light emitted de- pends upon what semiconductor materials are used in the p/n junction and how they are doped (seeded with selected impurities): the amounts of energy released in the electron/hole recombinations of different materials vary, and the wavelength (and there- fore the color) of light varies in a direct relation to the amount of energy contained in its photons. Most of the semiconductor materials used in LEDs are com- pounds of gallium: gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP, which emits red, orange, or yellow light), gallium phosphide (GaP, green emitting), gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs, red emitting), and gallium arsenide (GaAs, which emits infrared photons at about 900 to 1000 nm). The effi- ciency of an LED depends upon wavelength. The longer the wave- length, the higher the efficiency (see the text box "Blue LEDs at Last"). Operating at longer wavelengths, infrared LEDs are more efficient than visible-light red or green LEDs; IR LEDs are therefore preferred for line- of-sight beam breaking or communi- cation. For a given power input, an IR LED produces a brighter light than a green LED. Many IR LEDs have radiant-power outputs of more than 10 mW (milliwatts) — for instance, the TIL39 component I have been experi- menting with has an 11-mW output at 940 nm. Efficiency is important, because an LED is almost a point source of light. The illumination it casts on a surface is proportional to its brightness and inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the surface. If we want our open-air communication link to operate over distances as great as 10 meters, our LED light source must be very bright to produce an ac- ceptable signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio using an ordinary-sized receiving photosensor measuring perhaps 0.1 cm^ (square centimeter). Other incentives for using IR light are reduced sensitivity to ambient visible light, greater ability to pierce through fog or smoke, and better re- flection off most surfaces for a greater chance that the receiver will be able to see the light source. Choosing the Light Detector Choosing the proper light detector is as important as selecting the light emitter. Selectivity, response, and in- herent noise are important considera- tions. There are many materials which function as photoconductors. The simplest are bulk materials such as cadmium selenide (CdSe), lead sulfide (PbS), and cadmium sulfide (CdS). 42 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Photo 1: The TIL413 infrared-sensitive PIN photodiode (right) and the TIL39 in- frared light-emitting diode (left). Photo 2: Prototype of the infrared-light remote-control or communication re- ceiver of figure 4. Generally these materials exhibit poor temperature stability and are sensitive over a very broad range of wavelengths. The familiar semiconductors ger- manium (Ge) and silicon (Si), on the other hand, are sensitive chiefly to the near-infrared (wavelengths close to the visible range) light radiated by IR LEDs. Two types of devices that use silicon and germanium are photo- diodes and phototransistors. Photo- transistors are constructed in much the same manner as commonplace planar-diffused transistors. The base area is usually made large to provide an area into which incident light can penetrate and generate electron/hole pairs. Phototransistors are subject to the variation in performance typical of all transistors. Many of the bad traits of photo- transistors are eliminated in PIN photodiodes. The term PIN is an acronym meaning that the compo- nents are made from three layers of different types of semiconductor material: p-type, "intrinsic," and n-type. A PIN photodiode is one in which two heavily doped p and n regions are separated by a lightly doped region (which exhibits mostly properties intrinsic to the substance). Its large depletion region (interface region between the p-type and intrin- sic layers) provides the PIN photo- diode with much faster speed, lower noise, and greater efficiency at longer wavelengths. Photo 1 shows a TIL413 infrared- sensitive PIN photodiode (right) and a TIL39 infrared light-emitting diode (left). Ready-Made IR Detector Designing a reliable infrared-light detector/receiver is no simple task; it has been the major obstacle in design- ing any infrared communication sys- tem. The engineer must coax his receiver into extracting the trans- mitted data from a dismaying amount of background noise, and he must take care that his design will with- stand the impairments to theoretical performance caused by deviations from ideal component values and manufacturing techniques. But there is nothing conceptually complicated in the receiver, just a photodiode and a series of amplifiers and filters. I haven't presented an infrared communication system before now because I couldn't design one that I felt readers could successfully duplicate. But recently I discovered that an integrated circuit has been de- veloped to do all the hard work. Texas Instruments recognized the need and designed a chip which eliminates all the frustrations in building the IR receiver. The new component is the SN76832AN Infrared Remote-Con- trol Receiver. This chip replaces a combination of several integrated cir- April 1982 © BYTE Publicatioiu Inc 43 J C9 SUPPLY DECOUPLING LIS 10 Dl TIL413 PHOTO- DIODE 11 VCO TIMING ,C5 vcc ycG .Cl TUNED INPUT STAGE :c3 DECOUPLING CAPACITOR 13 02 COUPLING CAPACITOR 8 2 ;c7 :c4 R3 ; CIO LOOP FILTER :c8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER DECOUPLING CAPACITORS 14 ; C6 /77 3 OUTPUT ENABLE DATA OUTPUT 15 /77 OUTPUT FILTER CAPACITOR VCO TIMING CAPACITOR [ VCO TIMING RESISTOR [ OUTPUT ENABLE DATA OUTPUT LOOP FILTER SECOND AMPLIFIER DECOUPLING [ SECOND AMPLIFIER INPUT SECOND AMPLIFIER DECOUPLING [ ]VCC ] GROUND ] LOCK FILTER ] FIRST AMPLIFIER DECOUPLING ] FIRST AMPLIFIER OUTPUT ] FIRST AMPLIFIER INPUT ] AMPLIFIER SUPPLY DECOUPLING ] GROUND Figure 3: Block diagram of the internal structure of the Texas Instruments SN76832AN Infrared Remote-Control Receiver. cuits and discrete components. It con- nects directly to a PIN photodiode and is designed to receive and detect digitally encoded information modu- lated on a carrier (typically 40 kHz). It has an open-collector gated output suitable for direct operation with a microprocessor. For the benefit of readers of BYTE, the Micromint will be distributing a kit that includes the SN76832AN (see page 49). A block diagram of the SN76832AN receiver chip is shown in figure 3 . In- side the receiver chip, the signal from the photodiode is connected to an amplifier with an input impedance of 220 kilohms and a typical gain of 1.6 million volts/amp at 40 kHz. The output of this first amplifier stage is fed to a differential amplifier coupled to the demodulator section. The receiver chip demodulates the signal by comparing its amplitude and phase with that of reference signals produced by a voltage-con- trolled oscillator (VCO) and a fre- quency divider. The bandwidth and capture frequency are controlled by external passive components. The de- modulated output signal is filtered and gated by the output-enable con- trol signal. (A high level on the output-enable line causes the demod- ulated signal to appear on the output line. If the demodulated signal is to be constantly present, the output-enable line should be tied high.) Figure 4 on page 45 is a schematic diagram of the completed circuit for a very sensitive IR receiver which oper- ates at a carrier frequency of 40 kHz. A prototype is shown in photo 2. In the receiver circuit of figure 4, potentiometer Rl sets the frequency of the VCO, which is twice that of the capture frequency (the center fre- quency of the incoming modulated carrier signal). With the external oscillator-control components shown, this circuit can detect carrier frequen- cies from 20 kHz to 70 kHz. The rest of the components, however, are op- timized for 40-kHz operation. The photodiode 1 suggest is a type T1L413, because it has a spherical lens that allows it to "see" over a wider angle. 44 Ainil 1982 © BYTE Fublka&ons Inc j-^TTL ' ^OUTPUT Figure 4: Schematic diagram of a remote-control or communication circuit based on the SN76832AN. This circuit is set up for use at 40 kHz, although the voltage-controlled oscillator can he adjusted from 20 kHz to 70 kHz. Any voltage from +S V to +28 V may power the circuit. thus enhancing the effective sensitivi- ty. In a pinch other photodiodes such as the TILIOO may be used. The data output is permanently en- abled in my design unless the external-output-enable line is brought to ground potential by external means. The output signal is buffered and level-shifted through transistors Ql and Q2 to provide a TTL- (tran- sistor-transistor logic) compatible output. The circuit runs at any volt- age between 4-8 V (volts) and +18 V. I run it at +12 V. When the circuit "sees" a 40-kHz- modulated infrared light beam, the output goes to a normally high state, and the indicator light (LEDl) comes on. The output then changes state in accordance with the demodulated data, exactly duplicating the sequence of the logic levels of the input signal that was fed into the infrared transmitter. Photo 3: Prototype of the infrared transmitter assembly, internal view. Photo 4: The assembled infrared remote-control/com- munication system. On the left is the infrared receiver; the transmitter is to the right. The TIL413 photodiode is the small projection to the right of center of the receiver's front panel; the small projection on the left is a visible red LED that lights when the infrared carrier is detected. April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 45 Rl 820K I CI CD40n 2 ° ^ * CI 0.1^ F C2 . PBl R2 390K — vw- R3 200K "4" R4 lOOK R5 470K — vwv— CD4011 +9V ' R6 - IM ICl CD4011 Number Type I nil + 9V GNU 1C1 CD401 1 14 7 IC2 NE555 8 1 FREQUENCY ADJUST R12 lOK /77 IN 4148 R7 lOOK — wv— f9V C4 O.l^F vcc OUT TRG IC2 NE555 THR CTLV DIS GND R8 8.2K ■ ' 0.0022>xF C5 O.OI/iF + 9V A 2NZ907 1. C6 330/iF JPl -INTERNAL CODE JP2 - EXTERNAL DATA ^MYLAR LEDl TIL39 LED2 TIL39 RIO 47n 1/2 W LED3 TIL220 Rll 22Cn I Figure 5: Schematic diagram of a handheld infrared remote-control transmitter. Four pushbutton switches actuate a NAND gate wired as an oscillator; different frequencies may be selected for testing or in communicating simple command functions. Two high- power infrared and one visible indicator light-emitting diodes are modulated at a carrier frequency of 40 kHz; control signals are sent as q simple on/off modulation of the 40-kHz-modulated light beam. Figure 6: A simple circuit that provides only a 40-kHz carrier modulation for an infrared beam. This may he used for sim- ple beam-breaking intrusion-detection schemes. A Matching Transmitter After building and testing tiie receiver section, I argued with myself about an appropriate transmitter. The "hardware" side of me wanted to follow up on the inspiration that got me started on the project by using one of those complex encoder/decoder chip sets previously mentioned. The encoder chip would be built into the transmitter, and the decoder would be cormected to the infrared-receiver circuit, providing parallel decoded outputs. The "software" side of me (I do have one!) argued that anything these chips could do in encoding and de- coding could be done by any fairly competent programmer in a few lines of code. The real challenge of the pro- ject was creating the infrared-light communication link, not encoding and decoding the signal. In the end, I decided that my inspir- ing vision was not worth the trouble, and I designed a relatively simple transmitter essentially consisting of a gated 40-kHz oscillator driving a pair of high-power infrared LEDs. As you can see in the schematic diagram of figure 5, jumper connections on the oscillator can be changed to allow modulation from an external signal source or to allow the communication link to be tested by your pushing one of the four pushbutton switches con- nected to the CD4011 NAND-gate component (ICl). The prototype transmitter circuitry is shown in photo 3 on page 45. The assembled transmitter and receiver are shown in photo 4 on the same page. 46 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc In the transmitter circuit, ICl is configured as a low-frequency oscillator. The four switches control the frequency of the oscillator. With the "1" button pressed, an 8-Hz, 50-percent-duty-cycle waveform is directed to the IR LEDs. Pressing "2" produces a 16-Hz waveform, pressing "4" produces a 32-Hz waveform, and pressing "8" produces a 64-fiz wave- form (the exact frequencies may vary somewhat). By pressing two or more of the buttons together, a total of 16 distinct frequencies can be created. System Testing and Use To test the transmitter and receiver, aim the transmitter's IR LEDs in the general direction of the receiver unit and press the buttons. The output signal from the receiver should be the frequency correspond- ing to the switch operated on the transmitter. The single-bit output of the receiver can be connected to any con- venient input line on your computer (such as a game-paddle input), and a simple program can be written to count and determine the frequency of the input signal. While much higher frequencies can be transmitted by this system, I chose these low, pulsed fre- quencies so that even a BASIC pro- gram could count the frequency. Nevertheless, if the frequencies are still too fast, simply substitute a higher capacitance for Cl in the transmitter circuit of figure 5 on page 46. The external modulation input of the transmitter is quite suitable for use in a wireless data link. Attach a serial output from your computer to the external data-input line, and con- nect the output of the receiver to another computer or to a remotely located printer. In fulfillment of my original plan, I decided to configure the transmitter in my infrared remote-control system as a hand-held actuator. If you simply want an infrared beam source for use as an intrusion detector in a security system, you don't have to build the entire data- transmission circuit; the simple Photo 5: The familiar BSR X-10 hand- held control unit. This was built to work using ultrasonic pulses, but it can be modified to use infrared light. The added infrared LED can be seen on top of the housing. CUSTOM BSR IC PIN 7 40-kHz oscillator in figure 6 on page 46 will work nicely. TV-Set Controllers, Too After building the IR receiver and transmitter circuits described, I discovered that signals from any of the commercial TV-set remote-con- trol transmitters could be received just as easily as those from the transmitting device I had designed. Most set controls operate with car- riers in the 38-kHz to 41-kHz range. Of course, the data output that you get is a coded bit stream, generally 5 to 12 bits repeating every half second, but this should be no obstacle. While I haven't analyzed the coded TV-set-control data, they should be susceptible to differentiation by the same methods that worked for my simple frequency input. Perhaps you'd have to use a machine-language program to catch the fast data (about 25 milliseconds per word), but the results would be a professional- quality, very versatile remote inter- face to your computer. BSR Goes Infrared The remote-control transmitters for television sets are not the only means to an elegant remote-control CUSTOM BSR 3.9K IC PIN 15 Q3> — '•^^^ TIL39 330/iF; BLACK BATTERY LEAD Figure 7: Modification of the hand-held ultrasonic transmitter of the BSR X-10 Home Control System that converts it to infrared-light operation. system for your computer. Perhaps you have on hand the hand-held transmitter from the BSR X-10 Home Control System. (Some of you may remember when I wrote about the BSR X-10; see reference 1.) This unit was made to work using ultrasonic sound, but it can be easily adapted for IR transmission to work with the receiver circuit in this article. Photo 5 shows the adapted BSR X-10 transmitter. The modification is outlined in figure 7 and shown in photo 6 on page 48. Note that the ground con- nection should be the black lead directly connecting to the battery. The other two circuit connections are to pins 7 and 14 on the integrated cir- cuit as illustrated. The BSR transmit- ter already operates using a carrier frequency of 40 kHz. The modifica- tion is simply to add an emitter- follower IR LED driver to the output section. The existing ultrasonic transducer can be cut out or used con- currently with the optical transmitter. The message transmitted by the X-10 hand-held unit is approximately 100 milliseconds (ms) long and is composed of 13 eight-millisecond seg- ments, each of which consists of a burst of 40-kHz signal. The reception April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 47 Photo 6: Interior view of the modified BSR X-10 hand-held transmitter, modified according to figure 7. of the 40-kHz carrier will be marked by a high logic level coming out of the infrared receiver board for the dura- tion of the 40-kHz signal. The coded data is sent as a series of 1.2-ms and 4-ms bursts, representing logic 0 and 1 respectively. The complete 13-bit message consists of a start bit (logic 1), 5 data bits corresponding to the key being pressed, 5 bits representing the logical inversion of the first 5 data bits, and 2 stop bits (logic 1). The binary codes and the transmission se- quence are shown graphically in figure 8 on page 49. I'm sorry I was halfway through writing this article before I thought to use the BSR X-10 controller. After the idea struck home, I took a pizza break. Then I came back to the Cir- cuit Cellar, added the modification of figure 7, and verified correct data reception using an oscilloscope. I haven't actually written the code to interpret the BSR controller's signals yet. But considering the well-docu- mented transmission protocol used in The longer the wave- length of its light, the higher the efficiency of an LED. the BSR, it may be easier to use this unit rather than figure out the unknown coding of a TV remote- control unit. In Conclusion Building a reliable infrared receiver has been a goal of mine for a long time. Many of my first designs did eventually work, but they couldn't be easily duplicated. Since I believe that many other experimenters are equally interested in IR communication and have experienced similar frustrations, I have arranged with Micromint to make available a complete kit of the infrared-communication circuits shown in figures 4 and 5. Included with these kits is a complete data sheet on the SN76832AN should you care to configure it for another fre- quency range. If you try infrared communication and are successful, you might develop applications for it that have previous- ly been ignored. Certainly experi- menters like myself have been look- ing for better types of man/machine interaction than presently exist. Until computer speech recognition becomes 48 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc COMPLETE MESSAGE - -START OF MESSAGE (LOGIC 1) D8 D4 D2 Dl F 08 D4 D2 Dl F — »| 8ms 1^ — EACH DIVISION IS Sms D OR F LOGIC "1" D OR F LOGIC "0" — 24ms -40kHz 8ms Figure 8: Timing diagram and binary command-code table used by the BSR X-10 Home Control System. CHANNEL NUMBER BINARY CODE OR FUNCTION D8 D4 D2 Dl F 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 8 1 0 0 9 1 1 0 10 1 1 0 11 0 1 0 12 0 1 0 13 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 15 1 0 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 ALL OFF 0 0 0 0 ALL LIGHTS ON 0 0 0 1 ON 0 0 1 0 OFF 0 0 1 1 DIM 0 1 0 0 BRIGHT 0 1 0 1 practical, we shall have to be satisfied with pushing buttons to communicate with computers. But perhaps the in- frared transmitter and receiver in this article can make the connection a lit- tle more convenient. Next Month: It's been a long time since I wrote about time, time as measured by a computer's real-time clock. Next month, we'll look at plans for connecting a versatile clock to a per- sonal computer. ■ Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for each month's current article. Most of these past articles are available in reprint books 'from BYTE Books, 70 Main St., Peterborough, NH 03458. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I covers articles that appeared in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Ciar- cia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II contains articles from December 1978 through ]une 1980. Ciar- cia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III contains the ar- ticles that were published from July 1980 through December 1981. Parts Source The following is available from: The Micromint Inc. 917 Midway Woodmere, NY 11598 telephone (516) 374-6793 (for technical data) (800) 645-3479 (orders only) Infrared Transmitter/ Receiver Kit $42 Includes two printed-circuit boards (one for the transmitter and one for the receiver) and all com- ponents shown in figures 4 and 5. Does not include the cases and power supplies shown in the pro- totype photos. Assembly manual and specification sheets provided. Please include $2 for delivery within the United States or $6 for foreign delivery. Residents of New York state please add 7% sales tax. References 1. Giarcia, Steve. "Computerize a Home," BYTE, January 1980, page 28. 2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Self-Refreshing LED Graphics Display," BYTE, October 1979, page 58. Reprinted In Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II. Peterborough, NH: BYTE Books, 1981, page 109. 3. Cohen, Charles. "Blue-light LED joins red and green chip In paclPL.E CARDS '9H 16K RAM- $120 Z80 CAFID - SSMM f^Videx.Gatd -^■Sa49aMCBSj|[M^ttM^SM ALTOS 8000-2 — $2675 8000-1 5 — $3975 ANADEX 9500 — $1 200 9501 — $ 1 200 ATARI 400-16K-$349 800-16K-$669 §9 C-ITOM 25CPS-P - $1 299 45CPS-P — $1459 DATASOUTH DS120— $595 DS180 — $1259 " 'DIABLO'.''.' 630 — $1945 1640 — $2475 QiSKETTES/ Boxes EPSON WITH GRAPHICS MX70 — $289 MX80 — $429 MX60FT — $519 MX100 — $689 GRAPHIC ROM — $79 RS232 — $69 HAZELTINE 1500 — $995 ESPRIT— $595: , LOBO MODEMS HAYS — MICROMODEM — $290 Novation — Cat — $149 Penril — 300/1200 (21 2A) — $795 MONITORS Teoo-BW $99 Teco-Green — $115 rffreen — $249 Color, reen^$l59 Col^i NORTHSTAR Advantage — $2995 HR64QD — $3025 NEC 8023 — $489 7710 — $2350 ' "•:'• MP|•^■'...' 88G — $569 99G — $659 SOROC 120— $659 135 — $689 TELEVIDEO 912 — $669 950 — $915 Tl 810 — $1240 820 — $1795 SOFTWARE All Major Brands — $GALL MOUNTAIN HARDWARE OKIDATA M80 — $325 SL125 — $3150 M82A — $459 SL250 — $4200 M83A — $729 M84 — $1179 XEROX 820 - $2399 F ZENITH Z19— $669 Z8g-r'$2129 Arizona 1 -602-246-1 783 EXPOTEK In 2231R W. Shangri La Rd. Phoenix, AZ 85029 perience. Some were adults — like many in the target market for the Per- sonal Computer— with little or no previous experience with computers. And some were children from age 10 to 14 with at least some experience programming microcomputers at home or in school. An important group missing from this set of users was individuals who have had extensive experience on the Personal Computer. People with ex- perience on a particular system often have the most informative comments. They often demonstrate that ap- parent problems can be minimized simply by changing the operating procedures. Because they are compe- tent enough to use the full set of features a system offers, they often uncover new human-factors prob- lems. However, because the Personal Computer is so new, we couldn't find such a group of users, and we didn't have the Personal Computer long enough at CASE to develop such a group. Also, because of limited time and resources we couldn't test using standard scientific methodology. Rather than following a carefully planned procedure, we made new procedures as we went along, re- sponding to insights from the test group. This type of evolutionary pro- cess normally occurs before an actual human-factors experiment is con- ducted. Then a consistent procedure is established so that all participants are asked to do the same set of tasks. Hardware Characteristics We will begin our examination of the Personal Computer by looking at some of the human-factors character- istics of the overall packaging. In its simplest form it consists of three units: the computer, the keyboard, and the display. For many applica- tions, it is irrelevant whether these three components are integrated or separate. For others, separate- component packaging is a decided ad- vantage because it offers flexibility in choosing a display or the option of locating the main unit with the disk drive away from potentially destruc- tive young hands (see also the discus- sion of the keyboard below). However, for a user who must move the system from place to place, the benefits of one-piece packaging may bias him or her toward an integrated system like the Superbrain or TRS-80 Model III. For a school system, the separate units are at least a complica- tion: three units rather than one must be anchored permanently to avoid ac- cidental damage or pilfering. A second characteristic, which has been the focus of substantial human- CASE Researchers at the Center for Auto- mated Systems in Education (CASE) at Southwest Texas State University con- ducted the human-factors research on the IBM Personal Computer discussed in this article. The staff of CASE is engaged in teaching, research, and development in the area of the human- factors considerations associated with computer-based systems. Although much of the early work by CASE em- phasized human-factors issues in the use of computers in educational set- tings, recent projects, including work for Control Data Corporation (CDC), Comshare, and Polaroid, encompass a much broader range of human-factors issues in computer systems. The procedure at CASE is first to define the scope for a particular human-factors analysis. Once the issues are clarified, researchers collect data from previously published human-factors studies as well as more general psychological studies in the areas of perception, cognition, and learning. Occasionally, previous research is adequate, but more fre- quently it is used to further clarify issues and design the appropriate research study to answer the specific human-factors issue being studied. In some ways the analysis of the IBM Personal Computer presented here is not characteristic of our usual research because no single task or user group is anticipated for the Personal Computer. As a result, researchers simulated a range of human-factors ex- periments that represent the kind of research which would be done in a full- scale human-factors analysis of a microcomputer. Thus, the general ap- proach and analysis presented here typify work conducted by groups like CASE on human-factors issues and 58 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc ALL COMPUTE^ ARE NOTtREATED NOT ^IIAL ZE/u,S™ is a minicomputer AND a microcomputer. Through multiprocessor tech- nology, each user has a dedicated Z-80A-based single-board micro- computer module, housed in the system mainframe. But users enjoy minicomputer performance and capacity. Includ- ing modular hard disk storage of 34 to 600 megabytes. Tape backup. Shared printers with spooling and queuing. Disk caching. Access to a common database. Unequalled flexibility and reliability. The completely mod- ular, stackable system can expand to 64 users. To add a user, add only a dumb terminal and an inexpensive user microcomputer module. ZE/xS sounds powerful. Now prove It. Name Company Address City/State/Zip Phone Trademarks ZE^S, MUSE: GSM Computer Corporation Registered trademarl<: CP/M: Digital Research And ZE/u-S isn't fazed by light- ning, voltage variations, or pov^er failures. Power for the entire system is "buffered" through a battery/ recharger system that provides up to 20 minutes of operating power Unequalled value. MUSE™ multiprocessor operating system is compatible with CP/M®. Minicom- puter performance and capacity. New levels of reliability and flex- ibility. All at a per-user price that is shockingly competitive. If the coupon isn't fast enough, call. OSM Computer Corporation 2364 Walsh Avenue Santa Clara, CA9505I (408) 496-69 1 0 TWX 9 1 0-3 38-2099 Circle 317 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 59 Tin Atpan Software Company Spoiling Clncker. + QRAMMATik Beyond Spelling Checking THE ONLY COMPLETE PROOFREADING PACKAGE FOR ALL CP/M, MS-DOS, AND TRS-80 WORD PROCESSORS We'll match Proofreader with any other spelling checker on the market. It has a big 38,000 word expandable dictionary, and can check even your largest documents in under four minutes. Proofreader looks up every word, and docs not use less accurate root word analysis like some others. Full inter- active correction Is standard on CP/M and TRS-80 Model II systems, and is a low cost option for the TRS-80 Model I/UI, Spelling checking alone is not enough! No one else has anything like Grammatik! It analy/es your document for common typos, punctuation errors, misused phrases, and poor writing style. Grammatik is receiving rave reviews from both critics and u.sers. Bob Louden in InfoWorld (12/7/81): "Grammatik is a surprisingly fast and easy tool for analyzing writing style and punctu- ation. If you are currently doing original writing on a word processor, you should consider this product." Eric Balkan in The Computer Consultant: "I'm impressed with the imagination that went into this product." A user: "Thanks for making my life easier!" Grammatik and Proofreader are compatible witli all CP/M. MS-DOS (including IBM PC), andTRS-M word processors. Current CP'M formats: standard 8!. NorthStar. Omikron TRS-80. Please call or write for details of minimum system sizes, and availability of additional disk and operating system formats. Shipping costs included. Please specify your system configuration when ordering. Dealer inquiries invited. MS-DOS versions scheduled for March 1982 release. Proofreader Gramnialik CP/M. MS-DOS S129.00 $149.00 TRS.80 Model II S99.00 S99.00 TRS-80 Mod. 1/ III $54.00 $59.00 (Model I/III interactive correction option - $30.00} Trademarks: CP/M: Uigitai Research; TRS-80: Tandy Corp.; Proofreader. Grammatik: Aspen Software Co. P.O. Box 339-B, Tijeras, NM 87059 (505) 281-1634 factors research, is the quahty of the display. This of course (depencis large- ly on the monitor usetd. The IBM monochrome monitor, the only monitor supplied by IBM for the Per- sonal Computer, meets or exceeds all the standard criteria with respect to character size and clarity, screen brightness, freedom from flicker, etc. All the users we questioned were im- pressed by the display, even those who did not in general like green- phosphor screens. When evaluating a display for a large group of potential users (for example, for a school system), the criteria based on the results of published experiments are particularly useful because they were developed from data on a represen- tative sample of users. When an in- dividual evaluates a display for per- sonal use, experience with the display may be more useful than reading published results because the pub- lished criteria are more stringent than many people require. A third feature of the Personal Computer, on which a substantial amount of human-factors research exists, is the keyboard. Despite some of the advantages of alternate keyboard designs, it appears that American National Standards In- stitute (ANSI) standard and related keyboards (sometimes called QWERTY keyboards because of the first row of letters) will continue to dominate the field because of conver- sion and retraining expense. Therefore, we will examine the IBM keyboard from within these standard constraints. The keyboard "feel," the tactile sensation of typing on it, was highly praised by all who used it, particular- ly those who were familiar with other microcomputer keyboards. Frequent- ly mentioned virtues included the ability to move and change the angle of the keyboard, the sculpturing of the keys, and the keyboard's curved- plane surface. Hpwever, every user complained about the Enter and the left Shift keys (see photos la-lf). The Enter key is about Vz inch farther to the right than most users expected, and the left Shift key is about Vi inch farther to the right with the backslash key inserted between the Z and the Shift key. These unconventional loca- tions caused errors initially, but ex- tended practice usually eliminated such errors after about a week. Again, the importance of the key- board layout depends on the context in which the computer will be used. For occasional use by individuals who frequently type on other key- boards (e.g., by a secretary in an of- fice or by someone at home who does a substantial amount of typing at work), the keyboard layout may be a major annoyance. For the individual who types mostly on the IBM keyboard, it should be no problem. Also, if the use of the computer in- volves nontext materials, as in finan- cial planning or playing games, the layout may be less important than if the computer is needed for word pro- cessing. The inclusion of an extra key be- tween the Z and the left Shift key may become standard in the future. In Europe, many keyboards have this extra key to facilitate typing extra characters required in some languages. Some word processors in the U.S. are using this style keyboard to accommodate extra functions re- quired in word processing. So what is a potential human-factors problem today may be an asset in the future. However, on several Japanese key- boards, it is the right Shift key that is moved to allow the addition of an ex- tra key, illustrating that no standard exists for these additions. The keyboard of the NEC PC-8001 suggests one near-term solution. On this computer the user can select, with a single button, either an almost- ANSI-standard keyboard (with the right Shift key out of place) or a keyboard with the letters in alphabetical order (which is helpful for young children). This flexibility could be expanded to let users pro- gram the arrangement of their own keyboards. Documentation Human-factors considerations are especially significant in the area of documentation. Minimally, docu- mentation needs to fulfill three func- 60 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc Winner Is... IBC Bv Four UsersL When you are racing toward that finish line, beating the competition is everything. IBC is the choice of OEM's, system integrators and dealers throughout the world, because in benchmark after benchmark our small business computer systems finish first. We finish first because we are faster, offer higher quality peripherals and can expand our system significantly beyond our nearest competitors. In fact, looking at the chart below, you can quickly see why knowledge- able resellers are choosing IBC. IOC anux Oasis Operating System (Max. Users) 9 CPU Speed (MHz) 6 /j 4 Disl< Speed I/O (MB/Sec.) .81 .OD .54 Seek (Milli Sec.) 35 50 ■S '"'i Cache Disk Memory Yes No No Circle 199 on inquiry card. Join us in the winners circle with high performance equipment and the best dealer plan in the industry. Call or write: OUTSIDE THE USA WITHIN THE USA Integrated Business Computers 21592 Manila Street Ctiatswortti, CA 91311 (213) 882-9007 TELEX NO. 215349 IBC/ DISTRIBUTION 4185 Harrison Blvd., Suite 301 Ogden, UTAH 84403 (801) 621-2294 la lb O O m (3 Li tRF" 1^ m HE o w m » O Bi 1 • a a L B c V |] B ii « 9H is Ml r m K m " ^ ^ Pholos la-lf: Comparisons of keyboards. All have letters in the same position, hut note the variation in the placement of the Shift, Return, and other special symbols. Note also the various solutions to the problem of where to put all the keys not needed on ordinary typewriters. tions: initial training in using the system, quick reference for momen- tarily forgotten information, and complete documentation of capabil- ities and how to access them. Ideally, many other functions will be served, including guidance on uses for system features, information to aid in debug- ging (including common errors and their symptoms), etc. The manuals for the Personal Com- puter have received very high praise. Gregg Williams in "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer" (January 1982 BYTE, page 36) wrote. 62 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc I I I Your computer. Compute. Compute. Compute. Compute. Compute. Compute. E Compute. = Compute. E Compute. = Compute. Yojir prmter. r^_n . I *5 1 I ■ 1 • I - I I, ifllHIfi New Microbuffer II lets you use your printer ""♦hout tying up your computer. with Applesoft, CP/M" and Pascal, comes with complete print formatting features as well as advanced graphics dump routines for most popular graphics printers. The Snapshot™ option per- mits you to dump the text screen or graphics picture to the printer while any program is /WICROBUFFER][ Mil Time. As an important resource it shouldn't be wasted. One such waste is in printing, where your computer must wait for your printer. Now there's a way to eliminate this waste. Introducing the fVlicrobuffer ](™, a buffered parallel printer interface for the Apple ir computer with 16K characters of memory (user ex- pandable to 32K). It accepts data as fast as your computer can send it, allowing you to use your computer while the Microbuffer |[ is in control of your printing. The Microbuffer ][, compatible running — without interuption. The 16K Microbuffer ][ is available for $259. And the 32K version, for $299. The Snapshot option is $69. So why waste time while your computer waits for your printer? Ask your computer dealer for the Microbuffer]! or call us for the name of a dealer near you. Microbuffer I and Snapsfiot are trademarks of l^actical Peripfierals, Inc. CPIM is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Apple .I is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS, Inc. 31245 La Boya Drive Westlake ViUage, CaUfomia 91362 (213) 991-8200 Circle 18 on Inquiry card. "They will set the standard for all microcomputer documentation in the future." Our analysis of the manuals is less enthusiastic, although in many ways the documentation is excellent. We will take a look at the BASIC manual first to illustrate some of the strengths and weaknesses of the documentation. The manual is for reference and does not claim to be a programming tutorial. For its stated purpose the manual is quite good. All users who had prior knowledge of BASIC had no difficulty program- ming on the Personal Computer, in- cluding using some of the special features of IBM's version of BASIC. The features of the manual that are most useful are the index and the brief and extended descriptions of every command, statement, and function. The extended descriptions are most complete for those features that are unique to IBM's BASIC and include informative examples. There are five parts to each keyword description: format, ver- sion, purpose, remarks, and example. The only drawback is that some in- formation is omitted, apparently because it does not fall neatly into any of the categories. For example, restrictions and probable error messages from mistakes are only in- cluded in some of the descriptions. For the FOR and NEXT statements, information about errors is given in IBM has left the market for tutorial manuals to outside publishers. the body of the remarks section, and no information is given at all about restrictions on the amount of nesting or about overflow in nesting, which will lead to an "out of memory" er- ror. Despite these problems, the manual can be used effectively. As adequate as this manual is for the experienced user, it does not fill the need of the novice for an instruc- tion manual. General instruction manuals do exist (e.g., Basic BASIC and Advanced BASIC), but the idiosyncrasies of different BASICs have led to a demand for instruction manuals for individual machines. Ac- cording to our observations, novice IBM users had much greater difficulty with IBM's reference manual than do novices starting out on an Apple II Plus with Apple's instruction manual. IBM apparently made a conscious decision to leave the novice market to the independent producers of com- puter manuals and books. An IBM spokesperson assured us that such in- dependent sources are already hard at work and their manuals should be out shortly, but until such manuals are written, a hole remains in the documentation from the perspective of the computer novice. In the interim, IBM could make two simple additions to the current manual that would be helpful. One is a quick-reference card that could be removed from the manual; it would decrease the need to flip back and Allenbach Industries is putting tomorrow on disks. The future of the world is written in softwaie. And Allenbach disk duplication is making sure that the future is faithfully reproduced. We use our own Allenbach diskettes and state of the art equipment, with electronic surface evaluation of each diskette before use. Copies are 100% verified, track by track, and checked for readability on the appropriate computer. For information and prices, please coll (800) 854-1515. In California, call (714) 438-2258 collect. 64 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 15 on inquiry card. SYSTEM BUILDERS: THINK SOLID.THINK PRICE.THINK CCS Each month, CCS produces, tests, and ships over 3,000 board-level building blocks. About ten come back tor repair. And we're working on that. Built like a commodity. Priced like a commodity. Volume means we keep our prices down. Low prices and reliability mean our customers keep coming back for more. High performance that works. You get all the performance that most systems want. Benchmarks prove it. You get the reliability and low price that all systems need. S-100 in quantity. Whether you want to add capability to an existing S-100 system, or build a system from scratch, chances are you'll find a solution in the CCS product line. Call or write for the CCS S-100 product catalogue. • 16K STATIC RAM • 32K STATIC RAM • 64K DYNAMIC RAM • SERIAL I/O • PARALLEL I/O • FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER • HARD DISK CONTROLLER • Z80*CPU • PROTOTYPING BOARDS • MOTHER BOARDS • MAINFRAME / POWER SUPPLY Z80 is a registered trademark o( Zilog Corpofation. JfjP The computer you I^IB can build a business around. California Computer Systems, Inc. 250 Caribbean Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408 734 5811 Telex 171959 CCS SUVL Circle 76 on inquiry card. 1 3^^l ftp?".!* 11 iMth i. i c^.ier~c 6 Sf t»:S*rt*'"'. FfC'i:U:C*d this •diSPliy ^Of) 1 H ^' ^ *' eel ©f nmii tor. The iupp U ' s 48-£l»aricter line uii M*ni*iiiiMiiiiiiMiiiii FEATURES • True multi-user capability — network up (o 255 users. • Up to 1 .5 Million bytes of local, off-line user storage. • Four models of user workstations available. • 64K Internal memory in each workstation. • A CP/Mf operating system. • 1 0 — 384 Megabytes of auxiliary disk storage. COMPUSTAR TM replace it for you! And we'll even provide a reimbursement allowance to cover your cost of returning the system to us. Go ahead. Review the pricing and performance specifi- cations of all the microcomputers available today. We think you'll agree with us. . . ours are still the best! If you want uncompromised performance, competitive pricing, sophisti- cated expandable products and just plain peace-of-mind, you'll want Intertec. Ask your dealer about Intertec's SuperBrain and CompuStar microcomputer systems. Or, call or write us at the tCP/M ii & ic^iXettd badcmark of Digital Reiearch, Inc. address below and get more information on today's values in single and multi-user microcomputer systems. INTERTEC DATA SYSTEMS ® 2300 Broad River Rd./Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 798-9100/TWX: 810-666-2115 Circle 214 on inquiry card. Hardware Review The Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop — HPIL Unique Two-Wire System Allows Low-Cost Data Collection Robert Katz 248 East 90 St. #3B New York, NY 10028 The most intriguing feature of the Hewlett-Packard HP-41C has been the multiple plug-in port on the unit's back (see Steve Leibson's "The Input/Output Primer, Part 3," page 186). Until now, four ports have been available for plug-in RAMs, ROMs, a card reader, a ther- mal printer, and a bar-code reader. Yet users have been begging for the chance to let the HP-41C talk to the out- side world. Hewlett-Packard is very protective of its pro- ducts and does not publish specifications of the connec- tions to these ports. Justifiably, because the calculator's delicate CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semicon- ductor) circuitry can be damaged easily ty improper con- nections. The public demands and Hewlett-Packard responds. By announcing the Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop (HP- IL), Hewlett-Packard has provided users with much more than they've been requesting. The HP-41C was a quan- tum leap beyond conventional calculators, and, remarkably, the HPIL is a quantum leap for the HP-41C. The Loop Hardware HPIL operation is powerful and sophisticated, but the hardware is simple, small, and easy to interconnect. A board called the HPIL Module (HP82160A) plugs into any of the four ports on the back of the HP-41C. The module receives its power from the HHC's internal bat- teries. Two 71-cm (28-inch), 2-wire cables extend from the module; at their ends are 2-pin male and female con- About the Author Robert Katz, who prefers to he called "Boh, " is a recording engineer for records, TV, and radio. He also dabbles in computers. At a Glance Name Hewlett-Packard. Interface Loop (HPIL) Manufacturer Hewlett-Packard 1000 Northeast Circle Blvd. Corvallls, OR 97330 Price HP82160A HPIL Module: S 125, available now; HP82W3 Extend- ed I/O ROM: price to be announced, available summer 1 982; HP82180A Extended Functions/Memory Module; $75, available now; HP82I8IA Extended Memory Module; 575, available now; HP82166 HPIL Converter; S395 for a prototyping kit Including 2 converters, test board, HPIL cables and manual, or S 1 250 in quiin- tities of 1 0 with no accessories, available spring 1 982; HP82 1 82A Time Module; S75, available mid- 1982; HP82I6IA Digital Cassette Drive; S550, available now; HP82162A Thermal Printer/Plotter: S495, available now; HP3468A Programmable Digital Multimeter: 5695 plus S 125 for battery option, available now; HP82938A HPIL Interface Card for HP Series 80 Personal Computers; S295, available now; Description HPIL is a complete software and hardware system that turns the HP-4 1 C handheld computer/calculator into a general-purpose, data collection, measurement, and analysis tool as well as an equip- ment controller. Other features Simple 2-wire conneaors, "transparent" operating system Hardware options Digital Data Cassette, Thermal Printer/Plotter, Programmable Multimeter, GPIO Interface, Computer Interface, among others Audience Original equipment manufacturers (computer-aided manufacturing), instrumentation manufacturers, hobbyists, others 76 April 1982 © BYTE PiibUcaUoiu Inc ^enjoy the problem-solving power of APL language on your Apple computer Solve engineering, scientific, or business problems easily-write finished applications software in a fraction of the time you'd take to write similar programs in BASIC, FORTRAN, or COBOL . . and do it all with your Apple® right at your desk. Test your language against APL/V80™ To compare APL/V80's clear concise code with the language you're now using to solve problems, take this short programming test. Here are three common problems, showing the APL/V80 solution for each. Program your best effort for each problem in the language you use now. Now compare the number of lines and keystrokes needed to achieve a solution in your language to the APL solution. Keep in mind the APL/V80 solution shown contains not only the computation commands, but also every instruction needed to input required data , as well as all the commands to print out the results. Problem 1: Write a program to input a list of values (List "A"), sort the list from lowest to highest values, then print all the values in list A in ascending order. APL/VSO solution: Solution in your present language: /3[li4-<-0] Usually this takes two loops and 15 to 20 statements.) Problem 2: Write a program to input a list of values (List "X") and compute the standard deviation for the list values. APL/VSO solution: Solution in your present language: ((.*/{x-(.*/x)iN)*2)i-n-ii->-pX^D)* .i (Hint: This takes at least one loop and about 16 statements.) Problem 3: Write a program which will compress adjacent spaces to a single space, with possible multiple occurences, in a string of characters called TEXT. APL/VSO solution: Solution in your present language: (l,("l + r)ivnr-^' ' =TEXT) /TEXT-^a ? Whether you're an engineer, scientist, educator, or businessman, now you can solve problems faster than ever using your Apple®. With APLAfSO'" from Vanguard Systems Corporation, search for solutions in a fraction the time you thought possible. Get the added benefit of creating programs which are not only easier to write, but also are easier to under- stand, modify, and explain. Solve your problems faster APLA/aC" is the most concise powerful program- ming language available for computer solutions to scientific and business problems on Apples (or CP/M®-based computers). When you have APL/VSO, you can focus your attention moreon problem-solving, and concern yourself less with the details of program coding. APL/V8Q lets you develop functional soft- ware, and debug it, in about one-fifth the time you need to program a solution in other languages. If you're an APL user already, you'll appreciate knowing we developed APL/VSO for the Apple with the ISO-ANSI proposed APL standard in mind. All future enhancements will be guided by developments in this standard, so APL/V80 programs maximize compatibility with other APL systems. More than a language: a new world of convenience APL/VSO is more than a language. . .it's a whole new world of convenience for you and your Apple. A variety of special features and auxiliary processors give you problem-solving power unmatched by any other language available for the Apple. Powerful auxiliary processors included The Graphics Processor gives you full access to Apple's high resolution graphics from APL. You can print to any ASCII device, including plotters, through arbitrary input and output modes. Our system vari- able quad-AV gives you all the characters any APL/ ASCII device can print, plus all 32 ASCII control characters, APL overstrikes, underlines, lower-case letters, and special control characters for full-screen applications. The Utility Processor gives you memory access and processor calls to both the 6502 and the Z80, so APL/VSO can access virtually any Apple system ROM or peripheral card. Our CP/M Input File Processor lets APL/VSO read and work with any CP/M file. An Input Stack Processor lets you spool input commands for later execution. Our APL File Proces- sor gives you an indexed file system. The WSFNS workspace makes APL/VSO compatible with common functions from standard mainframe APL versions, plus some non-standard functions such as string- searching and extended formatting. Workspace FILE- FNS gives you the most commonly used facilities of file systems found on large timesharing services such as LP. Sharp and STSC. Make your Apple a wizard of a terminal Appropriate settings of APL/V80's system variable quad-TT, combined with your modem, let your Apple communicate with other computers. The APLTERM ■IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIilllllllllllllllllllllllll E Contact your local Apple dealer for a demonstration of APL/VSO and get your copy today. If you don't = i have a local dealer, use this coupon to order direct from us now: Please rush the items ordered below. = : I understand all items are normally in stock and available for immediate shipment = Software PLUS Z SO SoftCard PLUS RamCard = workspacegoes even further, transforming your Apple into a wizard of an APL terminal. WSIS uses the workspace Interchange Standard format to transfer application workspaces in from or out to other APL systems. This gives you the power to move APL programs developed in one version of APL into another. Amazing APL power for your Apple If you already use some version of APL on a mainframe, a time-sharing service, or a minicomputer, you may wonder how useful APL/V8G can be in an Apple-size workspace. Our answer: you'll be amazed! To give you utmost memory availability, APL/VSO's auxiliary processors occupy memory only when loaded. By using our )CSAVE and )CCOPY commands to move functions and variables into and out of a work- space, you can run applications far larger than your workspace. Also, APL/V8G makes auxiliary proces- sors you develop more powerful. By offering a variety of supervisory services, APL/VSO lets your AP's write error messages, read input, convert data, do string search and compare, or even halt processing upon error discovery. Minimum hardware required APL/VSO for the Apple requires a 4Sk Apple II with autostart ROM, or Apple ll-i-, one disk drive, a Z-80 SoftCard, and either the Language Card, RamCard, or some other compatible 16k memory extension card. To learn more, act now No matter what problemsyou'resolving, APL/VSO™ can help you solve them faster, more easily. If you'd like to know more, send us the coupon below. APL/VSO does so many things, in a single page we can hardly begin to tell all the ways it can help you. Write today for the full story of APL/VSO for your Apple. NOTE; Specifications subject to change without notice. Apple design, Apple II, Apple \\+, and Lan- guage Card are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. SoftCard and RamCard are trademarks of Microsoft. □ More information about APL/VSO for Apple □ APL/VSO"" User's Manual - Enclosed is $30. □ Complete APL/VSO ■ Apple Software Package Enclosed is $500. Please send me an end- user license, object code disk, documentation manual, and special APL character generator. □ Software PLUS RamCard - Enclosed is $675. □ Software PLUS Z-80 SoftCard - Enclosed is $850 Q = Enclosed is my check for $ = OR Charge to. □ MasterCharge □ = Ship to: Name i Address = City Card Enclosed is $995 Complete Hardware • Software system - APL/ V80 • Apple Software PLUS Apple 11+ 4Sk computer with APL character generation card already installed PLUS Apple Disk Drive, PLUS NEC 12" video screen PLUS SoftCard PLUS RamCard. Enclosed is $3195. As above with second Disk Drive - Enclosed is $3695. date exp. Visa Signature. -State. Phone . _Zip. lYiNGUARd SysTEivisi ■ ' 6901 Blanco Road = %^^ClDll San Antonio, TX 78216 1 (512)340-1978 1 ■iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiii Circle 423 on inquiry card. A Day in the Life of an HP-41C / prefer to call my HP-41C an HHC. That way I don't have to call it a "calculator" or a "computer." Hewlett-Packard calls it both a "calculator" and a "system." Actually, the versatile HP-41C can be treated any way the user desires. Its power and flex- ibility are illustrated by the following tour of the HP- 41C world. It's morning and I find no cash in my pockets. No, the HP-41C cannot mint money, but its continuous memory can tell me how much I have in my checking account. Upon pushing RCL (recall), the legend RCL appears in the alphanumeric liquid-crystal display. To the right, two prompts (cursors) can be seen; these prompts are the HHC's signal to supply a two-digit number in response. Since data register 9 contains the amount of my checking account balance, I punch 0 and 9. The HP-41C answers with $127.59000. I only need to display two digits after the decimal, so I push SHIFT for secondary key functions, then FIX and 2. Each key gives a satisfying "thunk" when pressed; tactile feedback has always been a Hewlett- Packard feature. The display is even more helpful by naming each button's function as it is pushed. It's also easy to cancel or correct a function if a mistake is made. By using the back arrow key '-, the screen unambiguously shows each correction, and HP-41C error messages appear in English. I see that I have exactly $127.59 in my checking ac- count. Before deciding to deplete the account, I run downstairs to check the just-delivered mail and happi- ly discover the arrival of a check for $300. Pushing 3 0 0 STO + 09 adds the $300 to my checking account (at least within the calculator). In addition, I push L + and see the number 12, marking the twelfth deposit I have made since I began to count deposits in the Sigma registers. The Sigma registers can compute the mean (average) of all my deposits, the standard deviation, and other statistical functions. To find the mean, I push XEQ (for execute or run) and then spell out M-E-A-N. This ability to call a function by spelling out its name is very much a computer-like action. After stopping at the bank, I head for the recording studio where I work as an acoustical consultant and maintenance man. Arriving at the studio, I discover a volume unit (VU) meter that reads too low. I apply a sine wave to the recording console's input; 2.0 volts (V) are measured across the output terminals, yet the meter reads 0 VU. Thanks to a program I've written, my HP-41C can talk to me in English and clue me in to the decibel error of the meter (see listings 1 and 2). I can call this program in two ways. One way is by name as above: XEQ d-B-V, and the program begins running. Since I use the dBV program a lot, I reduced the keystrokes to a single one via the USER mode. In USER mode, the HP-41C is customized for in- dividual use; programs or functions can be reassigned to any keys. The entire keyboard can even be recon- figured if desired, then returned to normal by a second push of the USER key. An added attraction is a keyboard overlay which allows you to identify reassigned keys with stick-on labels. Thus, a small, uncluttered keyboard can call literally hundreds of functions. Throughout the course of the morning, I will use several HP-41C functions and two other programs. When the job is done, I attach the HP-41C to one of many available accessories, a battery-powered ther- mal printer. With the aid of still another program, it prints out an invoice of parts and labor performed on this job. On the way to the next job, a friend and I play a game of Hangman on the HP-41C. This game is in- cluded in the Games Pac, which is designed to help while away those between-business hours. More serious Standard Module Pacs are available to help perform engineering and scientific tasks, among others. The average application module price is $35. The COPY function permits copying any program from ROM (read-only memory) to RAM (random- access read/write memory) to allow customizing. For example, I have added personalized prompts to the game of Hangman. Listing 1: A single key depression in USER mode executes the author's program dBV. The calculator first prompts for a voltage entry; response is 2.0 V, and the RUN key is pressed. The calculator asks for reference voltage; 0.775 V is assumed if RUN is pressed. The answer is 8.2 dB over 0.775-V reference. Next, the program is run with a different reference voltage (1.23 V, which is 4 dB above a one-milliwatt reference across 600 ohms). The answer is 4.2 dB over 1.23 V. Another key depression in USER mode executes the author's program VOLTS. The calculator indicates that 1.55 V is 6 dB over 0.775 V. The display is formatted to two decimal places but can easily be changed. XEQ "dBV" VOLTS? 2.0 RUN REF?R>'S = STND RUN 8.2 dB^e.S V XEQ "dBV" VOLTS? 2.0 RUN REF?R-^S=STHD 1.23 RUN 4.2 dB>'1.2 V XEQ "VOLTS" dB? 6.00 RUN REF?R^S=STND RUN 1.55 Vy0.77 78 April 1962 © BYTE Publications Inc Don't gamble wilhyoiir «» busiiiess! * bivesi in an M Syston "Okay, which entry-level, single- user microcomputer should I own?" The BOS M System. "Which multi-user system should I own?" The BOS M System. "If I want a larger system with the ultimate in performance and capacity, what should I own?" The BOS M System Multiprocessor. "How much more does it cost to own a single-user set-up and upgrade it, than to start with a larger system?" Not a penny more. "Can I have diskette, tape, and large rigid disk storage?" Yes. Dealer and OEM Inquiries Welcome "How about really good accounting software?" The MBSr package (GL, AR, AP, PR, OE/INV, Sales Analysis — all in Cobol) is probably the best available on any system. . .this is one you have to see to believe. "How about Word Processing?" WordStar™, and others. "Can I run all the other software I've seen?" Yes, if it's CP/M* * * compatible, almost certainly! "Will I have to change the operating system when I expand?" No, with BOS/TURBODOS* * * * , just upgrade it. "Well, this is important... will service be available when I need it?" Yes, with a large dealer network, strategically placed maintenance depots, and fast factory repair turn-around. "Sounds great! But isn't it too good to be true?" No. . .and it's not even expensive! So, why take a chance with somebody else? "Okay, how can I get one?" Contact your dealer, systems house, or consultant — or call us toll-free! circle 63 on inquiry card. Business Operating Systems, Inc. 2835 East Platte Avenue Colorado Springs, Colorado 80909 In Colorado CaU: (303) 634-1541 ToU Free Number: 1-800-525-3898 APPUCABLE INDUSTRY STANDARDS: S-100 IEEE 696 • RS 232, HDLC, SDLC, Aaync, Sync • CP/M* * * TURBODOS" • * • . 8" aoh sectored diskettes • ANSI X3/B5/15 Tape Cartridge •Micro Business Soilware, Inc. • "•TradGmatle oiMicroproInt. Corp., San Rafael, CA • ""Registered Trademark of Digital Research • **'*SoItware 2000, Inc. The powerful programming ability of the HP-41C is enabled by an extended version of the RPN language that Hewlett-Packard introduced to the public in 1971 with the world's first handheld scientific calculator, the HP-35. Over 130 scientific functions and 56 pro- grammable flags are available, some of which keep track of the status of peripheral devices as well as con- trol the peripheral's status. While all previously made calculators were hardware-intensive devices, the HP- 41C is a software-intensive device. As such, each plug- Listing 2: A single key depression in USER mode executes the author's program PTOF (pitch to frequency). The calcu- lator asks for the note, and the operator responds with "B Flat," one octave below middle C. The answer is 223 Hz; the note and its octave are also given. Next comes a printout of the first 22 steps of the PTOF program. Note the compact nature of the RPN code. Each line's interpretation follows: 01 — ALPHA Label; 02 and 03— store loop control number in register 00; 04 and 05— store ALPHA string in register 01; 06 — display format with no digits following the decimal; 07 through 09— these steps display the PROMPT shown above; 10 — the operator's note is stored in the X register; 11 — clear flag 22, the digit entry flag; 12 through 14— these steps display the second PROMPT shown in the running program; 15 through 17— if flag 22 is clear, store 0 in register Z. Other- wise, store the octave number there; 18 through 22 — some of the alphanumeric manipulations available to the HP-41C user. A complete listing of this program is available from Hewlett-Packard's Users' Library. Write to Hewlett-Packard, Corvallis Division, 1000 Northeast Circle Blvd., Corvallis, in module adds completely new functions, giving the HHC a new personality. Hewlett-Packard has taken a lot of care in naming functions so one can remember them easily, but if I forget the name of a function and don't have the in- struction manual handy, I'm not helpless. I can call up a CATALOG, a directory of the many functions available. Three such catalogs exist in the HP-41C (see listing 3). Usually this list is enough to jog my memory. The future of the HP-41C is virtually unlimited. If there were enough demand, a higher-level language such as FORTH or even BASIC could be implemented in a plug-in ROM. However, I find that the versatility of RPN eliminates the need of a higher-level language in most applications. A BASIC interpreter would run markedly slower than RPN. FORTH might be faster than BASIC, but the experienced user soon discovers that new functions can be added in a remarkably FORTH-like manner. Listing 3: A printout of the HP-4lC's CATALOG 1 function, which lists all user programs in RAM, including the number of bytes required. Total room used here is 1148 bytes. Ap- proximately 1064 bytes are free in the HP-41CV for more user programs, an astounding amount of storage ability for an HHC. CfiT I OR 97330 for information on how to ioin the Library. LBL^HEX EHD 268 BYTES XEQ "PTOF" 07 "NOTE?" LBL'FTOF NOTE? 08 fiON EHD 203 BYTES BF 09 PROMPT LBL'dBV RUN 10 fiSTO X LBL 'VOLTS OCTfiVE?Rx'S = e 1 1 CF 22 LBL'dBH -1 RUN 12 "OCTOVE? LBL'HflTTS 233 HZ. BF^- R^S=0" EHD 292 BYTES 1 13 ROFF LBL'Z PRP " " 14 PROMPT EHD 62 BYTES 15 FC?C 22 LBLTREQ 01+LBL "PTO 16 0 EHD 19 BYTES F" 17 STO Z LBL'PflR 02 . 005 18 XEQ 05 LBL'RPOR 03 STO 00 19 ORCL Y EHD 37 BYTES 04 "CDEFGR" 20 OSTO Y LBL'HflNG 05 RSTO 01 21 fiSHF EHD 262 BYTES 06 FIX 0 22 flSTO T .EHD. 33 BYTES Text continued from page 76 nectors. The cables are simple stranded wire; gauge is of little importance. Cable lengths can be up to 10 meters between devices when using simple stranded wire. Distances of up to 100 meters are possible with twisted, shielded, pair wire. Each HPIL peripheral (e.g., printer or data cassette) is equipped with two corresponding mating connectors. Extension cables are available from Hewlett- Packard. Plug the two loose cables into the side of the peripheral and you're ready to go. If there is more than one peripheral, connect the devices in a sort of daisy chain. In this loop, information passes from a sending device 80 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc p. 1-4 The followlns ^— --^ add-ons are '\\\'\\\'^ available Immediately: • 2 Dual Headed 40 TVack Drives — (appears as four) 640K of storage, software patch, easy Internal mount. $630.00 • Combo Card - Parallel printec ASYTIC communication (RS-232), and clock calendar functions, uses only one slot. $279.00 • 2 Single Headed 40 H-ack Drives - 320K of disk storage, easy Internal mount. $450.00 • 48K additional K\M - 27 chips plug Into master PC board $75.00 • Add-on i»1emory Card — (uses 64K dynamic KAn chips), 64K - $425.00, 128K - $525.00, 192K - $625.00, 256K - $725.00 • Prom Blaster — Programs most IK to 4K EPROMS of 25XX and 27XX single or multlvoltage, personality modules, read/write software. $149.00 • Apparat Qame Diskette - $24.95 • Clock Calendar - Features seconds, minutes, hours, day of week, date, month and year, backup battery, leap year and crystal time base. $129.00 • Prototype Card — 3.5 by 8 Inch wirewrap holds 150-14 pin dips, $29.95 • RQB Color lionitors - Includes cable, 16 color modifications, PIEC - $1,095.00, AMDEK - $899.00, TECO - $699.00. • 3rd and 4th Add-on Drives — Ex[>anslon cabinet and IBI^ compatible drives, cabinet and 1 drive - $499.00, two drives - $749.00 • 64K Hardware Print-Spooler — Parallel printer adapter, buffers 13 minutes of output at 80 characters/second. $399.00. • EPSOM MX Printers - MX-80 (with dot addressable graphics) — $499.00, MX-80 r/T - $575.00, MX-lOO - $775.00 • Vertiatbn Datalife Diskettes - (5-1/4" 40 track, box of 10) $24.95 • 16K l^lemory Kits (9 chips) - $25.00 • 5-1/4" nip-Sort - $2L95 • 5-1/4" Plastic Library Case - $1.95 Apparat will continue to develop add-on products for your IBM Personal Computer. Call today for more information. Dealer Inquiries welcome. (303) 741-1778 IBM Personal Computer Is a trademark of IDN. Apparat Jnc. 440 1 So. T^marac Parkway, Denver, CO 80237 (303) 74 1 • 1 778 X>n GOING SUPPORT FOR MICROCOMPUTERS' Circle 33 on inquiry card. T/l/kard'-SO INSTANT so COUIMNAPPLf* The miracle of the 80's . . . everything you want in an 80-column card. STOP STARING AT 40 COLUMNS WIZARD-80 lets you see exactly what you will get when typing 80-column format. It gives you a full 80-column by 24-llne display with all these features. ■ Fully compatible with Apple II"-" and Apple II Plus""* ■ Fullycompatiblewithmostword processors, micro-modems and prom programmers, plus all current Apple II expansion boards ■ Lists BASIC programs, integer and Applesoft ■ Fully compatible with Pascal ■ Uses software to switch between 40 and 80 column formats Displays 7x9 matrix characters Provides upper/lower case characters with full descenders Fully edits . . . uses ESCape key for cursor movement Scrolling stop/start uses standard Control-S entry Retains text on screen while it is being printed Contains crystal clock for flicker-free character display Has low power consumption for cool reliable operation Leads soldered directly to board for maximum reliability 2K on-board RAIUl, 50 or 60 Hz operation Inverse video selection standard Available at all fine Computer Stores $295.00 h(^1iie.speh iqiCRii Siistems SUBSIDIARY OF WESPERCORP ^.i 'Registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc. Photo 1: The HPIL Module. Photo 2: HP-41C connected to an HPIL Module. Digital Cassette Drive, and Thermal Printer/ Plotter in the loop. Figure 1: The HPIL is a continuous loop, with data and instruc- tions traveling from an originating device back to that device for a complete, bit-for-bit error check. through all the other devices. When data return to the source, they are completely checked for errors (see photos 1 and 2 as well as figure 1). Since each succeeding battery-operable device uses its own power to retransmit the data it receives, total power in the loop is shared equally, minimizing battery drain. All communication between devices is supervised by the HPIL Module, which is now available for $125. Circle 431 on Inquiry card. HPIL Specifications: The New Firmware As mentioned earlier, plugging a ROM into the HP- 41C gives it a new personality. The HPIL Module is no exception. Within it are the routines essential for turning this portable, programmable calculator into a versatile "outside world" controller. Three types of HPIL routines are supported: printer-type operations (also suitable for video display and for controlling external devices); mass storage operations (for digital cassette or disk drive); and interface control operations (largely used for controlling external devices). The HP-41C as controller can address each device in the loop by a unique number. The HPIL Module is capable of addressing up to 30 devices in the loop, cer- tainly a quantity large enough to satisfy most users. If that's not enough, the addition of a module called the Ex- tended I/O (Input/Output) ROM will allow the HP-41C to extend its address capability to a total of 961 devices on the loop. If still more devices are needed, loops can be connected through an HPIL Converter. (Each loop, however, must have its own controller.) The Extended I/O ROM has additional capabilities which I'll discuss later. The calculator/controller designates which peripheral is to be a sending device (called a talker) because there can be only one talker at a time. The other devices on the loop become listeners. When so instructed, listeners can also act upon data passing through. For example, a printer can print information, a video display can display it, etc. Hewlett-Packard does not intend to publish the actual voltage levels or the digital nature of the commands used within the two-wire HPIL loop. It has revealed that the HPIL communicates with the outside world through the HPIL Converter, a general-purpose interface board designed to be attached to the user's GPIO (general- purpose input/output device) equipment. For example, an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) may wish to install an HPIL Converter within its electronic voltmeter, enabling the voltmeter to be programmed by an HP-41C or other computer. Hewlett-Packard intends to aid other manufacturers by providing all the details necessary for them to successfully communicate with the HPIL Con- verter. An overview of converter hardware connections will be presented in a later section. An Asynchronous Communication Loop Quite a few more essential details are known about the loop's protocol. The HPIL is an asynchronous com- munication loop whose speed self -adjusts to that of the slowest active device in the loop. For example, if a slow printer is connected within the loop but is not to be used, the controller can instruct the printer to ignore data /in- structions and pass them on to the next loop device. That way the loop can operate at its fastest possible speed. The Extended I/O ROM will even allow a means for the Digital Cassette Drive to pass data to the printer through an essentially inert HP-41C. In this mode, the HP-41C Circle 432 on inquiry card. V/kard'ieVC 16K RAM APPLE MEMORY CARD Unleashes your Apple ir and Apple II Plus* computer. ON TO MAXIMUM MEMORY Wizard-16K gives your48K Apple II or Apple II Plus the last bit of directly accessible add-on memory it can accept. And, it interfaces with all Z80** cards to give you CP/Mr** ■ Fully compatible with Apple II and Apple II Plus ■ Adds 16K bytes of Random Access Memory (RAM) ■ Fully compatible with Z80 microprocessor cards forCP/M ■ Used with Z80 card, it turns your Apple II into a two- microprocessor system with 56K of usable memory ■ With a Z80 card, it lets you run BASIC-80****. COBOL-80***: FORTRAN-BO***: BASIC Compiler****, and Assembly Language Development System***: plus Applesoft BASIC*, Integer BASIC*, Apple Pascal System: Apple FORTRAN* and Apple Pilot* Utilizes Apple DOS 3.3* 16-sector system to permit loading both Applesoft* and Integer BASIC* Compatible with VisiCalc***** Offers all features of Apple Language Card* (except Autostart ROM) rd, it lets you Available at all fine '**: Computer Stores $149.00 h(^1iii:Si>eii n|ii;Hii SSiistRms 'Registered trsdemerks el Apple Computer Inc. ■Registered trademark of Zilog 'Registered trademark of Digital Research "Registered trademarks of fUllciosoft "Registered trademark of Personal Software SUBSIDIARY OF WESPERCORP •i will become a relay device rather than a controller and will not retard loop operation. HPIL Speed Just how fast is the HPIL loop? Depending on cir- cumstances, it can approach speeds of 40,000 bps (bits per second). VVhile this is many times faster than most RS-232C serial links, the HPIL can be slower than the parallel-based IEEE-STD-488 bus. (Originally known as GPIB or HPIB for Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus, the present IEEE-STD-488 was developed by Hewlett- Packard.) The HPIL is intended to be a low-cost, non- competitive alternative to IEEE-STD-488. The HPIL is competition, however, for the more antiquated RS-232C. Just the fact that the HPIL uses orjy two wires gives it a definite advantage; then there is the availability of an HHC as a controller. Let's look at the speed of this asynchronous loop in more detail. Since instructions as well as data are sent around the loop, the instruction cycle of the controller may become a significant factor. In almost all cases, the loop controller will be the HP-41C portable calculator. While microcode (machine language) runs through the HP-41C at a speed of about 350 kHz, the practicalities of the Macro Instruction Interpreter effectively make an in- struction cycle much slower. An instruction such as ENTER t, originally keyed into program memory by the operator, takes about 40 ms to execute. This includes the overhead of the Instruction Interpreter and the HP-41'C Operating System. Therefore, practical data throughput speed will probably average about 150 bytes per second (1200 bps). The 40,000-bps HPIL maximum could only be managed by, for example, an HP-80 series computer run- ning a machine-language controller program or by con- trollers Hewlett-Packard is now developing. Using the Loop Operation of the loop can be completely transparent to the user. When a printer is in the loop, the operator (or a running program) simply executes a PRINT function; the HPIL searches for the first available printer to perform the function using a imique feature called ^n accessory poll. Optionally, the operator (or a program) may specify a particular printer by means of the SELECT func- tion. In this case, the operator becomes only a little more involved with HPIL operation. Manufacturing plants may wish to have the HPIL con- trol a set of relays and read a number of indicators. The HP-41C is ideally suited to that task. Its alphanumeric capabilities and versatile keyboard allow programs to be written so that they can talk to the plant operators in plain English while performing complex uriderlyipg operations. Efficient firmware in the HPIL Module is available, allowing a user to perform READ/WRITE functions onto a mass storage device (such as the Hewlett-Packard Digital Cassette Drive) or PRINT functions. Firmware supports either the Hewlett-Packard printer or any ASCII-compatible standard printer having a parallel port. Using less efficient instruction methods, the present firmware also allows the HP-41C to query and change the status of relays, monitors, voltmeters, or hundreds of other devices. More Efficient I/O Operation The Extended Input/Output ROM plugs into the back of the calculator and will add the following functions to the firmware: • Extended addressing of up to 961 devices on the loop •User access tp all additional functions involved with Terminal Patient. Avoid computer disasters with anti-static protective covers. Let's face it. Computer hardware can be subjected to many unex- pected ills,. . .dust, grime, spills, static, pets and more. Cover Craft Protective Covers are easily the best available. Our exclusive STAT-PRUF' " anti- static vinyl prevents damaging static electricity. Double-fold stitching means unsurpassed life. Designed to precisely fit terminals, printers, drives, and more. Give your sensitive electronic equipment a fighting chance. Visit your local computer dealer or write to Cover Craft. Starting at ^8.95 ^^^^ ANTI-STATIC PRODUCTS COVER CRAFT CORPORATION RO: Box 555B, Amher$t, NH 03055 •(603)889-6811 84 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 129 on Inquiry card. . . . describing the price performance leaders in table top computers. Owning an SX from IMS I nternal ional is a joy no matter which model you choose. Both f<,\\'v youWinchester perform- ance and a lot more. Our 5000 SX table top computer features either a 5.5 or 1 1 MByte Winchester subsystem, plus one or two o'A" lloppv drives. And our 8000 SX offers a 10, 20 or 40 mefiabyte Winchester, plus one or two 8" lloppies, and a 17 megabyte incremental cartridge tape drive subsystem. Both high performance Winchester subsystems deliver awesome speed — ten times faster than floppies, on the average. You can load a 20 KByte system program in less than a second. More importantly, IMS systems are engineered for reliability, so downtime won't take away the gains Winchester technology brings. They're strictly business, from their metal-not-plastic cabinets to their test-don't-guess circuitry. Circle 203 And with our full 2-year warranty you have it in writing. Software for the SXs includes either single user, or our new high performance multiuser/ multiprocessor operating sys- tems, plus bask; FORTRAN and COBOL languages, and a host of compatibility-tested application programs. Fbr complete information and specifications on the 5000 SX and 8000 SX, along with the location of your nearby IMS International dealer, just contact us. on inquiry card. We'll tell you everything you ever wanted to know about SX. Call (714) 978-6966 or (702) 883-7611 today or write: INTERNAnOIMAL WE BUILD COMPUTERS AS IT YOUR BUSINESS DEPENDED ON THEM. 2800 Lockheed Way, Carson City, NV 89701 -Telex: 910-395-6051 Lisdng 4: The DIRECTORY that leads every HP digital cassette. Owners of the Card Reader will be interested to know that file ALL is a WRITEALL file containing the complete status of an HP-41CV. This file loads in about 25 seconds as opposed to the several minutes and inconvenience of using over 10 magnetic cards. More than 50 files of this size can be stored on one HflHE TYPE REGS m PR 39 STATUS KE I TEST ST le ALL UA 336 PTO PR 29 dBV PR 42 Z PR 9 control and query of external devices attached to the loop • A routine to enable bar-code generation on the new HP82162A Thermal Printer/Plotter •A routine to allow one or more cassette copies to be generated; especially valuable when distributing software or data for OEM use • An external device will be able to "call" the controller for service requests The HP82183 Extended I/O ROM will be available by the summer of 1982, with price to be armounced. Extended Functions/Solid-State Mass Memory The HP82180A Extended Functions/Memory Module adds firmware as well as additional read/write memory to the HP-41C. While this new product is not directly in- volved with HPIL operations, it is being introduced now in an effort to make the HP-41C a more "friendly," ver- satile controller and, of course, an even more powerful HHC. HP-41C owners not interested in controlling exter- nal devices can still make use of the Extended Func- tions/Memory Module. First, this device adds 47 new functions not included in the HP-41C mainframe. Second, the HP82180A and two companion Extended Memory Modules can increase the solid-state memory space of the calculator by 4.2K bytes to a whopping, handheld total of 6.2K bytes. Many users will look forward to a programmable ASSIGN function, which will enable special-purpose keys to be automatically assigned and later cancelled within specific programs. Previously, key assignments had to be executed manually. Note that the software- intensive design of the original HP-41C is what makes these post-production enhancements possible. Another extended function allows alphanumeric manipulations previously manageable but relatively cumbersome in the standard HP-41C. For example, the leftmost character of an alphabetic string can be iden- tified by a program and then acted upon. The 104-step program PTOF (partially described in listing 2) could be reduced to approximately 80 steps and would run faster with the new extended functions. Additional memory of 889 bytes is contained in the HP82180A; its companion, the HP82181A Extended Memory Module adds 1666 bytes. Two HP82181A units can be used at any one time. With all three modules plug- ged in, 4221 bytes of extended memory are available to the user. The additional 4.2K-byte memory is called ex- tended memory to distinguish it from the resident memory of the HP-41C. Extended memory is not online in the sense that programs can be executed directly or that data can be used directly. Instead, the new read/write memory is organized in a file and register for- mat, just as on a disk drive and with equivalent access speed. For example, two completely different specialized cal- culators could be kept in solid-state storage and down- loaded into the main RAM on demand. ASCII data of up to 4221 characters could be collected and stored in the field to be acted later on by the HHC, by a computer, or transferred to the new Digital Cassette Drive. It will not be necessary to "wipe" information in main RAM in order to move data from the extended memory to the Digital Cassette Drive. Data within the extended memory can also be sorted, alphabetized, or otherwise organized at disk-access speeds. The HP82180A Extended Func- tions/Memory Module is now available for $75, as is the HP82181A Extended Memory Module. Industry Reaction to the HPIL The HPIL is certainly a versatile system, but what's the catch? For now, there is one little catch: other manufac- turers may design peripherals to attach to the HPIL, but the only loop controller presently available is a Hewlett- Packard product. Therefore, a turnkey system would contain at least two Hewlett-Packard products — the HPIL Converter and an HPIL controller. The company says that the converter hardware will support controller operation. Unfortunately, the software to run a con- troller is very complex, causing concern over possible im- proper HPIL operation. Nevertheless, manufacturers who wish to develop a controller for the HPIL may con- tact Hewlett-Packard for details. Despite the Hewlett- Packard monopoly on the controller, the HPIL will pro- bably become popular with other manufacturers simply because the versatility of Hewlett-Packard's most power- ful calculator makes it the ultimate controller. HPIL Peripherals: The Digital Cassette Drive To me, the most intriguing new peripheral is the Digital Cassette Drive. Using digitally certified magnetic tape, it is truly a mass storage device (see photo 2). Up to 131,072 bytes of online mass storage will fit into a small cassette similar in size to an audio microcassette. The drive itself is compact, and its flip-top cover contains a convenient storage space for two cassettes. The magnetic storage is 50 times the size of the HP-41CV RAM and, ac- cording to Hewlett-Packard, contains enough mass memory to accommodate all the programs from the 26 HP-41 Solutions Books onto one tape. If this is not enough online capacity, HPIL firmware even allows "chaining" of multiple drives. The user or a rurming pro- 86 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc THE MULTI-USER FRIENDLY 256K MEMORY BOARD WITH COMPRO No Compromise in Performance □ Main-frame type memory mapping for optima' BANK SWITCHED applications or 24-BlT extended addressing □ Operates in any S-100 System IEEE/696+ or non IEEE □ DMA operation fully supported+ □ 8/16 data transfer protocol+ □ Up to 6 MHZ witfi no wait states: Up to 10 MHZ with automatic wait state assertion □ Parity error detection+ □ Double parity in 16-BIT operation No Compromise in Features □ All memory /refresfi cycle timing is generated ON BOARD providing easy CPU independent characterization □ Ideal for use with the new generation of operating systems: CP/M-80'"' CP/M-86,'"- MP/M-ir- MP/M-86'"- OASIS,"-- UNIX"— • No Compromise in Quality □ Multilayer board and bus signal filtering for noise-free operation □ Thorough 100% final test and burn-in No Compromise in Versatility □ Manual provides source listing and complete installation guide for MP/M-II'"- BANK SWITCHED multi-user applications □ For the CP/M-2.2'"- user: Manual includes implementations of 'Virtual Disk' for solid state disk/file applications No Compromise in Customer Support □ Comprehensive technical manual □ User hot-line □ Full one year parts and labor warranty tin accordance wilh IEEE-696 standard Registered trademarks of 'Digital Research, •"Phase I. and ■"Bell Labs I ORDER NOW {■OH nmBn mpotm HnvH ■■mmk nanMi h^^m - (213)887-5737 m If you wish, send a check or I money order for $1,379 (in California add 6% sales tax where applicable). Manual available at $25.00 each refundable with order. ' MACROTECH International Corp., I 22133 Cohasset St„ Canoga Park, j^California 91303 III MACROTECH International Corp., 22133 Cohasset St., Canoga Park, California 91303 Circle 244 on inquiry card. Photo 3: With the HP-41, HP82160A, HPIL Interface Module, HP-85, and HP82938A HPIL Interface Card, portable data col- lection, direct data transfer, and sophisticated data analysis are made easy. gram simply calls a file by its name. The HPIL firmware searches the directory at the head of each cassette until it finds the selected file, then loads the file from that drive into RAM. The cassette drive is of digital quality. It records data with parity, and a VERIFY function is available to check for errors. Being HPIL compatible, it can be addressed by controllers yet to be developed for the loop. Powered by rechargeable batteries, the drive has a standby power mode feature, especially valuable where operation on batteries and without human intervention is expected for long periods. The controller automatically calls a POWER UP function when it wishes to access the cassette drive. As a result, this imit is truly field operable. Using a two-track format, the cassette drive is bidirec- tional (one track per direction) with two speeds: 23 cen- timeters (9 inches) per second read/write speed and 76 centimeters (30 inches) per second search/rewind speed. For those concerned about potential head wear at these speeds, the company asserts that the tape-to-head pressure is so light that head wear is insignificant. Data density is 335 bits per centimeter. Format is 256 bytes per record, with 512 records available per cassette. When a file is called, the machine first reads the direc- tory at the head of the cassette for the location of the named file (see listing 4 for an example of a tape direc- tory). Then the cassette rapidly (76 cm/s) winds to the file and reads it back to the HPIL. Before writing a file, the machine looks through the directory to see if the name already exists. If so, it will rewrite (record over) that file. If not, and if space is available on the medium, it will add the new file name to the directory, speedily jump to the free spot on the tape, then record the new file, all under HPIL control. Seven different types of files may be recorded: Pro- gram, Data, Key Assignments, Status (condition of the HHC — useful for reestablishing conditions after a run- ning program has been interrupted), Writeall (entire con- tents of the calculator), ASCII, and Unknown. To check the effective speed of the cassette drive, I recorded and then read back a Writeall file (2352 bytes). I timed the machine from the moment I pressed the last key of the READ ALL command to the time the read was com- pleted. It took 27.5 seconds; therefore, effective average speed of data transfer using cassette is 85.5 bytes per sec- ond (684 bps). The read/write speed on the medium is a respectable 963 bytes per second, but, as you can see, tape-cuing time must lower the real speed considerably. The same amount of information could be loaded from a typical disk drive in a couple of seconds. New Thermal Printer Probably the most important feature of the new ther- mal printer is its HPIL capability, which allows it to be addressed by future controllers and computers. The HP82162A Printer/Plotter includes all the features of the earlier HP82143 as well as the ability to print bar code. Since it too runs on rechargeable batteries, a standby power mode is included. For those who are unfamiliar with the earlier printer, its features include: ASCII standard upper and lowercase characters and special characters, double-wide printing option, a 24-character line, user-definable characters, and plotting capabilities. HP-41C users should im- mediately see the potential of the HPIL interface plus printer plotting — an input signal can now be plotted in real time. More HPIL Peripherals The HP3468A Digital Multimeter (DMM) is program- mable through the HPIL. Its 12-character alphanumeric display can output messages generated by the controller or by the DMM. Resolution is adjustable from 3 to 5 digits, with increased resolution resulting in a propor- tional trade-off in speed. The HP82938A HPIL Interface Card shown in photo 3 plugs into the Hewlett-Packard Series 80 personal com- puter. The computer will then be able to take control of the loop. It can also be programmed to store and analyze data collected on the calculator. ROMs for the Series 80 machines are compatible with the HPIL Interface Card, allowing the computer to use the printer, cassette drive, and all future HPIL peripherals. The HP82182A Time Module plugs directly into the HP- 41C. This will allow the unit to be turned off and then "awakened" automatically by the timer's programmable ALARM function. The program will start running the line at which the HP-41C was positioned when it was turned off (or when it turned itself off). Since OFF is a programmable function, the process can be repeated in- definitely. The timer becomes especially useful in a con- troller situation, allowing measurements to be taken at regular intervals, devices to be turned off, pressures regulated, etc. This module can also display time and date and provide calendar data over a 2738-year span. The HPIL Converter The key to the HPIL's success will be the availability of 88 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc 1>\KE A TEST DRIVE. With a reliable TRAXX "100/200/300 series add-on drive system. Our drives feature excellent engineering, and all of the advanced performance features you've come to expect from the nation's leading disk drive manufacturers. All systems are completely burned-in and tested. And, you'll see at least five quality assurance stamps on each and every drive, which is how we mal 1 i c a, t, i o ti s Thu Pl.i/r.i 6uili|jiiij 1 1 "ifi fh. -T-mt lam. Menlii fiaii ' ■ ??9V. Menio Pjik, CA S)"1U.;^ 90 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 208 on inquiry card. y ■ « ( —I ' f eacuRGS 4 , ■ ' 1 HIG.H RES9LUTION GRAPHICS* COLOR- The stunning 480 X 1 92 resolution gives you total .display control - in color or black and white. The choice of display formats is yours; 80,64, 40 and 32 columns by 24 or 1 6 lines in- any combination of eight colors. .PERFORMANCE- Lift-off wit.h.a4MHz Z80A CPU for twice the performance. The LNW80 outoerforms all comouters in its class. MODEL I COMPATIBILITY - The LNW80 is fully hardware and software compatible withu the Model I. Select from a universe.of hardware accessories and software - from VisiCalc* to space games, your LNW80 will launch you into a new world of computing. FULLY LOAQED - A full payload includes on-board single and double density disk controller for 5 Va"-. fnd 8" single or double sided disk drives. RS2-32C communications port, cassette and parallel printer interfaces are standard features and ready to go. All memory is fully installed - 48K RAM, 16K graphics RAM and 12K ROM complete with Microsoft BASIC. Our down to earth^price won't send you into orbit . LNW Research Corp. (714) (541-8850 (714] '''•''^"'^''1^^^^^^ Monitor and Disk'drives not included ■ - TM Personal Software. Inc.' Circle 237 on inquiry card. Photo 5: Hewlett-Packard's HP82163A Video Interface connects a monitor or TV to HP's interface loop. This permits handheld computers like the HP-41C — previously limited by a single-line display — to display information in a 16-line by 32-character video format. Aided by the new interface (available by the end of 1982), HP-41C owners can review up to 16 program steps at a time. tion by introducing a charger capable of powering several peripherals at once. The second logistical problem is more serious. Hewlett- Packard has supplied a "horn of plenty" in modules, but there are only four sockets to receive them. A user may very well need to operate several of these modules simultaneously. Hopefully, the company will soon sup- ply a "piggyback module adapter" of some sort to relieve the problem. Outside of the above, very few complaints can be made about Hewlett-Packard's well-supported products. The Future With the introduction of the HPIL Loop, Hewlett- Packard has made a commitment to issue a series of new HPIL controllers, peripherals, and instruments. Expect to see in the near future a video/TV monitor interface (shown in photo 5), an 80-character/line impact printer, an HPIL/RS-232C converter, and a self -powered version of the GPIO board designed for the home hobbyist. No official corporate announcement has been made at this writing, but Hewlett-Packard probably will introduce these items before the end of the year. I'm sure someone will ask about word processing with the HP-41C and the HPIL. It's conceivable but not without an external keyboard since the HP-41C is only good for "hunt and peck" typing. Its alphanumeric capabilities and portability will lend themselves to many other unique jobs in the very near future. Conclusions As usual, Hewlett-Packard's documentation is ex- cellent. Prototypes of the new products must have been in use within the Corvallis, Oregon, plant for a con- siderable length of time because the style of the instruc- tion manuals reflects much experience with the products. With any new and complicated product, there are bound to be bugs. The ones I have found so far have been minor. My experience is that Hewlett-Packard's Corvallis Division will respond to consumer complaints quickly and efficiently. The potentials of the HPIL loop are literally awe- inspiring. As such, it is difficult for me to make an overall evaluation other than that the future looks bright. I sug- gest you read on to page 94 and delight in what's just over the HPIL horizon. ■ 92 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc C- inn cTijTir MizMnou oocoi^Tijoni irij luu ^iniifL I iLi lui 1 1 ui iLi mini tuuui i ••• ••••• ••• •••••• ••••••••••• ••••••• ••• ••• •••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••• •••••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••• •••••• •••••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••• ••• ••• •••••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••••• ••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••« ••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••••• ••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •• ••• •••>•• ••• ••• ••• •••••• ••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •o* ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• «••••• ••• •e* ••• •••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••••• ••• •••••••••• ••• ••••••• ••• •••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••••< ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••••• •••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••«•• •••••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••••••< ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• • * •••••• 4 ••• ••• • •• 1 • •• ' ••• • ••• • ••• I •••••• ••• ••• < ••••• •••••• ••••• •••••• •••••• ' ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• •••••• I ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• I ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• > ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• » ••• •••••• ••• ••• •••••• ••• •••••• I ••• ••• ••••••• ••••••• ••••••• ••• •••••• > ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• ••• > ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• I ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••••• I ••••• ••• ••• •••••• •••••••••••• ••••••• ••••••• •••••• • •• ••• ••• ••• • •• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• • •• ••• ••• ■•• •••••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••••• • •• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••••••• ••• ••• •••••• ••••• ••• ••• •••••• • •• ••• ••• •*• 16K S1ATIC RAM $169 64K S1ATIC RAM $795 32K PARTIALLY POPULATED $479 48K PARTIALLY POPULATED $659 Rnally, you can buy state-of-the-art S-100 static memory for your computer at unprecedented savings. Memory IVIercliant's memory boards provide the advanced features, quality and reliability you need for the kind of operational performance demanded by new high-speed processors. COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED These memory boards are not kits, nor skeletons— but top quality, high performance memories that are shipped to you completely assembled, burned-in, socketed, tested and insured w/ith one of the industry's best w/arranties. SUPERIOR DESIGN & QUALITY Memory Merchant's boards are created by a designer, well-know/n for his proven ability in advanced, cost-efficient memory design. Innovative circuitry provides you with highly desired features and incredible versatility. Only first quality components are used throughout, and each board is rigorously tested to assure perfect and dependable performance. SHIPPED DIRECT FROM STOCK All Memory Merchant's boards are shipped direct from stock, normally within 48 hours of receipt of your order NO RISK TRIAL We are so convinced that you will be absolutely delighted with our boards that we extend a no risk trial offer. After purchasing one of our boards, you may return it (intact) for any reason within 15 days after shipment and we will refund the purchase price. NEW 18 MONTH LIMITED WARRANTY! The reliability of our boards, through quality controlled production and proven performance, has enabled us to extend our warranty to a full 18 months. This includes a 6 month exchange program for defective units. HOW TO ORDER Please send check, money order, VISA or MASTERCHARGE (add ICA#) with your order. Sorry, no C.O.DIs. Specify model number, and quantity desired. Shipping and handling charge is $5.00 per board. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Credit card purchases may be telephoned to (415) 483-1008. OEM and DEALER inquiries invited. UYI.. mcmon^ iMi merchant 14666 Doolittle Drive San Leandro, CA 94577 (415) 483-1008 64K RAM, Model MM65K16S Cool running operation to 10 MHz Ultra low-power consumption Fully loaded 64K board draws: Typ. 350 Ma. (Max. current 550 Ma.) Bank Select Capability Extended Addressing Capability One 16K submodule equipped with a 2K window which may be located in any of the 2K segments 2716 (5V) EPROM Compatibility: Programmed 2716 EPROM's may replace any or all of the RAM Four independently addressable 16K submodules on one board organized as two pair of independent 32K banks or as one 64K Extended Address Page. Each 32K bank responds independently to phantom. Bank Select logic is compatible with either Cromemco Cromix* or standard Bank Select software. *Cromix is a trademark of Cromemco. New 16K (2K X 8) 150ns Static RAM Runs on any S-100, 8-bit system MPM Conversion Option: Write for details. 16K RAM, Model MM16K14 Bank Select Capability Extended Addressing Capability One 4K segment equipped with IK windows Four independent 4K X 8 byte segments Uses field proven 2114 (IK X 4) Low-power consumption (Typ. 1.3 Amps) Runs on any S-100 8080, 4 MHz Z-80 or 5 MHz 8085 system. Prices, terms, specifications subject to change without notice. Circle 252 on inquiry card. The A 1 13 Interface puts your Apple' Computer to work in the Laboratory For Only $550 You can plug this powerful interface easily into your Apple Computer and create a fast, flexible analog data acquisition system with all these features: • 1 5 independent input channels • Ranges from lOOmV to ± 5V, selectable by software • I 2-bit precision, 0.024% accuracy • Fast 20 -microsecond conversion time • Sample-and-hold circuitry captures changing signals • External trigger mode responds to commands from remote equipment • Software diskette included, to get you started right away A I 1 3 comes with a I -year warranty and is backed by full technical support. It is part of a full line of IS analog and digital systems, all inexpensive and modularly designed so that you can select and pay for only the interfaces and functions you need. Interactive Structures has been designing and producing interfaces for Apple Computers since 1 977. Thousands of iS units are in use internationally. One is being used in the instrumentation for making analog readings aboard the NASA Space Shuttle. Write or call now for more information on the A I 13 — the best investment you'll make in a research assistant. 'Recommended U S list price each Apple IS a registered trade name ol Apple^'^Computer Inr Circle 464 on Inquiry card. Interactive Structures, Inc. 112 Bala Avenue P.O. Box 404 BalaCynwyd, PA 19004 (215)667-1713 A Future Day in the Life of an HP-41C It's morning (February 1, 1983), and I find no cash in my pockets. No, the HP-41C cannot mint money, but it can call the bank for me and engage in a friendly conversation with the bank's computer. I plug the Modem Management Pack into a blank slot and con- nect the HP-41C to an HPIL converter which in turn has been hooked up to a telephone coupler. I quickly learn that the check from Detroit finally cleared, and my checking account is good for $1000. Later, I arrive at the recording studio and discover a faulty VU meter (things haven't changed much). I am now carrying a powerful tool consisting of my trusty HP-41C attached to an HPIL Converter, an A/D (analog-to-digital) converter, and a long cable ter- minating in alligator clips. These components make up not just a programmable multimeter, but a complete measurement and analysis system customized by the user — mel The HHC tells me that there is 2.0 V across the con- sole's output terminals, which represents 4.2 dBs above the reference of 1.23 V. I suspect an intermittent connection, so I've programmed the HP-41C to beep whenever a change in level occurs (a high-frequency beep if the level goes up, low-frequency if it goes down) and to display the new voltage and dB level. When I wiggle a loose resistor on the circuit board, the HP-41 C cheerfully beeps to signal the cause of the pro- blem. Even in 1983, cold solder joints and bad connec- tions cause the majority of service problems. My next job is rather distantly located, but this time the HP-41C is not available to play Hangman. It has a much more important job to do — it's helping to fly my Beechcraft. You see, back in 1981, the Hewlett- Packard company produced a custom ROM for the Beech Aircraft Corporation, turning the HP-41C into a revolutionary flight-planning system capable of saving thousands of gallons of fuel a year. Well, today (1984?) this system has been updated so that the plane is equipped with an HPIL Converter. Since instrument data is now transmitted directly to the HP-41C, the pilot does not need to key in information about fuel flow, speed of descent, wind velocity, or air speed. Of course, as soon as I get the money, the next step will be to purchase the HP-41C Auto Pilot. By 1985, I will be able to plan my flight at home on the portable HP-41C, carry it with me to the airport, and plug it in- to the control panel of my airplane. Thus, it will help me in the air and continue to serve me on the ground. The preceding "science fiction" story is based entire- ly on components that are available today and on technology that is completely within reach. We have only begun to dream. ELECTROHOMB ELECTRONICS ELECTROHOME LIMITED, 809 WELLINGTON STREET NORTH, KITCHENER ONTARIO N2G 4]6 Electiohome Distzibutors Consumer Computer Mktg. Inc., Sudbury Mass (617) 443-5128 Components Unlimited Inc., Lynchburg, VA (804) 237-6286 EMES Systems Ltd., New York, NY (800) 223-1799 Anthem Systems Company BurHngame, CA (415) 342-9182 Mycrosystems Distributors Inc., Dallas, Ttexas (214) 669-9370 Computerland, SanLeandro, CA(800) 772-3545 (Ext. 118) Outside California (800) 227-1617 (Ext. 118) Hardware Review TRS-80 DISCOUNT BUY DIRECT WE SELL THE FULL LINE OF TRS-80'S AT WHOLESALE PRICES *** PERSONAL COMPUTERS*** Strawberry Tree's Dual Thermometer Card for the Apple MODEL II 26-4002 64K I Drive $3279 Ask About Hard Drives MODEL III 26-1062 16K S819 26-1066 48K with 2 Drives, RS232 $2049 COLOR COMPUTER 26-3001 4K $309 26-3002 16K Ext. Basic $455 26-3003 32K Ext. Basic $569 POCKET COMPUTER 26-3501 Pocket Computer $155 COLOR COMPUTER DISK DRIVES 26-3022 Color Disk Drive #1 $498 26-3023 Color Disk Drive #2, 3, 4 $338 •LARGE INVENTORY WRITE FOR YOUR •FAST DELIVERY FREE CATALOG THOUSANDS OF SATISFIED CUSTOMERS I ORDER TOLL FREE I 1-800-841-0860 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC. DEPT. NO. 1 115 C. SECOND AVE. S.W. CAIRO, GA. 31728 GA. 912-377-7120 TM . TANDY CORPORATION FREE COPY OF WARRANTY UPON REQUEST Dr. William Murray RD #3, Box 363 Montrose, PA 18801 If you've ever needed to monitor temperatures over an extended period of time, then Strawberry Tree's Dual Thermometer Card is for your Apple. Actually, the card is part of a complete package that also contains a disk, two thermometer probes, and a user's manual. The thermometer card has an internal clock that can be set when the system is loaded, or, if a clock /calendar card is present in the system, the clock can be set automatically. This feature enables your Apple to record the time at which temperature data is taken. Data-sam- pling intervals can also be set to occur at any preset time by means of the internal timer. The current temperature, along with the maximum and minimum, can be recorded for each probe and stored on disk or sent to a printer as output. Everything in the package (see photo 1) is first class, which helps justify the retail price of $260. The card has fully socketed integrated circuits (ICs) and gold-plated edge connectors. The 83-page manual covers virtually every topic from installation to software modification. The software is a refreshing departure from many Apple peripherals on the market today. It is usable, under- standable, and can be modified if necessary. Photo 1: Strawberry Tree's complete package of temperature- monitoring equipment for the Apple. 96 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 265 on inquiry card. THE $595* SMART TERMINAL The Heath 19 Smart Video Terminal gives you all the important professional features you want in a ter- minal, all for under $600.* You get the flexibility you need for high-speed data entry, editing, inquiry and transaction processing. It's designed to be the back- bone of your system with heavy-duty features that withstand the rigors of daily use. Standard RS-232C interfacing makes the 19 com- patible with DEC \/T-52 and most computer systems. And with the 1 9, you get the friendly advice and expert service that makes Heath/Zenith a strong partner for you. Sold through Heathkit Electronic Centerst nationwide (see your white pages for locations). Stop in today for a demonstration of the Heath 19 Smart Video Termi- nal. If you can't get to a store, send for the latest Heathkit® Catalog. Write Heath Co., Dept. 052-894, Benton Harbor, Ml 49022. HEATH/ZENITH Your strong partner Completely ad- dressable blinking cursor lets you edit anywhere on Reverse video by character lets you emphasize words, phrases or paragraphs. l-1igh resolution CRT gives you sharp, easy- to-read image, reduces eye-strain. Complete ASCII character set includ ing uppercase, lowercase with descenders, and special graphic symbols. 80 character by 24 line format, plus 25th line for operator mes- sages and prompts. Professional quality keyboard, standard type- writer layout, 72 keys, including 12 special function keys. Z-80 microprocessor- control makes the 19 capable of multitude of high-speed functions. It's the only terminal with ROlVl source code readily available. Insert and delete character or line plus erase to end of line and end of screen make the 19 ideal for sophisticated editors like WORD- STAR. Cursor and special functions are accessible by keyboard or computer, using either DEC VT-52 or ANSI Standard protocols. Keypad in calculator format permits fast, easy entry of numeric data. tHeath Company and Veritechnology Electronics , ,. , ^„ „ „ ,, , ... ., ^. ^ , . , J ^ Corporation are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Zenith •In kit form, F.O.B. Benton Harbor, Ml. Also available the completely assembled Zenith Z-19 ^3^,^ corporation. The Heathkit Electronic Centers at $895. Prices and specifications are subject to change without notice. are operated by Veritechnology Electronics Corporation. CP-202C At A Glance Name Dual Thermometer Card for the Apple II Use Long- and short-term temperature measurements Manufacturer Strawberry Tree Computers 949 Cascade Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94087 Price S260 Features Two temperature-sensing probes, Apple hardware board, software contained on a 5 '/i -inch disk, user's manual Capabilities Reads present temperature of each probe, keeps track of maximum and minimum of each probe, and records temperature difference between probes. Also records date and time when samples are taken and sends data to printer or to disk for storage. Hardware required Apple II Plus with 48K bytes of memory or Apple II having 48K bytes of memory with Applesoft; disk drive with DOS 3.2, 3.2 1 , or 3,3 (will load on 13- or 16-sector machines). Additional options Will output with no modifications to almost all printers that have been correctly interfaced; will set the date and time directly from a Mountain Hardware card; otherwise, the internal clock can be set from the keyboard. 1982 VERSION IFR SIMULATOR Apple II Plus DOS 3.3 TOP 330 FROH SBl 0B£ BOT 1L£ « li: 4? GfiS=3 K I Hints REKAIHIHG Features a lifelike panel that simulates the airplane instruments that are used for flying and navigating In clouds. FLY IFR LANDINGS, PATTERNS, and CROSS COUNTRY in several areas of The United States. $50.00 at your computer store or direct from: PROGRAMMERS SOFTWARE 2110 N.2nd St. Cabot Arkansas 72023 (501) 843-2988 Hardware The thermometer card contains 12 ICs that draw 70 mA (milliamperes) from the +5-volt supply and 30 mA from the +12-volt supply. If the need arises, up to 7 cards can be installed in an Apple II, permitting you to monitor 14 different temperatures. The probes come with 10 feet of wire but can be extended to 500 feet without loss of accuracy. The probes are electrically isolated from their 0.19-inch by 0.65-inch case but cannot be immersed in water or other conductive fluids. (Special probes are available upon request.) For noncritical applications, the probes could be enclosed in a boilable freezer bag. The accompanying loss in sensitivity wouldn't affect results where slow temperature changes are expected. The accu- racy of the unit is 0.4° from -20° to 50 °C and within 1° from -50° to -20° and 50° to 100 °C. The thermometer card contains two major sections — a timer and an analog-to-digital converter. Its data- acquisition is similar to that used by the Apple's game paddles: resistance changes from the probes are used to alter the timing of a latch. The precision of the timing cir- cuit is much more accurate, however, than the Apple's simple circuit and is fully described in the user's manual. Because the system is set up to be slot independent, the card can be located anywhere (yes, even slot 0) without major modifications. External devices such as fans or heaters can be controlled using the data obtained from the dual thermometer board with the addition of the nec- essary interface hardware. This makes the device helpful not only for monitoring temperatures but also for controlling them. Software The software will load on 16- or 13-sector machines (DOS 3.3 or 3.2) without modification. When the disk is loaded, the time must be set from the keyboard if a clock/calendar is not available. This shouldn't be much of an inconvenience once the equipment is up and run- ning. The internal clock of the dual thermometer is trig- gered by the Apple's crystal-controlled clock, so accuracy shouldn't be a problem. The second thing that must be done upon starting the system is to set up the data-measuring parameters. The program gives you the ability to: • choose one or two probes for temperature measure- ment • monitor maximum and minimum temperatures of both probes • set alarms for temperatures above and below the preset maximum and minimums • record the difference between the two thermometers • specify output in Fahrenheit, Celsius, or absolute (Kelvin) • record data at predefined intervals on a printer or disk If the same setup is used frequently, it too can be recorded on disk, eliminating the necessity of entering the same information each time. 98 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 338 on inquiry card. SEATTLE COMPUTEirS NEW IIAM+ GIVES YOU THE MEMORY YOU NEED AT A PRICE YOU CANT FORGET. A great new machine, the IBM personal computer, just got better. With RAM+, the new expansion memory from Seattle Computer.™ RAM+ can change your personal IBM from a pony to a workhorse by adding up to 256 K of memory. RAM+ is expandable, reliable and is made by Seattle Computer, the people who created the operating system for the IBM personal computer. To make your IBM work even better, each RAM + card has a RS-232 serial port which uses IBM supplied software. And RAM+ comes fully assembled, tested and with a 90 day guarantee.* The RAM+ is available in 64 K, 128 K, 192 K or 256 K, with affordable prices ranging from $475. to $1,075. Expansion kits are also available. How to order: Cal I Anna Ford at (206) 575-1830 for the location of the nearest RAM+ dealer. The RAM+ —a great addition to your IBM personal computer. At a great price. Dealer inquiries welcome. 1114 Industry Drive, Seattle, Washington 98188 Circle 366 on inquiry card. 'Extended warranty available. (la) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 (lb) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 "Lower curve = Probe 'Upper curve = Mercury Thermometer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 TIME (MINUTES) 1 r 1 r 1 r — i 1 1 1 * + * 'Lower curve = Probe ^ ^ ♦ * *Upper curve = Mercury Thermometer rill 123456 789 10 11 12 13 14 TIME (MINUTES) Figure l:Tracking Strawberry Tree's thermometer probe versus a laboratory mercury thermometer. Figure la shows responses to an 8. 89° C/ minute rate of change; figure lb shows responses to a 4.57°C/minute rate of change. One missing feature, however, is a method for obtain- ing an average temperature for the collected data. If desired, the software can be modified to accumulate the sum of all temperature samples taken and divide that sum by the total number of samples. This should be an easy modification since the disk is not "copy protected," and the software is fully described in the user's manual. Limitations One of the major limitations of the Strawberry Tree Dual Thermometer card is the stabilizing time necessary for accurate measurements. The manual states that the probe requires 4 minutes to stabilize to within 0.1° for a 100° change. For comparison, a laboratory -grade mer- cury bulb thermometer will stabilize over the same temperature change in approximately 10 seconds. This would limit application of the device where large temperature variations can occur in relatively short time intervals. Appendix E of the user's manual addresses this issue and offers several suggestions for obtaining greater accu- racy. Figure 1 shows two experimental plots. Each plot contains two curves, one of the probe and one of a mer- cury bulb thermometer. In figure la, the average rate of change is 8.89°C per minute, while that of figure lb is 4.57°C per minute. The rapid change in temperature with respect to time in figure la produces as much as a 4° error between probe and mercury thermometer. When the rate of change is slowed by a factor of 2, the two devices give about the same reading. This drawback won't be a prob- lem where temperature variations change slowly. In- deed, given the required stabilization time, I found the probes to be well within their rated accuracy. Applications The possible applications of this dual thermometer board are many because of the careful attention given to writing the software. With the ability to record data on a printer or disk, many long-term temperature studies can be undertaken. An engineer could use the dual-thermometer board in a solar heating experiment. One thermometer probe would monitor the internal temperature of the solar collector while the other would record the surrounding temperature. The data collected would help determine the best angle for the collector, the best collector coating for maximum heat gain, etc. With the card, readings for an entire day could be gathered automatically. A homeowner might want to do a long-term energy study by monitoring the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the house. After keeping track of temperature differences and the amount of oil, gas, or electricity used per month, the most efficient temperature setting for the house could be determined by plotting a curve of temperature difference versus fuel consumption. A scientist desiring to monitor the temperature of a microscopic culture might wish to record the information on a printer as it is gathered. A further possibility would be to have the computer sound an alarm if the culture got too hot or cold (this could be done by setting the alarms for the probe at the maximum and minimum limits). Conclusions The hardware and software of the Strawberry Tree Dual Thermometer board are excellent, with all opera- tions fully supported and documented. Any modifica- tions to the BASIC program should be straightforward and require only fundamental programming skills. The temperature probes can be located at distances up to 500 feet, offering great flexibility in probe placement. Special probes can be ordered for immersion in liquids. Two probes can be used at the same time, each recording its present temperature, maximum, minimum, and the temperature difference between the two. The software permits readings to be calibrated in Fahrenheit, Celsius, or Kelvin. Data can be recorded on a printer or disk at preset intervals. An alarm can be set for each probe to indicate when a preset maximum or minimum temperature has been passed. ■ 100 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc SUPERFILE SOLVES YOUR FILING PROBLEMS SUPERFILE makes your information files an ASSET! tm Menu driven Customize program included CLIENT RECORDS SALES LEADS CORRESPONDENCE JOURNAL ABSTRACTS PERSONNEL RECORDS MAILING LISTS CARD FILES LEGAL CONTRACTS ALMOST ANYTHING! Learn in minutes Ready to run Demo data base included The USERS MANUAL tells you how to use SUPERFILE to index and retrieve information for these and other practical uses. IF YOU CAN TYPE, YOU CAN TEACH YOURSELF TO USE SUPERFILE IN MINUTES. You Need Computer with Z-80® cpu and at least 48K memory CP/M® operating system 2 or more floppy disk drives or hard disk Disk Formats 8" single density 5" including: Osborne, Xerox, North Star, Intertec, Apple (cp/m). Vector. Technical Specifications SEARCH SPEED: 100 records per second* RECORD ENTRY: your own text processor or easily convert your present files # RECORDS PER DATA BASE: max. 8,000 on 8" SD (depends on disk capacity) RECORD LENGTH: variable to 256,000 char, (free format - no fixed length fields) # KEY WORDS PER SEARCH: max. 64 using "and", "or" & "not" # KEY WORDS PER DATA BASE: max. 3,000 alpha-numeric plus 32,000 integers # KEY WORDS PER RECORD: max. 250 KEY WORD LENGTH: max. 64 char, each # FILES PER DATA BASE: no limit FILE SIZE: max. 256,000 bytes SORT: alpha-numeric by record MERGE and/or SPLIT: records and files Where Your Dealer Call FYI, INC. Write FYI, INC. Reader Service # SUPERFILE costs only $195 (including DEMO data base, manual and 30 day money back guarantee) MANUAL only: $50 (applies to purchase) Special Dealer DEMO free, on request from qualified Dealers and OEM's. SUPERFILE (TM) trademark of FYI, INC. Z-80* registered trademark of Zilog CP/M* registered trademark of Digital Research ' Using Z-80, 4mhz, 8" DD, av. 10 keywords/record. Please add $10 outside the US, Canada, Mexico FYI, INC. P.O. BOX 10998 #615 AUSTIN, TX. 78766 (512)258-6310 mc/visa IT'S WHAT YOU CAN FIND THAT COUNTS! Circle 182 on inquiry card. I Book Reviews Software Psychology: Human Factors In Computer and Information systems Ben Shneiderman Winthrop Publishers Inc. Cambridge, MA, 1980 320 pages, hardcover S24.95 Reviewed by Bruce Robert Evans 16 Marwin Road Pickering Ontario Canada LIV 2N7 Until recently, computers have been the domain of pro- fessionals. With the advent of personal computers, informa- tion networks, and dedicated controllers in equipment, programmers and designers must be aware of the impact of software on end users and vice versa. Much has been written about human engin- eering, but nothing has ap- peared about humanizing software. Software Psy- chology will help the systems engineer and programmer remedy this deficiency. The layout of the book re- flects the author's back- ground in the psychology of learning. At the beginning of each chapter, there is a list of the section headings, fol- lowed by an explanation of what is to come. Two sum- maries, one of practical points for the programmer and one of possible leads for the psychology researcher, follow the body of the book. The repetition distressed me, but with time it became obvious that it was achieving the desired purpose — I was re- taining the material. Shneiderman starts by analyzing what programmers do. Using one of the key tenets of management analysis, he delineates tasks and their performance. With- out generalizing, the author dissects some of the well- entrenched "truths." Do com- ments clarify a program? Do symbolic variable names help? Expect your prejudices to be challenged. The author insists on measuring as he at- tempts to assess a program- mer's output. Many com- monly held beliefs topple. For example, while the number of lines produced may be accept- able criterion for one pro- gram, the efficiency of style may be better in another. Chapters seven and eight, in which Shneiderman dis- cusses database systems, should be read by all pro- grammers. In them, the author explores possible sources of friction between programmers and nonprofes- sional users. Ways of dealing with irate nonprofessional users (Why is my credit card bill different from what I think it should be?) are dis- cussed. In chapter nine, Shneider- man discusses programming languages, emphasizing the at- tempts to create new lan- guages that will correct some of the faults of existing ones. (Does a month go by when someone doesn't come up with the "perfect language"?) The author stresses that because no one language covers all situations, pro- grammers should consider the advantages and disad- vantages of each when writ- ing for a nonprofessional. Chapter ten, "Interactive Interface Issues," justifies the entire book. In it, Shneider- man indicates the need for more study of the psycho- logic impact of computer pro- gramming on the end user, fie discusses computer sys- tems from the user's point of view and points out user demands of which the pro- grammer may be completely unaware. In summary, Ben Shneider- man guides the systems engineer in deciding what a customer wants and needs, suggests how the software should be written, and assists in its evaluation. At the same time, the author shows the programmer what the soft- ware user wants and how the end user looks at a computer system. Often the user is very different psychologically and intellectually from the pro- grammer; the successful pro- grammer must be aware of this. ■ Ihe Graphics Family. the most versatile, easiest-to-use graphics available for your Apple II. The A2-3D1/3D2 with A2-GE1 Graphics Editor package lets you put simultaneous multiple images on your screen . . . where you want, in the size you want, in your choice of orientation, complete with upper and lower case text. Because the most important part of your computer system is you. $119.85 mbiDGlC Communications Corp. 713 Edgebrool< Drive Champaign, I L 61820 (217) 359-8482 Telex: 206995 Apple" lb the rogibt(;t(Ml iriidomark ol Apple CompLii 102 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 390 on Inquiry card. Start talking business with your Apple COBOL is the most effective business language, Apple II is thie most friendly business computer. CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 brings together the best features of COBOL and Apple to enable you to deliver the most effective, user-friendly applications. Business Programmers: Take the COBOL expertise you have acquired on big business mainframes, and use it on Apple II to create friendly applications that will talk directly to your users - where it suits them best, on their own desks. CIS COBOL's dynamic module loading gives you big application capability and the FORMS-2 source generator lets you build and modify conversational programs from visual screen formats, creating much of the code automatically. Application vendors: CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 steps up the pace for your development of the high quality professional application packages needed today And creating them in COBOL makes them more maintainable. Over half the Apple H's now being sold are going to business or professional users so demand for quality applications is growing fast, creating big business opportunities for you . Stability proven by the US Government. CIS COBOL has been tested and approved for two consecutive years by the US General Services Administration as conforming to the ANSI 74 COBOL Standard. Apple II under CP/M is included in CIS COBOL's 1981 GSA Certificate of Validation (at Low-Intermediate Federal Standard plus Indexed l-O and Level 2 Inter-Program Communication). Get your hands on CIS COBOL at your Apple dealer. Talk business with him now! Micro Focus Inc., 1601 Civic Center Drive Santa Clara, CA 95050. Phone: (408) 248-3982. MICRO FOCUS CIS COBOL with FORMS-2 for use on the Apple II with CP/M is an Apple Distributed Product. CIS COBOL and FORMS-2 ore trademarks of Micro Focus, CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer, Circle 264 on inquiry card. Product Description 5^ ALL IT NEEDS IS THE PERSONAL COMPUTER CONNECTION FROM NETWORK DATA SYSTEMS. Tliis printed circuit, small enough to fit inside the case of an IBM Model 50, 60, or 75 electronic typewriter, will interface with any RS232C computer system. Ihe typewriter is still a type- writer, and an electronic com- munications system as well, with: • User-selectible baud rates . XON— XOFF protocol • Four parity options • FijII or half duplex modes Yet for little more than the cost of the typewriter alone! For information call Network Data Systems of Fla., Inc. 1500 N.W. 62nd St., Suite 308 Fort Lauderdale. FL. 33309 (305) 772-9320 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED The Epson HX-20 The First BYTE-sized Computer 104 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 298 on Inquiry card. Gregg Williams Senior Editor Unfortunately, no monthly magazine can be complete- ly up to date on a given subject — some new product or idea always appears between the time we send the magazine to the printer and the day you see that same issue. However, we did get a chance to preview a product so exciting that we "stopped the presses" to get it into this issue. The Epson HX-20 microcomputer (see photo 1) is a remarkable unit that might be dubbed the first "notebook computer" — larger than a pocket computer and smaller than a briefcase computer, it is about the size of a notebook. It weighs in at 1.73 kilograms (3 pounds, 13 ounces) and measures 28.9 by 21.6 by 4.44 centimeters (11.375 by 8.5 by 1.75 inches) — somewhat lighter than but almost the same size as two issues of BYTE. The HX-20 has a full version of Microsoft BASIC, 16K bytes of memory, a standard-size and standard-configuration keyboard, a 24-character-per-line printer, a built-in cassette interface, and a 20-character by 4-line liquid- crystal display. The product will be officially aimounced at the National Computer Conference in June. Epson plans to have its distributors fully stocked with HX-20s by the time it is officially introduced. The unit was lent to us for a few days by Chris Rutkowski of Epson America Inc. Since this was a sneak preview of the HX-20, Chris told us some but not much about it. Most of the details below are a result of our physical inspection of the unit. For example, executing the BASIC statement "PRINT FRE(X)" produces the answer 12,832. This leads me to believe that the urut has 16K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), Circle 239 on Inquiry card. Appje Logo has arrive » » » m • * the sophisticated yet simple to use language you. have been reading about is now avaiTabie for your Appie //.\ • Contact your Apple deafer today. 222 Brunswick Blvd. . Pointe Claire, Que. Canada (514) 6^4-2885 computer systems inc 989 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. ♦ U.S.A. (212) 564-6020 (RiRegislered Trademark, Apple Computer Inc. Product Description Photo 1: A prototype of the HX-20 microcomputer. The final unit will have a different keyboard layout. Photo 2: The HX-20 printer and a printout of its character set. The Japanese katakana characters will be replaced in the U.S. version of the unit by geometric symbols that can be combined to make larger graphic images. Photo 3: The liquid-crystal display of the HX-20, which gives four rows of 20 characters each. 12,832 of which are free for BASIC programs and data. The unit we saw is a prototype of the final unit, which may be packaged somewhat differently and which will have a typewriter-style keyboard layout. Aside from the layout, the present keyboard is very good — it is stan- dard-sized (a very important feature if the computer is used for programming, word processing, data entry, or similar applications) and the keys have a good feel. The printer can display 24 characters per line, each in a 5 by 7 dot matrix (see photo 2). The LCD (liquid-crystal dis- play) provides four rows of 20 characters, each displayed within a 6 by 8 dot matrix (see photo 3). Both the printer and the LCD can show graphics, numbers, punctuation, and uppercase and lowercase letters. The LCD is ultimately 120 dots by 32 dots, each of which can be con- trolled by BASIC. Because Epson is a subsidiary of Seiko (the watchmakers), you might suspect the HX-20 to con- tain a clock; it does. The clock is accessed from BASIC by reading the variable TIME$. Setting the clock is just as easy. The cassette interface is said to transfer information at about 2400 bits per second (about 300 bytes per second) onto a standard dictating machine microcassette. This area of the unit appears to be detachable, which may in- dicate other storage options and/or telecommunication potential. The unit has several interesting sockets. The rear of the unit contains a socket for a power supply (the unit is estimated to run 50 to 100 hours on the internal nicad batteries), as well as two DIN sockets marked SERIAL (with holes for five pins) and RS-232C (with holes for seven pins). The left side contains a long, narrow, re- cessed plug containing two rows of 20 pins each (perhaps a system bus of some kind), and the right side contains plugs for an external cassette recorder, as well as a small phono jack marked BARCODE (which means that the unit is capable of reading bar codes). In addition, the right side of the unit contains a recessed Reset key and an on-off switch. (The unit, however, is never really "off"; this switch turns off the LCD display, but retains the pro- gram currently in memory.) Few details on the internal organization of the machine are yet available. It contains CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) memory to keep the power consumption low. The HX-20 also uses the 6301 microprocessor, a CMOS version of the Motorola 6801 microprocessor. The price? Epson hadn't decided at the time this was written, but I was led to believe that it would be under $1000. I hope you are as tantalized by this information as I am. More information will be available after the unit is introduced at the NCC in June. Until then, it is enough to know that microcomputers are becoming more portable, more powerful, and cheaper at the same time, a trend that will probably not stop with the HX-20. ■ 106 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 1 CMC Targa ■■■I 5-10-20 Megabytes in an add-on hard disk for: IBM Personal Computer • Xerox 820 Apple • SuperBrain • Heath-Zenith TRS-80 Models II & III Targa, a truly high perfor- Targa 5 mance design, whether by Porsche or by CMC. Targa hard disk system, a signifi- cant extension to the stor- Targa 10 age capacity of your micro- computer, at an unheard of price/performance ratio. Suggested list for 5 mb: Targa 20 6.38 Mbytes unfor- matted, 5 MB for- matted. Upgrade- able to 10 MB 12.8 Mbytes unfor- matted, 10 MB for- matted. Upgrade- able to 20 MB for- matted 20 Mbytes format- ted, 25.6 MB un- formatted Our Targa Winchester-type, hard disk drives are offered in desk-top dimensions of 15" X 51/4" X I3V2". It comes complete with ca- bles, software and interface. Call or write for complete specifications and/or the dealer nearest you. Dealer inquiries invited. Circle 86 on inquiry card. only $2895. CMC INTERNATIONAL A Division of Computer Marketing Corporation 11058 Main • Suite 220 • Bel levue, WA 98004 • Phone (206) 453-9777 • Telex: 152556 SEATAC Call Toil-Free 1 ■800-426-2963 A Human-Factors Style Guide for Program Design Taking the user into account in the design of software. Human factors is a small but grow- ing discipline which seeks to provide a method for taking into account human strengths and limitations during the design of computer hard- ware and software. In this article, I'll present a brief introduction to human factors and discuss its application to program design. I'll define six human- factors design principles and show how they can be applied to three areas of program design: data entry, display-screen design, and sequence control. Human factors can be applied to any area in which a human being in- teracts with a machine. The discipline applies, or at least can and should be applied, to many aspects of man's in- teraction with computers. The most obvious area, and the one most people think of when considering human factors, is hardware design. Human-factors specialists often design video displays and controls. More recently, human factors has been applied to software design. Re- search has led to the development of human-factors guidelines that pro- grammers can use to make their pro- grams easier to use and less prone to error. Human factors is also impor- tant to the design of computer operat- ing systems, programming languages, and documentation, although the discipline has received less attention in those areas. Henry Simpson Anacapa Sciences Inc. P.O. Drawer Q Santa Barbara, CA 93102 Human factors matter because peo- ple must operate machines. If you fail to take people into account during de- sign, then your machine (or system or program) may be difficult or impossi- ble for people to operate. As obvious as it seems, this point is often over- looked. Consider some recent ex- amples. No brand names are men- tioned in what follows, but you may recognize some of the players: • The microcomputer whose non- standard keyboard made it awkward for touch-typists — all keys were there, but they were the wrong kind of keys and in the wrong locations. The more serious the error consequences, the more designers shouid consider human factors. (The keyboard has since been rede- signed.) • The minicomputer whose operat- ing system identifies program errors with numeric codes that are con- tained in three separate manuals. (This machine was recently discon- tinued.) • The computer program whose screen displays are cluttered and con- fusing, whose data-entry sequences permit input errors that cause the program to interrupt, whose menus can lead the operator down blind alleys and into stable program states from which he or she cannot escape. The documentation for this program consists of three smudged photo- copies of an original that displays creative spelling and grammar and omits many important details. We often blame human error for disasters and near disasters, from nuclear near-meltdowns to bank errors in checking account balances. Equally often, we blame "the com- puter" for some ill fate that befalls us. Seldom do we recognize that neither man nor machine alone is completely responsible. In today's complex world, man and machine work to- gether interactively. The "system" is the combination of both. When we design things, it is usually fairly easy for us technically oriented people to take into account the limita- tions of our hardware. However, we are likely to forget that the operator or maintainer of our system has limitations. We can design much better systems — more workable and more maintainable — if we accurately take human limitations into account. What are human limitations? First and most obvious, no two human be- 108 April 1982 © BYTE PiiblicaUoiu Inc MORE BANG Qantex Impact Printers 150 Characters Per Second 1 36 Columns Per Line The microprocessor controlled Series 6000 is packed with standard features. True lower case descenders and underlining. Bidirectional logic seeking. Built-in test capability. Rugged 400 million character print head. Beautiful 96 character set in a 9x9 matrix. Parallel, or up to 19,200 baud serial interfaces supporting RS-232, X-ON, X-OFF or Current Loop. Full operator con- trols. Quietized, sleek enclosure to en- hance your system. Delivery from stock. Qdntex* Division of North Atlantic Industries 60 Plant Avenue, Hauppauge, N.Y. 11788 (516) 582-6060 TWX 510-227-9660 (800) 645-5292 For more information call your local distributor: ARKANSAS Hemco Electronics (501) ARIZONA The Plioenix Group Inc. (602) CALIFORNIA Basic Systems Corp, (213) Basic Systems Corp. (714) Basic Systems Corp. (408) ILLINOIS Electro-Tech Marketing Assoc. (312) Engineered Sales (312) INDIANA Audio Specialists (219) LOUISIANA Micro Computer of New Orleans (504) MARYLAND Systems International Inc. (301) MASSACHUSETTS S & S Electronics, Inc. (617) Circle 342 on inquiry card. (612) 831-0349 (612) 645-4647 (314) 997-1515 MINNESOTA 663-0375 Integrated Peripherals Vikeland Sales 967-1421 MISSOURI ESC Sales & Leasing 673-4300 NEW YORK 268-8000 Washington Electric Co. (212) 226-2121 / (800)221-5416 727-1800 Daily Business Products, Inc. (516) 543-6100 (800) 645-5556 / (212) 594-8065 588-4535 Synchro Sound Enterprises (516)484-1852 832-8425 PENNSYLVANIA QED Electronics (215)674-9600 234-5001 TENNESSEE Southland Video Distributors (800) 238-3274 885-5883 TEXAS Datanet, Inc. (214) 669-1758 977 0100 VIRGINIA Nine Associates, Inc. (703) 273-1803 458-41 00 Distributor inquiries welcome! *Registered Trademark of North Atlantic Industries. Inc. AUSTRALIA Mitsui Computer Systems CANADA Computer Markets DENMARK T.M.S. Dataudstyr ENGLAND Northamber Limited FRANCE Gepsi GERMANY Technitron HONG KONG Computerworld Ltd. Hong Kong Equipment ITALY Eltron s.r.l. (030) 55026-41554-44414 NETHERLANDS Compudata Benelux B.V. 31-73-215700 SPAIN 21 Ingenieria Informatica 204-2099 02-9299921 416-445-1978 (45) 2-91 1 122 (44) 372-67646 (33) 1-554-9742 49 (89) 692-4141 5-44033 5-4538 70 ings are alike. They vary in size, strength, acuity, intelHgence, educa- tion, and level of motivation. The general requirement for considering human factors in the design of your system, whether hardware or soft- ware, is to recognize the needs of the users. The type of user varies with the application. If you are designing an arcade game with a coin slot and two push buttons, you are aiming at a dif- ferent sector of the population than if you are developing a computer-based econometric model to predict the gross national product in 1985. Either of those programs can be written for specific, definable, homogeneous groups of users. More often than not, however, the hardware or software we design will be used by a varied group that ranges widely in sophistication. Knowing your system users and recognizing their needs are the first two steps in taking human factors into considera- tion during system design. In general, the rules for designing a system with the user in mind parallel those for good writing: define your system users, know their limitations, and find the simplest way to get your message across. That which separates good pro- grams from bad cannot always be described in terms of simple, obvious things such as bad keyboard designs or cumbersome error-handling proce- dures. I can name some general qualities to look for, however. First, programs that consider human fac- tors are generally easier to learn and use than those that do not. They usually have simpler displays, are less likely to "bomb," and are supported by good user documentation; they appear to be written for less special- ized users and not for computer ex- perts. These programs also refrain from trying to make the machine behave as if it were a human being. Poorly designed programs lack some or all of these features. To illustrate when human factors matter I'll limit my discussion to soft- ware design and, more specifically, to microcomputer software in which the operator controls the computer and interacts continuously with it. This scope includes such applications as games, business and scientific pro- grams, computer graphics, and com- puter music but excludes most con- trol, robotics, and other minimally interactive applications. A human-factors purist might say that serious consideration of human factors always matters, but this simply isn't true. You can decide in each case how important human fac- tors are by looking at four different aspects of your program: (1) number of people who will operate the pro- gram, (2) diversity of the operators' backgrounds, (3) complexity of the program, and (4) consequences of operator error. Obviously, the more people who will operate your program, the more time and energy you will invest in its development. If you are running a business, you want to assure that your A/R (accounts receivable) pro- gram works efficiently and effectively because it will cost you money and DATAFACE GRQ SERIES INTERFACE TURNS YOUR ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER INTO A PRINTER/TYPEWRITER The Dataface GRQ-11 interface expands your Olympia ES Series or Rem- mington 200 Series electronic typewriters into a let- ter press quality printer for your personal or business computer. And, you still have a fully featured elec- tronic typewriter — two machines in one. The GRQ Series Interface features: 1. Standard EIA RS-232-C Serial Interface and Parallel (Centronics compatible). 2. Standard asynchronous ASCI! code, 7 bit data; 1 start bit; accommodates 1 or 2 stop bits automatical- ly; accommodates odd, even or absence of parity bit. 3. Fifty thru 9600 Baud data rate options. 4. Two K buffer; supports X-on, X-off protocol as well as RTS signals. 5. Circuit board Is Installed inside typewriter back panel along side logic board. The connection between boards accomplished by 40 pin jumper cable using existing socket. No soldering required. Power is provided to the GRQ thru two pins of the 40 lead cable. Installation in 10 minutes. GRQ-10 — CALL FOR SPECIAL WHOLESALE PRICE. SUGGESTED RETAIL $349.50. DfiTPiFflCE knC. 2372 A WALSH AVE., SANTA CLARA, CA 95050 (408) 727-6704 110 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 136 on inquiry card. At Hayes, we don't believe in sec- ond best. Or planned obsolescence. We believe in taking the state of the art to the limit. Our new Smartmodem, for exam- ple, is the most sophisticated 300-baud originate/answer modem you can buy And yet, it is perhaps the easiest-to-use modem ever. RS-232C Compatible. Smartmodem lets any RS-232C compatible computer or terminal communicate by phone with other computers and time-sharing sys- tems located anywhere in North America. You get full and half-duplex operation with both Touch-Tone* and pulse dialing. Auto-Answer/Oial /Repeat. Smartmodem can answer the phone, dial a number, receive and transmit data, and then hang up the phone- automatically! If desired, Smartmodem will even repeat the last command. You can depend on Smartmodem for completely unattended operation. Completely Programmable. Smartmodem can be controlled using Microcomputer Component Systems any programming language. Over 30 dif- ferent commands can be written into your programs or entered directly from your keyboard. Smartmodem also includes sever- al switch-selectable features that let you tailor performance to your exact needs. You can "set it and forget it" for the ulti- mate in convenience. Built-in Audio Monitor. Thanks to an internal speaker, you can actually listen to your connection being made. You'll know immediately if the line is busy or if you reached a wrong number - and you don 't even need a ptione! Status at a Glance. Seven LEDs indicate Smartmodem's current operating mode: auto-answer, carrier detect, off hook, receive data, send data, terminal ready and modem ready You're never left in the dark! Direct-Connect Design. Smartmodem is FCC registered for di- rect connection to any modular phone jack- there's no acoustic coupler to cause signal loss and distortion. Smartmodem, Smart Buy. Pro- fessional quality features. Versatile per- formance. A full two-year limited warranty A suggested retail price of only $279. What more could you want? Per- haps the matching Hayes Stack Chrono- graph, an RS-232C compatible calendar/ clock system. Check out the Smartmodem wher- ever fine computer products are sold. And don't settle for anything less I A 1 LJoifAO than Hayes. 1 1 J plCiyCO Smartmodem. The ultimate concept in modems is now a reality. perhaps your credit rating if it doesn't. If that same program must serve a wide group — ranging, say, from clerk^ to company president — then you must assure that the program serves all levels well. This takes special effort during program design. The more complex the program, the greater the chance of error, and the more you must strive to reduce the likelihood of error by carefully considering human factors. Last, and probably most impor- tant, are error consequences. The more serious these are, the more im- portant the human element becomes. If the reactor core will melt down, the navigator will get lost, or the names and addresses of all the people who owe you money will disappear, then the consequences of error are very serious indeed. If the worst that can happen is that the bouncing ball in your game program may disappear from the screen, then the conse- quences are not quite so serious (unless you depend upon the program for your livelihood). In sum, if you are writing programs purely for your own use and are not tracking important data, then you have probably spent too much time on this article already. On the other hand, if you are writing programs for a wide and varied group of users to track things that matter to them, then human-factors considerations are im- portant. Design Principles If you decide to apply human fac- tors to your program design, where do you begin? Probably the best way is to familiarize yourself with some general human-factors design princi- ples. Six such principles are presented below. These principles grow out of behavioral research conducted over the last several decades, although their application to program design is recent. Later in this article I'll give specific examples of how these prin- ciples may be applied. Provide Feedback: People need to know that an action they have taken has had an effect. When you turn the wheel of your automobile, you re- ceive feedback in the form of resistance from the wheel, centrifugal force on your body, and movement of your visual field. In turn, you adjust the rate at which you turn the wheel to conform to the feedback you are receiving. Without this feedback, you would find it much more difficult to control your automobile. The user of your program also needs feedback. If he makes a key- board entry and nothing appears on the screen, then he has no way of knowing that his action has had an effect. In consequence, he may repeat his action or try another, possibly causing something unintended to happen. Feedback should be immediate and obvious. Show it on the screen in a place where it is expected. Be Consistent: Mention "consisten- cy" in a group and someone will probably quote Emerson to the effect that it is the "hobgoblin of little minds." Emerson may have been able to get along without it in certain trivial matters, but computer pro- grammers cannot. The tools and pro- gramming languages with which they work are based on rigid adherence to rules of syntax, the order of program- ming operations, and the laws of mathematics. Rigid adherence to these "laws of the machine," which are internally consistent, reduces un- certainties and makes it possible to program the machine exactly. Human beings can tolerate more ambiguity than machines, but ambiguity re- duces people's effectiveness. If we paid half as much attention to con- sistency in our programs' interactions with human beings as we do in the in- teractions between programs and machines, most of our programs would be improved. What, exactly, do we mean by "consistency"? One way of defining it is as a set of rules that you, the pro- grammer, establish for yourself and follow compulsively. These rules per- Go To The Head Of Your Class Polish off your Apple""" with a disk drive from A.M. Electronics! Now there is an affordable, high performance, S'/t-inch disk drive that is fully compatible with your Apple — and compatible with your pocketbook. The A.M. Electronics drive comes complete with an Apple- beige case and connecting cables. It's fully tested with Apple's disk operating system and software. Just plug it in — it's ready to run. You also receive a 90-day limited warranty and a 10-day money back guarantee. Order Today. The Apple-compatible disk drive is now available direct from A.M. Electronics for only $395 (40 track) or $495 (80 track). Upgrade your Apple with our disk drive today and increase the fruit of your labor m A.M. ELECTRONICS, INC. "Appif, Co!nni.iiiif w. 3446 Washtenaw Avenue 'Ann Arbor, Ml 48104 313/973-2312 Attention Dealers & Distributors: For information on attractive pricing and sales opportunities, call us today. Key territories are still available. ^Sl^ ^^^^ r 112 April 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc Circle 2 on inquiry card. 64K at 8A/IHZ Static RAM . . .PLUS HIGH STANDARDS The bus standards are theirs (the IEEE's 696/S-l 00). The quality standards are ours. The combination of price, performance, and versatility sets NEW standards unmatched by any other EPROM- compatible memory on the market. Compare these features: ■ Fully static 1 50ns 2K x 8 RAM's for performance to 8MHz ■ Extended 24-bit addressing (page address switch-selectable) ■ Bank select (port address switch-selectable) for compatibility with Cromemco (including CROMIX*), MP/M**, North Star, others ■ Two separate banks configurable as 64/0, 48/16, or 32/32K ■ Base address of 1 6K segments within a bank may be set to any 1 6K boundary ■ Automatic bank select/deselect on Reset (for each bank) ■ Up to eight 2K segments may be disabled to create windows for memory-mapped I/O — makes optimum use of available RAM ■ Phantom capability ■ Solderless field configuration ■ Any number of RAM's may be replaced with 2716 EPROM's ■ Low power consumption (3.0 watts) All these features PLUS the reliability you expect from first quality components, the confidence of a 1 2-MONTH WARRANTY, AND an absolutely fascinating price. All boards are sold assembled, burned in (48 hrs.), and rigorously tested. Available partially populated to 48K or 32K. *CROMIX is a trademark of Cromemco. **MP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. NO RISK TRIAL All Indigo Tech products are sold on a no- risk basis. If not completely satisfied return board within 1 5 days and the full purchase price will be promptly refunded. Ml 2/64 64K $725.00 Ml 2/48 48K $645.00 Ml 2/32 32K $595.00 Shipping and handling S5.00 per board. Visa or Mastercard accepted. California residents add 6% sales tax. ViijliWIIlii indigo tecin 670 NUTTMAN AVENUE, SUITE 110 SANTA CLARA, CA 95050 • (408) 727-4710 Circle 204 on inquiry card. mit the operator to learn one part of your program's operation and then to apply the new knowledge to other parts of the program. For example, you might make a rule that all of your error messages will appear on the bot- tom line of the display screen. When the operator sees one error message displayed on the bottom line, he ex- pects all others to be displayed there, too. If they are, then the rule is ad- hered to, and the operator will not have to learn a new rule for each new display. If not, then the operator's learning task is that much more dif- ficult. Minimize Human Memory Demands: Psychologists have deter- mined that human beings possess two types of memory — short-term and long-term. A vast amount of research has been conducted on the subject, most of which will interest only the specialist. About human memory, the computer programmer needs to recognize two things. The first of these is obvious, the second less so. First, computers have better memo- ries than people. (We said it was obvious.) Data stored on magnetic media are never forgotten. Second, computers always remem- ber things exactly as they were stored. People usually do, but some- times they get things mixed up. What follows from these two points is that, when designing pro- grams, you should rely on computer memory as much as possible. Sup- pose, for example, that your program has many subprograms. How should the operator select a subprogram — from a displayed menu or by entering a memorized mnemonic? Although selection with memorized mnemonics (used in "program-like languages") has advantages in some situations, the displayed menu depends much less on operator memory and is generally preferable. (Some players of Star Trek games may recall the frustration with which they attempted to master the game in the absence of displayed menu options.) Keep the Program Simple: Simplicity in programming, as in writing, does not come easily or pain- lessly. You must work to achieve even the appearance of simplicity. Simplicity usually results from paring down or editing. In programming, as in writing, simplicity is an ideal that one strives to achieve by conscious design, by trial and modification, by cutting away the unnecessary, and by reorganizing and rearranging. Match the Program to the Operator's Skill Level: You must determine the operator's skill level before you write your program. Determine also if operators of differ- ing skill levels will use the same pro- gram. Human-factors specialists do these two things systematically by conducting a task analysis. There are several ways to do this, but usually it involves defining what mission a system must perform, what functions are involved in this mission, and what tasks are required to accomplish the functions. Conducting task analyses is time-consuming, tech- nical, expensive, and probably beyond your needs or interests. Still, you do need to think about operator tasks as you write your program and ask questions like the following: • What will operators be expected to do? • What decisions must they make? • What must they know to make the decisions? • What skill levels will be required? Consider these questions before you write your program. Then design your program so that it matches the skill level of your system users. Sustain Operator Orientation: If you have ever been lost then you know what not being oriented is. Anyone who has ever used a com- puter has had the experience of get- ting into some new program and not being able to find the way out. This often happens when you try the pro- gram without first reading the manual (as all of us are prone to do). You have an obligation as a pro- ADD A 5 MBYTE WINCHESTER TO YOUR COMPUTER ARSENAL FOR$299S.OO INTERFACES WITH: • S-lOO BUS (CP/M) • Heath H89, H90 (CP/M, HDOS) • Zenith Z89, Z90 (CP/M, HDOS) • TRS 80 Model ill (CP/M, TRS DOS) • Xerox 820 (CP/M) • IBM Personal Computer (CP/M 86, IBMDOS) AMTs EZ8X5 is a connplete, ready to plug in Winchester Hard Disk Sub- system. Featuring easy implementation, enhanced system interface cards, an extensive disk test package. The EZ-8X5 delivers a fijll 5, 10, or 20 megiibytes. Dealer and Distributor inquiries are being accepted Route 30 West Greengate Professional Building Greensburg, PA. 15601 412/837-7255 or call Toll Free 1-800/245-6908 If s What* s Inside That Counts. 114 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 38 on inquiry card. /viicno BUSINESS WORLD INC. Information Line (213) 996-2252 TOLL FREE MAIL ORDER LINES (800) 423-5886 outside caiii JN • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • ADDS Tl-99m home computer^ 294.95 SEC S PRINTER fsHARP BUSINESS COMPUTER 64K SYSTEM \^ • 5.25" diskette • 284K byte per disk drive ' 2 disk drives per unit • Expandable up to 4 units ncluding SHARP'S FDOS (Floppy • Disk Operating System) MSL OUR PRICE (^rSS ^^^^"$3995.00 HEWLETT mlcM PACKARD Our ^ List Price HP-125 Microcomputer 3750.00 2750.00 HP-85 Microcomputer 2750.00 19«5.00 HP-83 Microcomputer 2250.00 1777.00 16K Exp Memory Module 295.00 255.00 Griptiics Plotter 7225 2450.00 Z075.00 Personality Mot). For 7225 750.00 665.00 2631B ImpacUPrinler; Hvy Dty 3950.00 3250.00 Option 020 For 263 IB 150.00 125.00 8 Drives to Choose from 82902S 1300 00 1125.00 9895A 8" Dual Drive 6850.00 5500.00 Griptiics Tablet 9111A 2050.00 1678.00 HP-llC Slimline Advanced 135.00 119.00 HP-12C Slim-Line Financial 150.00 129.00 HP-<1 CV New 2-2 Bytes Mem 325.00 250.00 HP-41.C Calculator 250.00 115.00 Cari) Reader For 41CV/C 215.00 162,00 Printei For 41CV;C 385.00 289.00 Optical Wand For 41 CV/C 125.00 97.00 Quad Ram Equals 4 Mem Mods 95.00 81.00 Memory Modules For 41C 25.00 HP-97 Programble Printer 750.00 595.00 HP-67 Programble Calculator 375.00 295.00 HP-34C Programble Scientific 150.00 117.00 HP 38C Programble Bus r;e 150.00 117.00 HP-32E Adv Scicntilic 55.00 48.00 kHP-37E Business Mgmt. 75.00 57.00^ 'H commodore UsI Our^ Price 8U32-32K 80 Col Crt 1495.00 1097.00 4032-32K 40 Col Crt 1295.00 989.00 4016-16H 40 Col Crl 995.00 788.00 8050-DU3I Disk 950K 1795.00 1344.00 4040 Doal Disk 343K 1295.00 989.00 C2N-Casselte Drive 95.00 77.00 4022-80 Col Printer 795.00 639.00 B024-Mannsman TaFiey 1995.00 1545.00 ZSCPS-Starwrilei 1895.00 1399.00 CBM IEEE Modem 279.00 225.00 Voice Synthesize! 395.00 325.00 VIC 20 299.00 255.00 PET to IEEE Cable 39.95 34.00 JEEE to IEEE Cable 49.95 39.00^ List Our PT Xeiox 820 1 5-1/4- Disk 2995.00 2399.00 Xeioi 820 2 8" Disk 3795.00 2995.00 1 CP/M Operating System 200.00 169.00 I Word Processing Software 500.00 429.00 ^Super Calc 295.00 249.00^ TATWil 1 List Our Price 400 16K Bytes of Ram 595.00 337.45 800 16K Bytes of Ram 995.00 699.00 410 Progfam fiecortJer 90.00 77.00 810 Disk Dfive 600.00 457.00 825 Printer (80 c.l Centronic 7371 999.95 7(9.00 S20 Printer (40 col impacl) 450.00 3S3.ni 830 Acoustic Modem 200.00 155.00 350 Interlace Module 22O00 IS.W Alan Visicalc 200.00 1H.0(K 'texas instruments List Price Tl 99;4A Console New i , Impioved ^' 4 - 10" Color Monitor Higll^-^^- Resolution 950.00 3S9.M 399.95 339.S5 32K Memory Module 399.95 312.95 Speech Synthesizer 149.95 127.95 Disk Memory Drive 499.95 390.95 RF Modulator 49.95 42.50 Telephone Coupler IModemI 224.95 185.95 ^Printer (Solid State) 399.95 315.95^ •NEC PC 8001 A Coinpuler ■NEC PC 8012 A Expansion •NEC PC 8031 A Dual Drive 12" Grn. Phs. Video Monitor PRINTERS EPSON MX 80 FT MX 80 IMPACT MX 70 IMPACT MX 100 ANADEX 9501 NEC 5510 5515 3510 3515 OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 MICROLINE 82 MICROLINE 83 Our UsI Price S 745.00 ! 549.00 645.00 447.00 500.00 369,00 995.00 725,00 1650,00 1299,00 3195.00 2445.00 3295.00 2545.00 2495.00 1795.00 2545.00 1849.00 545.00 395.00 649.00 549.00 1050.00 769.00 445G with Graphics 795.00 695.00 460G with Graphics 1.394.00 899,00 560G New full size 1.695,00 1,139,00 DIABLO (LETTER QUALITY) 630 R102 bi-directional tractors 1640K109 keyboard tractors 630 RO Receive Only 1650K 136 keyboard ^tractors 2.965.00 2.450.00 4.000.00 2,899.00 2.710.00 2,250.00 4,000,00 3.100,00_^ BMC 12" Grn, Phs KQ 115 Hz) 12- Grn, Phs EO (18 Hz) 12" Grn Phs (20 Hz) 12" Colour Composite Hi Res, Grn, Phs 12" NEC Grn, Phs 12" Zenilli 12- LE IMONITOR • 9" B 8 W • 9" Green Plis • 12"B&W • 12" Green Pits, " 12" Green Plis, ' Anti Reflective Screen ** T.V, Graile Screen SANYO IMONITORS 13" Color (new) high quadty 12" Green Phs. 12- B S W 15- B S W 9 - B i W The Best Seller! 9" Green Phs. 219.00 S249.0O 279.00 439.00 275.00 225.00 159.00 179.00 , 189.00 209.00 229,00 199.00 S550,00 360,00 340,00 370,00 235,00 275,00 Our Price 165,00 185(X1 209 00 319,00 165,00 179 00 119,00 159.00 165.00 185.00 199.00 159.00 399.00 269 00 239.00 255-00 159.00 199.00_^ AVINGS ERVICE ELECTION ATISFACTION XEROX 820 WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM (INCLUDES SOFTWARE) OUB PRICE ^ ojic nn MSL 52649.00-^ 8*^°° 3495.00 TELEVIDEO 910 912C 920C 950C List 1699,00 5 599,00 950,00 699,00 995,00 795,00 1.195.00 949.00 104/1 5- SOFT SECTOR 104(1D =- DBL. DEN. SOFT SEC. 3740/1 8" SOFT SECTOR 3740/lD 8- DBL. OEN.-SOFT SECTOR MAXELL MD-l 5" SOFT SEC- TOR/DBL. DEN. MD-2 - SOFT SECT0R/D8L SIDE/DEL. DEN. FO-1 8" SOFT SEC./DBL. DEN FD-1 8- SOFT SEC./DBL ^SIDE/DBL. DEN. DISKETTES sold in boxes of lo (Min. Purchase) $100 y^, ^["J, DYSAN PRICE PER DISKETTE 6.00 6.40 7.25 3.99 4.60 4.75 EXPANSION BOARD Q STAR 16K RAM BOARD LIST OUR PRICE 199.00 129.00 SOFTWARE FOR APPLE II Language System with Apple Pascal BPl General Ledger System Visidex Visicalc Desktop Plan II Microlab Database System Stoneware DB Master Muse Supertext II ^Softape Magic Window 495 00 395.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 150 00 229 00 150.00 99 00 399.00 319.00 159.00 15900 159.00 11900 189.00 119.00 72.00 '' Qcommodore^ CfllOR COMPUTER Vic-TV Modual J19.00 Vic Cassette J69.00 Vic Disk Drive Uall Vic 6 Pack program J44.00 MSL 299.00 OUR PRICE $255.00 44.00 SOFTWARE FOR COMMODORE Qzz-The Information tAfizard Wordcraft 80 Imta-info Retrieval & Mgmt AkI Dow jones Portfolio Mfimt. Pascal Development Pkg. Ehs-Receivables. Inventory Bpl-General Ledger Word Pro 3-40 Column Word Pro 4-80 Column ^ord Pro 4 Plus List 395.00 395 00 495.00 149.00 295.00 750.00 395.00 250.00 375.00 450.00 Our Price 1289.00 289.00 389.00 119.00 219.00 569.00 389.00 175.00 25900 31900^ MOOEMS, NOVATION CAT MODEM NOVATION D-CAT NOVATION APPLE-CAT HAYES MICROMODEM HAYES SMARTMODEM Our 'List Price 189.95 140.00 199.00 150.00 389.00 329.00 379.00 295.00 279.00 239.00^ ^CALCULATORS CASK) HR-10 Paper Feed FR-100 Paper Feed Zi FR-1210 Paper Feed -- PQ-20 LC-785 LC-3165 FX-68 Scientific FX.81 Scienlilic FX-3600P Scientific FX-60ZP "Computer Tafk" 88 Memories Pro gramming Upper & Lower Case Dot Mattii 512 Step 129.95 FX.702P Solves Problems with Alpha- Numeric Clarity, uses Basic ^Language 199.95 Our List Price 49.95 39.00 54.95 42.00 79.95 59.00 129.95 99.00 29.95 23.00 12.95 10.00 1295 10.00 29.95 23.00 19.95 17.00 39.95 29.95 TELE. ANSW. DEVICES PHONE MATE 900 Economy 905 Remole Dual Tape Sys, 910 60 Calls Per Side 920 C Vox 925 Remote Call Monitor 930 Remote Twin Cass. 950 Remote 960 Remote Built In Tele ^ Microcompuler Controlled WAREHOUSE 18720 Oxnard. #108 Tarzana. CA ^nfifi OUTSIDE CA CALL TOLL FREE 1 (8D0) *23-5aa6 IN CA (213) 996-2252 Name (Please print) Address ^ : Cily State Zip Qty Make Model DeEcription Price Total Telex: 182852 Answer: MICKO TZNA 'California residents add 6% sales lax. "Add 3% Shipping & Handling - Add 3% sufctiarge lor credit cards. Orders cannot be shipped unless accompanied by payment, including shipping, tiandl- ing and lax where applicable, TOTAL ORDERS TAX IF APPLICABLE- SHIPPING & HANDLING" TOTAL ENCLOSED S Li Certified Check or M.O. □ Allow 2 weeks clearance tor : □ Bank Wire Transfer personal check CREDIT CARD** ^ - ExD. Date Signalure VISA MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • PERSONAL SOFTWARE • CCS Circle 257 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 115 1. Date DATA COLLECTION FORM Daily Mon-hour Availability -f 7- MAN-HOURS NAMES Available Direct Overtime DATA ENTRY SCREEN Daily Man-hour Availability 1. I 1 Date CMonth/Day/Year) MAN-HOURS NAMES Avail. (0-12.0) Direct ( 0 -12.0 ) Over. (0-4.0) 2. I I I I (III 3. I III I I I I 4. i III I 1 I I Figure 1: A data-collection form and the data-entry screen that goes with it. The data- entry screen resembles the form. Prompts shown in parentheses on the screen make clear the expected data formats and give range limits. The brackets serve as field delimiters, showing the maximum length allowed for each entry. grammer to minimize the possibility of disorientation. Provide your operator with signposts that tell him where he is and how to get back to where he came from. Menu-driven programs often do this by providing a main menu which serves as a home base. The program begins with this menu from which the operator can select various subprograms, perform them, and then return. Some game programs are inten- tional mazes, consciously designed to disorient the operator. If that's your intention, all well and good. But if it's not, remember that an unwanted maze is about as much fun as an inac- curate road map on a dark and rainy night. The six principles described above reduce to one idea: know the needs of your system users. Recognize that they need feedback to avoid confu- sion, consistency to ease the learning process, minimal strain on memory capacity, simplicity rather than com- plexity, demands gauged to their skill levels, and constant, clear orienta- tion. The remainder of this article will focus on three areas of computer pro- gramming: data entry, display-screen design, and sequence control. Data entry concerns how you get data into a database; display-screen design concerns layout of video-terminal- display screens; and sequence control CQ^cems how you interact with your program to get it to do something. I'll show how the six human-factors principles apply in each of these areas. In most cases, recommenda- tions made are based on research that has shown that the suggested feature permits more effective man-machine interaction. In a few cases, recom- mendations are based on prevailing practice. None of these guidelines should be applied blindly, and all of us will find it necessary to ignore them from time to time. But most of these are simple things to do, and if you follow them, you will write a better program. Data Entry The following guidelines apply mainly to programs in which data are entered through the keyboard to build a database which the program accesses later. Typically, the data entry process consists of the follow- ing sequence of steps: • presentation of a prompt • data entry by the operator • display of entered data on the screen • error test • presentation of an error message if entered data fail error test • editing of data • acceptance of data into database Prompting: If data are to be entered into the computer from a standardized data-entry form, then the data-entry screen should resemble that form as closely as possible. The cursor should move from field to field as the operator fills in the form. It is easier to write a program consisting of a series of INPUT statements that cause the screen to scroll. However, the operator can more readily orient himself to a screen that looks like a data-entry form. Figure- 1 shows a data-collection form and a data-entry screen designed to elicit the necessary data. The screen presents prompts, states acceptable ranges, and delimits fields. The program should provide a prompt for every data input. The prompt should be brief and specific, and show the range limits and entry 116 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHoiis bic Circle 345 on Inquiry card. Qualify Computer Services presents. . Hard Disl^Systems See local dealer or call: Quality Computer Services 178 Main Street Metuchen, New Jersey 201-548-2135 free number: 800 631 5944 For TRS: Apple: Heath", 6,12,20,40 and 00 Megabyte syster Completely assembled and tested subsystem including: • Switching power supply • Winchester drive • Host adapter card • Sealed case • Expansion The encloser, controller and power supply have been designed to allow for future backup hardware or increase storage • Software . Auto attach CP/M* • Hard disk utilities , ^ • Real time clock «^i!^^S= • Formatting program Assigns alternate sectors for any weak sectors detected during formatting assuring the lowest possible error rate • Warranty: The system has a full oi warranty on all parts and workman! • Also available: attach for TRSDOS OASIS*, Apple DOS Optional 5%" floppy (shown • Quantity discounts available. Distributor, Dealer and OEM inquries invited. ■OASIS Is a lr«dem«rk ol Phase Ore Systems, CP/M Is trademark ol DIollal Research r ^ I 2/31/1979 I Date (Month/Ooy/Yeor) DATA ENTRY ERROR; Date contains invalid DAY -- re-enter date V / Figure 2: A sample error message, The message is specific and helps the operator correct the error identified. format of data to be entered. Range limits or entry format can be shown parenthetically after the prompt. For example, a date entered in the form of month-day-year could be prompted as follows: "Enter Date (Month/ Day/Year)." If there is a length limit, then this length should be shown on the screen using an underline, pair of brackets, or other visual cue. If cer- tain data entries have default values (i.e., values that the computer will assign unless the operator enters others), then display the default values — do not rely on operator memory. If there are similar or iden- tical data-entry requirements in dif- ferent parts of the program, prompt consistently. One way to do this is to put data-entry statements into sub- routines that can be called from various parts of the program. Entering Data: You do not always control the length of the data to be entered, but when you do, keep length to a minimum. This saves key- strokes and time and reduces errors. Provide feedback by displaying entered data on the screen. If data be- ing entered consist of logically related groups, then permit the user to enter several fields together, rather than re- quiring him to enter each item sepa- rately. Error Check; Check all entered data for errors. The types of checks you must make depend upon the data and what will be done with them. An- ticipate possible errors, check for them, and protect against them. For example, if the entry is supposed to be a number, anticipate what will happen when (not if) the operator enters a letter. Many programmers protect against this by taking all in- puts as character strings and then converting them to equivalent numer- ic values. Analyze the situation and be ready for errors. Are there range or length limits to what is acceptable? Is it possible for the operator to enter something that will cause an illegal program action to take place — for ex- ample, dividing by zero or attempting to take a substring of illegal length? When an entry error is detected, alert the operator, identify the error, and tell him how to recover. In other words: alert, identify, direct. Alerting signals must differ from the custom- ary background. An audio tone — a beep — is alerting but meaningless if the program is already emitting a continuous stream of beeps. Similar- ly, a flashing message can effectively alert, provided that the screen is not filled with other flashing messages. Many programmers reserve the use of both sound and flashing messages for those conditions that truly require an alert. The error message itself should be placed consistently from screen to screen. Ideally, it should appear near the erroneous entry. The content of the message must tell what is wrong — for example, that the entered value is too long. If error identification will permit the operator to figure out what to do next, then that is all the message needs to contain. However, if many possible actions may be taken, then the message must also tell the operator which to take. If prompts to the user are adequate, then it should be possible in most cases for the operator to figure out what corrective action to take based solely on definition of the error. Figure 2 shows a helpful error message. Editing: Editing is an important part of the data-entry process, and no data-entry program is complete with- out editing capability. Being human, operators will make data-entry errors that they may not recognize until later. You should therefore permit them to edit entries before the pro- gram accepts data into a database. Many programs permit data to be edited at three stages: during initial data entry (while being typed in), after a block of related entries has been made, and after the data have become part of the database. The first editing capability is rou- tine and in fact most people probably do not think of this as editing. If you make a typing error, yoij can usually back up the cursor before data are stored. The last capability, editing the actual database, varies in impor- tance, but in many programs with large databases it is considered as necessary as utility programs for copying files, purging files, or the main menu itself. Less routine, often ignored, yet very important is the block editing capability mentioned above. Often the program user will not recognize an error until after he has made several data entries. If he cannot go back and correct the error at that point, it may be uncorrectable, or he may have to use a separate database editing program to make the correc- tion. The way block editing typically works is that after the operator has made a set of related entries, the screen presents a prompt asking if he wants to edit any earlier entries. If he 118 ^>ia 19S2 © BYTE Publicatioiu Inc "My computer helped me write The Final Encyclopedia. I wouldn't trust anything less than Scotch^ Brand Diskettes to make a long story short" Gordon R. Dickson, Science Fiction Author, IVIinneapolis, IVIinnesota Gordon Dickson: a small business- man whose product is his own imagination. He's written more than 40 novels and 150 short stories; his newest work is The Final Encyclopedia. He uses his personal computer and word processing software to maximize his production. All his words— his product- are stored on diskettes. He calls up sentences and paragraphs on demand, and gets more rewrite out of the time available. So he depends on Scotch diskettes to save himself production time. Dependable Scotch media can work just as hard for you. Each Scotch diskette is tested before it leaves our factory, and certified error-free. So you can expect it to perform exactly right. Scotch 8" and 514" diskettes are compatible with computer/diskette systems like TRS-80, Apple, PET, Wang and many others. Get them from your local 3M distributor For the one nearest you, call toll-free: 800/328-1300. (In Minnesota, call collect: 612/736-9625.) Ask forthe Data Recording Products Division. In Canada, contact 3M Canada, Inc., Ontario. If it's worth remembering, it's worth Scotch Data Recording Products. 3M Hears You... 3M Circle 414 on inquiry card. ORANGE MICRO JUST TURNED A PAGE IN PRINTER HISTORY. OUR PRICES, SELECTION & SAME-DAY SHIPPING MAKE US COMPETITIVE... NEC 8023 Outstanding Graphics, Print Quality & Performance \ 144 X 160 dols/inch • Proporlional Spacing • Lower case descenders • Nx9 dot matrix • 8 character sizes • 5 unique alphabets • Greek character set • Graphic symbols • 100 CPS print speed • Bi-directional logic- seeking • Adjustable tractors • Single-sheet [riciion leed • Vertical & horizontal tabbing NEC 8023 ^Poll Dot Matrix List $795 OvdII IDS Paper Tiger 560/Prism 80/132 Affordable Color, Speed Dot Resolution Graphics • 9-wire staggered printhead • Lowercase decenders • Over 150 CPS • Bi-directional. logic-seeking • 8 character sizes • 80-132 columns • Hi-res dot graphics • Proportional spacing • Text lustifications Prism 80 List $899 S700 IDS Paper Tiger 560G . . .List $1395 SHOD Prism 132 {Color) List $1995 SI 895 NEC Spinwriter 7700 & 3500 Daisy Wheel Quality Leader High speed, letter quality • 55/33 CPS • Typewriter quality • Bi-directional plotting & proportional spacing • Quiet • OCR quality print • Hi-res plotting/graphing • Ouick change ribbon • Optional cut-sheet feeder, horizontal or bidirectional tractors • Prints up to 8 copies. NEC Spinwriter RO Serial Parallel 77xx List $3055 S2575 35xx List $2290 S1975 The Epson Series. High-Quality Printers at a Low Price. Epson IVIX70 Super low priced dot resolution graphics • 5x7 dot matrix • User repiacable prinlhead • Top ol lorm • 80 CPS optional friction feed • 10" paper width ^OOH Epson MX70 List $450 OvSlU Epson MX80/MX80FT 9x9 dot matrix • Lower case decenders • 80 CPS • Bi-directional • Logic seeking • 40. 66. 132. columns per line • 64 special graphic characters: TRS-80 Compatible • Forms handling • Multipage printing • Adjustable tractors ii Epson MX80 List $645 vUdll Epson MX80FT List $745 $Call Epson MX100 Same basic features as the lv^X80 • Plus friction feed for single sheets • Plus 15" wide carriage • Dot Resolution Graphics ^f^^ll MX100 List $995 plfdll Full Line of Epson Accessories Anadex 9501 High Speed, Commerical Duty Plus Graphics Dot graphics • Wide carriage '11x9 dot matrix • Lower case descender • Dot resolution graphics • Bi-direcitonal. logic seeking • Up to 200 CPS • RS 232 Serial & Parallel • Forms control • X-On/X-Off • Up to 6 part copy Cllt^fl Anadex 9501 List $1650 V lOuU INTERFACE EQUIPMENT Complete stock of options, cables and accessories. GRAPPLER APPLE INTERFACE $175 CCS APPLE SERIAL Interface & Cable $150 ORANGE INTERFACE for Apple II Parallel Interface Board and Cable $110 NOVATION D-CAT direct connect modem $180 COMPLETE STOCK OF EPSON ACCESSORIES $Call CUSTOM PRINTER CABLES FOR Apple, Atari, IBM, TRS-80 (all models) $Cali HAYES MICROMODEM $300 PRINTER STANDS: Large $99 Small $25 PRINTER RIBBONS-Most Types $Call WE'RE NOW Red Baron COMPUTER PRODUCTS OUR PEOPLE MAKE US EXPERTS. Malibu 200 Dot Matrix & Letter Quality in One Printer 200 CPS standard • Letler qualily font • 12 optional fonts • Bi-directional logic seeking • 19x 18 dot matrix • Expanded characters (2x. 4x) Optional • Dot resolulion graptiics of 144x 120 • Underlining Malibu 200 List $2995 V^DUU Okidata 82A Hi-Res & TRS-80 Block Graphics 120 CPS • Bi-directional printing • Logic seeking • Double widlti & condensed printing • Friction & tractor feed standard • Font selection, character pitch & line spacing are program controllable ^f^«sll Okidata 82A List $799 yvall Centronics 739 Crisp Dot-Matrix Characters Graphics & word processing print quality • N X 9 dot matrix • suitable for word processing • Underlining • Proportional spacing • Right margin justificaiton • Serif typeface • 80/100 CPS • 9'/2" pn feed/friction • Optional 2 Color Kit Cf^lll Centronics 739-1 List $695 pUdll Centronics 739-3 List $795 $725 Our People, Our Product: Both Are Specialized. Because our salespeople are printer specialists, they know tlie capabilities of each printer— and how to match one to your exact need. Red Baron's volume stocking assures a low, low price on a wide array of major brands. We're sure you'll like the product and services you get from Red Baron, and we know you'll love our Customer Benefit Package; an exclusive at Red Baron. Customer Benefit Package 1. Free Expert Consultation. Before you buy, after you buy. 2. Toil-Free Ordering. There's never a toll charge when you place your order at Red Baron. 3. Free Catalog. Get your informative catalog with printer comparison chart and character samples today! 4. Warranty. The manufacturer's warranty applies where applicable. 5. Same-Day Shipping. Your order is sent the same day when you call before 1 1 :00 a.m. 6. Free/MasterCard & Visa. Call us toll-free and charge your printer to your credit card. 7. We Stock What We Sell. No bait and switch, no hassle. We make every effort to keep a large stock of our advertised products. Televideo CRT's Price, Performance & Reliability Here's how to order. Phone orders are welcome; same-day shipment on orders placed before 1 1 00 a.m Free use of Ivlaster- Card and Visa, CCDs accepted. Personal checks require 2 weeks clearance Manufacturer s warranty included on all equipment. Prices subject to revision Orange Micro Retail Stores Sherman Oaks: 13604 Ventura Blvd. (213) 501-3486 Anaheim: 3150 La Palma. # I (714) 630-3622 Santa Clara: 3216 ScotI Blvd. (408) 980-1213 Circle 309 on inquiry card. 91 OC List $699 920C List $995 9250 List $995 950 List $1195 $600 $770 $750 $970 CALL FOR FREE CATALOG TOLL FREE Red Baron COMPUTER PRODUCTS 1100 N. TUSTIN ANAHEIM. CA 92806 1-800-854-8275 ^4)630^22 « * WARNING * * You hove selected the 'PURGE FILES' progrom. If you use it, your data files will be purged. Do you wont to continue with the PURGE program P I Y/N |_ Figure 3: A message that protects the operator against a serious error. The operator must confirm the decision to purge the data files before the program will proceed. indicates that he does, the program asks him to define the entry he wants to correct, usually by line number. Then the cursor moves to the appro- priate data-input field to permit re- entry of data, and the edit prompt re- appears to permit corrections. When the operator indicates that he has no more changes to make, the program moves on to the next step. Certain data entries have far- reaching effects. A "profound, irre- versible data entry" is one that will significantly affect the database or a phase of program operation. How profound the data entry is depends, of course, on the situation. Conse- quences of data-entry errors in these cases vary from inconvenience (you are delayed because you must print a report) to disaster (you just purged six months' worth of data). Clearly, it is important to protect the operator from such traps by pro- viding "fail-safe" devices. The general idea is to make the operator action more complex than for usual data en- try. One way is to make data entry require two stages. For example, when the operator selects the "FIRE ICBM" program from the menu, fir- ing does not occur immediately but causes a message to appear on the screen that tells what will happen next. This is accompanied by a prompt that permits the operator either to continue or to back out. Protect your operator against him- self. The programmer who writes a program that will purge all files at the stroke of a single key deserves no mercy and will receive none from program users. Figure 3 shows a message that provides sufficient warning to the operator before begin- ning to purge data. Display Screen Design Screen layout design is partly art and partly science but all program- mers can profit by observing the guidelines in this section. Designing a good screen requires planning. Many experienced pro- grammers find that a screen design aid, consisting of a paper matrix that identifies all possible character loca- tions on the screen, is useful. This permits design of the screen with paper and pencil. The design can be perfected before it is committed to code. (It is much faster to make pencil erasures than to change a series of tab settings.) As a general rule, access screens by paging, not by scrolling. Keep in mind that people find it easier to read stationary pages than moving pages. The only people who like to read scrolling information are those at the end of hot news wires. Unless your program has that sort of application, clear the screen before you put up a new display. Most displays need a title to tell the operator what he is looking at. The title should be centered at the top of the screen. Display screen designers center dis- played information primarily for aesthetic considerations, although centering assumes more practical im- portance with large screen displays. With large screens, if information is not centered, the operator will spend his time turned to the left side of the screen instead of along a more natural line of sight — straight ahead. Your screens will probably contain a variety of different types of infor- mation: title block, numerical infor- mation, prompt line, error-message line, operating-mode indicator, etc. Analyze your needs and determine how many different categories apply. Then allocate a screen area for each information category. Assure that information on screens does not stray from its assigned area. This is an application of the con- sistency principle discussed earlier. The more complex your screen dis- plays, the more important it is to allocate areas. If you have complex screens and do not design them con- sistently, you will confuse the operator. If possible, separate each area of the screen from the next by at least three rows or columns of blank spaces. Different blocks can also be separated by lines, which will make the separation more distinct. More ef- fective still is to color-code different screen areas. "Keep it simple" has become a cliche but is valuable and important advice. Unfortimately, keeping it simple is, to use another cliche, easier said than done. What, after all, is "simple"? And when is something "not simple enough?" Finding the answers to these ques- tions requires you to take a close look at the information needs of your pro- gram users at each point in your pro- gram. Present no more information than necessary. Some programmers use the "one logically connected thought or step per screen" rule. Where much infor- mation must be conveyed, these pro- grammers break it up into logical thoughts or steps and present each one on a separate screen. This is like the rule of presenting one idea in each paragraph of prose. Programmers in the "densely packed display" school of thought hold the view that if they can get 122 Acta, 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc IBM COMPATIBLE BOARDS BY K MEMORY WITH PARITY Limited time only! $393 ^^Sl^^ HARD DISC SUBSYSTEM FOR IBM AND S-IOO $ S4S5 HAB2 IBM BUS HARD DISK INTERFACE FOR WD-1000 ^SP 4 SERIAL PORTS FOR IBM PB PROTOTYPING BOARD FOR IBM EB EXTENDER BOARD FOR IBM s-noa BOARDS ZOBEX CPU Z-80A CPU WITH 4 SERIAL AND 3 PARALLEL PORTS ZOBEX DDFDC DOUBLE DENSITY DISK CONTROLLER ZMS-iac 64K RAM HDCI S-100 HARD DISK INTERFACE FOR WD-1000 ZOBEX 7343 J. RONSON RD. SAN DIEGO, CA. 92111 ZOBEX is trademark of ZOBEX CORPORATION IBM is trademark of International Business Machines Corporatior Circle 446 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 123 NOT THIS THIS Personnel Directory NAME Knuth Soms Lien Bowles King Grogono Lif fick 0 Personnel Direclory NAME Bowles Grogono King Knuih Lien LIffick Soms Figure 4: The same list presented in random order and in alphabetical order. Recognizable orderings — e.g. , alphabetical, numerical, and chronological — make data easier for the operator to comprehend. everything onto one screen they are saving something. What, exactly, they are saving is unclear, although they must gain a certain satisfaction by rising to the challenge of making everything fit. This satisfaction resembles the exultation of the first guy who engraved the Declaration of Independence on the head of a pin. Judge for yourself how useful that was. In designing screen displays, it is important to follow prevailing con- ventions. Because of experience with written language, people have certain built-in expectations for the way in- formation will be presented to them. If you don't follow convention in dis- playing information, you make things more difficult for the operator. Think of your display screen as the page of a book. In a book, informa- tion is normally presented in lines that are read from left to right and from top to bottom. Numeric infor- mation is usually presented in tabular format, i.e., beneath column head- ings and from top to bottom. Certain obvious things you should avoid are printing numeric information from left to right or presenting very wide columns of text. If in doubt, recall how you have seen such information portrayed in books. You should display information in a recognizable order. Some screens present directories or lists through which the operator must search. A menu is one such list, although it is usually short, with the most frequent- ly called options listed at the top and the least frequently at the bottom (more on this later). Long directories or lists should be presented in an order that the operator will recog- nize, for example, alphabetic, numer- ic, or chronological order. This simplifies the search and saves time. Figure 4 shows the same information presented in random order and again in alphabetical order. Judge for your- self which ordering makes it easier to find the name "Grogono." Long strings should be broken up. A "long" string is one that has more than about five independent charac- ters. By "independent" we mean char- acters that do not unite to form a re- cognizable whole such as a person's name. A telephone number without the separating hyphen would be such a string. People have difficulty recog- nizing and separating the individual characters of long strings. If you have 'owerful Z-80® communications software toois are now avaiiable. Fiil ttie void between your microcomputer and mainframe. ^1 Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog. PHOflE 1 1011 River Lane • Loves Park, Illinois 6111V 815/877-9008 124 April 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc Circle 330 on inquiry card. I learned that 1 could get specific advantages when purchasing from A.E.I. A.E.I, has valuable knowledge gained from selling millions of dollars of computer equipment, and will take the time to discuss which equipment is right for me. Based on its vast experience, A.E.I, sells only reliable equipment. A.E.I, can test and configure equipment to match my system. A.E.I, will initalize my software to match my system, saving me valuable time. A.E.I, slocks repair parts and can answer my "I found out why V.I.P.'s call A.E.I." technical questions, and expedite repairs to my equipment when necessary. A.E.I, is price competitive even when compared to No- Service sales companies. I learned that 40% of all A.E.I, sales are to public and semi-public institutions,* such as the Universities of Nebraska, Virginia, Kentucky, California, M.I.T., the U.S. Air Force, Princeton; as well as scores of major corporations. Calling A.E.I, is the smarf thing todo. *A.E.I. does not wish to imply that any of these fine organizations endorse A.E.I. , merely that A.E.I, is proud to have them as customers. A PARTIAL LIST OF PRODUCTS AVAILABLE AT A.EL TELEVIDEO COMPUTER List Sell TS-flOO Us9t Station 1795 1450 TS-801 Compuler 3295 2650 TS-802 Com put/Terminal 3495 CALL TS-802H Compul/Termin. 6995 CALL TS-806 Mulli User Proc. 7195 5749 TELEVIDEO TERMINALS List Sell 910 Term! 659 912 Termi 920 Termi 925 Term! 950 Termi 995 995 NEC PRINTERS Sell List 3510-t 30CPS Serial 2450 7710-1 55CPS Serial CALL CALL 7720-1 KSR Serial CALL CALL Forms Tractors CALL CALL NORTHSTAR HORIZON PRODUCTS List Sell HRZ-2Q-64K 3599 CALL HRZ-1Q-64K-HDS 6695 4999 HRZ-10-64K-H018 9270 6749 Nof IhStar is discontirtuing many ol their horizon products. Call for availabilily and price of any product nol listed. □ l NORTHSTAR SOFTWARE List : Northword DIQ . 399 Mallmanagef DIQ 299 Infomanager D/0 499 General Ledger DIQ 599 A/R DIQ 599 A/P 0/0 599 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS PRINTERS List Sell Tl-dIO BASIC 1645 1396 Tl-aiO Full ASCII 1745 1479 TI-aiO Package 1945 1649 TI-«20 R/0 BASIC 1995 1625 Tl^20 KSR Package 2395 1950 NORTHSTAR ADVANTAGE COMPUTER ADV-2Q 64K SIO Board PIO Board FPB Board Graphics Option Sell CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL Cat Modem D^Cat Auto-Cat Apple-Cat DC Hayes Uicro-tOO DC Hayes Smart Modem EPSON PRINTERS List Sell MX 80 645 CALL MX80 FT 745 CALL MX-100 995 CALL Call lor pricing on interfaces and cables We will beat .iny advertised price. MORROVi/ DECISION COMPUTER List Sell 1350 Decision 1 BASIC 65 K Static Ram 1000 780 Switchboard I/O 259 210 Select drives from Morrow disc systems for desired configuration. MORROW DISC SYSTEMS Discus 2D t Drive Discus 2D 2 Drive Discus 2-1-2 1 Drive Discus 2 + 2 2 Drive M26 Hard Disc Sell List 1095 849 1875 1389 1395 1075 2495 1859 4495 3395 CP'M & Microsoft Basic Included LINE PRINTERS Okidala 82A Okrdala 63A Anade)! 9500 Anadex 9501 —SEE THESE PRODUCTS AND MORE IN OUR SHOWROOM- PRICES CHANGE DAILY— CALL OR VISIT FOR CURRENT PRICING AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT, INC. 18430 WARD STREET. FOUNTAIN VALLEY. CALIFORNIA 92708 SYSTEMS GROUP 2800 Computer DM-6400 Memory DMB-&400 Memory CPC-2813 CPU + I/O FOC-2801 Controller MICROPRO SOFTWARE List Sell Wordstar 495 330 Apple Wordstar 375 275 Spellstar 250 190 Mallmerge 150 100 Datastar 350 250 Supersorl 250 190 DISC-CABLES List Sell Memorex B ID Verbatim 5' 2D Verbatim 5 ' 2D Dysan 5" 2D RS-235 5- Cable RS-232 10' Cable Calif and International (714) 963-1414 Toll Free (800) 854-7635 Circle 44 on inquiry card. ISEisan International Consortium of the World's Leading Software and Consulting Firms, Representing Over 5,000 Professionals Around the World Major companies around the world are joining ih\s consortium to provide mainframe-quality software for microcomputers. ISE provides professional applica- tion developers witti tfie finest array of integrated software tools available anywfiere, tfirougfi: • Data Base Management • Data Communications • Programming Languages • Screen Management Also available a full spectrum of tfie most advanced office systems yet available for an integrated approach to office management and control. These fine products are distri- buted in most countries through ISE. For more information, contact; In as.; ISE-aSA P.O. Box 248 Lafayette, Indiana 47902 Tel: (31 7) 463-2581 In Germany: ISE-ADV/ORGAGERMAMY Lipowskystr. 26 8000 Munich 70 Tel: (089) 776 023-4 In England: ISE-PACTEL Rochester House 33 Greycoat Street London SW1P2QF Tel: 01-828 7744 In France: ISE-CEQOS Tour Chenonceaux 204, Rond-Point du Pont de Sevres 92515 Boulogne Billancourt Cedex Tel: 620-61-04 In Switzerland and Austria: ISE-ADV/ORGA SWITZERLjAMD Mainaustra|1e 1 7 CH-8008 Zurich Tel: (01) 32 02 70-1 Elsewhere: ISE-INTERNATIOINAL P.O. Box 248 Lafayette. Indiana 47902 Tel: (317)463-2581 P.O. Box 248 Lafayette, IN 47902' For more on one of our fine products, see page 314 ' ACCOUNT REPORT DESCRIPTION Account #: 3281 name : Budget STATUS This account is not currently up to date. Last payment was made 12 months ago. ACCOUNT INFORMATION Balance : $ 31,000.00 Payment : 292.89 Ami Lost Pmt : 3.69 Figure 5: Standard methods of presenting text and numbers on the screen. Text is easier to read if left- justified. Numbers are easier to read if right-justified and aligned on the decimal point (if any). ever tried to count over to, say, the 15 th character of a 40-character string, you know the problem. Elements of the string can be more readily located if you display the string as several short strings, (i.e., consisting of five or fewer characters) separated by spaces. (Better yet, find an explicit, uncoded method to pre- sent your information.) According to standard practice, text is normally justified to the left side of the screen or to a defined tab value. Numerical information is nor- mally justified to the right. Where the number of decimal places may vary on successive lines, decimal points on all lines should align at a particular tab value. These conventions are carry-overs from mainframe practice, where the availability of sophisti- cated formatting statements makes alignment easy. Justifying numbers to the right and aligning decimal points are more difficult with most micro- computer BASICS, although subrou- tines for performing these functions have appeared in publications, and most moderately skilled program- mers can write their own. Figure 5 il- lustrates conventional alignment of information on the display screen. Sequence Control Sequence control is the manner in which the operator controls the se- 126 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc quence of program operations. In menu-driven programs, the operator exercises sequence control through menu choices. These let the operator select the subprograms he needs to do his job. An operator can exercise sequence control in many other ways. Control simply requires an interaction or "dialogue" with the program. The menu-driven program permits a par- ticular type of dialogue. Other com- mon dialogue types are question and answer, query, program-like lan- guage, and action code. In question-and-answer dialogue the program displays a question and the operator responds with an answer. The expected answer is one of a limited set of alternatives, such as "yes" or "no." Example: Program asks whether output should be dis- played on video terminal or printer. Query dialogue is an extension of question and answer: a question is posed but the number of alternatives is large. Example: Program requests the number of the file it should dis- play. Program-like language dialogue uses a defined set of commands to control the program. Valid com- mands are usually brief mnemonic abbreviations of action words. Exam- ple: Command words used to control the Star Wars game. As inevitable as evolution, Mainframe solutions at micro prices. A new era has begun. With computer prices down and computer power up, micro's are already more powerful than five-year old mainframes. Professional demand was inevitable. Software unavailable. The solution: ISE. The new kind of computer com pany . . . of f ering mainframe-quality software at micro-software prices. For more information on this significant breakthrough, phone (317)463-2581. Professionals know the difference, i P.O. Box 248 Lafayette, IM 47902 I Circle 261 on inquiry card. ' How to stay hot with the leading programming languages. I Diagnosticsn Su When you're hot, you're hot. And SuperSott's language series keeps you that way Out front with the most advanced capabilities for microcomputer programming. SuperSoft's Language Series Ada* Required by the Department of Defense for all its programming, Ada is the language of the 80's. SuperSoft Ada is a native code, fully recursive two pass compiler which generates ".COM" files. It currently supports most features of the standard Ada language, (requires 48k CP/M) Ada: $250.00. Manual only: $25.00. C Version 1.1 of SuperSoft's widely used C compiler has now been released. With this release SuperSoft's C, a two pass compiler which produces assembly code, now includes all the most widely used features of the C language, (requires 48k CP/M) C: $200.00. Manual only: $15.00. C for 8086: $500.00. LISP SuperSoft LISP is a complete implemen- tation of an EV-LISP type interpreter It is fully recursive and also supports the much needed PROG functions. LISP for TRS-80 cassette: $75.00. (requires 16k level II) LISP for TRS-80 disk: $100.00. (requires 16k disk) LISP for CP/M: $150.00. (requires 32k CP/M) Manual only: $15.00. BASIC SuperSoft BASIC Compiler is a superset of Standard BASIC which accepts the most popular syntax and also supports many extensions to the language, (requires 48k CP/M) BASIC: $200.00. Manual only: $25.00. BASIC for Z8000: $500.00. FORTRAN IV and RATFOR The SSS FORTRAN Compiler is fast, efficient, and complete (full 1966 ANSI standard with extensions), (requires 32k CP/M, Z 80 only) FORTRAN: $275.00. RATFOR: $100.00. FORTRAN and RATFOR: $350.00. FORTRAN manual: $25.00 FORTH The production code of Stackwork's FORTH (1977 FORTH Standard) is capable of compactness approaching and frequently smaller than the size of equivalent assembly code, (requires 48k CP/M) FORTH: $200.00. Manual only: $25.00. Also Available From SuperSoft: System Maintenance Series Diagnostics II, Disk Doctor, System Checker Rnancial Planning Series Scratchpad, Data-view, Stats-graph, The Optimizer System Utilities Term II, Utilities Packs I & II, Elink, Disk Edit, Encode/ Decode II, BCD Entertainment Series Nemesis, Dungeon Master Analiza II Word Processing Star-Edit, TFS Available from fine dealers everywhere, or directly from SuperSoft. U.K. and European Distribution: Digital Devices, 134 London Road, Southborough Kent, Tunbridge Weils, TN4 OPL, England. Tel. Tunbridge Wells (892) 37977/9 Telex. 95582. Japanese Distribution: ASR Corporation International, 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan, Tel. (03)-437-5371, Telex. 0242-2723. Required by the Department of Defense for Ada copyright protection: "This compiler is presently an incomplete implementation of the Ada programming language. It is intended that this compiler will be further developed to enable implementation of the complete Ada programming language, and then to be submitted to the Ada Joint Program Office for validation." *Ada is a trademark of the Department of Defense (Ada Joint Program Office) CP/M registered trademarl'; Digital Researcli SSS FORTRAN copyright Small Systems Services Unix registered trademark Bell Laboratories circle 392 on Inquiry card. ( ^ PROMPTING LEVEL SELECTION MENU Please select desired level of prompting-. 1. Full 2. Portiol 3. None Enter Choice #_ V ) Figitre 6: Menu which allows the operator to choose the prompting level. Features like this accommodate operators who dif- fer in skill. Action code dialogue usually in- volves the use of specially defined and labeled function keys for calling up displays or programs. User-de- fined function keys are not widely available on microcomputers, but we will see more of them in the future. The new IBM Personal Computer has 15 or more user-defined function keys. Beside these methods, sequence control can be exercised in a number of other ways — in fact, via any chan- nels that permit the operator to enter data into the computer and receive feedback. Possibilities include track- ball, joystick, optical device, human voice, and whatever else creative minds can invent and implement. The Old Standby— the Menu-Driven Program In this article I cannot cover sequence-control design principles that apply to all dialogue types. For one thing, there isn't room. But more important, the research with many of these methods is limited, and 1 can offer few definitive recommenda- tions. For these reasons, I will focus on that old standby, the menu-driven program. Though its origin is trace- able to the earliest days of computing machinery, the menu-driven program remains the principal means by which people carry on dialogues with com- puters. Until people perfect ways of talking with computers, the menu- driven program will probably remain the mainstay. There are good reasons for its popularity and success. First, it makes no demands on human mem- ory. Menu options are displayed on the screen and the operator picks the one he wants. This makes a menu- driven program easy to learn. Sec- ond, menus help the operator orient himself because they explicitly dis- play the available "roads" (sub- programs) from each "crossroad" (menu). Menu-driven programs have cer- tain drawbacks as well. Storing and generating menus cost memory and time overhead. Once familiar with a program, operators may find that layers of menus impede progress more than they help. For all that, the menu-driven pro- gram is a good vehicle for our discus- sion of sequence control because most people are familiar with it. Many of the design principles I will discuss in relation to it can be extended to other types of dialogues as well. Your menu-driven program should be self-explanatory. The operator should not have to refer constantly to a manual to figure out how to make something happen. Obviously, you carmot explain everything within the program, but you should provide screens that describe special se- quence-control features. For example, suppose that your program has several subprograms, each containing sub-subprograms, and so on, and that different program levels are ac- cessed through layers of menus. Sup- pose further that you have designed certain sequence-control features to shortcut some menus so that the ex- perienced operator can move quickly around to different parts of the pro- gram. Special features such as these should be explained within the pro- gram, either on separate screens which precede menus or, if the ex- planation is brief enough, on menus themselves. Your program will function, of course, without built-in screen docu- mentation. However, the operator will learn the intricacies of your pro- gram much more quickly if you do your explaining when and where he needs it — within the program itself. If the operators using your pro- gram will vary in skill level, attempt to build in features that will accom- modate skill growth. For example, let the operator select the level of prompting — full, partial, or none. This will help the inexperienced operator gain skill and confidence and save the experienced operator a lot of time. Make the choice of the prompting-level convenient, as shown in figure 6. Your program may have one menu or several, depending on complexity. If it is a complex program with many options, analyze how each sub- program will be used. Determine which subprograms are functionally related. Estimate how often each menu choice will be made. You may be able to make a very long menu into a number of short ones. Functional relationships and fre- quency of use of the subprograms are the two most important criteria to consider in designing a menu. List functionally related subprograms on the same menu. If possible, list fre- quently called subprograms on the same menu. If these requirements conflict, let functional relationships rule menu design. Avoid desigiting very long menus that contain a grab bag of unrelated options. This only makes sense if all programs are equal- ly likely to be called under all condi- tions. That is seldom the case. Make menu choices brief, explicit, and distinct from one another. To make up the label, consider exactly what each subprogram does and then label it accordingly. Use terminology consistently. For example, don't call subprograms that do essentially the same thing by dif- ferent names in the same program — don't call a program "edit" in one place and "modify/delete" in another. The menu itself has three essential parts: (1) title, (2) list of menu choices, and (3) prompt line. Some menus also contain a statement that directs the operator to "select one of the menu choices." This feature is useful to operators unfamiliar with computers and can be considered op- tional. 130 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUoiu Inc Circle 111 on inquiry card. "DISCOUNT PRICING ON QUALITY PRODUCTS" FAgT^EUVER^J^^JAJO^RAND^^ACCESSOR^ ORDER TOLL-FREE! 1-800-854-2833^Vv ACCESSORIES Vtc Dalassc'lte (6-pack) 68 Vic Disk Drive (6-pack) 489 Vic Graphic Prmier 389 Vtc 8K Memory Expander 52 Vic RS232C Inlerface 43 Vic IEEE-488 Inlerface 84 Game Paddles 19 Joystick 19 Vic Super Expander 53 Vic Pfograrnmers Aid Cartridge 44 Vic Mon Machine Language Monitor 44 SOFTWARE Recreation Pfogram Pack A 44 Home Calculation Program Pack A 44 Superslol 23 Avengers 23 Super Alien 23 Super Lander 23 Draw Poker 23 Vicalc 14 Vilerm A 19 Vic Modem CALL 24K CALL VI Check 24 VPM 18 includes 48K & Disk Drive / Controller ACCESSORIES 16K RAM (Language Compatible) 99 A10-II by SSM CALL CCS #7720A 99 Corvus Hard Disk Drive CALL CPS Multifunction Card by Mtn Comp 185 D-CAT Modem by Novation 169 Joyport 69 Joystick by TG 47 Metacard by Melamorphic 895 Micromodem II ■ by Hayes 295 Mioro-Sci Drives CALL Music System w/Software by Mtn Corp 319 Smartmodem*^ by Hayes 239 Video Term (80 coL card) by Videx 249 Z-80 Card by Microsoft 289 Micro-Sci Drives CALL Sooper Spooler by Compuline Corp CALL NEW Disk Drive / Conlroller (100% Compatible) 519 32K by Saturn 209 lUllcrobufler 11 by Practical Periptierals. Inc CALL FREE CATALOGUE 1-800-854-2833 Bcommodore CBM 8032 $1095 I 4016N Pet 769 4032N Pet 969 SP9000 Super Pet 1550 8032 1095 8096 1569 4022 Dot Malrix Printer 599 4040 Duaf Disk Drive 985 8050 Dual Disk Drive 1299 2031 Single Disk Drive 529 830QP Letter Quality Printer 1790 IEEE-IEEE Cable 38 PET-IEEE 33 WordPro 3 Plus .^P.'^TVy.*?.^ 229 WordPro 4 Plus 329 Commodore Tax Package 399 Visicalc 149 BPI General Ledger 329 OZZ Information System 299 Dow Jones Portfolio 114 Pascal 229 Legal Time Accounting 449 Word Craft 80 289 Create-A-Base 249 CALL FOR COMPLETE SELECTION! SOFTWARE Business Pkgs by Continental 199 CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE CALL DB Master by Stoneware 169 Desktop/Plan by Visicorp 189 Enhancer II by Videx 129 Home Money Minder by Continental 29 Lowercase Adapter (Rev) 29 Magic Window by Art-Sci 88 Numeric Keypad (23 Key) by the Keyboard Co 119 Peach Tree Accting Pkgs CALL Personal Filing System 69 Sup R Mod 35 Super Scribe I! 99 TASC by Microsoft 159 The Last One 449 Visifile 199 Visicalc 155 Visisclieduie by Visicorp ...189 Visitrend / Visi Plot 199 ENTERTAINMENT Alkemstone 34 Apple Panic 24 Castle Wolfenstein 24 Gorgon 35 Olympic Decalhalon 24 Raster Blaster 29 Soflporn 27 Space Eggs 25 CP/M Basic 80 284 Basic Compiler 299 Calcstar 166 FMS-80 649 Mailmerge - 79 Spellstar 159 T/Maker 229 Wordstar 239 CALL FOB COMPLETE SELECTION! •APPLE IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK. WE HAVE IT ALL . . . JUST CALL IF YOU DON'T SEE IT! SALE! EPSONS MX8 CALL IV1X80 FK CALL IVIX70 $359 IVIX100 CALL WE STOCK A HUGE SELECTION OF MAJOR BRANDS OF PRINTERS PAPER TIGERS, C. ITOL & QUME MONITORS AMDEK, SANYO, NEC & ZENITH TERMINALS ZENITH, HAZELTINE & MORE MEDIA DYSAN, VERBATIM, ETC. S-PRISM . . . CALL FOR BEST PRICE! ACCESSORIES TecMate Expansion Chasis by TecMar 839 Time Master by TecMar 89 Device Master by TecMar 199 IEEE 488 interface by TecMar 355 64K Ci-PCM Ram Expansion 499 12aK Ci-PCM Ram Expansion 575 256K Ci-PCM Ram Expansion 790 APPARAT Inc. Acces for IBM P/M CALL CALL FOR MORE SOFTWARE ViSICALC by Visicorp 175 CALL FOR COMPLETE SELECTION! NEC PC-8001A 32K NEC I/O Unit 32K RAM 595 NEC Add-on dual Mini Drive CALL The WEDGE I/O Unit 32K RAM 549 32K Memory Board for use with the WEDGE 179 WordStar configured for IvIEC 299 SuperCalc configured for NEC 279 NEC Wordprocessor & Accounting Software CALL CALL FOR COMPLETE SELECTION! AATARr80016K$695 Atari 400 W/16K 319 410 Program Recorder 79 810 Disk Drive 449 825 80 col. Dot Matrix printer 699 830 Accustic Modem 155 850 Interface Ivlodule 159 22K Ram Module 129 Asteroids. Missile Command & Star Raiders 35 ea ACTIVISION — Complete Selection HOW TO ORDER Ordering information: Phoneorders using VISA, MASTER- CARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS. DINER'S CLUB, CARTE BLANCHE, bank wire transfer, cashiier's oroertified check, money order, or personal check (allow ten days to clear)- Unless prepaid with cash, please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance, (minimum 5.00) California resi- dents add 6% sales lax. We accept CODs. OEM's. Insti- tutions and corporations please send for a written quo- tation. All equipment is subject to price change and availability without notice- All equipment is new and complete with manufacturer's warranty {usually 90 days). Showroom prices may differ from mail order prices. (714) 579-0330 MAILTO:1251 BROADWAY EL CAJON, OA. 92021 Circle 32 on inquiry card. A0 C4 C9 D3 CB A0 D5 D4 C9 CCC9 D4 D9 A0 A4 B5 B0 A0 AO AO Disk Utility ^4 D3 for Apple DOS 3.3 d3 D4 CF D2 C5 AO C4 C5 CC C3 D4 LOST PROGRAM RECOVERY CB AO C4 C9 D3 DO CC CI (=5 If you haven't C5 written over that a6 program accidental- AO \ J', ... DO C6 ly deleted, this ci software can re- cs cover it for you. cs D3 ' AO AO D5 AO Also, it can d4 AO - J- 1 C9 reorganize your disk C5 and inform you of C9 D8 ^. . ci the remaining space available. CE And, it allows ci you to patch any ^4 sector: display in AF Hex and ASCII on 02 standard Apple AO screen. DO D4 D9 AO CD CI CE D5 C6 CI C3 D4 05 D2 C5 C4 CI AO Menu driven and C8 easy for the novice ao '^^ while still efficient CE for the professional. d3 ^2 Compatible with C4 M & R Superterm. d2 C9 ■ AO D3 C3 For more information or to place your order call: ^ " [208] 263-1213 ao AO AO AO Cl D2 Cost: S50 AO We pay first class postage end insurance. You may use VISA or AO A(j MasterCard. (-p C4 C6 C9 TO ORDER: Send us your D4 D3 check, money order or credit cord D7 number and expiration dote. Cl A® Certified checks avoid clearance ^"^ delay. C5 AO ANSWER Corporation D4 Cl 04 DS 502A IMorth Second Ave. CF Sandpoint, Idaho 83864 CC AO ' AO A0A0C2D9A0CAC5D2D2D9A0D4C9C6C6D4A0A0 132 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc MAIN MENU Select one of the following programs by entering its number 1. ENTER DATA 2. GENERATE REPORTS 3. EDIT DATA BASE 4. START NEW FILE 5. PURGE FILE 6. QUIT Enter Choree Figure 7: Menu showing the three essen- tial menu parts: title, list of choices, and prompt line. Some menus also have a directive to prompt operators unfamiliar with the system. Center the menu title at top of the ciisplay and put the word "menu" at the end of the title. If you are pro- viding the (optional) directive line, print this next, offset to the left, so that it is recognized as an instruction and not a title. Center the prompt and the data input field at the bottom of the screen. The prompt should be brief and explicit, for example, "ENTER CHOICE #," as shown in figure 7. Menu selection can be done in several different ways: by entering the number of a menu option, by entering a letter, by typing in the menu choice, and by moving a cursor to the choice. Typing in the menu choice label usually requires several keystrokes and should be avoided. Most microcomputer software is not set up to permit cursor selection of menu choices. The most common selection method is to type in a number or letter. In general, short menus should permit selection by letter — preferably the first letter of the choice label. (This can present problems if dif- ferent menu choices start with the same letter.) On longer menus, num- bered menu choices are more conve- nient. If you do use numbers, then any list of numbered items appearing on one of your display screens will resemble a menu. This may cause confusion. Minimize confusion by ti- tling menus as menus and titling other displays appropriately. Avoid num- bered items on nonmenu displays, if possible. If you are presenting a list of instructions, for example, precede each instruction by a bullet instead of a number. Conclusion This brief excursion into the world of human factors covered areas of in- terest to the average microcomputer programmer. Much more is written on the subject, and those interested should consult the references listed at the end of this article. Note that application of human- factors considerations to software design is immature as a technology and that much research still needs to be done. At present there is no single source to which the reader can refer to find all the important answers. (Martin's book is comprehensive but aimed primarily at the mainframe user.) Much of what is now available comes as technical reports that pre- sent recommendations cautiously labeled as "preliminary" or "tentative" findings. In this article, I have attempted to congeal this somewhat indefinite material into a form that is useful to the average reader. Much has been left out because of inapplicability to microcomputers or because the material was of a specialized nature and would probably not be of in- terest. In general, what was presented is based on the references, although at some points I have condensed and simplified things. I hope that I have not distorted any author's intentions in the process.! References 1 . Anacapa Sciences Inc. "Fundamentals of Human Factors for Engineering and De- sign — Session 22: Human-Computer Interface Design" (classroom notes from seminar), Santa Barbara, CA: 1981. 2. Engei, S. E., & Granda, R. E. Guidelines for Man/Display Interfaces, Technical Report TR 00.2720. Poughkeepsle, NY: IBM, December 19, 1975. 3. Martin, J. Design of Man-Computer Dialogues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1976. 4. Smith S. L. Man-Machine Interface: Re- quirements Definition and Design Guide- lines — a Progress Report, Project No. 572R. Bedford, MA: Mitre Corporation, February 1981. COMPUTERS INTERSYSTEMS DPSl , DPS! A. DPS2A CALL FOR PRICES DYN ABYTE List Less 30% ALTOS List Less 20% IMORTHSTAR Horizons & Advantages CALL TELEVIDEO COMPUTER SYSTEMS CALL SUPERBRAIN 64K DD $2639 64K QD $2949 DSS-IOMEG Hard Disk $3195 CROMEMCO CS-1 Lisl $3495 OUR PRICE $3195 CS-2 Lisl $4695 OUR PRICE $3549 CS-3 Lisl $7995 OUR PRICE $6349 Z2H Lisl $9995 OUR PRICE $7995 data systems Z-89 Lisi S2895 OUR PRICE $2099 TERMINALS TeleVideo Televideo 9100 CALL 912C CALL 920C CALL 925C CALL 950C CALL INTERTUBE $725 Emulator $725 OKI DATA MicrolineSO , , $359 l\/licro!ine82A $469 Micro!ine83A $749 C.ITOH CALL FOR PRICES SOROC SoroclQ120 $679 IQ130 $585 IQ135 $719 IQ135 w grdiJhics $789 IQ140. ..." $995 HAZELTINE 1420 CALL 1500 SAVE 1510 CALL ZENITH Z19 $639 Prices quoted are for prepaid orders only, and reflect a cash discount. C.O.D.'s and chatge cards slightly higher. Musi .(ems in slock for imrnediale delivery, faciory sealed cHrtons vtf full factory warraniy NYS residents add appro- priate sales tax. Pnces do not include shipping, CO.D, orders require 25% deposii Prices subjeci to change without notice. PRINTERS CENTRONICS 749-1 PAR $699 739-3 SER $619 704-11 parallel $1569 704-9 (RS232) $1519 Tl 810 810 Basic $1289 810 Full Option $1599 820 RO Basic $1545 820 KSR Basic $1739 NEC 7710 (RS232) SERIAL $2395 7730 PARALLEL $2395 Qume CALL FOR PRICE Diablo 630 RO $2049 1640 KSR $3495 1640 RO $3095 Paper Tiger 445G $739 560G $1099 Epson IVIX-80 $465 MX-80FT $548 MX 100 $745 DISKSYSTEMS MORROW Discus 2D $835 Dual Discuss 2D $1385 Discuss 2 -1-2 $1089 M 5 5meg Hard Disk . , $3750 Wl 10 10 meg Hard Disk ,. , $2999 IV126 26 meg Hard Disk $3349 CORVUS 5 meg Hard Disk $3109 CORVUS 10 meg Hard Disk $4439 CORVUS 20 meg Hard Disk $5349 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE P.O. Box 1.^4 Camillus, N.Y. 13031 f;#|fC^gub|eci, jo charlgfspl^ The Atari Tutorial Part 8: Generating Sound with Software The sound capabilities of the Atari 400 and 800 computers are influenced by the software technique used. Bob Fraser 1639 Martin Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94087 The sound system in the Atari 400 and 800 niicrocomputers can be used in two basic ways: static and dynamic. Static sound generation is the simpler of the two. The program sets a few sound generators, turns to other activities for a while, and then turns them off. Dynamic sound generation is more difficult. The com- puter must continuously update the sound generators during program ex- ecution. For example: SOUND 0,120,8,8 generates a static sound, while: FOR X=0 TO 255 SOUND 0,X,8,8 NEXTX generates a dynamic sotmd. This article appears in slightly different form in De Re Atari, published by Atari Inc., and is reproduced with its express permission. Static Sound Although static sound is normally limited to beeps, clicks, and buzzes, there are exceptions. Two examples are the programs given last month as special effects in the sections on high- pass filters and 16-bit sound. Another way to obtain interesting effects is to use interference, as in this example: SOUND 0,255,10,8 SOUND 1,254,10,8 The strange effect is a result of closely phased peaks and valleys. Figure 1 shows two charmels in- dependently running sine waves at slightly different frequencies and their sum. The sum curve shows the strange interference pattern created when these two charmels are added. Figure 1 also shows that, at some points in time, the waves are assisting each other; at other points, they op- pose each other. Adding the volumes of two waves whose peaks coincide will yield a wave with twice the strength or volume. Similarly, adding the volumes of two waves while one is at maximum and the other is at minimum will result in a cancellation of both of them. On the graph of the sum curve, we can see this effect. An interesting project would be writing a program to plot interaction patterns of two, three, and four channels; the program would display graphs like that of figure 1. You might discover some unique sounds. The slighter the difference in fre- quency between the two charmels, the longer the pattern of repetition. To understand this, draw some graphs similar to figure 1 and study the in- teraction. As an example, try the following BASIC statements: SOUND 0,255,10,8 SOUND 1,254,10,8 SOUND 1,253,10,8 SOUND 1,252,10,8 As the difference in frequency grows, the period of repetition decreases. 134 April 1982 © BYTE Publications bic From CMC Internationa^ world's largest Intertec distributor... SUPERBRAIN and COMPUSTAR - YOUR CUSTOMERS WILL NEVER NEED ANOTHER SYSTEM! CMC International is trie largest distributor In ttie world of Intertec Data Systems products -the SuperBraIn and CompuStar - Intertec's Incredibly expandable microcomputers. No matter how small or large your customers ore or become, we doubt that they'll ever outgrow these computers. Both SuperBraIn and CompuStar offer the Industry-standard CP/M disk operating system and 64K of dynamic RAM. Both are expandable to 10 megabytes of storage with the CompuStar disk storage system. CompuStars con be linked together to form a 255-user network. Dealers benefit from the service and support offered through CMC. Like adver- tising co-op, software and hardware support, module replacement. And o toll- free line so you can call from anywhere in the continental United States. The bottom line Is profitability, Our dealers benefit with a combination of quality Intertec products and CMC international's pricing. Contact us today. We deliver. nAT?^ For Information Call (206)453-9777 1-800-426-2963 CMC m m A Division of Computer Marketing Corporation 11058 Main Street, Suite 220 Bellevue, Washington 98004 TELEX 152956 SEATAC SuperBraIn and CompuStar ore registered trademarks of Intertec Data Systems Corporation iilM iJ 9 registered trodemork of Digital Researcti circle 87 on Inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 135 Minicomputer performance in Multi-user. Multi Tasking. Decision Y" memory man- agement hardware includes a memory map that is similar to the IBM 360," and IBM 370." It supports up to 16 tasks or 15 users and a supervisor without swapping. And, more with swapping. Each task or user enjoys complete memory protection and dynamic memory allocation. One task may be delegated as a supervisor to privileged system functions forbidden to ordinary tasks or users. Such functions (I/O calls, unauthorized memory access, etc.), will trap to the supervisor. If supervisory functions are not required the system can be configured for turnkey multi-user operation. Multi-purpose IEEE696/S-100. Decision I utilizes the Morrow Designs IEEE Standard S-100 Wunderbuss:"' That means you can configure it to your specific applications. Add a floating point processor, add memory (to a full mega- byte), add I/O, add controllers... add boards from dozens of manufacturers. And S-100 has a major advantage over single-board computers: If a board goes down , you sim ply replace it. And keep running. If you want to expand your system. Add boards and terminals. An unmatched software base. Decision I runs on the M/OS™ operating system. M/OS sup- ports all system calls source compatibly with UNIX." Thus, UNIX programs will compile directly and UNIX documentation is almost totally applicable. Morrow CP/M" has been configured to run under M/OS and communicate with both CP/M and UNIX standard media for maximum portability. Languages available include BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, RATFOR, Pascal and C. That means Decision I offers you a software base unmatched in its price/performance arena. The OEM machine. A basic multi-user system at $5,225 includes the Decision I, 4 Mhz Z80A-based CPU, sophisticated memory IBM 360 and 370 are trademarks of IBM Corp. Wunderbuss is a registered trademark of Morrow Designs Decision 1 and M/OS are trademarks of Morrow Designs UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories, Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp. ION I a multi-user Microcomputer. boards, controllers and software allow you to configure your system your way... through a single supplier. The decision is yours. Compare the Decision I, feature-for-feature with mini or microcomputers on the market today Compare capabilities. Compare flexibility Compare utility. Then, compare price. We think Decision I will change the way you think about microcomputer systems. Complete information? See your computer dealer. Or, write Morrow Designs. LOOK TO MORROW FOR ANSWERS. management hardware, CP/M 2.2, M/BASIC 5.2, 3 serial and 2 parallel I/O ports, 14 I/O slots with S-100 connectors, supervisor control in both hardware and software, 128K of RAM and two quad-density disk drives (800K) with DMA controller. Plus, cabinet (either desk-top or rack-mount), and power supply. The same system with 8" floppies and a full Megabyte of formatted storage costs $5,659. And, we offer OEM pricing. A better microcomputer. Whether you're build- ing a single or multi-user system, the Decision I offers you a hardware/software combination unmatched in the field. Decision I is not simply an improved 8-bit microcomputer. It's a breakthrough. In both computing power and price. Systems your way. Morrow Designs' full range of hard and floppy disk memory, add-in memory boards, I/O MDRRDW DESIGNS 5221 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804 (415) 524-2101 Circle 284 on inquiry card. POSITIVE + NEGATIVE • ZERO NEGATIVE + NEGATIVE • DOUBLE NEGATIVE POSITIVE + POSITIVE » DOUBLE POSITIVE Figure 1; Complex waveform generation from the addition of waveforms. Listing 1: Using machine language to assist BASIC in generating multiple-note chords on the Atari 400/800. This demonstration program uses a short machine-language program placed in the BASIC string SIMUL$ (see lines 25 and 9999) to specify the frequency- and control-register values of up to four of the Atari sound generators. It is done quickly enough to make all the generators seem to start simultaneously (BASIC is too slow to do this). Note the use of the string SIMUL$ to store the machine-language program and the USR call in line 50 to execute it. 10 SOUND ,0,0;0,0;DIMSIMUL$(16) 15 REM read in machine lang. program 20 RESTORE 9999:X = 1' 25 READ Q: IF Q<> -1 THEN SIMUL$(X) = CHR$(Q):X=X+ l:GOTO 25 26 REM read and then play sound data 27 RESTORE 100 30 READ F1,C1,F2,C2,F3,C3,F4,C4 40 IF Fl = - 1 THEN END 50 X = USR(ADR(SIMUL$),F1 ,C1,F2,C2,F3,C3,F4,C4) 55 FOR X = 0 TO 1 50 :NEXT X 60 GOTO 30 90 REM sound data 100 DATA 182,168,0,0,0,0,0,0 110 DATA 162,168,182,166,0,0,0,0 120 DATA 144,168,162,166,35,166,0,0 130 DATA 128,168,144,166,40,166,35,166 140 DATA 121,168,128,166,45,166,40,166 150 DATA 108,168,121,166,47,166,45,166 160 DATA 96,168,108,166,53,166,47,166 170 DATA 91,168,96,166,60,166,53,166 999 DATA -1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 9000 REM 9010 REM 9020 REM this data contains the machine lang. program, 9030 REM and is read into SIMUL$ 9999 DATA 104; 133,203,162,0,104,104, 157,0,210,232,228,203,208,246,96, - 1 Dynamic Sound More complex sound effects nor- mally require the use of dynamic sound techniques. Three levels of dynamic sound generation are available to the Atari 400/800 pro- grammer: sound in BASIC, 60-hertz (Hz) interrupt sound, and sound in machine code. BASIC Sound BASIC is somewhat limited in its handling of sound generation. As you may have noticed, the SOUND state- ment negates any special AUDCTL setting. [The audio-control register AUDCTL was discussed in last month's installment of "The Atari Tutorial." . . . GW] This problem can be avoided by poking values directly into the sound registers, rather than using the SOUND state- ment. In addition, the use of BASIC to control sound generation is somewhat limited because of its slowness. If the program is not com- pletely dedicated to sound genera- tion, there is seldom enough pro- cessor time to do more than static sound or choppy dynamic sound. The only alternative is to temporarily halt all other processing while generating sound. Another problem can occur when using the computer to play music on more than one channel. If all four channels are used, the time separation between the first SOUND statement and the fourth can be substantial enough to make a noticeable delay between the different channels. The program in listing 1 solves this problem. SIMUL$ is a tiny machine- language program that pokes all four sound chaimels very quickly. A BASIC program using SIMUL$ can rapidly manipulate all four channels. Any program can call SIMUL$ by putting the sound-register values in- side the USR function as in line 50 of the demonstration program. The parameters should be ordered as shown, with the control-register value following the frequency- register value for each channel; this ordering is followed one to four times, once for each sound channel to 138 April 1982 © BYTE FubUcatians Inc 8086 Super-micro 8 Mhz. - 16-bit - S-100 bus - 128K 70 nsec. RAM Computer Benchmarks - All systems running the same BASIC program. Manufacture - Model Class Operating Language Run Time System (Type*) (Seconds) IBM 3033 Mainframe VS2-10RVYL Stanford BASIC 10 Seattle Computer System 2 Micro MS-DOS Microsoft BASIC (C) 33 Digital Equipment PDP 11/70 Mini n/a BASIC (I) 45 Prime 550 Mainframe PRIMOS BASIC V16.4 (I) 63 Digital Equipment PDP- 10 Mainframe TOPS- 10 BASIC (I) 65 IBM System 34 Mainframe Release 05 BASIC (I) 129 TEI System 48 Micro MAGIC 1.0 Microsoft BASIC (C) 178 Hewlett-Packard HP3000 Mini Time Share BASIC (I) 250 Seattle Computer System 2 Micro MS-DOS Microsoft BASIC (I) 310 Alpha Micro AM-IOO/T Micro AMOS 4.3a Alpha BASIC (SC) 317 Digital Equipment PDP 11/45 Mini n/a BASIC (I) 330 Data General NOVA 3 Mini Time Share BASIC 5.32 517 Ohio Scientific C4-P Micro OS65D 3.2 Level 1 BASIC (I) 680 North Star Floating Point Micro NSDOS NorthStar BASIC (I) 685 Radio Shack TRS-80 II Micro TRSDOS 1.2 BASIC (I) 792 Apple II + Micro DOS 3.2 Applesoft II (I) 960 Cromemco System 3 Micro CDOS 32K BASIC (I) 1074 Commodore Pet 2001 Micro n/a Microsoft BASIC (I) 1374 IBM 5100 Micro n/a BASIC (I) 1951 Vector M2 Micro n/a Micropolis BASIC (I) 2251 * C = Compiler; I = Interpreter. Times (except for Seattle Computer) taken from August 1981 issue of Interface Age. Seattle Computer System 2 consists of 8 Mhz. 8086 CPU set, 128K of 70 nsec. static RAM, double- density disk controller, 22-slot TEI constant voltage mainframe, a cable for two 8' drives, and MS-DOS operating system (also called 86-DOS, IBM PC-DOS, Lifeboat SB-86). The system is fully assembled and tested and ready to run with the addition of disk drives (we can supply) and terminal. Price: $4185. 8087 Adapter also available. Call for location of our nearest dealer Software We have the following Microsoft high-level languages running under MS-DOS. • BASIC-86 Interpreter $400 • BASIC-86 Compiler $400 •Fortran-86 $600 •Pascal-86 $600 •Cobol-86 $900 • Macro-86 Assembler $300 Check for new additions 1114 Industry Dr. Seatde WA 98188 Informadon Hotline 206/575-1830 Circle 367 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 139 \\^' "V STOCK ^ ^ TOLL FREE LOW PRICES FAST DELIVERY THIS MONTH'S TOP TEN TITLE MANUFACTURER LIST NOW WordStar MicroPro 495.00 299.00 WordStar w/MailMerge MicroPro 645.00 385.00 dBase II Ashton-Tate 700.00 499.00 Supercalc Sorclm 295.00 210.00 Pascal MT + D. Research 475.00 425.00 CalcStar MicroPro 295.00 185.00 CB80 D. Research 500.00 420.00 FMS 80 Systems + 995.00 649.00 Pascal M Sorcim 395.00 295.00 Select w/Superspell Select Info Systems 595.00 395.00 MOVING UP THE CHARTS Spellguard ISA 295.00 225.00 Pascal Z Ithaca 395.00 335.00 Supervyz Epic 100.00 90.00 Spellbinder Lexisoft 495.00 295.00 Condor II Condor 595.00 450.00 Condor III Condor 995.00 725.00 GREAT HARDWARE BUYS! C. ITOH COMET I Dot Matrix Printer-faster than Epson! Features: 125 CPS, Bi-directional print, tractor feed, parallel or serial interface (specify), 4 character sets/sizes, 80/132 col- umn. Exceptional styling and rugged design. List $495.00 Special Introductory price ^295. 00 C. ITOH F10 STARWRITER Daisy-wheel Printer-incredible 40 CPS printer with all the features of Diablo, NEC, and Qume, at half the price! Parallel (Centronics Interface) unit: List $1995.00 $1450.00 Serial (RS-232) irrterface unit: List $2595.00 CALL Smith-Corona TP-I Daisy-wheel printer-Letter quality printing at an unbelievable price! 120 WPM, parallel or serial interface (specify), lOor 12 pitch (specify). List $896.00 $750.00 Hayes SmartModem- List 279.00 $235.00 Call lor similar savings on ZENITH, ALTOS, OKIDATA, HAYES, NORTHSTAR, TELEVIDEO, NEC, XEROX ANADEX, OUME. XCOMP, IDS, CENTRONICS, AMDEK, NOVATION, SANYO, , MORE SOFTWARE HITS. ART INTELLIGENCE Denial 750 00 Medical ?50 00 BUS. PLSN. SYS. Plan 80 240 00 DIGITAL BESEARCH 420,00 125 00 135 00 85 00 PL/' CBasic CP/MZ 2 MAC ECOSOFT Microstal 250 00 FIN PLAN ASSOC Mini Model 375 00 FOX & GELLER Ouiekscreen 140,00 FRIENDS SFTW. Accessed 240.00 Access 80 II 405.00 GRAHAM DORIAN Apl Mgml C Reg , Inv I Pay, I. each 485 00 GLedg, Inv, II, OE/lnv , Pay II, Jooc ,each 710 00 KEY BITS Wordsearch 1 75 00 MARK OF UNICORN Mines 148,00 Scrilible 148,00 Both 245,00 MICRO-AP Selector III Selector IV Seledor V Gleclorlll Giecloi IV SBasic MICROPRO Cysl Notes DalaSlar SuperSort I SpellSlar HicnosoiT Basic 80 Compiler Fortran 80 165 00 235 00 395 00 170 00 250 00 255 00 350 00 225,00 170 00 165 00 275 00 310,00 398,00 575 00 175 00 110 00 220 00 170 00 135 00 MICROSOFT COBOL 80 Macro 80 EdilSO MuMalh MuLisp MSorl SYSTEMS PLUS Arcl Plus 1 Module 425 00 2 Modules 785 00 3 8, Up CALL MIDW, MICRO TEK Cross Assem 6800 250-00 Others CALL STO MICROSYS, Ouic-n-Easi 299 00 Mailman 105 00 STRUCT SYSTEMS G L , A Rec A Pay, Payroll lnv,OE,ea 850 00 Analysl 225 00 Linght 175,00 SUPERSOFT Disk Doclor 95 00 Forlh 175 00 SSSPorlran 210 00 Tiny Pascal 80 00 C Compiler 174,00 SlarEOit 189,00 This is jusi a sample ol the CP/M sollware availatile from DATASOURCE Call us for greal savings on Ifie ' package you're looking lor APPLE TOO! 'He carry many ol Ihe lisled software packages in Apple lormals, as well as almosi every other sollware package available lor Ihe Apple II Call lor the latest low price 24 HOUR ORDER LINE: 1-800-328-3890 ext,6oi4 IN MINNESOTA: 1-800-682-3816 ext.som TECHNICAL HOTLINE: 1- 612-944-7907 ORDERING INFORMATION Cashier's check, money order. Charge cards add 3%, COD: Cash or cashier's check only. Ship- ping: $3,00 per soft- ware Item, 2% per hardware Item, Mn res, add 5% sales tax. Pricing and avail, subj, to change, DataSource is a registered trademark ol DalaSOurce Systems Corporation SS PataSnurce Si i stems □ □P.a. BOX 3saa7 □ tviiiMi\iEAPoLis,MiM 5543S □ eiB-saa-7sa7 140 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc be set. As a speed consideration, as well as a convenience, SIMUL$ allows you to specify sound for less than four channels (i.e., channels 1 through 3, channels 1 and 2, or just channel 1). Simply omit the unused parameters from the USR function. SIMUL$ offers another distinct ad- vantage to the BASIC programmer. The AUDCTL register is reset upon execution of any SOUND statement in BASIC. However, using SIMUL$, no SOUND statements are executed; thus, the AUDCTL setting is retained. Another method of sound genera- tion in BASIC is impractical. This method uses the volume-only bit of any of the four audio-CGntfol registers. Type in and run the follow- ing program: SOUND 0,0,0,0 10 POKE 53761,16: POKE 53761,31: GOTO 10 This program sets the volume-only bit in channel 1 and modulates the volume from 0 to 15 as fast as BASIC can. Although it uses all the process- ing time available to BASIC, it;pt@>- duces only a low buzz. 60-Hz Interrupt This technique is probably the most versatile and practical of all methods available to the Atari com- puter programmer. Precisely every 1/60 second the computer hardware automatically generates an interrupt. When this happens, the computer temporarily leaves the main program (the pro- gram running on the system — BASIC, Star Raiders, etc.). It then ex- ecutes an interrupt service routine, a small machine-language routine designed specifically for servicing these interrupts. When the interrupt service routine finishes, it executes a special machine-language instruction that restores the computer to the in- terrupted program. This all occurs in such a way (if done properly) that the program execution is not affected. In fact, it has no idea that it ever stopped! The interrupt service routine cur- rently resident on the Atari 400/800 Announcing the Printing Breaicthrough of the Century: Smith-Corona:TP-l Text Printer LOW Cost Daisy Wheel Printer ^845 • Microprocessor Electronics Serial or Parallel Interface Simple, Reliable Mechanism ACT NOW: Limited Supply, low, low Cost Smith Corona, one of the largest manufacturers of small printers in the world, gives a whole new perspective to printing with their electronic text printer— TP-1. The TP-1 is a microprocessor controlled, high quality daisy wheel printer. It produces perfectly formed, executive quality printouts at the speed of 120 words per minute. Typewriter quality printing at dot matrix prices. Simple, durable and dependable, TP-1 may be used with word processing systems, microcom- puters and most small business systems. Compact and attractively iMicro Printer iMariceting Circle 267 on inquiry card. Additional daisy print wheels $4.95 Additional ribbons S2.95 styled, the TP-1 blends well with any setting. Now, all your letters, documents forms and reports can have the crisp, professional look you demand— for business or personal use— at an affordable price. TP-1, the electronic text printer. Don't delay. Order your TP-1 TODAY at the low price of $845. IMicro Printer Marketing offers same day shipping, nationwide ser- vice and invites dealer inquiries. Catalogues available. No shipping charges on pre-paid orders. Call Micro-Prfnter Marketing 1^800-523-9859 CALL TOLL FREE in PA Call collect 215/433-3366 MasterCard and Visa Accepted MostMCwd computers maintains timers, trans- lates controller information, and per- forms other chores requiring regular attention. Before the interrupt service routine returns to the main program, it can be made to execute any user routine — for example, your sound-generation routine. This is an ideal situation for sound generation since the timing is precisely controlled, and especially since another program can be executing without paying heed to the sound generator. Even more im- pressive is its versatility. Because it is a machine-language program, the interrupt sound program will lend itself equally well to a main program written in any language — BASIC, assembly language, FORTH, Pascal. In fact, the sound generator will re- quire few, if any, modifications to work with another program or even another language. A table-driven routine offers max- imum flexibility and simplicity for such a purpose. Table-driven refers to a type of program that accesses data tables in memory for its information. In the case of the sound generator, the data tables would contain the fre- quency values and possibly the audio-control-register values. The in- terrupt service routine would simply read the next entries in the data table and put them into their respective audio registers. Using this method, notes could change as often as 60 times per second, fast enough for most applications. Once such a program has been written and placed in memory (for example, at location 600 hexa- decimal, the beginning of the page of memory reserved for the user), you need to install it as a part of the 60-Hz interrupt service routine. This is accomplished by a method known as vector stealing. Direct control of sound registers with a dedicated maciiine- ianguage routine opens new doors in sound generation. Memory locations 224 and 225 hexadecimal contain the address of a small routine called XITVBL (eXIT Vertical BLank interrupt service routine), which is designed to be executed after all 60-Hz interrupt pro- cessing is complete, restoring the computer to the main program as previously discussed. The following procedure shows how vector stealing can be used to in- stall your sound routine: 1. Place your program in memory (e.g., 600 hexa- decimal). 2. Verify that the last instruction executed is a JMP $E462 (since location E462 hexadecimal is the XITVBL routine, this will make the main program con- tinue). 3. Load the X register with the high byte of your routine's address (a 6 in this case). 4. Load the Y register with the low byte of your routine's address (a 0 in this case). 5. Load the accumulator with a 7. 6. Do a JSR $E45C (to set loca- tions 224 and 225 hexa- decimal). Steps 3 through 6 are required to change the value of the pointer at locations 224 and 225 hexadecimal without error. The routine called is SETVBV (SET Vertical Blank Vec- tors), which simply puts the address of your routine into locations 224 and 225 hexadecimal. Once installed, the system works as follows when an in- terrupt occurs: 1. The computer's interrupt routine is executed. 2. The computer jumps to the program whose address is in locations 224 and 225 hexa- decimal, which is now your routine. 3. Your routine executes. 4. Your routine then jumps to XITVBL. 5. XITVBL restores the com- puter's state previous to the in- terrupt and makes it resume normal operation. GRAPHIC SOFTWARE GRAPHIC SOFTWARE FOR MICROCOMPUTERS —This self-teaching guide will show you how to write your own graphics software. 61 programs for 2D and 3D graphics: interactive input, translations, rotation, isometric views, perspective, scaling, stretching, clipping, surface intersections, shading, hidden line removal, tablet software, animation and more. Applications to science, engineering and business. "One of the most outstanding books on computer software" — A. Grund, U. Illinois; "Tfie best book available on microcomputer graphics"— Creative Computing Feb, 1982. Book-$21.95; Dlsl(-$18.95. ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING SOFTWARE FOR MICROS - A self teaching guide to developing software for engineering applications of microcomputers. Emphasis Is on combining graphics with engineering problem solving. Programs included to interactively create engineering drawings, store on disk file, recall, modify and merge. Other programs for simulation, mechanisms design, heat transfer, circuit analysis, optimizations and Including Monte Carlo techniques. Programs for Fourier analysis display frequency spectra graphically. This is a valuable collection of modern engineering analysis software for students and professionals. Book-$28.50;Dlsk-$19.95. Books contain fully documented program listings in BASIC with theory and equations. Disks contain the same programs as the books but without documentation. When ordering disks, please specify APPLE II Plus48K DOS 3.3 orCP/M. 142 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 229 on inquiry card. lAn elusive and infuriating "bug" may occur when a 60-Hz interrupt routine involving arithmetic opera- tions (ADC and SBC op codes) is used as part of a BASIC program. The Atari BASIC floating-point routines set the 6502 decimal flag and cause add and subtract operations to be done in binary-coded decimal (BCD) instead of binary. If the 60-Hz interrupt occurs during a BASIC floating-point operation, the inter- rupt routine will be in decimal — not binary — mode unless you execute a CLD instruction at the beginning of the routine. My thanks to Chris Crawford of Atari for pointing out this bug. . . . GW/ If you do not wish to implement such a program yourself, one is available from the Atari Program Ex- change. The package is called IN- SOMNIA (Interrupt Sound Initial- izer/Alterer). It allows creation and modification of sound data while you listen and is accompanied by an inter- rupt sound generator that is table- driven and compatible with any language. For more information, con- tact the Atari Program Exchange, 155 Moffett Park Dr., POB 427, Sunny- vale, CA 94086. Machine-Code Sound Generation Direct control of sound registers with a dedicated machine-language routine opens new doors in sound generation. The technique is as follows: write a program similar to the 60-Hz interrupt routine in that it is table-driven. However, the only routine now being executed by the Atari is dedicated to sound genera- tion. By expending much more pro- cessor time on sound generation, you can produce higher-quality sounds. Consider, for example, the output of a typical 60-Hz interrupt music routine; its output will look something like figure 2a. The volume-only bit offers a tremendous capacity for accurate sound reproduction. Since much more processing time is available with a dedicated machine- language routine, you can change the frequency at very high speed during the note's playing time. For example, suppose you discover that whenever any piano key is struck it produces the characteristic sequence of fre- quencies shown in figure 2b. The graph in figure 2b is called the piano envelope. To simulate a piano, the idea is to apply the piano envelope very quickly to the "plain- vanilla" square-wave beep. The note is thus slightly modified during its playing time. For example, a piano simulation of the three notes in figure 2a would be modified to look like figure 2c. This is essentially the same sound produced by the standard music routine of figure 2a, only the (2a) 1 NOTE (2b) TIME (2c) TIME Figure 2: Complex waveform generation under computer control. Figure 2a shows a frequency-versus-time plot of three sim- ple notes generated by one of the Atari sound generators. If the complete resources of the computer are used to modulate the frequency (or other parameters) of the notes while they are be- ing played, the computer can produce highly complex sounds. For example, if we find that a frequency envelope such as figure 2b simulates the sound of a piano, the envelope can he superimposed on the generated notes of figure 2a to give a modified set of notes that has a graph like that of figure 2c. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ON MICROS -This self teaching guide contains a series of programs which calculate stresses and deflections in beams, plates, trusses and frames using conventional and matrix techniques. Theory, equations and program listings fully documented. Written for the non-specialist who wants to use his micro for structural analysis with minimum investment in time. tJse the programs as is or modify for your own applications. Bool(-$39.95;Disk-$19.95. DATA PLOTTING DATA PLOTTING ON MICROS —A collection of programs to process and display all types of data: bar charts, stock market charts, engineering and scientific data, 3D views of surfaces, pie charts, sorting, filtering, running averages, curve fitting, and more. Application to business, engineering and science. All programs fully documented and keyed to theory. Use as is or modify for your own applications. Book-$24.95; Disk-$B.95. To order, send check drawn on U.S. bank, money order in US funds, Visa or Mastercard number wilh expiration date to KERN PUBLICATIONS 190 Duck Hill Road, P. O. 1029A, Duxbury, MA 02332. Add $2 per book 4lh cl postage in US and Canada; $3 1st cl or UPS in US; $4.50 1st cl Canada; $12 air Europe and Central America; $18 elsewhere. Call (617) 934-0445 tor taster delivery. " .1. J F H M I .1 fl S O N D KERN PUBLICATIONS 190 Duck HilIRd Duxbury.MA 02332 Circle 230 on Inquiry card. April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHoru Inc 143 Introducing the premier award of the software industry. THE Atari^ Star Win $25,000 in cash, , plus prizes and an ATARI STAR : by entering your software in k the ATARI" AS7\P competition. ATARI is looking for some of the greatest software from the brightest stai's in the software field. "Aid naturally, we're willing to re- ward you for it. Eveiy three months, ATARI will be presenting ATARI STARS to the writers of software programs judged first, second and third place in the following categories: con- sumer (including entertainment, personal interest and develop- ment); education; home business (personal finance and record keep- ing); and system software. The de- cision of the ATARI judges is final. Quarterly prizes wiO be from $750 to $3,000 worth* of selected ATARI products and an ATARI STAR, The annual Grand Prize will be the coveted Super Star trophy and $25,000 in cash** To be eligible, your software idea must be submitted to and published in the ATARI Program Exchange cata log. Submit your pro gram on the official entry form which we'll rush to you if you send in the attached coupon. The ATARI STAR Awards are in addition to the percentage of re\ enues you wiU automat ically be entitled to as AIASt PROGRAM Koxr moestiM KlUa' PROGEAM «MfI-i PBOGRAM a result of sales of your software programs in the ATARI Program Exchange. If you're a star, ATARI wants to reward you. Send in the coupon today or call toll-free 800-538-1862, in Caliibrnia 800-672- 1850, and you could be the proud winner of an ATARI ASAP STAR Tro- phy, and some great ATARI prizes. "Based on manufacturer's sug- gested retail price. "Taxes are tlie sole responsibil- ity of the winner Void where pro- hibited by law. Winners will be notified by mail. ATARI employees and their families are not eligible. For more contest details, call the toll-free numbers.© 1981 ATARI, INC. Circle 42 on inquiry card. For more contest details, call 800-538- 1862, in California 800-672-1850. Send to: ATARI Software Acquisition Program, Dept. CIE, P.O. Box 427, Sunnyvale, OA 94086 Yes, I want to enter the ATARI ASAP com- petition. Please rush me my entry form. Name Add ress City State/Zip_ A ATARI A Wamer Communicalions Company We've Brought The Computer Age Home' I « Listing 2: A machine-language program that uses the waveform mode of the Atari 400/800 to generate tones with a sine wave amplitude envelope (tones normally produced by the Atari have a square-wave amplitude). 0100 0110 0120 0130 0140 0150 0160 0170 0180 0190 0200 0210 0220 0230 0240 0250 0260 0270 0280 0290 0300 0310 0320 0330 0340 0350 0360 0370 0380 0390 0400 0410 0420 0430 0440 0450 0460 0470 VONLY Bob Fraser 7-23-81 volume-only AUDCl -4 bit test routine AUDCTL = $D208 AUDF1=$D200 AUDCl =$D201 SKCTL = $D20F TEMPO MSC *=$B0 .BYTE 1 .BYTE 0 *=$4000 LDA #0 STA AUDCTL LDA #3 STA SKCTL LDX #0 LOO LDA #0 STA $D46E ; disable vertical blank interrupt STA $D20E ; disable nonmaskable interrupts STA $D4b0 ; disable screen DMA LDA DTAB,X STA MSC 0480 0490 LO 0500 0510 LI 0520 0530 ; 0540 ; 0550 0560 0570 0580 0590 0600 0610 0620 0630 0640 ; 0650 ; 0660 0670 0680 ; 0690 ; 0700 NC 0710 ; 0720 ; 0730 VTAB 0740 0750 0760 0770 0780 ; 0790 ; 0800 DTAB 0810 0820 0830 0840 LDA VTAB.X LDY TEMPO STA AUDCl DEY BNE LI dec most significant counter DEC MSC - BNE LO new note INX CPXNC BNE LOO wrap note pointer LDX #0 BEQ LOO .BYTE 28 ; note count table of volumes to be played In succession .BYTE 24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31 .BYTE 30,29,28,27,26,25,24 .BYTE 23,22,21,20,19,18,17 •BYTE 18,19,20,21,22,23 this table contains the duration of each entry above .BYTE 1,1,1,2,2,2,3,6 .BYTE 3,2,2,2,1,1,1 .BYTE 1,1,2,2,2,3,6 .BYTE 3,2,2,2,1,1 notes now have a piano tone and they sound much prettier than just un- modulated beeps. Unfortunately, all other processing had to be sacrificed to get that piano tone. The sound channel is no longer updated only once every note; it is now done perhaps 100 times within the note's duration. Volume-Only Sound As indicated earlier, the AUDCn volume-only bits aren't of much use in BASIC. This is due entirely to the fact that BASIC is too slow to effec- tively use them. However, this is not the case with machine language. As mentioned last month, the volume-only bit of the AUDCn registers offers a tremendous capacity for accurate sound reproduction. True waveform generation (within the time and volume resolution limits of the computer) is made possible with this bit. Instead of just putting a piano flavor into the music, you can now make it closely replicate a piano sound. Unfortunately, it can never precisely duplicate an instrument. Four bits (16 values) is not enough volume resolution for true high- quality work. Nevertheless, the technique does generate surprisingly good sounds. The program in listing 2 demonstrates the use of one of the volume-only bits. If you have an assembler, type it in and try it. Sur- prisingly, speed is not really a prob- lem here. The wave has almost sixty steps, and the program can still be made to play the wave at up to 10 kilohertz. Remove lines 390 through 410 and try the program once more. It will sound quite broken up. The cause is the 60-Hz interrupt discussed in the previous section. You can actually hear the interrupts taking place since all sound stops during that time. Line 410 disables screen DMA (direct memory access). By disabling screen DMA, the ANTIC chip within the Atari 400/800 no longer "steals" time from the 6502 processor to get data from screen memory in time to display it on the video display. This is why the screen goes to a solid background color when the program is executed. Disabling screen DMA serves two purposes: to speed up the 6502 processor and to make the tim- ing consistent, since screen DMA steals cycles at odd intervals. 146 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 1 GET ON Get Irak 51/4" & 8" Roppy Drives TRAK Drive Systems are ready to plug in and use- complete with power supply and cable. TRAK — the way to go in floppy disk drives. Whether you are just buying your computer system, adding to it, or up-dating it — make it TRAK. TRAK features the finest industry-standard 5/4" and 8" drives, custom compact packaging, custom power sup- plies, ventilating fans with multi-drives and unique control facilities for your convenience and protection. Complete control is yours with deluxe TRAK Sys- tems. System control panels feature lighted "Sentinal" power switch so you always know when your TRAK drive is powered up. And individual "Protector" (write-protect) switches guard your stored information. TRAK offers you the widest choice— singles or multi-drives— 5y4" or 8"— double sided— single/double densities — 3 to 8 ms access — from 125 K-Bytes to 4.8 Meg- abytes storage— choice of colors (office brown, silver gray or oyster)— optional door locks, front bezels, write-protect switch, extender card, optional 220V/50 Hz power supply for international use— and more. System compatibility. TRAK drive systems are com- patible with more than just one or two popular computer systems. TRAK drives are compatible with Apple II®, TRS-80®, IBM, Xerox, Heath/Zenith and other micros and minis. And more compatible systems are added continuously. Circle 451 on inquiry card. TRAK is committed to making a significant contribution to the world-wide computer industry by providing the latest products at the best prices. We invite you to join us in this common goal and get on TRAK. For price, order information and the name of your nearest dealer call TRAK toU-free. 1-800-3234853 I collect 1-312-968-1716). Microcomputer Corp. 1511 Ogden Ave. Downers Grove, IL 60515 TWX 910-222-1848 Distributorships, dealerships available. International and OEM inquiries invited for TRAK drives, cabinets, power supplies and computer systems. New TRAK products coming soon. 5Vi" & 8" Slimline floppy drives, SVi" & 8" Winchester systems, multi-user networking, spe- cial Controller and host system adaptor boards. $25 INTRODUCTORY FACTORY REBATE Buy from your TRAK dealer, then mail copy of sales receipt with TRAK serial number and this coupon I to TRAK. We will rebate $25 direct to you as our way of ' welcoming you to the TRAK drive family. I Name | Address I City State Zip | I L Offer expires /Way 30, 1982. Limit one rebate per customer. Offer void wfiere prohibited. J @ TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Radio Shack, a Tandy Company (R) Apple II is a registered trademark of the Apple Computer Company FREE SHIPPING * *On all prepaid cash orders ■ Continental US Only PRINTERS Epson MX-80 or MX-80 FT CALL Anadsx9S01w/2K Buffer 1349 C. Itoti Staiwrlter 25 CPS dalsywiieal 1 449 C. Itoh Starwrilar 45 CPS dalsywiiaal 1 849 Epson MX-70 CALL Epson MX-80 & MX-ao f^ CALL Epson MX-100 CALL NEC 8023 Impact Dot Matrix 829 NEC Spinwrlters (Latest models) CALL Paper Tiger IDS-460G w/graphlcs 899 Paper Tiger IDS-SGOG w/graphlcs 1099 Oume Spring Dalsywheels (Lateat models) CALL i>ibls630Dalsywhsel40CPS , 1795 VIDEO MONITORS AmdeWLsedsx video 100 12" B&W 129 Amdek/Lesdex Video 100G 12" Green Phosphor 149 Amdek (Hitachi) 13" Color wfaudlo output 389 NEC 12" Green Phospher Display JB-1201M CALL NEC12"L0'Res Color Display CALL NEC 12" Hl-Res RGB Color Display CALL Sanyo 9" B&W Display 18S Sanyo 9" Green Display CALL Sanyo 12" B&W Display 289 Sanyo 12" Green Phospher Display 285 Sanyo 13" Color Display 449 Zenith 12" Green Phospher Display 139 ZENITH 12" GREEN $139 IBM "''""Jo*/ ACCESSORIES BY TECMAR 256 Dynamic Ram Card Hl-Speed Parallel I/O Card ^^^J-j- Hl-Spaed Serial I/O Card f°'L Real-Time System Clock DoTrPc Card Expansion Chassis PRICES Ordering Information: Ptione orders using VISA, MASTER- CARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS, DINER'S CLUB. CARTE BLANCHE, bank wire transfer, cashier's or certified check, money order, or personal check (allow ten days to clear). Unless prepaid with cash, please add 5% for shipping, handling and insurance (minimum 5.00). California residents add 6% sales tax. Foreign customers please call or write for shipping Information and charges. OEM's, in- stitutions and corporations please send for a written quotation. All equipment Is subjecct to price change and availability without notice. All equipment Is new and com- plete wllh mfinufacturer's warranty (usally 90 days). Showroom prices mey differ frchi mall order prices. Send Orders to: 8338 Center Drive La Mesa, California 92041 VIC ACCESSORIES 8K Ram Cartridge for VIC-20 S50 3K Ram Cartridge for VIC-20 $34 Superslot $24 Super Allen $24 Jupiter Lander $24 Draw Poker $24 VICSoltwareBpack'A' $49 VICSoHwaroSpack'B' $49 □stasetis Cassette I/O Unit $69 VICIEEE-488 Interlace $79 Vicmon Machine Lang Monitor $47 VIC Super Expander $54 VIC RS232C Terminal Interlace $39 Voice Synthesizer CBM/PET $319 Pgrm Char Sat/Game Graphics ED $13 3D Invaders $31 Spiders of Mars $39 Outworld $32 Satellites and Mslsorltas $39 Allen Bllt2 $32 R5-232 Communicator Interface . . .$40 1 8 In. Communicator Cable M/M $13 38 In. Communicator Cable M/M $15 3K RAM Expander for VIC-20 $85 8K RAM Expansion for VIC-20 $99 VICr26 Reference Card $4 VICTermA $16 Vicalc for VIC-20 $11 VIC Portlollo Mgml.(VPM) $19 VICHECK $19 PAC It In $15 Amok $15 Don't Fall $11 Simon $7 Biasloids $16 Superadditon ,. $7 Supersubtraction $7 Skymalh $12 Space Division , $12 Long Division .$12 Super Hangman $17 BK ROM/RAM 25 Alien Blitz $19 Clobber $19 The Alien (Req. 6K memory) $19 invader Fail (Req. 6K memory) $17 SlarVi/ars $13 3D Maze $11 Breakout $11 Carom $11 Raceway $11 LazerWar $14 Dragon Maze $13 Shape Matcher $9 Doggy Maze $9 16K RAiVIBOARD by ConComp for Apple II Computers FOR ONLY APPLE II ACCESSORIES 16K RamBoard by ConComp Industries 99 Hayes Mlcromodem 11 299 Hayes Smanmodem 369 H ayes Chronograph 199 Novation Apple-Cat 339 Novation Cat Modem 169 Novation Expansion Mod 39 Novation Handset 29 Novation BSR 19 VIdexVldeolerm 80 column card 249 VIdex Keyboard Enhancer (Rev. 6) IIS VIdex Keyboard Enhancer (Rev. 7) 99 VIdex Keyboard Enhancer II (Rev. 7 & up) 129 VIdex Switchpiate 15 VIdex Soft Video Switch 29 Z-80So(tcard by Microsoft 299 Applesoft Compiler 149 Typing Tutor ii 20 Microsoft Adventure 25 Olympic Decathalon 24 16K RamCard by Microsoft 159 Thunderclock clock/calender card 129 Thunderclock X-1 0 Inter/Scheduler 49 Smarterm 80 col card 299 Corvus Winchester Disk Drives CALL ALF 3 Voice Music Card 199 ALF 9 Voice Music Card 149 Alphasyntaurl keyboard system CALL Lazer Lower Case -I- 65 Lazer Keyboard Plus -I- 99 23 Key Numeric Keypad by Keyboard Co 120 Joystick by Keyboard Co 45 6809 CPU Card (The Mill) by Stellatlon 319 AlO Serial & Parallel Interface by SSM A&T 189 DB Master by Stoneware 189 Music System (16 voices) .299 A/D + D/Alnterfao» 279 Expenslon Chassis (8 slots) 566 lntrol/X-10 Controller card. 169 Clock/CalendarCard 225 CPS Multi-function Card 175 SuperlaikerSD-200 159 Rompius + card 135 Romwrlter card 149 Symtec Hi-Res Light Pen 210 Sup-R-Fan 45 Sup-R-Termlnai 329 SVA ZVX4 Megabyter 8" Disk Controller 649 SVA 2 + 2 Single Den. 8" Disk Controller 345 Speechiink 2000 by Heuristics 249 Versawriter Digitizer Tablet 229 Asynchronous Serial interface card by CCS 139 Centronics Parallel interface card by CCS 119 VIsiCaic version 3.3 189 VisiFlie (NEW data base manager) 199 VislTrend/VislPiot 219 VIsiDex 169 VislTerm 99 Desktop Plan Ii 169 Wordstar (Apple 80 col version) 299 VlslPak (Calc, Trend, Plot, File) 550 Easywriter Word Processor 199 Tax Preparer '81 version 89 Real Estate Analyzer 129 Creative Financing 139 Personal Filing System (PFS) 79 PFS...Report 79 Datastar{Applell-80col) 249 Spell Star (Apple 11 -80 col) 219 Super-sort (Apple 11 - 80 col) 1 79 Peachtree Accounting Software uALL BPI Accounting Software CALL Systems Plus Accounting Software CALL CALL OR WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG NO RISK* MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS *Call for Details ORDER TOLL FREE in California and i'7t/»\ J^OO QAfifi Telex 695-000 800-854-6654 o«t.ld. contl«.ntal U S. * O^'O-^W** B... CCMO circle 126 on inquiry card. Qcommodore CBM Business i?*- Computer CALL FOR BEST PRICES 73 Key Typewriter Style KeyboarcJ 80 X 25 Column/Line Video Display Integrated 9" Green Ptiosphor Monitor Standard Inverse & Overstrike Ctiaracters Full Screen editing capability Built-tn Built-in Parallel 1/0 Port IEEE-488 Bus Interface Capability Standard! 2 Cassette Ports 18K ROM BASIC (Version 4.0) 9 Digit Floating Point Binary Arithmetic Soptiisticated Disk & Tape Handling Software We couldn't tell you all ttie things the Commodore CBM system could do for your home or office, but think about hiring a secretary, an accountant, and a financial advisor all for the price of a Commodore CBfi/l 8000 Computer! Just add the Commodore 4040 or 8050 dual floppy disk drive, and a printer of your choice, and youve got a fully in- tegrated system, ready to bring the computer revolution into your home or business! Start your revolution now at Consumer Computers. MASS STORAGE DISK DRIVES AVAILABLE ACCOUNT- ING SOFTWARE AND SPECIALIZED MARKET SOFT- WARE TOO! Personal Computer CALL FOR BEST PRICE Introducing the Commodor PET! All the things you need to start computing today are built right in- Things like 18K PET BASIC. 9" Green Phosphor Video Monitor, 74 key pro- fessional keyboard, numeric keypad, and more. As if this weren't enough, the PET comes has a parallel I/O port that is just waiting for a printer, and the industry standard IEEE-488 bus for expansion. 40 X 25 Column/Line Video Display Integrated 9" Green Phosphor Monitor Standard Inverse & Overstrike Characters Full Screen editing capability Built-in Built-in Parallel 1/0 Port IEEE-488 Bus Interface Capability Standard! 2 Cassette Ports 18K ROM BASIC (Version 4.0) 9 Digit Floating Point Binary Arithmetic Sophisticated Disk & Tape Handling Software Other PET accessories and equipment available at great prices. At Consumer Computers we're experts in the business of selling computer products by mail. We have become one of the leaders not only because our prices are better, but because of the reputation we've worked hard to earn. Over the years we have learn- ed what you, the customer, want and need from a mail order company. If we offer any merchandise that you're in the market for, you should seriously compare what we have to offer over the others. Here are just a few of the reasons. Our helpful salespeople are prepared to meet any currently advertised price on anything we sell (call for details. ..it's Toll Free!). We pay shipping and insurance charges on prepaid cash orders (with destinations in the continental US). We ac- cept major credit cards for your conve- nience. If the product you receive is defec- tive, even up to 30 days after you purchase it, we'll repair or replace it and pay for ship- ping back to you. Consumer Computers carefully selects the hardware and software it offers to in- sure that quality is maintained in everything we sell. Our attention to quality is why we can stand behind our policy, because we stand behind our products. You'll never regret becoming a member of our growing customer family. You have our word. A ATARI ATARI 800 16K CALL FOR BEST PRICE Atari 400 W/16K 349 410 Program Recorder 65 810 Disk Drive 449 825 80 col. 7x8 Dot matrix impact printer 699 822 40 col. Quiet Thermal Printer ... 349 850 Interface Module 159 Atari 16K Ram IVIodule 69 Axlon Ramcram 32K Module .. 189 Asteroids. Missile Comand and Star Raiders 35 ea. consumen SEC Microcomputer CALL FOR BEST PRICES It you're considering a computer, consider this: 4 Mtiz Z-BOA Operation 80 or 40 column modes STANDARD Built-in Centronics printer port Full ASCII keyboard with Shift lock Real Time Clock STANDARD RGB Color Output Mixed text and graphics Numerica Keyboard STANDARD CP/M Compatibility 5 programmable Function keys 24K Microsoft NBASIC in ROM with enhanced color graphic commands The NEC PC-8001A has all these features and much more. Expandibility you want, expandability you get. Through the use of the PC-8012A I/O unit, total system RAM can be extended to 160K. The PC-8031 Dual Disk Drive puts 286K of floppy disk storage at your comand. The NEC PC-8001A has so many things that are options on other computers built right in that you may never have to buy another accessory! The quality that the NEC name has come to sand tor has been built-in, too. Compare the competition, and then call Consumer Com- puters for the NEC PC-8001. NEC COMPATIBLE SOFTWARE CP/M Operating system with graphics control CALL SUPERCALC Financial & Scientific Modeling (requires CP/M) CALL WORDSTAR Word Processing System (requires CP/M) CALL SYSTEMS PLUS Complete Accounting System (requires CP/M) CALL MICROSOFT BASIC-80 (requires CP/M) CALL MICROSOFT FORTRAN-80 (requires CP/M) CALL MICROSOFT COBOL-80 (requires CP/M) CALL Mail pfCTJ^i||iTin^ Order ORDER TOLL-FREE — 800-854-6654 -c.,,,,. In California and outside Continental U.S. 714-698 8088 Details Please refer to ordering instructions on preceding page. Circle 127 on inquiry card. TIME Figure 3: An amplitude-versus-time graph of the sine wave sound produced by Ustingl. JONATHAN WINTERS COULD BE YOUR SALESMAN OF THE YEAR. . . ... if you sell small computers, word processing systems, software, media and supplies or computer services. COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPO is coming to these cities in 1982 Because Johnny is our top salesman for COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPO-a new concept in end-user computer shows. These sales events cater to your most serious prospects— small businessmen, doctors, lawyers, accountants, educators— and personal computerists excited about putting computer power to worl< at home. How does Johnny bring in the buyers? He is featured in an all out media blitz— • Prime Time TV • Drive Time Radio • IHigh Visibility Newspaper Ads • Targeted Direct Mail You've never seen an end-user computer show promoted like COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPO-because it's never been done before. And you've never seen buyers at an end- user show before like you'll see at COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPO! But don't take our word for it. Here's what exhibitors said: AMERICAN COMPUTER NETWORK— "Our average configuration is about $42,000. We sold about 20 systems and probably have 300 good leads to follow." RADIO SHACK— "100% most successful business show we ever attended." ALTOS COMPUTE RS-"Very enthusiastic and serious buyers. The most professional computer show ever produced in San Francisco..." ATLANTA March 25-27 • Georgia World Congress Center ST. LOUIS April 15-17 • A.J. Cen/antes Convention Center BOSTON April 15-17 • Commonwealth Pier Exhibition Hall MIAMI April 23-25 • Miami Expo/Center ANAHEIM May 7-9 • Anaheim Convention Center NEW YORK September 23-25 • New York Coliseum SAN FRANCISCO September 30-October 2 • Brooks Hall MIAMI October 28-30 • Miami Expo/Center CHICAGO November 4-6 • McCormick Place LOS ANGELES November 18-20 • Los Angeles Convention Center So if you want Jonathan Winters on your sales force, write or call today for information on COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPO. Call toll-free (800) 225-4620 Ask for Fred Stern (In Massachusetts, (617) 879-4502) THE INTERFACE GROUP PO Box 927, l&O S|>i?i.r Slreel, rr.iminnh.im, MA 01701 (6171 879-4502, Ouliide Mjss (flDOl 225-4620 Producers of INTERFACE FEDERAL DP EXPO COMDEX COMDEX/SPRING COMDEXIEUROPE THE COMPUTER SHOWCASE EXPOS- In this demonstration program, the sound created is a close approxima- tion to a sine wave. A graph of the waveform is given in figure 3. The Role of Sound in Programs This article and last month's install- ment of 'The Atari Tutorial" have discussed the technical aspects of sound generation with the Atari 400 and 800 computers. However, the programmer must also understand the broader role of sound in the com- plete software package. Moviemakers have long under- stood the importance of mood-setting background music. The recent Star Wars movies by George Lucas are ex- cellent examples. When Darth Vader enters the room, you immediately fear and hate him because of the menacing background rhythms ac- companying his entry. You know to gleefully applaud when Luke Skywalker saves Princess Leia because gallant music plays in the background. Likewise, horror films can frighten you merely by playing eerie music, even though the action may be completely ordinary. Tatio America's Space Invaders program for the Atari 400/800 issues a personal threat to the player with its echoing stomp. As the tempo in- creases, knuckles whiten and teeth grind. When you fire a photon torpedo in Atari's Star Raiders game, the computer gives you a "launch" sound that decreases in frequency as the torpedo speeds away from you. The effective use of sound can in- crease your involvement with a game or other program. Impressionistic sounds affect our subconscious and our state of mind. This may be due to the fact that sounds, if present, are continuously entering our mind whether or not we are actively listening. Visual inputs, on the other hand, require the user's attention. If we are distracted from the TV set, we cease to concentrate on the picture and the image leaves our mind. Sound therefore offers the programmer a direct path to the users' minds — bypassing their thought processes and zeroing in on their emotions. ■ 150 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 213 on inquiry card. In this age of runaway inflation... Look what $825 will buy The ideal input device for the smali system user. The HIP AD™ digitizer Inexpensive input to your computer The HIPADTM digitizer can be used for both converting graphic infornnation into digital values and as a menu. Utilizing either the stylus or the optional cursor, the operator can input graphic data into the computer by locating individual points on the digitizers 11" x 11" (28cm x 28cm) active area. In the "stream mode" a contin- uance of placements of coordinate pairs may be input. Not a kit, the HIPADTM comes complete w/ith both RS-232-C and parallel interfaces and has its own built-in power source. The origin is completely relocatable so coor- dinates may be positive or minus for a true reference value and oversized material may by input by simply resetting the origin. Accurate positional information, free form sketches, even keyboard simulation All can be entered using the multi-faceted HiPADTW digitizer. Its capabilities and low price make the UL listed HIPADTM a natural selection over keyboard entry, inac- curate joysticks, or expensive approximating light pens. It's perfect for inputting isometric drawings, schematics. X-rays, architectural drawings, business graphs, and many other forms of graphic information, as well as creating your own graphics. Use it with Apple 11™ , TRS-80 Level II™, PET™ or other popular computers The HIPAD'sTM built-in RS-232C and parallel 8 bit interfaces make it aii possible. (For Apple II order DT-11A, for TRS-80 or PET order DT-11). Furthermore, you get English or metric scaling, data format (Binary/BCD/ASCII), selectable baud rates, and resolution of either .005" or .01". Available with optional display. "U.S. Suggested retail price For complete information, contact Houston, instrument. P.O. Box 15720, Austin, Texas 78761. (512) 835-0900. For rush iiterature requests, outside Texas caii toll free 1-800-531-5205. For tectinicai information as* for operator #5. In Europe contact Houston Instrument, Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Pfione 059127-74-45. Telex Bauscfi 81399. TM HIPAD IS a trademark of Houston Instrument TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation APPLE is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc PET is a trademark of Commodore Business f^actiines, Inc. Circle 195 for literature. Circle 196 to have representative call. INSTRUMBsnS & SYSTEMS DVISION lbgettier...we1l create tomoiTDw BAUSCH S. LOMB (IT) Introducing the Sinclair ZX81 If you're ever going to buy a personal computer, now Is the time to do It. The new Sinclair ZX81 is the most powerful, yet easy-to-use computer ever offered for anywhere near.the price; only $149.95* completely assembled. Don't let the price fool you. The ZX81 has just about everything you could ask for in a personal computer. A breakthrough in personal computers The ZX81 is a major advance over the original Sinclair ZXBO-the world's largest selling personal computer and the first for under $200. In fact, the ZXSI's new 8K Extended BASIC offers features found only on com- puters costing two or three times as much. Just look at what you get; ■ Continuous display, including moving graphics ■ Multi-dimensional string and numerical arrays •Plus shipping and handling. Price includes connectors for TV and cassette, AC adaptor, and FREE manual. ■ Mathematical and scientific functions accurate to 8 decimal places ■ Unique one-touch entry of key words like PRINT RUN and LIST ■ Automatic syntax error detection and easy editing ■ Randomize function useful for both games and serious applications ■ Built-in interface for ZX Printer ■ 1K of memory expandable to 16K The ZX81 is also very convenient to use. It hooks up to any television set to produce a clear 32-column by 24-line display. And you can use a regular cassette recorder to store and recall programs by name. If you already own a ZX80 The 8K Extended BASIC chip used in the ZX81 is available as a plug-in replacement for your ZX80 for only $39.95, plus shipping and handling— complete with new key- board overlay and the ZX81 manual. So in just a few minutes, with no special skills or tools required, you can upgrade your ZX80 to have all the powerful features of the ZX81. (You'll have everything except continuous dis- play, but you can still use the PAUSE and SCROLL commands to get moving graphics.) With the 8K BASIC chip, your ZX80 will also be equipped to use the ZX Printer and Sinclair software. Order at no risk** We'll give you 10 days to try out the ZX81. If you're not completely satis- fied, just return it to Sinclair Research and we'll give you a full refund. And if you have a problem with your ZX81, send it to Sinclair Research within 90 days and we'll repair or replace it at no charge. "Does not apply to ZX81 kits. j 1 lib.. — NEW SOFrWARE:Sinclair has published pre-recorded pro- grams on cassettes for your ZX81, or ZX80 with 8K BASIC. We're constantly coming out with new programs, so we'll send you our latest software catalog with your computer. ZX PRINTER: The Sinclair ZX Printer will work with your ZX81, or ZX80 with 8K BASIC. It will be available in the near future and will cost less than $100. 16K MEMORY MODULE: Like any powerful, full fledged computer, the ZX81 is expand- able. Sinclair's 16K memory module plugs right onto the back of your ZX81 (or ZX80, with or without 8K BASIC). Cost is $99.95. plus shipping and handling. ZX81 MANUAL: The ZX81 comes with a comprehensive 164-page programming guide and operating manual de- signed for both beginners and experienced computer users. A 510.95 value, It's yours free with the ZX81. 1 Introducing the ZX81 kit If you really want to save money, and you enjoy building electronic kits, you can order the ZX81 in kit form for the incredible price of just $99.95* It's the same, full-featured computer, only you put it together yourself. We'll send complete, easy to-follow instructions on how you can assemble your ZX81 in just a few hours All you have to supply is the soldering iron How to order Sinclair Research is the world's larg- est manufacturer of personal computers. The ZX81 represents the latest technology in microelectronics, and it picks up right where the ZX80 left off. Thousands are selling every week. We urge you to place your order for the new ZX81 today. The sooner you order, the sooner you can start enjoying your own computer. To order, simply call our toll free number, and use your MasterCard or VISA To order by mail, please use the apupon. And send your check or money \ order. We regret that we cannot accept \ purchase orders or CO. D!s. CALL 800-543-3000. Ask for op- erator #509. In Ohio call 800-582-1364. In Canada call 513-729-4300. Ask for operator #509. Phones open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Have your Master- Card or VISA ready. These numbers are for orders only. For information, you must write to Sinclair Research Ltd., 2 Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061. ■ ■ ■ iiridam Bison Takes the Bite Out of High Prices Epson Eradication Espon MX 80 Epson MX 80 FT Epson MX 100 Epson Graftrax Roms Epson Replacement Cart Interface to Apple Monitor Munch Amdek 13" Color Monitor Amdek Color II RGB Monitor NEC 12" Green Screen NEC RGB Color Monitor Zenith Green Screen Peripheral Portion D.C. Hayes Micromodem II D.C. Hayes Smartmodem Microsoft RAM Card I Microsoft Z-80 Card Paddle Adapple Smarterm 80 Column Card Thunderclock X-10 Interface ThunderclockCard Tandon Drive TM 848-2 Visidex Videoterm 80 Col N S' M M FORTH 79 Fit starting FORTH FORTH Programming Aids Nautilus System Cross-Compiler System Guide to Fig-FORTH Micromotion FORTH 79 for Apple Micromotion FORTH 79 for 280 CPM $405 $515 $695 $ 74 $ 11 $ 84 S346 $895 $166 $945 $134 $295 $239 $149 $295 $ 24 $286 $ 42 $116 $475 $277 $ 14 $135 $179 $ 22 $116 $116 Software Scrunch dBase II 8" dBase II 5" DB Master Wordstars" Wordstars" SpellstarS" SpellstarS" Visicalc Vislplot Vislterm Visitred/Visiplot Personal Filing System Personal Report System Data Capture 4.0 Data Capture 4.0/80 Game Gnaw David's Midnight Magic Red Alert Space Eggs High Res Soccer Gamma Gobblins Robot Wars Sargon II Alien Typhoon Bug Attack Castle Wolfenstein Computer Baseball Computer Bismark Cops and Robbers Epoch Phantom Five President-Elect Circle 53 on Inquiry card, $595 $540 $179 $310 $227 $189 $164 $146 $145 $123 $214 $ 71 $ 71 $ 52 $ 77 $ 26 $ 31 ORDER FORM Address City Slate - Zip Visa/MC# Expiration Date Signature Item Price California res. include 6° o stale sales tax Total Send cashier chiecl<, money order or charge or- der on Visa or Master Card. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. Shipping C.O.D. based on weight. Free shipping on all orders over $500. No C.O.D. orders. Prices and availability subject to change without notice. Phone orders welcome. Mail to: Bison Products P.O. Box 9078-1 84 "SSP Van Nuys, CA91409 FOR FAST SERVICE CALL (213) 891-5702 PRODUCTS 1 6709 Roscoe Boulevard, Sepulveda, OA 91 343 Book Reviews The Mind's I Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett, Basic Books Inc., New York, 1981. 50] pages, hardcover SI 5.50 Reviewed by Lloyd Milligan 8604 IVlaywood Dr. Columbia, SC 29209 This book is designed to provoke, disturb, and befud- dle its readers, to make the obvious strange and, per- haps, l9 lite $^mtge obvious. (from the Preface) Most people take consider- able pleasure in being aston- ished. Witness the popular television show That's In- credible. For those who are less easily astonished, but who enjoy a special kind of challenge, Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett have "composed and arranged" The Mind's I, a splendid collection of essays on mind and consciousness, "self and soul." Each essay concludes with a "Reflection" based on the editors' own thoughts and reactions. Of all the pursuits of man, science has been the most productive. In the present century, the so-CcJled neuro- sciences (neurobiology, neurochemistry, neuropsy- chology, etc.) have con- tributed significantly to our understanding of how the human brain works. Para- doxically, however, deep issues of both historical and enduring interest have been on the whole ignored by these new sciences. The denial of mind and con- sciousness as valid topics of scientific inquiry may be traced to the influence of logical positivism, opera- tionahsm, and behaviorism. The Mind's I could be said to be about those things that be- haviorism denies. A recurring theme or de- vice in many of these essays is the "thought experiment." In a thought experiment. One imagines all the procedures and conditions of an experi- ment and attempts to imagine or deduce what the outcome would be. The power of a thought experiment — and also its weakness — comes from imagining procedures which cannot be carried out in reality. The key to distin- guishing whether a thought experiment could be realiz- able is to decide if the condi- tions of the experiment are possible "in principle." In reading these essays 1 was sometimes reminded of Mark Twain's satire on facts and miracles: ". . . if it is a Miracle, any sort of evidence will answer, but if it is a Fact, proof is necessary." It is often difficult to know whether a suggested condition is merely technically infeasible or im- possible in principle. Fortu- nately, fiofstadter and Den- nett provide some assistance in this regard, but there is still a danger — thought experi- ments that support your point of view will seem more likely to be realizable than those that oppose it. Thus far it may not be ob- vious why The Mind's I has special interest to computer enthusiasts. That it does is partly due to a new breed of cognitive psychologists — called computer scientists — whose major research interest is artificial intelligence (AI). If your concept of AI is based on the Eliza program, then you probably need to be brought up to date. Current AI research involves topics such as simulating human ability to understand stories (Roger Schank et al.; dis- cussed by John R. Searle in "Minds, Brains, and- Pro- grams," page 353). Such pro- jects shed new light on the meaning of "understanding," and at the same time expose the awesome complexity of human knowledge database design. In one sense, the ulti- mate goetl of AI research is to give objective mesming to concepts that have heretofore been understood only in the subjective sense. The brain's hardware, which at the very least "sup- ports" thought, cannot be ig- nored. Several thought ex- periments in this book focus on the neural-circuit descrip- tion of brain functioning. It is easy to slip from this focus to the assumption that the brain is purely a digital machine. This assumption is unwar- ranted even at the cellular level. For example, synapses (connections between nerve cells) are not strictly analo- gous to logic gates. Thou- Sctnds of axon terminals may impinge upon the dendrites of a single cell. The events that transpire there (at the synapse) are more analog than digitsd in nature. One may even speculate that it is not possible "in principle" to model these processes se- quentially in real time. While reading these essays I found myself formulating point-by-point replies. More often than not, Hofstadter or Dermett expressed my ap- proval or misgivings more clearly than I could have done. Their comments not only reflect on the essays themselves, but go on to pre- sent new variations on re- lated themes. The reader is compelled to reflect on the re- flection, and so on, until in- tellectual fatigue sets in. A common thread nms through this collection, but it is not easy to discern. Vari- ous conceptions of mind, self, and soul are set up, ex- posed, scrutinized; the idea is to inquire which, if any, of these are possible models of mind, self, or soul. The mind as a program of immense in- tricacy, involving deep 'level- crossing" structures (e.g., how can a thought influence a synapse?) and Gbdelian loops, is one idea that emerges. The Mind's I does not ex- plain the mind's I. Perhaps it aims to describe what such an explanation would be like. In one reflection, Hofstadter is careful to distinguish emula- tion of the mind from simula- tion. Explanation is at least one step further removed. And while this book does not pretend to "explain" self or soul, the impression emerges that, with thoughtful consid- eration, these problems of the ages may be tractable, after all. At another level, The Mind's 1 expresses a tone of personal warmth and enthu- siasm. The authors inquire of one of Stanislaw Lem's es- says, "Is this poetry, philoso- phy, or science?" I asked myself the same question about the book as a whole and concluded that it is a combination of all three. One thing that the book is not is hocus pocus. Hofstadter and Dennett eschew pseudosci- ence. Their views are com- pletely compatible with the scientific world view. It's just that science has not yet made deep inroads into the prob- lems that make up the main focus of this book. Perhaps this deficiency will yield in part to the union of computer science, neuroscience, cogni- tive science, philosophy, and linguistics. ■ April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 155 BRAINS-MAINFRAMES SUPERBRAINS SUPERBRAIN QD 64K List $3995 only $2949 COMPUSTARS Available to Dealers NORTH STAR Minicomputer Performance Green Phosphor Options: Graphics + CP/M List $3999 Only $3199 Z-89 48K List $2895 only $2099 Z-90 64K DD 3195 ONLY $2489 ADVANTAGE Monitor Green Phosphor $118 TERMINALS Z-19 $718 INTERTUBEm Super Smart $710 EPSON MX-80 FT. $598 MX-80 $474 MX-100 $749 ANADEX9501 $1290 NEC Letter Qual Friction & Tractor call ZENITH printer Z-25 list 1595 only $1256 STARWRITER letter qual FT $1824 A ATARI AMERICAN SQUARE COMPUTERS is organizing a World Wide Association of Computer Dealers. Open a Store or Start Work Out of Your Honne! We Charge NO FRANCHISE FEE! (Our Competitors charge a FRAN- CHISE FEE of from $15,000.00 to $45,000.00.) Be a Winner! Let US help YOU get started MAKING MONEY by HELPING PEOPLEto put COMPUTERS to WORK. Write or Phone today. GODBOUTCOMPUPRO Super Sixteen 8085/8088 is the fastest combo 8/16 CPU. LIST $3904 Special $3269 SEATTLE'S 16 bit COMPUTER is here! 8 MHz 8086 CPU the fastest S-100 computer! 128K Static RAM, DD Disk Controller, 22-slot Main Frame, 86-DOS, #2 128K LIST $4185 ONLY $3349 #1 As above but 64K LIST ... $3190 .. . ONLY 2649 CALIFORNIA COMPUTER 2210A LIST $2350 ONLY $1895 Z80, 64K, I/O, Disk controller + CP/M. Model 300-1 A is the larger system: 2.4 Mb 8" Z80, 64K, and optional OASIS, CP/M, or MP/M operating system. LIST $5695 ONLY $4995 SYSTEMS GROUP SYSTEM 2800 Runs CP/M or OASIS. Supports single user & multi- user & multi task. Up to 5 megabytes with 8" drives. Optional 10-megabyte hard disk. Optional tape back up #2812 $5035 ONLY $3775 ATARI 400 List $399 only $340 800 List $899 only $675 Wonderful Games— Education for your family Main Frames - S-100 $200 up Single Board Computer 64K $ 749 6800-CPU S-100 Call us Save cash! TARBELL'S Empire I&n have two 8" disk drives. The I is single sided, the n is double sided. FREE Business Software Empire I LIST $4888 Only $3666 We sell The Finest Hardware ^ We sell The Finest Software AMERICAN i ° > COMPUTERS 919-889-4577 4167 Kivett Dr. ▼ Jamestown, NC 27282 919-883-1105 CP/M Is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. LOWEST PRICE ■ BEST QUALITY NORTH STAR Horizon 2 2-5V4" Disk Drives 64K Double Density Factory assem. & tested Factory guaranteed A few left Low Price only $2499 DECISION I Powerful North Star BASIC Free Superb for Business & Science HORIZON STANDARD IS NOW HRZ-2-64K QUAD Factory Assembled & Tested List Only Horizon-2-32K-Double Density . . . . tp^OH!? Horizon-2-32K-Quad Density Horizon-2-64K-Quad $3599 $2699 Horizon-2-64K-QHD5 $5999 $4499 Horizon Ram ASM 32K=$374 fi4K=1;'i?4 Big Sale on Multi-User Time-Sharing . . . . LtCLW English to Basic Translator .... $99 North Star Hard Disk 18 Mb $5375 . . . . $3923 North Star Time Sharing Multi-User . . . . call Zbasic2to5timesfaster! $350 . . . . call Secretary Word Processor . . . . $99 Wordstar Word Processor . ... $318 Floating Point Board $399 . ... $319 Oasis Multi-User Software SAVE . . . . call CP/M for N* Extra features $230 . ... $220 Micro Mike Software SAVE . . . . call Ecosoft Accounting $355 .. MICROSTAT . ... $265 Pascal-80 $600 . ... $515 Extra Precision Basic . . . . $50 Northword $199 . ... $179 Mailmanager $299 . . . . $224 $399 . ... $349 General Ledger $499 . ... $429 Accounts Receivable $499 . ... $429 Accounts Payable $499 . . . . $429 Inventory $499 . . . . $429 Order Entry $499 . . . . $429 PROPAC $1499 . . . . $1274 DOS + Basic 5.2 27 "The IBM-360 on the Z-80 & S-100 BUS!" Sixteen Programs running simultaneously! Free CPM, Microsoft BASIC and WORDSTAR with Complete system! ^ist only DECISION 1 + 65K Static + 8" Disks $4375 3500 DECISION 1 + 65K Static + 2-5" Disks 4195 3356 DECISION 1 + 65K Static + 5" Disk + 5 Mb Hard Disk 5990 4792 DECISION 1 3 user 195K Static + 5" Disk + 5Mb Hard Disk* MICRONIX 8036 6426 DECISION 1 — Z-80 + 1/0=Power 1725 1339 MORROWS " Disk Discus 2D + CP/M 600K only $849 Discus2 + 2 + CP/M 1.2MEGAB. $1149 Add Drives 2D = $599 2 + 2 = $795 Discus 2D-dual + CP/M Only $1388 Free Microsoft BASIC from MORROW with Discus system or hard disk M-26 MORROW Hard Disk 26,000,000 Bytes!! List $4495 Only $3395 Free CPM + BASIC M-20 List $4795 . . Only $3835 M-10 List $3695.. Only $2955 M-5 List $2495.. Only $1995 InterSystems Z-80A CPU 4 MHz 64K Dynamic RAM Front Panel VI/0-1 - with Interrupts FDCn Disk Controller 20 slot motherboard List $3795 Only $2839 Without front panel as above only $2716 Front Paneless Recommended for Business Save on Memory and Programs Systems Memory 64K A&T $459 Systems Memory 64K Bank S555 Microangelo S985 Corvus Hard Disk SAVE SSM Video BRDVB3 kit $361 Spectrum Color ASM $326 Cat Novation Modem $169 Memory Merchant 16K $159 Which Computers are Best?— FREE. Insured Shipping at Low Rates. Call For Latest Prices, Details. We Beat Advertised Prices. Factory Guarantees AMERICAN square: 919-889-4577 4167 Kivett Dr Expert Advice COMPUTERS Jamestown N.C. 27282 919-883-1105 ®CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Circle 27 on inquiry card. A Po(r)tpourri of Ideas Fifth in a Series Three inexpensive hardware/ software projects to let you use the cassette port for a tone generator, telephone dialer, and RS-232C output channel. William Barden Jr. 28122 Orsola Mission Viejo, CA 92692 There's always an advantage in using existing hardware to interface external devices — there's no need to perform address decoding, to hook up to a multiline bus, or to design and implement controller functions. The cassette port is the most rudimentary input/ output port in the TRS-80 Models I and III. It was originally designed to interface to an audio cassette recorder so that BASIC and machine-language programs and data could be saved and loaded. The cassette port, however, can be used in a variety of other ways. In this arti- cle, I'll describe three projects that use cassette-port output. These projects will work with a Model I system without the expan- sion interface and with any Model III. The projects are a tone generator with volume control, a telephone dialer, and an RS-232C driver. A fourth use, controlling a nuclear fast-breeder reactor, was to be included, but still About the Author William Burden ]r. has written many books on microcomputer programming and design. He is a member of the Association for Com- puting Machinery and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, needs a little polishing up. Perhaps in a later article . . . Cassette Logic The TRS-80 Models I and III use similar logic in the cassette output, as shown in figure 1. The REMote out- BIT 0 PORT OFFH BIT 1 put to turn on the recorder is slightly different in address decoding between ■ the Models I and III, but in both cases it simply closes a relay. Two normal- ly open relay contacts go to pins 1 and 3 of the cassette jack, a 5-pin DIN connector. The relay output won't be used for these projects, since some of C> CASSOUT TO "MOTOR ON" LOGIC TO "REMOTE PLUG C> GND REM FRONT VIEW REM CASSOUT- -CASSIN Figure 1: Model I/IIl cassette output is performed by a two-bit latch that generates three voltage levels. The three voltage levels can produce a square wave with a positive- going pulse, a negative-going pulse, and a zero level. A motor relay connects two nor- mally open contacts. 158 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Port OFF Hexadecimal Bit 1 BitO CASSOUT Voltage (v) 1 0 = 0 0 0 = 0.4 0 1 = 0.8 1 1 sO.4 Table 1: CASSOUT voltages. The two latch bits produce four voltage levels. The 11 configuration is reduhdant and is nqt used. DATA PULSE IF "l" OTHERWISE 00 LEVEL LF +.8V +.4V -2 MILLISECONDS BIT TIME- ( 500 BITS / SECOND) Figure 2: The recording technique for 500 bps uses a clock pulse spaced at 2-ms inter- vals. A data pulse at the midpoint between clock pulses represents a 1; the absence of a data pulse represents a 0. CASSOUT C> +4 TO +I2V A MINIATURE POTENTIOMETER 8-OHM "MINI" SPEAKER Figure 3: In the TONOUT electronics, an LM386 audio-amplifier chip is driven by the CASSOUT signal. The output of the LM386 drives a small speaker. the earlier relays were prone to "stick- ing" (especially when used to control the AC supply for milling machines). Instead, what will be used is the output that normally goes to the Auxiliary input of the cassette recorder to write data on the tape. This is a single line connected to pin 5 (CASSOUT) of the DIN connector. This line is driven by two bits at I/O address OFF hexadecimal in both the Models I and III. Three voltage levels can be output to the CASSOUT line, depending upon the configuration of the two least significant bits of port OFF hexa- decimal (see table 1). A bit configura- tion of 01 binary produces about 0 volts (V), 00 produces about 0.4 V, and 10 produces about 0.8 V. Bit con- figuration 11 is redundant as it generates 0.4 V again. The three voltage levels are used to write data onto the cassette in the 500-bits-per-second (bps) mode, as shown in figure 2. A single square- wave cycle is first generated to pro- duce a clock pulse. Then, either another cycle is output, representing a 1 data bit, or no cycle is output, representing a 0 data bit. The Model III also has 1500-bps capability. In this mode, continuous frequency-shift keying is used, with 1320-hertz (Hz) and 2680-Hz tones representing the data. Only the 0- and 0.8-V levels are used for this scheme. In both cases, the major part of the logic is in the ROM (read-only memory) firmware. The electronics really just consist of the two output latches and a few resistors. In the following projects, I'll use the two bits of port OFF hexadecimal to generate square waves for musical tones, telephone dialing, and RS- 232C output. The greater part of the design effort, as in the TRS-80 cassette functions, is in the software. The hardware will consist of three simple circuits with a minimum of parts. (A note about connectors: For con- necting all three projects to your TRS-80 cassette port, use a standard, thin-walled, 5-pin DIN plug, such as Radio Shack's catalog item 274-003.) A Musical Tone Generator Our first project produces six oc- taves of notes representing the first six octaves on the piano keyboard. The notes are square waves, rich in odd-order harmonics. Two volume levels can be output, one using the 0- and 0.4-V levels, and a second using the 0- and 0.8-V levels. The circuit shown in figure 3 uses the CASSOUT output as an input to an LM386 audio amplifier. The LM386 requires only a capacitor and 8-ohm (Q) speaker to implement a complete audio amplifier. A minia- ture 10-kn potentiometer is used at the input for volume control. The power supply for the LM386 can be any convenient voltage from +4 to -I- 12 V. A 6-V battery works fine for the power supply, or you can obtain a low-priced power-supply kit from Radio Shack. TONOUT (listing 1) is an assem- April 1982 © BYTE Pid>Iicalioiu Inc 159 Circle 263 Your ■ 0*°'* n «PI= Beeps'"- '"^ mentation Th^^^^'d orders write us TOLL orders. FREE Box 1140 2000 Center St., Berkeley, mi„o "'"""^ dcvdepmoMs Listing 1: TONOUT is a Z80 subroutine to output tones through the cassette port. The code is to be embedded in the BASIC program of listing 3. 9000 l,'.10 1 00 ORG 9000H 001 1 0 5 + * *- + h ► * It * ♦:-*«** t*** «■«.*♦«**♦♦:■«*♦««♦♦*«♦**♦*«»«*»**»♦ (fllJI 1 ".'ih Vi\a 1 ^:vJ ;* TONE OUTPU r. OUTPUTS TONE THROUGH CASSETTE PORT. (71(711 "(Dl »* ENTRVi HL => PARAMETER BLOCK * 171(71 1 4D1 ■* PARAM+0=DURATION CNT IN 2 BYTES * ; *■ +2=FREQ CNT*(1B.04 MICRO&ECS MOD I 00 1 -j I ; -«■ 15.79 1 1ICR0SECS MOD IIDi 2 BYTES ♦ 00 1 60 ; * +4=LEVEL: 2=L0Wi 3=HIGHi ONE BYTE * ;* EXITS AFTER TONE HAS SOUNDED * 00 1 80 ;***«««♦«»**»*#**«**«#»**«♦#«********»*»*»«*♦*»»*«♦****«* 00 1 ' CD7F0A 00200 TONOUT CALL 0A7FH ; GET HL 9003 E5 00210 PUSH HL ; TRANSFER TO IX 9i304 DDEl 00220 POP IX 9006 i:)D4E04 00230 LD C. ( IX+4) ■PUT LEVEL IN C 9009 i:)D6603 002''i0 LD Hi (IX+3) ;MSB FREQUENCY 900C Dr)6E02 002'::)0 LD L> ( IX+2) ;LSB FREiJUENCY 900F 7C 00260 LD AiH iGET MSB FREQ CNT 90 1 0 B7 OR A ■TFC3T PDD 7FPrt 901 1 2022 00280 JR NZiLOWFRE ;G0 IF LOW FREQUENCY W 0 9 0 FREQUENCY HERE 9li^ 1 S 4 f> 0 0 .3 0 0 LI) B > L ;GET FREQUENCY COUNT 9014 lJUoaWl 00.i 10 LD Hi ( IX+1 ) !MSB OF DURATION 9017 £}D6c00 fiirai' ■■'■rji 810320 LD Li < IX+0 ) ■LSB OF DURATION 901 A 28 trs rn "j cji 130.330 DEC HL !FOR JR NC 9 0 1 [;*■ t 1. FTF" F ll'?0 J'l 0 LD DEi -1 5F0R FREQ LOOP 90 I Ll /9 W 0 ,i J 0 HI010 LD Ai C ! LEVEL TO A (4) 90 1 F E:, E01.' fl 0 3 6i 0 X,OR iNOW 00 OR 01 (7) 90'-'' L ■[)■ p. OUT (0FFH) 1 A !TURN ON (11) LD AiB ;6ET FREQ COUNT (4) 90'-*'4 iD HI 020 DEC A ;0N LOOP (4) 90:."'^ .■''0FD 00 JR HI 1 HI020 ;LOOP TIL 0 (12/7) 902 / '79 004 1 0 l.,..D Ai C ; DUMMY (4) 90/8 :j;[-'0? (,•104 ,.■0 LD A 1 2 ;NOW 10 (7) 9 02 A D3Fr- 00430 our \ i£Jn r n / 1 M iTURN OFF ( 11 ) 902C 78 00440 LD A 5 B iGET FREia COUNT (4) 902D 3D 00450 HI030 DEC A iOFF LOOP (4) 902F: 20 FD 00'H ^' .0 JR NZi HI030 SLOOP TIL 0 ( 12/7) 90:30 I 9 00''l ,'0 ADD Hl_ 1 DE SDECREMENT DUR CNT (11) 9031 38EB 00460 JR C,HI010 i<50 IF NOT 0 (12/7) 9033 1823 00490 JR LOW090 fRETURN TO BASIC 00500 i LOW FRESUENCY HERE 903'i F'j l/lltS 1 M VAV } L vl I.OWFRE PUSH HL IFREQ COUNT TO DE V 0 6> J ) J 00S ' '0 POP DE 'j'0.3 / CBB.i W W J i.i W REb 01 E iMAKE EVEN 9039 UIJ4d00 00-f 40 LD B, (IX+0) iDURATION CNI TO B 903r 79 VJ|£J J IJ vJ LOW010 L.D Ai C i6ET LEVEL <4) 90,^^1.' f. E02 W03O0 A OR SNOW 00 OR 01 (7) 0 ,i 1 ' D,.il' F 00 J / W OUT !0FFH) , A iTURN ON (11) 904 J. /7i ra c: o LD HiD iGET FREQ COUNT (4) 9 0 4 .2 6B LD L 1 E i (4) 904Z? 00600 LOWB20 DEC HL iDECR FRE(5 CNT (6) rn (» y. 1 (it DEC HL i (6) / C- LD AiH iTEST HL (4) *■? 0 '^H' ) L'- '3 00f:).,i0 OR L ; (4) 904 / 20rA I.'10;»-I0 JR NZ.LOW020 ;G0 IF NOT 0 (12/7) 9049 /9 00650 I..D Ai C i DUMMY (4) 904A 3E02 00660 LD A>2 iNOW 10 (7) 904C D3FF 00670 OUT (0FFH)iA iTURN OFF (11) 904E 62 00680 LD HiD iGET FREQ COUNT ( 'i ) 904F 6B 00690 1..D L,E ; ( 4 ) 9050 28 00700 LOW030 DEC HL iDECR FREQ CNT '.hi 9051 2B - 00710 DEC HL ; <.b) 9052 7C 00720 LD AtH iTEST HL (4) 9053 B5 00730 OR L i (4) 9054 20FA 00740- JR NZ 1 LOW030 ;tiO ir^ NOT 0 );;/7) 9056 10E4 00750 DJNZ LOW010 iSO IF D CNT NOT 0 > 1 i/ 9058 C9 00760 RET ! RET URN TO e-ASIC 0000 00770 END bly-language program that drives the circuit to prociuce square waves from about 20 Hz to over 10,000 Hz. The extreme low and high frequencies won't come out very well (if at all) in the LM386, but for the middle range, tones sotmd fine. If you're a purist, you might consider using CASSOUT as an input to an amplifier with better fidelity. TONOUT is designed to interface to a BASIC program. It is completely relocatable (more about that later) and requires three parameters from the BASIC code — a frequency count, a duration count, and a level. The frequency count is a value from 1 to 65,535 that is used to con- trol a timing loop. Each count causes a delay of 18.04 rnicroseconds (;ts) for 160 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc Circle 406 on Inquiry card. -"ON" STATE' 18.04 X COUNT* MICROSECONDS 01 — 00 — 10 — * MODEL I -I ■"OFF" STATE • 18.04 X COUNT* MICROSECONDS PERIOD • 36.08 X COUNT* MICROSECONDS FREQUENCY* 1/PERIOD Figure 4: A timing loop turns on the CASSOUT signal and then turns it off. The same frequency count is used for both the on and off delays; hence, the period of the tone is. twice the delay time, « A'USR(B) B POINTS TO- PARAMETER BLOCK +0 + 1 +2 + 3 +4 DURATION COUNT 1-65,535 FREQ COUNT 1-65,535 LEVEL: 2 OR 3 Z80 FORMAT LSB, MSB Z80 FORMAT LSB, MSB Figure 5: Three parameters are used to interface to TONOUT from BASIC. A duration count is held in two bytes, a frequency count in two bytes, and a level in one byte. The counts are in standard Z80 address format: least significant byte followed by most significant byte. the Model I (15.79 for the Model III) on the "on" and "off" portions of the square wave, as shown in figure 4. Therefore, the frequencies of the square waves produced are 1/(36. 08E-6) and 1/(31. 58E-6), respectively. The duration count of 1 to 65,535 determines the length of time the tone is played. In fact, the duration count is the number of cycles of the tone. Thus, the length of time the tone plays is dependent upon the tone's frequency. To play a "quarter note," the duration count would be 25 for a 100-Hz tone, 50 for 200-Hz, and so forth. The duration count is 1/fre- quency times the fraction of a second the tone is to be played. The third parameter is volume level. A value of 2 is low and 3 is high. The level parameter is in one byte. The main problem in TONOUT is how to get the "tightest" possible loop to toggle port hexadecimal OFF bits on and off and still allow for low- frequency notes with a longer dura- tion. The approach used here is to split TONOUT into two segments of code, one for high-frequency notes, and one for low-frequency notes. TONOUT is entered from BASIC by a DEFUSR call. The CALL 0A7FH gets the argument from BASIC and puts it into the HL register pair. The argument in this case is a pointer to a parameter block of the three arguments in 7 bytes (see figure 5). This pointer is transferred to the IX register. The level parameter is put into the C register and the frequency count is put into HL. Next, the frequency count is tested for magnitude. If the H register is nonzero, the frequency count is greater than 255, and a low- frequency note is played. If the frequency count is less than 256, the high-frequency segment is executed. The single byte of the fre- quency count is transferred to the B register. Also, the two bytes of the duration count are transferred to HL and decremented by one for the JR C loop. (C will decrement below 0 before the loop is terminated.) The DE register pair is loaded with —1 for a "tight" timing loop. The output portion of the loop con- sists of two almost identical seg- ments. Lines 350 through 400 are the "on" portion that turns on the "top" of the square wave. Lines 410 through 460 turn off the output. Both portions decrement the frequency count in a timing loop that determines the fre- quency. The voltage level for the "on" portion is determined by performing an XOR of binary 10 and the level parameter to produce either a 00 (low) or 01 (high). After one complete cycle, the dura- tion count in HL is decremented by an ADD HL,DE. If the result is not negative, another cycle is generated. The code from line 510 through the end is a similar routine for low- frequency notes. In this case, the fre- quency count is held in HL and decremented twice. The frequency count is first made even by a RES 0 ii\struction for a test of decrementing down to zero. The duration count is assumed to be 254 or less and is held in B for a DJNZ instruction. Using TONOUT with BASIC TONOUT can be used to generate tones other than musical notes. The precise frequencies generated are: l/((42.49 -f 18.04 X count) X lO"") for high-frequency tones and: 1/((41.15 -I- 18.04 X count) X 10"*) for low-frequency tones. These for- mulas are for the Model I. Use (37 + 15.79 X count) and (36 + 15.79 X count) for the Model III. The 18.04 (or 15.79) represents the on/off loop times; the other constants represent the "overhead" for the fre- quency and duration timing. BASIC can easily be used to build up a table of values for matching fre- quency counts to musical notes. 162 April 1982 ® BYTE PublicaUoiu Inc ^ 256KB IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER MEMORY! SINGLE BOARD 256KB IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER MEMORY Designed Specifically for IBM's PERSONAL COMPUTER is Chrislin Industries newest CI-PCM Memory Module. FEATURES INCLUDE: • On-board parity generator checker • Requires only one I/O expansion slot for 256K bytes • Addressable as a contiguous block in 64K byte memory increments through 1 megabyte • Power requirements are +5V at l.OA max. • Access time of iS NSEC • Cycle time of 400 NSEC SEE YOUR LOCAL COMPUTER STORE FOR DETAILS OR CALL US. DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH. Chrislin Industries, Inc. 31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, OA 91362 • 213-991-2254 TWX 910-494-1253 (CHRISLIN WKVG) Circle 84 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 163 Circle 356 on inquiry card. NEW for the SEC PC-8000 Series * AND MORE * from Renaissance Technology The Wedge • Fully emulates all features of the NEC PC-8012A module • NEC PC-8001A Sl/O (terminal mode) channel is brought out to a DB 25 con- nector • Additional ports for 40 bits of digital I/O and analog input including 2 Atari-type joystick ports; built-in 3 voice synthe- sizer with amplifier • 32K RAM card included; also capable of handling another 32K RAM = 96K of RAM • 16 levels of interrupt capability • NEC PC-8012A bus structure is imple- mented, • Attaches easily to the bottom of the NEC PC-8001A. Ren Tec Wedge $595.00 RS-232-C Interface Card for NEC PC-8012A or Ren Tec Wedge 179.00 32K Memory Board for NEC PC-8012A or Ren Tec Wedge 199.00 RGB Color Converter for NEC PC-8001A (40 column only) 99.00 and NEC Dot Matrix Printer 795.00 • 100 CPS • Bidirectional printing • Friction and tractor feed • Parallel interface • Single-ribbon cartridge NEC Monitors • 12" Green Screen 285.00 • 12" RGB Color 1095.00 • 12" Composite Video 430.00 * more * ■'ATARI 10-Key Accounting Pad . 124.95 Olympia Letter-Quality Printer • Ren Tec ES Series Interface converts typewriter to letter- quality printer • for Apple, Atari, Commodore, NEC, Osborne 1 . TRS 80 and others Ren Tec Interface for . ES 100/101 295.00 r DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME ^ RENAISSANCE TECHNOLOGY ^^CORPORATION 3347 VINCENT ROAD PLEASANT HILL. CA 94523 (415) 930-7707 Listing 2: A BASIC program to generate frequency-delay values that, when input to the TONOUT routine, will reproduce tones in standard pitch. Results are shown in table 2. 2-0 'PROGRAM TO FIND BEST FIT FOR El OCTAVES 4ia DIM NT«( 1 1 ) £.0 A»= "A A*tB C C»tD D#E F F#G G«" 80 FClR .1=0 TO 1 1 100 NT«(J)=MID$(A*, J«2+l,; 120 NEXT .1 140 FOR I=^-0 TO 7 160 REBTORE 1B0 LPRINT "OCTAVE " ; I + l 200 FOR J=0 TO 11 220 LPRINT NT$( J) ; "=" ; 240 N"(27. S^-Stl )»2t ( ( J)/l; 260 CT=( ( 1 /N)-36. 5E-6)/15. 280 LPRIN T "F CNT==" ; CT ji00 NEXT J 320 NEXT I ) :L.Pi 79E,--i A A# B C C# D D# E F F# G OCTAVE : 27.5 29.1352 30.8677 32.7032 34.6478 36.7081 38.8909 41.2035 43.6535 46.2493 48.9994 51.9131 1 F CNT = F CNT: F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = F CNT = 2300.64 2171.39 2049.39 1934.23 1825.54 1722.95 1626.12 1534.73 1448.46 1367.03 1290.18 1217.64 Table 2: Calculating counts for musical notes. A short BASIC program can match TONOUT frequency counts with standard pitch values. Here are the results. OCTAVE 1 2 3 4 5 6 OCTAVE 1 2 3 4 5 6 MODEL I 2013,1900.1793,1692,1597,1508,1423,1343,1268,1196,1129,1065 1005,949,896,845,798,753,710,670,632,597,563,532 502,473,447,421 ,398,375,345,334,31 5,297,280,265 250,235,222,210,198,186,176,166,154,147,139,131 124,117,110,104,98,92,87,82,77,73,68,64 61 ,57,54,51 ,48,45,42,40,37,35,33,31 MODEL III 2300, 21 71, 2049, 1934, 1826, 1723, 1626, 1535, 1448, 1367,1 290, 121£ 1149,1085,1024,966,912,860,812,766,723,682,644,608 573,541 ,51 1 ,482,455,429,405,382,360,340,321 ,303 286,269,254,240,226,213,201,190,179,169,159,150 142,134,126,119,112,106,99,94,88,83,78,74 70,66,62,58,55,52,49,46,43,40,38,36 Table 3: Frequency counts for standard pitch. Six octaves of note values are represented by the values in the table. Models I and III use slightly different values because of the difference in clock rates. 164 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc If you don't know a baud from a floppy. . . YOU NEED TO KNOW THE ea>P-100 MICROCOMPUTER Most people who need computers don't have the time, or desire, to become full-time computer "wizards." With the budget-priced QDP-lOO you get all the time-saving pre- cision information you want from : a computer, now and in the future, without all the unnecessary com- plexity associated with less consider- ate computers. QDP-lOO IS A FULL-SCALE 8-bit computer, readily upgradeable to 16 bits as your business or professional information- processing needs grow. It uses the IEEE S-lOO bus, compatible with CP/M and MP A/I disk operating systems. QDP-lOO HANDLES BOTH floppy disks and hard disks to give you total software versatility. QDP-lOO CONNECTS INSTANTLY to any standard terminal and printer. Both serial and parallel ports are available. Features most micro- computers can't match. It does more, does it easier cold costs a lot less. QDP-lOO HAS SINGLE BOARD . ■ . SIMPLIcrrY Eliminates the hassle of complex multi-chip, multi- board computers. QDP-lOO IS EASY to learn and to operate. Most owners use their QDP-lOO with professional skill and results in short order. Our instmction manual doesn't need an interpreter. If you'd rather be a wizard with computer results, than with computers, choose the QDP-lOO. CaU or write for literature and full details. QDP NEEDS A FEW MORE GOOD DEALERS. Attractive, profitable, protected dealerships are still available in several high-potential computer market areas. Quasar Data Products 1O330 Brecksville Road Cleveland, Ohio 44141 216/526-0838 Telex, 241596 CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks ©f Digital Research Corp. Listing 3: The BASIC program to demonstrate tone generation with the Model I/III cassette port. The DATA statements contain the machine-language codes of the TONOUT subroutine. HEM Sample tonou'i DKIVI R 229, 221, 110, 221 , ) 1 ^ 229, 211, 121 IB 1 , DATA 205, 127, 10 DATA 102, 221, 52 OA PA 221, 102, 1, ii.l DATA 121, 23B, 2, 54 OATA 62, 2, 21 1, •iS DATA 235, 24, 35. 36 DATA 121, 238, 2, fi? DATA 181, 32. 250 38 DATA 43, 43, 124, m FOR 1=36864-65536 10 36' 62 READ A -.POKE I, A 64 NEXT I 100 DI';KUBf(0-=&H9000 110 INPUr L>,F,L 1 ?0 POKE, J 4, 183, M, '1 3, t 2'i5. 1/0. 61, 120, 61, 32, V! 209, 203, 131 255, 9B, 107, , 62, 2, 211, 32- 230, 16, 6952-65536 1 , 3i /, 53, 43' 255' 228 3^, 6^/ 255, :;•:< 3, 1 /' 1 5^ ;l, /0 43, 98, 201 124 107 POKE POKE &HA000^ &HA002, 11- ( F-( 1 NT ( 1!/ INT « 256 ) ) »25/. 000 0 0 0 0 9— e- o o a— e- 0000 Figtire 6: Radio Shack's Experimenter Socket project board uses a matrix of holes into which component leads can be plugged. The holes are organized into 46 sets of five plus two buses. Listing 2 shows a Model III BASIC program for converting to standard pitch (A = 440 Hz). (The Model I version is identical except for the con- stants.) This scheme has 12 notes per octave: A, A# (A sharp), B, C, C§, D, D#, E, F, F#, G, and G#, each calculated by raising 2 to successive one-twelfth powers. The notes of each octave double in frequency over the preceding octave. The first portion of output from the program of listing 2 is shown in table 2. Table 3 shows suggested integer counts for the notes for the Models I and III. Listing 3 shows the TONOUT pro- gram incorporated into a BASIC pro- gram as DATA values. The DATA values are the machine-language bytes of TONOUT. TONOUT is relocatable and can be moved anywhere in RAM (random-access read/write memory). The program in listing 3 moves the bytes to 9000 hexadecimal by a series of POKEs. It then INPUTs a duration count, fre- quency count, and level value for ex- perimentation. Constructing the Electronics All three projects in this article use a similar construction method. Radio Shack carries an Experimenter Socket project board, which is a matrix of 23 rows, each with two halves, as shown in figure 6. Each of the 46 row segments is connected electrically. Two buses run down the board on the extreme right and left. Components can be plugged into the board with a minimum of fuss. The interconnections for the TONOUT electronics are shown in figure 7, along with the power sup- ply, speaker, and cassette plug con- nections. Make the connections to the 5-pin DIN plug, as shown in figure 8. To get precise frequencies for TONOUT, it's a good idea to disable the real-time clock interrupts in the Models I and III. If the real-time clock is running (and it may be, even without a display), the timing on tones may be off by 4 percent, and there may be some modulation on the tone. Add a disable interrupt (DI) in- struction (243 decimal) at the begin- ning of TONOUT and an enable in- 166 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 254 on inquiry card. INTRODUCING MetaCard The future for your Apple II. MetaCard will turn your Apple II personal computer into tomorrow's nigh performance machine. It triples the memory of your Apple, and at the same time, greatly increases the processing speed with an Intel 8088 16- bit microprocessor. The future for your Apple is built into MetaCard. Enough Memory to get the Job Done MetaCard has up to 128K bytes of onboard memor)' with parity. Adding K-BYTES Apple 6502 Intel 8088 Add-on Memory MetaCard to your Apple's existing 64K b\tes of memory gives you three times the capacity, and opens the door to applications never before possible on your system. Faster Processing Speeds Speed is just as important as memory. MetaCard is designed to handle all computing tasks at greatly increased speeds. The Intel 8088 operates at the full 5Mhz, running most applications at least 4 times faster than the Apple's iMhz 6502. And MetaCard gives you multiprocessing capabilities, allowing both the 8088 and 6502 to run simul- taneously at fiill speed. Increased processing speeds, intcrprocessor mterrupts and a real-time clock enable your Apple to perform like the machine you want. Compatibility and Reliability Compatibility has been designed into MetaCard. Metamorphic's processor card runs CP/M-86, which is included with the card at no extra cost. And Metamorphic offers UCSD Pascal 4.0 and the operating system for the IBM Personal Computer as options. Full parit)' checking. power-up diagnostics and a 48 hour burn-in will insure the reliable performance of your MetaCard. Find Out More Not everyone needs greater memory and speed. If you're one of those who does, MetaCard is for you. At an introductory price of $980 for the 64K configuration, it's not the least expensive addition you can make to your system, but high performance products never are. Call us today and find out what Metamorphic Systems has in mind for your Apple's future. Dealer inquiries welcome. Metamorphic Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 1541, Boulder, Colorado 80306, (303) 499-6502. Intel 8088 is a produa of Intel Corporation. Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. CP/M-86 is a registered tradcmarlc of Digital Research Corp. IBM Personal Computer is a registered trademark of IBM. U.C.S.D. Pascal is a registered trade mark of the Univer^il^' of California. METAMORPHIC SYSTEMS, INC. ANOTHER CRATE IDEA FROM ALTOS! The complete multi-purpose, multi-terminal desktop business computer system with a built-in tutor. Now you can get everything you need to computerize your business. An ALTOS® Series 5 computer (including 5 MByte Winchester hard disk that stores over 1,800 pages). Three of our new smart terminals and a quality printer. Plus the ALTOS COMPUTER TUTOR, the self- teaching business software package that provides simple, self-paced, step-by-step instructions and training. All for less than $4 /day per user. Virtually overnight, your opera- tors will become faster and more accurate since an Altos system is like having three computers In one. For example, while your book- keeper prepares payroll, other users can check inventory, compute cost estimates, or produce i firror-free reports. All at *' the same time. An Altos system lets you communicate with ^ other computers, maln- \frames and networks. Need more? For less than another $1/day, .each user can have i>i:-Wordstar'" for word S'l 'V processing and / Microplan™ for busl- .ness analysis. Plus you can choose from hundreds of other popular CP/M®, MP/M 11'" and OASIS applications programs. There's also nationwide on-site service available from your dealer. Join the thousands of busi- nesses, professionals and institu- tions who already rely on Altos. Call our toll free number or write Altos Computer Systems, 2360 Bering Drive, San Jose, CA 95131 today. We'll put you In touch with your local Altos sales and service dealer who'll crate an Altos busi- ness computer system exclusively for you. 'Complete 3 user system for $4/day per user. Price approxi- mate and may vary in your area. Daiiy lease based on 513,800 principal. 20% annual Interest, five-year term. Packaged system Includes Altos Series 5-5D computer with 5 IvlByte Wlnciiester hard disk, draft quality printer, three Altos smarl: terminals, and the ALTOS COMPUTER TUTOR software package. Price does not include tax. Installation, training and maintenance. Packed with fresh ideas for business |ALtC»| COMPUTER SYSTEMS 800-538-7872 (In Calif. 800-662-6265) ALTOS Is a registered tradennark of Altos Computer Systems. WordStar is a trademark of MicroPro Inter- national Corp, Microplan is a trademark of Chang Laboratories. Inc. CP/M Is a registered trademark and MP/M [I Is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc. OASIS Is a product of Phase One. Inc. ^■1982 Altos Computer Systems Circle 23 on inquiry card. circle 289 on Inquiry card. MTI stocks 'em aU for faster delivery. TO CASSETTE PLUG TO SPEAKER RADIO SHACK 276-175 EXPERIMENTER SOCKET Figure 7: The TONOUT circuit is mounted on a project board. It uses three com- ponents. The lO-fcQ potentiometer am be adjusted for a comfortable volume. Aik tbain our " QED " diieounti. VISA and MaittrCard ordari aecapted. MTI VIDEO TERMINALS Price VT100 DECscope $ 1595 VT 1 SX Computing option 2400 VT101 DECicope 1215 VT 131 DECscope 1785 VT132 DECscope 1995 ADM 3A (dumb tamilnal) 595 ADM B (dumb with visual attributes) . 645 ADM 31 (two page buffer) 1095 ADM 21, 24, 32, 36, 42 • Hazeltine Esprit 645 Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 20 1495 Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 30 1715 1410 (Hazeltine dumb terminal) 575 1421 (Consul 580 & ADM 3A comp.). 595 1500 (dumb terminal) 825 1 520 (buffered, printer port) 1105 RETRaGRAPHICS TERMINALS VT 1 00 with graph ics pkg 3250 VT125 (DEC graphics! 3280 ADM 3A with graphics pl(g 1795 ADM 5 witli grapfiics picg 1845 300 BAUD TELEPRINTERS IJ* 34-DA DECwrlter iV 1045 LA 34-AA DECwrlter IV 1095 LA 36 DECwrlter li 1095 Diebio 630 RO 2295 Diabio 630 KSR 2695 Diebio 1650 KSR 2635 Tl 743 (portable) 1190 Tl 745 (port/built-in coupler) 1485 Tl 765 (port/bubble/b.i. coupler) 2595 600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS Epson MX-80 645 Ti 825 KSR impact 1 570 Tl 825 KSR picg 1795 1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERS Epson MX-100 995 LA 120 RA (receive only) 2095 LA 120 AA DECwriter III 2295 Tl 783 (portable) 1645 Tl 785 (port/built-in coupler) 2270 Tl 787 (port/internel modem) 2595 Tl 810 RO impact 1545 Tl 810 RO pkg 1795 Tl 820 RO impact , 1850 Tl 820 RO pkg 2025 Tl 820 KSR impect 2025 Tl 820 KSR picg 2195 Lear Siegler 310 ballistic 1945 2400 BAUD Dataproducts M200 (2400 baud) 2910 DATAPRODUCTS LINE PRINTERS B300 (300 LPM band) 5455 B600 (600 LPM band) 6930 B1000 (1000 LPM band) 11330 BP1500 (1500 LPM band) 19700 ACOUSTIC COUPLERS A/J A242-A (300 baud orig.) 242 A/J 247 (300 baud orig.) 315 Vadic VA 341 3 (300/1 200 orig.) 845 Vadic VA 3434 (1 200 baud orig. ) 845 MODEMS GDC 103A3 (300 baud Beiil 395 GDC 202S/T (1200 baud Bell) S6S VA 3212 (Bell 212A comp.) 825 VA 103 (300 beud modemphone) 235 VA 3451 (orig/ans triple modem) 885 VA 3455 (1200 baud orig/ans.) 770 VA 2450 (Bell 201 comp.) 725 CASSETTE STORAGE SYSTEMS Techtran 816 (stora/fonTOfd) 735 Techtran817 (store/for/speed up) 915 Techtran 818 (editing) 1226 Techtran 822 (duel) 1640 FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS Techtran 950 (store/forward) 1385 Techtran 951 (editing) 1995 'Please call for quote. Dlitributora; New York, New Jeraay and Ohio. NewYork: 51B/482-3500, 212/895-7177, 518/449-5859 OuUide N.Y.S.: 800/645-8016 New Jersey: 201/227-5552 Ohio: 216/464-6688 terrupt (EI) instruction (251 decimal) right before the 201 decimal for the RET; modify the POKE loop accord- ingly. The DI and EI were omitted from TONOUT to give the user some flexibility in using the project in dif- ferent configurations. A Telephone Dialer Our second cassette-output project is a pulse-type telephone dialer (TELDIL). Most telephone lines, even those using tone dialing, will accept dialing by a series of break/make pulses, spaced at defined inter- vals — similar to those created by a rotary-dial telephone. See figure 9 for an illustration of pulse dialing. The circuit for TELDIL is shown in figure 10. Put simply, the circuit opens and closes a relay to generate (FRONT VIEW) Figure 8: Two wires are connected to the 5-pin DIN plug for the cassette port. Shielded wire is preferable, but any wire will suffice. pulses, which are then transmitted to the telephone line through a special Data Access Arrangement (DAA) re- quired by and available from the telephone company. The TELDIL 170 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 310 on Inquliv card. The Grappler^*^ is the moiiiP- intelligent Apple interface avail- able. Simple commands from the Iceyboard or user program, are all you need to dump screen graph ics to your printer. The Grappler's exclusive EPROM chip makes high resolution graphics that easy. There are Grappler ver- sions to accommodate the Anadex, Epson Series * IDS Paper Tigers, Centronics 739, NEC 8023, C. Itoh Pro-writer, Okidata 82A,* Malibu 200, and future graphic printers. 'Requires Graphics Upgrade. mm *]i*r- ■ill* mm i_rn_j MAKE BREAK 4 PULSES REPRESENT DIGIT "4" Figure 9: Standard rotary dialing outputs a series of evenly spaced pulses to represent the digits 0 through 9. + 6V CASSlOUT RADIO SHACK MINI RELAY 1275-004) FROM TELEPHONE DATA ACCESS ARRANGEMENT Figure 10: The telephone-dialing circuit uses an operational amplifier to trigger a small relay. The relay opens and closes the telephone line through the Data Access Arrange- ment to simulate a rotary-dial pulse. "INTERDIGIT" DELAY OF 830 ms- jj MAKE BREAK 61,5 ms h — 100 ms/ PULSE (10 PULSES/sec) Figure 11: TELDIL breaks the circuit for 38.5 ms. Pulses are spaced at 100-ms intervals, representing 10 pulses per second. An interdigit delay of 830 ms separates the pulse trains for each digit. B = VARPTR (A$) B POINTS TO LOCATION OF A$ 50io «10 Z80 ADDRESS FORMAT LSB.MSB DISIT" 1 DieiT= 2 DIGIT" 1 DIGIT = 6 TERMINATOR IS NOT ASCII Figure 12: BASIC passes a painter to TELDIL. The pointer references a list of ASCII digits representing decimal values; the list is terminated by any non-ASCII value, e.g., binary 0. relay is driven by an LM3900 opera- tional amplifier (op amp), which in turn is driven by the TRS-80's CASSOUT line. Whenever the CASSOUT output level is greater than or less than 0 V, enough current flows through the 220-Q resistor to turn on the LM3900, bringing the output on pin 5 to 0 V. This closes the relay and breaks the connection to the DAA. The diode (Radio Shack's lN4000-series diode, catalog number 276-1102) across the relay coil is necessary to prevent high-voltage "spikes" from the induc- tive load of the relay coil from damaging the LM3900. The software for TELDIL is also a relocatable assembly-language pro- gram that interfaces to BASIC (see listing 4). Although the version shown here uses a delay loop for the Model I, there is enough "leeway" in the constants to use the same code for the Model III as well. The "make/break" rate for digits is limited to 10 pulses per second for most telephone systems. The circuit is broken for about 38.5 milliseconds (ms) for each pulse, and then made for 61.5 ms, as shown in figure 11. In- terdigit delay is about 830 ms. These delays can be adjusted for faster dial- ing on an experimental basis. BASIC passes a pointer to TELDIL in the USR call. The pointer references a string of ASCII decimal digits, such as "17145551212." Any number of digits can be used. The last byte of the string is a non-ASCII digit, such as binary 0 (see figure 12). TELDIL uses two loops. The outer loop from lines 250 through 480 picks up the ASCII digit from the string, tests it for valid ASCII decimal codes of 0 through 9, converts the digit into a stream of 1 through 10 pulses on the line, and increments the string pointer. It also delays 830 ms for the interdigit delay. The inner loop at lines 330 through 430 pulses the line for each digit. The line is broken by outputting binary 01 to port OFF hexadecimal and then delaying 38.5 ms. The line is then reconnected for 61.5 ms. The number of pulses is held in the B register, and the DJNZ repeats the loop for the number of pulses required. 172 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc BEAUTIFUL PROGRAMMING WTTH THE BRIDGE 3C ' COMPUTER, Develop two programs fkir the time of one. Sounds too good to be true? With the new BRIDGE 3C Compiler System you can easily do it! This new fully integrated BRIDGE system is designed for the professional who needs a powerful computer for software development. Our 3C System includes Pascal, C, and ... a completely structured FORTRAN compiler package. What's more, you utilize the full 256 K of memory with MEMDISK ™ and overlay linker Check the capabilities it offers, and plan to make your work more pleasant and productive with the BRIDGE 3C. UNIQUE SOFTWARE • CPM 2.2 enhanced by Cache BIOS ™ performing disk buffering, and MEMD7SK,™ virtual disk, speeding operations 4 to 10 times . • Operating utilities and diagnostics (all source code included). • Interrupt driven console with type-ahead buffering. • BMATE ™ screen oriented text editor/word processor • R80 ™ RATFOR preprocessor, FORTRAN compiler, true overlay linker and symbolic debugger for fast structured application programming. • Enhanced FORTRAN library, including. . . STRLIB^" string manipulations subroutines, system function calls, EASYPAK™ math library including vector and matrix operations, and an extensive scientific library. • Pascal-Z ™ generating efficient ROM-able and reentrant Z-code. Pascal package includes S Wi4r ™ symbolic debugger and overlay linker. • C compiler generating assembly language source code. 3C, MEMDISK, BMATE, R80, STRLIB and EASYPAK are trademarks of BRIDGE Computer Company, Division of Sea Data Corporation Cache BIOS, SWAT and Pascal-Z are trademarks of Ithaca InterSystems, Inc. INTEGRATED HARDWARE InterSystems mainframe including . . . • Powerful 1 Mbyte memory management system. • 256 K of memory including parity check (expandable to 1 Mbyte). • Two serial ports plus four parallel. • Dual 8" double sided, double density floppy disc drives with DMA disk controller for fast data transfer • S-100 Bus follows IEEE 696 standards. • Complete prioritized interrupt system. • Choice of Zenith or Tele video terminal. EXTENSIONS - OPTIONS FPP - System calendar, 3 interval timers, one additional serial port, and a 9511 Floating point processor with complete software interface. ROM - EPROM development package including programmer and dual port memory for emulating 2716's. GRX - High resolution graphics package. AD - Hardware and software drivers for 16 channels A-D converters (30kHz throughput) and 4 channels D-A converters. MEM - Additional 256 K memory. HD - Hard disk drive (30 Mbyte) with interface and all neces- sary software updates. And what about support? BRIDGE offers monthly seminars (BRIDGE User Group) plus 90 day hardware warranty and software support, wath optional 2-year extension. If you need a truly professional computer, start thinking about the BRIDGE 3C Compiler System. For complete information and prices, call us at (617) 244-3203 or write today. k 1 Computer Company . DIVISION OF SEA DAEA CORPORAHON ONE BRIDGE STREET NEWTON, MASS. 02158 U.S.A. Circle 59 on inquiry card. Listing 4: TELDIL is a Z80 subroutine to simulate a rotary telephone dialer. OlA'AUi iiJVi 1 \£jVj ORG 9000H ' ;♦****«««*♦»«**♦*»♦«****«**«*♦♦*»*»♦»«♦♦♦♦«»*«*♦«»****«*» ;» TELEPHONE DIALER. DIALS ANY NUMBER OF DIGITS FOR » 00130 ;* ROTARY-TYPE PHONE THROUGH CASSETTE PORT. ♦ 00 140 ENTRY: HL=> STRING OF ASCII DECIMAL DISITSi TERM- ♦ 00150 i * INATED BY NON -ASCI I * 00160 EXIT: AFTER NUMBER HAS BEEN DIALED « 00170 i #♦*«*♦*»*»*««*»♦«♦»«*♦♦♦«*«#♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦«*♦«**»»»#*♦*#«♦««»* 00180 0604 00190 Dl 0 ctr EG'U 097C 00200 WAITl EQU 2460 ;10 PULSES PER SECOND 7B14 00210 WAIT2 ESU 30740 !S30 MS INTERDIGIT 9000 CD7F0A 00220 TELDIL CALL 0A7FH ;GET ARGUMENT IN HL 9003 ^5 PUSH HL ;MOVE TO IX DDE 1 00240 POP IX SIX POINTS TO STRING 9006 DD7E00 00250 TEL005 LD Ai (IX) ?GET NEXT DIGIT 9009 D630 00260 BUB 30H 900B 2002 00270 JR NZ 1 TEL010 !60 IF NOT 0 900D 3E0A 00280 LD Ai 10 ;0-USE 10 PULSES 900F 3828 00290 TEL010 JR C, TEL090 iRTN IF LT 30H 901 1 FE0B 00300 CP 11 ;TEST FOR GT 10 9013 3024 003 i0 JR NCiTEL090 ; RETURN IF GT 10 9015 47 00320 LD Bi A ;# OF PULSES IN B 9016 3E01 00330 TEL020 LD Ai 1 !0N CODE 9018 D3FF 00340 OUT <0FFH)iA iTURN ON RELAY 901 A 210406 00350 LD HL, PULSE i DELAY CONSTANT 90 1 D 0E00 0C1"^6I71 LD Ci 0 ; RETURN FLAG 90 IF 1819 00370 JR DELAY ; DELAY 9021 3E02 00380 TEL030 LD A, 2 ;OFF CODE 9023 D3FF 00390 OUT (0FFH)>A ;TURN OFF RELAY 9025 21 9C09 00400 LD HL, WAITl ; BETWEEN PULSE DELAY 9028 0E01 00410 LD C, 1 ; RETURN FLAG 902A 1S0E 00420 JR DELAY ! DELAY 902C 10E8 00430 TEL040 DJNZ TEL020 SLOOP IF MORE PULSES 902E 21147B 00440 LD HLiWAIT2 S BETWEEN DIGITS DELAY 9031 0E02 00450 LD C.2' ; RETURN FLAG 9033 1805 00460 JR DELAY ! DELAY 9035 DD23 TEL050 INC IX ;BUMP STRING POINTER 9037 IBCD 00480 JR TEL005 SLOOP FOR NEXT DIGIT 9039 C9 00490 TEL090 RET ; RETURN TO BASIC 00500 ; DELAYS 24. 81*CNT IN MICROSECS + OVERHEAD 903A 2B 00510 DELAY DEC HL ! DECREMENT DELAY COUNT 903B ED5F 00520 LD A. R 3TIME WASTER 903D ED5F 00530 LD A, R iTIME WASTER 903F 7C 00540 LD A,H STE8T HL 9040 B5 00550 OR . L 9041 20F7 00560 JR NZi DELAY SLOOP IF NOT DONE 9043 CB49 00570 BIT l.C STEST FOR RTN PNT 2 9045 20EE 00580 JR NZ,TEL050 !G0 IF RTN PNT 2 9047 CB41 00590 BIT 0,C STEST FOR RTN PNT 1 9049 20E1 00600 JR NZ>TEL040 SGO IF RTN PNT 1 904B 18D4 00610 JR TEL030 SRTN PNT 0 0000 00620 END Listing 5: A BASIC program to demonstrate telephone dialing via the TRS-80 cassette port. The DATA statements contain the machine-language codes of the TELDIL subroutine. 40 REM SAMPLE TELDIL DRIVER . 60 A=0:B=0:C=0:A$="" 80 DATA 205, 127, IB, 229, 221, 225, 221, 126, 0, 214 100 DATA 413, 32, 2, 62, 10, 56, 40, 2'34, 11, 48 120 DATA 36, 71, 62, 1, 211, 255, 33, 4, 6. 14 140 DATA 0> 24i 25, 62! 2i 2,1 1 1 235:. 33> 156i 9 160 DATA 14, 1, 24, 14> 16, 232, 33, 20, 120< 14 180 DATA 2, 24, 5, 221, 35, 24, 205, 201, 43< 237 200 DATA 95, 237, 95, 124, IBl, 32, 247, 203) 73. 32 220 DATA 238, 203,, 65, 32, 225, 24,212 24.0 CLEAR 500 260 DEFUSR0=&H9000 280 FOR 1=36864-65536 TO 36940-65536 300 READ a: POKE IiA 320 NEXT I 340 INPUT A$: A«=A«+CHR» ( 0 ) 360 EJ=VARP1R(A*) 380 C=PEEK(B+1 )+(PEEK(B+2) )»256 400 A=USR0(C-65536) 420 GOTO 340 DELAY is a simple time-delay routine that delays 24.81 /ts times the HL count. To keep the code relocat- able, DELAY is not entered via an or- dinary CALL, which would have a nonrelocatable address, but is called with a code for the three return points. Listing 5 shows the machine- language code of TELDIL incor- porated within a BASIC program. In this case, it is moved to 9000 hexa- decimal, but it could be relocated to any convenient area in memory. The ASCII string is INPUT and a CHR$(0) is concatenated to the string for the terminating character. VARPTR is used to find the string location. Make certain that VARPTR is used immediately before the USR call because string variables move. The "C -65536" adjusts for addresses in the upper 32K bytes of RAM; for a 32K- or 48K-byte system, this would normally be the area in which string variables would be located. String variables within a BASIC program line, however, have addresses that represent the location of the program line, and the argument in the USR call must be adjusted accordingly . Constructing the TELDIL Circuit TELDIL uses the project board discussed earlier (see TONOUT). The components are connected as shown in figure 13. Power-supply voltage should be more than 6 V; the relay shown will not work well with a 5-V supply. The cassette plug is connected as shown in figure 8. A Serial Driver Our third project using the cassette output is an RS-232C output port that can be used to drive a serial printer, modem, or other serial device. Stan- dard rates of 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 bps can be selected with 10 bits per character. RS-232C signals appear as shown in figure 14. A voltage level below — 3 V represents a 1 bit; a voltage level above -|-3 V represents a 0 bit. Although the number of bits in a transmission varies, a common con- vention used with the TRS-80 is shown in figure 14. 174 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc As your business grows. grow with Our new HORIZON computer lets you make beautiful music. HORIZON® is our multi-user system that supports up to five simultaneous users at a cost per user that is the best in the industry. With it, you can use up to five terminals performing word processing, accounting activities and information man agement— in perfect harmony. Two packaged systems are avail able— the TSS/5, a 5Mb version and the TSS/18, an 18Mb version. Solo HORIZONs can expand to duets, trios, quartets or quintets with North Star's TSS/A Application System or North Star's TSS/C Multi-user CP/M® When you purchase the HORIZON multi-user system, you receive worldwide service, support and the most widely used small business computer in the world. (There are some 30,000 HORIZONs conducting The North Star logo and HORIZON are trademarks or refiistered trademarks of North Star Computers. Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc © 1981. North Star Computers, Inc. business around the world.) To find out how you can orchestrate your own kind of beautiful music, clip and mail this coupon, or call TOLL FREE 800-447-4700. (Illinois 800-322-4400.) North Star Computers, Inc. 14440 Catalina St., San Leandro, CA 94577 USA (415) 357-8500 TWX/Telex (910) 366-7001 Yes, I'd like more information on North Star^ multi-user system performance. NAME COMPANY ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP PHONE FOLLOW THE STAR Jfe^ iNoithSlari circle 300 on Inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 175 Authorized Dealers For: W/St HEWLETT mLUM PACKARD Rockwell International ^^npphz'oompubQf DISKETTES DYSAN DISK MEMOREX DISK CORVUS DISKS Winchester Disk in 5, 10, and 20 megabyte. CONSTELLATION DISK NET- WORK OMNINET MIRROR MODEMS NOVATION CAT NOVATION D-CAT HAYES SMARTMOOEM MONITORS SANYO MONITORS 9" Sanyo green screen 1 2" Sanyo B/W 1 2" Sanyo green screen 1 3" Sanyo Color XEROX commodore PRINTERS NEC SPINWRITERS-We have all models ROthruKSR. NEC 3500 Spinwiriters— 33 cps, hardware word processing package, bi-directional 370,000 character ribbon and much more. NEC 7700 Spinwriter— 55 CPS, printer; pitch is 1 0, 1 2, and also new 1 5 and proportional spacing. Twin sheet feeder and word processing package. INTEGRAL DATA- IDS PRISM PRINTER-Afford- able COLOR copy. True four color technology Ship from stock! IDS 560 Matrix Printer— 14V2 paper, 132 col. graphics. ■ ID Day Free Return — No Questions Asked ■ Choose From Largest Product Line In Industry ■ Imnnediate Shipment From S Multimillion Stock ■ Expert Service ■ Technically Knowledgeable Sales Staff ■ Serving Industry And Education Since 1 971 NO ONE ELSE HAS IT ALL- Call Our Experts For Immediate Configuration Service COMPUMARWiiS^d 65BentStreet. Dept. 104 PG Box 568, Cambridge, MA 021 39 TELEX: 921401 COMPUMART CAM 800-343-5504 In Mass call 617-491-2700 if you prefer, call our Ann Arbor Michigan store [3133 994-6344 WRITE: YOUR CHOICE OF FREE CAT- ALOGS WITH LETTERHEAD OR BUSINESS CARD SOFTWARE PERSONAL SOFTWARE Visi-Pack— Includes Visi-Calc, Visiplot/Visitend, Visifile. Visicaic-For HP, APPLE, COMMODORE and ATARI. MICRO CATALOG The most com- plete catalog of micro com- puters, periph- erals and accessories. DEC LSI-11/ PDP-11 CATALOG Includes com- patibles from Control Data, C-ITOH and others. ccishffzr 0^ 9^ BEST WORD PROCESSIIMG IIM THE WORLD- WAIMGWRITER Compumart is proud to announce the addition of Wangwriter to our product line. The finest word processor in the world. The Wangwriter is actually four products in one— a typewriter, a word processor, a CP/M personal computer, and an intelligent terminal. You'll find these outstanding features on the Wangwriter: • Dual disk • Up to ISSK memory • CP/M • Advanced word processing — Math, merge, sort and auto pagination • 75 pages of text on each SV^" disk • Supercalc • Communications option — Connects to RS232 interface -Or Wangnet. It's no wonder that Wang, with 65% of the shared logic word processing market is the number one company in the field. When you think of word processing, think of the Wangwriter. You could free up to 20% of your secretary's time! And when you need a typewriter, CP/M computer, and an intelligent terminal, think of the \)Vangwriter too. Call Compumart today for configuration help. PHONES; open eST Mon , -Thurs. 8:30-7:00, Fri. 8:30-6:00. PURCHASE ORDERS: Accepted from Dun and Bradstreet rated companies— shipment contingent upon receipt of signed purcliasB order, SALE PRICES: Valid for month of magazine date only— all prices subject to change without notice. ANN ARBOR RETAIL STORE HOURS: Tues.-Fri., 11:00-7:00, Sat. 10:00-5:00, closed Mon. HELP IS COMING FOR ALL PERSONAL COMPUTER OWNERS: Stop going broke buying software and hardware to find out it's not what you wantt The Personal Computer Owners Directory can eliminate a lot of wasted time and aggravation. Through the use of the directory, you can become aware of people In your area and nationally who have the same system or interests. Find out what is worth buying before spending your $$$$. The directory will be listed by cities and interests (e.g.) Games, business, art, robotics, education, etc.) To have your information listed and place your order for the Directory, SEND $19.95 ppd (check or money order) plus the following: Name, Address, Computer Type, Interests, will you help others, are you willing to trade inforrnation? Plus any other vital information. If you want your name entered, but do not wish to receive a directory, send $1.00 and the above info. The directory will be open for listings until May 1, 1982, at which time it will go to print. MASS. residents add 5% sales tax. PERSONAL COMPUTER OWNERS, INC. P.O. BOX 426 FEEDING HILLS, MASS. 01030 ^ (413) 789-1555 TO CASSETTE PLUG NO NC RELAY COIL COIL COM RADIO SHACK 276-175 EXPERIMENTER SOCKET WIRING DIAGRAM (SEE FIGURE 6) TO TELEPHONE DATA ACCESS ARRANGEMENT Figure 13: The TELDIL circuit is mounted on a project board. The relay leads can be trimmed, "built-up" with solder, and pushed into the project-board holes. -10 BITS /CHARACTER TYPICAL.— CHARACTER SHOWN IS ASCII "1" -START BIT =0 1 0 0 + 3 TO +15V (0 LEVEL) y////////J^////y^////4///////^^^^ -3 TO -15V (1 LEVEL) ^ -3V TO +3V SIGNALS NOT RECOGNIZED STOP BIT Figure 14: Logic is inverted in standard RS-232C signals. A 1 is represented by a negative voltage; aObya positive voltage. Voltage levels from —3 to +3 Vwill not be recognized as legitimate values. 178 April 19B2 © BYTE Publlcatioia Inc VVESTICO-The Software Express Service that really delivers: IIIIISOFTWARE IIIIIIFOR IIIPROFESSIONALS The day is fast approaching when computers will be as commonplace OS the office water cooler. The Westico software specialists offer a variety of programs to meet the needs of the professional looking for efficient solutions to a variety of tasks. In addition to quality soft- ware, you can count on the Westico experts for help and advice, Here's just a sample of the more than 150 quality programs currently in stock: MicroGANTT — Sophisticated project planning system which uses Critical Path Method analysis. Interactively defines tasks which comprise a project and displays a Gantt chart of the resulting plan. Budget costs and work hours are also calculated and displayed automatically An entire project can be included in a more global project as a single task. All data is easy to modify and con be dis- played or printed. Available for IBM Personal Computer and CP/M compatible computers. $395/$25. PTA — Professional time accounting for billing based on time. Maintains client master files, work in progress files, employee history files and detailed job files. Produces detailed accounting reports for manage- ment. $595/$40. MILESTONE'" — Critical Path Method project management. Displays and prints project plan in a summary cost/time table, by task or as Gantt charts. Project assumptions are easily revised to make "What if?" analyses. $295/$30. STATPAK — Statistics software library in Microsoft BASIC. Performs probability calculations, one independent variable statistics, discrete distribution functions, continuous distribution functions, regression analysis, means testing, survey data/contingency tables, non-parametric statistics and analysis of variance. Includes plotting and file management modules. $500/$40. LEGAL BILLING AND TIMEKEEPING — For low offices with up to 25 attorneys and a total of 35 time- keepers (including paralegals, secretaries, etc.). All time and expenses ore distributed to client accounts or other designated over- head accounts. Produces monthly client review sheets and ready-to- mail itemized bills. $895/$40. SUPERCALC ■ — Makes it possible to manipulate numeric data quickly and easily. Spreadsheet simulator lets you examine and alter numbers and text within a grid that can cover up to 63 columns and 254 rows of data. Produces hardcopy reports. $295/—. MINIMODtiL"' — Financial planning tool. Does big financial planning jobs at micro prices for cash flow projections, financial forecasting, venture analysis, project planning and risk analysis. Models limited only by disk space. Report content and format totally under user control. $495/$50. MICRO-TAX— Provides the tax prac- titioner or serious investor with an in-house computerized tax planning and preparation facility Level 1 for individuals $250, level 2 includes state tax interface $1000, level 3 includes partnership forms $750. TARGET'" Planner — Interactive modeling and planning program. Features include matrices up to 1000 elements and IF, THEN, ELSE, GREATER and LESSER conditionals. Commands for MINIMUM, MAXIMUM, AVERAGE and SUM, $195/$25. fc'T Interchange — Enables TARGET Planner to read and write from and to other data bases. $139/$15. TARGET Task — Integrates the procedures of Performance Evalua- tion and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM). Manipulates a project schedule to reach a desired completion date, or predetermined expense budget, $329/$25. The Westico 24-Hour Computer Hotline (203) 853-0816 (300 baud) for detailed information and quick access ordering. _ • Westico has more than 150 programs for professionals and businesses that use o wide variety of microcomputers includ- ing: TI?S-80 Model II, Apple, Vector Graphic, Cromemco, North Star, Micro- polis, Ohio Scientific, Altos, Dynobyte, IBM, Intertec, Xerox, Zenith, Northern Telecom, AVL Eagle and more. We're work- ing hard to be your software company. COD, MasterCard arid VISA accepted. Prices do not include stiipping and ore subject to change. In CT add 7V2% sales tax. All sales final. Manual price may be credited toward purctiase of software. Dealer inquiries invited. WES-45 Copyright © 1982 Westico. Inc. 4 WAYS TO ORDER • Write Westico, Inc., 25 Van Zant Street, Norwalk, CT 06855. • Call (203) 853-6880. • Telex 643-788. • Dial-up our 24-hour computer (300 baud) (203) 853-0816. WESTICO The Software Express Service 25 Van Zant Street • Norwalk, Connecticut 06855 (203) 853-6880 • Telex 643-788 Circle 480 on inquiry card. Each byte to be transmitted occurs at asynchronous, or irregular, times. The line is normally at a 1 level. A start bit leads the output and signals the receiving device that data are coming in. Eight data bits follow, with the least significant bit first. A stop bit puts the line at the 1 level after transmission, in preparation for the next character. The spacing for the 10 bits depends upon the transmission rate. Rates of 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 bps (bits per second) represent "bit times" of 3.333, 1.666, 0.833, and 0.416 ms, respectively. The chief problem now is to con- vert the low voltage levels of CASSOUT into the two RS-232G voltages. This is done with an LM741 comparator, as shown in figure 15. The supply voltages used with the comparator are +6 to + 12 V and —6 to —12 V. Batteries will work fine, and the voltages are not critical. The voltage-divider input to the plus (" + ") input of the LM741 is biased at about (220/15000) X V+, where V-l- is the positive supply voltage. This puts the plus input at about 1/10 V for a +6-V supply, or about 1/20 V for a +12-V. The out- put of the 741 will be -6 to -12 (1 level) whenever CASSOUT is greater than the plus input level, and -|-6 to +12 V (0 level) whenever CASSOUT is less than the plus input level. BASIC initializes the port control- ling CASSOUT to binary 00 (0.44 V), and so the TD (transmit data) line at reset is normally —6 to —12 V. By toggling the CASSOUT line at the ap- propriate rate, you can generate the RS-232C signals, SEROUT (see listing 6) is a relocatable assembly-language pro- gram called from BASIC by a USR call. Two parameters are passed: the byte to be transmitted and the transmission rate to be used. The byte can be any value from 0 through 255. If seven data bits are to be transmit- ted (as in data-communications ap- plications), make the eighth bit 0. SEROUT first picks up the trans- mission-rate code and puts it into the HL register pair. The code is a delay count for the DELAY subroutine. The byte to be transmitted is moved to the D register. Line 260 turns on CASSOUT to generate a start bit. A delay of one bit time is then done. The loop from lines 320 through 410 outputs the eight data bits, from least significant to most significant. A 1 bit is generated by sending a 01 to port OFF hexa- decimal, and a 0 bit is generated by sending a 10. A duration of one bit time is used for «ach bit. A stop bit is generated in line 430 after the eight data bits. This leaves the TD line at the 1 level in prepara- + 6V TO +12V +6V TO +12V CASSOUT nz> ,^START BIT = 0 8 DATA BITS TD jikxxxxxxxl! J- »«• SGND * "7 STOP BIT = 1^-^ -6V TO -12V Figure 15: The SEROUT project uses an operational amplifier to generate a positive and negative voltage representing RS-232C data signals, Any convenient positive and negative voltage may be used. Listing 6: SEROUT is a Z80 subroutine to perform RS-232C output through the Model I/lII cassette port. 00100 om 9000H 001 10 ; **********#********«*********************#####*##*###** 00120 SERIAL OUT THROUGH CASSETTE PORT. 00130 i* ENTRY! H=BYTE TO BE TRANSMITTED 00140 ; « L=BAUD RATE! 300 =201.600=100. 1200=51. 00150 ;* 2400=23 (MOD I)/ 230,115. 00160 ; * 58. 26 ( MOD III) 00170 i« exit: AFTER OUTPUT 00180 i ♦♦*«♦**»♦*♦»»»♦♦♦♦**»»»♦♦»♦*♦*«♦»♦*♦»«»♦«♦♦♦»♦»»»»«♦*** 00190 90130 CD7F0A 00200 SEROUT CALL 0A7FH ;GET PARAMETERS 9003 54 00210 LD D, H ;MOVE DATA TO D 9004 2600 00220 LD H, 0 ;HL NOW HAS DELAY CNT 9006 E5 00230 PUSH HL ; TRANSFER CNT TO lY 9007 FDEl 00240 POP lY 9009 3E02 00250 LD A>2 ! START BIT 900B D3FF 00260 OUT <0FFH),A SOUTPUT 900D FDE5 00270 PUSH lY 5 DELAY CNT TO HL 900F El 00280 POP HL 9010 0E00 00290 LD C.H 5FLAG FOR RTN 9012 1820 00300 JR DELAY i DELAY ONE BIT TIME 9014 0608 00310 SER040 LD B>8 ; SETUP DATA BIT LOOP 9016 3E02 00320 SER050 LD A, 2 50 BIT TO A 9018 CB3A 00330 SRL D ; SHIFT OUT DATA BIT 901 A 3001 00340 JR NC,SER035 ;G0 IF DATA BIT=0 901C 3D 00350 DEC A ;DATA BIT=1 901D D3FF 00360 SER055 OUT (0FFH)>A iOUTPUT 901F FDE5 00370 PUSH lY ■DELAY CNT TO HL 9021 El 003B0 POP HL 9022 0E01 00390 LD C, 1 ;flag for RTN 9024 180E 00400 JR DELAY ; DELAY 9026 10EE 00410 SER060 DJNZ SER050 SLOOP IF MORE BITS 9028 3E01 00420 LD Ai 1 SSTOP BIT 902A D3FF 00430 OUT (0FFH) .A i OUTPUT 902C FDE5 00440 PUSH lY !DELAY CNT TO HL 9a2E El 00450 POP HL 902F 0E02 00460 LD 0.2 ;FLAS FOR RTN 9031 1801 00470 JR DELAY ! DELAY 9033 C9 00480 SER070 RET i RETURN TO BASIC 00490 ; DELAYS 14.6*CNT IN MICROSECS (MOD I) + OVERHEAD 9034 2B 00500 DELAY DEC HL i DECREMENT DELAY COUNT 9035 7C 00510 LD A.H STEST HL 9036 B5 00520 OR L 9037 20FB 00530 JR NZ, DELAY ;LOOP IF NOT DONE 9039 CB49 00540 BIT 1 1 C ;TEST FOR RTN PNT 2 903B 20F6 00550 JR NZ> SER070 ;G0 IF RTN PNT 2 903D CB41 00560 BIT 01 C STEST FOR RTN PNT 1 903F 20E5 00570 JR NZ.SER060 iSO IF RTN PNT 1 9041 18D1 00580 JR SERO40 SRTN PNT 0 0000 00590 END 180 April 1982 © BYTE Publicattons Inc tion for the next start bit. The DELAY subroutine is called by relative jumps with a return flag to keep the code relocatable. Listing 7 shows a sample BASIC driver that contains the machine code for SEROUT as DATA statements. The code is relocated to start at 9000 hexadecimal. For demonstration, an ASCII 0 is continually output at a user-specified rate. The actual BASIC code to be used depends a great deal upon the ap- plication. If you are using SEROUT Listing 7: A sample BASIC driver for the SEROUT subroutine. The DATA statements contain machine-language codes for the subroutine. This program outputs a continuous stream of ASCII zeros. 1 10 J ;-:0 i:50 I A0 150 J 60 I /H iBia 190 200 ;• 1 0 :-:--B 23B 240 250 REM SAMPLE SEROUT DRIVER DATA 205, 127, 10, 84, 38, 0, DATA 2, 211, 255, 253, 22'^, 22 DATA 6, 8, 62. 2, 203. 38. 48. .i^:::>. 14, 0, 24, 1, 61, 211 DATA 255, 253, 227, 225, 14, 1, 24, 14, 16, DATA 62, 1, 211, 255, 253, 229, 225, 14, 2, DATA 1, 20J, KU 124, 181, 32, 251, 203. 73. »ATA 246, 20;.), 65. 32, 229. 24. 209 FOR 1=36864 TO 36930 READ A: POKE I -65536. A ne:xt I DEFUSR0=&H9000 INPUT "RATE?"!RT CH=4a B=USR0(CH*256+RT) SOTO 240 62 J38 24 32 TO CASSETTE PLUG +6V TO + 12V RADIO SHACK 276-175 EXPERIMENTER SOCKET Figure 16: The SEROUT circuit is mounted on a project board. Two sets of power- supply connections are required. MIcroGANn is a sophisticated project planning system winich uses Critical Patli Metirod (CPM) techniques and PERT to determine tasi< dependencies and project completion dates. The user creates tasles 8" Floppy Main/Frame 8" Disc Enclosure Phase/80 8" Floppy Mainframe Pt)ase/80 Desk + Mainframe Write or call for our brochure which includes our application note: "Building Computers — A Recipe" INTEGRAND 8620 Roosevelt Ave. • VIsalla, CA 93291 209/733-9288 We accept BankAmericard/Visa and MasterCtiarge 16 TO BIDIRECTIONAL PERIP ECTIONAL (~\ OUTPUT REGISTER u u 7^ ■A 0U1 V LIN TPUT ES 16 16 -p \ INPUT /' P 7 INP _L / REGISTER \, ^-J i LIN STROBE • I/O FLAG STATUS 7^ tPUT CONTROL CIRCUITRY DATA LINES ^ PERIPHERAL ADDRESS LINES" Figure 6: Block diagram of the Hewlett-Packard 98032 parallel interface. The parallel interface consists of registers and buffers. One register is for output, the other for input. The 32 unidirectional lines can be used as one set of bidirectional lines. If a peripheral has a bidirectional interface, these two sets of lines can be connected to form a bidirec- tional peripheral bus. Control circuitry in the interface accepts information from the computer and then sends the information to the peripheral. The same control circuitry can also, at the request of the computer, request information from the peripheral, then signal the computer when the information has been acquired. over these lines either into or out of the computer, but not in both direc- tions at the same time. The 98032A interface splits the I/O bus into two sets of data lines: 16 out- put lines and 16 input lines (see figure 6). This configuration is more com- patible with unidirectional periph- erals. Excess lines are left uncon- nected. Out of 32 data lines, only 8 might be used by a unidirectional, 8-bit peripheral. As mentioned above, interfaces sometimes serve to transform the sig- nal voltage levels used on an I/O bus to those required by a peripheral. Our sample I/O bus uses TTL (tran- sistor-transistor logic) levels, mean- ing that a low logic level is repre- sented by a voltage between 0 and + 0.7 volts (V). A high logic level is represented by a voltage between + 2.0 and +5.5 V. The input lines of the 98032A parallel interface connect to TTL circuitry in the interface, so TTL levels are required from the peripheral. The data output lines of the 98032A are driven by transistor circuits that can withstand +30 V for a high level. The low level is still be- tween 0 and +0.7 V for TTL com- patibility. Remember that when discussing logic signal lines, only two signal levels are allowed. One level cor- responds to a logic 1 and the other to a logic 0. If the higher voltage cor- responds to a logic 1 and the lower level to a logic 0, the signals are said to be positive-true. If the lower voltage level corresponds to a logic 1 and the higher voltage to logic 0, the signal is called negative-true . To sum up: 1. I/O bus lines are the conductors used to transfer data between the computer and the interface. 2. Interface input and output lines are the conductors used to transfer data between the interface and the peripheral. 188 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc IBM'S DOS or CP/M-86? Confused about operatins system options for your IBM Personal Computer? HAVE IT BOTH WAYS WITH LIFEBOAT S, CP/EMULATOR™. CP/EMULATOR solves the problem by permit- ting you to use all the software written for IBM's PC for both DOS and CP/M-86. This high performance, low cost DOS utility al- lows you to fully integrate and mix programs. You can use a DOS editor to write a program, compile it under a CP/M-86 compiler and ex- ecute the finished application under DOS. CP/EMULATOR extends the scope and capacity of all of your software. With CP/EMULATOR, CP/M-86 programs run quicker with faster file access than with CP/M-86 itself. Additionally, your program will enjoy all the other DOS advantages, such as large file size, dated directory displays, and more. The DOS peripherals are already installed and DOS com- mands are fully available. The package even contains a utility program to transfer programs and data files from a CP/M-86 disl<^iet® a stan- dard DOS diskette. NO NEED TO LEARN A NEW SET OF UTILITIES AND COMMANDS; NO NEED TO END UP WITH TWO INCOMPATI- BLE SETS OF DISKEHES; NO NEED TO SPEND HUNDREDS OF DOLLARS ON CP/M-86, WHEN CP/EMUL^TOR COSTS S75. NO NEED TO WONDER WHICH OPTION IS FOR YOUR IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER. PMATE: Editor-in-Chief Perform miracles of manipulation on your keyboard with Lifeboat's PMATE. This new generation text editor is the most sophisticated text editor available today and is bristling with features previously unavailable on microcomputers, making it ideal for virtually any program or data file editing. PAAATE's command set includes full screen single keystroke editing, horizontal scrolling, automatic disk buffering, macro command language,, text formatting, expression evaluation, conditional branching, I/O with prompting, and other program- ming language constructs. PAAATE makes use of 1 1 buffers for storage, and includes commands permitting work on more than one text at a time. Unique to PMATE is the facility for user customization. Keystroke functions can be redefined, and se- quences can be programmed to directly execute macros. Video commands can be changed, and macro functions can be written, to emulate any other editor with which you may be familiar. PMATE provides full side-scrolling, and can be used with virtually ANY video terminal on the market. IF you use an editor, you need PAAATE. PMATE is the only text editor you'll ever need. PMATE-86 is available for IBM's Personal Computer DOS, 56-86^^ and MS-DOS™. Also available is PAAATE for SB-80 and other CP/M-80icct to change without notice 1 Wrile or call jor jiee catalogue JOHN D. OWENS Associates, Inc. 12 Schubert Street, Staten Island, New York 10305 ^ 212 448-6283 212 448-2913 212 448-6298 d 198 April 1982 © BYTE Publicatioiis Inc ments can communicate. Their understanding each other, however, is not guaranteed by the standard. Using the IEEE-488 standard is like using the international telephone system. You can call anywhere on earth because a compatible com- munications network, the telephone system, exists. Sounds you make can reach the other end of the connection, and you can hear the sounds made by the person at that other end. The hardware for communications is all in place, but there's no guarantee that you'll understand what the other per- son is saying or vice versa. Hardware compatability does not guarantee language compatibility. Hewlett-Packard has an implemen- tation of the IEEE-488 standard which it calls the HPIB or Hewlett-Packard Instrumentation Bus. HPIB is a com- bination of the hardware interface specified by the IEEE-488 standard and a communications technique that makes it possible for instruments to communicate with each other. The standardization also allows the system designer to communicate what's going on in the system. The IEEE-488 standard is so general that almost any peripheral or instru- ment can be purchased in an HPIB version. Voltmeters, power supplies, signal generators, printers, plotters, and disk drives are only a few of the devices available. All may be con- nected on the same bus. Unlike the parallel interface, which connects a single device with the com- puter, the HPIB interface makes it possible to connect as many as 15 devices (including the coirtputer). HPIB is indeed a bus, similar in con- cept to the I/O bus of the computer. Controllers, Talkers, Listeners Only two entities reside on the I/O bus: the computer and the interface. The computer is always in control of the I/O bus, and the interfaces are slaves, doing the computer's bidding. Three types of devices exist on the HPIB: controllers, talkers, and listeners. These types are actually at- tributes and may exist alone or in combination within any given peripheral. For example, the HPIB in- terface allows a computer to be a talker, listener, and controller. A voltmeter may only be a talker limited to supplying the system with information, while a printer may only be a listener limited to accepting data from the system. Further, any of the HPIB attributes may or may not be active at a given tiihe. Figure 8 illustrates how an HPIB system might be structured. The lines on the right of the figure represent the HPIB's 16 signal lines. The 16 signal lines are divided into 3 groups, the first of which is composed of 8 data lines. Forming the data bus, these bidirectional signal lines carry infor- mation and messageis between devices on the bus. The second group, the data byte transfer control group, is composed of 3 lines: DAV (data valid), NRFD (not ready for data), and NDAC (not data accepted). As the names imply, this group is used to sequence the flow of information over the data lines. The 5 remaining ★ ★GREETINGS TO OUR FRIENDS IN WEST GERMANY * ★ HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS PLOTTERS Standard & Intelligent models w/surface areas of SVz'Xll' to 11' X 17" . Front panel electronic controls. DMP-2 . . .$ 935. DMP-3 $1,195. DIVIP-4 . . . $1,295. DMP-5 . . . .$1,455. DMP-6 . . . $1,685. DMP-7 $1,865. HAYES MICRO MODEM 100 $359. Smartmodem . .$251. Cronograph . .$224. EPSON MX 80 $475. MX80F/T $630. MX 100 $725. RS232 INTERFACE $70. GRAFTRAX . .$ 95. 2K BUFFER . $140. 3M SCOTCH® Diskettes In storage box 5 box minimum, price per box. 740, 8" ss/sd $29.00 741,8"ss/dd $35.50 743,8" ds/dd $45.50 744-0, 5Vi" soft sectored or 744-10, hard sectored, single sided $28.50 Head cleaning kit $28.00 TEI MAINFRAMES, S-lOO MCS112 . . .$ 620. MCS 122 . . .$ 745. RM12 $ 655. RM22 $ 790. OEM & Qty. discounts offered TARBELL Z80 CPU $395. New I/O card 4S -t- 2P $347. Double Density Controller $435. CENTRAL DATA MULTIBUS: Z8000 $940. PMMI S-100 Modem $385. Compatible w/telex & Twx. 51 to 600 baud. On board pulse dialer. HAZELTINE 1500 $ 885. 1510 $ 980. 1520 $1,210. ESPRIT $ 695. 1 yr. on-site service GontractI . . . .$ 49. TELETYPE Model 4320 AAK $1,140. Model 43ASR, 8 level, 1' tape. . .$2,595. MICRO ANGELO Price Lowered SUBSYSTEM W/LIGHT PEN $2,300. Includes S-100 graphic card, 15" moni- tor, detached keyboard, light pen. Without light pen $1,930. Graphics card alone $ 975. Screenware Pak II $ 350. TEKEM: Tektronix emulator $ 350. Color systems from 4 to 256 colors. Basic color system (4 colors) $2,330. IDS PRISM COLOR PRINTER . . .$1,795. Enhanced 560 w/software selectable colors; high speed printing at 200cps. CORVUS: New Lower Prices! 6.7MB . . .$3,005. 11.3MB . . $4,655. 20.5MB $5,595. For S-100 and most other systems. EMULATOR Z80/8086. Will permit an 8086 using 86-DOS or CP/M-86® to run CP/M® programs w/ no modification $150. FORMULA: ALL-IN-ONE information manager+data base-l-w/p-)- accounting software $595. KONAN SMC-100 hard disk controller. S-100, 2400MB control $1,469. Complete KONAN line available COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE Enables communications from a micro to a terminal or to another micro, mini or maxi computer. Source code $500. MICROSOFT COBOL-80 $560. BASIC-80 (interpreter) $270. BASIC COMPILER: $305. FORTRAN-80 $380. X-MACRO-86: $275. muLISP/muSIMP: $190. MICROPRO WORDSTAR: $320. MAIL MERGE: $110. QUICKSCREEN $149. Use CRT as scratch pad, produce quality screens, create reports & forms. Complete software $595. dBASE II demo package $75. lAir T'-vr»/^r>T' Overseas Callers: WE EXPORT ph„„, 212 448-6298 WF.NSASSOC JOHN D. O SEE OUR AD ON FACING PAGE April 1982 © BYTE Publicaa™ Inc 199 Performance, Reliability: Pictured: CompuPro System Enclosure, Dual Disk Drive Enclosure, Disk 1, MPX, Selector Channel, and RAM 16. Quality, CPU 808618087 Since its introduction in early 1980, CPU 8085/88 the first board to combine 8 and 16 bit processing — has become an industry standard. No other single board lets you run today's 8 bit software on an 8085 CPU, and tomorrow's 16 bit software on the popular 8088 CPU. Now CPU 8086/87 delivers ultra-efficient 16 bit operation, with 8 MHz* clock speeds (10 MHz* CSC). This ground-breaking CPU board teams Intel's 8086 16 bit processor with sockets for their 8087 math co-processor (adds number-crunching capability rivalling many minicomputers), and the 80130. CPU 8086/87 is compatible with all 8 bit IEEE 696/S-100 memory and peripherals, as well as with more efficient 16 bit memories. There's even an optional 8 bit CPU board available for use with this, or any other, CompuPro 16 bit processor to preserve 8 bit software compatibility. CompuPro products stand out above the crowd. For business, scientific, and industrial solutions contact your CompuPro Systems Center. , ompuPro J- CPU 8086/87: $695, CSC $850. With 8087: price upon request. CPU 8085/88: $425, CSC $525. *8086 alone; 8087 requires lower clock rates CompuPro division Godbout Electronics, Oakland Airport, CA 94614-0355 (415) 562-0636 Circle 457 on inquiry card. GENERAL DATA BYTE INTERFACE TRANSFER MANAGEMENT CONTROL BUS DEVICE A ABLE TO TALK LISTEN, AND CONTROL COMPUTER) DEVICE B ABLE TO TALK AND LISTEN (e-9-. MULTIMETER) DEVICE C ONLY ABLE TO LISTEN (e.g., SIGNAL GENERATOR ) DEVICE D ONLY ABLE TO TALK (e.g., COUNTER ) Figure 8: Sample configuration of the IEEE-488-1978 interface bus. Devices on the bus can be talkers, listeners, or controllers. Controllers manage the bus, activating and deactivating listeners. Talkers place data on the bus. Listeners accept data from the bus. A device connected to the bus can be a talker, a listener, a controller, or any combina- tion of the three. Most computers, like device A, are talker, listener, and controller so that the computer can configure the bus, then send and receive information. Device B, a multimeter, can talk and listen, sending readings and receiving set-up information such as range and function. Device C, a signal generator, listens only. Printers are usually listeners. Device D, a frequency counter, talks only, placing readings on the bus. The IEEE-488-1978 bus is divided into three sets of signals. The data bus carries the informa- tion being transferred. Data byte transfer control lines sequence the flow of informa- tion. The general interface management lines have special functions: IPC (interface clear) resets the bus interfaces; ATN (attention) sends bus commands; and SRQ (service request) signals bus interrupts. lines form the third group of signal lines: the general interface manage- ment group. These lines carry control and status information about the devices connected to the bus. Assigning Roles Figure 8 shows 4 devices attached to the HPIB. Device A has the talker, listener, and controller attributes. As a controller, device A may assign the role of active talker to any device on the bus capable of undertaking that role, including itself. As a talker, device A can supply information to other devices on the bus. As a listener, device A can accept informa- tion from the other talkers on the bus. A computer is likely to have all three attributes. Although device A is the only con- troller shown in figure 8, more than one controller is allowed in an HPIB system. To prevent conflicts, however, only one controller can be active at a time. Control may be passed from one controller to another by means of a sequence defined in the standard. A controller designated the system controller becomes the active controller when the system is turned on. All other controllers must remain passive until control is passed to them. Device B in figure 8 is both a talker and a listener. It can be addressed by the controller and made an active talker or listener. An active talker controls the DAV signal line in the data byte transfer control group. An active listener controls the NRFD and NDAC signal lines. Device C can only be a listener. Device D is limited to being a talker. Either of these devices may be made active by the controller. A data trans- action is controlled by both the active talker and the active listener. The talker drives the bus with data, while the listener accepts the information transmitted by the talker. To avoid conflict, only one talker can be active at a time. However, several listeners can be active at once. Transferring Information The possibility of several active lis- teners receiving data simultaneously presents a problem because those listeners may not accept data at the same rate. Data-transfer speed must be paced by the slowest active listener, or that listener may lose data. The data transfer rate on the HPIB is controlled by an electronic voting system called the open collector. This voting system requires unanimous agreement among active listeners and the active talker before the data trans- action is completed. Information transfer takes place as follows: 1. All active listeners indicate on the NRFD line their state of readiness to accept a new piece of informa- tion. This signal line is usually con- nected to -1-5 V through a resistor. If an active listener is not ready, it pulls the NRFD line down to 0 V by turning on a transistor con- 202 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc Before you C.ITOH, see us. When you see us we'll tell you about the line of quality printers available from C.ltoh, one of the largest manufacturers of computer peripherals in the world. C.ltoh has a printer to fit your needs. C.ITOH STARWRITER C.ltoh's line of letter-quality Daisy Wheel Printers offers an unnnatched connbination of price and performance. Since the Starwriter is available in two versions — the 25 cps Starv^riter I and the 45 cps Starwriter II — you don't have to buy more printer than you need. If you don't need high print speed, the Starwriter I offers you more for your printer dollar. The Star- writer prints up to 136 columns of sharp letter-quality printing using cloth or film ribbons; its Automatic Bi-Directional prin- ting mode assures the highest possible throughput. The Starwriter uses industry- standard 96-character print wheels and ribbons, so there are no supply problems to worry about. Plug compatible with all major daisy wheel printers, it re- quires no changes in software or hardware and is available with a Centronics Parallel or RS 232C Serial interface. Optional Accessories: Bi-Directional trac- tor, Single Sheet Feeder. The Starwriter is backed by C.ltoh's one-year warranty (90 days parts and labor, 9 suc- ceeding months parts). STARWRITER I Parallel 25 cps . . 1440.00 STARWRITER I Serial 25 cps 1540.00 STARWRITER II Parallel 45 cps. 1770.00 STARWRITER 11 Serial 40 cps, . .1795.00 Bi-Directional Tractor 239.00 Single Stieet Feeder 1395.00 C.ITOH PRO/WRITER The C.ltoh Pro/Writer offers professional quality at a very low price. Compare the advanced features that are standard on the Pro/Writer with what other printers in its price range offer, and you'll find that none offer so much value for the money; you won't have to buy 'op- tions' to get the performance you want. The Pro/Writer uses the latest in dot-matrix printing technology to provide a productive, cost-effective solution to all your printer needs. Some of the Pro/Writer's Advanced Features: N X 9 MATRIX BI-DIRECTIONAL PRINTING PROPORTIONAL SPACING DOT ADDRESSABLE GRAPHICS SPECIAL GRAPHICS CHARACTERS ENHANCED PRINTING FRICTION & TRACTOR FEED 100 CPS PRINT SPEED LOGIC SEEKING PICAS (10 PITCH) & ELITE (12 PITCH) 5 ALPHABETS 8 TOTAL CHARACTER FONTS DOUBLE-WIDTH PRINTING OPTIONAL RS 232C W/ X-ON & X-OFF PRO/WRITER Centronics Parallel 549.00 PRO/WRITER RS 232C Serial 599.00 We built a reputation on our prices and your satisfaction. We guarantee everytliing for 30 days. If anyttiing is wrong, return tlie item and we'll make it right. And, of course, we'll pay ttie sliipping ctiarges. We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders; COD orders, up to $300.00. ^—^—^^ Add $2.00 for standard UPS sfiipping and l^rE™^^ tiandling on orders under 50 lbs. delivered in con- Iv'l I I tinental U.S. Call for stiipping ctiarges over 50 — — _ I* \^ i, lbs. Foreign, FPO and APO orders, add 15% for ^^^^^^^■l^^kl B^^^^BT^^ stiipping. Californiana add 6% sales tax. l^B^CM Jl IK _ I ^^fc Prices quoted are for stock on tiand and are ■ I m^^m^\^^^ m subject to cliange witliout notice. To order, or for information3_call: (213)706-0333 31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362 Circle 19 on inquiry card. Basic Betting is your basic guide to winning! If you understand BASIC pro- gramming and enjoy a sporting wager, this new paperback can help you turn your fun into profit. Drawing on years of experience with both computers and gam- bling, James Jasper, a profession- al computer consultant, gives you • Actual, tested programs— complete and ready to run — for picking winners in horse- racing, football, baseball, and basketball. • A wealth of professional tips, like the mistake (in your favor!) often made in calculating basketball odds. • Sources for your data bases, including descriptions and addresses. • Instructions for developing new programs for your favorite sport! Even if your winnings are all imaginary you'll discover new dimensions in sports and new pleasure in using your computer Look for BASIC Betting at book- stores, or use the coupon to order direct. I Please return the coupon to: 1st. MARTIN'S PRESS 176 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y 10010 Attn: JW Please send me_ _copy(ies) of BASIC Betting at $10.95 delivered. My checl< or m,o. is enclosed in the amount of $ I may examine it for thirty days and, if not 100% satisfied, I can return it for a complete refund. Name_ Address- City I Stale- _Zip_ DATA LINES FALSE DAV NRFD NDAC FALSE Figure 9: Diagram of timing on the IEEE-488-1978 bus. Data transfers occur with a unique 3-wire handshake. First, the active talker waits for all active Usteners to release the NRFD (not ready for data) line. When this happens, the signal rises to a positive level. The talker then places the data on the data lines, waits 2 microseconds, and drives the DAV (data valid) line low, indicating that the data should now be accepted. Recognizing the transition in the DAV line, the active listeners drive NRFD low. The active listeners have as much time as necessary to release NDAC (not data accepted). When all active listeners do release NDAC, its voltage rises to a positive level. This tells the talker to release DAV. At the release of DAV, the listeners pull NDAC low again. This restores the bus to the original state, where it is ready for another transfer. nected to the signal line. The ac- tivated transistor acts as a short to ground, pulling the voltage on the NRFD line to ground potential or 0 V. When the listener is ready to accept data, it turns off this tran- sistor. When all active listeners turn off their transistors, the resistor connected to -|-5 V pulls the NRFD signal line up to around -f 5 V. The active talker observes the state of the NRFD line and will not start the data transfer until the signal line reaches a high voltage level. 2. The active talker observes that the NRFD line has gone high. It places a data byte on the data lines and waits 2 microseconds (0.000002 seconds). It then asserts DAV by pulling it low to 0 V. This 2-microsecond wait, called settling time, allows the data to reach valid logic levels on the data lines. The assertion of DAV is a signal to the active listener(s) to read the infor- mation on the data bus. The listeners acknowledge the assertion of DAV by immediately pulling back down on NRFD. 3. Until now, the active listeners have held NDAC low. When DAV is asserted and all of the active listeners accept the data on the data lines, they will release NDAC. As the slowest active listener releases NDAC, the pullup resistor will cause the signal line to go high. 4. The active talker observes the NDAC line in a high state. It acknowledges the listeners' accep- tance of the data by releasing DAV. The release of DAV signals the listeners that the data transfer is complete; they again pull NDAC low in preparation for the next transfer. Figure 9 shows a timing diagram of the complete handshake. Note that control of the data transfer is effected by the active talkers and listener(s). Once the controller has configured the bus, it takes no part in subsequent 204 April 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc W hitesmiths, Lt d - is now shipping Pascal Compilers for 10 (count em ten) different operating system families: isis-ir Idns/BSO VERSAdos ldns/S68K UNIX/32V* 'Available in source form only. Idris is a trademark of Whitesmiths, Ltd. ■ UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories 1 CP/M is a trademark of Hieital Reseatch ■ RSX-1 IM. RSTS/E. RT- 1 1 . and VMS are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation ■ VERSAdos is a trademark of Motorola Inc. All implementations support the full ISO Pascal (Level 0). All pass the Tasmanian Validation Suite with flying colors. And all are free of those tempting non-standard extensions— because we added the only extension you need. Separate Compilation. You can partition your Pascal program into separately maintainable files. You can write library functions to add to the extensive set we give you (about 100 of them). And you can mix in modules written in other languages, like assembler (if you must) or C (to preserve portability). In fact, C language support comes with every Pascal Compiler we sell. Our native Pascal Compilers are only $950, including shipping in the con- tinental U.S. Cross Compilers, for most combinations of host system and target machine, $1350. Interested? Write or call. Distributors: Australia, Fawnray Pty Ltd., Brighton-Le-Santis 522 5574 Japan, Advance Industries, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 03-258-0839 United Kingdom, Real Time Systems, Newcastle upon Tyne 0632 733131 Whitesmiths, Ltd. P.O. Box 1132 Ansonia Station New York, N.Y. 10023 (212) 799-1200 Telex 645 592 Blt# Information Type 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Bus command X 0 0 C C C C c Listen Address X 0 1 L L L L L Talk Address X 1 0 T T T T T Secondary Address X 1 1 S S S S S Table 1: Interface definitions for the 98032A parallel interface. Table la defines the input registers, and table lb defines the output registers. transactions until reconfiguration is desired. Configuring It Out Now that data transfer on the HPIB has been covered, let's consider how the bus is configured. One of the general interface management lines is called ATN (attention). The active controller manages this line. ATN signifies whether the data transfers on the bus are data or control informa- tion. The active talker controls data transactions, as explained above, but the active controller supervises con- trol transfers. When the controller wishes to con- figure the HPIB, it asserts the ATN line. This causes any active talker to relinquish control of the DAV line. Transtnission of control information occurs in the same manner as transfer of data. The difference is that when ATN is asserted, the active controller takes the place of the active talker, and both talkers and listeners accept the information. All devices, whether active or not, accept information transmitted by the controller when ATN is asserted. The active talker and active listeners may be designated during the transmission of control informa- tion. The data lines carry control in- formation after ATN has been asserted. Table 3 lists the meanings of the control data bits. Note that bit 7 is not used. Bits 6 and 5 serve to classify the control in- formation as to command type. A control transfer with bits 6 and 5 set to 0 is a bus command that directly controls devices on the bus. Trigger- ing a function and passing control from the active listener to a passive one are two examples of bus commands. Transmission of a control byte with bit 6 set to 0 and bit 5 to 1 ac- tivates a listener. A listener that observes its address in the lower 5 bits of a listen address control byte becomes active. When ATN is negated, it will assume control of NDAC and NRFD. Listeners that Blocks for Microcomputer Systems, Dedicated Controliers and Test Equipment. R'l/O S-100 ROM, RAM & I/O BOARD ECT's R2|/0 is an S-100 Bus I/O Board with 3 Serial I/O Ports (UART's), 1 Parallel I/O Port, 4 Status Ports, 2K of ROM with the 8080 Apple Monitor Program and 2K of Static RAM. $295.00 RM-10 S-100 RACK MOUNT CARD CAGE ECT's RM-10 Is a rack mount 10 slot Card Cage with Power Supply, consisting of an ECT-100 rack mount Card Cage (19"W x 12.25"H x 8"D), the MB-10 Mother Board (with ground plane and termination) all 1 0 connectors and guides and the PS-1 5A Power Supply (15A @ 8V, 1.5A @ ± 16V). $295.00 ECT Specij^izing in Quality Microcomputer Hardware T„ Industrial • Educational • Small Business • Personal Card Cages, 'Power Supplies, Mainframes, CPU's, Memory, IIO, OEM Variations ELECTRONIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 763 Ramsey Ave., Hillside, NJ 07205 (201) 686-8080 206 April 1982 © BYTE PubBcaUoro Inc Circle 166 on Inquiry card. GP-100A; US$389 COMMAND PERFORMANCE. Seikosha gives you all the best features— including economy and super-clear graphics. Unlike some graphic printers, Seitcosiia's new GP-IOOA Clni-Hammer Graphic Printer puts full dot addressable graphic at your command. The GP-IOOA lets you repeat a column of data as many times as needed with just one command. Software control enables double-width character output, and the positioning is both character and dot addressable. Designed for simple operation, it ranks among the most cost -efficient graphic printers on the market. Command performance tech- nology that not only works for you now, but takes you well into the future. Distributed by AXIOM CORPORATION 1014 Griswold Avenue San Fernando, Calif. 91340 Piione (213) 365-9521 TWX (910) 496-1746 Ivlanufactured by SEIKOSHA SYSTEM EQUIPMENT DIV. 4-1-1 Talliei Sumida-l(U ToRyo Japan. Plione: 03-623-8111 Teiex: 262-2620 Circle 368 on inquiry card. Other valuable features: •Graphics, regular and double width character modes can be intermixed on the same line. • Automatic printing. When the text exceeds the maximum line length, there is no loss of data due to overflow. • Self-test printing is a standard feature. •Centronics type parallel interface. •Paper width is adjustable up to 10 inches. •Optional lnterface:RS232C,IEEE488,apple li.etc. Graphic Prinlser ^ Beriea don't observe their listen addresses in a control transfer don't change state, remaining as they were before the controller asserted ATN. Deactivating Listeners The HPIB provides a way to deac- tivate all active listeners. The 5 bits of the listen address allow 32 listen ad- dresses. These addresses range from 0 to 31. Address 31 is the "unlisten" ad- dress. Active listeners observing the unlisten address in a listen command's address field will go inac- tive. The definition of talk addresses is similar to that for listen ad- dresses — with one exception: any ac- tive talker that observes a talk com- mand to another device will go inac- tive. As a result, activating one talker guarantees deactivation of any other active talkers. This prevents confhcts on the bus. Talk-address 31 is the "untalk" address. When the con- troller issues an untalk command, no active talkers are left on the bus. Secondary addresses are used to address subunits within a device. Some HPIB instruments are actually clusters of devices, but secondary ad- dressing allows addressing of a device within such a cluster. The remaining four lines in the general interface-management group serve to control the interface sections of the HPIB devices. IFC (interface clear) may be called on by the active controller to override all bus activity and to place the bus in a known state. This signal aborts any data transfers in progress and is used only when something has gone wrong. The REN (remote enable) signal allows the HPIB to control a device. The active controller uses the REN line to indicate to an active listener whether or not the listener will use the information sent to it by a talker. EOI (end or identify) is applied in two ways. First, the active talker may assert it to designate a data byte as the last in a message. EOI is also part of a serial poll, which will be dis- cussed later. The SRQ (service request) signal enables a device to get the active con- troller's attention. This signal is a re- quest, not a demand. The controller may ignore SRQ as long as it wishes. When the controller finally does acknowledge SRQ, it has to deter- mine which device is requesting ser- vice. Since SRQ is shared by all devices on the bus, the requester isn't identified immediately. Polling Along A controller can employ two methods to determine the address of the device requesting service. Both methods are called polls. A poll is the controller's request for status infor- mation. The controller may request the status of any device individually by addressing the device as a talker and sending that device a serial-poll enable command. This constitutes one of the bus commands a controller Once the controller has configured the bus. It takes no part in subsequent transactions until reconfiguration Is desired. can send when it asserts ATN. Using the serial poll, the controller can ob- tain 8 bits of status information from the addressed device. The controller then sends a serial-poll disable com- mand to the device, returning it to data mode. Serial polling's advantage lies in the fact that 8 bits of poll information are obtained from each device polled. One bit can be used to indicate whether or not the device is re- questing service. The remaining 7 bits are available for other purposes. A disadvantage of the serial poll is speed. Each device on the bus must be polled in turn, since more than one device may be requesting service. A faster method of polling is the parallel poll. The parallel poll is per- formed when the active controller asserts both ATN and EOI. Up to 8 devices may respond, each on a dif- ferent data line. The only information obtained in a parallel poll is whether or not a device is requesting service. Since each device has only 1 bit to respond with, obtaining further infor- mation is impossible. You Don't Have to Know One of the IEEE-488 standard's best features is that a system user doesn't have to know any of the information presented in this article. The stan- dard, if followed by all the manufac- turers of the devices put on a bus, guarantees that devices can talk to each other. This assumes that the system builder doesn't violate the standard by placing two devices at the same address, or by cormecting two system controllers to the bus. What then does the system user need to know7 The standard does not specify the messages and data for- mats, both of which depend on the application. For example, if a voltmeter wants to tell the computer that it detects +1.234 volts at its in- put, what does it send to the com- puter as data? Most computers and computer languages prefer ASCII characters. HPIB specifies that ASCII is to be used. Next, the data format must be determined. Will the digits be sent most significant or least signifi- cant first? Again, most computers and languages prefer the digits just as you might type them, from most significant to least. Thus, the voltmeter might send the following sequence of characters: + 1.2 3 4 The and characters stand for carriage return and linefeed. These characters are often used as message terminators in computer communications. alone is usually sufficient. The definition of messages and message formats leaves the lEEE-488 standard and enters the realm of HPIB. This higher-level implementa- tion removes yet another layer of in- terface problems from the shoulders of the system user. Next month, I'll discuss two other major types of interface: the BCD in- terface, often used when a computer receives data from scientific in- struments, and the serial interface, used to transmit data over a single wire. We'll see how each evolved to deal with specific problems in com- munications. ■ 208 April 19a2 © BYTE PubUcaUoiu Inc Circle 409 on Inquiry card. ANNOUNCING ANOTHER NEW IDEA FROM TELEVIDEO: THE SMART 910 PLUS. Our new ideas have a way of sweep- ing the market. In just a few years, TeleVideo has come from nowhere to become the No. 1 independent in CRT terminals. The reason: we offer exceptional quality, reliability and usability at a price no one can beat. (In fact, we use the same high quality modules, from keyboards to monitors, throughout the entire line.) The smart 910 Plus Block Mode terminal is our latest innovation. For the money you'll find nothing that outperforms it. For example, simply by touching a key you can activate its gated printer port. Another point: since service is a major concern, we have ours handled nationwide by one of the best: General Electrics Instrumentation and Communication Equipment Service Centers. Right now, we have the new 910 Plus ready for immediate delivery To order or have questions answered call 800-538-8725 (toll-free outside California.) Since it's priced at just $699 per unit, your decision should be very easy. TeleV'.deo Systems, inc. 1 170 Morse Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 800-538-8725 (toO-freeoutside California) 910 Plus Features • Block mode • Off-line editing • 10 programmed function codes • Cfiangeable codes • Protected fields • 5 screen attributes (blink, blank, reverse, underline, half intensity) • 15 baud rates (50b to 10.2Kb) • Gated printer port • Typewriter-style keyboard • Typewriter tabs • Erase to end line • Erase to end of page • Self-test • Monitor mode • 4 strappable languages CALIFORNIA Santa Ana 714/557-5095; Sunnyvale 408/745-7760 • GEORGIA Atlanta 404/255-9338 • TEXAS Dallas 214/980-9978 • ILLINOIS Chicago Area 312/351-9350 MASSACHUSETTS Boston 617/658-6891 • NEW YORK/NEW JERSEY 201/267-8805 • UNITED KINGDOM West End Surrey 44-9905-6464 ATARI HOME COMPUTERS Texas Instruments A ATARr ATARI 800 16K ... $679 32K . . . $749 48K ... $819 410 Recorder $76.00 810 Disc Drive ; $449.00 822 Printer $269.00 825 Printer $629.00 830 Modem $159.00 820 Printer $269.00 850 Interface $169.00 New DOS 2 System $29.00 PACKAGES 481 Entertainer $83.00 482 Educator $130.00 483 Programmer $57.00 484 Communicator $344.00 ATARI HOME COMPUTER PROGRAMS Home Office CX404 ATARI Word Processor $1 19.00 CX8102 Calculator $29.00 CX412 Dow Jones Investment Evalualor $99.00 CX4109 Graph it, Joyslicl( optional $17.00 CX4104 Mailing List . . .' ■. $20.00 0X41 15 Mortgage & Loan Analysis $13.00 CX406 Personal Financial Management System . . . $59.00 CX4103 Statistics 1 $20.00 0X8107 Stock Analysis $20.00 CXL4015TeleLink1 . . .' $23.00 Home Study CX4101 An Invitation to Programming 1 $20 00 CX4106 An Invitation to Programming 2 $23.00 CX4107 Biortiyttim ,'. $13.00 Conversational Languages (ea.) , $46.00 0X4121 Energy Czar $13.00 CX41 14 European Countries & Capitals $13.00 CX4108 Hangman. Joystick optional : $13.00 CX4102 Kingdom $13.00 CXL4007 Music Composer $47.00 CX4123 Scram, uses joystick $20.00 CX4112 Stales & Capitals $13.00 CX4110 Touch Typing $20.00 Home Entertainment CXL4013 Asteroids $35.00 CXL4004 Basketball $27.00 CX4105 Blackjack $13.00 CXL4009 Computer Ciiess $33.00 CXL4012 Missile Command $35.00 CXL4008 Space Invaders $35.00 CXL401 1 Star Raiders $42.00 CXL4006 Super Breakout $33.00 CXL4010 3-DTic-Tac-Toe $27.00 CXL4005 Video Easel $24,00 Programming Languages and Aids CXL4003 Assembler Editor $47.00 CXL4002 ATARI BASIC . . . .> $47.00 CX8126 ATARI Microsoft BASIC $70.00 CXL4018 PILOT $72.00 GX405 PILOT $105.00 ATARI 400 16K. . . . $329 32K. . . . $478 48K. . . . $555 CX30 Paddle $18.00 CX40 Joy Stick $18.00 CX853 16K RAIVI $89.00 Microtek 16K RAM $75.00 Microtek 32K RAM $159.00 RamdiSk (128KI $539.00 One year extended warranty $50.00 THIRD PARTY PROGRAMS ATARI Program Exchange: Eastern Front '41 $25.50 Avalanctie $15,50 Outlaw $15,60 747 landing Simulation $15.50 Babel $15.50 Dog Daze $15.50 Downhill $15.50 Allacki $15.50 Blackjack-Casino $15.50 Reversi II $15.50 Domination $15.50 Solitare $15.50 Disk Fixer $15.50 Supersort $15.50 Data Management,. , . .... $15.50 Chameleon ,. $15.50 Instedii $15.50 Insomnia $15.50 My First Alptiabet $25.50 Mapware $18.00 Number BlasI $11.50 Family Cash Flow $15.50 Weekly Planner $15.50 Bowler's Data Base $13.00 Banner Generator $11.50 Visioalc $169.00 Letterperfect (Word Processor) $109.00 Ricochet $14.50 Crusti Crumble & Chomp (cassette or disk) $24.00 Star Warrior (cassette or disk) $29.00 Rescue at RIoel (cassette or disk) $24.00 Datestones (cassette or disk) — $16.00 Invasion Orion (cassette or disk) $18.60 Mission Asteriod $22.00 MouskATTACK $31.00 The Next Step $34.00 Softporn $27.00 WIzzard & Princess $29.00 K BYTE Krazv Shoot Out (ROM) $39.00 Protector (Disk 32K) $32.00 Jaw Breaker (on line disk) $27.00 Ghost Hunter (cassette) $24.00 Ghost Hunter (disk) $30.00 COMING SOON PAG MAN (May) $35. CENTIPEDE (June) $35 CAVERNS OF MARS (April) $32 TI-99/4A 5359 PHP 1600 Telephone Coupler PHP 1 700 RS-232 Accessories Interlace PHP 1800 Disk Drive Controller PHP 1L50 Disk Memory Drive PHP 2200 Memory Exoansion (32K RAMI PHA 2100 R F Modjlalor PHP 1100 Wired Remole ConiroiiersiPai.i 32K Expansion PHP Printer Solid State PHM 3006 Home Financial Decisions PHM 3013 Personal Record Keeping PHD 5001 Mailing List PHD 5021 Checkbook Manager PHM 3008 Video Chess PHM 3010 Physical Fitness PHM 3009 Foolball PHM 3018 Video Games I PHM 3024 Indoor Soccer PHM 3025 Mind Challengers PHM 3031 The Attack PHM 3032 Blasto PHM 3033 Blackjack and Poker PHM 3034 Hustle PHM.3036 Zero Zap PHM 3037 Hangman PHM 3038 Cviiii'i 1 Fniii PHM 30,19 -/<•■■■■ $179.00 $179.00 $239 00 $389 00 $319 00 $43 00 $31 00 . $329.00 . $319,00 $26 00 $43 00 $60 00 $18 00 $60 00 $26 00 $26 00 $26 00 $26 00 $22,00 $35 00 $22 00 $22,00 $22 00 $18 00 $18 00 S18 nq PRINTERS Centronics 739-3 $619.00 Centronics 739-t $519.00 Diablo 630 Special $1799.00 Epson MX70 $359.00 MX80 $469.00 MX80FT Call MX100 Call NEC 8023 $549,00 7730 Call 7720 Call 7710 Call Okidala 82A 83A 84 Ciloh Starwnler F10-40CPS $1469,00 FlO-55 CPS Call Paper Tiger 445G $699,00 460G $899.00 660G $1129.00 Talley 8024-7 $139900 8024.L $1629.00 $499 00 $769 00 $1129 00 HOW TO ORDER: Phone orders invited or send check or money order and receive free shipping in the continental United States. PA and NEV. add sales tax. computer mail order west Franco Hables Espanol 800- 648-3351 IN NEVADA, CALL (702) 588-5654 P.O. BOX 6689, STATE LINE, NEVADA 89449 210 BYTE AprU 1982 Circle 108 on Inquiry card. ¥Ao% HEWLETT mflLM PACKARD HP«85 M999 80 Column Printer $799.00 HP«125 $1999.00 HP'83 $1699.00 HP«85 16K Memory Module $169.00 S'/i " Dual Master Disc Drive $1929.00 Graphics Plotter (7225B) , $2079.00 NEWIHP.87 $1999.00 Hard Disk w/Floppy $4349.00 Hard Disl< $3440.00 "Sweet Lips" Plotter $1149.00 HP41CV Calculator $259 11 C. $189.00 lie $119 00 12 C $129.00 34 C $117.00 38C , $119.00 HP«41 PrinlBf , . , , . , $340.00 HPIL CiftLCULATOR^ERIPHERALS IL Modual $104.00 Digital Cassette $449.00 Printer(Plotler $419.00 Card Reader $164.00 Optical Wand $99 00 CALL FOR SOFTWARE INFORMATION XEROX. Xerox 820 System I 5'/,.- $2450.00 System II 8" $2950.00 GPM 5V, ■■ $169.00 Word Processing ... $429.00 Super Calc $269.00 ^commodore BUSINESS MACHINES CBM 8032 M069 SOFTWARE Word Pro 5 Plus $319.00 WordPro3 Plus $199 00 WordPro4 Plus $299.00 Commodore Tax Package $589.00 VIsicalc $169.00 Medical Billing $449.00 The Source $89 00 OZZ Information System $289.00 Dow Jones Portfolio $129.00 Pascal $239.00 Legal Time Accounting $449.00 Word Craft 80 $289.00 Power $79.00 Socket-2-Me $20.00 Jinsam $Call MAGIS $Call The Manager $209.00 Sottrom $129.00 Real Estate Package $799.00 BPI Inventory Control $319.00 BPI Job Gosling $319.00 BPI Payroll $319.00 BPI General Ledger $329 go Creative I SAM $79.00 Creative General Ledger $229.00 Creative Accounts Receivable $229.00 Creative Inventory $229.00 Vic 6 Pacit Program $44 00 V1C1530 Commodore Ddlasselle $69 00 VIC'1540 Disk Drive $499 00 VIC1515 VIC Giaphic Printer $339.00 VIC12103K Memory E«Dander $32 00 VIC 1 no 8K Memory E«pander $53 00 VICIOn RS232C Terminal Inierlace $43 00 Vicn 12 VICIEEE 488 Inlerlace $86 00 ViCi2n VIC 20 Super Expander $5300 VT232 VICTerm I Terminal Emulator $9 00 '*032 $969.00 ■■OIB $769.00 8096 Upgrade Kit $399 00 SuPe' Pet $1599.00 ??? ' $529.00 . $1299.00 '•040 jggQ 8300 (Letter Quality) ' ' $1799.00 $769.00 T'^^ $599.00 Petto IEEE Cable $37 00 IEEE 10 IEEE Cable $46 00 Tractor Feed for 8300 $240 00 8010 Modem $229^00 VIC 20 $259 COMPLETE VIC1212 Programmers Aid Cartridge VIC1213 VICMON Machine Language Monitor VIC1901 VIC AVENGERS VIC1904 SUPER5L0T VIC1906 SUPER ALIEN VIC1907 SUPER LANDER VIC190B DRAW POKER VIC1909 MIDNIGHT DRIVE VT106A Recreation Pack A VT107A Home Calculation Pack A VT164 Programmable CharacterfGramegraohics $45 00 $45 00 $23 00 $23 00 $19 00 $23 00 $23 00 $23 00 $44 00 $44 00 $12.00 New VIC Software Household Finance $27.00 VIC Games $19.00 VIC Home Inventory $13.00 VICRec/Edll $13 00 VLlOl Introduction to Computing $19.00 VL102 Introduction to BASIC Proqramming $19 00 ■.■.r I'-i \'IC ?f' Pi. .;: ,n,"i.ws p,.', ,..|, .. Guirl-- 'M ^ 00 Terminal $13.00 Un Word $13.00 Grafix Menagerie $1100 VIC PICS $15.00 Ticlier Tape $13.00 Banner Headliner $1300 P'-i •' S39 O'O Modems IMovalion Auto $239.00 0 Cat $169 00 Cat $159.00 Hayes Smart $239 GO Livermore Star $1 19.00 Terminals Televideo 9'0 $579 00 91 2C $699 00 920C $749.00 950 $939 00 Call for computers Zenith Z19 $749.00 AOOs $549.00 Monitors Amdex 12" B&W $139.00 12" Green $149.00 13" Color $349 00 Sanyo 12" B&W $259.00 12" Green $269.00 13 Color $449.00 Tl 10" Color $349.00 Above are cash prices, add 3°/ii lor Master Card and Visa purchases computer mail order 800-233-8950 IN PA. CALL (717) 327-9575 477 E. THIRD ST., WILLIAMSPORT, PA 17701 Patricio Hables Espanol Circle 108 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1»82 211 User's Column The Osborne 1, Zeke's New Friends, and Spelling Revisited A seasoned computer user looks at new products and updates. "It's the great software drought," said my mad friend Mac Lean. "Have you noticed? There's no good new software. Just updates and revisions and new versions of old programs." "Not true," I protested. "Just yesterday I got Sorcim's Supercalc." "Sure. The CP/M version of a year-old Apple program. Good stuff. Useful. Excellent. But not new." "Hmm. Maybe you're right. Well, at least they're improving old pro- grams. I have an update for Spell- guard." "Aha," said my mad friend. 'Tell me, are you still using Spellguard?" "Yep." 'Thought you had a whole mess of new spelling programs." "I do. Here's one of them." I held up Microproof . "But I don't use them. Better to stay with Spellguard. Espe- cially now, with its improved dic- tionary." Jerry Pournelle c/o BYTE Publications FOB 372 Hancock, NH 03449 Which is true. 1 suppose it comes as no surprise that I am very interested in spelling and editing programs. After ail, words are my business . . . I need good spelling programs. After all, words are my business, and I am, according to Robert Heinlein, one of the "worst spellurs" he has ever encountered. 1 need good spell- ing programs, and I have to use them a lot, which means I'm interested in speed and convenience, which is why I stick with Spellguard despite its lack of certain features. Example: in my previous Spell- guard review [see November 1981 BYTE, page 449], 1 said "it corrects spelling." BYTE's editors, in the in- terest of accuracy, changed that to "finds and marks spelling errors." Other programs, such as Microproof, correct spelling errors. All true, but irrelevant. The job to be performed is spelling correction, and Spellguard does that [also see "Five Spelling- Correction Programs for CP/M- Based Systems" by Phil Lemmons, November 1981 BYTE, page 434]. Example: Microproof's specifica- tions make it sound far better than Spellguard. (Let me call them MP and SG from here on.) MP has a 50,000- word dictionary compared to SG's 20,000. MP knows about plurals and prefixes; you can tag a word as a noun or an adjective or an adverb, and MP will take the root and add suffixes and prefixes and such like. Finally, MP lets you correct the word and will then go off and put that 212 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc Circle 25 on inquiry card. word in your text file, while all SG does is mark it for you to go fix using your standard editor. Sounds great, doesn't it? The trouble comes when you use it. That's presuming you even try; the manual was enough to cause me to leave MP in the box for over a month. (Digression. The Microproof manual, which, according to its in- terior blurbs, was written by "an acknowledged expert in the field of programmed learning," is a general- purpose thing, intended for several versions of the program; and because it's never made clear what version you have, it's unutterably cor\fusing. And that sort of thing happens all the time. TO ALL SOFTWARE PUBLISH- ERS: look, if you want to charge $100 and more for programs, you can darned well furnish a manual tailored for each program!) In Microproof's favor, I have to say that when you actually start using the program — as opposed to trying to figure out how to use it — it gets sim- ple. The prompts are clear and the procedures are simple. But it's slow. Ye gods, it's slow to work with. Instead of leaving the in- structions on the screen and using the same entry line over and over again, as SG does, MP clears the screen and rewrites it, prompts and instructions and all, for each word it didn't recognize — dozens of them. Eventual- ly you get through that, after which MP reads your text file and corrects it. That, however, takes about as long as it would have taken to load your editor, bring in the file, and search for the marked blocks; and because, if you're like me anyway, you'll want to see the corrected text and possibly reformat it before print- ing it and sending it out, you'll have to load the editor and text file anyway. Now about those prefix and suffix "features." I suspect they have some- thing to do with the fact that I CAN- NOT get Microproof to believe that "index," "kilobyte," "milestone," "undoubtedly," "Unix," and "auto- matic" are words. I went through my third "User's Column" (the one re- viewing Spellguard!) as a test file four times and each time I patiently entered those words into the MP dic- tionary; and next pass 1 got them read back to me as misspellings. (To make the test fair, I used Microproof on this text too, and not only won't it admit that the above are words after two passes, but until I entered it, it didn't recognize Micro- proof! Meaning, I would suppose, that they didn't use the program on their own manual. If they won't use it, why should anyone?) There's worse. MP doesn't know about apostrophes. It gives me the "weren" of "weren't" as a candidate word. It does the same with "doesn." And if you use dashes! Spellguard understands dashes and hyphens, but if you have a double hyphen (which represents a typeset dash) in your text, SP thinks that is two separate words and examines each. Micro- proof offers me the "program — as" and "it — it" that 1 used above as can- didate words. If you use many dashes in your text, you will, I assure you, go quite mad after about the third pass Microproof makes at your text. Finally, Microproof doesn't know much about error handling. It takes forever to go through a 6500-word text file; and if you've left insufficient space on your disk for the original file plus a backup (.BAK) file, then when Microproof finds that out, it simply dumps the job, leaving you either in CP/M or the monitor, depending on just how confused MP got. Either way, you've lost aU the work you just did. So. Microproof is a herdic effort to make a more convenient spelling program. They tried to do right. The concept was good. The execution, though, leaves something to be de- sired. There's a version geared to work CALCULATOR EPROM MEMORY for Hewlett-Packard 41C/CV EPROM memory with custom keyboard overlay also produced by DDS. • Plugs into any port of the HP-41C or -41 CV calculator. • Provides non-volatile program storage formatted and accessed as if it were a custom HP calculator ROM. • Uses standard 2716, 2732, and 2764 EPROMs (Eraseable Programmable Read Only Memory). • Holds calculator programs in 4K, 8K, or 16K segments. • Completely portable and requires no external power supply or battery. USES • Field testing of software before the ROM is manufactured. • Low volume production runs where a custom ROM would be prohibitively expensive. $299.95 DALLAS DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS 7410 Stillwater Drive Garland, Texas 75042 C21 4) 238-1776 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 213 User's Column, with either Electric Pencil or Scripsit for the TRS-80 Model I (and III) and TRSDOS. (Microproof has recently fixed most of the problems, partly because I sent a preliminary copy of this review to them. See next column for details; Microproof is now com- petitive with Spellguard.) Which, incidentally, has been great- ly improved. Now there's an explicit way to remove misspelled words er- roneously entered into the dictionary. Also, the updated version packs the dictionary into half the space and runs about twice as fast. It took me just about an hour, using Microproof, to shape up a 6500-word column; with new Spellguard, the whole job (in- cluding looking up and entering into the program's dictionary about 100 new words) took fewer than 20 minutes. The Spellguard documentation re- mains excellent, as clear and precise as anything I've seen in the field. Still highly recommended. Zeke's New Friends A few minutes ago, Arthur C. Clarke called me from Sri Lanka. (He lives there. I think the nation has de- clared him a national treasure; I know that when Robert Heinlein visited him. Dr. Clarke was able to arrange for a Sri Lanka air force helicopter to take Robert about the country.) Arthur had seen some of my com- puter articles, and what he wanted to know was what everyone nowadays wants to know: what do you buy for a first computer? Unfortunately, the answer is, it depends. But let's look at the problem. It's not unrelated to a second difficul- ty, one I have myself. COMPUTERS NECe023A S495 Epson MX-80 $444 Okidoto 82A S469 Epson MX-100 $719 Okidoto 83A w/troc $749 Okidoto 64 ^(200c.p,s.) $1059 HIGH SPEED ] DotoSouth DS-180 $1269 Anodex9501 $1244 TiaiODosic $1359 Molibu 200 coi! IDS560G $1129 IDS Prism 80 $935 LETTER QUALITY J Printmoster 40 c.p.s $1 449 Printmoster 55 c.p.s $1649 NEC 3510 $1895 NEC 7710/7730 $2340 NEC 7720 $2695 LOW COST TELEUIDEO We now pretest every Northsrar we sell and bock them with our own fosf worronry service. New low Horizon price. Advonroge call Horizon li 64K Quod S2895 T55 18/4 f S6295 The new oll-in-one thot s bocked by G.E. Built in CRT. detachable keyboard, 750K (ormotred. dual floppys, 64K. CP/M? and more. Five software business modules S695. TelevidGo 802 S2795 Tele 806, w/1 0 Meg.. Most. S5395 ALTOS Our tech s favorite system - 6 floppy, hard disks, ond multi-user under MP/M or Oasis. ^ehiitli Coming soon - 16 bit systems. ZE.IwlTH 6000-2 W CP/M S2749 ^'^^ oll-ln-one ihot s backed by your local artrtn a f\ Ar\ Zenith-Heoth Service center. Green Screen. 8000- 1 0 w 1 0 Meg., cP/M ■ , S„pe,colc, and Desk incl. $6375 7 89 w/46K $2135 8000-15.12,14 coll 2-90-82 W/64K $2395 XEROX 820 m/Dual 5 1 /4" SS349 OYNABYTE Call Scottsdole Systems 6730 E. McDowell Road, Suite 1 -1 0, Scottsdole, Arizona 65257 S (602)941-5856 Coil 8-5 Mon.-Fri. (We Export) TWX 910-950-0082 (IMEC SCOT) Ltd. Adds Viewpoint $544 Televideo910 $579 ADM3A $569 Soroc IQ 130 $589 TELEUIDEO^ Televideo912 $699 Televideo920 $726 Televideo 925... $775 Televideo 950 $927 TERMINALS^ Ampex D80 $925 Diologue 80 Amber .. $969 Mime Act 5A $799 Soroc IQ 120 $729 Volker Croig 404 $599 SOFTWARE Wordstor D. Dose li Moilmerge SuperColc Colcstor Systems Plus Spellstor ond more Sofrwore sold only wirti systems/not worronried for suifobilify. Alt sofrwore soles finol. ORDERIIMG MAIL ORDER ONLY ■ 2% cosh discount included/chorge cords odd 2%. Prices subject to chonge, produa subject to Qvoilobilify. Arizono residents add 5%. F.O.D. point of shipment Scottsdole. 0-20% restocking fee for returned merchandise. Worroniies included on all products. Personal checks toke 0 weeks to cleor, CP/M ond MP/M are registered trademarks of Digiioi Research. Your guide to the world of microprocessors. The Micro-Professor™ -a low cost tooi for learning, teaching and prototyping. Here in one attractive package and at a price of only $149.00 is a Z80* based microcomputer to lead you step by step to a thorough knowledge of the world of microprocessors. The Micro-Professor is a complete hardware and software system whose extensive teaching ■ Z80 is a trademark of Zilog Inc. manual gives you detailed schematics and examples of pro- gram code. A superb learning tool for students, hobbyists and microprocessor enthusiasts, as well as an excellent teaching aid for instructors of electrical engi- neering and computer science courses. But the Micro-Professor is much more than a teaching device. With it you can do bread- boarding and prototyping, de- signing your own custom hard- ware and software applications with Z80, 8080 and 8085 compati- ble code. The standard 2K bytes of RAM is expandable to 4K, and the standard 2K bytes of ROM can be increased to 8K. All this plus a built-in speaker, a cassette interface, and Mult:it;ech Electronics Inc. sockets to accept optional CTC/PIO. Bus is extendable. As well as being an exciting learning tool, the Micro-Professor is a great low-cost board for OEM's. Call for details. SSB-MPF Speech Synthesizer Board $129 A vocabulary of up to 400 words based on the TMS 5200 chip. i EPB-MPF EPROM Programming Board $169 For all -f 5V 1KB/2KB/ 4KB EPROMs. Read/Copy/List/Verify ^ Capability. BASIC-MPF Tiny Basic $19 ^ 2KB BASIC interpreter with hardware y control capability. Machine-code y subroutine accessible. ^ I'm ready to enter the world of microprocessing Call toll free to order. Card No. □ ^ Check or money ^ order enclosed □ Visa □ Mastercharge Expires MPF-I Micro-Protessor SSB-MPF Speech Synthesizer Board EPB-MPF EPROM Programming Board BASiC-MPF Shipping and Handling $14100 $12100 S169.00 S 19.00 S 4.95 Otv. California residents add sales tax. TOTAL Amount Signature Name (Please Print) ' City Circle 291 on inquiry card. State Zip In U.S. ind Canada mall to: Multllech Electronics Inc. 195 West El Camino Real Sunnyvale, CA 94086 California Tel. (408) 773-8400 Elsewhere (800) 538-1542 Outside ol Nortli America mall to: Mullitech Industrial Corporation 977 l^in Shen E Road. 105 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC Tel. 02-769-1225 TWX 19162 MULTIIC, 23756 MLLTliC I was talking with Ezekial, my friend who happens to be a Cromemco Z-2. "I'm getting old, boss," he said. "You were built in 1977!" "Yeah. In this business, that's old. Look, we've written five books and dozens of columns and hundreds of letters. I do all your taxes and account- ing. I compile all your programs, in twenty languages. I even play games with you." "OK, OK, so what do you want?" "Some rest. A bit of help. Look, I'll make you a deal. I'll help you write books, same as always, but you go get something faster, something new, to do all that compiling and calculating." "Never thought I'd hear you say it," I said. "Better is the enemy of good enough. And you're plenty good enough!" "Could use help, boss. Big responsi- bility, being the only computer around here. Especially now that you're so busy with the Citizen's Advisory Council on National Space Policy stuff and the L-5 Society." (Plug: if you're interested in helping the space pro- gram, join L-5. It's $20 a year; send fee to L-5 Society, 1060 E. Elm, Tucson, AZ 85719. Contributions tax deducti- ble within the framework of the law. Secretary this year: Jerry Pournelle.) "What happens," Zeke continued, "if I get sick?" I thought about it a long time. He's right, of course. He is getting old; and he's utterly spoiled me. I can't con- ceive of writing without a computer. I live in terror that Zeke is going to quit on me. Actually I don't; he's rarely given cause for alarm. A couple of times in the early days we had glitches that brought Tony Pietsch out — always in the middle of the night; nice chap, Tony — but they always got fixed without having to take Zeke away. But not long ago something gave out in the disk power supply. keeping Zeke shut down for nearly a week. True, I was out of town at the time, but it could have been a disaster. I needed a second computer. But what? In the middle of the dilemma, Adam Osborne sent me his new Osborne 1. That darned near solved my prob- lem. Osborne's machine is good. The first models had some faulty charac- teristics, but Adam is an honorable man — and also smart enough not to risk his reputation by sharp practices. They're planning retrofits to take care of all major difficulties and most minor ones. The worst of these was the shift lock, which was worse than useless. Then, too, with that tiny screen you needed smooth vertical scrolling (it already had good horizontal scroll- ing). There have been some other minor annoyances, but as I said, Adam's been fixing them. The new Osborne 1 computers — out by the time this is published — will incor- porate the improvements, including true three-key rollover and a decent shift lock, and various other fixes. Those who have already bought the machines will be able to get them retrofitted absolutely free. One thing I thought would be a pain turned out not to be. That's the tiny video screen. Adam has sent me his larger video monitor, which you can connect to the Osborne 1 with a cable, but I find I don't use it. The little screen turns out to be just at the right focal distance when I sit at the console; and for someone like me, who wears bifocal glasses, that's a real boon. I carried the Osborne 1 out to Cal Tech's Jet Propulsion Laboratories for the Voyager 2 encounter with Saturn. There were over a hundred members of the science press corps packed into JPL's Von Karman Center (the press facility). Most had typewriters. One or two had big, cumbersome word processors. At least one was a terminal connected through a network to the parent system in New York. Nobody had anything near as convenient as the Osborne 1, which is quiet and fast responding. COPIES WITHOUT PROBLEMS: FAST: Turnaround time in hours and days, not weeks. You get your disks when you need them. ACCURATE: Each copied track is checked bit by bit. If it doesn't match your original, it isn't shipped. FLEXIBLE: Standard, double-boot, and copy- resistant formats. 50 copies minimum, no maximum. REASONABLE: Set-up as low as S10 per disk. Copying only from SDcJ:, copying and 3M disk from S2.00. Dther disks and services also available. RELIABLE: Years of disk duplication experience insures a problem-free shipment on time — time after time. For all your Apple® compatible copying needs. THE ALF COPY SERVICE. \ W W7 144B EsCes Denver. CO B0215 |3Q3] 234-Oa71 216 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc How To Sell More Software With Better User Manuals An intensive one-day seminar on Writing User Manuals That Sell If you're an individual software author or a software company in the business of publishing and selling software, or if you'd like to be, you can benefit fronn this seminar. Unlike seminars that concentrate on the academic do's and don'ts of technical writing and formatting, this seminar gets down to the business value of the user manual as a marketing and sales tool that helps you get more users and keep them. Developed and conducted by software marketing professionals with over 50 years of collective expe- rience in writing software manuals for the commer- cial market, this seminar is loaded with facts and ideas on these subjects: Manual Design How to make content, organization, page layout, and document format work to your sales advantage. How to publish attractive manuals that speak well of your software without spending a fortune. Training vs. Ref erenca Can one manual do both? How to implement the techniques of tutorial writing into a well organized reference format that provides easy access for later questions. Packaging That Controls Point of Sale How to make your manuals work for you at the point of sale to help the dealer present your software in its most competitive light--both on the shelf and on the demonstration machine. Automated Manual Writing How to let the software document itself wherever possible, and how to use word pro- cessing systems effectively to obtain maximum value from automated publishing tools. Seminar Manual All attendants will receive a de- tailed How To manual on writing and producing user manuals for commercial use. Many past attendants have praised the manual and other handout materials as being worth the price of attendance by themselves. Schedule: Chicago May 21 Boston May 18 Dallas May 25 New York May 1 9 Los Angeles May 26 Philadelphia May 20 San Francisco May 27 Only $125 With Our Guarantee Price includes lunch and materials. We offer a 10% discount for companies sending more than one person. Get Details at Computerland Today! Space is limited so make your reservation now. To get enrollment details, simply call [303] 471-9875, or, visit your nearest participating Computerland Store and pick up a complete Seminar Information Packet including an agenda, an outline of the seminar manual, seminar authors' and instructors' resumes and a brochure on Context, Inc. B33 West Colorado Avenue Colorado Springs, CO 80905 1 User's Column Everyone came to look at it. "How can you stand that tiny screen?" asked Eric Burgess, senior science correspon- dent present. (Eric's the chap who first thought of the message plaque to be attached to the space probes. I was there when he got the idea. But that's another story.) He stared over my shoulder. "It's so small." "Try it," I invited. I got up to give him my place and watched as he realized that when you're sitting at the machine you can read it at least as easily as you can a book. Before the encounter was over, a dozen science writers were ready to go buy an Osborne 1. I also took it to the meeting of the Citizen's Advisory Council on Na- tional Space Policy (which I chair) and used it to take notes during the meet- ing. It was amazing: I was able to type notes and suggestions and ideas into the Osborne 1 without disrupting the meeting at all. The Osborne 1 is quiet and efficient and not at all distracting. In other words, I like the Osborne 1. You can't beat it for the price, under $2000 bucks with over a thousand dollars' worth of software. An Osborne and an Epson printer will put you in the computer/word-processing business cheaper than anything I can think of, and the Osborne 1 is a real computer, using the CP/M operating system and adult software like Word- star and Supercalc and dBase II; it's not a toy. So. For those who haven't a lot of money to spend and want to get going in computers, I don't hesitate to re- commend the Osborne 1— as a first system. However, it is a limited sys- tem. It wasn't designed for lots of ex- pansion capabilities, and it's never go- ing to be able to use them. But as a first machine, it has a lot going for it, and not just the price. When I first got the Osborne 1, I thought I'd solve one of my problems, which is, how can I have someone entering letters and files and old books while I'm using Ezekial? I certainly am not going to have a multiuser micro- computer, which defeats the whole concept of decentralized computing. Our TRS-80 Model I with Omikron's CP/M conversion will do the job, but it's often in use as the boys check out new games and educational stuff; worse, the TRS-80 keyboard is plain awful, driving my editorial associates crazy. Even the boys get weary of it. No, I needed a second machine, with a good text editor. Aha, says I. I'll use the Osborne 1. Of course the Osborne 1 has only 5V4-inch disks, and Ezekial has 8-inch disks, but that's all right. The TRS-80 has both 5V'4-inch and 8-inch Lobo disks, and those work fine, and under CP/M we can copy files from the little disks to The Is Mee. *2425 Basic system with: 600K bytes L^tmXJ* • 1 .2 megabytes: List $3650. • 2.4 megabytes; List $4650. Single Board Technology AZ80A CPU combined with the CP/M" operating system opens new vistas to software availability for eight-bit micros FORTRAN. COBOL. BASIC. APL, PL/1 and Pascal are available now to accom- modate today's scientific, educational, sophisticated small business and personal system users • 4 MHz Z80A CPU • 2-serlal ports • CP/M 2 operating system • 2-parallel ports • 64K 200ns main memory • 4-counter/timers • 8-inch dual floppy drives • Hard disk options • 50-pin expansion connector available. floppy aiid Winchester MicrocomiMitei* System An 8 inch floppy and an 8 inch Winchester hard disk microcomputer system all packaged in a compact, stylish cabinet We've combined all the line features of the SB-80 and added the speed of a Winchester to offer you the storage of almost 12 million bytes. The SB-80/ 10 comes complete with controller, power supply, and the single board computer to give you the total system for less money • SB-80/ 10 Sub-system List $6500. Add-on to the SB-80 10m byte Winchester disk storage • SB-80A/10 ListS8500, SB-80 Microcomputer System 600K byte floppy disk storage 10m byte Winchester disk storage • SB-BOB/ 10 List $8900 SB-80 Microcomputer System 1.2m byte floppy disk storage 10m byte Winchester disk storage Substantial OEM and Dealer discounts available Colonial Data Services Corp. 105 Sanford Street Hamden, Conn. 06514 (203) 288-2524 • Telex: 956014 Mid Atlantic Disliitnitor COIVIPUTER APPLIED SYSTEMS, INC. 497.H1II Slreel York Pennsylvania 1 7403 • (717) 848-2431 ■CP/M IS a registered trademark ol Digital Research, IncHHBBHi^^^H New England Distributor S&M SYSTEMS. INC. P O Box 1225 • 2 Washington Si Haverhill MA 01830 • (617) 373-1599 218 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 90 on inquiry card. THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA "THE COMPUTER-LINE"" V I APPLE L N O E B c E P S O T NH EPSON [Inec| Our Volume Sales Are So High That Our Prices Are The World's Lowest CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS 7710 Async. Serial Int. $135 7490 GPIB(IEEE-488) Int. $239 7470Ana. to Dig. Converters 99 7711 Async. Serial (Term) $135 7712 Sync. Seriallnt. $149 7721 Apple Parallel Int. $109 Caiendar/Clocl< Module $ 99 Programable Timer $ 99 PRINTERS NEC Spinwriter7710 8023 A EPSON MX 80 MX 80 Ft. MX 100 $ 2339 $CALL $CALL SCALL SCALL Prism 80 Prism 132 Color Printer MPI 88 G Printer 99 G Printer VISICORP, INC. Desktop Plan III Desktop Plan II Visifiles Visiplot Visitrend/Visiplot Visidex Visiterm Visicalc 3-3 Visipak BUSINESS SOFTWARE STONEWARE $229 DB Master $189 DB Utility Pack $189 MICRO PRO $159 Apple CP/M $229 Word Star $189 Super Sort $ 79 Mail Merger $189 Data Star $539 Spell Star Call Star INFORMATION UNLIMITED Pro Easy Writer $169 Call For Continental, uakin b, Broderbund, Automated Simulations, Avant- Edu-Ware, Denver, Howard, Sirius, Sensible, Synergistic Software, Etc. N I O R Y X h'^ I E heW^ MBI" tT- pA .rD Period! MOUNTAIN HARDWARE CPA Multi-Function Card $169 Tfie Clock $229 Supertalker $159 Music System $319 Expansion Chassis $599 Romwriter $139 Ram Plus (32K Board) $149 ANADEX DP9500/9501 $ 1275 INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS 1195 1595 659 749 $169 $ 69 $219 $119 $ 79 $179 $119 $119 COMPARE! WITH CONTROLLER $459 ADD-ON $389 Hard Disks + 8" Disks for Apple, TRS-80 SCALL Apple Computer Prorducts $CALL DRIVES FOR APPLE ® PRODUCTS • PLEASE CALL OR WRITE FOR CATALOG. MODEMS Hayes Micromodem II $289 Hayes Smartmodem $229 Hayes Chronograpti $199 Novation Cat $145 Novation D-Cat Modem $165 Novation Apple Cat II $339 Novation Auto Cat $209 DISKETTES (Boxes of 10) Verbatim Datallfe $ 24-95 Verbatim 8" Double-Side/DD $39-95 RAM CARDS RamexieKCard $ 119 Ramex 128 K Card $CALL WesperlO KCard $ 119 Microsoft 16 K Card $ 139 Dana 18 K Card $ 119 MONITORS Zenith ZVM-121 Phosphor 15 MHZ $119 NEC 1201 Phosphor 20 MHZ $179 NEC 0112 Composite Color $335 NEC2112RGBColor $899 Amdek 300 Phosphor $199 Amdek Composite Color $355 Amdek IBM Compatible Color $899 80 COLUMN CARDS FOR APPLE WesperSOCard $259 Vision 80 Card (Vista) $299 VidexBOCard $259 MISCELLANEOUS APPLE PRODUCTS Enhancer II $ 119 Dana Apple Fan $ 39 Sup R Mod $27-95 IN COLORADO (303) 279-2727 CALL "THE COMPUTER-LINE" 7 DAYS 1-(800)-525-7877 IN COLORADO SUITE 108 THE GOLD OFFICES 607 10TH ST. GOLDEN, CO 80401 COmPUTERVifORLD INTERNRTIGNRL, INC. SUITE 133, P.O. BOX 81, WHEAT RIDGE, COLORADO, U.S.A. 80034-0081 TERMS: RETAIUMAIL ORDER: MASTERCHARGE/VISA ACCEPTED. WE CALCULATE UPS FREIGHT. Circle 121 on inquiry card. the big disks using the PIP utility rou- tine. So all we have to do is to take a disk from the Osborne 1 to the TRS-80 and. . . . It doesn't work. The Osborne disk format is different from the Omikron's format. And, talking to Mike Mc- CuUoch of Osborne Computer Cor- poration, I find there's no easy solu- tion to the problem. If there were a "standard" SVi-inch disk format (as there is a standard for 8-inch disks — the IBM single-density soft-sectored format), then Osborne would use it. Indeed, when Osborne goes to double density for disks, it'll use the new IBM 5V'4-inch double-density format. But Osborne can't use a standard until one exists. Which means that the only way to get files from the Osborne 1 to Zeke is to send them out the Osborne I's serial port. Now the Osborne 1 has such ports, both RS-232C and modem ports, so that's not impossible, and nowadays Osborne will furnish you with software lo accomplish the job (well, to accomplish the Osborne 1 end of the job; obviously you'll have to have appropriate software on the other end to catch what the Osborne 1 is pitching). Moreover, the Osborne 1 format may yet become the "standard" for 5V'4-inch single-density disks. Accord- ing to McCulloch, the major software houses have been given copies of the specifications as well as an Osborne 1 machine and have been invited to offer software on disks readable by the Osborne 1; Adam Osborne has no in- tention of cutting his users off from the vast marketplace of CP/M software. Just the opposite. So. By now you get the idea. The Osborne 1 is as good an en try -level system as I have seen. The only prod- ucts that come close to it are the new IBM Personal Computer and the Heath/Zenith H-89, and both come with only one disk drive and very little software at a price a good bit higher than the Osborne 1. I did not, however, recommend the Osborne 1 to Arthur Clarke; and I never seriously considered it as the new machine Zeke wanted me to set up as his assistant. It's not that I won't keep mine and use it as a portable for a very long time; but I need more ma- chine than can be bought for $2000, and so does Arthur Clarke. Candidates "Maybe," I said to my mad friend, "maybe I'll get an H-89. I can get it with CP/M and a printer and get a company to fit a case for it. I see ad- vertised a board that will let it talk to 8-inch disks, which will solve the problem of communicating with Zeke. I can end up with a portable." "Good thirJcing, as long as you think of it as a spare. Your real ma- chine needs an expandable bus." 'True. But for a portable. ... In fact," I said in boyish enthusiasm, "maybe I'll get it as a kit and build it so Stdlfff THE FIRST AND ORIGINAL TRUE SINGLE BOARD S-100 BUSS COMPUTER; THE SDS MASTER MPM CP/M' TURBOOOS* *(SINGLE USER & NETWORKING) • ZBOAorZBDB • 4 TIMERS IZCTC) • 64K RAM [64KX1 CHIPS) • 2 SERIAL PORTS (ZSIOj • 4 PARALLEL PORTS IZPIO) • UP TO 16K EPROM |2732) NEC FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER lUP TO FOUR 8- DOUBLE SIOEO/OOUBLE DENSITY DfllUESI INTELLIGENT WINCHESTER INTERFACE ON BOARD EPROM BURNER lOOES NOT REQUIRE Z4V| "beware of incomplete imitations" CP/M is a trademark of Digital Researctt. TURBODOS is a trad8niarl( of Software 2000. ^^J^IERRA am SCIEIMGES Fresno, California sarrwuiE Marketing Division 21162 Lorain Ave./Fairview Parl(/Ohio 44126/(216) 331-8500/TLX 980131 VJDMR 220 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 36d on Inquiry card. BASIC for 68000 (Mow Hemenway Corporation brings you a BASIC Interpreter for 68000 systems. Easy. Hemenway BASIC is easy to use because it allows interactive software development. Simple program modifica- tions can be made through cursor- oriented edit commands. And debugging can be performed through tracing commands. Accurate. Provides up to 16 digits of precision. Compatible. Implemented to provide compatibility with most 8-bit BASIC programs. Now you can use existing software with 1 6-bit microcomputers. Versatile. Access directories, listings, file manipulation, and other systems functions without leaving BASIC. Simple linkage to assembly-language routines. Clean, uncluttered report formatting with the PRINT-USING statement. Dynamic string management with a complete set of string functions. Error trapping and handling without leaving BASIC. File Support. Full file support for Random and Sequential files. Hemenway BASIC is yet another high- level language supported by the MSP/ 68000™ Real Time Multi-tasking Operating System. Other products are Pascal, Macro-Assembler Link Utilities, Text Editor 1 6-digit Floating Point Pack- ages, and Scientific Functions Package. To be released are FORTH, FORTRAN, followed by COBOL. ■ For OEM terms and information contact: Jim Hemenway, Marketing Director Hemenway Corporation, 101 TremontSt., Boston, MA 02 1 08 (6 1 7j 426- 1 93 1 TELEX 92 1 735 HEMENWAY CORPORATION User's Column, I can understand the machine." "Sounds like about as much fun as an appendectomy," said Mac Lean. 1 can always count on him to prick any silly bubbles like that. In the middle of all that came another emergency. Dr. Stefan T. Possony, my long-time friend, asso- ciate, and collaborator, decided to get a computer. He'd seen Ezekial, and he wanted him. Or one like him. Not long ago the solution to the problem would have been simple. We'd simply hand money to Tony Pietsch of Proteus Engineering, he would produce an updated clone of Ezekial, and all would be well. Unfor- tunately, Tony's in great demand as a consultant and has just about gone out of the systems-integration business. So, what to get? For Stefan, and for me. It didn't take much research to come to several conclusions. First, a profes- sional system ought to have 8-inch floppy-disk drives. The little disks are fine for entry-level learning systems, but they're just not solid enough — and won't hold enough files — for profes- sional work. Second, the system has to use Digital Research's CP/M operating system. With Xerox, Wang, and DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) com- ing into the field, CP/M is more than a de facto standard, it's a necessity. Third, the S-100 bus (in a quiet version and built to the IEEE standard, if at all possible) is still the most versatile small-computer system going and will be for some time. An S-100 with a Z80 processor is the way to go. "But why not the new IBM Per- sonal Computer?" one of my sane friends asked. "It has an expansion bus. Not the S-100, true, but a bus. And CP/M-86, and IBM maintenance and — " And SVi-inch floppy disks, which even with IBM behind them are going to be a problem. Furthermore, as of right now (fall, 1981) the local people selling the IBM know nothing about software availability, although with Microsoft's support I expect that to change by the time you read this. The IBM may sweep the field; heaven knows it's a handsome enough unit. I learned to write with an IBM typewriter keyboard, and I've found few computer keyboards up to the Selectric— and the new IBM computer keyboard is even nicer. Indeed, I'm thinking seriously of getting an IBM. But for all of IBM's prodigious reputa- tion, it hasn't a lot of experience with small computers. Until it gains some, I think m wait. Besides, IBM Personal Computers weren't available back last summer when Stefan wanted his ma- chine. So. What to get? And how to install it long distance? That really presented a problem. Possony knows nothing about computers, and there aren't too many off-the-shelf S-100 systems. I could get a Vector; although I've no direct experience with them, people I trust tell me they're excellent. But then I remembered: I have a good friend. Dr. Colin Mick (Decision Information Services, POB 5849, Stanford, CA 94305, (415) 327-5797), in the Stanford area, where Dr. Possony lives. A quick phone call, and Colin foolishly volunteered to help Stefan. It turned out well. Colin in- stalled a CCS (California Computer Systems) system with a Heath/Zenith Z-19 terminal in Stefan's house. He chose CCS because that's what he has, and he knows some of the CCS design team; the result has been so successful that Colin is now much in demand as a small-systems consultant. Another result is that Possony, already one of the world's most pro- lific writers on foreign affairs and in- ternational politics, has more than doubled his output. He loves his new system; and when you consider that Stefan is a Viennese intellectual, who got his Ph.D. the year after I was bom rPERSONAL COMPUTER" USERS YOU DESERVE THE BEST '£ WHAT THE '$SIONALS* USE nCH INC. Circle, Suite B (714)540-1333 s Welcome • 64KB-256KB Parity Memory MP-064: $445; MP-128: $620 MP-192: $795; MP-256: $970 User upgradeable Fullyassembled,tested& burned-in 1 -year warranty ' ASYNC Communication CC-032: $145; CC-132: $275 CC-032 offers 1 serial port CC-132 offers 2 ports Program compatible with IBM's Serial Com. Card > SYNC Communication CC-232: $295 2 RS232 ports Capable of ASYNC, BISYNC, SDLC, HDLC • Combo Card MC-064 to MC-256 Up to 256KB memory + 1 port of parallel printer port + 1 port of Serial port • Direct Connect Modem Model CC-323 1 port of RS232 Serial link 1 direct connect modem port auto dial, originate/answer • Hardware Prototype WW-068: $75; WW-069: $55 WW-068 wire wrap card (13" x 4.2") WW-069 extender Get both for $95 *The following companies have chosen our products; Context Management, Information Unlimited Software, Network Consulting Inc., Spftech Microsystem Ina 222 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 3 on inquiry card. Vista nvisible or Invincible? t all depends on your perspective. "he Vision 80® is a video display card that lives your Apple™ terminal an industry- tandard 80 column by 24 line display creen with a full 1 28 character set in- iluding upper and lower case letters vith three dot descenders. It is compat- Dle with all existing Apple BASIC oftware and allows the use of 80 ;olumn lower case text with pro- irams written in BASIC, FORTRAN 'ascal, Microsoft CP/M"^ and ASSEMBLER. Full communications Iriver support allows the Apple II™ o operate as an intelligent terminal )efinitely invincible. Ask Softalk nagazine editors, who rated /ision 80® the Best Apple- 'ideo display card on the narket. Jut the Vision 80® card has an 'Apple" command vocabulary icluding H-tab, V-tab, HOME, ■EXT, PR# GRAPHICS). No changes in operating or programming procedures are necessary to produce what- ever sophisticated displays you require. And it doesn't interfere with the operation of popular Apple^**^ compatible peripher- als. Except for the enhanced display, it's as if you had never installed the Vision 80® in your Apple II™ computer. Definitely invisible. Ask your local computer dealer for a demonstration of the invincible, invisible Vision 80® video display card by Vista Computer Company. Or correspond with us directly: Vista Computer Company, Inc. 1317 East Edinger, Santa Ana CA 92705, (714) 953-0523. Toll free order line: (800) 854-8017. ■"« Be sure to inquire about our new Vision 40, a softscreen program- mable character generator for Apple II™ computers. It's great for graphics and perfect for foreign language applications. Perceptive Perspective circle 427 on inquiry card. COMPUTER COMPANY, INC. 131 7 East Edinger • Santa Ana, CA 92705 714-953-0523 800-854-8017 511981 Vista Computer Co., inc. \pple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc. mm CP/M Is a trademark of Digital Research Inc. circle 5 on Inquiry card. more . . . SPECTACULAR OFFERS w BASF M MAXELL WABASH OPUS We stock the complete line of BASF diskettes, reel-to-reel tapes, mag cards, disk packs and cartridges. We aiso carry MAXELL, OPUS and WABASH products. All are 100% certified and fuiiy guaranteed. Box of 10 diskettes; 5^' 8" OPUSss/sd $20 $21 BASFss/sd 23 24 WABASH ss/sd 23 24 MAXELL . TOO LOW TO QUOTE. CALL 5'/4"-10 sector-now available Sectoring must be specified SVi' or 8* Vinyl Storage Pages 10/$5 LIBRARY CASES 8" Kas-sette/IQ $2.90 Sy4' Mini Kas'sette/10 . . $^49 HARDHOLE DISK PROTECTORS Reinforcing rings of tough mylar protect disk hole edge from damage. SV»" Applicators $3 Hardhole Rings (50) $6 DISK DRIVE HEAD CLEANING KITS Prevent head crashes and ensure error-free operation. 5V4"or8" $19.50 SFDC-10 CASSETTES 10;$7 (All cass ettes Include box ana labels.) Get 8 cassettes, C-10 Sonic, and Cassette/B Library-Album, as illustrated, for only $8 SNAP-IT POWER CENTER Turns 1 outlet Into 6. Wall mount or portable. Circuit breaker, lighted switch and UL approved. 4"x3"x2" 7. $19.95 We also offer printer ribbons, print»(heels, type elements, equipment covers, power con- soles, paper supplies, storage and filing equip- ment, furniture and many other accessories for word and data processing systems. Write for our free catalog. VISA • MASTERCHARGE • IVIONEY ORDERS • CERTIFIED CHECK • FOR PERSONAL CHECKS ALLOW TWO WEEKS • C.O.D. REQUIRES A 10% DEPOSIT • CAL. RES. ADD 6% SALES TAX • MIN $2 SHIPPING & HANDLING • MINIMUM ORDER $10 • SATISFACTION GUARANTEED OR FULL REFUND ABM PRODUCTS 8868 CLAIREMONT MESA BLVD. SAN DIEGO. CALIFORNIA 92123 Toll Free 800.854-1555 Order Only For Informalton or California Orders User's Column. and who knows very little about ma- chines, that's quite a statement. It's also a great testimony to Colin's pa- tience and instructional capability. Decision Information Services got one thing out of it. They're writing a book for first users. Given Colin's understanding of computers and Stefan's ability to ask penetrating questions, I wouldn't be surprised to see it become the best book ever done on the subject. So. That was one candidate. CCS seemed a very good system, and cer- tainly a lot of them are being sold. Tony, meanwhile, was putting to- gether a Godbout (Compupro), with the dual 8085/8088 8-bit/16-bit capa- bility. And Richard Frank, of Sorcim, had told me he uses Godbout units for all his development work because he considers them the most rugged and reliable systems available. I stewed for a while, then called Bill Godbout. The result is that Zeke's big brother is sitting in the next room. Understand that I've nothing against the CCS system. Quite the opposite. It's an excellent system and one of those I recommend. But the Godbout is more than that. It's built like a Mack truck. You couldn't hurt it with a nine-pound sledge. When it comes to rugged reliability, Godbout is the way to go for my money; and Tony says the bus is the quietest he's ever worked with. What we have is the Godbout (Compupro) S-'lOO box, Godbout's disk controller and interfacer board, his 8085/88 processors as well as the Z80 processor (obviously you can't use both at the same time), 128K bytes of Godbout memory, and his system support vectored interrupt board. The disk drives are Qume double-sided double-density 8-inch drives with a Vista box and power supply. I confess to being a bit worried about double-sided double-density disks. Asking for trouble, I thought; but I was wrong. With the Godbout controller and Qume drives my disks are as quiet as the Icom drives ever were — and they're wonderfully fast. We're still shaking down the God- bout system. When it's all done and checked out, I intend to get another set of Qumes and install them in Zeke. More on both the Qumes and the Godbout another time. WRITE Arrives So. Zeke has two new friends, the Osborne and the Godbout; and he's about to get new disk drives. There's more happening here at Chaos Manor. Tony Pietsch's new text editor, WRITE, is done at last. I'm us- ing it to do this column. Write is much like Electric Pencil without bugs. It ought to be: back when I started writing with com- puters. Pencil was the best editor around, and we put together a system to work with it. Unfortunately, Pencil has bugs. One, the tendency to drop letters at the ends of lines, is notorious. Another is a needlessly complex handshaking routine to cou- ple Pencil to the Diablo (that one's so severe we use a special CP/M BIOS [basic input/output system] reserved just for Pencil). There are other prob- lems, and over the years my partner Larry Niven and I have been making lists of Pencil's faults. We've also made notes on just what we'd like in a text creation editor, features that Pencil never had. Anton (Tony) Pietsch has been col- lecting those notes and writing an editor to fit. In these columns and in pieces for BYTE's companion onCom- puting, now called Popular Comput- ing, I've several times armounced that it would be ready "real soon now." I'm happy to say that this time it's here and it works. But this version will only work for systems with memory-mapped video display. For the Godbout that's simple enough: we use an Ithaca IA-1100 Write-Only Memory video output board addressed to hexa- decimal address FCOO, and a separate keyboard. The system normally oper- ates through an H-19 terminal, but it can be rigged up to think that Ezekial is its terminal — or to work with my regular keyboard, putting the output up on my big IS-inch monitor screen 224 ApiU 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc LOGO Language of the 80's Apple Logo and Logo introduce you to a dynamic new computer language tliat not only enables educators to make full and innovative use of tfie teaching potential of modern computers but also offers programmers an easy-to-use system of considerable power. Readers of this book will see that the designers' vision of Logo as a virtually unlimited educa- tional tool has now become a reality. Logo enables even young children to use the computer in rewarding, self-directed projects, while at the same time providing sophisticated users with a powerful and expressive general programming system. This book presents the reader with a com- plete guide to the exciting applications of this unique procedural language. The author Introduces programming techniques through Turtle Geometry — a series of fascinating exercises involving both Logo programming and geometric concepts. Later chapters illustrate more advanced projects that utilize Logo's sophisticated list- processing capabilities; these include the conversational DOCTOR program with its simulated psychotherapist and an INSTANT program with which parents and teachers can create a programming environment for preschool children. The book also contains reference material of enduring value to sophisticated users. Get In on the ground floor of the burgeoning Logo movement with this comprehen- sive, detailed guide to the up-and-coming computer language of the Eighties! This book is published in two versions: Apple Logo is for users of Apple Logo^*^ software (distributed by Apple Computer Company) and contains an appendix for users of Tl Logo^*^. Logo is specifically for users of Logo software developed at MIT for the Apple II computer (distributed by Krell Software and Terrapin, Inc.). Logo also contains appendices that enable users of Apple Logo^'^ and Tl Logo^'^ to carry out the projects in the book. Be sure to specify Apple Logo or Logo when ordering! BYTE Books 70 Main St Peterborough, N.H. 03 Circle 67 on inquiry card. User's Column, through the IA-1100. This is one of the advantages of an S-100 bus system. You can configure it to do nifty things like that. Anyway, back to WRITE. Why is it so good that I'm willing to overlay some of my memory with video and have special boards, and such like? Can it be as good as all that! It depends on what you want an editor for. I have no doubt that some of the really fancy "window-type" editors based on the MIT EMACS editor or built around special display boards may be more elegant in theory. Moreover, Micropro's Wordmaster remains, in my judgment, the best programming editor ever invented. But for just sitting down and writing I want something as nearly invisible as can be made. I don't want to think about my editor. I don't want it to nat- ter at me about line numbers and col- umn numbers and such. I don't want it drawing f urmy lines across the screen to mark the ends of pages. I don't want it clicking disks at me, or run- ning out of disk space and giving me no chance to change disks. And if 1 want to pull some text in from another disk somewhere, I want to be able to do that. If I want to write some text out onto a safety disk, I want to be able to do that, too. If I want to print out my text on paper, I don't want to have to double-space it on the screen in order to get it double- spaced on the manuscript. And for heaven's sake, if I fiddle around with a paragraph and snip off words here and add some there, I don't want to have to reformat the text! My editor should do that forme, silently, easily, automatically. And that's what I have in WRITE. A nearly invisible editor. Add to that a really powerful macro-command capability, with loops and global searches and deletes, and an ability to link disk files so that the program treats them as if they were one enor- mous file. Add it all up and it's WRITE, Writers' Really Incredible Text Editor. I'm sure I'll have more to say about it another time. Meanwhile, if your sys- tem will nm Electric Pencil under CP/M, it will run WRITE, which will be able to read all your old Pencil files. (It will also read Wordstar and Word- master files.) If you do creative writ- ing, you'll appreciate WRITE a lot. Highly recommended. One more note on text editors. Peo- ple ask me what I have against Word- star. My aiBwer is simple. Lots of friends use Wordstar, and I use it on the Osborne. It's a good editor to run on a terminal. Like all editors on ter- minals, the scrolling is ugly, but that's not Wordstar's fault. Micropro Inter- national continually works to add fea- tures and capabilities, and it's done well. What Micropro can't do is correct the basic deficiency, which is the two- keystroke command system with delay in between strokes. When I want to delete a line, or scroll, or go from the beginning to the end of the text, I want to do that right now. I don't want to hit control-Q, then remember that "c" takes me to the end of the text unless I've hit the space bar in be- tween, in which case — Nor do I want a bunch of prompts and lines and menu items on the screen. OK, so you can suppress those menu descriptions — provided, of course, that you remember all the command items. But you won't. Wordstar has too many features. Now that would be all right if you could ig- nore most of them, but you can't. They take up single-stroke control characters so that there are none left for the functions you want to have happen fast. In contrast, WRITE's ap- proach is to use the single-strokes for such things as toggling insert/delete modes, opening a hole in the text for long insertions, and marking blocks of ilBASF DISKETTES BASF Diskettes at compe- titive price. Call TOLL FREE (800) 235-4137 for prices and information. Visa and Master Card accepted. PACIFIC EXCHANGES 100 Fooihill Blvd San Luis Obispo CA 4:i401 (In Cal ca (805) .543-1037 Circle 319 on inquiry card. 226 April 1982 © BYTE Publicatinu Inc command your own STARSHtP with Fleet: Maneuvers 19B2's hoccest new play by mail game. by FgnTq^Tic ;>imuLqTion:> p. o. box S45BB clGn\]>Gr Colorado SaSS4 re it for your hardware and software needs. MARCH SPECIAL SuperCalc^^ «236 THE APPLICATIONS GROUP i 214 ) 749-5513 i I III I circle 48 on Inquiry card. Circle 35 on inquiry card. '**irtiiifc^irOliM OOmPUTER UMRaKXJSE CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-528-1054 ATARI Special 32K 800 System 800 W/32K, recorder, star raiders, joysticks Call Above W/48K Call INTERNATIONAL DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED 800 (16K) 400 810 Disk Drive 825 Printer . . . . 850 Interface . 410 Recorder , 830 Modem . . . $670 $340 $440 $590 $170 $ 75 $155 16K Memory 32K Memory MODEMS Novation CAT D-CAT Apple Cat II . , Auto Cat PRINTERS C. Itoh F-10 - Parallel . F-10 - Serial . . 55CPS - Series Prowriter Datasouth DS 180 $70 $125 $140 $155 $349 $235 Call Call Call Call $1260 Diablo 630 RO w/Tractors . , $2260 630 RO wo/Tractors . $2050 Epson MX-80 MX-80 F/T MX-100 Infoscrlbe 500 1000 Call Call Call Call Call NEC PC-8023A . 3510 7710 7720 Call $1690 Call Call Okidata Microline 80 , , , Microline82-A Microline 83-A Microline 84 , . , Paper Tiger 560G $330 $455 $740 Call $1050 Texas Instruments 810 Basic $1275 MONITORS Zenith 12" Green Screen Amdek Video 100 Video 300 Color I Color II $115 Call Call Call Call VTA Di® Texas Instruments Novation yTECHNOLOCY, INC. M Tfel^ldeo — — / OKIDATA 3|U| COMPUTER SYSTEMS EPSON AMERICA , INC. ■^HfiIcECSiSji3 SPECIAL WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM Altos 8000-2, Televideo 950, Diablo 630RO, Word Star, Cables above w/TELEVIDEO 910 S5830 S5500 $630 Call Call Call VIDEO TERMINALS Adds Viewpoint $530 Altos Altos I Call Soroc IQ 120 IQ 130 IQ 135 IQ 140 Televideo 910C 912C 920 C 925 C 950 C Zenith Z-19 DISKETTS Elephant 5^" 0. Sector (100). Scotch 5%" O.IO.ieSector (100) 8" 0.32 Sector (100) $570 $675 $735 $730 $915 $680 $215 $250 $260 UMREHCXJSE COMPUTERS Altos ACS 8000-15 $3850 ACS 8000-2 w/CPM" $2650 Alspa ASCi-1 Call ASCI-2 Call California Computer Systems Call IBM Personal Computer Call NEC Call Northstar Advantage $2990 Horizon II 64K QD . . $2690 Televideo Systems System I System II TS-802 TS-802H Zenith Z-89 48 K w/CPM" Z-90 64K w/CPM" Both above w/supercalc DISK DRIVES Lobo Apple 1st Drive . . Apple 2nd Drive . . $2255 $5045 $2700 $5050 $2160 $2385 $400 $350 2222 E. Indian School Rd. • Phoenix, Arizona 8501 6 Order Line: 1-800-528-1054 'mtk Other Information: 602-954-6109 NPP! bhh Store Hours: Tues.-Fri. 10-5 MST Saturday 10-2 MST Prices reflect 3% cash discount. Product shipped in factory cartons with manufacturers warranty. Add 2% a minimum of $5 for shipping and handling. Personal checks will delay shipping two weeks Prices & availability subject to change without notice User's ■ text and moving them; and, much as Wordmaster does, it allows you to use the macro-command capability for all the really complicated stuff. WRITE also has the menu available at any time: simply hit Escape and you'll see a whole list of instructions, pages of them if you like. But you don't see them unless you want to. I wish Wordstar had taken that approach. I do recommend Wordstar for some purposes. First, it works on a terminal. Because it knows where the ends of pages are, it can do indexing. It for- mats on screen; what you see is what you get, an intolerable disadvantage when what you want is a simple double-spaced manuscript (who wants his on-screen text double-spaced?) but a real boon if you're publishing a newsletter or other matter requiring holes for illustration. It has a good mail-merge utility. If you can use any of those features, Wordstar is the only program that has them. Incidentally, there are a couple of candidates for Wordstar's crown, one of them being MINCE (acronym for MINCE Is Not Complete EMACS) which emulates EMACS, the MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology) full -screen editor and is cer- tainly the best editor if you want to write LISP programs. MINCE works on terminals (but not with memory- mapped video; at least I've never been able to get it running on Zeke). Now that the Godbout with the H-19 is up and running, we'll have a more thorough report. But when it comes to creating text, you won't beat WRITE. Or so say I. muSimp / muMath Some time ago, I got a copy of muSimp/muMath from the Soft Ware- house. Marketing of these programs has since been taken over by Micro- soft, which has probably enhanced the documentation — at least it usually does. There's nothing quite like muMath [For another review see 'The muSimp/ muMath-79 Symbolic Math System" by Gregg Williams, November 1980 BYTE, page 324]. The basic concept comes from MACSYMA, the sym- bolic-algebra programs continually under development at MIT's computer laboratories, which run on the DEC PDP-10. Obviously, there is no way to put the full power of a PDP-10 into a microcomputer — although the God- bout 8085/88 comes closer than I would have thought possible a few years ago. MuMath consists of a core plus a whole series of auxiliary routines. The programs are written in LISP, but you don't have to know LISP to use them. (It would help, though. Boy would it help.) MuSimp is another package of routines which will also work with muMath. Together they will do a sur- prising lot of useful work. You could, for example, write a Visicalc in muSimp/muMath, and I suspect it would work quite well. There are also examples of how to write a database system using them. In other words, muSimp/muMath have a lot more power than appears on the surface (or, indeed, is hinted at in the advertisements). Their primary purpose, though, is to do symbolic math. And here I have to confess a fault. When I first got muSimp/muMath, I tended to com- pare them to MACSYMA, and of course these programs written for 8-bit microprocessors came up wanting. How could they not? What I should have done was find someone who never had access to MACSYMA and ask what she thought of them, and recently that's what I did. "Wonderful," said my lovely friend. "I've never even suspected you could do things like that on a computer. J RAM New 5 1 2K RAM card for the IBM Personal Computer. Parity and paging hardware. Gp to one and a half megabytes per system using 3 JRAM's. Included is flop- py with software to allow any por- tion of memory to be used as simulated floppy drive. Ail RAM locations are socketed and par- tially stuffed cards are available on special request. $1500 Tall Tree Systems 1036 Los Altos Avenue Los Altos, CA 94022 (415) 941-8748 THE MISSIIMG LINK Adapt IBM ET50, 60, or 75 to Applell or III with our Missing Link for word processing quality output. • Does iiot affect nornial typewriier operation • Typewriter still qualifted for IBM maintenance con- tract • Interface isolates the Apple from the typewriter See iKjf full twyti in Mny 1980 BVTE Check with your local Appie dealer or to order call: 1-800-845-2712 (In S.C., call 1-800-922-5528) If you need word processing software, we offer ManuSaipter in two versions Beginner S95, Advanced SI 95 'S C residents add 4".. sales lax |Ml(g(o)iMjp)iiDSystems Hon I ?301 DEVINE STREET . PO BOX FOR UCSD PASCAL* SYSTEMS $650 - PDBASE an Entity Relational Data-base. Complete with English query language, for- mated screen, procedure lan- guage, data security, multiple users, validity checking and example relations. $300 - Program interface for PDBASE $ 25 - PDBASE users manual $125 - Interactice spelling checker $100 - Complete LISP interpreter. lOTC Inc. 910 SuUy/Laiamie, WY 82070 •Trademark Regents Univ. of Calif. (307) 72!-581S Circle 404 on Inquiry card. 228 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 98 on Inquiry {Sard. Circle 215 on Inquiry card. Made by Seikosha, AXIOM'S new GP-IOO is the finest printer a little money can buy. It uses standard 8-1/2 x 1 1 paper and lias AXIOM'S fabulous graphics interfaces for Apple, TRS-80, Atari, PET, HP and morel See the GP-lOO at your AXIOM dealer today! Seikosha is the leading company of the worldwide Seiko Group. AXIOM CORPORATION 1014 Griswold Avenue, San ftrnando, CA 91340 • Telephone: (213) 365-9521 • TWX: 910-496-1746 Circle 47 on inquiry card. Circle 436 on inquiry card. STARTING YOUR OWN MICROCOMPUTER BUSINESS Starting your own microcomputer business is easy if you know the right steps to take. Two volumes of the new book Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business describe the things you should know to start right and to build your business successfully. Many people have good ideas for a successful microcomputer business. But they don't know how to put their ideas into action. These people are plenty smart. That's not the problem. The problem is in knowing simple things: How to analyze the market. How to select the right product or service. How to get enough startup money. How to plan your growth and success. The answers to these problems are not hard to understand. All you need is the right information. Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business gives you the knowledge tools to start right, grow and prosper. This practical reference manual has no hocus-pocus. It does not tell you how to do astrology or dating services. It does give you clear, complete, step-by-step instructions on how to get started right and insure your success! Volume I Includes: ■ The hottest trends in the market ■ The seven best test markets ■ How to read hetween the lines at a trade show ■ 107 ways to reach your market ■ Examples of the best ads in the business ■ How to get free advertising ■ The 21 steps to set up your business ■ How to start a manufacturing business ■ How to write a newsletter ■ How to give a seminar ■ How to start a service business uiitraiinu) ■ How to package software for the mass market ■ How to be a highly paid consultant ■ Franchising— the good, the bad and the ugly ■ Interviews with six successful microcomputer businesses ■ How to use the RLC factor to be street smart, lean, mean and successful Volume II Includes: ■ strategies for growth ■ Straight facts on incorporation ■ How to build your organization ■ How to manage cash flow ■ How to develop your accounting system ■ How to manage employees, wages and sakiries ■ How to survive a cash crunch ■ What to do if things get really bad ■ How to maximize your profits ■ How to grow by acquisition ■ How to value your business ■ How and when to sell your business WRITE OR CALL-DONT WAIT! m mm Volume I Getting Started Volume II Growth, Survival and Success bv VICTOR WILD Wildfire Publishing, P.O. Box 420-DK Carpinteria, CA 93013 Ph. (805) 684-1489 Please send the following book(s) by return mail. 1 understand if 1 want to return them for any reason within 30 days of receipt, I can do so and get a prompt full refund. □ Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business Vol. I, Getting Started, $20.00. (Postpaid) □ Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business Vol. II, Growth, Survival and Success, $20.00. (Postpaid) Calif, residents please add $1.20 each sales tax. Name Street City _ -State . Zip . Enclosed is _ Card # Ex. Dt Signature _ _ or charge my MasterCharge □ or Visa □ MCInterbank # .® 1982 Wildlire Pub. User's Column. Items Reviewed Ashton-Tate Suite 1510 3600 Wilshire Boulevard Los Angeles, CA 90010 (213) 204-5570 WRITE (Writers' Really Incredible Text Editor) $395 California Computer Systems 250 Caribbean Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 734-5811 Model 2210A S-100 $2350 Compupro-Godbout Co. Oakland Airport, CA 94614 (415) 562-0636 8085/8088 Dual Processor 6 MHz 8 MHz $425 $525 Cornucopia Software FOB 5028 Walnut Creek, CA 94596 (415) 524-8098 Microproof TRS-80 Model I or III TRS-80 Model III or CP/M Optional Correcting Feature $89.50 $149.50 $60 Innovative Software Applications 260 Sheridan, Suite 300 Palo Alto, CA 94306 (415) 326-0805 Spellguard 2.0 $295 Micropro International Corp. 1299 Fourth Street San Rafael, CA 94901 (415) 457-8990 Wordstar 3.0 $495 Microsoft 400 108th Avenue NE, Suite 200 Bellevue, WA 98004 (206) 828-8080 muSimp/muMath CP/M and Apple BASCOM BASIC Compiler CP/M and Apple $250 $395 Osborne Computer Corp. 26500 Corporate Avenue Hayward, CA 94545 (415) 887-8080 Osborne 1 portable computer $1795 Workman & Associates 112 Marion Avenue Pasadena, CA 91106 PDATA Minimum Data Base (postpaid) $84.50 230 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc One Concept 1000 Supports 16 CP/M User Stations hi. I Expandable,Multi-Processor, Multi-User, Multi-Tasking Microcomputer System Here's computer power from Columbia Data Products that grows as your requirements grow. It's the new Concept 1000 . , featuring a wide variety of computer resources. Expandable RAtvl and ROM storage, data communications interfaces, floppy and Winchester disk drives and printers . . .all shared by up to 1 6 users via a host processor system in a master/satellite configuration. Each user works with a fully-dedicated Z-80A, 64K microprocessor sy stem with dual RS-232 or RS-422 serial ports in a complete CP/M* ^virQn- _ ment, fvlulti-processing is managed by Digital Research's MP/IVl'' and CP/NET operating systems. You can start with the Concept 1000 . . . and stay with it. It grows with you. Contact us for more information on our newest Concept— the 1000. COLUMBIA 0990 RoulB ii'i '1)1 MacArlhiir BlucI PC Box 1118 Columbia, MO . I ' . ,,iijt(i2l\ •toso MoanBhongladbach 1 Telephonn 30| .9BX Li'iuQ Nowporl BBoch, CA 92660 WesI Germany rvvx 710-862.1B01 TeloiJhono 7 U-7S2-5245 Telephone 021-61-33159 Telex 692 310 Telex 852 452 TIME MANAGER FOR APPLE' II AND II PLUS LIST 150.00 125.00 MICROPRO WORDSTAR' 245.00 SUPERSORT' 130.00 MMLMERGE' 85.00 DATASTAR* 207.00 HAYDEN APPLESOFT COMPILER. 145.00 APPLE' SOFTWARE MICROSOFT CP/M^ BASIC COMPILER ...... 31 5.00 TASC APPLESOFT» COMPILER 1 50.00 FORTRAN 30 165.00 COBOL 80 550.00 ALDS 105.00 ADVENTURE 24.95 OLYMPIC DECATHALON 21.95 Microhouse continues to feature the best savings on tine best software. TERMINALS TELEVIDEO 950 CALL 925 CALL 920 CALL 912 CALL 910 CALL PRINTERS C.ITOH PRO/WRITER SERIAL . . . 650.00 PRO/WRITER PARALLEL 535.00 STARWRITER I SERIAL .... CALL STARWRITER I PARALLEL . CALL ALL C. ITOH PRINTER ACCESSORIES CALL EPSON MX-100 CALL MX-aOFT CALL MX-80 CALL EPSON GRAFTRAX CALL ALL EPSON PRINTER ACCESSORIES CALL ANADEX DP-9501 CALL DP-9500 CALL DP-9001 CALL DP-9000 CALL DP-8000 CALL DP-aOOO for APPLE CALL ALL ANADEX PRINTER ACCESSOFIIES CALL APPLE" ACCESSORIES MOUNTAIN COMPUTER MULTII/0 178.00 CP/W SOFTWARE ASHTONTATE dBASEII Version 2.0 599.00 VIDEX VIDEOTERM 290.00 KEYBOARD ENHANCER. 105.00 MICROSOFT Z-aOSOFTCARD 299.00 16KRAMCARD J 50. 00 VISICORP VISICALCi CALL VISIDEXi 159.00 VISIFILEi 200.00 VISIPLOTi 149.00 VISITERMf 128.00 VISITREND-VISIPLOTf. . . 220.00 DESKTOP PLAN in 160.00 MODEMS HAYES CHRONOGRAPH RS-232 COMPATIBLE CLOCK/CALENDAR FOR SMALL COMPUTERS. ADDS DIMENSION OF PRECISE TIME-KEEPING TO ALL RS-Z3Z-C COMPA TIBLE COMPUTERS. USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH USER-DEVELOPED SOFTWARE. THE CHRONOGRAPH CAN LOG REPORTS AND PROGRAMS BY DATE AND TIME. COMPUTER ALARM FEATURE. STAND ALONE UNIT, POWERED INDEPENDENTL Y. BATTERY BACK-UP AND WRITE PROTECT SWITCH. LIST: 249.00 208.00 SMARTMODEM 230.00 MICROMODEMII (APPLE) 307.00 SUPERSOFT TERM II 131.00 DIAGNOSTICS II 84.00 DISK DOCTOR 84.00 FORTRAN 218.00 SSS FORTRAN with RATFOR 285.00 TINY PASCAL 74.00 MICROSOFT BASIC 80 285.00 BASIC COMPILER 315.00 COBOL80 .....568.00 FORTRAN 80 345.00 muSIMP-muMA TH 215.00 MACRO 80 140.00 OKIDATA MICROLINE84 CALL MICROLINE 83A CALL MICR0LINE82A CALL MICROLINE 80 CALL NOVATION APPLE-CAT 325.00 , LIST: 389.00 AUTO-CAT 213.00 D-CAT 156.00 MICROPRO WORDSTAR 3.0* 299.00 SUPERSORT* 170.00 MAILMERGE* 105.00 DATASTAR* 244.00 The Microhouse Order Center is Open from 9:00 AM until 8:00 PM Eastern Time Monday tlirougti Friday. Visa and MasterCard Welcome. FORORDERS-PRICEQUOTESAVAILABILITY f ^i^j ^ggj fjglf^ 4gJ f f * Trademarks of MicroPro International. t Trademarks of VisiCorp. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Computers. VISICORP VISICALC NEW FOR APPLE' AND IBM CALL IN PENNSYLVANIA ICID OOU'UcID BETHLEHEM, pa 18016 PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE ALL ITEMS SUBJECT TO A VAILABILITY C. ITOH F-10 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER (REPLACES STARWRITER II PARALLEL AND SERIAL) 16 INCH WIDTH. FRICTION FEED OR OPTIONAL BIDIRECTIONAL TRACTOR. ETX/ACK. X-ON/X-OFF PROTOCOLS. LOW PROFILE DESIGN. . . ONL Y 6 INCHES HIGH! 40 CPS. PARALLEL OR SERIAL CALL SORCIM SUPERCALC LIST: 295.00 Microhouse Presents 219.00 CALL FOR THE LATEST MICROHOUSE SA VINGS ON THE COMPLETE LINE OF MAXELL DISKETTES. Hour Ordering With Microline NEW C. ITOH PRO/WRITER SERIAL 120 CPS. BUSY READY. X-ON/X-OFF. CURRENT LOOP LIST: 885.00 Tfie Microcomputer People from Microhouse introduce yet another innovation to computer shopping: Microline. Microline is a computerized order-entry system, similar to accessing time-sharing systems. Microline is easy to use. All you need is a computer, a modem, a phone, and to follow these easy steps: PREMIUM PACKAGE 650.00 1 Dial 21 5-868-1 230. 2 Microline will answer in one ring. (If not already In use) 3 A tone will be transmitted through the phone. 4 Connect your modem to your phone. 5 Hit the 'RETURN' key on your computer. A self-explanatory sign-on message will appear on your screen. Q Follow the instructions to shop and order through Microline. Y Payments by check, money order, C.O.D., MasterCard, or 619.00 Visa only. □ 16K RAMCARD r. Z-aOSOFTCARD ^ VIDEX VIDEOTERM n INVERSE CHARACTER SET □ 40-80 COLUMN SWITCH n CP/M- USER'S GUIDE by Tom Hogan LIST: 775.00 The Microcomputer People. Microhouse Circle 272 on inquiry card. ircle 442 on inquiry card. systems 68000 BIB 1 A»Counts'^"accounting and inventory. Bizgraf """^ business color graphics. Tektext™ scientific word processor. TeleSoft-Ada™ to DOD specifications. • UNIX''** of Bell Laboraiohas • CP/WM of Digital Hesearch • MuhibusTMot Iniel Corp. • Ada"* Oapt. of Oafansa Representatives worldwide. IMMEDIATE ATTENTION! Please send specifications on: □ System 1 ($2,000) (board only. 128KB RAM) □ System 2 ($8,500) (with 1 0MB Winchester) Name Company City State Zip Phone Phone: Cable: (319)344-0550 XAVAXCORP XAVAX Corporation 300 Northwest Tower Bettendort, Iowa 52722 B482 User's Column How long has this been going on?" I shrugged. 'Tou mean I went through three semesters of calculus and did ALL THOSE PROBLEMS while you had a computer program that would do dif- ferentiation and integrals? And I mashed through Physics I and II and solved problems with a hand calcu- lator when all that time Ezekial could have done my homework?" By now she was screaming. "Uh, well — " Under the circum- stances I did the only sensible thing a man could do. I hid behind my wife. But my lovely friend did have a point. True, muSitnp/muMath are limited in what they can do, but they can do differentiation, integrals, and algebra. They can factor and expand polynomials. They can do matrix op- erations and simplify equations, and do it all symbolically, the way you'd mess around with the equations using pencil and paper. The programs aren't perfect. They tend to run out of memory easily. The way to escape that is to set up a kind of subprogram consisting of those ele- ments of muSimp/muMath that you need for your particular problem, leaving out all the parts that won't af- fect what you're doing. For example, you can configure a system that understands trigonometry and com- plex numbers but doesn't know that matrices and integrals exist. And so forth. There are other limits. The docu- mentation isn't exactly encrypted, but it's pretty dense. You really have to want to use the programs to dig your way through that stuff, and as I said earlier, it would help a lot if you understood LISP. The authors of the muSimp documents plainly do under- stand LISP, and although they don't expect you to, they keep hoping you will. Still in all, there's no real competi- tion for muSimp/muMath. If you want to do symbolic algebra, if you want to use your computer to help you get through Calculus 102 and Physics 203, then you probably need muSimp/muMath. Recommended for those who need it, with reservations as noted. BASCOM Improves More good news. Microsoft has done it again. It has improved its BASCOM BASIC Compiler. What Microsoft has done is two- fold: it's added program CHAINing with COMMON storage, meaning that you can break A program apart into pieces and execute it in parts, passing variables to each chunk as called. This greatly reduces the size of the program code that must be in memory at a given time, which means that it saves free memory and that you can run bigger programs with more variables. Second, Microsoft has greatly cut down on the run-time package, so the total size of the programs is — or can be — smaller, and also larger programs can be compiled and linked. More good news. Microsoft has partially dropped the restrictive licens- ing provision that made you pay a royalty on any program you sold that had been compiled with BASCOM. The bad news on that front is that it has dropped the royalty requirement only for the old BASCOM; if you want to use the new, with the CHAIN and COMMON keywords and smaller run-time package and all that nifty stuff, you still have to pay for each copy you sell. Alas. But I suspect free enterprise will end that; it's only a matter of time. Meanwhile, the new BASCOM is viery nice indeed. Take a trivial exam- ple: an old Star Trek game I've been playing with. As you might suspect, my Star Trek is the ultimate game, with invisible Romulans, and shields for the Klingons, and enemy bases, and attacks on Federation bases, and Federation trading ships, and black holes, and — well, you get the idea. The game was originally written in EBASIC, a public-domain precursor to Gordon Eubanks' CD ASIC. I added to it and translated it into CBASIC, but eventually the program outgrew that. Besides, it was getting awfully slow. What I wanted to do, therefore, was System 2 System 2 includes: • 68000 processor at 8MHz • 32 bit registers, operations • 7 vectored interrupt levels • 256KB parity checking RAM • 1GMB Winchester hard disk • 960KB floppy disk • Graphics display monitor • Multibus""/IEEE architecture • XVX multiuser operatirig system • Option: UNIX™. CP/M™ • Screen editor, filer, linker • Language: (Pascal, C, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, or Assembler) • Option: add 10MB Winchester with 10MB tape backup • Option: on site service Software: 234 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcaHons Inc CP/M ® AlUYOlUE CAN USE CP/M WITH SUPERVYZ SUPERVYZ is a revolutionary soft- ware concept that serves as a mediator between the user and CP/M, requesting information in plain English and translating the response into the form CP/M recognizes. Users are led from one application to another in a courteous and step-by- step sequence of menus. Aided by descriptive error messages and computer-assisted tutoring, the operator avoids mistakes and is advis- ed of the next step in a polite and friendly manner. EXPAND YOUR MARKET AND LOWER COSTS As a Dealer, SUPERVYZ allows you to sell CP/M computers and applica- tion software to non-technical markets, without the added expense of teaching the operating system. EPIC supplies the menus or you create your own to meet the exact needs of your customers. Because SUPERVYZ is compatible with over 2,0G0 programs and 300 com- puters, you can bundle software from different suppliers and SUPERVYZ does the teaching. This eliminates costly after-the-sale handholding. For further information about EPIC SUPERVYZ, call or write us today. Plenac etiiei- the nutnliur- of ihe besrctl futx;liwi (Q it iiotw, ? for I Tins '3 LMu opuralor/fnochine taivLTsationul Li!»l erea o oa-iity udapLaljlu Lo your siiccid:: i i.'Muir'i! Supervyz is a trademark of Epic Computer Corporation. CP/M is a Trademark of Digital Research. Circle 172 on inquiry card. SOFTWAHE Epic Computer Corporation 7542 Trade Street San Diego, CA 92121 Tel. 714-695-3560 NOW SOLD THROUGH DISTRIBUTORS IN POPULAR FORMATS 800-421-0814 DEALERS ONLY PLEASE A Great Price For A Great Printer Results of the ALPHACOM 42 Thermal Printer Quality graphics and symbols for business and pleasure. FAST-OUIET-LOWCOST The remarkable ALPHACOM 42 high speed 40 column thermal printer Is now available through this mail offer for only $199.95.* For Apple, Commodore, Atari and other home computer users, this is the opportunity to own one of the most reliable printers ever introduced. It's a fool-proof printing mechanism that is bacl ) S chat UH "8 duf rlikt 1*6 ek«r i '1 W Ulm I llr™ o « M>fi le'i r mrt 7i,%t mi ekr lit V imn m/m n m, ■» i Uiit> at imt IT -oH tll'l nrf1.,k« iliUi'll bid — •Miitar- i'V liw IIECRin M finirirkl'O Oucrns ~Z liKe ar H lini Ian I i H Iiurl < Itnin I ~C screflw >tf *l scfttve imnt { "S Stop ■ cowW I WordStar*, the popular CP/IVI word processor Is among thousands of programs that can now be run on the IBM PC with Baby Blue. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, WordStar is a trademark of MicroPro international Corporation. Circle 443 on Inquiry card. system, a physical system, or a hypothetical system. It is the model developed in the mind of the user that enables that person to understand and interact with the system. The first task for a system designer is to decide what model is preferable for users of the system. This extremely important step is often neglected or done poor- ly. The Star designers devoted several work -years at the outset of the proj- ect discussing and evolving what we considered an appropriate model for an office information system: the metaphor of a physical office. The designer of a computer system can choose to pursue familiar analogies and metaphors or to in- troduce entirely new functions requir- ing new approaches. Each option has advantages and disadvantages. We decided to create electronic counter- parts to the physical objects in an of- fice: paper, folders, file cabinets, mail boxes, and so on — an electronic metaphor for the office. We hoped this would make the electronic "world" seem more familiar, less alien, and require less training. (Our initial experiences with users have confirmed this.) We further decided to make the electronic analogues be concrete objects. Documents would be more than file names on a disk; they would also be represented by pictures on the display screen. They would be selected by pointing to them with the mouse and clicking one of the buttons. Once selected, they would be moved, copied, or deleted by pushing the appropriate key. Moving a document became the elec- tronic equivalent of picking up a piece of paper and walking somewhere with it. To file a docu- ment, you would move it to a picture of a file drawer, just as you take a physical piece of paper to a physical file cabinet. The reason that the user's concep- tual model should be decided first More Financial Planning . . I from Sup6TSo^t Good management decisions are crucial to ttie success of any business But frequently, business problems are too complex for off-the-cuff evaluation. These problems are often met with guesswork and inaccuracy. The Optimizer, the newest addition to SuperSoft's Financial Planning Library, was designed for the businessman. It gives him the power to make quantitative decisions which previously could be made only by large companies using mainframe computers. The Optimizer is based on the Simplex algorithm for solving linear programming problems, the details of which are transparent to the user. Many business problems can now be solved by optimizing an objective subject to some number of constraints. An investment broker may try to maximize a client's return subject to the risk that client is willing to take. A manufacturer may try to minimize production costs while maximizing output. These are exactly the kinds of problems the Optimizer can solve, and the solution to these problems often means the difference between profit and loss. The Optimizer for CP/M APPLE TRS-80 IBM Personal Computer Requires 48K GP/M Optimizer $200.00 Manual only $ 20.00 Software available for virtually all CP/M ' systems. Also available for Apple and TRS-80 models I & III. Specify your system. The Optimizer from SuperSoft . . . an invaluable tool for business planning. First in Software Technology Available from fine dealers everywtiere or directly from: SuperSoft, Inc. P.O. Box 1628 Ctiampaign, IL 61820 217-359-2112 Telex: 270365 Technical Hot Line: 217-359-2691 ■CP w siCisiEBiD imcEwiH" Dir.iiai B[SE*ncH DIGITAL DEVICES 134 LONDON ROAD SQUTHBOHOUGh, KENT TUNBRIDGE WELLS TN-1. OPL ENGLAND Tel, Tunbiidgo Wells (0892137977/9 Tele< 9b532 ASR CORPOFIATION INTERNATION 3-23 8 NISHI.SHIMBASHI. MINATO \ TOKYO 105 JAPAN Tel 03-437 5371 Tele> 0242 2723 252 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 393 on inquiry card. I IHILNTINeirCN C€/HIPILirilNe I n 0 B D B 18 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0 B 0- B 0 NEW Computer Stocks & Bonds (Avalon Hill) Star Blazet (Broderbund) Tax Beater (Datamosl) REAP iDatamost) Time Manager tMiCfOSOft) Foosball (Sinus) Twerps (Sinus) Snake Byte (Sinus) Audex (Sinus) Pholar (Sotlape) Aulo Atlas (CPU) Worm Hole (DakjnS) Electric Duet (Insoft) CalcStar (Micro Pro) Wordstar Training Guide (book) Marauder (On-Line) Stierwood Forest (Phoenix) Zoom G'afix (Phoenlit) The Queen o( Phdbos (Phoenix) GBS (Quality) Compucube (Stoneware) DB Utility #2 (Stoneware) DB Master Slat. (Stoneware) Planetary Guide (Synergistic) Adanlis (Synergistic) Soft Seventy (Synergistic) Castles of Darkness (Logical Choice) Ceiling Zero (Turnkey) The Gauntlet (Turnkey) Survival Adv. (USA) Apple Spice (Adv. Inten) $!«.•• $iia.«« $16.*9 $16.9« . $16.** $a4.*« $«>.•• $a*.M . $!•.•• .$IT*.*« . $lf.M . $30.*« . $30.** $3».9« $30.9* $S9«.00 $•«.«< $S«.9« $30.M $3*.«« $*•.•• . $3e.*« . $aa.«« . $36.99 . $31.99 . $3«.99 #4801 #4804 #4805 #4810 #3257 #3255 #3250 #3251 #3252 #3253 #3254 #3256 #7360 #7367 #7362 #7368 #7364 #7365 #2253 #2254 #2262 #2259 #2263 #2260 #2264 #2261 # 1120 #1104 #1126 #1119 #1128 #1109 #1103 #1123 #1129 #1125 #1113 #1111 # 1 149 #1121 # 1 124 # 1 122 #1127 #1112 #1100 #1068 #1065 #1067 #1062 # 1061 #1069 #1070 #1055 #1056 AURORA Executive Secretary Hebrew II QuiGktrace Veraacaic3.3 BEAGLE BROS. Alpha Plot Doss Boss 3.2 Doss Boss 3.3 Game Pack #1 Game Pack #2 Game Pack #3 Game Pack #4 Utility City CONDUIT Algebra DnII & Practice I Demo-Graphics Group Velocity SAMP - Survey Sample Satellite Orbits Scatter-NudearScatter MICRO LAB Crown of Arthain — Madventure Merger Palace in Thunderland Roach Hotel SAT-English 1 Tax Manager U.S. Constitution ON-LINE Cranston Manor Ciosstite The Dictionary Expediter II Compiler General Manager Hi-Res Cribbage Jaw Breaker Lisa Lisa Educational Pkg MMSII Missile Defense Mouskatlack Pegasus II Soft Porn Adventure Speed ASM Threshold Time Zone Ulysses The Wizard & the Princess .... SIRIUS Beer Run Cops & Robbers Dark Forest Epoch Gorgon Hadron Joyport Phantoms Five $3 ia.se . $30.99 . $43.99 . $aa.99 . $34.49 . $34.39 . $30.39 . $30.39 $34.39 . $30.39 $30.39 $33.49 $133.99 $91.79 $T0.I9 . $3439 . $34.49 .. $19.49 . $31.19 . $43.39 $31.19 $34.*9 $35.49 $131.99 $33.49 $19.69 %it.19 $87.89 $44.09 . $47.49 . $31.19 . $34.39 $47.49 $103.49 $43.49 $35.39 $35.09 $35.39 $35.39 $33.89 $33.49 $47.49 . $39.49 . $14.49 $36.39 $39.69 $36.39 $39.69 $33.49 $30.69 . $67.39 . $14.39 . $3S.*9 By Fred Huntington Time for our latest new program for tfie Apple", Computer Almanac. Written by Davici Carman, an honest-to-goodness weatherman, Computer Almanac is a idiverse collection of well ttiougtit-out programs. It contains sunrise and sunset times, weather forecasts for any year, a wind chill chart, light- ning safety rules, a super-duper extra easy to use loan amoritization program that will print out in 80 columns, health chapter (including a nifty calorie counter), a vacation planner, a biorythm chapter (needs printer) and more. We're very proud of this program and think that at $24.95, it's one of the best bargains in the software market today. Also, don't forget our other new program for the Apple " , Understand Yourself, also $24.95. Dealer inquiries welcome. Speaking of good programs, we d like to recommend for either home or school use Crossword Magic by L&S ComputenA/are. A super outstanding program with nothing else even close, we thought the ohginal price of $79.95 was a little steep. So we were able to convince them to lower it to $49.95, which is still a little steep for a crossword program, no matter how fantastic. So, to prove a point, we've set the price at $39.99. Now it's a bargain. It will work with most graphic printers, inc- luding the Epson, with or without the Grappler. GREAT GRANDMA HUNTINGTON Great Grandma Huntington told me when I was a lad that I should always buy my compu- ter media as a diskcount. She also said that a single density disk in the hand was better than a double density disk in the bush. Great Grandma Huntington said a lot of things, many of which I can t remember. So we re having a contest to see who can come up with the best Great Grandma Huntington sayings. All entries must be postmarked no later than June 30, 1982 and should be ad- dressed to: GREAT GRANDMA HUNTINGTON CONTEST P. O. Box 787 Corcoran, CA 93212 The top two entries will receive genuine Epson LC Digital Quartz watches (yep, made by the same people who make those great printers). Winners will be used in future Soft- lights columns. All entries become the prop- erty of Huntington Computing and will not be returned. The worst ones may be used in future advertising. DISKS Elephant Disks 10/24.99 Verbatim 10/28.99 (With plastic box) Maxell 10/36.99 *676l #6758 #6759 #6760 #7555 #7552 #7554 #7550 #7561 #7560 # 1014 *1012 *1002 # 1016 # 1015 « 1007 #2651 #6100 #3360 #5780 #3700 #6707 #5453 #2008 #3200 #3702 #6101 #2752 #4401 #2294 #3452 #4750 #218 #2290 #2059 #22 #1408 #4250 #6080 #7401 #5920 #1476 #2210 #4300 #6102 #3391 #7975 #2058 #5800 #5806 #2400 #2402 #2403 *1804 #1816 #2211 #90 #3300 #3301 #6240 #6709 #7100 #6710 #7970 #1900 #4701 #2355 #7008 #3400 #2751 #91 #1150 #1403 #7006 #2701 #7101 #3701 #4251 #3482 #1020 #3511 #2061 #2750 #7102 #5900 #2804 #4700 #3461 #4350 #18 #2655 PENDULUM PRESS 20.000 Leagues Under The Sea $39.69 Time Machine $39.69 Tom Sawyer $39.69 Treasure Island $39.69 SPECTRUM Action Adventure Game Senes $35.39 Color Calendar $35.39 Home Finance Pak I $43.39 Microaccountant $43.49 Numerical Analysis $17.49 Statistical Analysis I $17.49 STRATEGIC SIMULATIONS Battle Of Shiloh $33.49 Computer Baseball $33.89 Computer Quarterback $35.99 Napoleon s Campaign $53.69 Tigers In The Snow $33.09 The Warpfaclor $33.89 MISCELLANEOUS Apple Doc (Southwestern] $43.99 Apple Grade Book (J&S) $16.49 Apple Letter Perfect (LJK) $117.49 Apple Word Processing (book) (Que) $17.49 Asteroid Field (Cavalier) $33.49 Astronomy I (Ed. Courseware) $34.09 Basic Scientific Sub-Routines Vol II (t»ok) . . $31.07 Beneath Apple Manor (Quality) $17.49 Brain Surgeon (Nikrom) $43.39 Bug Attack (Cavalier) $36.39 Computer Chemistry (JiS) $139.99 Creative Finance (Howardsoft) $137.49 Cyborg (Senlient) $34.99 Datadex(IUS) $354.69 Decision Master (Syntonic) $33.09 Disk Prep (Sympathetic) $31.19 Dosource 3.3 (Lazer) $33.49 Easy Writer Pro (lUS) $319.00 Empire of the Overmind (Avaton Hill) $39.69 Enhancer II (Videx) $131.09 Escape (Sublogic) $36.39 Falcons (Piccadilly) $35.39 Firebird (Gebelli) $35.39 Fractions Concepts & Operations $50.99 Free Lance Software Mariteting Kern (book) $36..44 Game Paddles (TG) $33.49 Goblins (Highland) $33.39 GRAN PRIX (Hivettank) $33.39 Hi-res CtiemisttyU&S) $1«V.99 Mastertype (Zwieg) $35.09 Investment Decisions (Mesa Research) . $44.99 Maior League Baseball (Avalon Hill) .... $35.«» Micro Apple I (Micro Ink) $11.19 Micro Apple II (Micro Ink) $31.19 Micropainter (Datasofl) $31.99 MicropainterRelill #1 (Datasoft) $16.89 Micropainter Refill #2 (Datasoll) $16.89 Monty Plays Monopoly (Personal) $31.99 Monty Plays Scrabble (Personal) $33.89 Mummy's Curse (Highland) $36.39 Music System (Mountain) $349.00 PFS (Software) $40.49 PFS-Report (Software) $47.49 Paddle-Adapple (So. Calif. Research) . . , $36.89 Physics I - Free Fall (Ed. Courseware) . . $38.09 Pool 1.5(IDSI) $39.69 Population (Ed. Courseware) $31.09 Portfolio Master (Investors Software) $43.69 Prisoner (Edu-Ware) Pro Football (SDL) Programmers Handbook (Comp, Sta.) Race lor Midnight (Avant Gard) . . Raster Blaster (Budge Co) Real Estate Analyzer (Howardsoft) . . . Romwriter (Mountain) Sargon II (Hayden) . $34.95 $36.96 $35.39 $35.39 $137.49 $144.49 $39.69 Saturn Navigator (Sublogic) $31.19 Sentence Diagramming (Avant Gard) . Sexoscope(AGS) Shuflleboard (IDSI) Star Thief (Cavalier) Suicide (Piccadilly) Super Sound (Rainbow) SuperCalc (Sorcim) Tablet Sha|3e Maker (Rocky Mountain) . Tanktics (Avalon Hill] $11.19 $16.»« $35.39 $35.39 $36.39 $14.39 $350.69 . $44.09 . $34.59 Tax Preparer '82 (Howardsoft) $131.99 Trickshot (IDSI) $33.09 Using 6502 Assembly Lang, (bk) Datamosl . $14.09 Valdez (Dynacomp) $16.49 Win At The Races (SDL) $44.89 Wizardry (Sir Tech) $41.39 Word Star (Micro Pro) $349.00 ZCard(ALS) $339.00 Z-Temi (Southwestern) $44.99 Call Toll-Free 800-344-5106 (outside California) Post Office Box 1297 Corcoran, California 93212 Foreign Orders 209-992-4481 In California 800-692-4146 ING We take MasterCard, American Express or VISA (Include card # and Apple" is a registered lrademarl< of Apple Computer, Inc. expiration date). California residents add 6% tax. Include $2.00 for postage. Pet' is a registered trademark of Commodore. Foreign and hiardware extra. Foreign (excluding Canada): remit US, cur- ■TRS-SO- is a registered trademark of Tandy Corp. rency, checlran, for a $6.00 charge. All Outside Calif 800-344-5106 overseas orders shipped by air. Send for free catalog. Prices subject to change without notice 0 li IS B n n B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 19 B B CIrcie 197 on Inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 253 OUT 'i'i*i'i'i'i'i't'i'i'i'i'i*i'i'i'i'i*i'i'»'i*i*i'i'i*i'»'i'i'i'i'i't'i'i'i Figure 1; In-basket and out-basket icons. The in-basket contains an envelope indicating that mail has been received. (This figure was taken directly from the Star screen. Therefore, the text appears at screen resolution.) youth A^6 The DS120 Termiiial Controller makes your LA36 perform like a DEOiiter® m. The Datasouth DS120 gives your DECwriter® II the high speed printing and versatile performance features of the DECwriter® III at only a frac- tion of the cost. The DS120 is a plug compatible replacement for your LA36 logic board which can be installed in minutes. Standard features include: • RS232 interface • 20 mA Current Loop interface • Top of Form • Adjustable Margins • Double wide characters • Parity selection • Optional APL character set • 165 cps bidirectional printing • Horizontal & Vertical Tabs • Page Length Selection • 110-4800 baud operation • 1000 character print buffer • X-on, X-off protocol • Self Test Over 5,000 DS120 units are now being used by customers ranging from the Fortune 500 to personal computing enthusiasts. In numerous instal- lations, entire networks of terminals have been upgraded to take advan- tage of today's higher speed data communications services. LSI microprocessor electronics and strict quality control en- sure dependable performance for years to come. When ser- vice is required, we will respond promptly and effec- tively. Best of all, we can de- liver immediately through our nationwide network of distributors. Just give us a call for all the details. data@®[u](^[A] computer corporation 4740 Dwight Evans Road • Charlotte, North Carolina 28210 • 704/523-8500 when designing a system is that the approach adopted changes the func- tionality of the system. An example is electronic mail. Most electronic-mail systems draw a distinction between messages and files to be sent to other people. Typically, one program sends messages and a different program handles file transfers, each with its own interface. But we observed that offices make no such distinction. Everything arrives through the mail, from one-page memos to books and reports, from intraoffice mail to inter- national mail. Therefore, this became part of Star's physical-office metaphor. Star users mail documents of any size, from one page to many pages. Messages are short documents, just as in the real world. User actions are the same whether the recipients are in the next office or in another country. A physical metaphor can simplify and clarify a system. In addition to eliminating the artificial distinctions of traditional computers, it can eliminate commands by taking ad- vantage of more general concepts. For example, since moving a docu- ment on the screen is the equivalent of picking up a piece of paper and walking somewhere with it, there is no "send mail" command. You sim- ply move it to a picture of an out- basket. Nor is there a "receive mail" command. New mail appears in the in-basket as it is received. When new mail is waiting, an envelope appears in the picture of the in-basket (see figure 1). This is a simple, familiar, nontechnical approach to computer mail. And it's easy once the physical- office metaphor is adopted! While we want an analogy with the physical world for familiarity, we don't want to limit ourselves to its capabilities. One of the raisons d'etre for Star is that physical objects do not provide people with enough power to manage the increasing complexity of the "information age." For example, we can take advantage of the com- puter's ability to search rapidly by providing a search function for its electronic file drawers, thus helping to solve the long-standing problem of lost files. 254 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 139 on inquiry card. IT'S CRISP. IT'S CLEAR, IT'S COMPATIBLE. Amdek's \/ideo-300 green phosphor monitor is the easy-reading choice for almost any system — including IBM and Apple. 1 8MHz band width 900 lines Ccenter) resolution Everything about our 12" Video-SOO monitor was designed to be easy. Easy to read. Easy to use. And easy to match up with practically any computer or word processing system, including the popular Apple and IBM personal com- puters. So it's easy to see why you should choose Video-SOO for your text display needs. Amdek's \/ideo-300 monitor features: • Non-glare screen to eliminate dis- tracting reflections • P-31 green phosphor display for no-strain viewing • 80 X 24 character display • Built-in carrying handle for porta- bility • Light-weight, industrial-grade cabine- try [only 17 lbs.) • UL, FCC approved • Full one-year warranty covering parts and labor So ask your dealer about Video-SOO — part of Amdek's complete line of color, green phosphor and black and white monitors. Then match Video- 3G0's performance and price against any other display monitor For quality and value, you'll choose Amdek. Amdek Corporation, 24S0 E. Oakton St., Suite E, Arlington Heights, IL 60005. (312] 3E4-1180 • TLX: 25-4786 Circle 24 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 2 55 The "Desktop" Every user's initial view of Star is the "Desktop," which resembles the top of an office desk, together with surrounding furniture and equip- ment. It represents your working en- vironment — where your current proj- ects and accessible resources reside. On the screen are displayed pictures of familiar office objects, such as documents, folders, file drav/ers, in- baskets, and out-baskets. These ob- jects are displayed as small pictures or "icons," as shown in figure 2. You can "open" an icon to deal with what it represents. This enables you to read documents, inspect the contents of folders and file drawers, see what mail you have received, etc. When opened, an icon expands into a larger form called a "window," which displays the icon's contents. Win- dows are the principal mechanism for displaying and manipulating infor- mation. The Desktop "surface" is displayed as a distinctive gray pattern. This restful design makes the icons and windows on it stand out crisply, minimizing eyestrain. The surface is organized as an array of one-inch squares, 14 wide by 11 high. An icon can be placed in any square, giving a maximum of 154 icons. Star centers an icon in its square, making it easy to line up icons neatly. The Desktop always occupies the entire display screen; even when windows appear on the screen, the Desktop continues to exist "beneath" them. The Desktop is the principal Star technique for realizing the physical- office metaphor. The icons on it are visible, concrete embodiments of the corresponding physical objects. Star users are encouraged to think of the objects on the Desktop in physical terms. Therefore, you can move the icons around to arrange your Desktop as you wish. (Messy Desktops are certainly possible, just as in real life.) Two icons cannot oc- cupy the same space (a basic law of physics). Although moving a docu- ment to a Desktop resource such as a printer involves transferring the document icon to the same square as the printer icon, the printer im- mediately "absorbs" the document, queuing it for printing. You can leave ,ir-Tv, . ■ rvi-r:;:, id «.,-,)ict.,„'. i ■ - - ■ Ql.:i,:..||P,„„v.| ^ _ . _ ^ , i) 11 ^ 1^^^ II • 1 B 1 BBS C'irecti.iv EL XERQX STARUser-lnterfacej, DOCUMENT OBJECTS Page Text character- paragraph Frame ■jraphic^ line ;ymtac.l nil art Table Equaticr, Tea Field Footnote DISPLAV ■ ■ L □ UNrVERSAl COMMANDS Oelete ropy 1,1 (ve ■ ;li.:.vv PtMii.citie; 'lofjy F'fC'pertie; .^.(jain i.indo Help Record File Folder File Drawer In- and L'ut-Basl-.ets ■ Pririter Floppy Di;l Orive '.':er and "J;er 'jroup i:alci.ilaf.i;.r Ter-rtiiria! Emulators sr C'ireaoiv Select Adjust Mem.: Form '.I If I rfi 5 □■■''■■I ^jM' □ Figure 2: A Desktop as it appears on the Star screen. Several commonly used icons appear across the top of the screen, including documents to serve as "form-pad" sources for letters, Memos, and blank paper. An open window displaying a document containing an illustration is also shown. 256 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc The revolutionary Discovery multiprocessor is the only system that allows the total integration of powerful 16 bit 8086 processors with the more standard Z-80 user processors. The DISCOVERY system may be configured in any 8 bit/16 bit combination, or as a totally exclusive 16 bit system only to provide the ultimate in performance and flexibility in advanced micro systems. Ultimate performance. The dpc-186 is the most sophisticated single board microcomputer available today offering more power and faster processing time through the 8086 CPU for bigger, more complex programs. Memory starts at 128 K (compared to the Z-80's 64 K), and is expandable to 1 megabyte. And the dpc-186 is fully compatible with the standard DISCOVERY multiprocessor system permitting efficient upgrading as future needs develop, without sacrificing any of your extensive hardware and software investment. World's best multiprocessor system. The DISCOVERY system pro- vides separate processors and memory for each of its 16 users. It offers full CP/M^and CP/M-86~ compatibility, interprocessor communication, and shared and private files. Each user can take advantage of shared peripherals and cross submitting of tasks between processors. The system is controlled by a unique, two board dpc-280 service processor and dpc/os distributed processing operating system. By the board or by the system. The DISCOVERY multiprocessor is ready for immediate delivery as a complete system, as processor boards, and everything in between. It offers exclusive technology in multipro- cessing, yet is fully compatible with existing standards including CP/M and S-100, It is quite simply unmatched in performance, capabilities and offers a far greater degree of flexibility, DISCOVERY— offering a whole new world of possibilities. For the first time, 8 and 16 bit processor intermixing. Action Computer Enterprises, Inc. The Multiprocessing Company 56 West Del Mar Boulevard. Pasadena. CA 91105 USA (213) 793-2440. TWX 910-588-1201 Circle 9 on inquiry card. Dealer and OEM inquiries invited. *CP/M is a registered TM of Digital Researcli, Inc. We Were Here Yesterday... We Will Be Here Tomorrow With Support & Service For You! SUPE^BRAIN 64k D/D 64k QD '2565 '2945 ■P^'. NORTHSTARhoiiizonii |64kQD«3275 ^l, ADVANTAGE'3125 HARD DISKS 5mb for IBM, Superbrain, S-100, Zenith, TRS-80 II & III, Xerox, Apple. $ 2795 CORYUS Call For Prices 5V4" DISK DRIVES TANDON S/S D/D IBM COMPATIBLE '225 TANDON D/S D/D . *350 TANDON 100-4 80 track . . .^600 SUPERBRAIN ADD-ON S/S, D/D w/power supply, cable, case, software, one drive. $ 365 TERMINALS Many brands available. Call for prices. COMET II '^'^'''^^'^^ $795 EPSON MX80 parallel $479 EPSON MX100 $740 CItoh F10 40 cps parallel * $1550 NEC 7710, 7730 ★ $2395 NEC 3510 rsZ32 ★ $1895 DATA SOUTH laocps $1355 OKIDATA 82A $530 MPI 88G I20cps $550 MPI 99G L.C. decenders $650 ★ Tractors Available $220 ★ DISKETTES DYSAN 5Va" S/S, D/D ^34.70 BOX OF 10 ★ SUPERBRAIN S-1D0 Bus Adapter LIST $595 »475 LIST $90 SUPERBRAIN .-- Parallel Port 19 SBE Prom LIST $205 M55 SOFTWARE C Basic il '98 M Basic 80 '275 MT Pascal '430 Fortran 80 '480 Cobol 80 '860 M Basic Compiler. . .'329 ACCT. Plus '3n Word Star >30B Supercalc '288 D-Base II '800 GRAPHICS For SUPERBRAIN Graphics Board '896 Symbol Generator. . .'200 Graphics Plotter '200 3-D Graphics '400 Surface Plotter '480 Graphics Terminal Emulator '480 Toil-Free Ordering 1-800-426-2662 For Information CalMZOB) 453-8159 Mail and telephone orders only. Mastercharge, VISA add 3%. COD Certified check under $1000. All prices FOB origin. Sand for catalog. Mail all correspondence to P.O. Box 3952, Bellevue, WA 98009 PACIFIC COMPUTER BROKERS P.O. Box 3952, Bellevue, WA 98009 documents on your Desktop in- definitely, just as on a real desk, or you can file them away in folders or file drawers. Our intention and hope is that users will intuit things to do with icons, and that those things will indeed be part of l:he system. This will happen if: (a) Star models the real world ac- curately enough. Its similarity with the office environment preserves your familiar way of working and your ex- isting concepts and knowledge. (b) Sufficient uniformity is in the system. Star's principles and "generic" commands (discussed below) are applied throughout jiiiB system, allowing lessons learned in one area to apply to others. The model of a physical office pro- vides a simple base from which learn- ing can proceed in an incremental fashion. You are not exposed to entirely new concepts all at once. Much of your existing knowledge is embedded in the base. In a functionally rich system, it is probably not possible to represent everything in terms of a single model. There may need to be more than one model. For example. Star's records- processing facility cannot use the physical-office model because physical offices have no "records pro- cessing" worthy of the name. Therefore, we invented a different model, a record file as a collection of fields. A record can be displayed as a row in a table or as filled-in fields in a form. Querying is accomplished by filling in a blank example of a record with predicates describing the desired values, which is philosophically similar to Zloof's "Query-by- Example" (see reference 21). Of course, the number of different user models in a system must be kept to a minimum. And they should not overlap; a new model should be in- troduced only when an existing one does not cover the situation. Seeing and Pointing A well-designed system makes everything relevant to a task visible on the screen. It doesn't hide things under CODE + key combinations or 258 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcaUons Inc Circle 318 on inquiry card. X a total business system f JOB COSTING MENU } '\. TRANSACTION ENTRY/DATE 2. JOB/TASK TABLE MAINTENANCE 3. JOB COST FILE MAINTENANCE 4. JOB COST REPORTING , 5. EMPLOYEE TABLE MAINTENANCE 6. RETURN TO MASTER MENU I SELECT (1-6|? J W/^ SYSTEMS II EX ^ ly MASTER MENU ^ f|l. INVENTORY 7. CHART OF ACCTS. 12. PAYABLES B. VENDOR MAINT. I 3. RECEIVABLES 9. CUST. MAINT. I 4. PAYROLL ID. CHANGE OATE 1 5. LEDGER ll.SYS./BACKUP lis. JOURNAL 12.ST0PPRQCSS'G. i\ 13. OPTIONAL PROCSS G. SELECT 11-131? NU ^ LEDGER SYSTEM MENU FILE MAINTENANCE BAL SHEET/INCOME STATEMENT YEAR END PROCESS RETURN TO MASTER MENU SELECT (Ml? J TRANSACTION FILE MISC. PAY/DEDUCTION FILE EMPLOYEE MASTER FILE CALCULATE/PRINT CHECKS PRINT ms RETURN TO MASTER MENU SELECT 11-71? SYSTEMS II EX — EX for EXTENDED PERFORMANCE. Westware brings you the most completely integrated and simplest to use business software for your Apple Computer. The SYSTEMS II EX is complete with an integrated Database. Yes! The DBII Database can move your system's files into Database format for customized reports or labels. Although the SYSTEMS II EX is a fully integrated system, you may purchase individual modules and later add additional modules, such as Job Costing for contractors. The power of our system is in the KSAM Firmware card that plugs into the Apple. This card permits high speed searches and eliminates running sort routines to get your files in order. SYSTEMS II is available on 5'A" drives, and also on the Corvus hard disk. A Corvus based system will give you the power and capacity that challenges larger computers. COMING SOON — Cash flow analysis with graphics. Database II with graphics, and Bill of Materials for small manufacturers. CURRENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE — Job Costing, Cycle Invoicing, Order entry, and Layaway. All Checks, statements and invoices use NEBS forms. Dealer and OEM inquiries invited. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computers. Systems E€x 2455 S.W. 4th Ave. Suite 2 Ontario, OR 97914 (503) 881-1477 Circle 435 on inquiry card. □ Yes, I would like to sample your software. Please send me the Systems II Demo Package. My check for $25 is enclosed. 2455 S.W. 4th Ave. Suite 2 Ontario, OR 97914 (503) 881-1477 Name- Title Company Name. Address City State . Zip_ force you to remember conventions. That burdens your memory. During conscious thought, the brain utilizes several levels of memory, the most important being the "short-term memory." Many studies have ana- lyzed the short-term memory and its role in thinking. Two conclusions stand out: (1) conscious thought deals with concepts in the short-term memory (see reference 1) and (2) the capacity of the short-term memory is limited (see reference 14). When everything being dealt with in a computer system is visible, the display screen relieves the load on the short-term memory by acting as a sort of "visual cache." Thinking becomes easier and more productive. A well- designed computer system can actual- ly improve the quality of your think- ing (see reference 16). In addition, visual communication is often more efficient than linear communication; a picture is worth a thousand words. A subtle thing happens when everything is visible: the display becomes reality. The user model becomes identical with what is on the screen. Objects can be understood purely in terms of their visible characteristics. Actions can be understood in terms of their effects on the screen. This lets users conduct ex- periments to test, verify, and expand their understanding — the essence of experimental science. In Star, we have tried to make the objects and actions in the system visi- ble. Everything to be dealt with and all commands and effects have a visi- ble representation on the display screen or on the keyboard. You never have to remember that:, for example, CODE + Q does something in one context and something different in another context. In fact, our desire to eliminate this possibility led uS to For The Best In Price, Selection and Delivery, Call Now TOLL FREE 800-368-3404 (In VA, Call Collect 703-327-8695) AMPEX*INTERTEC*TEXAS INSTRUMENTS*GENERAL DATA C0MM.*AND£R$0NJAC0BS0N*C.IT0H«QUME - BEEHIVE* DATASOUTH»DIABLO«CENTRONICS • NEC • PRENTICE MICROS INTERTEC: Superbrain QD $2995 PRINTERS DATASOUTH: $1235 NEC: 7710 $2196 771 5 Call for Special Price 7730 $2196 7720 Call for Special Price 7725 Call for Special Price Std. Forms Tractor ... $ 2p0 Bi-Dir. Forms Tractor $ 30Q CENTRONICS: 739-1 (Parallel) $ 649 739-3 (Serial) Call for Special Price QUME: Sprint 5, 55RO $2339 Sprint 5, 55KSB Call Sprint 9, 45RO, Limited Panel $1845 Full Panel $1969 Std. Forms Tractor $ 199 Bi-Dir. Forms Tractor $ 199 DIABLO: 630-R102RO TERMINALS .$1995 AMPEX: Dialogue 30 $ 775 Dialogue 80 $ 939 BEEHIVE: (SMART DISPLAY) DM5 $ 745 DM5A $ 930 DM310 (3101 Emulator) . . .$1095 NOTE; IBM and Burroughs compatible ter- minals available. Please Inquire. C. ITOH CIT101 $1350 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS: 745 Standard $1390 810 Basic $1249 810 Package $1439 820 Package RO Package .$1610 820 RSR Package Call 840 RO Basic $ 795 840 RO Tractor Feed Pkg. . $1059 COUPLERS STAR: 300 Baud .$ 149 DISC DRIVES QUME: Data Trak 5 Data Trak 8 . . $325 or 2 for $599 .$549 or 2 for $1049 SOFTWARE BISYNC-8bRJE $ 769 Wordstar $ 319 Data Star $ 215 Cobol $ 789 Forms 2 (Cobol Gen.) $ 1 79 Mail Merge $ 99 Spell Guard $ 229 Plan 80 $ 249 Super Calc .$ 249 Milestone $ 249 Most items are In stock now. In addi- tion, we can make El A RS232 or RS449 cables to your order, and supply you with ribbons, printer stands, print wheels, thimbles for all printers listed. And many, many more items. CALL NOW. Add 2% for shipping and insurance. Superbrain shipped fraight collect. VISA and MasterCards welcomed; add 3% for credit card purchases. Virginia residents, add 4% Sales Tax. For fastest delivery, send certified checl<, money order or bank-wire transfer. Sorry, no C.O.D. orders. All equipment Is In factory cartons with manufac- turers' warranty, ('rices subject to change without notice. TCRniflBLS flHlVfi rzzz] Terminals Ten-lfic, Incorporated, P.O. Box 490, Falls Church, VA 22046, 800-368-3404 (In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695). 260 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 412 on inquiry card. "We provide business programs as individual as your business needs." "Allow me to introduce myself. I'm a Vector computer, dedicated to the advancement of society. And I'd like to tell you how a computer can help you man- age your business more efficiently Especially if that computer is a Vector, like me. Because we're prob- ably the most flexible and cost-effective computers you can find. "Our programs are the key Because they enable me to handle sales forecasting, budgeting, job costing and proposals, commissions, personalized mass mail- ings, charts and graphs. We Vectors can even talk to each other and to other bigger computers. "Unique combinations of our individual pro- grams can actually customize me to meet your specific requirements. Any combination of our software pack- ages can be assembled right off the shelf, to help you realize your full potential as a salesman, merchant, stockbroker, clergyman, contractor, real estate or insur- ance agent or whatever your business. "Choose from Memorite III for word processing and mail list management, Execuplan for financial plan- ning and forecasting, Business Accounting, Data Management for filing and sorting information. Com- munications and a host of others. And, of course, all we Vectors come with the popular CP/M operating system. "For more information and your local dealer, call us at (805)499-5831 or (800) 235-3547. In California, call (800) 322-3577. Or write to us at 500 North Ventu Park Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. "We'll show you how we small information systems can mean big business for you'.' Circle 424 on inquiry card. Vector Graphic, Inc. COMPUTERS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SOCIETY. Sold and supported by 400 dealers worldwide Vector Products are approved on General Services Administration authorized ADP scheduled price list. Circle 278 on inquiry card. MAR. SPECIAL SALE ON PREPAID ORDERS (CHABGE CARDS, C.0.1). OR P.O 'S NOT AVAIUBLEI MEM-4 INTRDDUCTOnY SALE 65K STATIC RAM/DOM. OSES USES TMS 4016/TMM 2016 RAM OR 2716 EPflOMS EHENDED ADDRESSING. AVAILABLE END OF APRIL PCBD {39.95, KIT LESS MEMORY $89.95 A&TLESS MEMORY.. $129.95 CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS SI 00 2032 32K STATIC RAM A & T 200 NSEC $629,00 2065 64K DYNAMIC RAM A & T $548.95 2200 S-100 MAIN FRAM AST $379 95 2422 FLOPPY DISC WITH CP/M 2.2'" $329 95 2IIOAZ80 CPU AST $249.95 2710A4 SERIAL 1/0 A & T S291.95 2718A 2 SERIAL, 2 PARALLEL AST $305.95 2720A4 PARALLEL A&T $214.95 PHOTO BOARDS WW $39.95 APPLE PRODUCTS 7I14A 12K ROM/PROM $68.50 7424A CALENDAR/.CLOCK $106.95 7440A PROGRAMMABLE TIMER $98.50 7470A A TO 0 CONVERTER $105.95 7490A GPIB (IE 488) INTERFACE $265.95 7710A ASYNC SERIAL $125.95 7712A SYNC SERIAL $153.95 7720A PARALLEL STANDARD $98.95 7720B PARALLEL CENTRONICS $98.95 781 IB ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR W/DISC. . . . $342.95 7fl1IC ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR W./ROM. . . . $342.95 7500A WW BOARD ,.. $22.95 7510A SOLDERTAIL BOARD $23.95 . S269.95 MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS SI 00 PRODUCTS CB-2 280 PROCESSOR BOARD, KIT $198.95. A&T... VBIC 64 X 16 VIDEO. PCBD $32.95 KIT $153.95. A&T $199 95 VB3 80 CHARACTER VIDEO 4MHZ. KIT $345.95, A&T $425.95 104 2 PARALLEL, 2 SERIAL. PCBD $32.95 KIT $155.95. A&T $194.95 PB-I 2708, 2716 PROGRAMMER BOARD. KIT $135.95. A&T $.185.95 APPLE PRODUCTS AlO SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE. KIT SI 25.95. A&T $155.95 ASID SERIAL I/O KIT $87.95, A & T S97.95 APID PARALLEL 10 W/0 CABLES KIT.......... $67.95 A&T $87.95 inc. WAMECD INC. BOARDS WITH MIKOS PARTS MEM-3 32K STATIC RAM, PCBD $36,95 KIT LESS RAM $95.95. AST $135.95 CPU-2 Z80 PROCESSOR. PCBD $32.95 KIT LESS ROM S10995. A&T $149.95 EPM-2 16K/32K EPROM, PCBD $32.95 KIT LESS ROM $65.95, A&T $99.95 FPB-I FRONT PANEL, PCBD $48.50 KIT $144,95. A&T $184.95 OMB-12 13 SLOT MOTHER BOARD, PCBD $39.95 KIT $95.95, A&T ,,..$135.95 m MONDAY-FRIDAY, 8:00 TO 12:00, 1 :00 TO 5:30 THURSDAYS. 8:00 TO 9:00 P.M. (415) 728-9121 P.O. BOX 955 • EL GRANADA, CA 9401 8 PLEASE SEND FOR IC, XISTOR AND COMPUTER PARTS LIS! VISA ot MASTERCHARGE Send account number, mlerbank number, expiration date and sign your order Approx postage will be added OfcJers with check or money order will be sent post paid in U S If you are not a regular customer, please use charge, cashier's check or postal money ordei Otherwise there will be a two-week delay tor checks to ciegr Calif, residents add 6% tax. Money back 30-day guarantee. We cannot accept returned IC's that have been soldered to. Prices subject to change without notice S20;0O mlifnunt oiHir SZ.OD imlci Ghiiti oil ordiri liii thin $20.00. }i:H,i,F:.A':TEB pbupeftie; J - -^ Display CHARACTER P.i.RAGF:.APH TAB SETTINGS Font size Face Pujition Clsiiic Modern Titan Bold Lettenjothlc Scientific |scieritificThin |.>:eJ 8|1U 14 -A bold| 1 ITALICS |iJNDEF:LINE| | STRIKEOUT X □ X □ XX°xX Xx^Xx S'THER T Figure 3: The property sheet for text characters. abolish the CODE key. (We have yet to see a computer system with a CODE key that doesn't violate the principle of visibility.) You never in- voke a command or push a key and have nothing visible happen. At the very least, a message is posted ex- plaining that the command doesn't work in this context, or it is not im- plemented, or there is an error. It is disastrous to the user's model when you invoke an action and the system does nothing in response. We have seen people push a key several times in one system or another trying to get a response. They are not sure whether the system has "heard" them or not. Sometimes the system is simply throwing away their keystrokes. Sometimes it is just slow and is queu- ing the keystrokes; you can imagine the unpredictable behavior that is possible. We have already mentioned icons and windows as mechanisms for making the concepts in Star visible. Other such mechanisms are Star's property and option sheets. Most ob- jects in Star have properties. A prop- erty sheet is a two-dimensional, form- like environment that displays those properties. Figure 3 shows the character property sheet. It appears on the screen whenever you make a text selection and push the PROPER- TIES key. It contains such properties as type font and size; bold, italic, underline, and strikeout face; and superscript/subscript positioning. In- stead of having to remember the properties of characters, the current settings of those properties, and, worst of all, how to change those properties, property sheets simply show everything on the screen. All the options are presented. To change one, you point to it with the mouse and push a button. Properties in ef- fect are displayed in reverse video. This mechanism is used for all properties of all objects in the system. Star contains a couple of hundred properties. To keep you from being overwhelmed with information, property sheets display only the properties relevant to the type of ob- ject currently selected (e.g., character, paragraph, page, graphic line, formula element, frame, docu- ment, or folder). This is an example of "progressive disclosure"; hiding complexity until it is needed. It is also one of the clearest examples of how an emphasis on visibility can reduce the amount of remembering and typ- ing required. Property sheets may be thought of as an alternate representation for ob- 262 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 'THAT WORKS GREAT!" Planning an on-time, on-budget proj- ect has always been hard work. But our new VisiSchedule^'" program can help you and your personal computer make short work of it. The VisiSchedule program is a fast and easy way to control projects, level resources, meet deadlines, and beat cost targets. The VisiSchedule program instantly shows you the critical path among your project's tasks. It allo- cates all costs and personnel, and specifies earliest/latest start dates, slack times, holidays, prerequisites and deadlines for each task. And it produces summaries, time charts, and milestone reports for management. You can actually develop your project as you enter data, investigate tradeoffs between manpower, costs and time. Ask "what if?" . . . add, move, slip or change any task, skill level or cost, and the VisiSchedule «)1982VisiCotp program automatically displays the impact of your changes. This makes it a snap to keep schedules and costs current, too. While the VisiSchedule program does a lot by itself, it can do even more for you when used with other Visi"' programs. That's because they're all inter-related, just like your needs and tasks, to give you a fully integrated solution. For example, automatically transfer the cost data to our VisiTr end/Plot"' program and analyze cause-and-effect relationships. Then instantly plot the results in charts and graphs for better communication. In addition, our series includes the ^ . VisiCalc® VisiFile,'" VisiDex,"' VisiPlot,"' VisiTerm"' and Desktop/PLAN"' programs. Ask your retail computer store salesperson for a demonstration of the VisiSchedule program. Discover how easy it is to make short work of plan- ning and budgeting all your work. VisiScheduleTkom VlSlCORP~ PERSONAL SOFTWAPi" circle 56 on Inquiry card. Microline 84 (Parallel) $1059'' DELIVERED □ 200 cps bidirectional printing □ 50 cps proportional mode □ Enhanced/emphasized print □ Dot-addressable graphics □ Tractor/ friction feed up to 16" □ Program-selectable character size Microline Printers MicrolineSO $3698« Microline 82A $484»» Microline 83A $749"' Okigrapm ROM — adds Hl-Res capabilities to 82A and 83A Printers $89™ NEC Printers NEC PC-8023A-C $499» Epson Printers MX-80 w/Graftrax .... MX-80/F-T AAX-80/F-T w/Graftrax. MX-lOO Graftrax Centronics Printers Centronics 739 (Parallel) $539" Centronics 739 (RS-232-C) $644«» 2-Color Adapter $69" C.ltoh Printers C.lTOH Comet I $284^' ClTOH Pro Writer w/3K buffer (parallel and serial) $639" C.lTOH F-10 Daisy Wheel (40cps) $1564°° Cables and Interfaces available for the Apple, Atari, CBM/PET, and TRS-80 microcomputers Orders & Information: CALL (603)-673-8857 Orders Only: CALL (800)-343-0726 We accept COD's-No surcharge for credit cards-No charge for UPS shipping Stock shipments next day-All equip- ment factory fresh w/MFG warranty HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES HE BOTTOM »LINE 12 Johnson Street, Milford NH 03055 264 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc $474" $569" $619" $719" $89" T □ E .±1] Search Tor J By matching TEXT AN D PBOPERTIE In IGNORE CASE ENTIRE DOCUMENT REST OF DOCUMENT (SB CHANGE IT Change to U By altering TEXT AND PROPERTIES i rlil»»N KfiWaWANGE r Figure 4: The option sheet for the Find command showing both the Search and Substitute options. The last two lines of options appear only when CHANGE IT is turned on. jects. The screen shows you the visi- ble characteristics of objects, such as the type font of text characters or the names of icons. Property sheets show you the underlying structure of ob- jects as they make this structure visi- ble and accessible. Invisibility also plagues the com- mands in some systems. Commands often have several arguments and op- tions that you must remember with no assistance from the system. Star addresses this problem with option sheets (see figure 4), a two-dimen- sional, form-like environment that displays the arguments to commands. It serves the same function for com- mand arguments that property sheets do for object properties. What You See Is What You Get "What you see is what you get" (or WYSIWYG) refers to the situation in which the display screen portrays an accurate rendition of the printed page. In systems having such capabilities as multiple fonts and variable line spacing, WYSIWYG re- quires a bit-mapped display because only that has sufficient graphic power to render those characteristics ac- curately. WYSIWYG is a simplifying tech- nique for document-creation systems. All composition is done on the screen. It eliminates the iterations that plague users of document com- pilers. You can examine the ap- pearance of a page on the screen and make changes until it looks right. The printed page will look the same (see figure 5). Anyone who has used a document compiler or post-processor knows how valuable WYSIWYG is. The first powerful WYSIWYG editor was Bravo, an experimental editor developed for Alto at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (see reference 12). The text-editor aspects of Star were derived from Bravo. Trade-offs are involved in WYSIWYG editors, chiefly having to do with the lower resolution of display screens. It is never possible to get an exact representation of a printed page on the screen since most screens have only 50 to 100 dots per inch (72 in Star), while most printers have higher resolution. Completely accurate character positioning is not possible. Nor is it usually possible to represent shape differences for fonts smaller than eight points in size since there are too few dots per character to 1 LK 2200 SERIES DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPES 1 nt rLnrUnlVIAlNL't / PRICE STANDARD Introducing a direct line to a 60 MHz Tektronix scope built for your bench! From the world's most respected name in oscil- loscopes: a new scope, plus a new direct order number, that finally makes it practical to put Tektronix quality on your bench ... at work or home. Among professional en- gineers and technicians there is no substitute for the performance and reliability of Tektronix oscilloscopes. Now, for the first time, Tektronix is offering an ad- vanced scope at an un- precedented low price — and has a direct order line that lets you get your order processed today! The scope: the 2213. Its radical new design brings you Tektronix quality for well below what you would pay for lesser-name scopes. The 2213's practical de- sign includes 65% fewer mechanical parts, fewer circuit boards, electrical connectors and cabling. Result: a lower price for you plus far greater reliability Yet performance is pure Tektronix: there's 60 MHz bandwidth for digital and high-speed analog circuits. The sensitivity for low signal measurements. The sweep speeds for fast logic families. A complete trigger system for digital, analog or video waveforms. And new high- performance Tektronix probes are included! 2213 PERFORMANCE DATA Bandwidth: Two channels, dc— 60 MHz from10V/div to 20 mV/div (50 MHz from 2mV/divto10mV/div), Sweep speeds: Sweeps from 0.5 s to 50 ns (to 5 ns/divwith XlOmag). Sensitivity: Scale factors from 100 V/div(1 OX probe) to 2 mV/div(1X probe). Ac- curate to ± 3%. Ac or dc coupling. Delayed sweep meas- urements: Standard sweep, intensified after delay and delayed. (Need dual time-base performance and timing accuracy to ± 1.5%? Ask about our 2215 priced at $1400.) Complete trigger system: Modes include TV field, normal, vertical mode, and automatic; internal, exter- nal, and line sources; vari- able holdoff. Probes: High perform- ance, positive attachment, 10-14 pF and 60 MHz at the probe tip. The price: Just $1100 complete*. Order direct from Tektronix National Marketing Center. Phones are staffed by technical people to answer your questions about the 2213. Your direct order includes a 15-day return policy and full Tektronix warranty Now it's easier than ever to get your hands on a Tek scope! ORDER TOLL-FREE 800-547-1845 Ask for Department 100 (In Oregon, Alaska and Hawaii: 1-503-627-5402 collect.) Lines are open from 8 am EST to 5 pm PST •price FO.B,, Beaverton, OR. IbktFonix COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE Copynght©1982 Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. 121 i-iose m Paginate <^:A.iiii.i . . ;;. i . i . . t . jA . .^ i .v. . . . . . j XEROX 801 0 Star Information System User-Interface Design To make it easy to oo mpci text and graphics, to do eleotronio filin;?;, printiii;5;, and mailinii: all at the same '^'urkstation, requires a revolutionary user-intert'aoe de3i4;n, Bit- map dispkvy - Eaoh of the 827,392 dots on the screen is mapped to a bit in memory; thus, arbitrarily oomplex in"Lai;es oan be disjjlayed, 3Tx"iR. disjjlays all fonts and :-:;raphio3 as they ■rill be printed, In addition, familiar office objects such as documents, folders, file dra'Ters and in-baskets are portrayed as re CO g;ni3able im age s. Tki- iv;.ow-3s - A unique puintin;:; device that allo'FS the user to quickly select any text, graphic or office oljject oji the disjiday, See and Point All Star functions are visible to the user on the keyboard or on the screen. Tlie user does filing; and retrieval by se lectin;;; them vith the mouse and touchinfj; the MOVE, COPY, DELETE or PROPERTIES command ke,ys. Text and graphics are edited -idth the same keys, 8 OISPIAY: fami office objects MOUSE: select objects, menus Productivity under the old and the new 1979 1 980 1981 1^82 Shorter Production Times E>::}5eTience at Xerox witl-i prototv]:ie work- stations has shu'^'n shorter production times and lo'^yer costs, Tlie follov/in|s; equation exjjresses thisi. 1=1 Star users are likely to do more of their o-*'n composition and la,70ut, controlling the entire process including printing and distribution, Text and Graphics To replace ty^ne setting;. Star offers a choice of tj,i:ie fonts and 3ises,from 3 point to 24 point, H>ir4 is a saitaice of 10 - jiomt t>±:d; Here is a sentence of 12-point text, Here \s a xentence of 1 4-poin t text. Here is a sentence of 18-point text. i Figure 5: A Star document showing multicolumn text, graphics, and formulas. This is the way the document appears on the screen. It is also the way it will print (at higher resolution, of course). 266 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 140 on inquiry card. e great masters? lix print(2r may not exactly rate as a work of an. our customers ha\'e a ven.- year, we have shipped thousands of DSISO printers to customers throughout ' in the fomt of repeat business — a strong testimonial to the acceptance of ■ompetitive market did not happen by accident: rather through our sensitivity ivity we cany through research and development, production and qualitv.- con- d sei\ice. ements to make the DSISO printer even more versatile. Do_t addressable raster ?uter generated chans. maps and graphs at a resolution of / 5 \ 72 dots per I allou's printing at 10. 12 uide printing at 5. b or BlHHIij^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H d2K FIFO print buffer ^^^VHHIH^^^^H to ^XiOO baud vuthout de- ^B^y^^^^^^^^^^B msparent mode for isolat- ^Bli^!^:^H' . " ^^^^^B APL users, the dual ASCII ^S^^H ' ^^S^- ^ ^^^^Lmm youmllagreethattheDSlSO ■pffl^>P-ai^bl---^^^^^^^l package in matiix printers. W 1 ornON.AL FEm'RES f ~ " . H;;r'R.io...a.-n - .ie Ki!..r; . API ASCII C:-.i:v!c;^; St-: )(o)[iaGGi] ^mputer corporation P.O. Box 240947 • Charlotte, NC 28224 • 704/523-8500 be recognizable. Even 10-point ("nor- mal" size) fonts may be uncomfort- ably small on the screen, necessitating a magnified mode for viewing text. WYSIWYG requires very careful design of the screen fonts in order to keep text on the screen readable and attractive. Nevertheless, the increase in productivity made possible by WYSIWYG editors more than outweighs these difficulties. Universal Commands Star has a few commands that can be used throughout the system: MOVE, COPY, DELETE, SHOW PROPERTIES, COPY PROPERTIES, AGAIN, UNDO, and HELP. Each performs the same way regardless of the type of object selected. Thus, we call them "universal" or "generic" commands. For example, you follow the same set of actions to move text in a document and to move a line in an illustration or a document in a folder: select the object, push the MOVE key, and indicate- a destination. (HELP and UNDO don't use a selec- tion.) Each generic command has a key devoted to it on the keyboard. These commands are far more basic than the commands in other computer systems. They strip away the extraneous application-specific semantics to get at the underlying principles. Star's generic commands derive from fundamental computer- science concepts because they also underlie operations in programming languages. For example, much pro- gram manipulation of data structures involves moving or copying values from one data structure to another. Since Star's generic commands em- body fundamental underlying con- cepts, they are widely applicable. Each command fills a variety of needs, meaning fewer commands are required. This simplicity is desirable in itself, but it has another subtle ad- vantage: it makes it easy for users to form a model of the system. People can use what they understand. Just as progress in science derives from sim- ple, clear theories, progress in the usability of computers is coming to depend on simple, clear user inter- faces. MOVE is the most powerful com- mand in the system. It is used during text editing to rearrange letters in a word, words in a sentence, sentences in a paragraph, and paragraphs in a document. It is used during graphics editing to move picture elements, such as lines and rectangles, around in an illustration. It is used during formula editing to move mathemati- cal structures, such as summations and integrals, around in an equation. It replaces the conventional "store file" and "retrieve file" commands; you simply move an icon into or out of a file drawer or folder. It eliminates the "send mail" and "receive mail" commands; you move an icon to an out-basket or from an in-basket. It replaces the "print" command; you move an icon to a printer. And so on. MOVE strips away much of the historical clutter of computer com- mands. It is more fundamental than the myriad of commands it replaces. It is simultaneously more powerful and simpler. Much simplification comes from Star's object-oriented interface. The action of setting properties also re- places a myriad of commands. For ex- ample, changing paragraph margins is a command in many systems. In Star, you do it by selecting a paragraph object and setting its MARGINS property. (For more in- formation on object-oriented lan- guages, see the August 1981 BYTE.) Consistency Consistency asserts that mecha- nisms should be used in the same way wherever they occur. For example, if the left mouse button is used to select a character, the same button should be used to select a graphic line or an icon. Everyone agrees that consisten- cy is an admirable goal. However, it is perhaps the single hardest characteristic of all to achieve in a computer system. In fact, in systems of even moderate complexity, con- sistency may not be well defined. A question that has defied consen- BYTEWRITER DAISY WHEEL PRINTER LETTER QUALITY PRINTER AND TYPEWRITER IN ONE PACKAGE The BYTEWRITER is a new Olivetti Praxis 30 electronic typewriter with a micro-processor controlled driver added internally. $795 plus shipping Dealer Inquiries Invited FEATURES • Underlining • 10, 12, or 15 characters per inch switch selectable • 2nd Iteyboard with foreign grammar symbols switch selectable • Changeable type daisy wheel • Centronics-compatible parallel input operates with TRS-80, Apple, Osborne, IBM and others • Cartridge ribbon • Typewriter operation with nothing to disconnect • Service from any OUvetti dealer • Self test program built in. BYTEWRITER 125 NORTHVIEW RD., ITHACA, N.Y. 14850 (607) 272- II 32 Praxis 30 is a irademari^ of Oiivetti Corp. TRS-80 is a lrademarl< of Tandy corp. BYTEWRITER is a trademark of Wiiiiams L.alX)ratorIes. <■ 268 April 19S2 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 70 on Inquiry card. Circle 294 on inquiry card. Give your system some NEC, and watch its performance soar. NEC's crisp, clear, high-performance JC1202 NEC's classic green monitor, (JB1201), one of RGB color monitor, an industry standard. Also computing's performance legends. Non-glare available: the JC1201 composite video version, screen, easy on the eye. And the checkbook. immm l. tad the kbu C::. 2, tvrffcer of s?;: -^o prHs stnw. - To Iesi.e rErKH prrji i. Vow fiitfs HI I ifo start Jt the teainninj. type r. . New lEKH WBKS . Hw to nm M W!R , Hon to CBffllE 1 iKcuMlt t. «;•« to w ne amii like to set POiUftfij h;j to ItOVt ii. Hou to copy 21. Ha-a to 22. to« to ffllPU! 23. Ho< to b9 IE 24. Ho« to .'U iirt 25. Ho« to « HEIF 2i. Ho» U «) I . , I- • •• - r The impressive new NEC dot matrix printer. Parallel interface, 100 cps, 2K buffer, pin or friction feed. Stunning performance and versatility in the hottest new peripheral of the year. Peripherals from NEC can make almost any computer system better. Owners of Apple ? , Radio Shack , Atari " , IBM " , and many other personal computers will find their equipment to be compatible with NEC's famous monitors, as well as our highly-featured new PC-8023A dot matrix printer. (Some configurations may require a different interface.) Ask your dealer for a demonstration. fir Productivity atyour fingertips NEC NEC Home Electronics (USA) i^rsonal Computer Division 1401 Estes Avenue Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 sus in Star is what should happen to a document after it has been printed. Recall that a user prints a document by selecting its icon, invoking MOVE, and designating a printer icon. The printer absorbs the docu- ment, queuing it for printing. What happens to that document icon after printing is completed? The two plausible alternatives are: 1. The system deletes the icon. 2. The system does not delete the icon, which leads to several further alternatives: 2a. The system puts the icon back where it came from (i.e., where it was before MOVE was invoked). 2b. The system puts the icon at an arbitrary spot on the Desktop. 2c. The system leaves the icon in the printer. You must move it out of the printer explicitly. The consistency argument for the first alternative goes as follows: when you move an icon to an out-basket, the system mails it and then deletes it from your Desktop. When you move an icon to a file drawer, the system files it and then deletes it from your Desktop. Therefore, when you move an icon to a printer, the system should print it and then delete it from your Desktop. Function icons should behave consistently with one another. The consistency argument for the second alternative is: the user's con- ceptual model at the Desktop level is the physical-office metaphor. Icons are supposed to behave similarly to their physical counterparts. It makes sense that icons are deleted after they are mailed because after you put a piece of paper in a physical out- basket and the mailperson picks it up, it IS gone. However, the physical analogue for printers is the office copier, and there is no notion of deleting a piece of paper when you make a copy of it. Function icons should behave consistently with their physical counterparts. There is no one right answer here. Both arguments emphasize a dimen- sion of consistency. In this case, the dimensions happen to overlap. We eventually chose alternative 2a for the following reasons: 1. Model dominance — The physi- cal metaphor is the stronger model at the Desktop level. Analogy with physical counterparts does form the basis for people's understanding of what icons are and how they behave. Argument 1 advocates an implicit model that must be learned; argu- ment 2 advocates an explicit model that people already have when they are introduced to the system. Since people do use their existing knowl- edge when confronted with new sit- uations, the design of the system should be based on that knowledge. This is especially important if people are to be able to intuit new uses for the features they have learned. 2. Pragmatics — It is dangerous to delete things when users don't expect it. The first time a person labors over a document, gets it just right, prints it, and finds that it has disappeared, that person is going to become very nervous, not to mention angry. We also decided to put it back where it came from (2a instead of 2b or 2c) for the pragmatic reason that this in- volves slightly less work on the user's part. 3. Seriousness — When you file or mail an icon, it is not deleted entirely from the system. It still exists in the file drawer or in the recipients' in-bas- kets. If you want it back, you can move it back out of the file drawer or send a message to one of the recip- ients asking to have a copy sent back. Deleting after printing, however, is final; if you move a document to a printer and the printer deletes it, that document is gone for good. One way to get consistency into a system is to adhere to paradigms for operations. By applying a successful way of working in one area to other areas, a system acquires a unity that is both apparent and real. Paradigms that Star uses are: •Editing— Much of what you do in Star can be thought of as editing. In addition to the conventional text, graphics, and formula editing, you manage your files by editing filing windows. You arrange your working environment by editing your Desk- top. You alter properties by editing property sheets. Even programming can be thought of as editing data structures (see reference 16). m Information retrieval — A lot of The HOMEBRAIN™ is a ded icated microcomputer system in a stand-alone package. HOME- BRAIN'S™ I/O potential exceeds 300 channels. ACHIEVE TOTAL HOME CONTROL • Energy Management • Home Security • Lighting Control • Safety Monitoring • Appliance Control THE HOMEBRAIIM^"* is evaluate the homebrain™ 32 Channels Buffered Input •8 Relay Output -Uninterruptable Power Supply -CPU, Comnnunica- tions, 256 Channel AC Wireless Con- trol the First Total Home Control Computer • Communicate with llie HOMEBRAIN using your personal computer RS232 Inter- face • HOMEBRAIN ™ controls your home using your define logic sequences • Logic diagrams, timers, counters, alarm clocks, caler\dars, are directly Implemented by the HOMEBRAIN ™ microprocessor • HOMEBRAIN ™ logs controlled operating times for the month The HOMEBRAIN'" operates totally Inde- pendent of your personal computer. Crashing your computer will not crash HOMEBRAIN » leaving your home defenseless. Order Now By Calling Toll-Fne 1-800-228-2028 EXT. 332 Lines Open 8 Al^ To 6 PM C.S.T. Just give us your Nanne, Shipping, Address and Visa or MasterCard number and snb will charge the $750.00 purchase price, plus $20.00 shipping (N.J. residents add 5 % sales tax) to your account. Or, SEND* your CHECK* or MONEY ORDER* to: HYPERTEK, INC 30-4 FARM ROAD SOMERVILLE, NEW JERSEY 08876 'Sending your check will qualify you for an INTRODUCTORY REBATE of 10%. Allow &8 weeks for delivery. 270 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUota Inc Circle 198 on Inquiry card. i!i ; !i j i i |ii| Mi i iM i A .|i ) !i A i y i^ k e vb 0 a r d I nt e rp ret at i o n 1 i.u n m 4 lAI 2 HI ^ i?i vm ■s (1) X II 01 n ff TM TEL Fr Pt! 1[ t IF;1 I'lji II V2 V3 2/3 V4 3/4 iHIFT .9o Cr I iHIFT Figure 6: T/je keyboard-interpretation window serves as the source of characters that may be entered from the keyboard. The character set shown here contains a variety of office symbols. power can be gained by applying in- formation-retrieval techniques to in- formation wherever it exists in a sys- tem. Star broadens the definition of "database." In addition to the tradi- tional notion as represented by its record files. Star views file drawers as databases of documents, in-baskets as databases of mail, etc. This teaches users to think of information retrieval as a general tool applicable through- out the system. • Copying — Star elevates the concept of "copying" to a high level: that of a paradigm for creating. In all the vari- ous domains of Star, you create by copying. Creating something out of nothing is a difficult task. Everyone has observed that it is easier to modify an existing document or pro- gram than to write it originally. Picasso once said, 'The most awful thing for a painter is the white can- vas . . . To copy others is nec- essary." (See reference 20.) Star makes a serious attempt to alleviate the problem of the "white canvas" by making copying a practical aid to creation. For example, you create new icons by copying existirig ones. Graphics are created by copying existing graphic images and modify- ing them. In a sense, you can even type characters in Star's Z^'-character set by "copying" them from keyboard windows (see figure 6). These paradigms change the very way you think. They lead to new habits and models of behavior that are more powerful and productive. They can lead to a human-machine synergism. Star obtains additional consistency by using the class and subclass no-' VORK 10 BASF-DPS WORLD STANDARD TAPE ONE BOARD CP/M SYSTEM! only $750 Assm., Tested & Burned-In for one week Features; • 8'/! by 12 inches • 10 MHZ 8085 CPU • 64KRAM • 3 RS-232 channels • 8272 Floppy Disk Controller • Handles Single/Double Density • One to Four Drives. 801R or 850R. Documentation S15. CP/M Hoppy Disk Operating System $150 Check or Money Order c autocontroll 11400 Dorsell Rd. St. Louis, MO 63043 (314) 739-0055 PRICE BREAK EPSON IVIX-80 CARTRIDGE RIRBONS ^95 EA. $107.46 per dozen Minimum Order 3 Ribbons Price Includes Shipping We accept Mastercard and Visa m:check-mate P.O. BOX 103, RANDOLPH. MA 02368 Call Toll Free - 1-800-343-7706 In MassachusBHs - 617-963-7694 Circle 444 on inquiry card. Circle 238 on Inquiry card. Circle 80 on inquiry card. 272 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 'DE\'CINEERINC APPLE n- Edition An - Introduction To Microcomputers: Volume 0— The Beginner's Book, Third Edition by Adam Osborne and David Bunnell One of our most popular titles.Volume 0 has been expanded and revised to include new sections on software and communica- tions. Written for the complete novice, this book introduces the construction and operation of microcomputers. Paper $7.95. 6502 Assembly Language Subroutines by Lance Leventhal and Winthrop Saville This book includes over 50 indispensible, ready-to-use subrou- tines. A boon to every 6502 programmer, it will save hours of programming time. Includes array, bit and string manipulation, sorting and searching operations, much more. Paper $12.99 Assembly Language Programming for the Apple IF" by Robert Mottola This comprehensive, easy to understand introduction provides solid groundwork for getting started in assembly language programming on the Apple II. Many subroutines written in assembly language are provided, and most explanations are shown with equivalent examples in BASIC. Paper $12.95. Discover FORTH: Learning And Programming the FORTH Language by Thom Hogan Using a friendly approach, the author explains the history and uses of FORTH, as well as how to program to an intermediate level. Includes notes on logical extensions and alterations to the current standard FORTH syntax. Paper $14.95. Your Atari® Computer: A Guide to Atari® 400/800^" Personal computers by Lon Poole with Martin McNiff and Steven Cook Your Atari® Computer provides invaluable reference material for Atari® home computer users. This "how-to" guide written for the novice covers all the common external devices, including disk drives and printers. The reader can also learn to program in Atari* BASIC. Paper $15.00. Trade Secrets: How to Protect Your Ideas and Assets by James Pooley Attorney James Polley provides legal advice on a "hot" topic: who owns your ideas in today's business world. Employers can learn to tighten company security systems and protect their intel- lectual assets. Employees can become familiar with their rights to take "commercial" ideas to new jobs or start competing busi- nesses without being sued. Cloth $19.95. A User Guide to the UNIX^" System by Rebecca Thomas and Jean Yates Designed to ease the novice through the difficult learning stages, this volume is also an excellent reference for those already famil- iar with the UNIX' " operating system. Computer-side tutorials teach forty basic commands plus there's a list of UNIX'^" system resources, and a bibliography for further study. Paper $15.99. VisiCalc®: Home and Office Companion by David M. Castle witz and Lawrence Chisausky with Patricia Kronberg. Illustrated by L. D. Chukman Contains 50 models that can be used immediately for personal and business applications. Provides models for loans and invest- ments, advertising and sales, inventory control, personnel, household aids and more. Designed to accomodate most micros and every version of the VisiCalc® program. Paper $15.99. Now at your dealer, or write Osbome/McGraw-HiU, 630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA 94710. Phone orders: CALL TOLL FREE 800-227-2895. In California call 415-548-2805. Canadian orders contact L.A. Varah (416) 561-9311, McGraw-Hill-Ryerson (416) 293-1911. h Osborne/McGraw-Hill m Atari*400/800'''^'are trademarks of Atari, Inc. PET ™ is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines. Inc. CURSOR*'"^' is a trademark of The Code Works. Unix ' '-' Is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Apple II® is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. VisiCalc* is a registered trademark of VisiCorp. Circle 315 on inquiry card. tions of Simula (see reference 4) and Smalltalk (see reference 11). The clearest example of this is classifying icons at a higher level into data icons and function icons. Data icons repre- sent objects on which actions are per- formed. Currently, the three types (i.e., subclasses) of data icons are documents, folders, and record files. Function icons represent objects that perform actions. Function icons are of many types, with more being added as the system evolves: file drawers, in- and out-baskets, printers, floppy-disk drives, calcula- tors, terminal emulators, etc. In general, anything that can be done to one data icon can be done to all, regardless of its type, size, or location. All data icons can be moved, copied, deleted, filed, mailed, printed, opened, closed, and a variety of other operations applied. Most function icons will accept any data icon; for example, you can move any data icon to an out-basket. This use of the class concept in the user-inter- face design reduces the artificial distinctions that occur in some sys- tems. Simplicity SimpHcity is another principle with which no one can disagree. Obvious- ly, a simple system is better than a complicated one if they have the same capabilities. Unfortunately, the world is never as simple as that. Typically, a trade-off exists between easy novice use and efficient expert use. The two goals are not always compatible. In Star, we have tried to follow Alan Kay's maxim: "simple things should be simple; complex things should be possible." To do this, it was some- times necessary to make common things simple at the expense of un- common things being harder. Sim- plicity, like consistency, is not a clear-cut principle. One way to make a system appear simple is to make it uniform and con- sistent, as we discussed earlier. Adhering to those principles leads to a simple user's model. Simple models are easier to understand and work with than intricate ones. Another way to achieve simplicity is to minimize the redundancy in a system. Having two or more ways to do something increases the complexi- ty without increasing the capabilities. The ideal system would have a mini- mum of powerful commands that ob- tained all the desired functionality and that did not overlap. That was the motivation for Star's "generic" commands. But again the world is not so simple. General mechanisms are often inconvenient for high-frequen- cy actions. For example, the SHOW PROPERTIES command is Star's gen- eral mechanism for changing prop- erties, but it is too much of an inter- ruption during typing. Therefore, we added keys to optimize the changing of certain character properties: BOLD, ITALICS, UNDERLINE, SUPERSCRIPT, SUBSCRIPT, LARGER/SMALLER (font), CENTER (paragraph). These signifi- cantly speed up typing, but they don't add any iiew functionality. In this case, we f§lt the tratealf was worth $ 00 Model II 26-4002 3288 8 Megabyte Hard Disk $ (Primary) 26-4150. 3994 00 DISCOUNT TRS-80® Computers We have the Largest Inventory in the Central United States. Discount prices on all software and accessories for your TRS-80 computer needs. BUY DIRECT Toll Free Order: 1-800-835-9056 Kansas Residents: 1-800-362-9091 Jimscot, Inc. P.O. Box 607 - 1023 N. Kansas Liberal, Ks. 67901 ' TRS-80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corporation * No out of state Taxes * Immediate Shipment * Several Payment Methods -k Direct Buying WRITE TODAY FOR YOUR FREE CATALOG! 274 April 1982 © BYTE Publicattons Inc Circle 226 on Inquiry card. The Alternative BASIS 108 Hardware and Software compatible with Apple H'" Standard Features # 6502 and Z80 Microprocessors # 64K RAM, expandable to 128K # 2K Monitor ROM, plus sockets for 10K additional ROM # RGB and Composite Video Output # Selectable 80 or 40 column text display # High Resolution Graphics: 6 colors, 280x192 or 280x160 with four lines of text # Color Graphic Mode: 15 colors, 40x48 or 80x48: 40x40 or 80x40 with four lines of text # 8 bit Parallel I/O # RS-232C Serial I/O Detached Keyboard: All standard keyboard functions, Upper/Lower case characters. Numeric keypad. Cursor block, and 15 Programmable special function keys Built-in mounting for two 5-1/4 inch floppy disk drives Six Apple compatible slots for plug-in peripherals Game paddle I/O Built-in loudspeaker Two switched accessory power outlets Mounting for up to six DP-25 plugs $1949 00 INCORPORATED • ••• • •••• without disk drives. 23116 Summit Road Los Gatos, CA 95030 TM-Apple and AppiR II are trademarks I 408 > 353-1102 of Apple Computer, Inc. j^y^. 910-590-8000 1982 BASIS, INC. Circle 50 on inquiry card. In fact, we prototyped and tested six different semantics for the mouse but- tons: one one-button, four two- button, and a three-button design. We were chagrined to find that while some were better than others, none of them was completely easy to use, even though, a priori, it seemed like all of them would workl We then took the most successful features of two of the two-button designs and prototyped and tested them as a seventh design. To our relief, it not only tested better than any of the other six, everyone found it simple and trouble-free to use. This story has a couple of morals: Bravo. In Bravo, the main typing keys are normally interpreted as com- mands. The "i" key invokes the Insert command, which puts the system in "insert mode." In insert mode. Bravo interprets keystrokes as letters. The story goes that a person intended to type the word "edit" into his docu- ment, but he forgot to enter insert mode first. Bravo interpreted "edit" as the following cpmmandsi E(verything) select everything in the document D(elete) delete it I(nsert) enter insert mode t type a "t" it because typing is a frequent activi- ty. "Minimum redundancy" is a good but not absolute guideline. In general, it is better to introduce new general mechanisms by which "experts" can obtain accelerators rather than add a lot of special one- purpose-only features. Star's mecha- nisms are discussed below under "User Tailorability." Another way to have the system as a whole appear simple is to make each of its parts simple. In particular, the system should avoid overloading the semantics of tfie parts. Each part should be kept conceptually clean. Sometimes, this may involve a major redesign of the user interface. An ex- ample from Star is the mouse, which has been used on the Alto for eight years. Before that, it was used on the NLS system at Stanford Research In- stitute (see reference 5). All of those mice have three buttons on top. Star has only two. Why did we depart from "tradition"? We observed that the dozens of Alto programs all had different semantics for the mouse but- tons. Some used them one vyay, some another. There was no consistency between systems. Sometimes, there was not even consistency within a system. For example. Bravo uses the mouse buttons for selecting text, scrolling windows, and creating and deleting windows, depending on where the cursor is when you push a mouse button. Each of the three but- tons has its own meaning in each of the different regions. It is difficult to remember which button does what where. Thus, we decided to simplify the mouse for Star. Since it is apparently quite a temptation to overload the semantics of the buttons, we eliminated temptation by eliminating buttons. Well then, why didn't we use a one-button mouse? Here the plot thickens. We did consider and pro- totype a one-button mouse interface. One button is sufficient (with a little cleverness) to provide all the func- tionality needed in a mouse. But when we tested the interface on naive users, as we did with a variety of features, we found that they l\ad a lot of trouble making selections with it. • The intuition of designers is error- prone, no matter how good or bad they are. • The critical parts of a system should be tested on representative users, preferably of the "lowesit common denominator" type. • What is simplest along any one dimension (e.g., number of buttons) is not necessarily conceptually simplest for users; in particular, minimizing the number of keystrokes may not make a system easier to use. Modeless Interaction Larry Tesler defines a mode as follows: A mode of an interactive computer system is a state of the user interface that lasts for a period of time, is not associated with any particular object, and has no role other than to place an interpretation on operator input. (See reference 18.) Many computer systems use modes because there are too few keys on the keyboard to represent all the avail- able commands. Therefore, the inter- pretation of the keys depends on the mode or state the system is in. Modes can and do cause trouble by making habitual actions cause unexpected results. If you do not notice what mode the system is in, you may find yourself invoking a sequence of com- mands quite different from what you had intended. Our favorite story about modes, probably apocryphal, involves The entire contents of the (^ocument were replaced by the letter "t." This makes the point, perhaps too strong- ly, that modes should be introduced into a user interface with caution, if at all. Commands in Star take the form of noun-verb. You specify the object of interest (the noun) and then invoke a command to manipulate it (the verb). Specifying an object is called "making a' selection." Star provides powerful selection mechanisms that reduce the number and complexity of commands in the system. Typically, you will ex- ercise more dexterity and judgment in making a selection than in invoking a command. The object (noun) is almost always specified before the ac- tion (verb) to be performed. This helps make the command interface modeless; you can change your mind as to which object to affect simply by making a new selection before invok- ing the command. No "accept" func- tion is needed to terminate or confirm commands since invoking the com- mand is the last step. Inserting text does not even require a command; you simply make a selection and begin typing. The text is placed after the end of the selection. The noun-verb command form does not by itself imply that a com- mand interface is modeless. Bravo also uses the noun-verb form; yet, it is a highly modal editor (although the latest version of Bravo has drastically reduced its modalness). The dif- ference is that Bravo tries to make 276 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc THE ULTIMATE IN COMPUTER CHESS - THE MATE THE MATE FOR YOUR MICRO PMK Associates, one of the world's largest dealers of computer chess systems, is pleased to introduce an extraordinary new product for the computer chess en- thusiast. The Mate is a strategy game peripheral for your Apple II' , TRS-80t or PETt (TRS-80 and PET versions not available until June '82). It comes complete with the strongest chess program, by far, ever available for a microcomputer (requires 32K) , plus a true, magnetic sensor chessboard with magnetic pieces. All you do is move the pieces. The Mate senses your move, enters it into the computer, shows the move on its high-resolution graphic display and responds by lighting two LEDs. There are no distracting codes to type in during a game, and no need to apply pressure on the squares of the board. UNPRECEDENTED FLEXIBILITY Developed by Applied Concepts, Inc., whose $600 MCT chess computer was ranked number one in playing strength in Chess L//e's January '82 issue. The Mate also incorporates a wide variety of features: 9 levels of play, opening library of over 6,000 moves, computer thinks on opponent's time, Best/Randomize move selection, move suggestions, audio On/Off, move erasing, change sides dur- ing game, reverse board, watch replay of finished game, printout entire game. And for hobbyists who want to write their own chess programs, full documentation of the interface software is provided. * Apple II TM ol Appk Compuler Inc. t TRS-aO TM o( Tandy Coip- As ACl continues to develop new, stronger chess programs your system can be easily upgraded. And additional pro- grams for checkers, Reversi and other strategy games will soon be available. The Mate comes complete with sensory board, magnetic chess pieces, plug-in computer interface card, interconnecting cable, game program on cassette or disk and operation/ programming manual for just $269.95. FREE BONUS BOOK Each unit is covered by our 15-day home trial, money-back guarantee. And t PET TM ol Commodore Builneas Mochlnei Circle 332 on inquiry card. we will promptly exchange any defective unit still under the manufacturer's 90 day warranty. We maintain a large inventory, and most orders are shipped within 48 hours of receipt. Order before August '82 and we will include, free of charge, the chess classic Bobbi) Fischer Teaches Chess developed in cooperation with Xerox Learning Systems. There is no game for your micro more stimulating than chess, and in computer chess there is nothing more powerful than The Mate. To order, mail your check to: PMK Associates, PO Box 598, East Brunswick, NJ 08816 (please include $5.00 for shipping; NJ residents please add 5% sales tax; include $10.00 extra for disk format). Customers in Alaska, Hawaii and foreign countries please contact us for shipping charges. For fastest service, credit card holders may use our 24 hour Toll Free order number - 1-800-83S-224B ask for Carol Please call (201)246-7680 for technical questions and further information. DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED PALMER, M^BRIDE ASSOCIATES COMPUTER AND ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS FOR THE HOME P.O. BOX 598 EAST BRUNSWICK NEW JERSEY 08816 (201) 246-7680 21 HOURS A OAV t t Ac tual Size 1 1 £ fi ^ ? e Double Size i ffi ' ^ ? e Copy Copy Properties Menu Illegal Graphics mode mode selecting destination the Star to indicate the state of the system. The cursor is a 16- by 16-bit map that can be Normal Move mode Figure 7: Some of the cursor shapes used by changed under program control. one mechanism (the main typing keys) serve more than one function (entering letters and invoking com- mands). This inevitably leads to con- fusion. Star avoids the problem by having special keys on the keyboard devoted solely to invoking functions. The main typing keys only enter characters. (This is another example of the simplicity principle: avoid overloading mechanisms with mean- ings.) Modes are not necessarily bad. Some modes can be helpful by simpli- fying the specification of extended commands. For example, Star uses a "field fill-in order specification mode." In this mode, you can specify the order in which the NEXT key will step through the fields in the docu- ment. Invoking the SET FILL-IN ORDER command puts the system in the mode. Each field you now select is added to the fill-in order. You ter- minate the mode by pushing the STOP key. Star also utilizes tem- porary modes as part of the MOVE, COPY, and COPY PROPERTIES commands. For example, to move an object, you select it, push the MOVE key that puts the system in "move mode," and then select the destina- tion. These modes work for two rea- sons. First, they are visible. Star posts a message in the Message Area at the top of the screen indicating that a mode is in effect. The message re- mains there for the duration of the mode. Star also changes the shape of the cursor as an additional indication. You can always tell the state of the system by inspection (see figure 7). Second, the allowable actions are constrained during modes. The only action that is allowed — except for ac- tions directly related to the mode — is scrolling to another part of the docu- ment. This constraint makes it even more apparent that the system is in an unusual state. User Tailorability No matter how general or powerful a system is, it will never satisfy all its potential users. People always want ways to speed up often-performed operations. Yet, everyone is different. The only solution is to design the sys- tem with provisions for user extensi- bility built in. The following mecha- nisms are provided by Star: •You can tailor the appearance of your system in a variety of ways. The simplest is to choose the icons you want on your Desktop, thus tailoring your working environment. At a more sophisticated level, a work sta- tion can be purchased with Or with- out certain functions. For example, not everyone may want the equation facility. Xerox calls this "product fac- toring." • You can set up blank documents with text, paragraph, and page layout defaults. For example, you might set up one document with the normal text font being 10-point Classic and another with it being 12-point Modern italic. The documents need not be blank; they may contain fixed text and graphics, and fields for vari- able fill-in. A typical form might be a business-letter form with address, ad- dressee, salutation, and body fields, each field with its own default text style. Or it might be an accounting form with lines and tables. Or it might be a mail form with To, From, and Subject fields, and a heading tailored to each individual. Whatever the form or document, you can put it on your Desktop and make new in- stances of it by selecting it and invok- ing COPY. Thus, each form can act like a "pad of paper" from which new sheets can be "torn off." Interesting documents to set up are "transfer sheets," documents contain- ing a variety of graphics symbols tailored to different applications. For example, you might have a transfer sheet containing buildings in different sizes and shapes, or one devoted to furniture, animals, geometric shapes, flowchart symbols, circuit com- ponents, logos, or a hundred other possibilities. Each sheet would make it easier to create a certain type of il- lustration. Graphics experts could even construct the symbols on the sheets, so that users could create high-quality illustrations without needing as much skill. • You can tailor your filing system by changing the sort order in file drawers and folders. You can also control the 278 April 19S2 © BYTE PubUcaHons Inc TRS^SO* COMPUTING EDITION ©1981 Percom Data Co. , Inc. ^fje ^etCOttt J^eript^tal 35 cents Percom's DOUBLER 11 tolerates wide variations in media, drives GARLAND, TEXAS — May 22, 1981 — Harold Mauch, president of Percom Data Company, announced here today that an im- proved version of the Company's innovative DOUBLER'^ adapter, a double-density plug-in module for TRS-80' Model I computers, is now available. Reflecting design refinements based on both theoretical analyses and field testing, the DOUBLER II , so named, permits even great- er tolerance in variations among media and drives than the previous design. Like the original DOUBLER, the DOU- BLER II plugs into the drive controller IC socket of a TRS-80 Model I Expansion Inter- face and permits a user to run either single- or double-density diskettes on a Model I. With a DOUBLER II installed, over four times more formatted data — as much as 364 Kbytes — can be stored on one side of a five- inch diskette than can be stored using a stan- dard Tandy Model I drive system. Moreover, a DOUBLER II equips a Model I with the hardware required to run Model III diskettes. (Ed. Note: See "OS-80®: Bridging the TRS- 80' software compatibility gap" elsewhere on this page.) The critical clock-data separation circuitry of the DOUBLER II is a proprietary design called a ROM-programmed digital phase-lock loop data separator. According to Mauch, this design is more tolerant of differences from diskette to diskette and drive to drive, and also provides immunity to performance degradation caused by circuit component aging. GARLAND, TEXAS — The Percom SEPARATOR" does very well for the Radio Shack TRS-80' Model I computer what the Tandy disk controller does poorly at best: reli- ably separates clock and data signals during disk-read operations. Unreliable data-clock separation causes for- mat verification failures and repeated read retries. CRC ERROR -TRACK LOCKED OUT The problem is most severe on high-number (high-density) inner file tracks. As reported earlier, the clock-data separa- tion problem was traced by Percom to misap- plication of the internal separator of the 1771 drive controller IC used in the Model I. The Percom Separator substitutes a high- resolution digital data separator circuit, one which operates at 16 megahertz, for the low- resolution one-megahertz circuit of the Tandy design. Separator circuits that operate at lower frequencies — for example, two- or four- Mauch said "A DOUBLER II will operate just as reliably two years after it is installed as it will two days after installation." The digital phase-lock loop also eliminates the need for trimmer adjustments typical of analog phase-lock loop circuits. "You plug in a Percom DOUBLER II and then forget it," he said. The DOUBLER II also features a refined Write Precompensation circuit that more effectively minimizes the phenomena of bit- and peak-shifting, a reliability-impairing char- acteristic of magnetic data recording. The DOUBLER II, which is fully software compatible with the previous DOUBLER, is supplied with DBLDOS'^ a TRSDOS'- compatible disk operating systyri. The DOUBLER II sells for $2>C5, includ- ing the DBLDOS diskette «J*|L*|.^! megahertz — were found by Percom to provide only marginally improved performance over the original Tandy circuit. The Percom solution is a simple adapter that plugs into the drive controller of the Expansion Interface (El). Not a kit — some vendors supply an un- tested separator kit of resistors, ICs and other paraphernalia that may be installed by mod- ifying the computer — the Percom SEPARATOR is a fully assembled, fully tested plug-in module. Installation involves merely plugging the SEPARATOR into the Model I EI disk con- troller chip socket, and plugging the controller chip into a socket on the SEPARATOR. The SEPARATOR, which sells for only $29.95, may be purchased from authorized Per- com retailers or ordered directly from the fac- tory. The factory toll-free order number is 1-800-527-1222. Ed. note: Opening the TRS-80 Expansion In- terface may void the Tandy limited 90-day warranty. Circle 326 on inquiry card. The Percom DOUBLER II is available from authorized Percom retailers, or may be ordered direct from the factory. The factory toll-free order number is 1-800-527-1222. Ed. note: Opening the TRS-80 Expansion In- terface may void the Tandy limited 90-day warranty. Circle 327 on inquiry card. All that glitters is not gold OS-80® Bridging the TRS-80* software compatibility gap Compatibility between TRS-80* Model I diskette.s and the new Model III is about as genuine as a gold- plated lead Krugerrand, True, Model I TRSDOS* diskettes can be read on a Model III. But first they must be converted and re- recorded for Model III operation. And you cannot write to a Model I TRSDOS* dis- kette. Not with a Model III. You cannot add a file. Delete a file. Or in any way modify a Model I TRSDOS diskette with a Model III computer. Furthermore, your converted TRSDOS diskettes cannot be converted back for Model I operation. TRSDOS is a one-way street. And there's no re- treating. A point to consider before switching the company's payroll to your new Model III. Real software compatibility should allow the di- rect, immediate interchangeability of Model I and Model III diskettes. No read-only limitations, no conversion/re-recording steps and no chance to be left high and dry with Model III diskettes that can't be run on a Model I. What's the answer? The answer is Percom's OS- SO'--" family of TRS-80 disk operating systems. OS-80 programs allow direct, immediate inter- changeability of Model I and Model III diskettes. You can run Model I single-density diskettes on a Model III; install Percom's plug-in DOUBLER«>. adapter in your Model I, and you can run double- density Model III diskettes on a Model I. There's no conversion, no re-recording. Slip an OS-80 diskette out of your Model I and in- sert it directly in a Model III. And vice-versa. Just have the correct OS-80 disk operating sys- tem — OS-80, OS-80D or OS-80/III — in each com- puter. Moreover, with OS-80 systems, you can add, de- lete, and update files. You can read and write disket- tes regardless of the system of origin. OS-80 is the original Percom TRS-80 DOS for BASIC programmers. Even OS-80 utilities are written in BASIC. OS-80 is the Percom system about which a user wrote, in Creative Computing magazine, "... the best $30.00 you will ever spend. "t Requiring only seven Kbytes of memory, OS-80 disk operating systems reside completely in RAM. There's no need to dedicate a drive exclusively for a system diskette. And, unlike TRSDOS, you ccm work at the track sector level, defining and controlling data formats — in BASIC — to create simple or complex data struc- tures that execute more quickly than TRSDOS files. The Percom OS-80 DOS supports single-density operation of the Model I computer — price is $29.95; the OS-80D supports double-density opera- tion of Model I computers equipped with a DOUB- LER or DOUBLER II; and, OS-80/III — for the Model III of course — supports both single- and double-density operation. OS-80D and OS-80/II1 each sell for $49.95. Circle 328 on inquiry card. Circuit misapplication causes diskette read, format problems. High resolution key to reliable data separation PRICES ANDSPECIFICATIONS SUBJECTTO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. PRICES DO NOT INCLUDE HANDLING AND SHIPPING. PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC. 11220 Pagemill Road Dallas, Texas 75243 (214) 340-7081 ^Trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc. *TRS-80andTRSDOSare trademarksofTandy Corporation which has no relationship to Percom Data Company. tCreativeComputing Magazine, June. 1980, page 26. Circle 6 on inquiry card. The Birth of UNIX™ for CP/M™! -Brings to CP/M > Some of the > BEST FEATURES < ^ of UNIX! < micrcShell The... • POWER of UNIX •POPULARITY OF CP/M Available for adoption by: CP/M SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS CP/M SOFTWARE USERS CP/M Compatibility Console Input/Output Redirection Automatic Command File Search Path IVIuttlple Commands Per line Direct Command File Execution Additional , , FAalures • L6atlS''and' Executes as a rlofmal program under CPIM.. installing itself under the CP/M operating syslem • Ottier CP/M programs - editors/word processors/appitcation programs/compilers/ assernbiers - may then be run using all MicroSheii fealures • CP/M. compatibility is generally not affected by MicroShell's pre&ence " AddS'Uf^l'X- Power without losing CP/M Compatibility • Send console Output to a File instead of or in addition to the screen Example: Stat *.' > status - sends "stat" output to file "status"" ' ' ■ * ■ •Take Console Input from a File Instead of the Keyboard Example: ed filename < script - takes "ed" commands from the file "script" • Indispensable for: graphic debugging, saving exact Screen Output tor documentallon. etc. • MicroSheii finds your program. User concentrates on the big tasks. MicroSheii does the details Perrhits development or data files on one drive and all programs on another ■ User-specified file types for Automatic Search. Example; ".com", ".Int", etc. ■ User-specified Search Path- Example: Current Drive let, then Drive A, etc. • User types a logical group of commands to be executed Example: compile file; link file; file • MicroSheii executes the commands one at a time • Files of CP/M or MicroSheii commands are executed by MicroSheii simply by typing file name • User-specified Command Filetypes. Example: ",sh", ".sub", etc. • Argument substitution ($1, $2, etc.) as with CP/M SUBMIT/XSUB • User definable prompt with Disk Drive and/or User Number optional ■ Install program to customize MicroSheii to user's needs & system , • Others.- ORpER MANUAL FOR FULL DETA(L$ CP'M 2.2/32K with 8080'80B5/Z80 CPU RequneU ★ ADOPTION FEE: $150.00 Manual Only: $ 25.00 (VA residents add 4% sales tax) VISA, MC, Check or Money Order X NEW » , • -■ o - - 1 - 1 - _ _r _ -1 ^ ) 1 . . - La VIDEO CABU I VIC-20® VS. OTHER HOME COMPUTERS I Product Fealurt's Commodore VlC-20 Atari" 400™ •,.|,„. 99/4A TK.S-80- Color Computer S299.95 $458.95 $499.00 $399.00 Maximum RA M Memory 32K I6K I6K 32K Keyboard Style Full-Sizc Typewriter Style Flat Plastic Membrane Hair-Size Typewriter Style Calculator Style Number of Keys 66 57 40 53 Programmable l-unction Keys 4 0 0 0 Graphic Symbols On Keyboard 62 0 0 0 Displayable Characters 512 256 64 256 Microprocessor 6502 6502 TI990 6809 Accessible Machine Language YES YES NO YES Upper/Lower Case Characters YES YES NO NO Operates with all Peripherals (Disk. Printer and Modem) YES NO YES YES hull Screen Editor YES YES NO NO Microsoft Basic Sl^indard N/A N/A $ 99.00 Telephone Modem $109.95 .11.199.95 $450.00 $1.54.95 (i.\MtS WORD l"RI5Ct;S- EXPENSE -SOR S TYl'INr; CALENDAR PRACTiCi- WAN St HOIKE MORTGAGE INVENTORY CALCUUTOR L-li ! UIOHMYTHM/ Ill.UIi MliANIB COMPArAUlLITV I ROM tlUTER SI'ACH 'MsnufaclurerS &uggesied retail price Jon. 1. 1982. Includes BASIC cartridge required forproj^rRmming. Read the chart and see why COMPUTE! Magazine' calls the VIC-20 computer "an astounding machine for the price." Why BYTE^ raves: ". . .the VIC-20 computer unit is unexcelled as a low-cost consumer computer." Why Popular Mechanics ' says "... for the price of around $300, it's the only game in town that is more than just a game." And why ON COMPUTING INC.'' exclaims: "What is inside is an electronic marvel. . . if it sounds as if I'm in love with my new possession, I am." The wonder computer of the 1980s. The VIC-20 from Commodore, world's leading manufacturer of a full range of desktop computers. See the VIC-20 at your local Commodore dealer and selected stores, I April '81 iHsuc 2 May 'Kn.sbue 3 November '81 issu^ Commodore Computer Systems 681 Moore Rd.. King of Prussia. PA 19406 I Canadian Residents; Commodore Computer Systems I 3370 Pharmacy Ave.. Agincourt. Ont., Canada. M1W2K4 commodore COMPUTER circle 92 on Inquiry card. m S. ..!... .1, Dear.Mosi, -* ► My. lirst . day . at . the . computer . camp .has .been . just . swell. . . You . wouldn't .believe .what .these . computers , can . do ! . .And. all. the. kids . get . their . own. systems . for .their. very. own I . .1 'm. so. happy. you. and. Daddy . decided . to . send . me . here . •<4 ► The .bunks .are .kind. of . lumpy, .but . I .guess . I ' 11 . get . used .to . them.. . There ' s . also . lakes , .and. woods, . and .we . can .play . volleyball . and . baseball . in . the . afternoons . . . The . food . is . pretty . good , . and . we . had . ice . cream . today ! ► I ' m . going . to . spend . a . few . days . in . the . LISP . class , .so. I. can. find . out .how . to . do . artificial . intelligence. . . Then . I . can ' t . decide .whether . to . take .data-base .managemet . or .word .processing. . home . to . you . every . day ! ► My . friend . Bobby . wants . me . to . go , play . Space . Invaders . now , . . I . bet . I . beat . him ! LETTER Love , Harold PAGE 1 LINE 16 Press DEL to delete, or RETURN to cancel. Figure 1: An idealized screen-editor display. The larger the display area, the better. Spaces, tabs, and carriage returns are indicated by special symbols. "5" in the tab line indicates single spacing; indicates that the line length is 64 characters; "I" indicates a tab stop. Besides showing its user a windoip of text, the screen highlights selected blocks, prompts for action, and displays program and system status. deletion. Text editors on some minicomputers display plain text in low-intensity characters and mark blocks using high-intensity characters. Microcomputer-based word processors tend to use inverse- video characters for the same func- tion. . A useful, advanced feature is multifile editing. The best way to display multiple files on the screen is to use multiple windows. The screen can, for instance, be bisected by a line of dashes, with one file displayed above and the other below. Some editors dedicate a portion of the screen as a message window for prompts and error messages. This window should not be too large, of course; three or four lines is typical. Many text editors employ the beep signal, a simple and powerful atten- tion-getting device that, unfortunate- ly, is often misused. More than one word-processing system uses the signal in an inconsistent and annoying way: beeping when users enter some things right (sign-in lines, for instance), and yet also beeping when users enter some things incorrectly (a function key during a search); often they re- main silent during many other kinds of errors. In my opinion, the beeper is best left to signaling errors. The coming flood of color com- puters will soon bring a generation of full-color software. Four colors — red, green, blue, and yellow — are prob- ably sufficient for text displays; green is generally acknowledged as easiest on the eyes. Color could highlight a search string, an error message, or a prompt. Color could also mark por- tions of a file. For instance, various parts of a document could be marked in green (draft), yellow (comments), red (technical questions), and so forth. However, color should not be the only distinguishing feature of im- portant messages, because four per- cent of the population are color blind. Word-Processing Features Certain functions apply strictly to word processing. One is a dot-filled display in which each space character is represented by a dot smaller than a period. The dots simplify counting spaces and aligning text vertically. One might argue that a dot-filled screen appears too "busy," but most users of Wang and Lanier word pro- cessors, which feature dot-filled screens, are happy with them. A good word-processing editor should perform "word wrapping". 286 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc cnC4qi_ CARD , i.iN (Ti Turn your Apple into the world's most versatile personal computer. The SoftCard™ Solution. SoftCard turns your Apple into two computers. A Z-80 and a 6502. By adding a Z-80 microprocessor and CP/M to your Apple, SoftCard turns your Apple into a CP/M based machine. That means you can access the single largest body of microcomputer software in exist- ence. Two computers in one. And, the advantages of both. Plug and go. The SoftCard system starts with a Z-80 based circuit card. Just plug it into any slot (except 0) of your Apple. No modifications required. SoftCard supports most of your Apple peripherals, and, in 6502-mode, your Apple is still your Apple. CP/M for your Apple. You get CP/M on disk with the SoftCard package. It's a powerful and simple-to-use operating system. It supports more software than any other microcomputer operat- ing system. And that's the key to the versatility of the SoftCard/Apple. Circle 275 on inquiry card. BASIC included. A powerful tool, BASIC-80 is included in the SoftCard package. Running under CP/M, ANSI Standard BASIC-80 is the most powerful microcomputer BASIC available. It includes extensive disk I/O statements, error trapping, integer variables, 16-digit precision, exten- sive EDIT commands and string func- tions, high and low-res Apple graphics, PRINT USING, CHAIN and COM- MON, plus many additional com- mands. And, it's a BASIC you can compile with Microsoft's BASIC Compiler More languages. With SoftCard and CP/M, you can add Microsoft's ANSI Standard COBOL, and FORTRAN, or Basic Compiler and Assembly Lan- guage Development System. All, more powerful tools for your Apple. Seeing is believing. See the SoftCard in operation at your Microsoft or Apple dealer. We think you'll agree that the SoftCard turns your Apple into the world's most versatile personal computer. Complete information? It's at your dealer's now. Or, we'll send it to you and include a dealer list. Write us. Call us. Or, circle the reader service card number below. SoftCard is a trademarl< of IVIicrosoft. Apple II and Apple II Plus are registered tradennarks of Apple Computer. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc. CP/M IS a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. V CONSUMER^ products" Microsoft Consumer Products, 10700 Northup Way, Bellevue, WA 98004 . (206) 828-8080 i.e., a word being typed in that ex- ceeds the specified Hne length is car- ried down to start a new line. This relieves you of having to decide when to end a line. Word wrapping is one of the two most useful features of a word-processing editor (the other is character deletion). It is possible both to break lines and justify them at the same time; Micropro International's Wordstar microcomputer-based editor does this. When characters are inserted into the middle of a line, a word- processing editor should reformat the rest of the text automatically. In prac- tice, this proves difficult. Some editors, for instance, temporarily clear the screen from the cursor posi- tion to the end of the screen during text insertion (see figure 3). New text can be entered and formatted; when the user signals that insertion is finished, the rest of the text is refor- matted. The ideal editor would refor- mat text continuously during inser- tion, but I have seen no editor that does. Instead, most include a separate "reformat" command to reformat the current paragraph after insertion is finished. Navigating Through the File Now that we know how to display text, we must deal with the problem of finding our way through it. Ad- dressing text is a prerequisite to manipulating text. The more power and flexiblity you have in addressing, the better. The basic cursor movement is "quadridirectional," or up /down/ left/right, universally offered by screen editors. Boundary conditions. however, may vary from one editor to the next. For instance, if the cursor is in column 1 (the left extreme of the Screen) and you try to move the cur- sor to the left, one screen editor might treat your action as an error; another editor might oblige the request by moving the cursor to the last character of the previous line. What happens when you try to move the cursor past the end of a line? Usually, editors will not allow cursor movement, or at least text in- sertion, past the end of a line. In prac- tice this proves a limitation, and there is no ease-of-use justification for it. It could, in fact, imply an attempt to enter spaces (perhaps the user is try- ing to make columnar text column by column). Commands that move the cursor a single character at a time are not enough. There should also be com- mands to move by word, line, sentence, paragraph, screen, page im- age, and column; the ability to go to the top or the bottom of a file at a single keystroke is also useful. Com- bining cursor-movement commands with a Repeat key is also very impor- tant (an advanced video terminal may include an automatic-repeat function if a key is held down). An alternative for terminals without repeat functions is to allow com- mands to accept numeric arguments so that a user could, for instance, skip four sentences. Signaling Commands Now we turn to the mechanism by which you signal that you are enter- ing a command (the nature of which is not yet important). Single-char- acter command names are best for fast typing. Screen editors must use nonalphanumeric characters, because alphanumeric keystrokes must always appear as entered. The next simplest arrangement is to use control characters, because the CTL (Con- trol) key is standard on most com- puter keyboards. CTL-W, then, might mean "write file." Of course, entering some command sequences would require two hands. Designers of some computer sys- teins, thinking of novice users, in- 288 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc AH-HA! EUREKA! ALL-RIIIGHT Introducing "Popular Computing," the key to understanding* Now you don't have to be a computer professional to unlock all the mysteries, potential, and pleasures of home and small business computers. Popular Com- puting, the new monthly magazine from McGraw- Hill, is the key. Created in response to growing demand for our informative quarterly onComputing, Popular Com- puting explores every aspect of personal com- puters and their use. All reported in easy-to- understand nontechnical language. POPULAR. POPULAR COMPUTSNG. Business Asimov Reviews Asimov HomeCanputer Games The answer to * ' Computerphobia. * ' Even the most computer- unsophisticated reader will find Popular Computing interesting and stimulating. Every issue will contain straight- talking product reviews. special news briefs, and feature articles by famous guest contributors (like Isaac Asimov). There'll even be a helpful glossary of computer jargon we couldn't avoid using, and much, much more. Special Introductory Offer, Send in this coupon to- day, and take advantage of Popular Computing's Special Introductory Offer. o- COMPUTING THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING P.O. Box 397, Hancock, NH 03449 INTERESTED? LET'S TALK CONCEPT: PRIVATE COMPUTERS Our marketplace is maturing. Those of you that were around in 1977 will remember what it took then to make a sale... (any thing that worked!) The two beautiful faces at the left are evidence that changes have occured in the industry!!! Besides an excellent, well proven S-100, CP/M, Z-80 4MHZ computer system, we have a few extra things to offer. (Not the model!) Delta specializes in something called a Private Computer . It's for those of you systems integrationists that have matured with the market. You stopped assembling systems in your garage a long time ago, but still need a totally flexible computer line that your customers won't find at Wards or Sears. 1 A Private Computer means you will never see one of our computer systems on the shelf of your local department store or computer shop. We only sell to systems integrationists who add value to our product. A Complete Range of Products is available. No other micro company in the world offers a more complete line of equipment to satisfy your needs. * We have everything from low end single user systems to the top of the line 64 user distributed processing networks. The DP Software Library is growing every month. We supply Accounting, Business Management, Code Writing, Medical, Dental, * Chiropractic, Word Processing, Property Management and other programs. We have the source code in most cases and can negotiate customization if needed. Video taped training cassetts to aid you and your customers in learning how to use the programs and run the hardware are available. ^ Factory Support and Service is available in most large cities. There are 66 yW fully stocked factory maintainance centers in the U.S. and 12 outside the * U.S. In more remote areas, our 24 hour fast turnaround component pool can be used to insure reasonable response times to satisfy customers. We have a customer service Hotline independent of sales or service. We have a 24 Hour Modem Engtrteering Advisorif Billboard. ^ Our Engineering Assistance and Software Development Program ^ can make headaches turn into profits. We maintain a staff of Engineers and * Programmers whose services can be leased to expand your range of services. Problems from something as simple as hooking up a new printer or modifying an existing software program to customize a screen display can be resolved with this service. Financial Assistance is available through a flexible credit program that can not only get the product to you quickly but keep your cash busy where it * will do the most good. 30 - 60 - 90 day flooring plans can be arranged to allow you to collect your money before you have to pay us. Sherry Starkey is on line right now at Delta to direct you to your area representative. If you have a half inch Beta or VHS video machine, ask Sherry for a sales demonstration in your own home or office. See the Plant, the People and the Program. DELTA PRODUCTS INC. • 15392 ASSEMBLY LANE, HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92649 (714) 898-1492 • MON to FRI - 8 AM to 5 PM • TELEX: 681-367 DELTMAR HTBH circle 145 on inquiry card. Figure 3: Text insertion on a typical minicomputer-based word processing editor. The screen is cleared from the point of insertion: new text is displayed in proper format. The display logic is simpler than for reformatting the screen after every character is entered^ In the illustration, inserted text is highlighted. variably turn to special-function keys for signal commands. They feel the simplest possible arrangement is to give each function its own labeled key, reinforcing the what-you-see-is- what-you-get nature of screen editors. But before assigning all func- tions to dedicated keys, a designer should consider what adjustments skilled typists must make to reach function keys located on the periphery of a keyboard, and whether certain functions are too im- portant to be invoked with single keystrokes. The rush toward function keys in the business market may slow as human-factors specialists research these questions. In the microcom- puter marketplace, function keys are uncommon, and a general-purpose screen editor would be fatally limited if it required function keys. Ease-of-use considerations suggest the use of prompts for procedural commands. If you press the Search key on a Wang word processor, the system prompts: "For what?" in the message window. It searches for whatever is typed in response to the prompt. Press the Delete key; it prompts: "Delete what?" Mark text for deletion, and press the Execute key to actually delete it. This prompt- ing helps beginning users, though in time they become conditioned to ig- nore the prompts. Commands can be assigned to in- dividual keys mnemonically, phys- ically, or symbolically. For example, to signal quadridirectional cursor movement, a mnemonic assignment scheme could be U, D, L, and R (for up, down, left, and right); a physical assignment scheme could be W, Z, A, and S (spatially simulating a cursor keypad — try it on your own key- board!); and a symbolic assignment scheme could be ^, V, <, and > (symbolizing arrows). There are other possibilities: another mnemonic could be F, B, P, and N (forward, backward, previous, and next); and another physical scheme could be I, J, K, and M (for the right hand instead of the left). All of these arrangements are used on various systems. What- ever the scheme, commands must be logically arranged, even at the ex- pense of leaving out a function because there is no reasonable key to which it can be assigned. A command that is hard to call will be hard to remember and, ultimately, hard to use. If key assignments are not com- pletely logical, the results may be 292 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc Can any camera make you a better photographer? We think the answer is "yes" While talent, admittedly, comes first, equipment comes second. And there's a world of difference between cameras. The moment you hold a Hasselblad in your hand you'll sense that difference. When you look into the view ing hood you'll see a big, bright T^A" X 21/4" image projected onto the ground glass screen. You'll find this experience con- siderably more satis- fying and stimulating than peering with one eye through the tiny eyepiece of a 35mm. The Hasselblad viewing system brings you closest to what your finished photograph will actually look like, which will help improve your results. Formats approx. haff actual size It helps you shape the camera configuration to suit your own ideas, so the camera and your mind's eye can work together as one. Hasselblad 's interchangeability is another great creative stimulant. For a start, you can interchange the film magazine with other magazines, permitting changes in film types, film capacity and even formats. And you can switch magazines even in mid-roll, with- out wasting a single shot and that includes a Polaroid back. You can also interchange the lens with other Carl Zeiss lenses. for a wide range of optical options. These lenses greatly extend the vision of the camera and open up an exciting range of creative possibilities. You can further adapt your Hasselblad to your own creative needs through a wide number of accessories, including specialized viewfinders, bellows extensions, grips — even an underwater housing. Considering the extra- ordinary scope and versatility of the Hasselblad, the uninitiated might be inclined to conclude that this is a complicated camera. But nothing could be further from the truth. The Hasselblad is designed to be easy to operate enabling the photographer to concentrate on the subject and not on the camera. So if you're looking to improve your photography, look into a Hasselblad. See your Hasselblad dealer or write for our comprehensive brochures, to: Victor Hasselblad Inc., 10 Madison Road, Fairfield, NJ. 07006 HASSELBLAD When you shoot for perfection Circle 425 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 293 circle 255 on Inquiry card. (inductive COUPLED MODEM Eliminates noise, vibra- tion problems. Originate/ Answer. Bell 103. Cas- sette port saves data. Monea back if not delighted 95 129 MFJ-1230 INDUCTIVE COUPLED MO- DEM eliminates room noise, vibration caused by acoustic coupling. Gives more reliable data transfer. Used like acoustic modem. 0-300 Baud, Bell 103 compatible. Originate/Answer. Half/Fuli duplex. RS- 232, TTL, CMOS compatible. Use any com- puter. Cassette tape ports save data. 110VAC or 9V batteries. Crystal controlled. Carrier detect, power LEDs. 9x11/2x4". MFJ-1231, $39.95. Optional cable, soft- ware for Apple 11,11 Pius. Plugs into game port. No serial board needed. 95 MFJ-1108, AC POWER CENTER. Adds conven- ience, prevents data loss, head bounce, equipment damage. Relay latches pow/er off during power transients. Multl filters Isolate equipment, elimin- ate Interaction, noise, hash. Var- Istors suppress spikes. 3 Isolated switched socket pairs. 1 un- swltched for clock, etc. Lighted power, reset switch. Pop-out fuse. 3 wire 6 ft. cord. 15A/ 125VAC, 1875 watts. Aluminum case. Black. 18x2%)(2". MFJ- 1107, $79.95. Like 1108 less relay. 8 sockets, 2 unswitched. Other models available. 79 95 MFJ-1240 RS-232 TRANSFER SWITCH. Switches computer between 2 peripherals (printer, terminal, modem, etc.). Like having extra port. Pushbutton switches 10 lines (pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,11,15,17,20). Chan- ge plug or cable to substitute other lines. Pushbutton reverses transmit - receive lines. LEDs monitor pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,20. PC board eliminates wiring, crosstalk, line interference. 3 RS-232 25 pin connectors. 7 x2x6 inches. Order from MFJ and try it. If not delighted, return within 30 days for refund (less shipping). One year unconditional guarantee. Order yours today. Call toll liee 800-647-1800. Charge VISA, MC. Or' mall check, money order. Add $4.00 each for shipping and handling. CALL TOLL FREE . . . 800-647-1800 Call 601 323 5869 for technical information, or- der/repair status. Also call 601-323-5869 out- side continental USA and in Mississippi. ENTERPRISES, INCORPORATED MFJ ^21 Louisville Road, Starkvllle, MS 3975^ 294 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc catastrophic. I recall a Boston Univer- sity student who some years ago ran afoul of the RAX line editor written for the school's IBM 360/50 system. He went to a computing center ad- viser and explained that he was searching for what he thought was the next line of his file. Although he had checked most of his file, he couldn't find the elusive line. When the adviser examined the file, she dis- covered that most of it had been deleted. When asked what commands he had been using, the student replied that he didn't know much about the editor, but that U meant go up, and didn't D mean go down? It was a perfectly reasonable assumption; un- fortunately, while U did mean up, N (next) meant down, and D meant delete. The first commands to assign should be the basic ones given in table 1. They form a simple, symmetrical, and complete set of editing functions. Note that the Search command re- quires some sort of command se- quence to signal the editor that the search string has been specified. The Return key is natural for this purpose (at the cost of making the Return character a difficult string to search for). Unless the editor handles routine file I/O (input/output) operations — creating, deleting, reading from, and writing to files — expect it to work only with an operating system. These operations must be invisible to the user. Idiot-Proofing Designers, preoccupied with estab- lishing responses to correct key- strokes, often neglect incorrect ones. Because editors are used so extensive- ly they should never abort, no matter what you enter. The process of "idiot- proofing" interactive programs was described by Anthony Wasserman in 1973 (see reference 11). It involves an- ticipating incorrect entries, missing input, inadvertent keystrokes (e.g., BREAK, CTL, and ESCape), and transmission errors (which are rare in personal computer terminals). An ex- ample of non-idiot-proof hardware is found in sojne versions of the Apple II computer keyboard. The Reset key is in a hard-to-miss location — just above the Return key; many applica- tions packages carry warnings never to press it while using their programs. One magazine printed a letter sug- gesting that Apple users place a itil>- ber grommet beneath the key, to make it harder to push. A software example of non-idiot-proofing Is the Electric Pencil I's tendency to drop keystrokes entered by fast typists. The very point of word processing is to increase throughput; a program that drops keystrokes invokes paranoia in its users and slows them down. The use of "kill rings" is a nice, practical application of idiot-proof- ing. Deletions larger than single char- acters are not discarded, but stored temporarily in a stack. If text is deleted by accident, it can be re- trieved by a command. This truly protects users from themselves. Editors with kill rings actually make it difficult to lose text. Power versus Ease of Use In general, the more powerful a system is (i.e., the more capabilities it has), the more difficult it is to use. There are two reasons for this: first, the sheer number of commands makes them hard to remember; sec- ond, it becomes impossible to assign commands to keys or names in a con- sistent manner. Many editors have forty or more commands; for them, any single-key naming scheme soon collapses. Editors on the market to- day delete text at the keystrokes D (delete), G (gobble), W (wipe), and K (kill). Some compromise between power and ease of use is needed. Function keys are a liability for a powerful editor. Consider the Atex typesetting system, on which all func- tions are visible as function keys. There are, however, 32 function keys, and each can be prefixed with the shift key and/or a "supershift" key — making a total of 128 functions, assigned four to a key. Given the complexity of typesetting systems and the desire to provide an easy-to- use system, this end was inevitable. What is needed is a hierarchy of Circle 269 on inquiry card. > MICRO-SCI IS IN THE GAME FOR ALL THE APPLES... A. .WITH A FULL HOUSE OF S>/4 ' DRIVES Micro-Sci has ttiree disk drives and two controllers so you can configure your Apple 11'" or Apple II Plus ^systenn to fit your Individual budget and performance requirements. THE FIRST ACE— A2 TTie new/ A2 is tfie price/compatibility substitute for ttie Disk 11,'" Intended as tt)e second drive on an existing controller, or as a full A2 subsystem. The A2 drive or A2 subsystem is an ideal choice when the drives will be primarily used for entertainment or prepackaged software programs. THE SECOND fiCE— A40 The A40 is a price/performance alternafive fo the Disk II. With 40 tracks, you get on additional 20K bytes, and faster track-to-track access. The A40 is intended for use in dedicated DOS, CP/M and Pascal applications, and as a companion drive for the ATO.lhe A40 is MicrorSciS most Mst-eBectiye disk subsystem for the Apple lis. THE THIRD ACE— A70 The A70 is the price/capacity alternafive. At over a quarter million bytes per drive, tfie A70 has the capacity of two Disk lis or an eight-inch floppy but costs only slightly more than a single Disk II. One A70 supports a DOS tile as large as 270K, 0 CP/M file up to 254K, and 560 blocks in Pascal. THE PAIR— MICRO-SCrS CONTROLLERS The A2 comes with a unique new controller This controller supports any combination of A2s or Disk lis, you have complete flexibility. The A40 and A70 shore a common controller. Mix A40s and A70s in any fashion, one A40 with one A70, two A40s or two A70s— all on ttie same controller , You mngye a Disk II or Mntrayef WiL<-- Disk II or A2 drives and still add an A40 or A70 subsystem. Ttiofs full system-level compatibility. THE PAT HAND Versatility, reliability, capability are assured when choosing Micro-Scl. Pick trie drive, pick the controller, pick the copacily and function. Whatever your need, DOS 3.2, 3.3, Pascal, CP/M, gomes or pre-packaged software, Micro-Sci has the drive. Start wherever you choose with the knowledge that you con expand witbouf concem. All Micro-Scl products are backed by a full 120-day won^onty (parts and labor). Our complete line of Apple compatible products mokes us the dealer's choice. We're always looking for good dealers. Intemotional dealer Inquiries: Intemotional MoriV1icrQ/4ge. ccvMPUTer store "The Solution store" ^"^ VISIT THE STORE IN YOUR El Paso, Texas (916) 591-3349 Rockvllle. Maryland (301) 762-7585 Tucson. Arizona (602) 790-6959 Albuquerque. New Mexico (505) 883-0955 deasant Hill. Calilornia (415) 680-1489 AREA: Aurora. Colorado (303) 696-6950 Rochester. New York (716) 244-9000 Hurst. Texas (817)284-3413 Salina. Kansas (913) 823-7596 Oriond Park. Illinois (312) 349-8080 Milwaukee. Wisconsin (414) 257-1100 Mountain View. California (415) 964-7063 Scotlsdole. Arizona (602) 941-8794 Anctiorage. Alaska (907) 279-6688 San Diego. California (714) 278-0623 Rictiardson, Texas (214) 234-5955 Minneapolis. Minnesota (612) 338-1777 Omotia. Nebraska (402) 339-7441 Ptioenix. Arizona (602) 26&0065 Columbus, Ohio (614) 868-1550 Indianapolis. Indiana (317) 849-5161 Portland. Oregon (503) 256-4713 Norwalk. Connelicut (203) 846-0851 St. Louis. Missouri (314) 567-7644 Oklatwmo City. Oklatioma (405) 728-1837 FOR FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITY INFORMATION CALL (602) 968-3168 Houston. Texas (713) 440-7547 W. Palm Beach. Florida (305) 683-5779 Toronto. Canada (416) 487-5551 Houston. Texas (713) 270-9647 Wilmington. Delaware (302) 368-3672 Allentown. Pennsylvania (215) 434-4301 FMS-80. THE TWO DOOR DATA BASE PLUS . Door # 1 : Reports you'll use today. Door #2: The sky is the limit. Te've split the proven, best- selling FMS-80 micro data base manager into two parts. And we've split the price. Part one (FMS-81) gives you the essential file and reporting features. You can quickly create programs with input questions a cleric can understand, and with reports a man- ager can use. And FMS-81 with its new manual, is so easy to use, you'll be generating reports the first day. FMS-81 sells for $495. Part two (FMS-82) has all the fancy stuff Including an Extended File Maintenance language that lets you perform virtually unlimited manipulation on up to 19 different data files simultaneously. Using FMS-82, you or your com- puter dealer can make FMS-80 do just about anything. FMS-82 sells for $495. Naturally, FMS-82 is fully com- patible with all the files and func- tions you generate with FMS-81. FMS-81 is so useful, it might seem like you'll never need FMS-82. But as you expand your use of computers, isn't it nice to know it's there? The FMS family runs under CP/M, MP/M, CDOS, and Turbodos. Call or write today for a brochure detailing the extensive capabilities of the Two Door Data Base Manager, and the name of your nearest dealer. You'll be impressed. Rus, Inc. 1120 San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303 (415) 969-7047 Q O^V product DJR Associates, Inc. 2 Highland Lane North Tarrytown, NY 10591 Circle 400 on inquiry card. FMS-80, FMS-81, FMS-S2 TM DJR Associates CP/M,MP/MTM Digital Research CDOS TM Cromemco Turbodos TM Software 2000, Inc. Circle 217 on inquiry card (almost a full sheet of paper). Due to the 24-line size of most screens, it is important that the editor devote as much of the screen as possi- ble to displaying text and minimize the space devoted to unchanging status displays. A video terminal is very good at displaying things that change, and that capability should be used to advantage by a text editor. Physical Keyboard Characteristics: The physical characteristics of a key- board are important, too. First and foremost, the keyboard and screen should be in separate cases (common- ly called a "detachable keyboard"). By separating the two, the keyboard can be adjusted to fit the user, instead of forcing the user to adapt to the keyboard. This capability is impor- tant if you are using the terminal eight hours a day. A keyboard should have a com- fortable, solid feel and should not miss or double type characters (i.e., if you type "forty," it should not send a "orty," "fforty," or "fgorty"). In addi- tion, the Shift and Control keys should work smoothly with the rest of the keyboard so that you indeed get a "Forty" and not a "forty," "FOrty," or "fOrty." Finally, there should be no sharp edges or other nuisances to annoy you. The basic question is "Will I be comfortable typing my next ten million characters on this keyboard?" (Ten million characters is about a year's worth of typing and editing.) Keyboard Setup: The editor should be set up for use by touch-typists. If you cannot touch-type, the specific arrangement will make little dif- ference to you. If you can touch-type, you should look for an editor with a set of commands that will rarely re- quire your fingers to leave the "home position" (the A,S,D,F,J,K,L, and semicolon keys). Unfortunately for touch-typists, special-function keys (usually located above the number keys or to the right of the basic keyboard) are inefficient. It can take one or two seconds to move a hand off to one side and back again. This amount of time is unac- ceptably long for a touch-typist, who can easily type ten characters within that time. Unfortunately for beginners, it takes somewhat longer to learn to use an editor that has all of its commands on the "basic keyboard" than it takes to learn an editor with rows of keys, each carefully labeled with its use. On the other hand, after three weeks, the typist will be able to use the basic- keyboard editor much more quickly than the special-key editor, and the extra learning time will be paid back many times over. (Just think how much longer those ten million charac- ters would take to type if you had to move your hands around to type them.) Mnemonic Commands: Regarding basic-keyboard editors, there are two schools of thought. One school holds that commands should be mnemoni- cally bound (e.g., ForwardCharacter is on F, BackwardCharacter is on B, NextLine is on N, and PreviousLine is on P). The other school holds that commands should be positionally bound (e.g., ForwardCharacter on D, BackwardCharacter on S, NextLine on X, and PreviousLine on E — a glance at the keyboard will verify that these are indeed arranged in some sort of order). The arguments for and against these systems are similar to the argu- ments about function keys. The posi- tionally arranged commands are quicker to learn for a nontypist. However, the mnemonically ar- ranged commands are easier to learn for a typist (who never looks at the keyboard and must stop and think for a while to realize that the E key is, in- deed, above the S and D keys). In ad- dition, the mnemonically arranged commands tend to be more evenly spaced around the keyboard. Thus, they are typed with both hands and can be typed quickly. Commands Should Match What Is Being Edited: The commands given to the editor should match the material being edited. Everything that is edited has characters, lines, and regions (ar- bitrary blocks of text) as elements. A text file (or document) also has words, sentences, and paragraphs. A computer program (say, in Pascal) has tokens, statements, statement groups, and procedures. There should be commands to move over F2P/F2 New B'FD subsystems for CROMEMCO* and other general systems GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS • DRIVE : Ultra- compact NEC FDll 65 X 2 (8"doiible- sided dual-density, direct drive motor), fully com- patililc with Shugarl SA850R • ENCLOSURE : 160W X 230HX580D(niii). poiver sup- ply and noise filter included • PRICES : ■s!rF2P (signal compatible with Persci299) $2,580.00(in<:luding FSC-1250) ■;rFSC-l250 (I/F for 16FDC & Shugart type drives (no modification required of CDOS) £550.00 ■irFZ (pin compatible with Shugart drives - $ 1 , 990. 00 SBC-488 Single-board comouter conforming to IEEE-488 specifications GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS • CPU:Z80 •MEMORY : 2716/2732/6116 •I/O: 6 parallel ports (8255 X 2), 1 RS-232C port (8251 X 1), 75-19,200 bauds • STANDARD : IEEE-488 1975/ 1978 (TMS9914) • EXT. BUSS : 8 data lines, 4 ad- dress decode outputs, 12 control lines. • DIMEIMSIONS : 210m«XI20min •POWER : 0.8A at -I-5V •PRICE : $488.00 GPIB-100 S-lOO multifunction board meeting IEEE-488 sDecifications. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS • GPIB : IEEE-488, 1975/1978(TMS9914) • TIMER : lOOfis to 18 hours (8253) •INTERRUPT : Universal interrupt control 1 er (AM 9519) •CLOCK: Real time, battery-backup (MSM5832) •BUSS: IEEE S-100 •SOFTWARE : All necessary handler programs included on 8'diskette • PRICE : $550.00 «CROMEMCO is a trade mark of Cromemco Inc. ALL PRICES ARE FOB TOKYO AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE (Dealer inquiries invited) International Systetns & Autortiation ISA CO., ltd. HEIAN BLDG. 2-6-16 OKUBO SHINJUKU-KU, TOKYO 160 JAPAN PHONE : 03-232 - 8570 TELEX : 2324496 ISATOK, CABLE : ISAHEIAN April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 307 and to delete any of these units. Insert vs. Overwrite: Whether to insert or to overwrite characters is yet another controversy. To enter text, a typed character could overwrite (re- place) an existing character. This is useful if you are editing a table of numbers. Another option would be to insert the character between the two surrounding characters. (Think about proofreaders' marks. There are marks to delete and marks to insert, but no marks to overwrite text.) Consider the basic editing opera- tion of replacing one word with another completely different one. The easiest way to do it is to delete the old word and type the new one (inserting it, of course). The overwrite way is to type the new word. If the new one is shorter, the rest of the old one must be deleted. If the new one is longer, this situation must be noticed in the middle of typing it, and you must enter some sort of "insert mode" in order to finish the word. This is most inconvenient for touch-typists, who think of words as indivisible objects. The ideal editor has available both ways of entering text and allows you to select between them. However, it should be tailored for inserting new text, as that is more useful for the bulk of editing. Control Characters: A good text editor should use control characters for commands. By using them as commands, the "ordinary" characters are kept free for what they are most useful: text. Recovery from Deletions: Assume that you have learned the editor well and are typing away, giving it move and dele-te commands and merrily in- serting text. Suddenly, you realize — too late — that you didn't really want to delete that sentence. What do you do? A good editor will have some sort of "undelete" operation to bring back the last object or objects that were deleted, thus saving you from having to remember and reenter the deleted text. State Save: Although you'll prob- ably spend most of your time in the editor, you occasionally must leave it and do something else. However, if you are using multiple buffers to ad- vantage, it can take quite a while to write each buffer to disk and then read them all back in again. Thus, an editor should have either the ability to save what it knows and so pick up quickly where it left off (called state save) or the ability to temporarily escape to the operating system and allow you to do some work. The crucial point is that you can resume editing without having to manually reconstruct where you left off. Modifiability: Even if an editor has all of these features and seems right in every way, there are probably ways to change it to make using it just a lit- tle bit easier. You should be able to make modifications in two areas. First, you should be able to tailor the editor's default values for con- trolling parameters such as the right margin. By having the editor match your tastes immediately, you will save quite a bit of time and an- noyance by not having to reenter 308 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 385 on Inquiry card. part of MicroFazer's beauty. But just one part. All the proper credentials. Our u niversal parallel in/parallel out data buffer works with all popular microcomputers and parallel print- ers and plugs in directly to the printer's input port. MicroFazer uses standard 64K RAM A^--^ Chios, standard Centron- _ . y V i T r L ^ power directly from the NlCrOFaZer VOU printer (separate 9 j_ ^ volt, 300 mA power C0rripUI6 supply available where T PI Pi reouiredV All this in Wniie you print, a compact package 3.5 inches by 7 inches by 1 inch. Simple. And simply beautiful. At a price that won't faze you. Retail pricing for 8K model ($159); 16K ($189); 32K ($225); and 64K ($299). What we promise, we deliver. Micro- Fazer isn't somebody's idea of what an inex- pensive printer buffer should available right now For further information and the name of your nearest dealer, call (404) 923-6666 or fill in this coupon and mail to: Quadram Corporation, 4357 Park Drive, Norcross, Georgia 30093. Name . - . Company. Address _ City ."Titia-: .State. -Zip. Circle 343 on Inquiry card. •" 'v "liiMiitii^if'iiirffiiiiiilliill^^ Farewell to the Florida oanther. No one knows how many Florida panthers are still alive. Perhaps fewer than TOO. If these mountain lions die, another creature will be gone from the earth forever . . . the victim, first, of predator elimination pro- grams, and more recently, ■ of ever-shrinking habitat. But we don't have to bid fare- ; well to the Rorida panther. ■■•■The National Wildlife Federation has awarded a grant to researchers '■■to study the panther and its future . . . Sod to draw up a plan for saving it. That's just one small example of how the National Wildlife Federation is working to save endangered species from extinction. You can be a part of the effort. Join the rSational Wildlife Federation, Department S 108, 1412 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036. 3 Great Memory Boards From S.C. Digital 64K DYNAMIC RAM Uniselect: 2' features: Model 64KUS • 16 or 24 bit address. • 8 bit data. • Bank select by SW settable port, bits in two bloclcs. • Two 32kb (128kb) addressing. • Transparent refresh - same as M:266KE. • Fast access time - 220nsec, will nin with Z80, Z8000 to 4mhz, 8080, 8085, 8086, 8088 to Smhz without Wait States. • Can be configured to various imiltiHsera OS's. • Expandahle to 2SBIffi using 4164's. 256K DYNAMIC RAM features: Model 256KE • 16 01 24 bit address. • 8/16 bil wide data. • Transparent refresh with unlimited DMA, immune to Wait States, halts, resets. • Fast access time 1 SOnsec from Smemr or Fsync high, will run with Z80, Z8000 to 4mhz, 8080, 8085, 8086 to Smhz without Wait States. • Accepts 4116, 4064's. m ICf Mortal Prices Assembled & Tested 2S6KE S79S 266KB 2S6KE-128 $535 128KB 64KUS-128 S515 128KB B4KUS-64 S395 64KB(4164's) 64KUS S395 64KB|4irB's e4KU-16 S285 16KB 32KUS S399 32KB 32KUS-16 $269 16KB 32KUS-N SI 49 No Memory 32KUS-B $ 72 Bare boani with Doc 32 STATIC RAM Uniselect 3' features: Model 32KUS • Fully Static using 2k by 8 NMOS chips. • 1 6 or 24 bit address. • 8/16 bit wide data. • Bank Select by port and bit in 32K block. • Two 16K block addressing with window capability in 2k increments. • EPROM can be mixed with RAM. • Fast access - 250nsec from editress valid - will run with Z80, Z80GO lo 4mhz, 8080, 8085, 8088, 8086 or 680G0 to Smhz without Wait States. • Provision for Battery Backup using NMOS or CMOS. All boards conform to IEEE696/S100 specHiGatlons, fully socketed, legends, masks, Gold contacts. Guaranteed One Full year. Delivery is within 3 woridng deys. MC, Visa or COD orders accepted. Illinois residents edd 5M% sales tax. O.E.IH. & DEAUER PRICING AVAIUBLE S C. DIGITAL P.O. Box 906, Aurora, Illinois 60507 Phone (312) 897-7749 your preferred values each time you use the editor (this point is slightly less important if the editor has state save). Second, the people who created the editor have their own ideas about how they think an editor should work. You might not like some of them. Thus, you should be able to change the editor in a basic way. (Perhaps you'd like the StringSearch command to leave you at the end of the file if it can't find the string, in- stead of leaving you where you were when you gave the command.) To make this sort of change, you need access to at least a portion of the source code. This code must be well written so as to be easy to change, and there must be thorough docu- mentation so that whoever is actually making the changes can make them with a minimum of fuss. Final Note The list of features presented here is not the product of any one person's thinking. It was created item by item over a period of several years through the interaction of a large community of users, all of whom had their own ideas about what an editor should be like. These users were largely at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, and the editor that is the result of their ideas is called EMACS. Several versions of this editor exist: the original EMACS on DEC PDP-10 and DEC-20 computers, Muitics EMACS on Honeywell Muitics sys- tems, ZWEI on LISP machines, and MINCE on CP/M systems.* References Finseth, Craig A. "Theory and Practice of Text Editors." MIT Laboratory for Com- puter Science Technical Memo 165. Cam- bridge, MA, June 1980. Greenberg, Bernard S. "Muitics EMACS: An Experiment in Computer Interaction." Proceedings, Fourth Annual Honeywell Software Conference, March 1980. Mark of the Unicorn. MINCE User's Guide. Arlington, MA, October 1980. Stallman, Richard M. "EMACS: The Exten- sible, Customizable, Self-Documenting, Display Editor." MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, A.I. Memo #519. Cambridge, MA, June 1979. 310 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 357 on Inquiry card. Express yourself past check-in lines onTWA. With TWA's Round-Trip Check-In and Advance Seat Selection you can express yourself past check-in lines. Express yourself straight to the gate and. express yourself straight to your seat. Ifs easy withTW/Vs Airport Express. Nothing gets you past check-in lines and through the airport faster than TWA's Airport Express." And that's because with TWA's Round-Trip Check-In* Connection Check-In"" and Advance Seat Selection you can get boarding passes and seat assignments for your outbound, connect- ing and return flights before you depart. So on your trip home you can go straight to your seat on the plane. Instead of straight to the back of a check-in line. Next trip, ask for TWA's Airport Express. And express yourself past check-in lines. Call your travel agent, corporate travel department or TWA. Express yourself with the American Express*^ Card. Traveling is easy when you carry the American Express Card. Use it to charge your TWA tickets, car rentals, hotels, meals, theatre, shopping, almost anything you need while traveling. If you are not already a Cardmember, call toll-free 800-528-8000 for an application. The American Express Card. Don't leave home without it? You're going to like us 1 Software Review Two Word Processors for North Star Edgar F. Coudal Coudal and Associates 627 South Crescent Ave. Park Ridge, IL 60068 Two new word processors for the North Star DOS (disk operating system) offer broad capabilities that rival the leader among CP/M word processors, Wordstar. Each sells for just under $500 and provides high- performance word processing, text editing, and print for- matting, although they take vastly different approaches to these tasks. In brief, the Benchmark word processor, from Metasoft, was seemingly designed for someone who needs retraining after every coffee break. There is a start- ing command menu, which branches at the touch of a key to six different subsystems (create, revise, view, print, merge, and disk procedures), and each subsystem has its own detailed menu. The user can enter a 7 almost anywhere along the way and get two screens of concise command information. At a Glance Software Benchmark Language Used Assembler Type Word processor Documentation 108-page loose-leaf manual Manufacturer Metasoft Corporation 71 1 E. Cottonwood. Suite E Casa Grande, AZ 85222 Price S 499.95 Audience Secretarial, especially for of- fices with large volumes of routine and repetitive material, such as law offices Format North Star DOS 5 '/4 -inch double density and quad density; Nortin Star CP/M; CP/M 2.2 8-inch single den- sity; Zenith Z-89; NEC PC-8000; Vector; Superbrain The other word processor, Lettergo, from Datek Systems Inc., provides one menu for disk operations and a 10-command print-formatting line at the top of the working screen. The remaining user information is con- tained in the manual, not the program. Both programs give a general-purpose computer (the North Star Horizon or another S-100 system) the power of a dedicated word processor costing $7500 to $15,000. (A dedicated system is one that performs one job well, but can't do anything else.) Of course. Benchmark or Let- tergo programs cannot be used simultaneously with other software (business, scientific, or recreational applica- tions), but they can be used sequentially. Upon order from the publisher or distributor, both Benchmark and Lettergo can be configured for various manufacturers' hardware or reconfigured to accom- At a Glance Software Language Used Lettergo Assembler Type Documentation Word processor 84-page loose-leaf manual. 26 pages devoted to begin- Manufacturer ner tutorial, tfie rest to the Datek Systems Inc. reference manual; appended 4786 Lee Highiway 1 1-page manual (same for- Arlington. VA 22207 mat) for IVIaillVlerj mailing-list program Price S495 Audience Secretarial and general word- Format processing North Star DOS 5 '/4 -inch double density and quad density [CP/M 5/4-inch and 8-inch coming) 312 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcatioiu Inc Circle 184 on Inquiry card. Who in theWorld is Joe Larson? Joe is president of a computer software business. He has been, and still is, in the retail computer hardware business. It was here he recognized the need for more comprehensive software. Joe and his experienced staff developed a software system that is easy to use and understand. Software designed especially for small business accounting and management. Software that won't accept information that isn't logical. Software that takes advantage of the new, more powerful computers. Great Plains Software offers critical, indepth management information including profit by product, profit by salesperson, profit by customer and much more. What makes Joe Larson's Great Plains Software so different? The Great Plains Software system was created on a hardisk from the ground up for today's multiple uses and tomorrows business expansion. Some special features include a complete data base of every journal entry posted during the fiscal year. The ability to reverse or adjust entries in any general ledger account at any time during fiscal year... a CRT display of accounts payable and receivable,. .the ability to display any customer or vendor records at a moments notice. The built-in password security system keeps company financial information completely confidential. Get the most out of your computer investment. Ask your local computer store about the advantages of Great Plains Accounting Software or call (701) 293-8483. Great Plains Software anticipates the future creating software for today and tomorrow. VERALL Password privacy system standard Written in UCSD Pascal* Hard disk oriented *m UC Regents G/h All entries on line entire fiscal year - Flexible format financial statements - Comparative income statements A/R - Up to 9999 customers - Profit by customer, customer type, salesman and state - Open item or balance forward - Instant screen inquiry - Automatically posts to G/L A/P - Up to 9999 vendors - Instant screen inquiry - Automatically posts to G/L PAYROLL - Up to 9999 employees - Up to 25 deductions per employee - Withholding computed - Prints W2, 941 & checks INVENTORY - FIFO, LIFO, standard cost, weighted moving average or serial number valuation - 5 price levels per pai't - Concise report including profit by part and line - Point of sale "cash register" program included Editing: Benchmark Lettergo Cursor movement bottom of document ' Y Y next block or paragraph N N next screen Y' N' next sentence Y N next word Y N top of document Y Y up, down, right, left Y Y Copy block Y Y Copy from another file Y Y Delete block Y Y character Y Y' ' Find text Y Y Find and replace (once) Y Y Find and replace (all occurrences) Y Y 'Help' screen or aid Y N Insert block Y Y character Y Y Move block Y Y Video display change margins Y Y change tabs Y Y Printing: Justification left justified Y Y left ragged N N right justified Y Y right ragged Y Y Line spacing set to single or double Y Y set to triple or more Y Y Page layout go to new page Y Y" set bottom margin Y Y set indentation Y Y set right and left margins Y Y set top margin Y Y maximum charaQters per line 1 55 78 Page numbering basic Y Y varying position or format Y Y' Printer control allows pause for positioning form Y Y print draft copy Y ? feed single sheets Y Y bidirectional printing Y Y Text variations bold face Y' Y centering Y Y columnar output Y Y footers Y Y headers Y Y subscripts Y Y superscripts Y Y underlining Y Y All features changeable in middle of document Y Y Miscellaneous Features: Attach phrases of 2000 vi/ords to a single key Y N Notes: 1 . Next page 2. Delete to end of line 3. Delete entire line 4. Force end of page 5. Eight positions, including alternate sides 6. "Shadow" print, darker than bold Table 1: Comparison of the features of Benchmark and Let- tergo. "Y" stands for Yes and "N" for No. modate user changes in hardware. Review copies of each system came ready to run on my double-density North Star and were configured to accommodate my Soroc 120 terminal and Diablo 1610 printer. All I had to do was boot, load, and edit. The Lettergo system is designed to work on a variety of different terminals, printers, and Z80-based computers. The manual has detailed instruc- tions for such printers as the NEC 5500, Diablo 1610/1620, and Anadex 9500/01, and for such terminals as the TVI-900, ACT-V, and Hazeltine 1500. Datek con- figures, the software for a particular user's hardware. The Benchmark system arrives as a "configurator disk," which produces a data disk and a program disk. The con- figuration disk allows the user to configure Benchmark for various hardware, including Diablo, NEC, TI, Cen- tronics, and Qume printers, and Soroc, Hazeltine, Heath, Televideo, Adds Regent, IMS WP, and Tandy II ter- minals. After seeing these two systems in action and using them almost interchangeably for a couple of months, I have the same complaints about both, but they are com- plaints that extend to many other word processors as well. First, neither shows right-hand justification on the screen, leaving it up to you to imagine what the printed text will look like. Second, neither will spool-print, which means that printing a long manuscript with my relatively slow Diablo can occupy the computer for a long time. COLOR VIDEO PROCESSOR • Text, Graphics, Animation • 16 Colors • 256x 192 Reso- lution • NTSC Composite Video Output • Uses TMS 9918 • Includes I/O Mapped 16K Video Memory • 3D Simulation with 32 Video Sprites • 2 Byte X-Y Positioning • Real Time Clock • 8 Level Interrupt Selection • Inexpensive RF Mod- ulator allows easy connection to any color TV • Video over Video and Extended Graphics II Mode with TMS 9918A • PROGRAMMABLE SOUND GENERATOR • Music, Sound Effects, ToneSignaling, Ultrasonics • 27Hz to 111 KHz Range • 3 Programmable Analog Channels with Separate Frequency, Volume and White Noise Control • 10 Selectable Envelope Wave Shapes under Software Control • Two 8-Bit Programmable I/O Ports for use as External Keyboard/Display Interface • Power Amplifier for driving External Speaker • Texas residents add 5% sales tax. Prices include complete documentation with programming examples, PC board is solder-masked with gold contacts. Add $100 tor assembled and tested units. Send 514. 60 lor 120 page manual, refundable with order. Compatible with Z80. 8085 and 8080 at 2 or 4 MHz on S-100 buss. UTIA ELECTRONIC DESIGN ASSOCIATES P.O. Box 94055 Houston, Texas 77018 (713) 999-2255 Circle 467 on inquiry card. Circle 167 on inquiry card. April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 315 PROTEUS: a totally new concept in 16 bit microcomputer systems $4,860 L One other complaint is the excess of riches. With either system, you can direct the printer to overstrike, boldface, and underline simultaneously. This may be useful for someone drafting legislation or revising a contract, but it seems like overkill; the added complexity gets in the way. Although both Benchmark and Lettergo were designed with the same mass market in mind — the high-production office secretary — each reflects its origins. Benchmark (ac- cording to distributor R & B Computers, of Tempe, Ari- zona) originated in a lawyer's office, and certain func- tions, capabilities, and examples in the manual reflect that background. Lettergo, on the other hand, was writ- ten by Gregory Heise, owner of a computer shop and a high-class hacker of long standing. Heise had watched many novices struggle with unnecessary complication and poor documentation and, as a result, tried to simplify Lettergo as much as possible. Both word processors do everything that leading word processors should do: automatic line wraparound on in- put, block moves, global search and replace, right- margin justification, automatic pagination, automatic headings and footings, underscoring, subscripting and superscripting, and so on (see table 1). Both can generate personalized form letters with their merge capabilities. Benchmark uses either an internal pat- tern/letter, keying in the necessary changes from the ter- minal, or a letter and mail list generated by a separate software package. Mail List, which is a list manager with print capability (suggested retail, $399). Lettergo uses a BASIC language MailMerj program, which is included on the word-processing disk, to produce form letters. Word-processing packages have evolved to the point where certain specific features— many of them mentioned above — should be taken for granted. When considering a new package, the prospective user should ask, "What can it do that's really useful that the others can't?" and "How easy is it to learn, use, and adapt?" Benchmark Designed for use by someone "who doesn't know a byte from a bite," Benchmark merits praise for the time and effort that went into its menus and safeguards. One of the processor's features is that it does not use control characters, except on the least capable of terminals. To instruct the processor to do something, the user enters the command mode and hits a single key: F for Finish, I for Insert, J for Jump to a page, D for Delete, and so on. When you use a command that can make irretrievable changes, such as killing a document or quitting at the wrong place. Benchmark asks if you really mean it. And if you do, you must hit the Rub or Execute key. Benchmark's Hallmarks Now, for the especially nice things about Benchmark. It automatically maintains a remarkably detailed direc- tory of what is on the data disks, including titles of up to 30 characters, initials of the author of each document and the operator of the system at the time the document was produced, time and date of last revision, number of K Package price includes: 5V4" Floppy Drive (Double density 80 track), 320 K formatted, Systems Software (Bi-Terminal operating system), Terminal Configurator, Pro-basic converter, CP/ M File Handler & Microsoft Basic - 8000 (Not included are terminals& printers). F.O.B.- Factory A powerful, compact 2-user system that can be expanded to any capacity you require Proteus is the first-ever 16-bit single board micro- computer, based on the Z8001 microprocessor It offers 128K of dynamic RAM for user memory, three serial ports, one parallel port and a real time clock. It can be used in conjunction with existing terminals and printers ... providing a remarkably fast and powerfui system for two separate users. But that's only the beginning . . . because Proteus is also the central module in a system you can expand to meet your future needs! lET's exclusive design allows up to 256 Proteus modules to be linked... to provide simultaneous access to 51 2 users, with no loss in speed or mem- ory capacity for the individual user. The basic 2- user system is available at surprisingly low cost . . . and you'll save even more in the future by adding toyourProteus system, ratherthan buying new equipment. Grow with Proteus— the micro- computer system of the future! For a complete information package, write: Innovative Electronics "Technology Ltd. P.O. Box 5188, Vancouvei; B.C., Canada V6B 4B5 Tel. (604) 430-5166 Telex: 04-356776 lET HO VCR 316 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 207 on inquiry card. NEECO WHY BUY FROM THE BEST? Service. . . Support. . . Software . . . MULTI-CLUSTER For Commodore Systems, allows 3 CPU's (Expandable to 8) to access a single Commodore Disk. MULTI-CLUSTER (3 CPU's) S 795 Each Additional CPU (up to 8) . . . S 199 commodore 16K B (16K RAM-40 Column) - Lim. Qty $ 995 32K B (32K RAM-40 CI m.) - Lim. Qty $1295 4016 (16K RAM 4.0 Basic-40Clm.) $995 4032 (32K RAM 4.0 Basic-40 CIm.) $1295 8032 (32K RAM 4.0 Basic-80 CIm.) $1495 8050 Dual Disk (1 Meg Storage) $1795 4040 Dual Disk (343K Storage) $1295 8010 IEEE Modem $ 280 C2N Cassette Drive $ 95 CBM - IEEE Interface Cable S 40 IEEE - IEEE Interface Cable $ 50 VIC 20 Home/Personal Computer $ 295 EPSON PRINTERS MX-80 PRINTER $ 645 MX-80 FT $ 745 MX-100 $ 945 MX-70 $ 459 INTERFACE CARDS 8141 (RS-232) $ 75 8150 (2K Buffered RS-232) $ 150 8161 (IEEE 488) $ 55 8131 (Apple Card) $ 85 8230 (Apple Card) $ 25 8220 (TRS-80 Cable) $ 35 DIABLO 830 PRINTER DIABLO 630 - Serial - RS-232 $2710 Tractor Option $ 250 AMDEK MONITORS INTERTEC COIIPIITERS CALL NEECO FOR ANY OF YOUR COMMODORE COMPUTER NEEDS NEC SPINWRITffiVltlNTERS 5530 (Parallel) $3055 5510 (Serial) $3055 5520 (KSR-Serial) $3415 Tractor Option $ 225 tappiG APPLE 16K APPLE 11+ $1330 I 32K APPLE IK $1430 48K APPLE 11+ $1530 APPLE DISK w/3.3 DOS . $ 650 1 APPLE DRIVE Only $ 4! APPLE III 128K - In Stock! w/Monitor + Info Analystpak $4740 1 Video 100 12" B+W $ 179 Video 300 12" Green $ 249 Color 113" Low Res $ 449 Color I1 13" High Res $ 999 64K Superbrain (360 Disk Storage), CP/M™. . . $3495 64K 00 Superbrain (700K Disk Storage). CP/M™. . $3995 *CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research ATARI COMPUTERS Atari 400 (16K RAM) $399 Atari 800 (32K RAM) - good thru 8/31 $1080 Atari 410 RECORDER $ 89.95 Atari 810 DISK DRIVE $ 599.95 NEECO carriesall available ATARI Software and Peripherals; PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE WordPro 1 8K $ 29,95 WordPro 3 (40 Clm.)16K .... $ 199.95 WordPro 3+ $ 295 WordPro 4 (80 CIm.) 32K . . . . $ 375 WordPro 4+ $ 450 JUST A SAMPLE OF THE MANY PRODUCTS WE CARRY, CALL US FOR OUR NEW 60-PAGE CATALOG. NEECO 679 HIGHLAND AVE. NEEDHAM, MA 02194 (617) 449-1760 Telex: 951021 MON-FRI 9:00 - 5:00 MasterCharge and VISA Accepted Circle 295 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 317 bytes of disk space used by each document, a running total of the amount of disk space used, and a warning when a disk is getting full. All together, this can be a super filing system. And once the user knows the system, he or she can bypass all the menus and prompts. (The literature claims that the entire system can be learned in one day, but real facility takes longer.) Printed line length of up to 155 characters is supported, which is useful for spread sheets and other financial documents. Cursor control includes nine movements: left, right, up, down, home, next word, first character next line, first line any page, and next screen of text. Finally, the best for last: a simple set of commands allows the user to attach up to 52 separate "phrases" to single-letter keys. Each phrase can be up to 2000 characters long, and it can be called and inserted at the cursor position with the preset key. This is an excellent feature for repetitive jobs involving such projects as legal documents and form letters. It's hard to understand why Metasoft doesn't place more emphasis on this feature. On the less positive side. Benchmark operates with a program disk and a data disk, using two drives. (Files can be saved to the program disk, but there isn't much room there.) The program is disk buffered, text is read into RAM (random-access read/write memory), then sent to the printer. With my North Star system, which has 56K bytes of memory, the drives are constantly active on long 318 April 1982 © BYTE Publicatiom toe Circle 456 on inquiry card. documents and that slows the printing process. Metasoft . comments that "64K is nice" for long documents. Another drawback is that simply having all those menus tends to make the user reliant on them, and as a result slows use of the program. This is probably not a legitimate complaint for an office situation where a secretary is running hard for four or five hours a day and uses the facilities and capabilities until they become sec- ond nature, but it can be a problem for those who spend most of their time creating text and very little time for- matting and printing. Finally, as noted earlier. Benchmark provides no spool printing or on-screen right justification. Lettergo If Benchmark is the high-performance secretary's ultimate weapon, then Lettergo is for users who rely on a word processor, but not necessarily for high volumes of routine work. Lettergo has one menu, disk-operation commands — and that's it. The menu is so spartan (Save, Load, Directory, Kill, Quit, Merge, and Free) that Heise used part of it for the copyright. The Control key gets a Workout on the Lettergo system because Lettergo uses control characters for editing func- tions (Control B returns the cursor to the begirming of the document. Control E scrolls toward the end. Control X reverses scrolls. Control P starts output to the printer from the cursor location, and so on, through all the let- ters of the alphabet). Even after using Lettergo exten- sively, I'd hate to take a test on the functions of all the keys. About 99 percent of the work can be performed with fewer than half of the control keys, so the demands on human memory are not as great as they seem. Lettergo's Goodies For all its versatility, Lettergo is remarkably easy to learn and operate. While Heise's excellent manual does not make any untoward claims about ease of learning, my wife, when faced with the sudden realization that a truly massive work she'd undertaken would require at least one full rewrite and a final retype, learned to use Lettergo (with no previous computer experience) in one long afternoon. Although simple and chatty, the manual doesn't talk down to the user. It presumes virtually no previous com- puter knowledge and is a basic, step-by-step tutorial, followed by a complete reference manual that expands on the first section, and concluding with a section on how to set up the various types of hardware that can be used with Lettergo. Lettergo drives the printer from system memory, rather than off the disk, which means that print speed is limited ordy by the speed of the printer. And the system makes it easy to format for printing by providing a for- mat line across the top of each text screen. The line con- tains 10 single letters followed by two numbers each, so that a maximum of 30 characters provides full control over what the printer will produce. The formatting com- mands include L for line length, P for lines to a page, and Unravel the complexities of Medical Data Management. MED2000 is the complete medical data management system. MED2000 can handle a comprehensive array of tasks^ from billing, insurance form preparation and fmancial summary reporting to medical records processing appointment scheduling and word processing. Designed as an integral part of MED2000, the word processing package is directly interactive with the medical data base and features an electronic medical dictionary. MED2000 is designed for use on a 8080/Z80 micro- computer with 80x24 CRT and 8" disks. The package is available by itself or as part of a complete hardware/ software package. MED2000 runs in either single or multi- user (CPM/MPM) environ- ments. Use of rigid disk technology is recommended but not required. A brochure is available on request. Dealer inquiries invited. mm2000 The Complete Medical Manai^pment Sfstem TxansOhio Building 1640 Franklin Ave. Kent, Ohio 44240 216/678-5202 'CPM/MPM are registered tmdemarks of Digital Research Esprit, When youJL compare value in low-cost terminals, there's no comparison. Hazeltine ADDS Televideo Feature Esprit™ Viewpoint TVI-910 Screen Matrix 7 X 11 5x8 8 X 10 Display set 128 96 96 Keyboard Numeric pad 14 lJ\Z^ P.O. BOX 1110 DEL MAR. CA 9201 4 714-942-2400 320 April 1982 © BYTE Publicatioiu Inc Circle 270 on inquiry card. Now NRI takes you inside the new TRS-80 Model ill microcomputer to train you at home as the new breed rfiomputer specialist I NRI teams up with Radio Shack advanced technology to teach you how to use, program and service state-of-tibe-art microcomputers . . . It's no longer enough to be just a programmer or a technician. With microcomputers moving into the fabric of our lives (over 250,000 of the TRS-80"' alone have been sold), interdisciplinary skills are demanded. And NRI can prepare . you with the first course of its kind, covering the complete world of the microcomputer. Learn At Home in Your Spare Time With NRI training, the program- mer gains practical knowledge of hard- ware, enabling him to design simpler. Training includes new TRS-80 Model III micro- computer, 6-function LCD Beckman muldmetei^ and the NRI Discovery Lab with hundreds of tests aadaqfeiimiata. (TRS-80 is a tiademark of the Radio Shack division of %.aiy Corp.) more effective programs. And, with ad- vanced programming skills, the techni- cian can test and debug systems quickly and easily. Only NRI gives you both kinds of training with the convenience of home study No classroom pressures, no night school, no gasoline wasted. You learn at your convenience, at your own pace. Yet you're always backed by the NRI staff and your instructor, answering questions, giving you guidance, and available for special help if you need it. You Get Your Own Computer to Learn On and Keep NRI training is hands-on train- ing, with practical experiments and demonstrations as the very foundation of your knowledge. You don't just pro- gram your computer, you go inside it. . .watch how circuits interact. . . inter- face with other systems . . . gain a real insight into its nature. You also work with an advanced hquid crystal display hand-held multi- meter and the NRI Discovery Lab, per- forming over 60 separate experiments. You learn troubleshooting procedures and gain greater understanding of the information. Both microcomputer and equipment come as part of your training for you to use and keep. Send for Free Catalog. . . No Salesman^ Call Get all the details on this exciting course in NRI's free, 100-page catalog. It shows all equipment, lesson outlines, and facts on other electronics courses such as Complete Communications with CB, TV/Audio and Video, Digital Elec- tronics, and more. Send today, no salesman will ever bother you. Keep up with the latest technology as you learn on the latest model of the world's most popular computer. If card has been used, write to: NRI Schools McGraw-Hill Continuing Education Center 3939 Wisconsin Avenue Washington, D.C. 20016. We'll train you for the good jobs! A Disk Operating System for FORTH An in-depth look at how a DOS operates A disk operating system (DOS) is the heart of any computer system. Without a powerful and easy-to-use DOS, creating and maintaining pro- grams and data on the system can be cumbersome if not impossible. This is because the DOS offers utilities of various types which manipulate files and, in general, perform all of the "housekeeping" chores essential to the system's smooth operation. In ad- dition, most DOSes attempt to be user-friendly. That is, they are designed to make operation of the computer as simple and foolproof as possible. This article describes the creation of a DOS for the FORTH language. FORTH is powerful, but it lacks a DOS in the usual sense. That is, it does not come with utilities to handle the normal operating-system con- structs common in computer systems. For example, no options are available to have named files, to query disk space, to run named programs, and so on. The DOS described here, ap- propriately called FORTHDOS, allows creating and deleting named files, maintaining directories of named files, listing statistics on disk usage, generating files by type (se- quential, random, or block), listing files, allocating disk space, adding named utilities, getting help with Peter Reece 152 Hillcrest Ave. Dundas, Ontario Canada L9H 4Y2 commands, write-protecting any disk or file area, file copying, giving error messages, and many other features. FORTfiDOS is a powerful, efficient, and easy-to-use DOS for single-user FORTH systems. A complete listing of FORTHDOS is given in listing 1. Before discussing this listing, however, let's look at some of the rationale involved in pro- ducing this or, for that matter, any DOS. FORTHDOS is a powerful, efficient, and easy-to-use DOS for single-user FORTH systems. Features of DOS Packages All DOSes contain -commands for file manipulation. These commands usually invoke primitive operations or "primitives" responsible for: se- quential and random-access file con- trol, commands for creation and dele- tion of files, file space allocation algorithms, and similar types of file access controls. Another class of DOS commands contains commands descriptive in nature and used mainly to display in- formation. Examples of this class are those which list a directory of system or user files, show the system status. generate file listings, or alter the write- or security-protection status of files. A third class of DOS commands concerns program control. These commands are exemplified by com- piler calls (the compiler calls the DOS to determine how and where to place compiled files) and by commands allowing you to add primitives to your own software or even to add your own pseudo-DOS commands. An example of the latter is in the CP/M disk-operating system, which allows you to create custom com- mands via the use of .COM files. A final class of DOS functions con- sists of utilities. While not strictly part of the DOS structure itself, utilities are often available as part of a DOS package. For example, a file copy utility such as PIP in CP/M or COPY in TRSDOS may be con- sidered as a separate class of DOS commands. Table 1 lists by command class FORTHDOS features usually found in typical DOS packages. Note that all of the common commands, rang- ing from creating a file to allocating disk storage space for random access, are available in FORTHDOS. As this article will discuss, all of these com- mands depend ultimately on a very simple structure — the bit map and the priinitives that manipulate it. 322 April 1982 © BYTE Pablicalians Inc Cjrcje 438 on Inquiry card. for a 40 CPS Word Processing Printer? C. ITOH F-10 Printmaster 40 CPS Daisy Wheel Printer IS THIS THE C. ITOH STARWRITER III? The C. ITOH F-10 Printer is manufactured by Tol9<"> ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE Videx Videoterm - 80 Col - '279" Videx Keyboard Enhancer II '119" DCHayesMrcromodemll '298" Microsoft Z-80CP/M Card '289" Microsoft 16K Ram Card .'159" Saturn 32K Ram Card ...'200" VC Expand for Saturn Card '85" Mountain CPS Multifunction Card '189" Mountain Clock .'239" Keyboard Company Numeric Keypad Apple Language Systei witfi Pascal Apple Higfi Speed Serial Interface Dan Paymar Lowercase Chip R.H. Superfan II WORD PROCEI lUS-ProEasywriter lUS - Pro Easymailer Orig. Easywrlter Apple Pie(W/P40Col LJK Letter Perfect . Supertext II Superscribe II Executive Secretary, Magic Window .... EDUCATIONAL F/APl Edu-Ware Math/Fractions .'3 Math/Decimais '34' Arittimelic Skills '43' Algebra I '34 Compuspeli System '28 Data Disc Lev, 4-5-6-7.8 . ea. '18" CMA Teactier Pius '44" CMATeacfier Pius Pack ..'60" PDI New Step-by-step '69" SOFTWARE FOR APPLE Fortran 80 ■154" A.L.D.S W Basic Compiler '295" Tasc Compiler '149" Cobol-80 '595" Context Connector '145" MICRO PRO Wordstar 3.0 '269" SpeiiStar "ITO" Mail Merge : .'K- Super Sort-1 "139" MICROLAB Data Factory '120" Invoice Factory '159" HOWARD SOFTWARE fiieparetjvlew 1982 . .'120" ajate Artalyzer '1 29" SOUTHEASBMROFrWARE Data Capture 4.0 40 Col. . .*49« Data Capture 4.0 80 Videx . W SOFTWARE PUIUSHING PFS 'TT" PFS Report 'TT*' PHOENIX SOFTWARE Zoom Grapfiics '35" Master Diagnostic (Formerly Brain Surgeon) .'42" STONEWARE DB Master Vers. 3 '179" Utility Pack I W Z-Term(GP/IUI) •80" ASCII Express 3.3 *65" Brodebund Payroll ..... .•300" GAME AND HOBBY Temple of Asphai '32" Hellfire Warrior '32" ' Rescue at Rigei '24" Crush, Crumple & Chomp , '25" Jabber Talky '24" or League Baseball . . . 26" Alitiveain '21" nic '24" ;tacl< '24" ker '24" uarks '24" Drift '24" rt »24" •32" ief •24" tack ^24" in II •SO" I ,5 •SO" .huffle^fioard '24" ' Trick SJioK •32" Dog Fight >x "24" Olvm plag eeaHiion '24" ■slanlk, "32" ■2100 '32" 924'o •32" •32" •24" leer Run •30" Raster Blaster ^24" , Space Eggs ^24" Gorgon •Si" Cops and Robbers •SO" Tigers in the Snow '32" ' The Battle ofShiloh '32" The Shattered Alliance . . . '48" Computer Baseball '32" Computer Quarterback '32" Sneakers ^24" TG Joystick '48" TG Game Paddles •34" NEWI LOGO for Apple . . .'149" BUSINESSMAN'S SPECIAL • Apple II plus 48K • Apple Disc Drive II 'w/interfoce DOS 3.3 • 12" High Resolution Green Monitor • Visicalc 3v3 Software 52039'"' IE COMMUNICATOR^ PACKAGE • Apple II plus 48K • Apple Disc Drive 11 w/confroller DOS 3.3 • DC Hayes Micromodem 11 ' 12 ' Green Monitor Source Telecommunicatioriiy 82255°° 'THE FAMILY SYSTEM" NOW ONLY ^2099"° NEW! FIBERBUILT CASE FOR APPLE! ^« Fits Apple 8 2 Disc DrivesV S79B5 Qz. cammodore J^VTexos Instruments PERSONAL COMPUTER VIC 20 W/5K memory, and RF Modulator PRICE TOO LOW TO PRINT 8K Mennory Expansion 53.95 Phone Modem 1I\I\C by Bizcom 152.95 DATACORDER (f/Cass. Prog.) 69.95 Jupiter Landers (cart.) 24.95 Super Alien (cart.) 24.95 Midnight Driver (cart.) 24.95 Household Finance (cass.) 29.95 Car Cost (cass.) 13.95 Loan Analyzer (cass.) 13.95 Home Inventory (cass.) 13.95 Amok (cass.) 15.95 Alien Blitz(cass.) 21.00 VT 106A Recreational Program A. Consists ot: 6 Pack of (Cassettes) (1) Biorythem (2) Car Chase (3) Black Jack (4) Space Game (5)Malh(6)Slittier 49.95 VT.107 49.95 Tl 99 /4A COMPUTER $32998 W/FREE! RF Modulator Full line of Hardware, Software & Accessories IN STOCK! CALL FOR LOW PRICES. m Buy any 4 Tl modules from us ^VEE I S gel the New MUNCHMAN ■ ARCADE gome free from Tl. OFFER EXPIRES 5/15/82 ATARI 800 W/16K »719'"' ATARI 400 »329°° 810 Disc Drive «459'» 410 PFogrammable Recorder . . .'79" MOST POPULAR ATARI GAMES IN STOCKI HEWLETT ^.V^ PACKARD HP-85A A Complete Computer System In One Small Package. Tlie HP85A is a povirerfui BASIC language computer, complete wittt key- board, CRT display, printer and disc drive ali In one self contained 20 lb. unit. 16K RAM memory, expandable to 32K. Ttie HP-85 has been designed for your needs of today and tomorrow with a wide range of peripherals. General and customized software available. HP-85A New Low Price si 98200 PLUS! 2 Free Software Application Packs M90°° Value! (WHILE SUPPLY LASTS). HP-125 New Low Price HP 82091 M 6 y. " Disc Drive . . . . M 650°° HP7225B Graphics Plotter . . . .M939°° HP 82905B Serial Prinltir =749°° We carry the full line of Tl and HP Programmable Calculators. PRINTERS OKIDATA 82A ' Graphics, 120 CPS, Bidirectional, Friction and Tractor Feed, 80/132 Columns 499.95 OKIDATA 83A Graphics, 120 CPS, Bidirectional, Friction & Tractor, 136 Col- umns, Takes 15" Paper 729.95 CENTRONICS 739 Graphics, 100 CPS Monospaced Mode, Right Justification, Friction and Tractor 525.00 XEROX Diablo 630 with word process ing enhancement 2399.00 Bi.directionalTractor(optionai) .205.00 NEWI C.ITOH F10-40 Daisy Wheel, Letter Quality Printer 1 595.00 C.ITOH 8510 Pro Writer, 120 CPS, 136 Columns, Parallel , Bidirectionai, T/F, High Resolution Graphics 519.00 NEC 8023 Pro Writer, 100 CPS, 136 Col. Parallel, Bidirectional, Tractor and Frlc^ tion. High Resolution Graphics . .5t9.00 EPSON MX-70, MX-80, MX-80FT, MX-100FT IN STOCK! CALL FOR LOW PRICES MONITORS SANYO VM-4509 9" B&W 169.95 SANYO DM-8112CX 12" Green . . , .269.95 SANYO DMC-6013 13" Color 449.95 NEC JB1201 12" Green 179.95 NEC JC1201 12" Color 349.95 CORPORATE ACCOUNTS WELCOME OPEN SUNDAY ©tW2 (212)260-4410 TOLL FREE OUT-OF-STATE 800-221-7774 800-221-5858 800-223-5661 itoms on sale for limited time only, and are subject to limited availability. Not fesponsibie for ty[)ographicai errors. This ad supersedes all other ads prior to April '82. Prices efiective as of February 28, 1982, and are subject to change without notice. All orders subject to verification and acceptance, tvliniinuin shipping and handling $4.95 67 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 115 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036 MAIL ORDER ADDRESS: 36 E. 19tll St. New York, N.Y. 10003 Circle 1 on Inquiry card. BYTE AptU 1982 327 FORTH and Puncfuation FORTH uses punctuation in some of its words, which makes representing them in text a difficult problem. For ex- ample, one FORTH word is ("), which could he taken to mean one of several character combinations. (For your in- formation, the word has three characters and is made from a left parenthesis followed by a double quote mark and a right parenthesis.) To decrease the chance of confusion while trying not to clutter text un- necessarily, we will sparingly use braces, { }, to isolate the character string within as a FORTH word or phrase. (For example, the above word would be written { (") } .) Braces will be used only under the following situa- tions: • When the material being quoted is a phrase of FORTH words (e.g., { 26 LOAD }or{ 3 5 -\- } ) mwith the FORTH words { . ] (period), { , } (comma), { : } (colon), { ; ] (semicolon) , { ? } (question mark), { ! } (exclamation point), { ' } (single quote mark), and { " } (double quote mark) •with any word using the above punc- tuation marks (e.g., { $. }or{ ." } ). All other FORTH words will be set apart by a space on either side of the word; braces will always signal a FORTH word or phrase. The braces are not part of the word or phrase, and FORTH words will never use braces within the body of a figure or listing. . . . GW FORTHDOS on Floppy Disk The author has agreed to make listings 1 and 2 available for a fee of $8 plus a floppy disk and a self-addressed return envelope. Due to the author's Canadian address and the expense of cashing foreign checks, tlie $8 must be paid with an international money order. Also, do not put postage on the return envelope; Canadian postage is included in the $8 fee. imize use of contiguous blocks of disk space for sequential and (particularly) random access, many DOS im- plementations utilize complex memory allocation techniques. FORTHDOS, however, uses multiple-file bit maps, a single DOS bit map, and a common I/O (in- put/output) buffer to avoid these complications without sacrificing speed or ease of use for small systems. Before describing how this is done for sequential- and random-access files, we must first look at file device con- trol blocks. File Device Control Blocks It is common DOS design practice to build OPEN and CLOSE primitives (e.g., OPEN and CLOSE commands in BASIC). The OPEN primitive creates a device control block (DCB) area in memory; this contains infor- mation on the file (its size, bit map, etc.) for use by the DOS until the CLOSE primitive writes the informa- tion back to the system area of the disk. In addition, OPEN creates a buffer area of RAM (random-access memory) within the DCB into which data is swapped back and forth from the fUe to other (user) areas of memory. This last point means that as the number of open files increases (as might be the case in a complex program), the amount of memory used by the file DCBs grows very rapidly. This is why many DOS systems limit the number of files which may be open at any given time. This manifests itself as the OUT OF FILE SPACE messages you get while executing a favorite program. Suppose we use a different method. Suppose that instead of using a DCB area for each file containing file statistics plus buffer space, we use a common small buffer area for all files and keep all file bit maps in memory at one time (they're only 11 bytes long). This allows you to have as many files open at one time as you wish without using up more than 11 bytes per open file (for 35-track disks). Figure 4 illustrates this. In other words, FORTHDOS uses two buffer areas. The first contains the file bit maps for all files in the sys- tem as well as their names and the DOS bit map. I've made this area 1024 bytes long, but it may be any length desired or even swapped in and out of memory as wished, with only current files kept in the buffer. The second buffer area is the one used for file I/O (which I have also made 1024 bytes long). Again, this may be of any length the user wishes. Since FORTH is a virtual system using a 1024-byte buffer (i.e., FORTH blocks can be seen as virtual memory that is swapped into memory when needed), I have set up the DOS to use this same buffer for all file I/O. Therefore, the total cost to the system for implementing FORTHDOS without a DCB struc- ture is only 1024 bytes of buffer space regardless of the number of open files per disk buffer. Armed with the conceptual tools of bit maps and DCB usage, let's ex- amine the way in which sequential- and random-access files are accessed through FORTHDOS. Bit Maps for Sequential and Random Access Notice in figure 5 that five files are in use (open) and that the record number that would be returned by the next use of DNXT is 53. Suppose we wish, to add data to the next record available in the file, labeled ORANGE in figure 5. Assume that ORANGE is a sequential-access file. By using the DOS primitive WRITE , we would add our data from the buf- fer to ORANGE at record 53. WRITE would work as follows: 1. Call DNXT to calculate where the next free record is on disk (scan DOS bit map). Return with 53. 2. Set bit 53 in the DOS bit map to a 1 (i.e., in use). 3. Set bit 53 in ORANGE bit map to a 1. 4. Write any previous data from BUFF (the FORTHDOS I/O area in memory) if necessary. 5. Write the data from BUFF to record 53. Note the following points: the file bit map, ORANGE bit map, is filled according to the next available free record in the DOS bit map, not from 32S April 1982 © BYTE PubUcatloiu Inc If it flies on aerospace software, Kearfott—and you... may well help create it. As a company engaged in dozens of major projects that depend on software advances in flight, orbiting, command, communications or controls, we can offer you the opportunity to work in a DP complex that's as sophisticated as the ring laser gyroscope system we're developing for the Tomahawk-2 MRASM Cruise Missile. Or as advanced as our JTIDS communications terminal. In engineering and scientific program- ming, your realtime software designs w operate airborne computers and support everything from aircraft navigation sys- tems to inertial measurement units on the Space Shuttle . . . guidance con- trols for the Trident missile . . . ASW ...scanning beam landing sys- tems. ..and much, much more. Have a background in simula- tion, linear systems, firmware for SW validation. Kalman filtering or FORTRAN? Then find out about our firmware projects. In MIS— the expanding sphere that helps give Kearfott's rarefied environment a very solid basis— you'll run the gamut. Accounting, Finance. Payroll. Inventory and manufac- turing controls. All involve COBOL program- ming, CICS, MVS, IMS, and data base design and telecommunications. At our Data Center, you'll be joining an elite software systems group that maintains IBM and Amdahl mainframe computers with supporting software that includes MVS/SE-2, SE/A, JES 2, IMS DB/DC, CICS, TSO, WYLBUR, ACF/VTAM, ACF/NCP. SAS, information systems. And more. So whatever your software specialty may be, there's a career path for you at Kear- fott. You'll need at least 3 years experience in a large-scale IBM environment or HP 2100 MUX. If you're looking to accelerate your career, please send your resume to: Carol Batte, Singer Company, Kearfott Division, 1150 McBride Avenue, Little Falls, NJ 07424. Kearfott a division of The S I N C E R Company An equal opportunity employer, m/f . who creates opportunities. circle 371 on Inquiry card. BYTE ^ifl 1982 329 BtSsale i6K...$i4g.g5 32K...$ 199.95 48K... $249.95 64K . . . $299.95 New JAWS-IB The Ultrabyte Memory Board Due to the tremendous success of our JAWS I, we were able to make a special purchase of firat-quality components at below-cost prices for JAWS-IB. And we are sharing our cost saving with you. But don't be surprised if the next time you see this ad the prices have gone up substantially. Better yet, order now, and get the best memory on the market at the best price on the market ONE CHIP DOES IT ALL |aws-IB is the Rolls-Royce of all the SlOO dynamic boards. Its heart is Inters single chip 64K dynamic RAM controller. Eliminates high-cunent logic parts . , delay lines . . . massive heat sinks . . . unreliable trick circuits. JAWS-IB solves all these problems. LOOK WHAT JAWS-IB OFFERS YOU Hidden refresh . . . fast performance . . . low power consumption . . . latched data outputs . . . 200 NS 4116 RAM's . . . on-board crystal . . . RAM Jumper selectable on 8K boundaries . . . fully socketed . . . solder mask on both sides of board . . . phantom line . . . designed for 8080, 8085, and Z80 bus signals . . . works in Explorer, Sol, Horizon, as well as all other well-designed SlOO computers. lO-DAV MONEV-BilCK THAI: Tnf a fully Mml and Misled board for lOdays— inen eltlief keep It. return it lor Idl.orslinplyreiiini II In HDrUng Coniinenlal U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut: TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428 Prom Connecticut Or For Assistance: (203) 354-9375 Please send the items ciheched below: JAWS-IB kit: 0 16K $149.95* □ 32K $199.95* □ 48K $249.95* □ 64K $299.95* JAWS-IB Fully Assembled, Wired & Tested: □ 16K $179.95* □ 32K $239.95* □ 48K $299.95* □ 64K $359.95* □ EXPANSION KIT, IBK RAM Module, to expand JAWS-IB in 16K blocks up to 64K. $59.95 All pririK plii.s $2 pmUize and insurance ($4.00 Canada). Conrutcliciil r(!si(i(!it(s (iddsalfis (ax. Total enclosed: $ P Pemmal Check O Money Otrder or Cashier's Check InVlSA □MasterCard (Bank No. ) .Exp. Date. Signature . Pinit Name Address. City Slate -Zip . 1^ NETRONICS R&D Ltd. IKII 333 Ulcnneld Road, New Milford, CT 067781 F/l£ NAME ORANGE PEAR APPLE BANANA TREf (3 RECORDS) (5 RECORDS) (5 RECORDS ) (25 RECORDS) (14 RECORDS) RECORDS USED IN BIT MAP 2, 10, 14, I. 3, 4, 5. 6 7, 8, 9. 11. 12 13. 17, 18 — ► 40, 41 II, 15. 16. 19. 42— ►SI, 52 A CAUL TO /VfJfT WOULD RETURN RECORD 53 (i.e., LAST RECORD USED WAS 52 IN FILE Wff). AFTER A SEQUENTIAL WRITE TO FILE ORANGE, ITS BIT MAP WOULD CONTAIN: ORANGE (4 RECORDS ) 2, 10. 14, 53 Figure 5: Adding records to a sequential-access file. RELATIVE RECORDS 1 RECORD NUMBERS IN THE BIT MAP FOR FILE PEAR 45 72 67 68 84 RECORD 84 IS CURRENT RECORD RECORD 34- -SEQUENTIAL READ- ■ RECORD 84 Figure 6: Random-access record retrieval. To sequentially read record 72, you would have to start at record 34 and go forward. A random read of record 72 would be done by calling BREAD to relative record 3, then doing a direct head move to that record. the ORANGE bit map. No other files are affected, regardless of how many are in use. Step 4 above is carried out only if the DOS has not previously taken care of writing the FORTH- DOS I/O buffer through prior pro- cessing. Reading such a sequential file is ex- tremely simple. If we look again at figure 5, we see that the ORANGE bit map shows the file ORANGE to con- sist of records 2, 10, and 14. The DOS primitive READ scans the ORANGE bit map from high- to low-order bits, moving the next record whose cor- responding bit is 1 to the I/O buffer BUFF. Since the ORANGE bit map con- tains Is in positions occupied by cor- responding record numbers used by the sequential file ORANGE and Os elsewhere, it is unnecessary to mark the file on disk with an EOF (end-of- file) marker. It's easier and just as effi- cient to total the number of ones in ORANGE bit map and have the DOS read only that number of records from the file. Because only 11 bytes are involved, this can be done very rapidly. The only data that gets writ- ten to a file is user data without the need for EOR or other such markers. Random access is handled in a slight- ly different manner. Random Access In figure 6, the bit map for PEAR shows that records 34, 45, 72, 67, 68, and 84 are in use. If this were a se- quential-access file and we wanted to read record 72, it would be necessary to go to the beginning of the file and scan through until record 72 was found. By designating the file as random access, however, you can go im- mediately to record 72. Do so by entering a call to the FORTHDOS primitive RREAD (random-access read) with a relative pointer 3. This tells the DOS to scan PEAR bit map for the third 1 (i.e., the "in-use" bit) encountered. The record number cor- responding to this bit will then be read by the same primitive used to read a disk record for a sequential file. Tlie only difference between ran- dom and sequential access in FORTHDOS is that the former scans a file bit map prior to an access to locate the absolute record number desired, while the latter must access the DNXT available record. Scanning is performed (in this ex- ample) over 11 bytes only — clearly much faster than forcing the DOS to sequentially read through as many as 86 blocks (an entire disk) before ar- riving at the desired record. This 330 April 1982© BYTE FubBcaHonsInc IFOR ONLY $129.95 Learn Computing 1 :From The Ground Up 1 : Build a Computer kit lliat grows : with you, and can expand to 64k : RAM, Microsoft BASIC, Text Edi- : tor/ Assembler, Word Processor, ; Floppy Disks and more. j EXPLORER/85 ■ Here'Rlhelowcoslwaytoleanithefundainentaliofcon]- * puling, ihe all-important baaics you'll need more and " more as you advance in computer skills. For jual S129.B5 g you get (he advanced-design Explorer/B5 motherboard, a wilh all ihe features you need lo learn how to write and ■ use prof{rams And it can f;rT>w inlu a system thai is a ■ match for any pt-reonal computer on the maritet. Look al ■ these reaturt;s HOHf, CcnirnI Prrincssinji Unll. the ■ microprocessor heart of the Explurer/85. (loin Ihe ! millions who will buv and u^e the 1)060/8065 this vear g alone!). . . Four H hii pfrisnnn (i-hii iniMji/output porls Irom B which you can mpm and output your programs, as welt as ■ control exterior switches, nitays, lights, etc. . a cassette ■ interface lhal lets yiiu store and reload programs you've ■ learned lo write , . dvluxe 2.000 nyte operuling * syslem/monflor makes it easy to learn computing in ^ several important ways. • It allows simpler, faster wril- p ing and entering of programs • It permits access by you ■ to all pads of thr system so yuu can check on Ihe status uf ■ any point in ihc program • It allows tracinj^ each pro- ■ gram step hy sttip. with provision for displaying all the ■ coments of the CPU IrcRisit-r. fliiffs He ) • and il ■ does much more' P You gel all ihis in Ihe starling level (Level A] of the B Explorer/as for only S12a9S. Incradiblel lb use. iual a plug in your 6VDG power lupply and liBmlnal or ■ keySoard/display — if you don'l nave them, see our ■ special offera oelow ' □ Level A computer kit (Terminal Version) . . . S12B.flS ' pIus$3P&l.* Z a Level A kil (Hex Keypad/Display VRrsion) . . lI2S.fl8 ■ plusS3P&l.* ■ LEVELS — This "building block' converts the mother- ' board into a two-slot SlOO bus (industry standard) com- 1 puter. Now you can plug in any of Ihe hundreds ofSlon ■ cardi available. ■ □ Uvel B kil . . .S49.9S plus $2 P&l.* ■ O Siao bus connectors (two required) ■ postpaid 2 LEVEL C — Add still mor;vdnkit.((;Hf-;t;KONE). n ^k.)n l^oara «9.9S 2 plus sz v&r. a lek siiw "jAws' . $149.95 plus $2 ■ PMVD 32kSlQO '|AWS " $199.95 plus S2 P»1*:D ■ SlOO ' lAWS " 1249.95 plus $2 PAI*. D 64k SlOO ■ "jAWS ■ S29B.gS plus S2 P&l* _ LEVEL E — An important "building block. " it activates H theflkROM/EPROMspai pon the molherboard. Now just ■ plug in ouj Bk Miiirosiift BASIC or your own CilStOm ■ programs ■ □ Level E kil $5.95 plus 5DC P&I.* J, Micro!H)fi BASI^; — li s the language thai allows you lo ^ lalk English to yiiur computer! It is available three ways: B □ Bk cassette version of MicroBOf) BASIC: (reyuires Level B B and 12k of RAM minimum: we suggest a 16k SlflO ■ JAWS" — see above) . . . fUM poslpntd. ■ u Bk ROM veniohof Microsoft BASlQ(require3 Level B ■ & tfvel Eand4k RAM: just plug into your Level E sockets ' Ufe suggest either Ihe 4k Level DRAM expansion or a Kik ■ SIX -TAWS,") . . seaas plus S2 pai.' p □ Disk venion of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B. a 32k of RAM. floppy disk controller. R" floppy disk drivd) . M.SS each. B tBXr EpnOR/ASSEMBLER — The editor/assembler ■ ba scAwirelool (a program] designed to simplify Ihe task ■ of writing pragratns. As your programs become longer ' and more complex, the asstAnoler can save you many ' hours of programming time. This software includes an 2 editor program that enters the programs yuu write. mak( either Level D or 1M "|AWS"| $BB.95 plus $2 PftP 2 8" FLOPPY DISK — A mmark.ibl.' building block " m Add our (I fiiijipy disk whrn ynu nerd f;ister operation. ■ mure convfiiicni prfjgr.im stur.iKi:. |HT)i.ips a business ap- • plicatiiin, ,tnd ,ii:i,i'ss ti) the litor^illy ihnusands of programs ' and priiMnim LinKun^t's iivailaliii' lotlay You simply plug ■ Ihem into ycur Kxplii«'r/fi.S disk .sv-item — it aca;pts all J IBM-forjn.if.il(;p/\+^n>firams g □ 8" Floppv Disk Drive . . $499.99 plus SlZ P&l ' ■ □ Floppy Controller Card ... S199.9S plus S2 P&l.* ■ □ Disk Drive Cabinet & Power Supply $6^95 plus ■ S3 P&I ' ■ □ Drive Cables (set up for two drives) . . . $25.00 plus ■ 50 PAL* 2 □ CP/M 2.2 Disk Operating System: includes Texl B Editor/ Assembler, dyiiamic debugger, and other features B lhal give your Exp]orer/B5 acct^s to thousands of existing ■ CP/M-based programs Slfii) 1X1 poHlp.iid J NEED A POWER SUPPLV Cnnsidi-r uur AP-1. Il can g supply all the [wwer you nci'd for j fully expanded Ex- ■ n|orer/H5 (note, diskdrivi's have Ihi-irown pow(?r.supplv) ■ I'/us the AP-1 fits neatly mlo the iiltrnctive Explorer stw-! • cabinet |si% below). ■ □ AP I Power Supply kil (8V 0 5 " cabinet . . 130.08 plus S2 PAI.* • NEED A TERMINAL? We ■ offer you choices: Ihe least ex- • pensive one is our Hex ''Keypad /Display kil lhal dis- p plays Ihe information on a B calculator-type screen. The a other choice is our ASCII ■ Keyboard/Computer Terminal ■ kit. that can be used wilh either •i f'liig in lj:v — rvnts Microsoft HA.S'lf," n I Plug in Ni^lrornc s lU-x tjiitnrlAssi-mhlv.r in HOSi KcypdiilUisphiy 5 Add livo-SlOOhoords 2. Add Level B In innvor I In B. Add ynu own cwilom cii SlOO ailts (prnintyping tirratj 3. Add 4k RAM 7- fJinnecl (ermimil a CRT monitor or a TV set (if you havi □ Hex Keypad/Display kit $6J M TERMINAL KIT feaU:nnQ n d6 k^y J. >2B ctia'acter set upper and lowei case. ca 150 to19.200|switch select utpul. 32 or 64 character by 16 O FASTERM ASCII Kt'vboa 75 ohm output, 8 hnuC n able). RS2:)2/C oi 20 MA line lormais, complete wi Deluxe Sleet Cabinet and Power Supply $199.95 plus SSPftL* □ RF Modulator kit (allows you to use your TV set i monitor] . . . SB.95 poslpaid. □ 12" Video Monitor (lOMHz t.,in(1wiilihl SI39.95 SlusSSPAl.* I DeluxeSleel Cabinet fonhe Ex^larer/85 . . . M9.SS plu □ F^n for cabinet . . . sis.oo I plu3$l.»)P&L* ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE EXPLORER/85 PAK— THERE'S ONE FOR EVERY NEED. □ Be^ei Pak (Save $26 00) — You gel Level A (Ter- minal Version) wilh Monitor Source Listing (S25 value) AP-1 5-amp power supply. Intel fi085 Users Manual IRnS. $199.95) SPKCIAL S1B9.35 plus 54 P&l * □ EipcrimcDiei Pak (Save S53 40) — You get Level A {Hex Keypad/Display Version) wilh Hex Keypad/ Display. Intel 8085 User Manual. L*!vel A Hex Monitor Source Listing, and AP-1 ,5-amp pciwer supply . . . (Reg. SZ79. 95) SPECIAL $219.95 plus Sfi Pa! ' - Special Microtoh BASIC Pik (S.i\t S103 00)— You get l.i-vf!ls A ('IVrmin.i! Version], li, D (4k RAM). E, flk Microsoft in ROM. Inlel SOBS tisiir Manual. Level A Muni- tor Source Listing, and AP I 5-amp. power supply , - (Reg. $439.70) SPECIAL $32939 pluB$7 P&L* □ Add a Rom-Veision Tm Edicor/ Assembler (Requires levels Band O or SIDO Memory). . 199.95 plus $2 P&I*. Stsrter 8'" Disk Sjntm - Includes b'vel A. B floopy disk i^mlroller. one CDC 8" disk-dnve. Iwo-drivc ciibli- two SlOO connectors: jusi add your nwn powt^r supplies cabinets and hardware . . □ (Reg $1065.00) SPECIAL S0e9»plUB$13 Pftl* . . .□ 32k Starter System. $1045.95 ?luB S13 P&I.* □ 48k Starter System. $1095.95 plus $13 »1. ' n 64k Starter System. $1145.95 plus $13 P&I, ' □ Add lo any of above Explorer steel cabinet. AP-1 five amp. power supply. Li^vel C with two SlOO connectors, disk drive i-ihinet .ind power supply, two sub-D connec- tors for (ainni^ciinK your printer anil terminal (Reg S225.951SPF.CIAL $199,95 plus Si:t I'M ' □ Compleic MK Syiiem Wir.-d \ Tesled S1650.00 plus S26 P&l * □ Speciall Complete Qusine.ss Software Pak (Save $625.00) — Includes CP/M 2.2 Microsoft BASIC, General Let^. Afxnunls Rectivable. Acoounis Payable. Payroll Package . (Reg. $1325) SPEa Al. $B99.9S poslpaid. •Phl MNrulv f.ir Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut: TO ORDER Call Toll Free: 800443-7428 To Older Froin Connecticut, ot For Technical Assistance, CaU (203) 354-9375 (Clip mill nl^ll^7ll(l-■i»f)"J^' SEND ME THE ITEMS CHKCKEU ABOVE Tola) Enclosed (Conn. Residunts ,(dd salirs lax(: S Paid by: □ Peraonal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order D VISA □ MASTERCARD IDimli No - Exp Dale a^|NETRONICS Research& Development Ltd ANNOUNCING TWO NEW TERMINALS Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer Netronics announces a slate al ihe art breakthrough In terminals. Now at prices you can afford, you can go on-line with data-bank and computer phone-line sarvicea. It's all yours, "electronic newspapers," educational services. Dow-Jones stock reports, oames, recipes, personal computing with any level language, program exchanges, electronic bul- letin boards . . . and more every day!!! Neironics oilers two new terminals, both leature a full 56 key/12B character typewriter- style keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, a rugged steel cabinet and power supply. The simplest one, FASTERM-64, is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serial printer port tor making hard copy ot all incoming data, and optional provisions (or block and special character graphics. The smart ' version. SMARTERM-80. features either 24 line by 80 characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, ft oilers on-screen editing with page-at-a- time printing. 12,000 pixel graphics, line qraphlcs, absolute cursor addressing, underlining, reverse video, one-half intensity and mucn more . . . simply plug them into your computer or our phone modem and be on-line Instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or our delux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer. Price breakthrough! ! ! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit. ready to plug in for just $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit for Just $299.95, {troth available wired and tested.) Be on-line with the milMon-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply the necessary subscription forms. More good news: AM the components in our terminals are available separately (see coupon), so you buy only what you need!!! FASTERM-64 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 dtsplayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) ... 8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800 9600, 19, 200, (switcti sel.) . . . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: IV PIP (EIA RS-170) . . . CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of tine, erase cursor line, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling , . REVERSE VIDEO . . . BLINKING CURSOR . . . PARITY: off. even or odd . . . STOP BITS: 1. 1.5. 2 . . . DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 8, 7 or 8 . . . CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrix in a 7 by 12 cell . . . PRINTER OUTPUT: prints all Incoming data ... IK ON BOARD RAM . . . 2K ON BOARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY . . . OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: Includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphics characters . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD. 56 key/128 characters. SMARTERM-80 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characlers by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines 128 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case)8 baud rates: 110, 300, 600. 1200, 2400. 4800, 9600. 19, 200 . . . LINE OUTpUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: IV pp (EIA RS-170) . . EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, for- ward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT . . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSI- TIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back . . . VISUAL ATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, hall intensity. & blank . . . GRAPHICS: 12.000 pixel resolution block plus line graphics . . . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR . . . PARITY: oil. even or odd , , . STOP BITS: 110 baud 2, all others 1 . . . CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 11 character in a 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT ... 6Q OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH . . . BLINKING BLOCK CURSOR . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . 2K ON BOARD RAM . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 keyn28 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY. TELEPHONE MODEM 103 O/A . . . FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED . . . DATA RATE: 300 baud . . . INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY . . . CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect and disconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel ... NO POWER SUPPLY RE- QUIRED. ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII-3 ... 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCII ENCODED . . . UPPER &. LOWER CASE . , . FULLY DEBOUNGED , 2 KEY ROLLOVER . . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH PCS STROBE . REQUIRES -I- 5 & -12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS) PRINTER COMET I . . . SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 60 CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) . . . 10*' TRACTOR FEED ^ . . . UPPER/LOWER CASE . . . INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS . . . 4 CHARACTER SIZES ... 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX . . . BI-DIRECTIONAL PRINTING Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428 To Order From Connecticut Or For Tecli. Assist. Call (203) 3S4-937S NETRONICS R&D LTD. D.pt. 333 Litchfield Road, New Mlllord. CT 06776 Please send the Items checked below: D COMPLETE FASTERM.64 TERMINAL (Includes FASTVID.64 video board ASCII-3 keyboard, steal cabinet and power supply) ... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l . . . wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l . . . graphics option: add $19.95 to eacli of above □ COMPLETE SMARTERM-SO TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 video board, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $299.95 plus $3 P&l . . . wired and tested $369.95 pigs $3 P&l □ FASTViD-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires -f 5 & -12V DC) . . . kit $99.95 plus $3 P&l . . . graphics option add $19.95 . . . wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&l . . . graphics option add $19.95 □ SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires -f 5 & -I- /-12V DC) . . . kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l . . . wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l □ DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET . . . $19.95 plus $3 P&l □ ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires -(-5& -12VDC) ... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&l . . . wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&l □ POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCIi-3 keyboard & video boards) ... kit only $19.95 plus $2 P&l □ ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor) . . . wired & tested $149.95 plus $6 P&l n TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A . . . wired & tested $189.95 plus $3 P&i □ DOT MATRIX PRINTER Connet I . . . wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&i □ RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&l □ 3FT-25 LEAD MODEM/TERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTOR CABLE . . . $14.95 ea plus $2 P&l For Canadian orders, doubie the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax. Total Enclosed $ □ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order □ VISA □ MasterCard (Bank No ) Acct. No . Exp. Date Signature , Print Name Address City State Zip BYTE April 1982 331 Circle 143 on Inquiry card. What's Better Ttian Basic? Delphic Systems has merged its Z80 BASIC with FairCom's . MICRO B + ™ to produd'* BASIC B + ™, the first all pur- pose interpreter featuring a B-TREE file structure im- plemented using NEW com- mands. No more messy CALLs or difficult assembly language in- terfacing! Instead, use the following BASIC B +^'*' functions to manage an index without ever reorganizing the file: BOPEN BCLOSE NEWS KILLS: FINDS QETB NEXB PREVB STATS In addition, BASIC B-f ™ was written using Z80 code in order to minimize size and enhance speed performance. Features & Requirements • Search a 1 0,000 entry index In one second • No index reorganization needed • Uses fast and compact Z80 code • CP/M-" Versions 1,4 or 2.2 3* 1 2 Digit precision • Program Chaining • Read only file protection artdom flies TM BRSIC B+ with documentation $325.00 Delphic Systems 2260 Compton Avenue St. Louis, MO 63104 314/773-6753 Coming Next INVENTORY B-I-TM VISA MasterCard MICRO B+TM is a Trademark of FaifCora RELATIVE RECORDS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8«»» TO BE ACCESSED: |72| FILE PEAH IP 4^ [721 67 68 84 ii 87 • • •! RECORD NUMBERS CI — L^l — — ' Figure 7: Interchangeable random/ sequential accessing. To change from a sequential- to a random-access read, FORTHDOS would save the value of the current record number being read (84) in the variables TMP and NBLK. FORTHDOS would then call RREAD to read relative record 3 and change the value of NBLK to 72. Then NBLK would be restored to the value of TMP (84), and the sequential read would continue. SYSTEM RAM GETS SWAPPED AS DIFFER- ENT DRIVES ARE USED. • RAM ■ DOS BIT MAP (22) NAMEl FILEl BIT MAP (111 NAME2 FILE2 BIT MAP (11) DOS BIT MAP MAY BE REPEATED ON EACH DRIVE OR RESIDE ON ONLY THE SYSTEM DRiy£. DOS BIT MAP = 2 X 11 = 22 BYTES -DRIVEl- DOS BIT MAP (22) NAME3 FILE3 BIT MAP (11) NAME4 FILE4 BIT MAP (11) DRIVE2 :- DOS BIT MAP (22) NAME6 FILE6 BIT MAP (11) NAME? FILE7 BIT MAP(ll) Figure 8: Swapping disk directories. As each disk is accessed, the disk directory is read from the disk and placed into RAM. scheme works quite well and even has a side benefit that adds extra versatili- ty to the DOS; a given file can be se- quentially or randomly accessed at any time! To further clarify this scheme, sup- pose you are accessing the file PEAR through the FORTHDOS primitives DNXT and READ (sequential read) at record 84. As figure 7 shows, no in- dicators are present in PEAR bit map to tell us that the file is sequential; on- ly the variable NBLK is associated with current file activity. This variable stores the current record number being accessed from the cur- rent file. In figure 7, NBLK contains an 84 (i.e., record 84 is being ac- cessed). If the file is accessed again (refer to figure 7) but this time by the DOS primitive RREAD to access record 72, the DOS will set NBLK to 72 and retrieve that record. Also, if the value of NBLK (72) had been saved prior to invoking RREAD , you can restore this value at any time and continue with sequential access by using the sequential READ again. As you can see, any FORTHDOS file may alternate between sequential- and random-access read without destroying the integrity of the bit 332 April 1982 © BYTE PiiUicatioro Inc map! This may also be done with write access, but more variables are involved. Consult listing 1 for the names of these variables. FORTHDOS Having discussed the basics of the DOS structure, we can now look at the actual implementation in more detail. Table 2 (on page 348) gives an abbreviated listing of the table 1 com- mands. All are available in FORTH- DOS, with special provisions in the DOS for bypassing terminal interac- tion when you wish to issue the com- mands under program control. Some of the functions of the commands change and require parameter passing when accessed through a user's pro- gram. Let's briefly step through a few of these commands. Loading a Directory Enter the MOUNT command whenever a new disk is inserted into a drive, and enter REMOVE when the disk is taken out. The former reads the file names and bit maps into the DOS memory (1024 bytes, as men- tioned earlier). The latter writes this FORTHDOS RAM area back to disk. Figure 4 gives a simplified version of Text continued on page 348 Circle 384 on Inquiry card. THE LAST MEMORY™ OFFERS MORE FOR LESS THE LAST MEMORY''''r static RAM/EPROM boarci, sets the irtdfjstfy stsndafd inoQ&t and performance^ That's why it's the choice of system integrators, research iaboratones, srnali bustnesses, large oorporattons, untvers^tfes, and hobbyists from Dayton to Tasmansa Now, how could we make the standard tn S100 memory boards better'? ftY tOWERtNG THE PRICE!! Board Without RAM 16K 64 K M «ti»ac$ ^i^uiett vim i 5<)»s Pfiia Ait fAfE&s jr<^ P 0 & Pf^^i^ft ti. KIT ..mm. 99 00 j^ii^ i9y,uo »18 . 9& .. 45"^* 00 ASSEMBLED & TESTED ■ . &mm 239,00 static memory systems mc. 15 So, Van Burer> Ave. Suite 209 Freeport, Illinois 61032 (815) 235-8713 MastwCord VISA' ■5 TS ^ in » 01 i c S _ ^ "3 tu O 2! ^ u cu o (M r* ■ft s >) -S ^ Vi *^ in u .a O .a C :3 o -a S < .S > lU -< e C (9 O C Ul •U 13 I 111 'H I .H I Xi . T > I I *> U in L ; -> IS u m E II 111 Ul _l LU H Z Ul ■> r O _1 E _1 3 >i a: 111 U- L Ul □ H + 0) Z !? M u Ul Z HI Z Ul L u •rt CD Ul -0 m Ls UJ Z +j Q N I ■3- h- Z Ul -0 01 Ul _l E V m a z Q- >~* It _i □ U. a c UT a: tn a a I u 01 Ul cc Q _i » 1- r-j Ul Q ■rt -1 ^ Ul 01 ■J) E 4- « f?i SI Q. u in m tn Cl 0 w ■! V _i E E 3 _l m ai-i a IL c u. ■- m + H X Q] 3 4- -u c a Ql . E _ IS — • SO c 4- Cl Ul Q K 1 S .-5 -J ^ bo 3 C g § 1-1 L « >- L * C m XI 01 L 01 -i: L - 01 It L 0 Ul 0- I N e It -1 01 4- U It 01 L % 01 u c r-i Ul »v ■>-i t u jj n 4- 4- a L CP It a 01 XI Q a LL Ul L 0 in It 4- li 0 It > a c 6 a Tii ■4- Ul # in a 4-1 =i J3 n a L L U J It ■D 0 0 j: u a -u 0 n 0 It n E 0 It Ul e C e a 0 0 44 U ~ 13 01 44 L > E 0 L 44 01 44 4J 0 a It CP Tl > a 4-1 ID cr Ul L ^ H U! 01 u 0 4-1 01 4-1 £ C -4 01 L -I L ■ri e c L □ Ul ■Q L 44 .5 44 J3 -r4 X] U UJ +J 0 > 0 > - n 4-1 ri 01 4j in ^ — e 0 '4- □ 01 .□ u u II O 01 o 4-1 4J -fj a ■rt -O 4- U 01 d 4-1 4-1 tJ 01 01 □ □ 0 * W II 01 ^ 4- U It £ J3 4- 111 U rJ c 4^4 m £ 44 44 I-I CC CL in Ul 0 OJ S 01 0 J L U E Ul u C-1 0 4J It XI -D u XI e a. H 01 L th -U 4-1 01 £ £1 ■I-I It m It 0 It +1 TJ Ul a L CL Tj > in ■H -LI -H in ^ 13 0. 4J L 01 L in 0 It It gi -rt 1. 13 3 -Q >- rt >. 01 >UI E 01 ■W in 13 0 ro c 44 i3 -a 01 •M -I 4- L 13 in 4- L E t- _J H au XI •M 01 u 01 n 44 44 a Ul 01 X 0 13 It 4-4-4- □ m □ -p n >.13 3 10 Ul 01 L c 01 01 4- in I-I 0 0 a 01 111 4J C c - 1- -< K L <[ K u IS**I T3 13 ■« i. 1. 'H -rt 4J 3 >« 1 - 3 ID II O Q L U # 01 U a I 0 o Ki ^ > t-4 O in It U iH I- 1- 1 •• » z z -0 H I- UT tn CD o -1 > UJ Ul < -1 _l IS IB ' ■I Z I-I d > U- cc o: d d cc o: > > d cc d U d IC U- CJ IC u. M d 3 tn * u Hi Cl N Q do* E -rt O O tN E £0 -4 Z UJ _1 Ul il -J d III « d o: i-H d cc > d u > -I E Hi III z z UJ Ul .J Ul -I Oti _l m d m d M d M q: I-I IT d cc d > d > u > o o o _J 1-4 w CD CM u u 3 in CL > + I- r-4 a in cc Q- d I- E O cc a. d CL - d d 3 3 Ul in in (L □ Ul oc tn ^ - I- H Q _J Z E 3 A O O UJ UJ I- Q # IC q: U. X M " I- m m ra re # u u M o m # Q- U. " O LL 3 n CL 3 « Q Q 3 i; Q Q Z - ■ - O i- h4 ID Q Q Q CC U 0. CL 3 d a E H Q. IH d m 3 tn CL , i tn Cl d 3 tn u f? Q u z Cl d d CL E -• CQ Q Z O d L -H N !31 £ i- E U •tJ cr J3 -> 0! 4- II! 01 ■iJ a 01 C 44 1-1 c L -rt c: ■ ■n 4- I U X 0! U 01 L -~ > a a >. L in m L 0 E E 0 -M 44 44 44 U -4 U 01 X3 -Q 01 L L ■H 01 OJ ■rt XI x: i; T) 44 4J 01 •O jj 13 01 ^ IB -H ID > L 01 L 01 lU 0 q: 3 in 4- 4- ^ 3 XI 01 >-44 44 L 44 44 0 01 " 01 44 Jli .i: u Ul Ul 01 •H L TJ ■ TJ ■- 13 01 ■p > ■ C 01 0 . 3 > E • o n 01 E in K ■ T3 3 It Ul C +4 in 3 1- in X 31 l_ Ul 44 i- U. rj tn L UJ z ■■4 o CC > to ISI Ul Hi Q r- 1- Q 2 z Ul Ul -1 o UJ £ > > Ul _l Q Q. ? "■ ■ a □ > o E E O u. Q o 0 ^ J E Z _J lC L _i m M M Ul Q d X Ul 3 tn UJ CC CM Q z +4 cc Cl CL O I.I Ul « I-I re d d r4 I o 171 E E 1- ■3 L a cc isl U- 0 ii _1 CL 13 tr. u 10 u Ul u -p _i m d a tn > X) u m q: E in X ac tn ffi d It 01 (C M H a: o in a o tn UJ E 0! L 11 Q l-H Q d Ul 3 d _1 IS L ■H Q a « Ul J- _1 Q u X U IT* Q DC u. so u 1-4 t- re o Q CC o m Cl 01 tn CL 3 Ul iJ E 4^ X tn u: re d i' O > 1- E Hi 44 cc Q E Z z Ul E Q d in 1- o CC to 3 _i re 03 re Ul d Q cc I-I M 3 a O m u u 1 Ul Q Q Hi Q D E d 1-4 z 01 Ul d Ul rj Ul U Q H a •D 1- Ul > 1- cc 1- E u. E U- X U d w z > o d X 0) ffl 1-4 H d UJ CC Q cc 3 d E Z > Z IC 3 CC 3 O tn UJ u o » Q C3 a Q E Q IC Q o «■ 334 April 1982 © BYTE PubBcatioiB Inc Computer Exchange m P.O. Box 1380, Jacksonville, OR 97530 Ad# 930B APPLE SUPPLY CENTER HARDWARE k^e SOFTWARE lor ' Apple ll/IK Direct Substitute for Apple Drives MIcro-Sci A2 Is a direct substitute for Apple II drives. Save $300 on a dual disk system. Micro-ScI 5" Drives lor Apple II SAVE A2. 143K, 5 ' Drive $395 18% A2 Controiler and DOS $ 95 A70. 286K, 5" Drive $489 A40, 160K. 5" Drive $369 Coniroller Card lor A70 and A40 $ 79 15% 20% 18% 21% 320K RAM •ubstltule for Disk Syslam AXLON, RAMDISK 320K Memory System $1145 20% SorrsntD Valley 8" Disk Drive Controller $199 60% MONITORS: Ncu i£ uoior $359 24% 12" Grsen $ 169 22% 9" B&W $ 149 31 % oAHTU. 9 ureen $ 159 31 % 1 ii DiSuVV $ 219 30% 12" Green $ 229 30% 13" Color $ 399 28% rjtw ij Hud uoior $ 899 25% $ 1 19 20% DISKETTES, 5", box of 10: Maxell $ 39 33% Memorex $ 25 45% 80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS: Videx VIdeoterm $249 18% M&R Sup R Term $295 22% ALS: Smarterm $269 30% MISCELLANEOUS: Apple: Graptiics Tablet (CLOSE OUT) $650 20% CCS: Serial Interface 7710A $139 22% Parallel Interface 7720A $ 99 20% Other CCS Cards In Stock, CALL CALL Hayes: MIcromodem II $289 25% Smart modem $229 20% Keyboard Company: Joystick II $ 45 10% Game Paddle $ 25 Numeric Keypad $ 119 21% M8iR: RF Modulator $ 25 27% SUP R FAN $ 39 25% 4r Microsoft: Z80 Softcard $279 33% 16L RAM Card $159 20% Mountain: CPS Multifunction Card $209 13% Clock /Calendar $ 239 15% Novation Applecat Modem $329 16% Orange Micro Grappler $ 129 21% Dan Paymar LCA (NEW) $ 34 33% Saturn System 32K RAM Board $ 149 36% SSMAIO Serial/Para. Interlace $ 159 20% if ALS: Smarterm 80 Col Card $ 269 30% ■*• Z-Card (Z-80) $209 22% '^Addram ISKCard $ 119 20% ^Synergizer Package NEC $549 27% 16K Expansion Chips for Apple II $ 39 35% LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS: Qume Sprint 9 45BO $2195 23% SprinI 5 45RO $2395 20% Olympia (Typewriter/Printer) ES-100, 1BCPS w/full interface to Apple II $1695 22% PRINTERS: Epson, See special Epson section at right Intergral Data 445 Tiger w/Graphics & 2K S 595 23% 460 Tiger w/Graphics $895 20% 560 Tiger w/Graphics $1095 22% Prism coior printer w/Graphlcs $1695 16% Okidata Microlin82A $495 25% ORDERING INFORMATION: Minimum order $100. Money Orders. Cashier Checks welcomed. Visa and MC orders add 3%. Personal or company checks accepted {allow 20 days to clear). Add 3% for shipping, handling and insurance; UPS ground is standard. 6% total for UPS Blue or 10% total for APO or US Parcel Post. Include your telephone number. No COD'S. Prices are subject to change without notice. Call to verify prices; ad errors do occur. Order desk tiours are 8 to 6 POT, 10 to 3 Saturdays. REFERENCES: We have been a computer dealer since 1978. Our bank reference is First Interslale Bank (503) 776-5620 We Apple Software: Apple Fortran _» < Apple Pilot Apple Plot Dow Jones News & Quotes Dow Jones Portfolio Eval. Microcourier Many others Artsci Magic Window ■yf Ashton-Tate dBase II for Apple M Aurora Systems Executive Secretary-WP Broderbund Software Payroll General Ledger Apple Panic Arcade Machine Red Alert Space Warrior Many Others In Stock Budgeco, Raster Blaster Call. Pacific, Ultima Central Point Soltiware: Copy 11 Plus ver. 4 Will copy most copy proteeted software lor your backup in 45 seconds! NEW Continental Software on disk for Apple 11/114^^ $149 25% $ 119 27% $ 49 30% S 69 28% $ 40 20% S 189 24% CALL GALL $ 75 25% $495 30% $189 25% $269 30% $349 30% $ 21 30% $ 32 30% $ 21 30% $ 18 30% CALL CALL $ 22 27% $ 30 25% $ 35 10% Home Accountant $ 56 25% Home Money M inder $ 26 25% Data Most Snack Attack $ 22 25% Thief $ 22 25% Denver Software Financial Partner $185 25% Epson, MX 80 Graphics Dump $ 9 30% Hayden, Sargon II (chess) $ 29 22% High Technology Store Manager $ 189 25% Job Control System $469 40% Howard Software Tax Preparer 1982 ver. $115 25% Real Estate Analyzer $115 25% Creative Financing $115 25% Into Unlimited, Easywriter (PRO) $189 25% innovative Apple Speilguard $219 26°/. 'ff Insoft: Electric Duet NEW $ 25 20% ALD System II or III $ 110 10% TransFORTH II or III $ 110 10% Insoft Accountant $355 66% A lull protessiorjal quality ntegrajed GL, A/R. A /P. Payroll package. Hovine support available. Send lor tree sample phnlouls. Requires Z80 and 16K RAM card. ISA Speilguard $219 25% Micro Lab Data Factory, ver. 5.0 $249 20% Invoice Factory $129 35% Tax Manager S 95 38% Micro Pro 36% Caic Star $ 189 Word Star $ 239 36% Super Sort $ 129 36% Mail Merger $ 79 36% Data Star $189 36% Spelt Star $159 36% Microsoft 10% A.L.D.S. $110 BASIC Compiler $299 25% Cobol 80 $559 25% Fortran 80 $149 25% Olympic Decathlon $ 24 24% TASC Compiler $159 22% Typing Tutor II $ 19 30% Muse Super Text II $ 113 25% Castle Wolfenstein $ 23 25% Robot War $ 29 25% On-Llne Expediter II $ 75 25% Superscribe II $ 95 27% Lisa 2.5 $ 59 26% Pegasus II $ 22 25% Tlireshoid $ 30 25% Cranston Manor $ 26 25% Mission Astrold $ 15 25% Mystery House $ 19 25% '^Osborne (Disk and Book) Some Common Basic Programs, 75 Business, Statistics and Math programs for the Apple $ 49 Peachlree Software Magic Wand $ 250 Gl, AR,AP, PRorinv $189 50% 37% 38% 3101-10 ^=~i Terminal SAVE $1195 20% HEWLETT PACKARD H/P85A $1,995 SAVE $ 1 .995 27% HP-85A Microcomputer with built-in printer and monitor HP-125New! Microcomputer 64K CPU /Terminal /Keyboard /Monitor $3095 18% HP-87 New! CALL CALL HP.41CVNew!2.2KMemoryCalculator $ 245 25% HP-41C Calculator $ 165 26% Memory module tor HP41C $ 25 25% Call for other HP equipment, software and accessories! ^ commodore VIC 20 Home Computer $249 16% CBM 8032 Computer $1059 20% CBM 4032 Computer $ 959 22% CBM 4040 Disk Drives (2) 343K $1019 21% CMS 8050 Disk Drives (2) 1 Meg $1295 28% COMPUTER SYSTEMS 8000-15 208K, 4 User, 2 Disks 8000-10 208K, 4 User, 10 Meg MTV-1 HD Mag Tape Backup Others in stock $3995 20% $6495 25% $2795 25% CALL CALL SUPE^BRMN =ilIf=INTE?TEC While . _ FDATA „ They Last SlIS SYSTEMS* Superbrain 64K QD $ 2895 28% EPSON PRINTERS MX 70w/Qraftrax $ 359 20% MX80 $ 449 31% MX80F/T $ 666 25% MX100 FIT w/graphics $ 729 27% 70/80/100 Apple Interface and Cable $ 95 15% MxaOFriction feed adapter $ 59 22% MXao Graftrax $ 79 20% MX80/100 Atari Cable- $ 29 22% MxaonoosmmMi/iB, t m- -32% Microcompuiaf 32K Computer PCeOOi: $750 25% 286K Total Dual Drive PC8031 S 750 25% 32Kaddonandl/OUnitPC8012$ 495 24% NEC PC Software CALL CALL 5 Meg Hard Disk $2995 21% /-»-._,,„_ 10 Meg Hard Disk $4345 20% OOlVUS 20 Meg Hard Disk $5245 20% Omnl-Net, Constellation, Mirror, in Stock CALL CALL XEROX « 820 System II Complete system Includes monitor, keyboard, CPU and two disk drives SAVE With S'/a inch dual drives $2495 18% With 8 inch dual drives - $3095 19% Personal Software/VlsiCorp VlslCaic3.3 $189 25% VisiDex $189 25% VIsiFile $189 25% Desktop Plan II $189 25% ; VisiPlot $169 20% i Desktop Plan III $209 30% 3 VisiSchedule $239 20% ' VisiTrend and VisiPlot $239 20% VisiTerm $ 79 20% Zork $ 33 20% Softech int'l Slocklile $250 60% Stocksetler $423 30% Software Publishing: PFSIIorlil $ 69 26% Report II or III ' $ 69 26% Sorcim Supercalc $219 25% Stoneware, OB Master (new version) $ 179 22% Sub Logic Flight Simulator S 28 20% Ad# 930B Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. NO SALES TAX Oregon Order Desk (503) 772-3803 TOLL FREE NATIONAL ORDER DESK (800)547-1289 Circlis 103 on Inquiry card. 01 in z z I 01 I- 01 z £ Ul ■U X Tl Ul 111 cn •M _1 U Ul 01 +> w 0 L U. a>- 10 II -r4 O 01 N 4- U 01 JZ + *J Ki M- ^ •H (» z in c c k z 3 Ul 01 St: u. in in I- D Q ^ K O o. □ n 01 m +■ -u -ri u > a o in •a a e « c ile H- 01 4J 0 -p -J m in 3 0 *t 0. 0- A d a c 3 o: o o in a 1. II 0. O Ul 01 O 3 Ul 4- Q -H _l (V. z Ul z 3 s Ul □ a u. X oc Q. fO 0 -1 0 01 I- o z o Ul (9 > u c UJ _l _ Oi -■ 07 O O -■ Z a I -■ U U " z UJ T< N -H U. I in u r- 'I z rH O U. Z U. M HI 0 II N Ul 0 H- 3 0 jj Ul 0 _1 m e I o Z I "D C Q 0. tC Z 3 o: M Q u. D Q _l U (9 0 U n z Oi Q L Z Ul 1-1 01 •- e u. _j o o UJ z ■□ UJ c Q u. I m -T3 m OJ o nt u 4- □ »H IB II +J >- •H Tl X fl 01 01 L 1-1 N « 01 0 ^ 4J U □ n XI 3 0 a 01 Q Z 4J -1 ^ i ; 1-4 ■° !r 01 01 Ul +J 3 -I 1. 4J J It r s JJ 0 ■o OJ c -P m □ q: z » w ai ^ z — I- a o z Q. a. Ill o (n ® £ -J _ m O Ul z Z lU a u. z Z Ul •-• 1- 1-1 ai u. -1 cc o Ul Ul u. i-i cc 3 0 g Ul tu « vl Ul * j u 11 4J 0 I. a 01 4J •H I. U — . 01 + u j: ■p + ■0 L A A. lO 01 V a V -0 ■u in z bl !3i It in in r-i n N Z in ■a CL fl. O 1. 3 3 0 ^ Z 3 o Z V- O Z o UJ U D UJ 01 1- _1 lC Z LU J CC Z in u LJ 1- Ul 01 UJ 111 U- I D UJ U. I HI- z. 1-1 K CC Z n 1- 0. ^ -§i z z 3 Ol ~ Ul □ 01 0 a ^ r +" _i -1 in (E +J 4- 0 C 4J z ig UJ rt L X c 0 1- c CI 4- „ <" H- a. a E 4- 01 O 0 0 3 A u K ^ u L n V ig XI Q 01 0 II a U) o tu o Ul Ul le n is x: ai oi Q. 1-1 *• >- 4J -1 L 0! O u 01 UJ u CC 4- •» 0 rt □ Ul Ul - 4J Q N HI c r ii U > Oi Q. ■rt £0 -1 01 i IC z m 13 4- U. rt z o u D m i: a 17^ Hi o o t A ^ m 0 Lj_ -1 z rt u u C Q -0 i: -I UJ 1—1 1- e u -■ 01 •rt ra M cn C9 tn U- 3 LL u -P CJ 1^ C^ u 0) -■ Z -I m 1-1 CL ■ n Ul A u T) <£ 01 O IL Ul 01 3 !? - u + » in o u I- U A I>J z rt lij □ V 01 m z u rt X m d J3 rt 01 CV- £L I Q Z rt z 01 4- O UJ o t9 — u. u. I a U U Ml- tJ * rt rt " D rt 3 Sa ~. xtB~n i'^'SCTrt Q. "5" ' ' ajzzo oz s i: z a. iQ 4J o u. X oi oi kz □ oi z r m to q .in •c_,i-3oi Ml- aiccxoHoo.- j:— M jj C t S ° 4- CL CQ -P a CD Q _J +1 tD Q CL O Z 0,O_ ■rt3 rttr_IQ Z rtUI Z -PC Ul .... — _ .._ czu. I •rt UJ I- M I- opzh-rjiicnz ccz i;_j a a. I a cn u 0. ai u Hi in 3 L HI c 2 a a J3 w UJ II CO 0 iL _i cc ii O UJ u I cc # Q Z ^0. Ui U 3 U. I 0 Q 1-1 F tn z u :^ □ u -I o _i o z a z HI in 3 Hi CL r u 4J 0 u *| Id >- •n cc ao e H o u L UJ ao: a o ■ > 3 UJ - * Ul ^ 11 u 0 u u 01 I- 1. Q. s 01 o G Ul (0 _J 1 u . a 3 (£ •U Q 01 I- : Ul UJ cn r-1 Q ns ,-1 01 >J3 o 1- 4J ■P u Ul 01 111 ^ •no L a 111 a L ■P 3 Z U " 01 : « ■h CC UJ ■o U U ■ H H O L u j: U UJ Ul CL 'S- 01 X Q IJ- U- D z Q II Z D I U. Q. I- 3 O i.' Z O O » _l _ UJ Z Ul <£ a>- o CL I 3 C •■c s o ■a I. L 3 01 c □ 0 o o 01 cn t? J] ii u -■ E tn + 3 Q r-i u c z -. m 01 u z ji r-- m +1^2. z Q " z Ul at Q Ul 4J u. z c O M " h- 1. Ul o 0. UJ Q cc » u. 01 cr 01 u i* I- Ul cn u ^ z H U. Ul oil-" I V Q I -< V z :> Ul 3 CD _i a Q I « U) o Ul CL = > a <■ U 01 + UJ Ul CL z > z Ul I = I- 4- ... 0 cc cc U Ul u 01 -• jj r U J3 01 Ul ra z - Q L = d 0 Q JJ □ U H CC OJ CL tJ I L I .-H CC •a r i o cn o CL j: o ' JJ Ul o -I -I E u □ □ L - I 4- U .H Ul UJ Ul Z Z Ul 01 w _| E + I'-) O UJ It ^ Q C CD I r I o G » 01 ■-' Q .rt C5 O 4- UJ * II cc j: p 4J d O Q I- Cl III 1! 4- L 0 U- 13 01 UJ : 4J cn u J Ul 01 U U +J a: 0 □ Gl L 1 cn a u UJ « 0< H 4J UJ u (0 = cc u Ul Ul U- CL cc I-H Q U- Q II _l = cc I-H u II Ui Ul .r, UJ \0 Ki r-.. Z H m o cc O CL ra + □ u e 01 n z E z CO * = -0 Ul UJ N Z U " UJ -o It 01 p u. : L c 01 T! . •rt 4J Ul 3 i. 01 01 OJ Ul r jz 3 OJ n V 4J 01 _ . 4- Ul £ 11 L "o 0 01 4J 4J 0 ai 01 Ul L OUCLiQitOnj :^ 0 -rt 01 L jj .i-i Ul L 01 3 Ul i-l >^ -rl U E .1 c •« 0 in 4J Oi +J .« 0 L 4-1 C It -rt 11 0 01 4J 'H +■ Ul '.4 E -< It .H L +J CJi 3 □ L ^ a It 0 Ul It 4-1 E 0 C Ul "D 0 11 in 0 Ul 44 Xl E > L Ul Ul aj 01 OJ Tl 01 4-1 4J OJ Tl +J L Ul C •tJ ■H C E c +4 11 m It .rt It Ul 0 0 L Ul r E > .rH U 4J .rl 01 3 >-!- E Ul 4J 44 > .1-1 11 Cl 3 Ul U 01 44 01 01 £ U u c: Tl c 44 3 s L. 4J . X 01 L. c 3 □ X 01 U! j; 3 It 4- 01 c o5b •U 4J 44 3 u >- ID e 01 □ Ul e >■ □ in L -H £ 01 C OJ 4J t. 01 01 01 t. £ L 01 □ 01 £ 'H 4- -U TJ e i: 10 44 3 £ U JJ r4 3 c 4-1 0 4J Ul rt -rl >- U It 44 01 C > 01 a Ul +J ■P 01 01 i. •H cn •l-t Ul ^ 3 •H ~A U 01 u c +J 01 01 c jr c Tl •H .14 u It 01 c 1- 01 It u j; P - 0 C Ul > 0 It +J 3 ^ TJ C •rl >. +J -M L Ul cn e Dl 1-1 3 11 4- 01 -r-l C Ul c Oi •rt 0 Ul Ul 0 r T3 OJ Ui 44 44 Ul 4- C 11 3 4J n It 44 Ul 0 It 0 .H 01 01 2 Ul >- c OJ 4J 11 e Ul 4J Ul n UJ ■-H jr It T3 It 01 4-1 11 L ^ +J c It -H L It L L It m 01 0 L 0 r. Ul 01 10 E a SI -L" Ul ai Q. U 44 +4 a 3 Ul n 0 X H 3 I E 01 4-1 c L E 01 4J a u □ 1- 0 11 ,1 01 a 0 +J E ■H > oc L i= c c r a L a c □ j: u. 2 u 3 £ • 3 01 I. 01 01 r X 44 IT Ul C Tl It 44 0 t- rt It 44 Tl Ul L Ul cn o Q I I- JZ g- U. 3 □ >- Q Ul U I- Z IL a UJ UJ a -I to K u X 3 X 0. u D O U -J U. ffi 338 April 1982 © BYTE PublkaUon Inc Circle 288 on Inquiry card. ■4 -« Letterhead? Multicopy cut forms? Plain bond paper? Ditto masters? Try the Easy Feed ^^^^^^ single sheet paper load option with ^^^^^ MPI's 88G and 99G printers. Just ^^^^^1 feed the paper in the front and watch ^^^r J it come out the top. No round plat- Wfr ens to bend around or complicated W paper paths to \noxx\/ about. All this in addition to the standard adjustable width /j^ tractor drive, dot graphics, 1,000 character ^ buffer, dual parallel/serial interface, dual fonts and much more. Another good reason to select ^ an MPI printer. ^V^^ H Micro Peripherals, ^^^d^ ■fl 1 1 H '''^^^ ^o^Vn Century Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84107 ^t^Bm ■ 1 1 WM ■ Telephone (80 1 1 263-308 1 ™ The Printer People Ariiana PLS Associates 16021 246-6477 • CaKfernla VITEK I7I4I 744-8305 • Computer Potentials 14081 738-1740 • Calerade PLS Associates 13031 773-1218 • Florida Computer Village (305) 266-5965 • eaergia Micro Graphics (4041 790-5 771 • filinoii CW Electronic Enterprises (312) 298-4830 • MaiMChuiatts Butler Associates (617) 965-1080 • Consumer Computer Marketing (617) 443-5128 • Minnaioia Botilig & Associates (612) 922-70 11 • Naw Jartay Hansen & Hughes 1201) 652-7055 • Ohio EOS 12161 729-2222 • Oragon Microware 1503) 620-8150 • Panniylvania QED Electronics (2151 674-9600 • Taxai Computer Wares (214) 373-4443 • Thorson Distributors (2l4r233-5744 • Utah PLS Associates (801) 466-8729 • Waihington Microware (206) 451-8586 • Intarnational: luropa Russet Instruments, Ltd. (0734) 868 1 47 Telex: 849721 • Auilralla Oatatel Pty. Ltd. 690-4000 Telex AA30906 • Canada Norango (416) 498-5332 Telex: 06966710 • Maiiico, Cantral and South Amarica Siscom-trol (905) 689-02-09 . o a UJ J -1 /\ N Z V cn Ul M w o; UJ I ■- 1- u. u ■V. O CD 1- « Q 01 >>*■-• z C9 CL Q z r UJ U t 1- * = 1- -0 CD z o z o Ol Cl □ Q lE CD H " # U_ t- Ul U CC Z _l ^ z o cn O r?i ^ _1 H U_ cr cc CL Ul CC llj CC rri u 1- Ul o CJ 3 _J U Cl o: CC CL CC Q u UJ cc Q 1- I C cn u u h- H U_ CJl i-i c 1- cr CL cn >- U Cl SI u Cl o O ^ UJ ^ 01 -P UJ cn I O Z -0 ii □ > UJ L Cl u _1 >-• ra ... CD 13 X c- u CD CL O M I- 0 a A Z UJ + Q UJ c^ V UJ * Cd Ul 01 Cl H UJ 1-1 cc _l = 1- IS 1- Z I _l U 1- in ca 01 -■ Cl ii cc N -• m UJ _i Q ii e: u -■ a o: 01 z u H cn + O D O C M CD = = - cc □ CJ U Q I- Q Cl Cl z I cn o ii u cn UJ o _i -0 Q a u a: o H UJ H z o U- X M CD M -■ .. o b o o' cn H 0- -■ Ul ii _i ~ CO u I 01 -1 01 o cc * I- L ^ X 01 r-i H -p o 01 -H V CL ~r-i u □.o 0 T-l M u cn 1 X ii a o Q z 0 z L ii 1- Q Z Ul ra - O i£ Q Z UJ CL CC Ul 1 X + Z 1- Ul t9 -■ cc j: + UJ □ = z H CC ii □ Z Z U. Ul E H UJ -rt CC j; Q □ : CC U_ z ic r - . □ Ul 1-1 Q_ □ I- H d O z z -- Ul u_ H cc Q Ul Ul u □ r- LE Z D a: z cn 0 □ UJ cn II cr p U- L (9 u _ 01 1- 01 HI E CL Ul o i: Q era I-I cc o M c-i u. i: = N = -H V -■ D I Q U 2 UJ Ul 2 1-1 V f CJ * C- M r -i u tn o CJ I- X Cl a: Cl z ■ ■ O _l O -J 3 ^ z D Cl o + u w z UJ X <: * Z N ra -1 U 01 C9 I t=i 3 □ cn Ul _i _i z _i u M o u z 1- I o: X Q 3 U. H- O H CC 3 U I ii o cn _i ti a H E Q O H Z CC 111 Ul u. o cc ... : O IL Q cc Q z u z > Ul UJ Cl CL -■ O -■ u -• z cn D D * z cc i- Lj. o z z 1-1 cc I- 1-1 * u 3 « Q = * 01 cc # ii c: ii U 0 Z U O Q cc O _1 O _l CD > la CD a cc Z 0 Ul H O u LL cc 1-1 Pj a I- II 1- ii cc CJ llT G u _i cn -■ w _j -ji 1 G Q 3 Z + > UJ Ul Cl 1^ _1 o z U U " o > m # H u » 01 Ul L C - 01 Ul 01 r -p U -P -1 Ul UJ O H z z Ul □ z UJ z i: □ w »^ Ul o Ul 1 H Ul z UJ JJ □ E "5 > a Cl H UJ cr H (K UJ D un E cn h- UJ a H : z Q D H UJ Cl D P E E E E cn cl Q p LL 1-1 0 •rt 0 CC C5 E P > G CD +> OJ CL L UJ G in 4- H Z -1 Ul >- Ul Z E Hi cr 2 UJ o 0 = >- U UJ a _J 0 = " u U- Ul Ul G I _j cr G n Cl 3 u. cn cn 01 UJ o > > H ■H cr L cn » ■o P = I OJ > E 0. U. Hi o 1-1 cn u X N 1-1 O O cn Q u. Ul z o Ul cr > Z ffl cc U- cn ^ p o z yj tn L PC 01 o cr 01 Ul UJ Ul c UJ cc c M E 1^ cr o = Z W : U. Q q: w q: u o > u UJ 0 u. I u 1-1 1- X cn J u IL O o _1 Q U CD CC D U- > CL a u z u I i~) UJ -> UJ o ■> E □ E in Ul Ul E CL <1 E 2 UJ > o z in o o Ul Ul E E d o > cn LL UJ = d CL 0 cc >- > -P U CL H o ■0 UJ u liT 01 Cl CL n > O Ul at- 1- a E 0 Ul _i d u in CD z CC O = Ul O E U. O Ul d G Z _l cn d u- _l -J Cl d u cn o ;dpy □ 2 _1 _l Z d > > IL a = G - 01 C9 2 •a E -H □ 1- ui cn E d UJ — Z CC ■> L UJ -• O 01 = H E £ E Z iH 0 UJ z in Q U C 4- = (9 Ul ru Ul U E >-_l d 0 Qi-i ^ 2 ■P 0 U. E O u cn I c I = U UJ ,1 H Nl UJ 4- UJ cn 1-1 E u cn d 01 d □ u. 2 C CL 2 U. O (Jl UJ «-.cn o >> _i a Cl : UJ 0 o U G U. U. 01 CL 01 P > _1 0 _l = d ~ >.> 01 aiL II .H a a ■H u u in u. - in cB N S = 01 rH 0. z a: z z D - U Ul ii U. I D = UJ 1-1 I- o cn _i cc _i G UJ : UJ I > £L O G : UJ CD a: ..o z^ ,UJ > Z CL I- O u u. A HI V E IS c Ul UJ 01 G G u d d Cl CM cl 14- cn E cn C dl # 01 r- 1- > oi z ■1-1 Ul a Z CJl 3 u. UJ u. I IS C i— 1 IH 1- A V Ul Ji o 111 U Q Ul 0 M rt O p o cc cn CD G Q ~ CO . n- u ^ -p 01 01 u OJ L 01 01 cc a E • 3 IL C >u ai - N ■H = Ul " 01 cku to IL am ■. UJ L -1 01 n •□ d fd I-I 111 q: r I o cn 01 N c cn '.1 UJ cn +j CD 3 d u 0 CL o L _l UJ in L -J z K 01 in UJ JJ d I H C 1-1 1- Ul H u: lE CD L d G CC Cl > O U. cn o o C- p M I ■'• H U K 1- □ O 1-1 J U. CL o 340 April 1982 © BYTE Fublicatioiu Inc Improve Your Memory With a Free Scotch^ Brand Data Cartridge. Buy One, Get One Free! We want you to try our Scotch Brand DC100A Certified Data Cartridge. We're so sure you'll like it that we'll send you a free one when you order one data cartridge at the regular price of just $18.00. No strings attached. Two of these superior data cartridges for the price of one. Scotch Brand Data Cartridges are compatible with all Hewlett- Pacl- -> O Ul (3 o > ■1 U3 * Ul cc — _l Q -< a Ol 0 z a UJ + -1 1 I- o Z N Ul Z 1 Ul + I- I 1- » + -■ >0 Z Z <9 u -0 N -< E Ul CD ffi tn tn -I z + Ul a GD -• = r-i _i z _i O LL cn Ul Ul ir > u a ■I a _i o w />. z U. V llT = 111 CD r-i ra cn z Q- Z 3 UJ 1-1 □ z o ■I ■ ■ _i Z V u. 0. o tn z o pa z + U. Ill (9 1-1 U ■ r. A fa z ^ z Ul — I I IL I- -i z e Ul c ra I 01 u ■rt r-i Ul 4- Z in m , a -M _i c r- (9 U z u L o _l (L u. N _l Z 1-1 z -a a U.-t9 + z u Ul I I- z Z flj Ul CD I to I- z u u. CD tn IT z z u Ul u I » I- = tn 4J 4- n Ol -0 cc in u -D o L z 0 z (9 U H U 01 Q 1. CM = z 01 z m o z -1 . Ul z m ir cn m CL O OL D Q Ul I- V I u. I- in -rt w w 1 U. A u. UJ (9 V O Z U Q s. — UJ w o U Ul 0) 01 (9 > U L U - m -■ L J3 U 01 I ^• 4J * z CO HI o □ tn a. u- ^ n G -o It o 01 Q m I i- a o ir -0 in 01 111 CL C CD 3 Q UJ 4J 0. Q 3 <£ U. Q Z 1-1 tn L 1- 0 ID A Q 01 Q v 1 in I- 01 ii o cc s: Ol O I- I- 0. u. cn 3 » -1 Q o z ■ UJ z tn UJ _i I UJ 1- z — Ul m z tn m UJ z Q I CJ CC I- _ C9 --i -1 U -1 CL 3 A rj o U- V Z CE CQ o ii: -I tn I U. -■ 1-1 1-1 Q C9 Z U A = " 1 ID z o tn m u. z f9 1-1 0- b u. _1 o (9 S « Q a: o ra . U + U U UJ u CC UJ CC IT o: UJ tn -1 _i UJ in _ z I a z I- I- t-i r9 -• Z U a z U- U Ul □ UJ I 111 It K cc u. o a u. en Q UJ 1-1 w Ul z u w II - ■ I- U. u [L A M rv C'l u o UJ CC "t ^ (9 IE -J t9 U U (9 O ID u tn u CE cn z UJ u. a: CC CC o 1- o CE UJ C Z C 0. Ul IHflS IN bo tn Q u H SL c -a 8 t/i -= O :S O 2 bp a, bo's o c cs bo . c £ 2! bo J) ^ a s so bo C .cs cs O 1^ a ^ bo O >5 . bo f p E .O S g "is «u 1/1 ^ ? O ;2 V) TS K O S TS O Q a. ill ts bo c o £ P 60 Ts"" B 3 o K (J tu : .bo "Si 1 OO — . ^ij TS s o 1/1 IN bo c 5 ^ o tJ w TS bo 00 S ■E -S 3 TS u .S o CM U O _l m 4- TD .i: 3 L U XI U 0 01 ^ >- i. n — 0) L Ul E O 4J V D. U +1 C C m 10 C U 01 01 E 01 01 I. I. 3 +> 1. I. L 3 -rH -H .1-1 3 ) J3 4- Tl U X ■ ID I Q. ^ ^ 0 4- 4- ^ E 3 01 ~ 01 iz n ^ c o a -a ■1 w +1 E s 4- 4- C 01 Ol 0 4- X! TJ N 4- 01 in >>-Xl+iOTILL4- E E L O D EE-l-'H't3>-4-4-k. 3 3 Ul 4J C 01 0 in Ul L > > U'DT3'-»Ulfll^UiUI4- 01 01 I 11 I I I n > IS E E E UlUUIIflUlltUIUIIIIIIIOlEEE aoooDoooodaL.3 ' I I aoooaoooooaL.33S (CQOOQaQQCiciQinacia w UJ 01 a o> -I £L o 01 0. u tJ 01-1 Ul cn N Ol X IL iC IE Z !L a 3 3 0) UJ z z L Q Q Ul Ul Ul 01 a -I _i -1 UJ 4J u >- CD m 00 _i m >■> in I I- o o o o z -1 X >- 1 1- - Ul CE ID M U in o w ^ O ca z a m IE z Ul Ul -I Ul _l P3 _i m « > IJ > cn IE o •x Q Ul 00 _1 cn CQ -1 d 1-1 Ul CC _l 1 m > Q cr U. UJ O CC UJ m Ul H _i z m u u o o o o o o n UJ _l 00 0 N IE y: -1 1 01 IE "I CC 1-1 a: o: u > * •o u. CL IE 00 CQ > u >t o -o o u ^ o 01 ^ u r q: UJ Ul = -p o in ^ _i u E O O h- 01 0 X CL U 4J CC u 01 JJ d Ul o 01 0 CC XI Ni o 111 L 01 01 s: to U D h- X IL U UJ u 01 Ol in w — OlO 10 □ u I Ul _1 » I- in tn CL M 01 a E X Ki O Lj ^a 10 UJ * U -rt L O 1- 10 tj- CL CC tn 01 UJ D r-l O h- Cl u o z X Q Ul I- JJ CC 3 O tD a 0. ID tn u. « in z » m z u o z Ul a 10 -~ L H D J3 4- 01 n Q. ■ >. 01 Ul I- Q 01 01 CD to m - z u I- u Ul 0. X UJ in T-l [D tn Ul z z 4J 4J = u u Ul 10 m 1- L L. H +> +1 Ul T3 XI X3 ■O 3 3 03 10 m Ul 1-1 Q 01 0) T3 +J -M L Z > > □ a m pa 3 1-1 t- w 01 1- a E Q 0 A Ul # o 01 tn o ■-■ * o * in 01 L # > 01 V a z -1 Ul -p u. Q 1-1 E to --I II OLO a a X Q. I- Ul 3 a: 0 Q a a u. CL a. 3 d !9 ra Q Z U U I- CL 11 N Q. d m z d 3 00 Z tn a. H d Ul 11 I 3 ill Ci tn f l » Cl tD (E t9 d O LJ 3 H cn a (9 Cl a: u d H Z CD I- a. I- Q o d M o: z 00 a. H 3 Q- w - Q 3 m u Q D- C t U ^ d z 3 m n 03 tn z I- PO 0. 1- ID 3 CD Q O Q Q u. r- H 2 U. Z ID O O □ n o a a « Ul I 111 K 00 Ul - > U d Ul _1 z CQ -. I- Z _l tn " 3 o: P3 u. Q d o Q Q d o Ul Ul IE I- ii X 11 z I- a: o 3 l-J = Q Q ID .. .. to z Q 11 -■ u " u. z Q OQ z z Ul d 1 X I I- Ul Ul > > o o z z IJl ill IE 3 Q CD 03 IE Z °" Ul 3 > 0 d C 03 a .xz a a ■■ -1 N ■a a 01 -1 > -1 o " £ U- 01 IE ■* ri U t9 u N Z (Q £Q 03 Ul 03 M _l Ul II o 0- O f9 CC U Q CM U. Z w (a U. X 11 _l m IE a: o o II o 1:9 C9 03 u q: Q d Z Q CQ Q A d v' Ul IE O D CL t9 d z in I- IE H Q 00 d Q tL (9 d Z 03 I- CC 11 Q 00 d Q O Q IE Q O ID Q 03 19 0: Z Q 03 I CC Q 03 Q d 3 d Ul _l Q IE U. Q O Ul > h- Z d z a 03 3 M Q D a z Ul H > H 2 o " 3 z 2 a Ul •-• Z OC Q 344 Apia 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc Introducing . . . THE TEC-86 SERIES OF 16 BIT MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS TEC-86 - COMPLETE 16 BIT 8086 MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM — $4390 FEATURES • Two 8 Inch DD Floppy Disk Drives (1.2 MB Total) • ROM Boot for MP/M-86m • 64K Bytes of Memory • Vectored Interrupts • 16 Bit 8086 CPU • Heavy Duty Power Supply • IEEE 696 S- 100 TEC-86 W — $10990. TEC-86 SYSTEM WITH WINCHESTER 31 MegoBYTE HARD DISK ONE YEAR WARRANTY Two RS232 Serial Ports Baud Rates from 50 to 19200 Baud Independent Baud Rate for each Serial Port 24 Parallel I/O lines (Three 8 Bit Pprts) Attractive Industrial Quality Enclosure TEC-86M4 — $7595. FOUR USER TEC-86 SYSTEM WITH V2 MEGABYTE OF MEMORY TEC-86M4W — $12990. FOUR USER TEC-86 SYSTEM WITH Vz MEGABYTE OF MEMORY AND 31 MegoBYTE WINCHESTER HARD DISK TEC-86 OPTIONS CP/M-86tm Single User Operating System • MP/M-86rM Multi-User Operating system • Concurrent File Access File Password Protection • File Time and Date Stamping Print Spooling • Additional Memory, 64K and 256K byte increments • up to 0 system total of one full Megabyte • Languages BASIC-86n«v FORTRAN-86r«i, PASCAL-86r«v CBASIC/86t^ PASCAL/M86ii^ FORTH, CIS-COBOL and other High Level Languages ANALOG TO DIGITAL DIGITAL TO ANALOG DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL BOARDS AND SYSTEMS Double sided double density floppy disks (2.4 MB total) 31 Megabyte Winchester Hard Disk Attractive Wood Grain Desk Top Enclosure Rack Mounted enclosure Alphanumeric terminals (80 chars x 24 lines) Matrix, correspondence {|ua|ity, letter quality, and graphics printers APPLE A/D $695 w/Tlmer-Counter ANALOG TO DIGITAL Converter with Timer/Counter 12 Bit Accuracy, 16 Channels, 30 KHz Conversion, Three programmable Timer/Counters to: Trigger Conversions Count Conversions Count External Signals Count Bus Clock Options: Programmable Gain; 14, 16 Bit Accuracy; 40, 100, or 125 KHz; Expansion to 256 Channels DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS 12 Bit Resolution 3 Microsecond Conversion Jumper Selectable Outputs ±2.5V, ±5V, ±10V, Oto +5V, Oto +10V Each operates independently Each DAC holds previous value until an entire new word is presented to it Fully assembled and tested circle 407 on Inquiry card. S100 A/D $765 Analog to Digital Converter with Timer/Counter 12 Bit Accuracy, 16 Channels, 30 KHz Conversion, Five Programmable Timer/ Counters for: Time of Day Triggering Conversions Counting Conversions Counting External Signals Interrupting the CPU Options: Programmable Gain; 14, 16 Bit Accuracy; 40, 100, 125 KHz Conversion; Expansion to 256 Channels OTHER FINE SI 00 and APPLE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE, INCLUDING: ANALOG to DIGITAL CONVERTERS (12, 14, 16 bit accuracy, 30, 40, 100, 125 KHz Conversion rates, 16 to 256 Channels, programmable gain, timer/counters). DIGITAL to ANALOG CONVERTERS (12 bit accuracy, 3 microsecond conversion rate). 8086 CPU Board, I/O Boards 64K/256K Memory Boards, Real-time Video Digitizer and Display. Complete Systems also available for Data Acquisition, Video Digitization, and General Purpose Applications. REQUEST OUR CATALOG FOR COMPIETF LISTING, AND SPECIFICATIONS ON THF FNTIRE TFCMAR PRODUCT lINi. O I z cn V ; § Ul a r.- Q Ki Z Ul <: Y _l m V cc uj -• (9 > I o ii z a a a in E d: A o lU •o z o M - m Q # Ul q: I- o UJ u o ii Ul CD lij m > in > Q O Z D CC Z U z = in = llT W Q ^ U Ul O U) 1- Ul _l Z Ul z m IT a. UJ [/] - = EU tJ lL - lU <-) o UJ D fU r-H :H £r 1 ■d -i-J W- -0 U -rt M- 4- Oi Q I 4- N fS Q_ = (C ut E 3 - H 0 4- O 0 U i_ Q cn u "D 2 i— £ i— flj 01 re 3 111 Ul Q cn a o 0 -I T3 i >t u c : = t u = U I- II I- (L Ul ! IL u a- : t^ a. J£ O in u -H ■□ I u in UJ ai 1- £ti CL 1- 0 n £L *J Kr -I U. = HI = cr ^ : 111 at -•-< i in t- u 0 I- n r-l Ul U 0) h- Ul L) ^ q: Ul cn Ui z U : U Q- 1- Z cn o UJ u I E 01 i- Z L I- -1 Q 4-1 UJ C 1- ID OJ i-f cn ^ o: Z L 3 IB Li — IE U H O Z -P 0- IE tNl M- = 3 LL u. oca ED -0 H ! > _i : 1. CL ' O (J TJ CD llT U) CD CC z cn <[ z I- H O 1-1 UJ u. Q ID O N z UJ Ul n 111 OC 3 w c: cn rt o E Q E I O I- U IE a 3 z UJ UJ Z Ul CD (E CC o u. Ul o Si z Ul Ul cn II = UJ CC 111 u I K Ul Q- -1 o U- Z -1 £L a m z Ul (0 to -I > IE X + UJ I- Q i i .. z ^ u Ui Q Q lC CL Z Z - U Ul 21 Z z i a = = !E Q Tl iE » j o - z c u- » in u. T UI UJ .rt CC CL C5 : £0 ... 0- cn « ^ (- Q- Z o <: □ H ii z C- < i- Q o z w > UJ > 1-1 O M _ u . _ lc ui CC u a; 01 cn o u UJ (9 > a: tn J ^ Q 3 U Z UJ UI H K w Z IE Ul 3 - - O i« O ' : UJ CC H Uj □ Ul i- t> \i_ I- -J IE Z X U K « 1- IE urn u > CL Q IL IE 4-1 u. o D CE D CC cn IE Q cn Ui Cl Ui ra UI IE Ul CL u UJ a. > CL Ui > z I- LI L O TD a Z UJ t > : -a D Z : {9 i cn -4 ! CC ' Q Ul a z z CC U- I u o ■ L O *J u u- 01 1-1 L Ul 3 Z 1-1 m e -4 L. o C9 I M- Ll 1 ffi UI tn IE IE I I Q- *4 : 3 IE a • = d ■ H * U H CN Ki L 5f T 'X UJ m a 01 LL cn tJ ? ■a E 1 a 3 3 5 c J r9 II iii G Ui G Ti o UI n X 4-1 U E 11! cn -1 01 c m o ffi 3 L LC in 5 z + a i:i in 3 3 a a Ul 4-; 3 ij c_ jj Q -4 U t9 z tD o U f9 Llj a U 3 ' ID Ui tn c Q m L Ui 19 CO a CD CO _L > 0! Z o ffi 4- I Ul z Ki Ul a 01 01 z 3 T- in C9 Ki 3 UJ 1 CC 01 1- 01 3 LU -0 Ul L cc -C Cl □ iC H Ul 0 3 □ z in m w a: I- « 2 (E IL d N u « 01 U -4 a u Z 01 Ul L Q u Ul L a 0 a X c H 01 CE a a a u. . Ul (Q z H m c " CO a Ul 10 u- m z z -4 d 0 > m Z 4J CL O o - - 01 Ll ■ CM IE : d 01 CD \ O -1 IB cn Z ■ — K a > d UJ o CL r- z M u O U- U- d u a z w u. Ul o 346 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUoni Inc E CQWPIJTHQWICS N C. EVERYTHING FOR YOUR TRS-80* • ATARI* • APPLE* • PET* • *TRS-M K i tiidemitk of the Ridio Shack Dhflslon of Tandy Corp. - *ATARI is a trademark of Atari Inc. - 'Apple is a liademark of Apple Corp. - *Pet is a trademark of Commodore BUSINESS PAC 100 100 Ready-To-Rim Business Programs thin 24-H<»"^^ -Sojtware (ON CASSETTE OR DI8KETTE).....Indude8 1 10 Page Users Manual.....5 Cassettes (Or Diskettes) Inventoiy Control.....Payroll.....Bookkeeping System Stock Calculations..... Checkbook Maintenance.....Accounts Receivable.....Accounts Payable 1 R0LE78 2 ANMGl 3 DATE 4 DAYYEAR 5 LEASEINT 6 BREAKEW 7 DEPRSL 8 DEPRSY 9 DEPRDB 1 0 DEPRDDB 1 1 TAXDEP I p CHECK2 13 CHECKBKl 14 MORTGAGE/A 15 MCILTMOM 16 SALVAGE 17 RRVARirS 18 RRCOMST 19 EFFECT 20 FVAL 21 PVAL 22 LOANPAY 23 REGWTTH 24 SIMPOISK 25 DATEVAL 26 ANNUDEF 27 MARKUP 28 SIMKFUND 29 BOMDVAL 30 DEPLETE 31 BLACKSH 32 STOCVALl 33 WARVAL 34 BONDVAL2 35 EPSEST 36 BETAALPH 37 SHARPEl 38 OFTWRrrE 39 RTVAL 40 EXPVAL 41 BAYES 42 VAL PRIME 43 VALj\DIMF 44 UTlinY 45 SIMPLEX 46 TRANS 47 EOQ 48 QGELIEl 49 CVP 50 CONDPROF 51 OPTLOSS 52 FQUOQ NAME 53 FQEOWSH 54 FQEOQPB 55 QUEUECB 56 MCFANAL 57 PROHND 58 CAP! 1 00 PROGRAM LIST 59 60 Vv'ACC COMPBAL Weighted average cost of capital True rate on loan with compensatinQ bol. required 61 DISCBAL True rate on discounted loan 62 MERQANAL Merger analysis computations Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78's 63 FIN RAT Financial ratios for a firni Annuity computation program 64 MPV tSet present value of prefect Time between dates 65 PRIMDLAS Laspeyres price index Day of year a particular date falls on 66 PRINDPA Paasche price index Interest rate on lease 67 SEASIND Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company Breakeven analysis 68 TIMETR Time series analysis linear trend Stiaightline depreciation 69 TIMEMOV Time series analysis nrK)ving average trend Sum of the digits depreciation 70 FUPRINF Future price estimation with inflation Declining balance depreciation 71 MAILPAC Mailing list system Double declining balance depreciation 72 LETWRT Letter writing system-links with MAILPAC Cash flow vs. depreciation tables 73 SORT3 Sorts list of names Prints NEBS checks along with daily register 74 LABEL 1 Shipping label mal' 20'ft OFF RETAIL ALL SOFTWARE II you don't las II. call us and we ll gol II' Mall orders ONLY: NET PROFIT COMPUTERS 2908 Oregon Court, Bid Gl Torrance, Ca 90503 1(800)421-1520 in Cal: 213 320-4772 QQ Visit our retail store: Net Profit Computers 521 W. Chapman Ave Anaheim^ Gal. 92602 714 750-7318 FORTHDOS COMMANDS Help type this listing Setdir ... set up directory Mount mount disk Assign.. .set start for file Remove.. .remove disk Run compile a file Files .show all files Read sequential read Make . create a file Write.... sequential write .set up a file Read random read Kill .delete a file Rwrlte... random write Fsize . get size of file Copyall . .copy a file Type .type a file Lookup . .does a file exist Rename.. ..rename a file Prot? is it protected Lock lock out records Dinit initialize a directory Free print free space □save save a directory Fcopy on disk file copy Mount get a directory Protect... .write protect Dputnm .save a file name Unprotect.unwrite protect Xcopy... off disk file copy Ptype .format, then print Blocks? . list files record numbers Time print time of day Timeset .set time of day Bcopy copy by record DADD add record to file numbers bit map T#...type formatted number Table 2: An abbreviated list of FORTHDOS commands Text continued from page 332; the part of FORTHDOS memory which contains the file names and bit maps. This layout may be adjusted by the DOS to contain as many files and file bit maps as will fit into 1024 bytes. For example, if there are 11 bytes per bit map, 6 bytes per file name, and 11 bytes for DOS bit map, there is space for a maximum of 64 ((1024-11)/17) open files per 35-track disk. To simplify the lay- out of the following DOS program, I have lowered this value to 14 files per 35-track disk (86K bytes). This number has proved to be sufficient for my own needs. While there is room to have a single DOS memory area contain files for up to four 35-track drives, you can at your option have a separate "DOS directory" area on each drive. That area is swapped into memory when the pertinent drive is accessed. In the program discussed below, I have followed this latter scheme for ease of explanation. Figure 8 illustrates this swapping. Building a Directory The SETDIR command is a FORTHDOS utility which interac- tively allows you to customize the setup of a directory. It then allocates space on disk for the directory (at a default record number) and initializes the DOS RAM and bit maps. One interesting function of the SETDIR command allows you to lock out any records which you do not wish to be available to FORTHDOS for later use. This may be done in two ways. SETDIR will first prompt for any record numbers which you wish to be locked out. It will then prompt for a record number below which FORTHDOS is not to be allowed to use for files. This latter feature can be used to automatically lock out whole areas of the disk or, in a multidrive system, entire drives. This is done in a remarkably simple manner. Suppose that during direc- tory creation (via SETDIR) you in- dicate that all records below number X are to be locked out. FORTHDOS simply uses the DON primitive (see "Determining Record Status" below) to set Is into the corresponding record numbers of DOS bit map. Any future calls to DNXT will find these records to be in use already. To pro- tect an entire file, however, FORTH- DOS uses a different approach. Write-Protecting a File A bit in a file bit map is assigned to indicate the write-protect status of all record numbers active in that bit map. All FORTHDOS primitives that write information to files first check the status of this bit before attempting a write operation. If the bit is 1, no in- formation will be written to the file. (FORTHDOS will return an error in- dication to the user program if the file has been write-protected.) The UN- 2% shipping and 3% lor charge cards- 348 April 1982 © BYTE Publicatioiu Inc Tired Cf Tcur GENEI^AL LEDGER? ■k THE ULTIMATE PERSONAL CHECK REGISTER •k A PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ★ A PERSONAL FINANCIAL MANAGER ★ A SMALL BUSINESS ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ★ A COMPLETE GENERAL LEDGER [?(DB mm m%-m mmi mi n€>v IT wccrs VERSALEDGER is a complete accounting system that grows as you or your business grows. To start, your VERSALEDGER acts as a simple method of keeping track of your checkbook. Just enter your check number, date and to whom the check is made out to. As you or your business grows, you may add more details to your transactions .... account number, detailed account explanations, etc. VERSALEDGER • VERSALEDGER can give you an instant cash balance at anytime. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) • VERSALEDGER can be used as a small per- sonal checkbook register. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) • VERSALEDGER can be used to run your million dollar corporation, (IF YOU WANT IT TO) • VERSALEDGER prints checks. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) • VERSALEDGER stores all check information forever. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) • VERSALEDGER can handle more than one checkbook. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) • VERSALEDGER can be used to replace a general ledger. (IF YOU WANT IT TO) • VERSALEDGER HAS AN ALMOST UNLIMITED CAPACITY ... (300 checks per month on single density 5'-V' disk drives such as the TRS-80 Model-I) (500 checks per month on the Apple II) (2400 checks per month on the TRS-80 Model III) (6000 checks per month on the TRS-80 Model II) (3000 checks per month on single density 8" CP/M) • VERSALEDGER will soon have an add-on payroll package. (IF YOU NEED IT) ~ CAN BE USED WITH 1 or MORE DISK DRIVES — INTRODUCTORY PRICE $99.95 VERSALEDGER HAS REEN CREATED WITH THE FIRST TIME COMPUTER USER IN MIND iCQWPUTHQMICSi SO N. PASCACK ROAD SPRING VALLEY, NEW YORK 10977 * ADD $3.00 FOR SHIPPING IN UPS AREAS ★ ADD $4.00 FOR C.O.D. OR NON-UPS AREAS * ADO $5.00 TO CANADA AND MEXICO ★ ADD PROPER POSTAGE OUTSIDE U.S., CANADA & MEXICO HOUR 24 ORDER LINE (914) 425-1535 NEW TOLL-FREE ORDER LINE (OUTSIDE OF N.Y. STATE) (800) 431-2818 *** ALL PRICES & SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE ' Circle 192 on Inquiry card. 5 • • • err numbers DOS BIT MAP; 1 1 CALL DJVXr TO DETERMINE THE NEXT FREE RECORD AVAILABLE. O/fXr RETURNS RECORD 2. 2) CALL ffOM TO SET THE RECORD NUMBER RETURNED BY O/fXT TO A 1 ] construct in FORTH. • The MMSFORTH word { " },when used at the beginning of a string to be printed, is replaced by { ." } in fig- FORTH. • The{ NCASE ... "... CASEND } construct is best explained by example. The FORTH phrase { NCASE 22 60 114 " WORD22 WORD60 WORD114 CASEND }. // the number on top of the stack is 22, the word CASE22 is ex- ecuted; if it is 60, CASE66 is executed; if it is 114, CASE114 is executed. If the number is not any of these, control passes to the word after CASEND . One simple though inelegant substitu- tion is a series of riested IF staterninfs. • The MMSFORTH { BEGIN ... END } construct is equivalent to the fig-FORTH { BEGIN... UNTIL } construct. • The MMSFORTH word Y/N prints "(Y/N)?" and waits until either the Y or N key is pressed. In the former case, a 1 is put on the top of the stack; in the latter, 0 is put on top of the stack. I hope the above information fnakes the conversion easier.... GV a F=^ /^T I a M 141,51 North 7(ith Street, Scottsdaie, Arizona 85260 •( 602 ) 998-4800 query the disk contents so far. To do this, you type FILES; file names, sizes, space allocations, comments, free space, RAM usage, time of day, etc. will appear on the terminal. To protect any files from subsequent in- advertent writing by a program, you could type PROTECT plus the file name. No further writing could then be done to the protected file until UN- PROTECT was issued for that file. Suppose a disk hardware error oc- curred during a WRITE, putting bad data and checksums into a record. To prevent FORTHDOS from accessing that record in the future, the LOCK command could be given. This would lock out that record from any subse- quent read/write operations by FORTHDOS. To make a backup of a file, you could issue the FCOPY com- mand (or XCOPY if copying to a dif- ferent disk on the same drive), which will prompt for information prior to automatically performing the copy. Now that a copy has been made, you might wish to rename some of the old files. To do so, you would issue the RENAME command for a given file. At this point, you might wish for help with the FORTHDOS commands. Assistance can be obtained at any time by simply typing HELP on the terminal or from within a program. The preceding discussion should give you some idea of the actual usage of FORTHDOS. The other commands in the system are just as easy to use. Some are issued from user software, some by you directly, and others transparently without your knowledge. At the end of the session, you must type REMOVE (or have your program call the primitive DSAVE) to ensure that the directory will be saved to disk. Conclusion FORTHDOS is a simple but effec- tive single-user DOS. Since it is modular, only the modules required for a given application need to be stored in RAM. This makes FORTH- DOS a "tight" and straightforward system. For all its simplicity, it gives the FORTH user all of the capabilities found in most microcomputer DOSes but without the disadvantages of complex structures or high system overheads. I have been using FORTHDOS for over a year now. Most of its use has been as an integral part of a word processor (which I used, among other things, to write this article). Even after a year of considerable use, I have found no errors in the software, and it gives me all the advantages of a conventional DOS with none of the disadvantages of the traditional "blocks" storage system in FORTH. An added feature: this system re- mains compatible with the concept of blocks. At any time, I can still edit any block of a file with a conven- tional FORTH block editor. FORTHDOS is easily understood (after a little study and experimenta- tion) and easily modified to suit your needs. I hope that you will find it as practical and enjoyable as I have. ■ INDUSTRIES, INC. In Texas Orders Questions & Answers 1-713-392-0747 21969 Katy Freeway Katy (Houston) Texas 77450 To Order 1-800-231-3680 800-231-3681 SAVE BIG DOLLARS ON ALL TRS-80" HARDWARE & SOFTWARE TRS-80*BY RADIO SHACK. Brand new in cartons delivered. Save state sales tax, Texas residents add only 5% sales tax. Open Mon.-Fri. 9-6, Sat. 9-5. We pay freight and insurance. Come by and see us. Call us for a reference in or near your city. Ref: Farmers State Bank, Brookshire, Texas. WE OFFER ON REQUEST Federal Express (Overnight Delivery) B Houston Intercontinental IZI Airport Delivery (Seme Day) U.P.S. BLUE (Every Day) El References from people who heve El bought computers from us probably in your city In •tock TRS-80 Modal II and ill No Tax on Out of Texas Sfaipmentsl ^TRS-80is a Registered Trademark o( Tandy Corp ED McMANUS 10% 15% OR MORE We Specialize In Overseas Shipments Telex 77-4132 (Fleks Hou) WE ALWAYS OFFER El NO extra charge for Master Card or Visa. El We use Direct Freight Lines. No long waits. El We always pay the freight and insurance El Toll free order number El Our cepability to go to the giant TRS-BO Computer warehouse 5 hours Bway, in Ft. Worth, Texas, to keep you in stoclt. JOE McMANUS ViSA 358 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUoiu Inc Circle 247 on Inquiry card. Programmers The Environment is the Message Our Climate Encourages Creativity . . . Inside and Out At TTI, our environment inside and out stimulates the creative technical thinking that sets us apart from the rest We can't of course, take credit for the year-round sunshine and the warm (K t'an Ijreezes What we can take credit for is the careful con- struction of an internal climate that does ft)r the professional spirit what sunshine does for the personal one Backed by Citicorp, with over $100 billion in assets, our re- sources enable the development of sophisticated systems, create access to the most advanced equipment available, and provide individual computer terminals. If you're a professional seeking a change of climate inside and out consider working on the design and development of ad- vanced computer systems and networlcs at a comfiany thafs rev- olutionizing the banking industry all over the world PROGRAMMING ANALYSTS Will design and devekip oivline trans- action pnx^essing systems, years exiX'rieiK e in .several of the following areas required: operating systems, structured system design: on-line transaction processing (e.g., CICS. ENVIRON/I. GEMCOS): distributed networks (eg,. Tandem, HP, PE DEO; or systems documentation. Assembly language or COBOL pre- ferred DATA BASE PROCESSOR DEVELOPERS Design and develop a high through- put high reliability Data Base Man- agement System The Data BasePrxx;- essor consists of multi-super-minrs and various intelligent peripherals utilizing PASCAL Requires 5-8 years e.xperience in several of the follow- ing iireas: data base management sys- tems; operating systems; compiler development: or system utilities. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTS Design architecture for an on- line real-time transaction-oriented system. Expertise in the design of a large-scale, multiple relea.se. software system such as ticketing, reservations, financial tran.s- actions. and/ or information network systems - especially in a distributed mini-communications network environment COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE DESIGNERS Will design front end processors and communication networks. RequiresS-l- years experience in telecommunications software, both networking and protocol definition. TEST AND INTEGRATION ANALYSTS . A background in software and systems testing methodology lor large-scale s^tems Prefer 2 years orvline programming experiewe. MICROPROCESSOR DESIGNERS Design and implement iii>plications on microprocessors or home com- puters. Requires .S-ll) years design and programming experience; mini- mum one year experience with mkrro processors, (preferably 6,502 or KOao/280/8(»6 assembly language). rn offers one of tlie finest salary. f>enefits and vacation plans in the industry, rekx:ation assistance, med- ical and dental insurance, financial services, a van pool from most out- lying Los Angeles areas, and a special health club membership. Forward your resume to: Professional Staffing TRANSACTION TECHNOLOGY INC 3100 Ocean Park Blvd. Dept BY-4/82 SanU Monica, CA 9040S TTJ- Designing the future of banking . . . for the world TTI An Equal Opportunity Employer M/F/H CITICORPO Circle 403 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 359 Noiv you can do oil occountino ivith... the filing,ty ping and Silicon Office is the latest microcomputer jftware program from the Bristol Software Factory. Designed specifically for use with the ommodore PET 8096, it'll help you run your office ith the minimum amount of effort and maximum IBdency. Think of it like three normal software packages I one, each separcnte package totally interactive with le other. For around $7,000, you can have the complete ectronic office, the solution to practically all your usiness problems. The price includes Commodore m&ware, a high quality daisy wheel printer and ilieon Office software. Silicon Office is made up from a flexible [formation management system which lets you create and maintain an extensive filing arrangement. Allowing you to search quickly through your records, making cross references between files in order to gain the facts you require. A highly sophisticated word processing program allows you to generate letters, documents and reports. Letting secretaries get on with the more important tasks. And a fully comprehensive calculator means you can handle all the number crunching you're ever likely to do in a business situation. Leaving the accounts department to concentrate on more profitable things. But that's not all by any means. Silicon Office also has a special programmability feature which means you or your dealer can expand and tailor the Silicon Office program to your business. When Silicon Office is used in an everyday business situation, certain command sequences are inevitably repeated. By writing short, very simple programs which are entered into the computer's memory, Silicon Office can perform the necessary tdsks, automatically. And last, but by no means least is an optional communications facility. It doesn't take much imagination to see the potential of Silicon Office in virtually any line of business. So to get a better grasp, send away for our brochure. It'll only cost you a stamp. And it could save you a fortune . Or talk to your local Commodore dealer who has all the facts at his fingertips. You'll soon see how you're much better off with Silicon Office. Than without. circle 60 on Inquiry card. I can't wait to get my hands on a free copy of the Silicon Office brochure. Name Position Company- Mdress A-BY1 I own a Commodore PET (Please tick box) YESn NOD Send to: The Bristol Software Factory, do Associated Marketing Systems Inc., 55 Central Drive, Farmingdale, New York NY 1 1 735 SILIEDN DVriE Technical Forum MicroShakespearca Andrew Kalnik 3201 Wamath Drive Charlotte, NC 28210 The substitute instructor walks into your programming class wearing a ruffled collar. You enrolled in evening courses at Avon Community College hoping that the ses- sions would be intellectually stimulating. Your expecta- tions are high; this instructor is, well — very interesting. The spade beard is common enough, but his long, velvet-trimmed coat and high stockings resemble the garb Errol Flynn wears in the old movies. Everything comes together when the instructor turns to sign his name for the class to see. You recognize the script with the ornamental scrollwork under it and realize that if you can only walk away with that autographed slab of chalkboard, you can sell it for millions. The substitute in- structor has signed William Shakespeare. He tells you to call him "Master Will." He says he comes from Stratford — just down the road. His opening remarks come in an Elizabethan accent. Master Will tries to encourage the class: "...We were not born to sue, but to command.,.." {Richard II, Act I, scene i) Continuing, he says he knows that you all have prob- lems making your computer systems do what you wants "...I see your brows are full of discontent. Your hearts of sorrow...." {Richard II, IV, i) "...You know not what you do...." {Romeo and Juliet, I, i) The instructor of Avon has no doubt that you can all put your systems in good order. He stresses that he doesn't want to make Much Ado About Nothing but that attention to detail is important. He's sure that you'll be careful not to write any self-destroying programs, and thus you'll avoid having your Love's Labour's Lost. Master Will suggests the class talk over its program- ming difficulties. Bring on your problems, he says. He en- joys challenges: "The bugs which you would fright me with I seek...." {The Winter's Tale, III, ii) Master Will's confident air makes you certain that hell be able to help. He assures you that he can show you useful programming techniques: "...make that appear where it seems hid..." {Richard III, I, ii) His slightly bulging eyes seem melancholy and very wise as he inspects the flowcharts he has asked you to draw as an exercise: "...leave these sad designs..." {Richard III, I, ii) You feel better after he marks your block diagram with a few strokes of his quill pen. Now, he says, "...What thou woulds't it do Is done into thy hand...." {Antony and Cleopatra, IV, xiv) As he leaves (erasing the chalkboard and with it your dreams of avarice), his words fill you with enthusiasm for the nearly limitless horizons of microcomputing: ". . .and the end of it Unknown to the beginning...." {Coriolanus, III, i) He leaves a little quiz scratched in that old-fashioned script. Let's see if you paid attention to what Master Will taught. We've collected some of his writings and translated them into modem computing terms. All you need is a sharp quill and brain. Match each Shakespearean quote on pages 364 and 366 with the most pertinent modern phrase. Only you will know whether you have ended up As You Like It or in the middle of The Comedy of Errors. The answers and MicroShakespeare ratings are on page 374. /Editor's note: Each of the items 1 through 20 matches one of the answers "a" through "t," so read through all the answers before you attempt a match.., PL] 362 AprO 1982 © BYTE PiiblkaHons Inc Languages BASIC Scientific Subroutines, Vols. 1 and u Valuable programs for professiorud and hobbyist % Wred R. Rttckdeschel Designed for the engineer, scientist, experimenter, and student, this series presents a complete scientific subroutine package featuring routines written in both standard Microsoft and North Star BASIC. • Volume I covers plotting, complex variables, vector and matrix operation, random number generation, and series approximations. • Volume II includes least- squares approximation, special polynomial functions, approximating techniques, op- timization, roots of functions, interpolation, difierentiation, and integration. Volume I ISBN 0-07-O54201-5 336 pages; hardcover 19,95 Volume n ISBN M7-054202-3 800 pages; hardcover 23.95 Threaded Interpretive Languages How to implement FORTH on your Z80 by Ronald Locliger This book develops an inter- active, extensible language with specific routines for the Zilog Z80 microprocessor. With the core interpreter, as- sembler, and data type defin- ing words covered in the text, it is possible to design and implement programs for al- most any application and equivalent routines for dif- ferent processors. ISBN 0-07-038360-X 272 pages; hardcover 18.95 Beginner's Guide for the UCSD Pascal System The most popular Pascal version ex- plained by its creator by Kenneth L. Bowles Written by the originator of the UCSD Pascal System, this informative book is an orien- tation guide to the System. The hard facts about Software from Byte Books For the novice, this book steps through the System, bringing the user to a sophis- ticated level of expertise. Once familiar with the System, the reader will find the Guide an invaluable reference tool for creating ad- vanced applications. ISBN 0-07-006745-7 204 pc^es; softcover 11.95 The BYTE Book of Pascal A powerful, structured language f?;,ii«' W. Liffick, Editor Based on articles, language forums, and letters from BYTE magazine, this work is a valuable software resource. Pascal continues to be popular as a structured pro- gramming language. Written for both potential and established users, this book introduces the Pascal language and examines its merits and possible implementations. Featured are two versions of a Pascal compiler, one written in BASIC and the other in 8080 assembly language; a p-code interpreter written in both Pascal and 8080 assembly language; a chess- playing program; and an APL interpreter. ISBN 0-07-037823-1 334 pages hardcover $25.00 Beyond Games: Systems Softuiare for Your 6502 Personal Computer Creating programs for the Apple, Atari, Challenger and PET com- puters by Kenneth Skier At last, a complete program- ming guidebook. A self- contained course in struc- tured programming and top- down design, this book presents a powerful set of tools for building an extended monitor, disassembler, hexa- decimal dump routine and text editor programs. ISBN 0-07-057860-5 440 pages; softcover 14.95 Name Title Price Quantity Amount Addrem City State Zip Check Amount Enclosed Bill Vi>a/Master Card Number Add 75* per book to cover shipping Expiration costs' Date . Total BYTE Books 70 Main Street Peterborough, N.H. 03458 ORDER TOLL FREE 800/258-5420 Circle 64 on inquiry card. ^* circle 262 on Inquiry card. PRINTERS ITOH MODEL 8510 or ADS 8001 PRINT FEATURES Characters: 8 sizes, 5 different al- phabets, upper/lower case descen- ders. Print Mode: 9xN, exceptional qual- ity combined with proportional spacing. Graphics: 144x144 dots/in. and block graphics. Print Head: 9 pins, heavy duty designed with air-cooled fans. Number of Columns: 136 max. Print Speed: 120 CPS. Print Direction: Bidirectional logic seeloks; THE BYTE BOOK OF PASCAL. Edited by B. W. Liffick 789/673B $25.00 (Counts as 2 of your 3 tjooksl THE Z-BO HANDBOOK. 784/914 MICROCOMPUTER . By W. Barden, Jr. $8.95 COMPILER DESIGN AND CON- STRUCTION. By A. Pyster 582026-9 $24.50 COMPUTER PERIPHERALS PGR MINICOMPUTERS, MICROPRO- CESORS AND PERSONAL COMPUT- ERS. By L.C. Hohenstein 294/518 $19.50 16-BIT MICROPROCESSOR AR- CHITECTURE. ByT. Dollhoff 582003-X $24.95 PRINCIPLES OF INTERACTIVI COMPUTER GRAPHICS. By W. M. Newman & R. Sproull 463/3878 $28.95 (Counts as 2 of your 3 books) ' If you join now for a trial period and agree to purchase three more books — at handsome discoimts— during your first year of membership. (Publishers' prices shown) MAIL THIS COUPON TODAY • Why YOU should join now! ■ BEST AND NEWEST BOOKS IN YOUR FIELD -Books are selected from a wide range of publishers by expert editors and consultants to give you continuing access to the best and lat(!st books in your field. ■ BIG SAVINGS — Build your library and save money too! Savings rang- ing up to 30% or more off publishers' list prices— usually 20% to 25%. BONUS BOOKS — You will immediately begin to participate in our Bonus Book Plan that allows you savings of between 70 % — 80 % off the publishers' prices of many professional and general interest books! ■ CONVENIENCE— 12-14 times a year (about once every 3-4 weeks) you receive the Club Bulletin FREE. It fully describes the Main Selection and alternate selections. A dated Reply Card is included. If you want the Main S,election, you simply do nothing — il will be shipped automatically. If you want an alternate selection — or no book at all— you simply indicate it on the Reply Card and return it by the date specified. You will have at least 10 days to decide. If, because of late delivery of the Bulletin you receive a Main Selection you 4o not want, you may return it for credit at the Club's expense. As a C;lub Member you agree only to the purchase of 3 books during your first year of membership. Membership may be discontinued, by either you or the Club at any time after you have purchased the 3 additional books, other McGraw-Hill Book Clubs: Accountants' and Controllers' Book Club • Architects' Book Club • Chemical Engineers' Book Club • Civil Engineers' Book Club • Electronics and Control Engineers' Book Club • Mechanical Engineers' Book Club l-\ir nictrr infoniMttinn, write to: McGraw-HUl Book Clubs 1221 Avenue of the Americas, 26th fl., New Vork, NY 10020 McGraw-Hill Book Clubs Computer Professionals' Book Club P.O. Box 582, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520 Please enroll me as a member and send me either the ENCYCLO- PEDIA OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, billing me only $3.00, or any three other books, billing me only $1.00 each, plus local tax. shipping and handling. I agree to purchase a minimum of three additional books during my first year of membership as outlined under the Club plan described in this ad. A shipping and han- dling charge is added to all shipments. □ □ Check here if you want ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMPUTER .SCIENCE (769/OlX). Check here if you prefer three other volumes, and indicate below by number the books you want. * '-7 expensive books (noted in the description] count as than one choice. A few more Name . Address/Apt. _ City/State/Zip Corporate Affiliation This order subject to acceptance by McGraw-Hill. All prices sub- ject to change without notice. Offer good only to new members. Orders from outside the U.S. cannot be accepted. P39552 % V Announcing the new quick and easy way ZJK to write custom business applications in liours instead of weeks. At last, you can get a microcomputer business application development system tiial is designed for one purpose only . . . fast production of bug-free professional-looking custom business applications. "Thinks" the Way Business Thinks Quic-N-EasI is the revolutionary screen- format-oriented application development system ttiat thinks in terms of transactions, records and fields. The same way business thinks. Quic-N-EasI expects an application to include custom formatted key entry. It lets you set up the character, field, and record validity checks business wants by merely filling in the blanks. It automatically signals in real time when errors occur and "explains" what is wrong in plain English messages you select for each custom -application. ■Much Faster than BASIC Quic-N-Easi programming is much faster than BASIC because the standard busi- ness applications (key input, file handling, and output reporting) are handled via pre-programmed parameter drivertsub- routines. To produce finished professional looking custom business programs, you merely: Draw the business formats directly '—^ on the CRT in minutes. fil] Fill in the blanks for field attributes, — ' validations, tables, etc. Invoke tfie Quic-N-Easi interpreter to check fields against tables, check limits, access data files, and perform business calculations, etc. fill Optionally define file and output l-— ' formats right on the screen. Pays for itself in a Week By eliminating the coding drudgery of writing screen, field, file, and format programs in BASIC, programmers are free to concentrate on the unique business aspects of each custom application. No professional programmer can afford to develop one more business application without Quic-N-Easi. The savings are so significant with Quic-N-Easi, it can actually pay for itself in only one week. Gives You Much More than a Screen Builder . . . the Only Complete Business Development System for Microcomputers Quic-N-Easi handles the entire application development job from key entry to final output. You get everything you need, including detailed docunientation to begin writing professional programs the first day. You get . . . A singularly capable Quic-N-Easi screen builder A comprehensive parameter driven Quic-N-Easi content editor A full Quic-N-Easi interpreter language A complete Quic-N-Easi file management system with Index Sequential, Random, and Sequential File Access Method A complete Quic-N-Easi print format handler A detailed Quic-N-EasI reference manual □ H H H H A Quic-N-Easi self-teaching guide A Quic-N-Easi quick reference card An interface to other program files ORDER NOW— Don't Waste One More Day Coding BASIC Your time is too valuable to waste hours on end writing BASIC code. The first week you use Quic-N-Easi, your finished business programs will look better, run better, and return more dollars to you. Don't delay. Order Quick-N-Easi today. Phone ... 215 968-0689 nuic- n ■ Easi STANDARD MICROSYSTEMS INC. 136 GRANITE HILL COURT. LANGHORNE, PA 19047 Pricing information ■ Complete Quic-N-Easi system $395 ■ Manual only $60 ■ Visa and Mastercard accepted ■ Dealer Inquiries Invited Minimum System Requirements Z80 • 48K • Floppy Disc • CP/M (except TRS80 Mod lii) Disk Formats 8" Single Density • VECTOR GRAPHICS • iVIICROPOUS Mod 2 • TRS80 Mod 11 • TRS80 Mod III • APPLE • OSBORNE • INTERTEC • ZENITH Apple, GP/M, Intertec, Micropolis, and TRS80 are trademarks of Apple Computer, Digital Researcti, Intertec Data Systems, Micropolis Corp., and Tandy Corp. TM 370 BYTE April 1982 Circle 381 on Inquiry card. Software Review Selector IV by Micro-Ap An Information-Management Program Jack L. Abbott 8525 North 104th Ave. Peoria, AZ 85345 Selector, nationally advertised as an information- management program, was developed by Micro-Ap of San Ramon, California. This is an overview of Selector's capabilities and limitations. You should look at the pro- gram with regard to your particular application before deciding whether to buy it. For those of you who may be unfamiliar with database or data-management programs, here is a brief description of what they do. They accept data in a format that you establish, sort the data in the order that you wish, and ex- cerpt, summarize, and mathematically manipulate the data according to your instruction. They then present the data in a report format of your design. Potential uses for database programs are limited only by the user's imagina- tion: examples include programs for inventory, form generation, mailing lists, appointment calendars, library At a Glance Name Selector IV Type Database management program Manufacturer Micro-Ap 9807 Davona Dr. San Ramon, CA 94583 (415) 828-6697 Price S295 Format 5- or 8-inch floppy disk, or hard disk (running under CP/M 2.2) Language CBASIC, version 2.05/35 or later Computer System System with 52 K (or more) bytes of RAM running CP/M 1 .4x or 2. XX operating system, with 24-line By 80STUWMXWZ< )^ $24.95 Lower Case Character Generator for the Rev. 7, Apple II or 11+ computers. When installed, this Eprom will generate lower case characters to the video screen. Lower case characters set has two dot true descenders. Installation instruction included. Manual includes listing of software for full support and complete instructions for shift key modification. Compatible with LETTER PERFECT. LJK ENTERPRISES INC. P.O. Box 10827 St. Louis. MO 63129 (314) 846-6124 DEALER INQUIRES INVITED 'Trademarks of: Apple Computer — Atari Computer — Epson America — Hayes Microcomputers — Personal Software — VIdex — Bit 3 Inc. — M&R Ent. — Advanced Logic Systems — Vista Computers Circle 236 on Inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 3 73 eight labels across, and prints slightly less than 600 labels an hour (using a Dynabyte 8/2 and an Epson MX-80 printer in a two-across format). Unfortunately, this sub- program works effectively only in batch mode (this in more detail later). A Sample Application Listing 1 shows the data-input format of the mailing- list program that I developed to meet my own re- quirements and to learn the program. In the "Type" col- umn "A" is alphanumeric, "N" is numeric, and "K" is for key. The user can designate any field as key. The pro- gram will then have the capability of sorting or selecting data records based upon one or a combination of key fields. In the sample shown, you could select all the records for a state with a given zip code, then select all the people in that state whose last names begin with A, and so on. You could print as many of the individual data fields as you wished, in addition to the key fields, in a given record. My use of field 13 in listing 1 is a good example. I assign "B" for all business entries, "P" for per- sonal entries, and "A" for entries that are both business and personal. When I print a maiUng list, I can select and print all the labels for personal entries by selecting "P", all the labels for business entries by selecting "B", and all those that are both business and personal by selecting "A". Based on the records I have selected I can then set up the report to include any other desired fields as well as the key fields, e.g., home address, business address, and city. A limitation of the Selector program is the inability to function in other than a "batch mode." It takes seveiral minutes to bring Selector up and load the program module that inputs data records. You can then enter data, records rapidly. When you exit the data-entry function. Selector will automatically merge the new data with the old and reload the operating program and menu. Before you output a report, you must run the select and sort Listing 1: A Selector IV record-definition file. Fields are numbered and named in the first two columns. Key size is the number of characters taken from a key field that actually make up the key. The last column shows the "byte offset" for each field, i.e., the number of bytes into the record counting from the beginning to the first byte in the field. Record de+inition -files Data -file drive: Data record length: B:MALIST.DEF as of APR 23, '1 B Key/Support drive: B 2 IB Key record Length: 19 1 « II 1 9 II 1 II Name Type Data Size Key Size Byte Offset 1 FRSTNAME A 25 1 LASTNAME AK 20 10 26 TITLE A 15 46 4 CMPNYNAM AK 25 10 61 5 CMPNYADD A 25 86 6 HOMEADDR A 25 111 7 CI TY A 20 136 8 STATE AK 2 2 156 9 ZIPCQDE NK 5 S 158 10 HOMPHONE A 14 163 1 1 BUSPHONE A 14 177 12 REMARKS A 25 191 13 BPCODE AK 1 1 216 An Improved Selector As this article goes to press, we at BYTE find ourselves once again trying to catch up with an industry that changes faster than we do. The final documentation is now available for Selector IV and the package allows CODASYL-type record-accessing conventions (including one-to^many, many-to-one, and many-to-many record accesses). Micro-Ap has also introduced Selector V, a machine- language database (compiled from BASIC code through Digital Research's CB80 package) that does not retjuire pur- chase of any additional language. According to Bob Good- man of Micro-Ap, Selector V works in the same way as Selector IV, but is 3Vz to 6 times faster. Added features in- clude the extended record-accessing conventions mentioned above, a removal of the 256-byte record-length restriction of Selector IV, and file and record locking and unlocking capabilities (which can be used when Selector Vis used under the MP/M operating, system). Selector V lists at $495. Answers to MicroShakespeare Quiz l-a 6-j 11 -r 16-f 2-t 7-k 12-1 17 -h 3-0 8-g 13- e 18- d 4-i 9-n 14- q 19- p 5-s 10- m 15 - c 20 -b Number of MicroShakespeare Correct Matclies Rating 20 You're making the best of BYTE and Bard. 17 - 19 Software almost ready to bum into ROM. 13 - 16 Something wrong with housekeeping; GO TO ORG. 9-12 Make sure you have the right chips installed. 5-8 Clear memory and start over. 4 or fewer Send for a new processor. ■ 374 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc introducing caicstar; ANOTHER INDISPENSABLE BUSINESS MICROPRO. THE WORDSTAR PEOPLE. Presenting CalcStar— another standard- setting software product in the WordStar tradition. CalcStar is MicroPro's new electronic spread sheet and financial modeling program— a sophisticated, yet easy to use, calculating and planning tool for CP/M^based computers. The ultimate electronic spread sheet. CalcStar calculates solutions to complex ^^^^^U^mO mk ikH C^^^lim numerical problems in business and finance. m m%^0%BmmM%MWM m Im^^lWI Helps you make budget plans and sales fore- casts with greater speed and accuracy. And projects figures into the future to answer the ' "what if' questions you face in business. And CalcStar also has a unique MicroPro advantage: It joins with WordStar to combine spread-sheet and word-processing capabilities in several powerful ways. CalcStar software eliminates the need to use ledger paper ever again. It turns your video screen into a "window" on a giant electronic ledger sheet, with up to 600 entries arranged the way you want. Then, by inserting formulas into CalcStar, you create financial models that simulate the future numeri- cally. And predict the outcomes of your business decisions. When you notice what CalcStar can do for your business, you'll wonder how you ever got along without it. (If you're now a WordStar user, you probably already know the feeling.) The MicroPro Ijonus. Like WordStar, CalcStar is packed with innovative features that make it versatile and easy to use. Features like Automatic Forms Mode, which lets an inexperienced user enter data into a spread sheet quickly and with less chance of error CalcStar s greatest innovation is its ability to join with WordStar Which means, for example, you can use WordStar's printing options, like boldface and underlining, to dress up financial documents. And you can insert sections of CalcStar 's spread sheets into your WordStar documents. This kind of flexibility should come as no surprise if you're already familiar with the MicroPro software family — a line of programs designed to work together to multiply your problem-solving power Visit your MicroPro dealer to find out just how big a difference all our products can make in your business. We predict you'll discover it's not just CalcStar or WordStar diat's indispensable. It's MicroPro A glance at CalcStar features Runs on CP/M version 2.0 or above, with 80- column screen, addressable cursor, and at least 48K memory. 56K or more is recommended for fullest utilization. Highly user friendly: Call up full screen of help or use help menu. WordStar-like cursor commandU. User's guide shows you [he basics. Itwt^ firom menu OR a WordStar file. Stores formulas and formats along with data, i^r convenience and less chance of error. Math functions include average, minimum, maximum, logarithms, exponents, and regression analysis. SOFTWARE TH AT MEANS BUSIN ESS^ (inkfoPid) INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION 1299 fourth Street, San Rafael, California 94901 (415) 457-8990; Telex: 340-388 C?/M is a trademark oi Digital Research, Inc. Dealer and distributor inquiries invited. Circle 268 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 375 Listing 2: A CBASIC program for printing a single label or envelope. The program pulls information about an addressee from the Selector IV database as soon as the user gives enough information to identify a record uniquely. If the user doesn't reference a data file, the program lets the user type an address onto an envelope in the system's printer. REM ******************************************************** REM PROGRAM TITLE : TYPMAL. BAS REM JACK ABBOTT, PEORIA AZ 6/16/81 REM THIS PROGRAM WILL TYPE ENVELOPES WITH NO OTHER PILE, OTHERWISE REM PUT MALIST DATA ON B DRIVE, AND THEN RUN THIS PROGRAM. REM THIS PRO. TYPES ADDRESSES, ENVELOPES, OR LABELS. INPUT "PUT MALIST.DAT ON B DRIVE THEN PRESS RETURN-" ; LINE DUKBS 22 T%=0 OPEN "E:HALIST.DAT" AS 1 INPUT "NAME WANTED OR OWN ENVEL. ADDRESS (OWN) -" jN$ It' N$ = "OWN" THEN 150 28 READ HI; LINE MALIST$ T*=T%+1 A*=l S5=WALISTS If MflTCH(N$,S$,l)>B THEN 112 IF END Jl THEN 21 GOTO 28 21 INPUT "NAME NOT FOUND, MORE? Y/N";MS CLOSE 1 ' It M$="Y" THEN 22 GOTO 7 77 112 INPUT "ENV. OR LABEL, E OR L?";F$ INPUT "EUSINESS OR PERSONAL? B OR P";Z$ IF FS="E" THEN 222 INPUT"PHONEil WANTED7V/N" ; ES INPUT "il OE LABELS WANTED?",-I% G% = 1 IF I%>1 THEN Q»=l% ELSE Q%=1 GOTO 666 150 A%=5 GOTO 222 444 CONSOLE INPUT "MORE?Y/N?";P$ E$="N" CLOSE 1 IF PS="Y" THEN 22 GOTO 777 666 LPRINTER CS=25 FOR H=l TO 0% 670 If ZS="B" THEN 680 676 B$=LEtTS (SS ,CS) IF RIGHTS (B$,l) =" " THEN 446 PRINT TAB (G%) ; LEFTS (SS ,C») ; " " ; MI 0$ ( SS , 26 , 20) PRINT TAB (G%) ;MIDS (SS ,111 ,25) 681 PRINT TAB (G%) ;MID$ (SS ,136,20) PRINT TAB(G%) ; MID$ (S$ , 156 , 2) ;CHR$(32) ,-CHRS(32) ;MIDS (SS , 158 , 5) IE ES="Y" THEN 445 PRINT 677 PRINT NEXT GOTO 44 4 680 PRINT TAB(G%) ;MIDS(SS,61,25) PRINT TAB(G%) ,-MID$(S$,86,25) GOTO 681 445 PRINT TAB(G%) fMIDS(SS,163,13) GOTO 677 446 C%=C%-1 GOTO 676 222 INPUT "LEGAL OR REGULAR?L OR R";K$ G%=20 IE K$="L" THEN G%=4B INPUT "READY TO PRINT7Y/N" [ D$ IF D$="N" THEN 444 LPRINTER 1 PRINT "JACK L. ABBOTT" PRINT "8525 N. 104TH AVE." PRINT "PEORIA, ARIZ. 85345" PRINT : PRINT: PRINT! PRINT: PRINT! PRINT: PRINT: PRINT: PRINT CONSOLE IF A%>1 THEN 180 GOTO 666 180 INPUT "NAME-FIRST LINL7";LINE OS INPUT "STREET ADDRESS-SECOND LINE?"fLINE J$ INPUT "CITY, STATE, ZIP? LAST LINE";LINE VS LPRINTER PRINT TAB (G%) !0$:PRrNT TAB (G«) J J$:PR1NT TAB(G«j,-VS PRINT: PRINT CONSOLE GOTO 444 777 STOP definitions on the updated database. These operations take several minutes. The overhead time is acceptable when you're processing lots of records, but unacceptable when you're processing just a few. This may or may not be a problem, depending on what you're using the pro- gram for. If you want to enter and then recall a record, as in the case of inputting the data for a single invoice or receipt and then printing it, the time overhead is too great. A printer is a necessity because you can print out data, mark changes on the sheet in pencil, and then enter all the changes at once. In the case of mailing-list infor- mation there is no way to pull out and print a single name and address other than to generate a report, and that takes several minutes. One way to save time is to use the program in listing 2. This CBASIC program scans the data files created by Selector, picks out individual addresses, and prints labels or envelopes. The program also types individual en- velopes with your return address and lets you type the addressee, line by line, from the console. Apart from ac- cessing the mailing-list database, the program operates independently of Selector, so it can be compiled separ- ately. You choose functions from a menu and the pro- gram will pick any address record if you enter enough let- ters or numbers to give a unique identity — these iden- tifiers can be first names (as long as there are no duplicates), street numbers, or whatever you decide. A minor annoyance is Selector's use of the terminal alarm, which sounds whenever anything "noteworthy" happens. Unfortunately the designers find many things noteworthy that I do not (including disk transfers, entry of the day's date, improper inputs), and initially I kept wondering what mistakes I had made whenever the alarm went off. A program toggle should be provided to disable this feature. Another confusing factor is a display heading that tells you when a disk operation is going on so you won't attempt any keyboard action. The heading appears most, but not all of the time, so after a while I forgot to look at the disk-select light. Later, when I started poking at the keys, I wondered why nothing was: happening during some disk operations. Conclusions The Selector program is written entirely in CBASIC, but the merge and sort functions are fast, so the program as a whole runs rapidly. The program can enter and retrieve many records at a time extremely well, but if you want to switch back and forth between data entry and display, or print in less than several minutes, you will have to modify or supplement program operation. The mailing-list module is excellent, easy to define, and executes quickly. In addition, the program shown in listing 2 allows you to select and print individual addresses. The line-report function is also excellent and easy to use; unfortunately, the page-report function re- quires a great deal of effort and time. I find that a printer, preferably with 132-column print capability, is essential for most uses. Selector should be purchased with the final documen- tation package, but the program description is clear and well written in the preliminary version, and the program performs exactly as the documentation says it will. Selec- tor has the potential to perform a number of different functions well. If it meets the requirements of your task, it represents a good value when compared to the cost and time of developing custom software. ■ 376 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Double your disk storage capacity. simply by switching to Omni's new reversible dislc. If you have an Apple, TRS-80, Zenith, North Star or any other single-sided 5V4" disk drive, you can double disk capacity by simply sv^/ltchlng to the Flip/Floppy disk from Omni. It works just like your present disks, except you can flip it over and record on the reverse side. So you can consolidate programs and files that used to require tv^/o disks, You can halve your disk requirements. And save money. Each disk comes with some impressive specifica- tions: They're certified error-free at more than twice the error-threshold of your system. Rated for more than 12 million passes without disk-related errors or significant wear And precision fabricated with such standard features as reinforced hub rings. Coil Omni toll-free today Get premium disks. Twice the capacity. A full money-bock guarantee. Unbeatable price. And if you order a ten pock now, a free $5.00 storage case as well, Omni Resources Corporation 4 Oak Pond Avenue, Millbury, MA 01527 (800) 343-7620 In Moss. (617) 799-0197 Dealer inquiries invited. Software Houses: We also offer dupiicating and formatting services. $26.00-Five pacic (Equivalent to 10 single-sided disks) $50.00-Ten pack (Equivalent to 20 single-sided disks) Free Protective plastic storage case with each 10 pacic ordered by 5/1/82 Order toll-free (800) 343-7620. In Moss. (617) 799-0197. Circle 305 on Inquiry card. Send the following Flip/Floppy disks. I understand they liave a full 90 day money-back guarantee if I'm not completely satisfied. System & model # Five packs @ §26 .OO S Ten packs @ $50.00 " S ' includes plastic case Shipping and handling S__L5C 5% sales tax (Mass. only) S Total S Check (to Omni Resources) C.O.D. Master Card .Visa Card # " Exp. Name Address : Tel DYNACOMP Quality software Jor^: ATARI PET/CBM APPLE II Plus OSBORNE-1 ALTAIR**** TRS-80 (Level II)** NORTH STAR*** CP/M Disks/Diskettes See Availsbllity box MBASIC/CBASIC SUPERBRAIN***** CARD GAMES BRIDGE MASTER (North Star only) PHmi $21.95 DUkeiie ir you Kked DVNACOMP'S BRIDGE 2.0, you will ibsoluiely love BRIDGE MASTER. BRIDGE MASTER is a comprehen- sivE bridge program designed to provide hours of chillenging competition. Bidding rcaiurei Include the BUclcwoad conven- lion, Slayman conveniion, pre-emptive openings, and recognilion of demand bidi and iump-lhiri respontu. After playing a tpecific hand, you may replay the same hand, with the option of iwlichlng card) with your computer opponenu. Thli feature allows you to compare your bidding and playing slillls ro BRlO(H MASTER; Bonuiei for game coniractl and ilams are awarded ai in duplicate bridge. Doubted coniracis are scored based upon a computer auigoed vulnerability. A score card i; diiplaycd at the conclusion of each hand. The icore card diiptayj i HimmBry of total huidi played, total points scored, number of coniracii made and set. and «> bidt made. BKlodS MASTEK 4i clwly the beil computer bridge program avaitibte. DVNACOMP'S previous BRIDGE 2.0 nutomen loxj -v^vnix lo BKIOOB MASTER for a nominal charge of plus poiiage and handling (see ordering inFprinatitin box). BACCAKAIlAiari only) ^hl^ i< [lir I urii|ic^ii ^ard gamc which is the favorite of the Monlc Carlo jcl set. 10 sm:\ Id I ,111 J Ci-jlJiiiiger toyourrff^t. Leant and play BACCARAT ai your \ nun iuIlu Mr:i|iliii;s aiid matching sound. Runs in 16K. Requires one joyiliclt. Price: Sl>,9SCa*MHe/m.99 Diskette naglne yourself BI the gambtg table with 007 sure on the Atari. Contatot full high rcsolu- PifccSU-HDIakette of GIN RUMMY existing. The computer playiexcepiioiuUy well, and the GIN RUMMY (Apple diskelle only) Thu IS llic bcil micro computer implei HIRES graphics are superb. What else c: POKER PARTY (Avalbible for all computers) Price: Sn.» Caaiette/Sll.M DUketie POKER PARTY \\ a draw pokei simulation based on the book, POKER, by Oswald Jacoby. This Ii the most comprehensive version available for microcomputers. The party comisu of yourself and six other (computer) playen. Each of these players (you will get to know ihem) has a diffireni personaUiy in the tonn of a varying propensity to bluff of fold under pieiiurc, Praciioe with POKER PARTY before going lo that expensive game lonlghll Apple cassette and diskette versmns rcqtnrc a 12 K (or larger) Apple 1). Prtce: SI4.95 Caasctte/SIS.gs DUkttK B fondly Gompiiier with user inputs thai are tdmple enough for employ resQlullon graphics forjhedUplay of hands. A musi r/S3).95 Disk GO FISH (Available for all coroputen) GO FISH Ii a classic childrea's card game. The opponent i: small diiMren to easily mastNi the Apple and Atari versiort for child reni BLACKJACK COACH (32K THS-HO onlO BLACKJACK COACH is tv>r:i ,i i.ii:!, ,(ii cJuuaiion^il [oul. Wuli tins pn)(;rnm v i.ii iiKiy LUKUHU.iiis cly ici swinliii.l and special playing and belting [llclllsJd^, intludiiig ilic several card counl sdictiics. Vuu i;^ii Miiiply |ilay, play Willi ihccompuler a; B coach, or statistically Ic^l your tut iliod under long run automatic play. All the siaiid.iid player choices arc included; in- surance, splitting pairs, double downs and surrender (optional). The computer analyzes the technique and provides detailed suiTunary reports Which scatlsiicaliy pinpoint the Strengths and weaknesses of your play, ban 't risk your money ai the tables until you have preicllEed with BLACKJACK COACH! THOUGHT PROVOKERS MANAG^ENTSIMULATOR (Atari, North Star, OSBORNi: and CIVM only) Price: SlV.VSCas^ite S33.gS UUkrttc this program is both an excellent leaching tool as well as a stimulating inlcllecIuBl game. Based upon similar games played ;iL graduate business schools, each player or team controls acompany which manufacturers three products. Each player atiempis to outperform his competitors by setting selling prices, production volumes, marketing and design expendilutes etc. The niosi successful firm Is the one with the highest stock price when the simtilatiba radS. FLIGHT SIMULATOR (AviUlabIc for all corapolus) MceiSn.H Casstlle/Sll.9S Diskette Arealislicand exieniive mathematical simulation of take-off, flight and landing>Tliein:ograih utilizes aerodynamic ec|UBtian.s and Ihe characteristics of a real airfoil. You can practice instrument approaches and luvlgailon ushtg radials and compass headings. The more advanced llyer can also perform loops, half-rolls and similar aeiobatlc maneuvers. Although this program does not employ graphics, it is exciting and very addictive. Seethe software review in COMPUTRONICS. Runs in E6K Atari, V ALDEZ (Available forill compiiten) Piict: S15.93 Cassette/S 19.93 Ulikeitc VALDEZ is a compuiei simulation of supenanker navigation In the Prince William Sound/Valdez Narrows region of Alaska. Included in this simuhUon is a realistic and extensive 256 x 256 element map, ponioni of which may be viewed using the ship's aiphanumericiadardisplay.Themptloiiofthn^ip Uself is aonuately modelled tnathematlcally. The ilfnUlaiion also contains a model for the tidal patterns In the re^on, as well as other traffic (outgoing tanken and drifting icebergs). Cbait your course Irom the Gulf of Alaska to Valdez Harbor! See the software reviews in BO Software Critique and Personal Com- puting. BACKGAMMON 2.0 (Alari, North Slar, OSBORNE anil CP M onl> ) i'ric: su is ( .sMiit iiH,v5 iiisk.iii. This program tests your backgammon skills and will also improve ytiui aanic. A liuiiun laii tunipcii: Jt;;iiini j tuiiiputri oi against another human. The compuler can even play against itself. Either the human or Itie cunipuicr cnii duuliic or xcncriiie dice rolls. Board positions can be creaied ot saved for replay, BACKGAMMON 2,0 plays in accordance with ihe official rules of backgammon and is sure to provide many fascinating sessions of backganunon play. CHt:SS MASTER (North Star and TRS-BO only) This coniplele and very powerful program provides five levels of play. Il includes castling, ei lion of pawns, AddilionaUy. Ihe board may be preset before the start of play, permitting the niaximiie execution speed, Ihc program is written in assembly language (by SOFTWARE SPECIALISTS of California). Full graphics are employed in the TRS-80 version, and two widths of alphanumeric display are provided to accommodate North Star users. See review in onComputing. FOREST FIREI (Atari only) Price: Sl'l.95CasHlle/SII.9S DUkttte Using excellent graphics and sound effects, this simulation puts you In Ihe middle of a forest fire. Your job Is to direct opera- lions to put out the fire while compensating far changes in wind, weather and terrain. Not protecting valuable structures can result in siariling penalties. Life-like variables Are provided to make FOREST FIREI very suspense ful and challenging. No two games have the same setting and there are 3 Icvds of dlfnciilty. PHce: SI4.9S Cassette /SIR, 95 Diskette IS involved in closely observing a black hole with a space protie. The ob- I orbit close to a small black hole, lliis is to be achieved without cuniing probe. Control of the craft is realistically siniulaled usini^ side ]rts for gram employs Hi-Res graphics and is educatnni.il iiv well ctui lien k inn. BLACK HOLE (Apple only) This is an exciting graphical simulation of the problei ject Is to enter and maintain, for a prescribed time, a ir the anomaly that the tidal stress destroys thi n thru rs for ac 1. This SPACE EVACUATION! (Apple, Atari and TRS-80 only) pi Can you coloniie the galaxy and evacuate the Earth before Ihe sun explodes? Vour conip you eiplorc Ihc universe lO relocate millions of people. This simulalion is parliculaily in exciting elements of classic space games with the mystery challenge of ADVEiNTURE. MONARCH (Alari only) MONARCH IS a fascinating economic simulation requiring you to survive an tl-year term as your nation's leader. Vuu mine the amount of acreage devoted to industrial and agricultural use, how much food to distribute to the populace ar much should be spent on pollution control. You will Hnd that all derisions involveacompromise and iluit it is nfli easy t( everyone happy. Runs in IfiK Atari. t: SIS. Prlcc:Sli.D5C CHOMPELO (Atari only) CHOMPELQ is really two challenging gunes in one. One u sin fng the poisoned portion. The other game is the popular boanl and is hard to boa. This package wQl run on a leK system. Prieci $U.9S C>a*ttlt/SIS.95 Diskette ar to NIM; you must bite off pan ofa Cookie, butavoid tak- amcREVERSI. It fully uses the Atari's graphics capability. AVAILABILITY DYNACOMP soflware u suppKed with complete docunientaiion coniflining clear explanations and examples. Unless oihcruisc specirted, all programs will rtm within IfiK program memory Space(ATAtU requires 24K). Except where noted, programs are avail- able on ATAnt. PET, TRS-SO (Level II) and Apple (AppIunFI) cassette and diskette as well as North S»r rin^ denuty (double den^iy compatible) diskette. Additionally, most programs cso twpbtained on standard (IBM 3740 single density/double dcnsny compatible format) B'' CP/M floppy disks for systems running under MBASIC or CBASIC (for example. Altot, Xerox 820 and many-Others).. VA'* CP/M diskettes are available tor the North Star and Osborne computer systems. re registered tradenames and/or •For most North Star aisk-based sysiems, DYNACOMP presently does not support ike new North Star Advantage, "Far Altair systems Having Microsoft BA$IC. ***For SUPERBRAIN systerns running under MBASIC or CBASIC (stme which). DYNACOMP OFFERS THE FOLLOWING • Widest variety • Guaranteed quality • Fastest delivery • Friendly service • Free catalog • Toll free order phone AND MORE. STARTREK3.2 (Available for an computers) Prke;SllJ»Catsrue/SI5.951»*ktite This is the dassic Siartrck simulation, but with several new features. For eumple. the Klingons now shoot at the Enterprise without wartiing whUe also attacking siarbasesJn other quadrants. The KUngont als« attack with both light and heavy cruisers and move when shot atl The situation is hectic when the EhterpHse is besieged by three h»vy cniisers and a starlMue S.O>S. is received! The Kiingons get eveni See the soflware reviews in A.N.A-L.6.0., M Software Critique and Game Merchandising. LIL'M^ FROM MARS (Atari only) ' Priet! SW«C««eltt/$IJ.«IHilieite Defend yoiits^fl The Uttle men from Mars are out to get you it you don't get them first. This is a hilarious high molution animated gr^cs (arcadel.game which nercises miich of the Atari's power. Requires one j'ojmick. SPACETILT(AppleBHd AUrionly) PriecSlO.HC^tie/SU.SSIHikctle Use the game paddles to tilt the plane of the TV screen to "roll" a ball into a hole In the screen. Sound simple! Not when Ihe hole gels smaller and sniBtlerl A btiitl4n tim«- alltjws yOu to measure your skill against olherS in this h^il-formlhgaGUon gaipc. ESCAPE FROM VOLANTfUM (Atari only) Price: S1S.9S Cassette/SH.SS Diskette Bring Ihe action and exdtement of an arpide into your home with ESCAPE FROM VOLANTIUMl To escape you must maneuver your space ship around obstacles and laser blast the dragon (without being eaten). If he is killed with a direct shot (not just a leg lopped ofO. a door opens lo Ihe outside. However, the door does not slay open indednilely. If you fail ID escape in lime, the door closes and a new dragon appears. Sometimes youcan'smaih through Ihe door by repeatedly chippinj away at it. Other times il is impervious. At the higher levels of play more otHiacIei and dragons appeal-, adding to the cxdienieni. Uses high resolution graphics and sound. Rims in 16K. ALPHA nCHTER (Atari only) Price: Sll,« Casselle/Slfi-HS DwLcllt Two excejleut graphics and action programs in one! ALPHA FIGHTER requires you to destroy the alien siarships passing through your seciorofthe galaxy. AtPHA BASE is in the path of an alien UFO invasion: let five UHO'sgei by and the game ends. Both games require the joystick and get progressively more difficuh the higher you score! ALPHA FIGHTER will run on 16K systems. THE RINGS OF THE EMPIRE (Alari only) Price: SI4.95 Cassette /SIB. 95 Ilisktite The empire has developed a new battle station protected by rotating rings ofenergy. Each time you blast ihiough the rings and destroy the station, the empire develops a new station With more protective rings, thb exdting game runs on I6K systems, employs extensive graphics and sound and call be phiyed by Cine br twisptityenl INTRUDER ALERT (Atari only) Price: SM.1ISC:aaseiK/$lS.95IHakeile This is a fast paced graphics game which placcryou in the middle of the "Dreadsiar'MiavingJusi stolen its plans. The droids have been alerted and are directed to destroy ypu at bU costs. You must nnd and enter yourshipto escape with ilte plans. Five levels of dUHcuUy are proWded. INTRUDER ALERT requires a Joystick and wilt run on IGK systems. MtDWAY (Alari only) Price: tlAM Casartte/SlS.95 Dtiktttc MIDWAY is an niciting extension of the game of Batileship. It mixes; the challenses strategy and chance. Your opponon can be another human or the compuler. Color graphics and sound are both included. Runs In I6K. Price: SH.9S Ca™tlc/S1(l.9S Disketle TRIPLE BLOCKADE (Atari only) TRIPl.h lil.Ot K ADI iwo-io-lhiee player grap: running inio your opponciit(s). Although the com anxiety". GAMES PACK I (Available for aU computais) Price: StO.95 Casse tte/SU.9S Dtskettc GAMES PACK I contains the classic computer games of BLACKJACK, LUNAR LANDER. CRAPS. HORSERACE, SWITCH and more. These games have been combined into one Urge program for ease in loading. They are individually ac- cessed by a convenient menu. This collection is worth the price just for the DYNACOMP version of BLACKJACK. GAMES PACK II (Av^abte for all contputeis) Price: StD.9S Cassette/SH.95 Diskette GAMES PACK II includes the games CRAZY EIGHTS. JOTTO, ACEY-DUCEY, LIFE, WUMPUS and others. As with GAMES PACK I. all Ihe games are loaded as one program and are called from a menu. You wilt particularly enjoy DYNACOMP's version of CRAZY EIGHTS. Why pay S7.95 or more per program when you can buy a DYNACOMP collection for just S10.9i7 MOON PROBE {Atari and North Star only) Pricei S11.9S Cass(tle/S15.95 DIakelle This is an extremely challenging "lunar lander" program. The user must drop from orbit to land at a predetermined target on the moon's surface. You control the thrust and orientation of your craft plus direct the rate of descent and approach angle. SPACE TRAP (Atari only, 16K) This galactic "shool'em up" arcade game | tempi ID blast as many of the alien ships : CHIRP INVADERS (PET/CBM only) CHIRP INVADERS is an addictive game u conquer the Earth. Stationary obstacles, journey. Good luck. SUPER SUB CHASE (Atari only) Price: S19.95 Cjissttte 513.95 Diskell SUPER SUB CHASE simulates a search and destroy mission. Set your course and keep an eye on the sonar readings as >u hunt for the hidden submarine. Set the depth charge explosion depth and watch them sink towards the sub. This is an addictive game which takes advantage of the Atari's graphics and soui:d capabilities. One or two playen. Joystic)i(s) required- Frict: SU.» CaiKtle/$».HIHdultt i you near a black hole. You control your spacecraft using the joystick and al- isible before the black hole closes about you. e: SI4.95 Cassette/ SI 8.95 DLskeMe must be re.iched before the Chiipi CI ion graphics. A Federation ipacc t meteors, and the attacking Chi ADVENTURE CRANSTON MANOR ADVENTURE (North Star and CP/M only) Price: S19.95 Diskette At last! A comprehensive Advemure game for North Star and CP/M systems. CRANSTON MANOR ADVENTURE lakes you into mysterious CRANSTON MANOR where you attempt to gather fabulous treasures. Lurking in the manor are wild animals and robots who will not give up ihc treasures without a light. The aumtwr of rooms is greater and the associated descriptions are muCb more elahorate than the current popular seHerof Adventure programs, ma)diiB tlUs game the top in its class. Play can be stopped at any time and the status stored on diskette. Not available In 514" CP/M formal. price:$lI.HI»aliclte I is to find yifur way to the Unish line while niain- le at the garaige. The choice will affect your speed GUMBALL RALLY ADVENTURE (North Star only, 4HK) laming the highest possible speed. You may hIujdsc one nl live i\ii UNCLE HARRY'S WILL (North Star only, 40K) Price: SM.SSDitkette Uncle Harry has died and has left you everything, However, he has ne^ected to menUon where eveiyiMngiil Instead his will consists of a poem which contains clues. You will have to travel all over the United Stales both by car and on fool to solve the puzzle, and there are over 300 locations to probe. Be careful and watch out for red herringsl SPEECH SYNTHESIS DYNACOMP is now disniliutiDg the new and revotuiionary TYPE-'N-TALK^M jtnT) speech synthesizer from Vou«x. Simply cuiine.;! TNT to your computer's serial inter fiiec, enter text from ttie keyboard and hear ihe words spoken. T^JTisiheeajieji.io- p[o..;r[im speech synthesizer on the market. It uses Ihe least amount of memory and provides the most flenibte vocabulary available 1 VI'F-'N'-TAI.K List price S375. DVNACOMP'S price $J19.M plUS J5J» for shipping and handling, TALK TO ME (T'N'T Atari only, 24K) Price: S14.95 Cauetie/Sll.9S DUkeiie This program presents a superb tutorial on speech lynlhc^ Uling the Atari 800 and TYPE *N TALK^*^, TALK TO ME will itlustrate norroal word generation as wdl as phoneme generation. The documentation hiGliides many helpful pro|ramming tips. TALK TO ME has been demonstrated on network (CBft TVl MISCELLANEOUS ig graphics displays NORl H STAR SOFTWARE EXCHANGE (NSSE) LIBRARY DYNACOMP now distributes the 23 vohune NSSE library. These cHskeiiet ea^ contain many programs and offN an out- standing value for the purchase price. They should be part of every North Star user'tcollectiitn. Call or write DYNACOMP for details regarding the contents of the NSSE collection. Price: 19,95 each/S7.95 each (4 or more) The complete collection may be purchased fur JI49.95 " DISKETTES (soft sectored/ten sectored) As you might imagine, DYNACOMP purchases disketi Ings along to youl Circle 158 on inquiry card. BUSINESS and UTILn'IES M AILMASTER (Auri diakelie only) Price: $39.95 iHiktiic MAELMASTERis avcry vmaiile soRwMe package for managing and manipulaiing mail liiu and mini data bases. Each di^k can hold over 600 customer cniries conuining name, address, 3S tetter key words and a phone number. The display a marked m (hat entries may be made and edited with caie. The sialm (e.g., disk space left, options, ere. I is shown at all limej. Labels may be primed 1.2 oi 3 up. and ail suiting (rip code and alphabelicl is perrormed by a fan machine language program, PERSONAL nNANCE SYSTEM (Aurl and Nurlh Slar only) Price; S39.9S Ubhtiie I'FS i^ a single diskette, menu-oriented system composed of ten dif rereni programs. Besides rccDiding your expenses and lax dcdjctible iiems, PFS will sort and summarize expenses by payee, and display inrormation on eipendiluies by any of 26 user defined codes by month or by payee. PFS will even produce monthly bar graphs of yout expenses by category! This powerful package requires only one disk drive, minimal memory (MK Aiari, 32K North Star) and will store tip to 600 letords per disk (and over 1000 records per disk by making a feu simple changes to the programs], Youcon record checks plus cash expenses so lhai you can finally see where your money goes and elMnate gUeiswwk and IcdicHU band calculations. Contains high speed machine language sort. PFS has been demonsliatcd on MtfioA (CB^ TVt Price: S34.93 DItktllr program. Yovi will be able lo keep track of cash and credit tan deductible items and charitable donations. FAMILY m. You can make daily cash and charge entries lo any of 2 1 Data are easily retrieved giving the user complele control FAMILY BUDGLT (Apple and Alarl only) l-AMILY BUDGET is a very ciinicnicm fiiuiuial rctord kc! BUIKIET also provides a con[muoiis record of all credit Iran; different expense accounts as well as tu 5 payrull and tax acc over an otherwise complicated (and unorganised!) subject. INTELINK (AUri only) Price: $49.95 Dbktlle Tbif software package contains a menu-driven collection of programs (or faciliiaiing efficienl two-way conununications Ibrough 4 TuU duplex modem (required for use). In one mode of operation you may conned lo a data senice (e.g.. The SOURCE or MicroNct) and quickly load data luch as siock quotations onto your diskette for lalci viewing. This greatly re- ducja "«»lIKCt time" 3nd thus the service charge. Yeu may also record the complele contents of a commuaicaiions sesiiun. Addiliboalb'. pEograms wriiten in BASIC. FORTRAN, etc. may be btiiti off-line us\as the tupport text editor and later "up. loaded" to another computer, tnaklng ihe Aiaii a vtry iman terminal. Even Atari BASIC proirami may be uploaded. Fiinhef , a Gonunand Hte may be built off-line and used Uier as conUolUnB Input rora tlmMbareaynnn.Ttiatb, you can set up your Kquence of lime-ahare commaiidi and progi^ms, and the Atari will tninimil them is need^ baieh processing. All this adds up to saving both connect lime and your lime. PAYF1VE (Apple II plus diskette, two drKcs required) Price: S149.V5 This is an enonnousiy flexible employee payroll system with extraordinarily good human engineering features. PAYFIVH prints checks and compiles the required federal, state and local forms for up to 14S employees. The pay methods may be hour, iy, salary, commission or any combination. There are multiple option) for pay periods, and they also can be used m any com- binaliun. PAYFIVE includes /nanj' other featurct ind comn exuemcly well documented with a 200 page manual. The manual may be purchased separately for ilO, and ihal pumenl laiet applied 10 Ihe toftware purchase .SHOPPING LIST (Alari only) Price: SU.9S C>uclte/5 16.95 Dbketie SHOPPING U5T stores infoimalton on Iienu you piiTclia*eaitbesupcimarket.BcForcgoingaboppIns,Jiwt^ remind you of all the mints you mlgtu fwdl, and then dii^ (bToptlbnaUy print) your total co^. Adding, deleting, changing amt storing data is very easy. Runs wiili INC. TAX OPTIMIZER (Nortb Star only) The TAX OPTIMIZER is an easy lo-u various income tax strategies. The piog Is {regular, income averaging. Price: $59.9! Dbktlle nu oriented software package which provides a convenient means for analyzing designed lo provide a quick and easy data entry. Income tax is computed by all alternate minimum lax). The user may immediately obieive the lax UTIL (Apple only, 4»K) Price: $19.95 Dliketii UTILisadiik-oriented utility sysiep which permits examiiUngand changing of the contents ofDOS3.2inil3.3 diskettes at ih^bit (nibble or byle) level. With UTIL yoU'Can easily examine the contents of a dinette sector by sector, restructure the sec- tor pointen.rMllo^te sectors (e.g. Ilallseabrtmay be "Iddden"), and perform inaiiy other sophisticated operatioiu. For Ihe TURNKEY AND MENU (Atari only) Price: S17.95 Diikrtie TURNKEY is a utility program which allows you lo create autobool/aulorun diskettes easily. Simply load and tun TURN- KEY, load [he program diskette lo be modified, and answer the questions! The TURNKEY diskette also comes with DOS 2.0 and includes another program, MENU. MENU listt the contents of your diskette alphabetically, and permits the running of any QAbIC program on ihe diskette by iyej))g a alngle key. TURPflCEY and MEMU provide you with the ability lo run any program on your diskette by simply tunting oh the computer and pressing » single key. Price: S19.9S Dbkelle ols for Slock market analysis. With STOCICAID :you can display point and figure Vol. i^n aho examine long term moving averagesand on-t)aIance volume features, la wi:h a single diskette storage capability of 239 days x 16 sttKkS. Induded arc lilitiei. A very professional package! I dindend and spin ad]iini SHAPE MAGICIAN (Apple 11, 4SK, dbkelle only) Met: S19.9S Al last! AnulHiiy for painlessly creating graphics shapes for the Apple. Create, edit andsaveuploJDsbapel which can then be used lo develop arcade games or ip simply enhance your programs. Add ihal professional louchi EDUCATION IIODGE PODGE (Apple only , 48K Applesoft or Integer BASIC) Price: S14.95 Cass«iie/SU.9S Diskeiie Let HODCE PODGE be your child's teacher. Pressing any key on your Apple will result in adtffereni and intriguing "hap- pening" related to ihe letter or number of the chosen key. The prapam's ^phics, color and soimd are a delight for child ren from ages I » to T. UOOGE I^DCE is a nohHhthnidating leachihKdevke which bdnftt a new dimaislon to the use of com- puters in education. See the excellent reviews of this very popular program in INFOWORUO and SOFTAUC. TEACHKKS' AIDE (Atari onlr) Priix;SU.9SCaiMtte/St7.9S Ulikeiie TE.Ai. iii'KS' AII3F consists oTMueebattcmodukscpntained In one program. The first module provides addition and sub- traction cicr..ises oi varying levds of difficulty, the sec«»d module consists of mullipUcatliMi pn^vlnns fo which ihc student may beiesied both on the rinalanswerand/oranthesubioial answers in ihetonghand procedure. Several levels of complexity are provided here as well. The third module cansilts of division problems; oneparticularty nice feature of the division module is thai Ihe long hand division siept can be displayed along with the remainder In order lo clearly demonstrate the procedure by which the remainder is derived. Using TEACHER'S AIDE Is not merely a drill, but rather B learning experience. PHARMACOLOGY UPDATE (PET only) Price: $ie9.KC:atselie/$l49.95 Dbktiie This is DYNACOMP's lirst educational software entry for the medical inofeulon (more are coming!). PHARMACOLOGY UPDATE was wriiten by a R.N. as a masters project, with the aid of a practicing phaimacqlo^ and an electronics instructor. This package comes in iwo pans. The fim pan Is * 200 page manual which is divided into 11 sections. Eadi of these sections provides both concise information and probing questions. The sccondpart consists of 11 programs ihai are keyed to the texi and which lest the degree of your undentfmtfnt'of the text material -This package has Bt«at«dBcatl(»iaI «ahie for Ihe begin- ning student as well as the professional interested in an efficient way to review and tipdate fail or her knowledge. Available on cassettes |ll] or diskette. TEACHER'S GRADEBOOK (Apple 4SK dual/slnKle drive) Price M9.9S DIskellr TEACHl-.R'S GRADEBOOK is a complete password proiccicd record. keeping system for the classroom. Il supparls up to nine users, and each user may have data for up lo nine classes on one disk (with up to 90 students per class). Typical informs, tion which can be entered, edited and processed includes rosters, absences and grades. Summary reporu may be displayed (on the screeii)or printed in various ways, tviihautomaiic weighted avcraglngandconversion.toletttr.gntdes.Tbis system has been tesicd ("goor-proofed") in the dasi environment and is both well-^^ten and well-documented. ORDERING INFORMATION Shipping and HandUng Charges Within North Amer^: Add S2.00 Outside Ngnh America: Add l5Va (Air Mail) E sent Flnt Class. )r more progranu. Dealer discount schedules are avAilable upon request. B" CP/M DUki Add S2.S0 lo the lined diskeiie price For each S" floppy disk (IBM soft seclifted CP/M format). Programs run imder Microsoft MBASIC Or BASIC-SO. on 8" (. I'. M Ji>k-. IS .ilui .njildliic on 5' i" disks. Notih Star and Osbomc fonm^l. il sotiwaic dcalci. Wiirc loi detailed descriptions Of thoe and other programs from DYNACOMP, Inc. (Dept. b) 1427 Monroe Avenue Rochester, New York 14618 24 hour message and order phone: (716)442-8731 Toll free order phones: (800)828-6772 (800)828-6773 Office phone (9AM-5PM EST): (716)442-8960 New York SUM mWnu pku* add T« NVSuk, ux. MoslatCofd 1 STATISTICS and ENGINEERING DIGITAL HLTER (Available for all computers) Price:S39.95 Casictte/S43.gs Dlikctle DlGITAl. FILTBR is a comprehensive data processing program which permits the user lo design his own filler function or choose from a menu of filter forms. In the enplicii design mode the shape of the frequency transfer function is specified by directly enteiiag JKiintS along the desired filter curve. In ihe menu mode, ideal low pass, high pass and bandpass filters may be approximated tova^ylng^detrees according to the number of points used in the calculation. These filters may optionally also be smoothed with a Haoiung function. In addition, multi-stage Butlerworth flllers may be selected. Features of DICITAL FILTER include plotting of the data before and after flliering, as wellasdisplay of ihe chosen filler functions. Also included ate convenicni data storage, retrieval and editing procedures. DATA SMOOTHER (Not available for Alari) This special dala smoolhin){ program may be used to rapidly derive useful i FOURIER AN AI.\/.L ind bus nil I'oiilpulcrs) Price ncy ipecira of limiled duration signals. The progra aclical applications include the analysis of complica C/S13.95 Diskette TFA (Transfer Function Analyzer) Price: S19.95 CaiKiu/S23.9S Diskette This is a special software package which maybe used to evaluate the transfer functionsof system* such at hi-fi ampUflenand niters by exandhiag their response to pulsed inputs. TFA is a major modification of FOURIER ANAUYZERan.dcontahii an engineeringnrknteddedbcl versus log-frequency ploi as well as data editing rcalurcs. Whereas FOURIER ANALYZER Is de- signed for educatinnal and sdenlific use, TFA is an engineering tool. Available for all Gomputeri- H ARMQNIC ANALYZER (Available forall computers) Pricc;SM.93 Caueite/SU.DS Dlikeiie HARMONIC ANALYZER was designed for the spectrum analysisofrepetitive waveforms. Features include data file genera- tion, editing and sioragc/reirieval as well as data and spectrum plotting. One particularly unique facility b that the Input data need not be equally spaced or in order. The original data is sorted and acubicsplinelnterpalBlion is used 10 create the dam llle required tiy the Ff-T algorithm. FOURIER ANALYZER, TFA and HARMONIC ANALYZER may be purchawd together for a Gombhed price Of S51.93 (three cassettes) and 163.95 (three diskeiles). REGRESSION 1 (Available for all compulers) Prtce:$19.95 Caisettt/n3.95 Diskette REGRESSION 1 is a unique and exceptionally versatile one-dimensional least squares "polynomial" curve fitting program. Features include very high accuracy; an auiomallc degree determination oplioni an extensive internal library of fitting func- tions; data editing: amomalic data, curve and residual plotting; a statistical analysis (eg; standard deviation, correlation coeffi- cienl, etc.) and much more. In addition, new fits may be Iried without reentering the data. REGRESSION 1 i-. certainly the cuineisione program in any dala unitlysis software library. REGRESSION H (PAKAMT) (Avallnble for all compulers) Price: $19.95 CaiKtte/S23.M Diskette PARAFIT is designed tu handle those cases in which the parameiers are imbedded (possibly nonlinearly) in the fitting func- tion. The user simply inserts Ihe functional form, including the parameters (A(l), A(Z},ac.} IS dneor mm BA^IC statement lines. Data, results and residuals may be manipulated and plotied as with REGRESSION I. Use REGR£SSIC)N 1 for polynomial filling, and PARAFIT tor those cumplicaied functions. MULTILINEAR REGRESSION (MLR) (Available for all compulers) Price: S24.M Cai*elle/SU.H DWielle MLR is a professional software package for analysing data sets containing two or mote linearly independent variables. Besides performing the basic regression calculation, this program also provides easy to use data entry, storage, retrieval and editing functions. In addition, the user may intcrrogsie ihe solution by supplying values for the independent variabtn., Jhe number of variables and. data size It limltied only by the available memory. REGRESSION 1, II and MULTILINEAR REGRESSION may be purchased together for S51 .95 (three cassettes) or S63.9S (three disketics). ANOVA (Not aviilluhlc on Atari In the pasi ilic ANCIVA (anal; DYNACOMP has brouBlu I software package includes il those unfamiliar with ANOVA, i fessor in the subjecl) and serves t building the data base. Included powi or for PET/CBM) iiiance) procedure has been limiled iiall systems. For those I )l this method tc Price: S39M Cassette /S43 .95 DUkette Ihe large mainframe compulers. Now /ersant with ANOVA. the DYNACOMP ire the Yates 2*^'^ factorial designs. For ing documentation was written in a tutorial fashion (by a pro- ihe subjecl. Accompanying ANOVA is a support program for :s including data editing, deleting and appending. BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES, Volumes 1 and 2 (Not avaUable for Atari) DYNACOMP is Ihe esclusive dislribulor for ihe software keyed lo the popular texis BASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES. Volumes I and 2 by F. Ruckdeschel (sec advertisements in BYTE magazine). These subrouli net have been assembled according to chapter. Included with each collection is a menu program which selects and demonstrates each subroutine. Volume 1 CoOection f 1: Chapters 2 and 3 - Data and function ploiting; complex vaiiabln and functioiu. Collection #2: Chapter 4 • Extended matrix and vector operations. Colleciion *3: Chapteri 5 and 6 • Random number generators (Poisson, Gaussian, etc.); seilei ifiproKimatlohi. Price per collection; $14.95 Cassetle/SIB.9S Diskette All ihrec collections are available for $39.rice S129.9S SOFTNETmay be used to create models oi liquid pipeline sysicms lu :■^Jtu.llL■ [tic.i lioA ■,v;[..iiii,ir;i .- i ^ m 15U nodes with up lo 150 cannecling elemenls may be simulated, and models may be combined loiiii jti Li^cr jimJ'jli 11 \\ni arc involved in water distribution systems, chemical fluid flow problems, building plumbing, yi Minil.ir M!u.'iiu>ni, iIim'. .in ideal analysis tool. M ATCHNET (TRS-80 onlyl Price: SI9.95 Casstiit/S23.95 ENskeiie It often takes days to itcraiively optimize an L, Pior T matching network for a partictilat application. Take a few minutes with MATCKNET and you will have the Q, frequency resiwnse and reflection coefflcients for any of twelve matching networks. You input the source and load Impedance and MATCHNET calculates the R, C, (and L) values and plots (and/or prints) the frequency response and reflection coefficients for each con flgura tion. The reviewer of this program remembers when he use to do this by hand and love* MATCHNETl ACTIVE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS (ACAP) (48K Apple only) Price: S25 .95 Catsctle/n9.9S Diskette With ACAP you may analyze the response of an active or passive component circuit. The circuit may be probed at equal steps in frequency, and [he resulting complex voltages at each component juncture eJumilned; the frequency tesponse-of a Alter or amplifier may be completely deiermined with respect to both, amplitude and phases In addition, ACAP prints B statistical analysis of the range of voltage responses which result from tolerance variations in the components. ACAP is easy to learn and use. Circuil dcscripiions may be saved onto cassette or diskette lo be recalled al a later litne for execution or editing. ACAP should be pan of every circuil designer's program library. LOGIC SIMULATOR (Apple only; 48K RAM) Price: S24.95 Cassette /S28. 95 Diskette Test your complicaied digital logic design with respeci to given set of inputs to determine how well ihc circuil will operate. The elements which may be simulated include multiple input AND, OR, NOR, EXOR, EXNOR and NAND gates, as well as in- vericn, J-K and D flip-flops, and one^hots. Inputs may be clocked in with varying dock tyck lenitbs/dlsplacements and delays may be Introduted to probe for glitches and race condiiioiis. A timing diagram any given set of nodes may be plotted using HIRES graphics. Save your breadboirding until the circuit is checked by LOGIC SIMULATOR. Price: S«9.95 Cassctle/S73.95 Diskette ,tcm swiilabic for ihc TRS.80. Il can handle up to 255 data sets, each a editing fadliiies and con^eiiieni daia inpul/Oulput capability. The lation determination of residuals, data transformations and extensive The supporting documentation is extremely well wriiten and well NUMBERKRUNCHERrntS-SDonly) This program is the most complele numerical analysis s; set having a six character name. Il includes complete di analyses available are multiple linear rcgressbn and con graphics generation, including axis naming, and mon organized, and includes appendices which describe the numerical procedures used in the program. STATSORT rntS-80 only) Price: 539,95 Ousetle/S43.93 Diskette 5TATS0RT consists of several menu selected proRrahu wbicb allow the user to crate 0)Uild, edit, merge), format and print filet, (macliine) sort them on any field, and numerically analyze (maximum, minimum, average, variance, standard devtotion) in alio be employed to create a daw ne Radio Shack Advanced Siatlsiical Package. ST ATTEST (TRS>80 only) price: S19.9S Cassrlte/SZ3.95 Dlikeiie This is a slaiisiical inference package which helps you make wise decisions in the face of uncertainty. In an interactive fashion you can build and edit data files and teal ihe differences in means, variances and proportions, ST ATTEST will also perform data analysis as well as do linear correlation and regression. This menu-directed slaiisiical workhorse is rounded out with a chl- square contingency test and a (unilorm and normal) random sample senoator. The documeniation Is written by a college pro- fessor who guides you through the various tests. ABOUT DYNACOMP DYNACOMi' is a leading distributor of imall sy.Mcm software with sates spanning the world (currently in excess of 50 counlries). During Ihc past ihree years we have greatly enlarged the DYNACOMP product line, but have maintained and improved our high level of quality and customer support. The achievement in quality is apparent from our many repeal customers and Ihe software reviews in such publications as COMPUTRONICS, 80 Soft- ware Ctiiique, A.N.A.L.O.G., Softalk, Creative Computing and Kilobaud. DYNACOMP software has also been chosen for demonstration on network television. Our customer support is as close as your phone. It is always friendly. The staff is highly trained and always willing to discuss products or give advice. Circle 158 on inquiry card. I MOD III TRS-80 Model III Features for Your Model I Add video line print, selectable cursor, and automatic key repeat to your TRS-80 Model L I'm a satisfied owner of a Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I, but I can't help envying some of the features of the new Model III. Its video line print, block cursor, and automatic key repeat are indeed useful additions to the TRS-80's repertoire of pro- gramming features. Numerous video-line-print and cursor routines have been published as individual utility programs; however, because they are individual programs, only one can be used at a time. My working with a friend's Model ni spawned dreams of a single utility program that would provide all these capabilities for my Model I. My file of programs included video- line-print and cursor routines, so my thoughts turned to combining the two into a single utility program. An automatic key repeat, a user- selectable cursor, and an audible key beep also crept into this programming daydream. The dream became reality only after several unsuccessful attempts to combine existing program routines. Initial efforts produced workable pro- grams, but not without adverse side effects. High memory overhead offset the benefits provided, and the key- beep feature resulted in slow key- board response time. When used with my editor/assembler, the utility routines preempted the njempry oc- 380 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Joe W. Rocke 224 West Benson Ridgecrest, CA 93555 cupied by the automatic key repeat. Programming is somewhat akin to building construction. It is often easier to build anew than to remodel the old. With this in mind, I took a fresh program approach, literally starting with a blank video screen. This effort resulted in a utility pro- grain that I call MOD III. The MOD III utility pro- gram uses fewer than 1 70 bytes of RAM, making it practical even on a 1 6K-byte memory system. MOD III Features The MOD III program source code presented in listing 1 provides video line print, a block cursor, and auto- matic key repeat. This program also provides two added side benefits: the cursor style is user-changeable, and the key repeat automatically provides key debounce. Better still, the pro- gram uses fewer than 170 bytes of random-access read/write memory (RAM). This low memory overhead makes the program practical for use with a 16K-byte memory system. MOD III is compatible with most disk operating systems (DOS), the Beta cassette system, the EDTASM -|- editor/assembler, and Level II BASIC. It is written for a Level II 48K-byte system, but may be mod- ified for a 16K- or 32K-byte RAM system by changing the starting ad- dress. Changes required for DOS are annotated in the source code remarks (see listing 1). MOD III was initially written in assembly language to conserve memory space and provide the quick response required for the automatic key-repeat feature. The original plan was to place the program at a low RAM location just under the BASIC block and reset the BASIC pointers. This would eliminate the need to set memory size before loading MOD III. However, in this location it would be wiped out by disk BASIC or by pro- grams such as EDTASM + . Changing the program to load to high memory provided the system and program compatibility desired. Memory Protect Because MOD III starts at a high RAM address, it's necessary to set memory size before loading the pro- gram. By calculating the number of bytes required for the program, you can establish the starting address that wUl load the program to the very top of memory to conserve RAM space. Text continued on page 386 WE'll "DRIVE YOU WILD 99 withouriiinetyof ASAP carries only the highest quality floppy disk drives, to provide you with years of trouble-free service and superior performance. Data Irak" double-sided, double-density drives from Qume® feature state-of-the-art technology. You get superior data integrity through improved disk life, data reliability and drive serviceability. Data Trak™ 5 (ANSI 5%" compatibility) Call for price Data Irak™ 8 (IBM compatibility) Call for price Shugart drives have been setting industry quality and reliability standards for years. Shugart's Bi-Compliant'" head assembly provides superior media compliance and high reliability. Model 801 (standard floppy) $400.00 Model 850 $640.00 ASAP also provides a full line of high reliability disk drive subsystems. For superior quality, high reliability disk drives, contact ASAP today. Pari No. — Description* Price HDC8/1-HD — Cabinet with (1) Priam 10 megabyte hard disk drive with Microbyte Controller Call for price HDC8/1F+1HD — Cabinet with (1) Qume® DT-8 double-sided, double-density drive, and (1) Priam 10 megabyte hard disk drive with Microbyte Controller Call for price CAB8H — Dual cabinet for 8" floppy disk drives (horizontal mounting) $ 225.00 cm\l — Cabinet for 8" floppy disk drives (vertical mounting) S 225.00 CAB8H/V+1S — Dual cabinet with (1) Shugart SA801R installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $ 675.00 CAB8H/V+2S — Dual cabinet with (2) Shugart SA801R's installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $1055.00 CAB8H/V+10 — Dual cabinet with (1) Qume® DT-8 double-sided double-density drive installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) S 755.00 CAB8H/V+20 — Dual cabinet with (2) Qume® DT-8's double- sided double-density drive installed (horizontal or vertical mounting) $1225.00 X5 — Cabinet for desk top mainframe (small power supply) S 200.00 800D — Cabinet for desk top mainfranje (standard power supply) $ 255.00 *AII cabinets come complete with power supply, fan and internal cables. sustsm corriDuter ■ Toll free outside California: (800) 421-7701 Inside California: products, inc. Itm! rqi.9rrq 1198 E. Willow St., Signal Hill, CA 90806 I' I OS I -£DOO ASAP offers a 30-day buyer protection policy: full money-back guarantee if not totally satisfied. Drderlng Intormallan: name, address, phone, ship by: UPS or truck. Please call for shipping charges. Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders. Visa and Master Charge (U.S. funds only). Tax: 6% Calif, res. CCD's and terms available on approval (school PO's accepted). Circle 460 on inquiry card. BYTE April'1982 381 circle 314 on Inquiry card. software GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES! To celebrate pur opening, we are matching any advertised price. Just show IIS the ad. ORDER TOLL FREE c 1-800-826-1589 ACCESSORIES Apple II Dual Thermometer w/soHware 260.00 Mountain Expansion Chassis 625.00 CPS Multifunction 199.00 Mountain Music System 395.00 100,000 Day ClocK 375.00 Mountain Clock , 252.00 SupertalkerSDZOOO 199.00 A/D + D/A 299.00 CCS 12K ROM/PROM Board 99.00 CCS A/D Converter Board 99.00 CCS Serial Asyncti. Board 139.00 CCS Calendar/Clock Board 99.00 VOTRAX Type-n-Talk 375.00 ADALAB Package 495.00 DOS Dater 49.00 ABT Numeric Keypad 125.00 ABTSoltkey 150.00 ABTBarwand 195.00 ABT Caih Box 295.00 ABT Pascal Tools I or II 75.00 Scitronic Remote Controller 249.00 Scilronic Energy Watcller 1 Pit 349.00 Apple Speed Controller 69.00 Applescope (your Apple as an Oscilloscope) . 595.00 Scope Driver 49.00 Videx Videoterm 319.00 Videx Enhancer II 149.00 K&O Enhancer 115.00 Videx Character Sets 29.00 Echo Speech Syntlieslzer 225.00 Upper/Lower Character 39.50 Joysticks 4 59.00 ALS Smarterm 379.00 ALSZ-Card 269.00 SSM A10 s/p interface + cable 195.00 Scott Inslrument VET (21 795.00 ALF Music Card MC1 195.00 ALF Music Card MC16 245.00 ALF Game I/O 16.00 ALF Timing Mode I/O 18.00 ALF Ear Training 49.95 ALF Albums 14.95 Microspeedll 495.00 . . . AND MANY MORE! Quoted prices valid for stock on hand and sub- ject to change without prior notice. Call tor price Information: Printers - Epson, Okidata, Microline, NEC, C. ITGH, Qume, Diablo, Anadex, IDS, MP\, fvlicrotek, Printek. Monitors - Amdek, Sanyo, Hitachi, NEC, Kaga/TSK. Modems ■ Novation, Hayes. Disk Drives - Percom, Corvus, Morrow, CCS, etc. Plotters ■ Watanabe. Ask for our FREE catalog. For Software see our other ad, page 30 Please: • Wisconsin residents - add 4% sales tax • Foreign orders - please add 15% • Add $2.50 for shipping per software and small item. Call regarding others. We Welcome: • Visa, MasterCharge - (Add 4%) • Checks (Allow 1-2 weeks for clearing) • COD ($1.50 per shipment) TOLL FREE ■ Outside Wisconsin: 1-800-826-1589 _ For Technical Info & in Wisconsin: 715-848-2322 Oryx Softwart Dept. a P.O. Box 1961 • Wausau, Wl 54401 ^1^ Listing 1: The source code listing for MOD III. The key-heep feature has hem disabled (see lines 850 through 1100). Remove the semicolons to use that feature. 00020 00030 00040 00050 000B0 00070 000S0 00030 00100 00110 00120 00130 00140 00150 001E,0 00170 001S0 00190 00200 00210 00220 00230 00240 00250 002B0 00270 002S0 00290 00300 00310 00320 00330 00340 00350 003E0 00370 003SB 00390 00400 00410 00420 00.430 00440 00450 004E0 00470 00480 00430 00500 00510 00520 00530 00540 00550 005E0 00570 00580 00530 00600 00E10 00E20 00630 00640 00650 00660 00670 00680 00630 00700 00710 00720 00730 KEY-REPEFiT fiND BLOCK CURSOR ** *>H WORKS WITH 'DOS' - ' EDTfiSM' .- 'BftSIC - ETC. ** FOR JUST 'BLOCK CURSOR' - USE LINES 1730 UP + SEE 'HOOK' LINES: 1170 THRU 1270 ;+:*+:+: r+::t: :+;*:+: ********** STfiRT ORG 0FF4DH ;4SK - CHRNGE FOR LESS' 1 ! KEY BEEP IS USED THEN ' ORG' MUST BE CHQNGED ** LD HL, STRRTl ;PUT ft ' HOOK' INTO LD <:401BH), HL ;KEYB00RD CONTROL LD HL, BEGIN ■FOR ' ZX' OND block LD c:401EH.1,HL ;CURSOR ROUTINES LD fl, SFH !' block CURSOR' LD t;***;+:**:+:*****:t:**************.* ** NOTE: TRSDOB, NEWDOS+, ECT. MfiY NOT ACCEPT THE ** ** ROM III PROGRAM IN CDMMfiND MODE BUT WILL RUN IN ** ** DISK BRSIC. LORD ROMIII/CIM (ENTER) THEN BfiSIC ** ** DEFUSR1=&HFF4D: PRINT USRl (0) ** ********************************************************* ** MEMORY SIZE? PROTECTION STPlRTS HERE ** ** EQUALS 65375 FOR 4SK ** }K4c'4<44>KHiH« H4>H4'-H<>f!Hi >t<>fiHH>f:>^H^ >H>H}HH^ START 1 LPl LP2 LP3 LP4 LD HL,4035H ;HL = KEYBOARD BUFFER LD BC, saaiH !BC ^ ROW HDDRESS POINTER LD D, 00H 5'D' = ROW COUNT 0 TO 6 LD fi> <;bc) 5 ANYTHING PRESSED ?? LD E,fl ?PUT IT IN 'E' FOR TEST AND E ■CHECK ALL BITS FOR 0 JR NZ, LP4 ?NOT ZERO GOTO COUNTER LD (HD.fl ;L0RD it to MEMORY INC D JNEXT KEYBOflRD ROW INC L 5BUMP KEYBOARD BUFFER RLC C ; POINT TO NEXT ROUi LD Pi, C !Put it in r for test SUB S0H SSUBTRRdT 128 DECIMAL JR NZ, LPl 5 NOT ZERO? CHECK AGAIN! LD fi, CHL) 5 GET COPY OF OUR CHRR. LD B, 07H ! COUNT OF SEVEN DEC L ! BACKUP KEYBORRD BUFFER RDD fi, CHL) ;RDD MEMORY TO 'fi' DJNZ LP3 ;Gb FOR COUNT IN ' B' CP 00H SCHECK FOR ZERO IN ' fi' LD fl. 00H 5 ZERO 'fi' REGISTER RET NZ ! RETURN WITH CHRRfiCTER LD <401fiH),ft !PUT 0 IN KEY CDNT. BLK RET 5 RETURN TO PROGRAM AND i:HL3 ; CHECK EACH BIT FOR 0 JR Z,LP5 ?G0 IF IT IS LD A, C 401 AH) ;GET BYTE FROM CONT. BLK INC fl ;flDD (A) TO IT LD t:401AH) , A ;PUT IT BACK FOR COUNT CP 0FFH ;= 255 DECIMRL ? JR NZ, LP2 !N0 = LOOP BfiCK DfeC A ! SUBTRACT CD Listing 1 continued on page 384 382 April 1982 © BYTE Publicalions Inc Do you have a restless urge to program? Do you want the instant respect that comes from being able to use technical terms that nobody under- Do you want to strike fear and loathing into the hearts of DP managers eversrwhere? If so, then let the Famous Programmers' School lead you on . . . into the world of professional computer programming. What Bo lop Programmers Barn? Despite popular myths, some pro- grammers actually do earn a living doing the work they love. Other, less fortunate programmers work In their spare time at home while watching television. Either way, your potential earnings as a computer programmer could reach Into the millions, possibly even into the billions, of dollars. Of course, your success depends a lot on your abilities, luck, shoe size, the phase of the moon, etc. Is Programming for You? Programming is not for everyone. But If you have a desire to learn, we can help you get started. All you need Is the Famous Programmers' Course and enough money to keep those les- sons coming month after month. lake Our Free Aptitude leat To help you determine if you are qualified to he a programmer, take a moment to try this simple test: 1) Write down the numbers from zero to nine and the first six letters of the alphabet (Hint: 01S34B6789 ABO- DBF). S) Whose picture Is on the back of a twenty-dollar bUl? 3) What Is the state capital of Idaho? If you managed to read all three questions without wondering why we asked them, you may have a future as a computer programmer. A Vew Kind of Programming. They say a good programmer can write 80 lines of effective program The staff of the Famous Programmers' School includes some of the best known names In the microcomputing field. From left to right: Bennett Lisp (with cigar), Rod Snobol (with feelers), Bruce Fortran (eating cigar), Rudolf rorth (natty attire), Ignatious "Call Me Blaise" Pascal (feelers, cigar and flow- chart), and the immortal Red Basic (smug look). per day. With our unique training course, we'll show you how to write 20 lines of code and lots more besides. Our training course covers every programming language in ex- istence, and some that aren't. You'll learn why the on/ off switch for a computer is so important, what the words FATAL EBROB mean, and who and what you should blame when you make a mistake. Student Successes Many of our students have gone on to achieve great success In all fields of programming. One former student developed the concept of the per- sonalized form letter. Does the phrase, "Dear Mr. (Insert name). You may already be a winner I , ' ' sound fa- miliar? Another student writes, "After only five lessons I sold a 'My Most Unforgettable Program' article to Corrosive Computing magazine." Another of our graduates writes, "I recently completed a database- management program for my depart- ment manager. My program touched him so deeply that he was speechless. He told me later that he had never seen such a program in his entire career. Thank you. Famous Program- mers' School; only you could have made this possible." Don't Delay Send for our introductory brochure that explains in vague detail the op- eration of the Famous Programmers' School, and you'll be eligible to win a possible chance to enter a drawing, the winner of which can vie for a set of free steak knives. If you don't do it now, you'll hate yourself in ■ the morning. Famous Programmers' School Dept. APRFOL P.O. Box 463 Paulsborough, NH 034S8-0463 Yes, I want the broohure describing this Incredible offer. I enclose $1000 In small unmarked bills to cover the cost of postage and handling. (No live poultry, please.) Send the Information to: Name: Address:. City, State:. -Zip:. Our Slogan: Top down programming for the masses. circle 415 on Inquiry card. Kee|] static from coming between you and your customers You invested in on-line ternninals to assure prompt, accurate service. Now they are causing your custom- ers to think back to the good old days. And it's all because of a problem you can easily avoid. Static — actually, static charge— can cause a terminal to erase, send erroneous data or alter memory. It can strike at any time. Even in summer, when your air conditioner dries the air. Even on vinyl floors, where employees wear foam-soled shoes. Fortunately, the solution is easy and effective. 3M Static Control Floor Mats create an Inexpensive island of protec- tion" around your sensitive point-of- sale equipment. By harmlessly draining static charge from your clerks and others, they help improve your service to customers while keeping equipment service costs down. Call us for more information on 3M Static Control Floor Mats. Call toll-free. 1-800-328-1300 (In Minnesota, call collect 612-736-9625.) ASMior the Data Recording Products Division 3M Hears You... 3M 384 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Listing 1 continued: LD (40inH)> p ! STORE NEW VALUE 00750 LD fli E 5CHRR. WAS SAVED IN 'E' 007E0 LPS LD (HL). E 5 ADD IT TO MEMORY 00770 PUSH BC 5 HAVE COPY IN STACK 00780 LD BC. 600 ! SHORT DELAY COUNT 00790 COLL 0060H 5R0M DEC. BC TO 0 0BB00 POP BC ;NOW RESTORE ' BC 00810 LD ft, (BC) 5 TRANSFER TO 'fi' 00820 AND E 5 CHECK OUR COPY 00830 RET Z ! RETURN IF ZERO 00840 ; 00SE0 ** KEY BEEP IS HERE BUT 'NOT' BEING USED **■ 00870 00880 00890 PUSH BC !SflVE 'BC 00900 PUSH HL ;SAVE 'HL' 00310 PUSH PIF SSAVE 'AF' 00920 LD B. 40H != 64 DECIMAL 00930 LD ft, <403DH) 5PRINT SIZE FLAG 00340 flIMD 0FDH S= 253 DECIMAL 00950 LD H, PI 5 RESULT TO ' H' 00960 OR 02H !0R WITH '2' FDR SOUND 00970 LD L, A ;TRANSFER TO ' L' 003S0 LPS LD A, L ;BACK to 'ft' FOR OUTPUT 00990 OUT C BFFH :> , A !OUT CASSETTE PORT 01 000 LD A, H !GET BYTE FROM ' H' 01010 OUT (BFFH) , A ;OUT CfiSSETTE PORT 01020 PUSH BC !SAVE ' BC FOR COUNT 01030 LD B, 40H ;= 64 DECIMAL 01040 LP7 DJNZ LP7 ! DELAY HERE FOR COUNT 01050 POP BC ; RESTORE ' BC 010E0 DJNZ LPG ;L00P UNTIL ZERO 01070 POP AF ; RESTORE REGISTERS 01080 POP HL ;dome with beep \D\ m\s POP BC SDON' I FORGET ' BC 01 100 01110 01 120 FOLLOWING JUMP HAS TO BE USED BEEP OR NOT) 1 ! ** 01 130 01 li0 01 150 JP 03FBH ;R0W COUNTER IN RDM 01 1G0 01 170 01 180 :+:* TO USE JUST ' ZX' AND CURSOR ROUTINE *=t 01 190 ** YOU HOVE TO PUT A 'HOOK' IN 40 1 EH AS FOLLOWS **• 01200 01210 * 01220 ORG OEF00H ! START BOMEPLflCE! * 01230 * 01240 START LD HL, BEGIN !GET ADDRESS * 01250 LD (:401EH) , HL ■,STORE IN VIDEO BLOCK * 012B0 JP 402DH • IfilSH FOR ' BASIC * 01270 01280 01290 01300 ** ' ZX' LINEPRINT STARTS HERE CON BE CHfiNGED TO 01310 RNY VPLUE THE USER PLEASES AS LONG AS THE RIGHT *t 01320 ROW AND KEY VALUE ARE USED TO CHECK FOR IT 01330 lf:H.::+:lt:H■:lf::+::+:**^^^:•H■+*l^^+:**:+**H■:**+>t:*H^*>^:.+:** 01340 01350 BEGIN EX AF, AF' ;SWAP REGISTERS 013B0 EXX ;flLL OF THEM ! 01370 LD A, i;3S08H) ;= ' ZX' ROW 013B0 CP 05H ;= ' ZX' PRESSED ?? 01390 JR NZ, OUT ;N0 = EXIT FAST 01400 LD HL, 3C00H !THEN POINT TO VIDEO 01410 LD E, 10H ?= 16 VIDEO LINES B1420 LOOP LD C,40H 5= 64 CHRS. /LINE 01430 LDOPl CfiLL TEST 5 CHECK ON PRINTER 01440 LD ft. CHL) 5GET FIRST CHARACTER • 01450 LD C37E8H),fl ; OUTPUT TO PRINTER PORT 01480 LD fl> (384eiH> ; SPACEBAR ROM 01470 CP S0H ?= SPfiCEBfiR PRESSED? Listing 1 continued on page 386 There's great business ahead! And here is THE DATA BASE to get you there. Meet GBS...the most complete, most powerful relational database management system available. It was designed to go beyond the capabilities of ordinary DBM systems. And it does. Where others may possibly be state- of-the'art...GBS, our General Business %^@m, is ahead-of-the-ait! Because it is relational, GBS is far more valuable to you and your busi- ness. It has the capability to access an almost unlimited amount of data from a variety of files, then combine that data and display or pritit 1 in a format that you specify. Relational, Efficient & Automatic GBS can automatically search for, locate, and interrelate information from many files. For example, on each order entry it can automatically decrement inventory; automatically post the data to your Accounts Receivable and automatically update your General Ledger. You don't have to spend countless hours making redundant entires, with the chance for numerous errors. GBS' interfile relationships and adjustments save you considerable time, and thus many hours of highrcost labor. Most other business programs are limited single file systems, whereas GBS allows you to work with 3 different files at the same time. All Indexes are updated automatically. What's more, a large GBS data file can extend over 4 different disl< drives...not merely one. No other data base system has the power and flexibility of GBS! Circle 347 on Inquiry card. A program generator, par excellence Included as a part of GBS is a very powerful applications development tool, called QGICK GEM. Basically, this function allows almost anyone -- even those unsophisticated about computers - to generate useful business programs. Think of the efficiency you gain when anyone on your staff can quickly generate a needed program to solve a particular problem! But, GBS versatility doesn't stop there. GBS is also ... ...a Fully F*rogrammable system... ... which allows you, or those with deeper computer interest, to create almost any business application program, such as accounts payable/receivable ... payroll ... general ledger ... order entry ... mailing lists ... personnel files ... cost accounting ... real estate listings ... time/expense management, and many more. And each one will be a personalized program ... individualized to the specific requirements of your firm! Start using GBS now You can. Because GBS is up and running on most popular CP/M* based computers, like those made by Apple, Tandy, Xerox, Sharp, NEC, Hewlett Packard, Toshiba, Osborne, Televideo, Vector, Altos and more. You can. Because GBS docu- mentation is written in a friendly, free- flowing, style...and it leads you by the hand with plenty of tutorials and easily understandable examples. And, the entire documentation is typeset for ease of reading. You can. Because GBS is fully supported by QUALITY SOFTWARE. So, if you ever have a question, or need assistance, simply contact QUALITY SOFTWARE and our professional support people will be happy to help. You can. Because we offer a special 30-Day Money Back Guarantee. Order your edition of GBS at ^700 (on disk, with complete professional documentation) and try GBS in your own business environment. If GBS isn't all we say it is, and more, simply return it within 30 days for a full refund. "This offer is for a limited time only, so please act immediately. Call Today There's great business ahead. And GBS is the relational data base management system which can help you control your information and data quickly, efficiently and effectively. Call us today for additional information or to take advantage of our special 30-Day Money Back Guarantee. GBS - it's the best business decision you can make, for today and the future. QUALITY SOFTWARE 6660 Reseda Blvd., Suite 107 Reseda, CA 9 1 335 (213) 344-6599 *CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. BYTE AprU 1982 385 Listing 1 continued: 01430 JR Z, QUTl ;YES = EXIT 0 1. 490 INC HL ;ADD NEXT CHfiRfiCTER 01500 DEC C ?MINUS CI) CHORftCTER 01510 JR NZ. LDOPl !LOOP FOR 64. CHftRRCTERS 0152O COLL TEST ; PRINTER BUSY? 01530 LD R> 0DH {-GfiRRIOGE RETURN 01 SAB LD t37E8H>T fi ?D0 IT! 01550 DEC E ;NEXT LINE - PLEfiSE 015B0 JR NZ. LOOP SflLL 16 LINES? 01570 JR OUT 5 GO IF fiLL DONE 01580 TEST LD ft. C37ESH) ; CHECK BYTE OT PRINTER 01590 CP 3FH ;63 DEC. = PRINTER BUSY 01600 JR NZ 7 TEST !LDDP UNTIL READY 01610 RET ■RETURN TO CALLER 01620 OUTl CfiLL TEST ! CHECK ON PRINTER 01630 LD fl,0DH ;CftRRIfil3E RETURN 01640 LD <37E8H),fl !D0 IT ON PRINTER! 01650 OUT EX flFvfiF' ! RESTORE REGISTERS 01660 EXX !flLL OF THEM 01670 01 680 01630 01700 01710 01720 01730 01740 B1750 01760 01770 01 730 01790 01900 01810 01320 01830 01840 01350 01SE0 01370 01 330 01330 0 1 300 01905 01310 !** CURSOR ROUTINE STARTS HERE RND ** ;** CRN BE USED SEPERftTELY ALSO ~ ** CURSOR CfiLL 045SH !CflLL VIDEO ROM DRIVER PUSH OF SSfiVE 'flF' PUSH UE ;BflVE 'DE' LD DE, (:4020H) SCURSOR POSITION LD 0, (DE) ;PUT CHORfiCTER IN 'ft' CP 5FH ;= NORMAL CURSOR JR NZ.EXIT ;not normal = do ■** MEMORY ADDRESS 1B4.09 DECIMAL IS USED TO — ** STORE THE CURSOR CHARACTER OF USER'S CHOICE ** EXIT LD LD POP POP RET NOP END A, i:iE409) tc.) $S35 For fast, ellicieni service. Heart of we can air freight from Dallas TEXAS COMPUTER SYSTEMS P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327 WToII Free Number 800 433-5184 Texas Residents 817 274-5625 Payment: Money order, cashiers or certified 'Prices subject to change at any time check. Prices above reflect 3% cash Discount < No Tax out-of-state. Texans add 5% Call for Visa/MC card prices. • Many items shipped FREE, Call for quote Circle 413 on inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 389 Source Code Modules The source code listing has been structured to allow use of any one or a combination of the modules. For ex- ample, the video-line-print module (lines 1210 through 1580) can be keyed in as a stand-alone program. In doing so, appropriate starting and ending addresses must be added to the routine. Lines 130, 170, 180, 190, and 260 will provide the start and en- try points. The following lines must be added to the "ZX" routine to com- plete a stand-alone listing: 1590 JP 0458H ;GOTO NORMAL VIDEO IN ROM 1600 END START ;EQUALS TRANSFER The key-beep routine has been in- cluded in the source-code listing for readers who wish to try it. To include the routine when keying in the code, the remark character (;) must be left out. Otherwise, it is not necessary to enter lines 760 through 1010. The program starting address must be changed to a lower value if the key-beep routine is included. As the program byte count has not been cal- culated with key beep included, this must be done by picking an arbitrary starting address, assembling the pro- gram, and then calculating total byte count. Once the byte count is deter- mined, the starting address can be changed accordingly. MOD III BASIC Version A BASIC language version of MOD III is provided in listing 2 for those who do not have an editor/ assembler. The program listing is somewhat shorter than the assembly- language version because it does not include key beep. As written, this program is self- checking for the correct response to RAM-size input (see lines 40 through 100). An INKEY$ routine (see lines 50, 60, and 90) is used for the input to prevent scrolling. If you enter two numbers in response to the RAM-size prompt, the program automatically branches to line 70 to check the input value. It is not necessary to press the ENTER key to conclude the input. Line 70 checks the validity of the input value. If the A-l-B input is valid (i.e., 16, 32, or 48), program flow is directed to the corresponding Hnes. An invalid entry will erase the numbers that were typed after the RAM-size prompt and set up the IN- KEY$ routine for a new input cycle. Listing 2: The BASIC listing for MOD III. The disk BASIC commands have been disabled; remove the apostrophes to enable these lines. 1 ' * M0D3 * BASIC VERSION 8. 1 2 ' BY 3 ' J. RDCKE 4 ' 10 CLS:PRINT:PRINT TOB<: 12.) "BftSIC PROGROM TO POKE " ; CHR* CSA) 5 "MOD II I " 5CHR*C34) 20 PRINT:PRINT TOBCllV'INTO MEMORY USING DRTfi STATEMENTS" 30 PRINT:PRINT TPBt 19) "BY: JOE W. ROCKE" : PRINT : PRINT 40 PRINT TftBCS)" THE SIZE OF ROM CIB. 32, 4S) THEN " ; CHR*<; 143) ; " "S 50 GOSUB90:fi=VflL(:Pl*) : PRINTa5B5.fi; :fi=Flt<10 B0 GGSUB90:B=VfiL(;fi*) :PRINT5I5E5, fi+B 70 IF (:fi+B)=lE THEN 110 ELSE IF f:*>f:**>f; 160 '** MEMORY SIZE? 3260S 170 POKE 16526, 77:P0KE 1B527, 127: ' NORMRL BPSIC 180 ' DEFUSR1=&H7F4D: ' DISK BRSIC 190 FOR ZS= 325B9 TO 327B7 : READ Z9:PDKE ZB, Z3:NEXT ZS 200 fi=USR<:0) :' NORMAL BASIC 210 'PRINT USRl (0) :' DISK BfiSIC 220 END 230 DfiTO 33, 97, 127, 34, 22, B4, 33, 170, 127, 34, 30, 64, 62, 143, 50 240 DRTfl 25, 64, 195, 25, 2E, 33, 54, 64, 1, 1, 56, 22, 0, 10, 95, 1B3, 32 250 DfiTfl 26,119,20,44,203,1,121,214,128,32, 241,126,6,7,45 260 DftTfi 134, 16, 252, 254, 0, 62, 0, 192, 50, 26, 64, 201, IBB, 40, IB 270 DfiTO 58, 26, B4, 60, 50, 2B, 64, 254, 255, 32, 217, 61, 50, 2B, 64 280 DfiTfl 123,115,197,1,88,2,205,95,0,193,10,163,200,195,251 290 DfiTfl 3,3,217,58, 8,56,254,5,32,54,33,0, SB, 30, IB, 14, 64 300 DfiTfl 205,217,127,126,50,232,55,58,64,56,254,128,40,25 310 DfiTfl 35, 13, 32, 238, 205, 217, 127, 62, 13, 50, 232, 55, 29, 32 320 DfiTfl 225, 24, 16, 58, 232, 55, 254, 63, 32, 249, 201 , 205, 217, 127 330 DftTfi B2, 13, 50, 232, 55, 8, 217, 205, 88, 4, 245, 213, 237, 91 , 32 340 DRTfl 64, 26, 254, 95, 32, 4. 58, 25, 64, 18, 209, 241 . 201 350 DELETE 10-350 Listing 2 continued on page 392 390 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Our I/O boards are ready to plug In. You already know you've got the hottest microcomputer on the market. IBM® made it. Now Quadram is setting the standards for hardware to help maximize the capabilities of your Personal Computer ... for the very lowest price. Expanded memory. Until recently if you wanted a floppy disk, an RS-232C board, and 256K bytes of memory —all five slots were filled. A TYirvT^/2i Thanks to Quadram, /AULl 1 1 lUl C you can have 256K system memory by adding just one card, freeing up >■ T-* 1 the other four slots for IBMPersonal I r>mTM itPT* Deluxe board with up to 192K L LpLitWL. RAM, a clock /calendar, parallel A -if interface and serial adapter. All on LNOWl one board! Full-line IBM add-ons with off-the-shelf availability. Expanded memory . . . additional capabilities . . . and unbeatable prices. Quad- ram's ready now to help your IBM bite off more. (We have been shipping off-the-shelf since late 1981.) byte to your Available soon: Non- Volatile RAM; Game I/O; Parallel/Game I/O Gom- bination; 192K Memory/Glock Combinatiow; ROM Board; Expartsion Chassis; Disk-I/O Expansion Chassis;'©, 10, 20 meg Hard Disk. For further information and the name of your nearest dealer, call (404) 92: or fill in this coupon and mall to: Quadram Corporation, 4357 Park Drivej Non Georgia 30093. Name Company Title Address City. State Zip Circle 344 on inquiry card. Circle 279 on Inquiry card. FORTRS-80 MODEL I OR III AND SOON FOR THE NEW IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER! ★ MORE SPEED 10-20 times faster than Level II BASIC. ★ MORE ROOM Very compact compiled code plus VIRTUAL MEMORY makes your RAM act larger. Variable number of block buffers. 31-char.-unique word- names use only 4 bytes In header! ★ MORE INSTRUCTIONS Add YOUR commands to Its 79-STANDARD-pluB Instruction setl Far more complete ttian most Forths: single & double precision, arrays, strlng-handltng, clock, more. ★ MORE EASE Excellent full-acrean Editor, structured & modular programmlno Word search utility THE NOTEPAD letter writer Optimized for your TRS-80 or IBM with keyboard repeats, upper/lower case display driver, full ASCII, single- & double-width graphics, etc. ★ MORE POWER Forth operating system Interpreter AND compiler 80B0 or 6066 Assembler (Z80 Assembler also available for TRS-60) intermix 35- to 80-tracl( disk drives Model III and IBM can read, write and run each other's and Model I diskettes! VIRTUAL I/O for video and printer, disk and tape (10-Megabyte hard disk available) Fomi THE PROFESSIONAL FORTH FOR TRS-80 (Thousands of systems In use) MMSFORTH Disk System V2.0 (requires 1 disk drive. 32K RAM) For Radio Shack TRS-SO Model I or III .... S12e.95 For IBM Personal Computer (advance order) . . . S249.86 AND MMS GIVES IT PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT Source code provided MMSFORTH Newsletter Many demo programs aboard MMSFORTH User Groups Inexpensive upgrades to latest version Programming staff can provide advice, modifications and custom programs, to fit YOUR needs. MMSFORTH UTILITIES DISKETTE: Includes FLOATING POINT MATH (L.2 BASIC ROM routines plus Complex numbers, Rectangular* Polar coordinate conversions, Degrees mode, more), plus a full Forth-style Z60 ASSEM- BLER; plus a powerful CROSS-REFERENCER to list Forth words by block and line. All on one diskette (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) . 139.96* FORTHCOM: communications package provides RS-232 driver, dumb terminal mode, transfer of FORTH blocks, and host mode to operate a remote TRS-80 (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) S39.95' THE DATAHANDLER V1.2: a very sophisticated data base managemenl system operable by non-pro- grammers (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $58.95* MMSFORTH GAMES DISKETTE: real-time graphics & board games w/aource code, includes BREAKFORTH, CRASHFORTH, CHYPTOQUOTE, FREEWAY, OTHELLO & TICTACFORTH (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.96- Other MMSFORTH products under development FORTH BOOKS AVAILABLE MMSFORTH USERS MANUAL - without Appendices, for non-owners J17.50* STARTING FORTH - best companion to our man- ual $15.95* THREADED INTERPRETIVE LANGUAGES • advanced, excellent analysis of MMS FORT H-IIke lan- guage, SIS^S* PROGRAM DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION - Intro, to struc- tured programming, good for Forth $13.95' FORTH -79 STANDARD MANUAL - official reference to 79-STANDARDword set, etc $13.95* FORTH SPECIAL ISSUE, BYTE Magazine (Aug. 1980) -we stock this collector's Item for Forth users and beginners $4.00' * - ORDERING INFORMATION: Software prices Include manuals and require signing of a non-transferraQle single system, singlg-user license. Describe your Hard- ware. Add $2.00 S/H plus $3.00 per MMSFORTH and $1.00 per additional book; Mass. orders add 5% tax. Foreign orders add 20%. UPS COD, VISA & M/C ac- cepted; no unpaid purchase orders, please. Send SASE for free htMSFORTH iniormatkm. Good dealers sought. Get MMSFORTH products from your computer dealer or MILLER MICROCOMPUTER SERVICES (B4) 61 Lake Shore Road, Natick, MA 01760 (BIT) 653-6136 Listing 2 continued: 36(9 370 380 330 400 ai0 420 430 440 450 4B0 470 480 490 scae 510 520 530 540 550 5G0 570 530 590 612)0 E10 620 630 640 550 660 670 6S0 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 » «4:itc4c>«<>tat:i«>ti>H>t< 32K - ROM III DflTfi !»e**l|:i(«***»tH'* '** MEMORY SIZE? 48931 POKE 16525, 77:P0KE 16527, 191 s ' NORMfiL BASIC 'DEFUSR1=&HBF4D:'DISK BfiSIC FOR Z8=- 16563 TO-1 6385: READ Z3 : POKE 28, Z3! NEXT Z8 fi=USR(0) :' NORMfiL BfiSIC 'PRINT USRli:0):'DIBK BfiSIC END DflTfl 33., 97, 191, 34, 22, 64, 33, 170, 191, 34, 30, 64, 62, 143, 50 DftTfi 25, 64, 195, 25, 26, 33, 54, 64, 1, 1, 56, 22. 0, 10, 35, 163, 32 DftTfi 26, 113, 20, 44, 203, 1, 121, 214, 128, 32, 241, 126, 6, 7, 45 DflTfi 134,16,252,254,0,62,0, 192,50,26,64,201, 166,40, 15 DfiTfi 58, 26, 64, ^0, 50, 26, 64, 254, 255, 32, 217, El, 50, 26, 54 DflTfl 123, 115, 197, 1, 88, 2, 205, 36, 0, 133, 10, 1B3, 200, 195, 251 DflTfl 3. S, 217, 58, 8, 56, 254, 5, 32, 54, 33, 0, 60, 30, 16, 14. 64 DflTfl 205. 217. 191 . 126. 50. 232, 55, 58, 64. 56. 254, 128, 40, 25 DflTfl 35. 13. 32, 238, 205, 217, 191, 62, 13, 50, 232, 55, 29, 32 DflTfl 225, 24, 16, 58, 232, 55, 254, 53, 32, 249, 201, 205, 217, 191 DflTfl 62. 13, 50, 232, 55, 8, 217, 205, 88, 4. 245. 213, 237, 91, 32 DflTfl 64. 26, 254, 95, 32. 4, 58, 25, 64. 18, 203, 241, 201 DELETE 10-560 ' 4cif:4cit<>H>ti4:>«<>H>l> Wabash: 534-"/ «• K 524.90 Bincli— «- SS/SD: More Avail. QTY. PRICE AVAI SPECIALS ZENITH ZVM-121 VilHMuiliilGreen!! IS Hi if- ^ 118.50 82SS — •5i95 8748-8 -**31j00 3341PC^'2.00 MMsoeo^ 35c MC6800 — *7.75 MC6802 - *1495 MC6850 ^'A.SO MCt S2 I.e. MASTER $59-95 CARDS MiCROSOf T Z80, RAM V6000 VIOCX VIDEOTERM REAL-TIME CLOCK CALENDAR (MSM5832) t«tl«m Mono Ualal OaM CWOS I C Fiilwn TifTw. Month. Date. Waar. 4 DayolWkak ■euaOrianlad • Bit Data a,. tj Atl ■X/WHoldSalac • «'S«Ci •Intar Signal XTAL ■32766KI>r ilal CMral. t 'SvPowSup. 'Low RDMiaf DIttipatlon GLOBAL LPK-1: Logic Probe Kit-comptete nothing extra to buy Min. pulse width 300nsec. 10 Saim II liiiiiiiiicii THE MPD 117 1 turns an ordinary outlet intoa coni- rolled potmr source I *7a50 0UW-T8/2 Logical DEV. "EPROU-Erascr" •EraseuptolSEPROM'S in 30min. COMPUTERS ATARI" 800^" COMPUTER SYSTEM 4(K)w/16K »350 00 800W/16K »699.00 800 Computer w/48K ^825.00 ATARI PERIPHERALS: Printer"82B"- 650PO ■ Disk Dr."810- 48&0O ' Re<:ord.-410- 82PO ', Paddle I pr.) Joystickipr)'' 32k RAM- 17395 Basic Cart.- 4aoo > 16.95 Asteroids ^ Missle Corr^S 32.50 Sup Brk.Out Assem. Edit - 49.oo star Raklers- 45;» Basketball- 28PO Chess- 3290 ♦ MONITORS* ZENITH ID 12in.1BMHz. J.C.S. [2] 12in. 18MHz. amdekS 12in.12MHz. 13in Color r—1 M_ 1. Green Phos Hi-Res — • Z.Green Phos. Hi-Res - Non glare ' Hi^?"""*}***-?* f 3a. Lo-Res. - CONCORD COMPUTER PRODU 1971 so. STATE COLLEGE _^ ANAHEIM, CALIF 92806 fi\<^ (714)937-0637 -""^T CHECK — MA) \0^^»\^ V '^'^ NO COD '10.MIN ORDER. CA HES ADD 6 - FHT COMPONENTS 74 800 SN7400N 18 SN7402N 22 SN7404N 21 SN7408N 22 SN7410N 18 SN74i2N 20 SN74t3N 22 5N74I4N 29 SN7416N 27 SN741 7N 29 SN7420N 17 SN7425N 20 SN7430N 17 SN7437N 28 SN7438N 24 SN7440N 18 SN7442N 45 SN7443N 42 SN7445N 84 SN74S1N 19 SN7454N 19 SN7474N 27 SN74 7 5N 36 74LS00 SN7482N SN7492N SN7493N SN749aN SN749aN SN74122N SN7413aN SN74141N SN741S1N SN741S3N SN74154N SN7415SN SN741S7N 5N74180N SN74161N SN741ft3N SN74164N SN7416SN SN74174N SN7417SN 5N74180N SN74181 N SN74393N too I 3S 74LS00 74LS02 74LS03 74LS04 74LS06 74LS0e MLS09 74LS10 74LS14 74LS20 74LS21 MLS28 74LS27 74LS28 74LS30 74LS32 74LS38 74LS42 74LS4d 74LS74 74LS75 74L586 74LSe0 74LS93 74LS9e 74LS107 74 LS1 13 74LS122 74 LSI 2 3 74LS125 74LS126 74LS138 74LS130 74LS158 74LS181 74LS182 74LS183 74LS184 .86 7415165 .85 7«LS18ft 1.S6 74 LSI 70 1.75 74LS174 .86 M LSI 75 .85 74LS190 85 74LS191 1,25 74LSie5 96 74L5197 78 MLS221 1.25 n L8240 1 85 74 L5241 1.85 74 LS243 1 55 74 LS244 t.Sfi 74 L5245 2 45 74LS251 1 25 M LS2S3 85 MLS2S7 86 74 LS259 t 96 74LS280 55 74 LS273 1 55 74 LS279 45 74 LS290 1 25 74 LS293 1 86 74 LS3e6 86 74 LS387 74LS373 74 LS3M 74 LS377 1 25 74lSM« 74LSe70 83 " 2102 4B0N8 74SOO 74502 74S03 74S04 74SOS 74S10 74SI5 74S20 74S22 74S30 74S37 74550 74SS1 74S64 74S74 74586 745112 745132 2708 3.25W 8 lOr 2.96m 2716 S^M 8 tor SJ»M 2732 12.06m 4 tar11J30M 41W 200ns. 1 8/ 2n4L 300HS 225m 4tar LOOM 200HS 245m 4toi 2.00m 2111 450NS 2.fiOMtttar 2iX}M MISC. cont'il 745138 74S140 74S158 74S174 74S175 74S183 745189 4 36 74S201 6 75 74S240 2 75 74S344 2 96 745251 2 75 74S267 2 95 745288 2 96 745299 5 75 745470 9 25 745471 9 50 745473 9 50 745474 9 SO 1 45 1 86 8T20 8r2B 8212 8218 l84106Cfl IT410miAC 7906 7908 71M5 7918 7806 7808 7808 7812 MC1330A1P MCISSOP MCt358P LM3a0 » 1103A .75 2AS UPDTSS 19lS5 4.M controilr -B6 ULH2001 .06 tao tao 1-88 DOOM 100 D300I 1.96 1.40 1.50 1.56 1.06 1.06 1.06 I.e. SOCKETS 1075.30 HV5.70 KV8 70 KV9.70 KV12.70 »m.7o wirjo 8 W/t.20 I 14 10/1.30 I 16 KV1.40 I 18 KV1.S0 I 20 KV2.70 I 23 1072.70 I 24 10/2.70 I 28 WSilol 40 W3J0| CPUs I Z - 80 7.96 Z 8CM etc 10.50 Z BOA CPU 10 50 Z 80 002 ie-84K 129XW I HA 13.50 I 2001 A 7.50 UC8800 9.50 410 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 124 on inquiry card. PUT YOUR APPLE TO WORK FOR YOU! WITH THE THUNDERCLOCK PLUS™ As an APPLE user you already know all the things your APPLE can do. Now Thunderware expands that list with the THUNDERCLOCK PLUS, the complete clock/calendar system for your APPLE! Your programs can read the month, date, day-of-week, hour, minute, and second in any of APPLE'S languages. On-board batteries keep your THUNDERCLOCK running accurately when your APPLE is off - for up to 4 years before battery replacement. But that's just the beginning. 'W^ 12 The THUNDERCLOCK PLUS is the most useful and versatile peripheral V you can put in your APPLE. It can keep your disk files organized by ^ 1^ ^' time-and-date-stamping them, it enhances the usability of many of the % 1l 7 q 5 new business/professional software packages for accounting, filing, and time management, and it can remotely control lights and appliances ll^L for security or display purposes in your business or home. miigt ■ mmmim' SOFTWARE PRODUCT COMPATIBILITY fgMj^l^ Many of today's important software packages for data-base management, business applications, communications, and time management are designed to use the THUNDERCLOCK PLUS. If you have or plan to purchase any of these packages, a THUNDERCLOCK will greatly enhance their usefulness. •VISIDEX* (Personal Software) •DB MASTER and MICRO-MEMO (Stoneware) •MICRO-COURIER and MICRO- TELEGRAM (Microcom) •THE CASHIER and THE STORE MANAGER (High Technology) •BUSINESS PLUS and NET-WORKS (Advanced Data Systems) ...and many others! _ I THUNDERWARE'S DOS-DATER Our new DOS-DATER software upgrades the regular DOS on ..,.-,,„— your disks so that DOS will use the THUNDERCLOCK to time- ImMik ^BSiwffil^l and-date-stamp disk files. Every time a program is saved or a file is modified, the current date and time to the minute are stored in the CATALOG with the file's name. You can tell at a glance when a program was saved or when any file was last modified. And this s^f^ffi^^H tifne/date stamping feature is completely automatic. That means Wy .y iW^rPRj^M any program which uses DOS will time/date stamp its files! REMOTE CONTROL Add Thunderware's X-10 INTERFACE OPTION to your THUNDERCLOCK PLUS and your APPLE can control lights and appliances through your BSR X-10 Home Control System on your pre-defined schedules. Our powerful SCHEDULER software allows you to create and modify schedules easily and execute them in the 'background', while usingyour APPLE for other tasks in the 'foreground'. Use your APPLE for energy management, display and security lighting, or laboratory/process control. Our PASCAL Software lets you use all the THUNDERCLOCK'S features in PASCAL and sets the F)iler date whenever you boot. You get all this versatility in just one peripheral system. Backed by a full one year warranty. See your APPLE dealer for a demonstration, or contact us for more information. We'll give your APPLE the best time around! Suggested retail prices: THUNDERCLOCK PLUS $139 THUNDERWARE, INC. X-10 INTERFACE OPTION . $49 P O- 13322 PASCAL SOFTWARE DISK $29 °^^lT^'*l.c^,%^^^ (415)-652-1737 DOS-DATER /DEMO DISK $29 MANUALS ONLY.each $5 •Requires software supplied on DOS-DATER/DEMO disk. Distributed by Apple Computer, Inc. bsk x-io is a ir.Kic.m.,rk of bsr (usai ltd. and Computerland Corp. apple 11 is a irademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC *A 006 *A 006 *A 004 *A 004 *B 003 *B 005 *B 002 *B 004 *A 007 *A on *I 009 HELLO CLOCK FRAME DISK BACKOFF SCREEN TCPUTIL SDTIME.O ADIGCLK SET T IDIG Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that ali men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. jXable 7: The Gettysburg Address prior to encoding in binary-coded-text form as in I table 8. (8a) 04 13 64 98 70 12 F6 D4 62 EG 07 81 50 12 A8 07 A4 03 98 CI 05 CC 73 74 6F CA 04 04 94 12 F6 BB D4 EA 9E 03 97 14 06 79 FF 9B 07 07 DC 07 68 14 F9 6F 8D D8 03 8E 02 6D C9 EA EC C6 D1 EE 06 98 C4 DD F6 06 92 99 D8 00 EA A5 8C OE 14 07 64 OE 68 69 61 F6 10 9A 94 9F CC 6B 12 OB 5B 14 14 80 A6 74 F6 04 6F 14 A3 2D OC 82 17 04 02 97 16 07 97 03 14 06 70 12 74 F6 04 A9 OE 03 04 A3 13 OB AO OC 16 02 69 04 A9 DB (8b) 02 92 02 80 F6 02 81 08 ID 84 08 1A 87 A8 F4 07 E4 07 C9 01 74 4B 83 A8 40 2F 07 05 40 33 A2 F1 1C F1 03 00 3F EC D3 IE 08 80 88 1A 09 ID 10 8F 54 2E 00 8F 18 91 F8 8E BA FO 09 33 9C C2 IB A7 AE FO 09 E9 09 30 23 54 IF 22 A8 01 BA FO 18 18 4B 96 98 97 FO 00 85 A8 08 IE 31 00 1B IE OF F5 F7 19 9A 78 58 98 01 E6 2C 99 74 09 19 00 DD 05 18 81 F1 09 F4 04 OF 00 F8 lA BA 06 00 27 2C 82 00 85 A8 IB OF 00 02 63 09 93 86 CA 1A 4B 85 A8 27 10 9F 01 IB 85 F8 10 05 84 81 F1 IE 00 99 74 08 07 IE 40 02 86 F2 09 F8 8E 08 40 01 09 00 EO 8F A8 23 09 04 32 93 08 03 90 01 A7 96 01 00 94 18 EO 83 09 95 A8 8F 01 A8 01 23 IF IB 18 9F 01 58 99 A8 9B 00 22 36 35 8E 08 IE 00 02 2E 33 90 95 01 AC 02 8E 00 1A IE 22 00 18 81 FF FF F5 EO FB 02 08 1C 57 99 18 86 78 IE 40 2F 88 A8 C2 00 IE 99 09 54 00 90 8A 08 19 IE 8B 78 19 IE 22 80 F1 45 9D 01 EO F3 00 70 5F 20 40 54 2E 85 54 2E 90 08 83 1A 98 04 D8 01 00 01 01 18 8A 01 05 09 4D 40 08 4D 35 6F 81 02 09 00 36 35 33 00 81 C2 22 A8 98 08 F2 86 04 40 A9 F1 08 F2 18 90 40 BA FO BE A8 ID 00 9D 09 E6 02 33 DO 21 19 18 F1 E6 02 2E 09 66 84 64 74 09 83 A8 SB 8E 01 2F ID 1C 9F 01 74 32 61 99 01 89 F8 01 09 01 OF 00 DE 02 09 25 BA FO 08 F2 01 23 IF 80 OF 00 02 30 F8 8E 08 40 20 FB 03 01 09 45 92 A8 F2 66 89 06 46 85 F1 00 BA 01 BA FO BA FO 01 23 18 28 85 A8 84 E2 D8 01 01 18 28 BA 71 A8 ■01 BE E8 A3 9A 78 01 95 03 E9 91 98 F8 IE 08 8E 08 IE 10 57 9E 08 81 F1 09 2A 9F 08 31 18 Table 8: The Gettysburg Address in binary-coded-text form. Table 8a is the string list for the Address; table 8b is the pointer list. Tabh 9 shows how the first words of the Address are decoded. Limitations While binary-coded text offers a significant potential for savings in media eosts, it is not without its negative considerations. Encoding and decoding require time and mem- ory. Also, the strategies that binary- coded text incorporates for the economic storage of traditional English text do not prove nearly so ef- ficient when applied to irregular language or technical jargon. The time and memory devoted to encoding and decoding are not as great as they might appear. Encoding is by far the lei\gthier of the two pro- cesses. The work that I did in developing the encoder was done on a Radio Shack TRS-80, which takes just under 30 seconds to encode the Gettysburg Address. Decoding the Gettysburg Address, on the other hand, takes only a few seconds. In- asmuch as any given piece of text needs to be encoded only once and thereafter can be stored for decoding an indefinite number of times, the time devoted to encoding is not necessarily a significant considera- tion. Decoding takes place at a rate far in excess of human reading speed, so the decoding time is irrelevant in any configuration in which it is being performed by a dedicated unit (such as an intelligent terminal or a microcomputer). The size of the en- coder or decoder may or may not be a limiting factor: the encoder and decoder together, including the dic- tionary, occupy just under lOK bytes. The fact that the string list is limited to 1024 entries does not really limit the size of the text that can be reduced to binary-coded text. A string list of 1024 entries is probably large enough to accommodate a text of approximately 10,000 words. The encoder can simply treat a text of 20,000 words as if it were two separate texts of 10,000 words each and create a separate string list for each "text." Regardless of the number of string lists the encoder has to generate, the ratio of storage re- quirements for character-byte text to storage requirements for binary- coded text should remain relatively constant at a ratio of arotmd 5:2. 412 April 198^© BYTE Publications Inc 1 . The first line of the Gettysburg Address (as it appears on a 64-character wide display): l6l6l6bl6Fouri6scorei6ahdbseveni6yearsi6ago,i6ouri6fathersl6broughti6forth(lf-Gr) 2. The string list for the first line of text of the Gettysburg Address: 4 s c r f r Information Encoded Hexadecimal Code c r f r t 0 5 o h 04 13 64 98 70 12 FS 3. The pointer list for the first line of the Gettysburg Address. (Note that the 2-byte pointers appear in less-signlf ioant-byte/more-slgnlf Icant-byte order. Each separate pointer code has been underscored to assist the reader in distinguishing 1- and 2-byte codes.) 02 92 02 80 F8 1A BA 06 F5 EO FB 02 09 66 84 64 F6 02 81 08 00 Decoded: 02 92 02 80 F8 1A BA 06 F5 EO FB 02 09 66 84 64 F6 02 81 08 00 indent and capitalize first letter next word 16161616b dictionary address 274 plus null word ending fourl6 string list address 0 plus "e" word ending scor + el6 ■ dictionary address 26 plus null word ending andl6 dictionary address 826 plus null word ending sevenb dictionary address 117 plus "s" word ending year + sl6 dictionary address 379 plus null word ending ago trailing comma ,16 dictionary address 102 plus null word ending oUrb dictionary address 516 plus "ers" word ending_ .fath + ersb dictionary address 374 plus null word ending ' broughtb string list address 1 plus null word ending forth b linefeed/carriage return Table 9: Reconstruction of the first line of the Gettysburg Address from the binary- coded text of table 8. Due to the fact that binary-coded text relies so heavily on its dictionary of frequently used words, its efficien- cy will necessarily suffer when it is confronted with atypical character strings. One tactic for coping with this problem is to use different dic- tionaries for different categories of texts. In fact, this enhances the effi- ciency of binary-coded text in general. A list of the 1000 most fre- quently used words to be found in a library of computer-science journals, for example, will be significantly dif- ferent from a list of the 1000 most fre- quently used words in a collection of back issues of the New York Times. There is no logical obligation to en- code all texts on the basis of the same dictionary. The only requirement of binary-coded text is that the decoding program have available the same dic- tionary as was used during encoding. ■ The complete encoded dictionary is available from the author for $10. Not tor sale in any bookstore! I*Iot available at any price! The new Consumer Information Catalog! It's the free booklet that lists over 200 helpful Federal publi- cations; more than half, free. On topics like home repairs. Money manage- ment. Nutntion. Information that could help you to a better way of life To get your tree copy, justYrtite: (XlNSDMrnonfORIUIION CENTER, DEFr.E FDEBI<0,GOU>RADO BIOMT €liVB^ General Services Administration Apple by Harold Ableson Logo. Hie name Logo describes not only the evolving family of computer languages detailed in this book, but also a philosophy of education that makes full and innovative use of the teaching potential of modem computers. Apple Logo presents the Apple II user with a complete guide to the applications of this unique system and also includes a description of TI Logo for users of the Texas Instruments 99/4 computer. The designers' vision of an unhmited educational tool becomes a reality for the Apple II user who begins to work with this procedural language. Logo enables even young children to control the computer in self-directed ways (rather than merely responding to it), yet it also offers sophisticated users a general pro- gramming system of considerable power. Apple Logo actually teaches programming tech- niques through "Turtle Geometry" — fascinating exercises involving both Logo programming and geometric concepts. Later chapters illustrate more ad- vanced projects such as an "INSTANT" program for preschool children and the famous "DOCTOR" pro- gram with its simulated "psychotherapist." ISBN 0-07-00425-0 240 Pages Softcover, spiral-bound $14.95 Call Toil-Free 800/258-5420 BYTE Books 70 Main Street Peterborough, N.H. 03458 m circle 66 on Inquiry card. April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc 413 BYTELINES News and Speculation About Personal Computing Conducted by Sol Libes l^andom Rumors: Word has it that IBM is developing its own floppy- disk drive for disks less than 5Vi inches in diameter. IBM is also said to be telling po- tential parts suppliers that it expects to ship approximate- ly 1.2 million personal com- puters by 1984. And this coming summer the corpora- tion is expected to introduce a larger brother for its Per- sonal Computer. . . . Olivetti and Victor are expected to soon introduce systems that are software compatible with the IBM Personal Com- puter. ... In a change of plans, Hitachi Ltd. is post- poning introduction of its personal computer Into the U.S. until late this year. Hitachi has been showing a prototype 6809-based sys- tem at trade shows. Re- portedly, they feel that they do not yet have enough soft- ware support for it. . . . Mat- tel Electronics is said to be readying a portable ter- minal/computer. . . . Xerox may be seriously considering a low-cost por- table terminal. . . you can expect similar Introductions from Sinclair, Epson, Hitachi, and Alcatel- Electronique (France) at the National Computer Confer- ence (NCC) show In June. All are expected to sell for less than $500. . . . Toshiba is ex- pected to show a portable computer (T-100) using an optional flat-screen liquid- crystal display at the NCC. . . . Rumor has it that Apple will not have its new data- base/electronic-mailer/user- friendly 68000 system ready for Introduction at the NCC. . . . Micropolls Is reported to be readying 8-inch Winches- ter-technology disk drives with capacities of 60, 90, and 180 megabytes for introduction later this year. ^Zomputer Flea Mar- ket: On Saturday and Sun- day, April 17 and 18, several thousand computer hobby- ists will flock to Trenton State College, New Jersey, for the Trenton Computer Festival, the world's largest personal-computer equip- ment flea market. This an- nual event is now in its seventh year. Many swap and seller tables, spread over more than eight acres, feature everything from complete computer systems to tiny electronic parts. There will be speakers, user- group meetings, an indoor exhibition area, and a ban- quet. The Festival is sponsored by the Amateur Computer Group of New Jersey, the Philadelphia Area Computer Society, and the Trenton State Computer Society; the funds raised help support these nonprofit organiza- tions. For information, call (609) 771-2487 or write to TCF-82, Trenton State Col- lege, Trenton, NJ 08625. ew Policies for In- tertec: Intertec has been receiving negative press comments lately regarding its warranty policies and other matters. The company has made a series of an- nouncements it feels will im- prove customer relations. Intertec will now pay return freight on defective equipment, during the war- ranty period, and on equip- ment that arrives damaged to the dealers. The company is instituting a money-back guarantee during the 90-day warranty. Customers may return their machines for any reason dur- ing that period and pay only a restocking charge of 5 per- cent for the first 1 5 days and higher percentages beyond that on a sliding scale. A new user hot-line is available to solve customer problems. Any problem un- resolved after 24 hours will be forwarded automatically to the product manager. A series of across-the- board price reductions were announced last month. The Superbrain has dropped from $3495 to $2995; the Superbrain QD from $3995 to $3495; and the high-end Compustar from $4495 to $3995. Several additional policy changes have been made to give Intertec dealers added flexibility In discount struc- tures. Intertec customers will now automatically become members of a company- sponsored user group, which will meet annually. The company is also sponsoring a new magazine for users. ore 68000 Systems: Systems based on Mo- torola's 68000 micropro- cessor are now available from Charles River Systems, Computhink, Codata Sys- tems, Crornemco, and Dual Systems Control, as well as Empirical Research Group, Evans and Sutherland, Future Systems, Fortune Systems, Microdasys, Omni- byte, Q1, and Wicat Sys- tems. This list will probably quadruple in size by year- end. And virtually all have or will have Unix-like operating systems. Most are designed to be multiuser systems, although they can be used by a single person. So far, most of the bus-oriented systems introduced use either the Multibus or the S-100 bus. Few, if any, are using the Versabus, specifically designed by Motorola for the 68000. The problem Is that the Versabus requires very large and ex- pensive boards and connec- tors. Sinclair Flat-Screen: Sinclair Research Ltd. has disclosed an agreement with ICL (International Com- puters Ltd.), the largest com- puter maker in England, for ICL to produce a line of of- fice work stations that will use Sinclair's flat video screen CRT and the Sinclair version of BASIC. Plans are for the units to be intro- duced In Europe and possibly the U.S. in early 1983. The ultra-compact work stations will function as stand-alone computers and also will communicate voice and data via private telephone systems. Sinclair Is also expected to show a prototype portable terminal using the flat screen at the NCC show. A flat-screen pocket television measuring 6 by 4 by 1 in- ches, retailing for about $100, is expected to be in production later this year. 414 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc ''Our current recom mendation for a big five accounting package isMBSr Computer Dealer magazine January, 1982 At last, full feature general business software for micro^cpmputers. Officially authorized derivations from the popular MCBA® mini-computer packages, these packages have been eased down to micros and made even more- user friendly. The mini versions of these pack- ages are distributed by oyer 900 OEMs and dealers, and are in use at over 9,000 end user sites worldwide. And already these micro versions themselves are in use by thousands of end users. Written in RM/COBOL™, these pack- ages run underCP/M ®, OASIS™, UNIX®, COS-990 ® and other operating systems. They run on dozens of brands of micro-computers, including properly configured models from Radio Shack 1 1, Apple III, Zenith, Hewlett Packard 125, Xerox 820, ALTOS, ONYX and many more. Tens of man-years have gone into these packages, which comprise over 230 programs, 165,000 lines of struc- tured source code, and 1 ,800 pages of user and technical documentation. Our claim is simple: THIS IS THE BEST MICRO-COM- PUTER GENERAL BUSINESS SOFT- WARE AVAILABLE. And we stand behind that with a moneybacl< guarantee. If s no accident that Computer Dealer magazine recently endorsed MBSI soft- ware. So if you're a re-seller looking forflrst class micro-computer software, contact us today. mb Micro Business Software, Inc. Dover Rd., Dept. BY1 Chichester, NH 03263 U Phone: (603) 798-5700 MCBA. RM/COBOL. CP/M, OASIS. UNIX, COS-990 are trademarks respectively of Mini-Computer Business Applications, Inc.; Ryan McFarland Corp.: Digital Research: Phase One Systems. Inc.: Bell Laboratories: and Ryan-McFarland Inc. BYTELINES The unit, which will have a display three times brighter than conventional television sets and will use one quarter the power, will be made by Timex. According to Sinclair, a major U.S. retail chain has already agreed to buy 300,000 sets. Sinclair has also disclosed that it is working on a short- distance electronic car that it hopes to have on the road before 1985. A^ore Fla^Panel Dis- plays; Several manufac- turers are already shipping flat-panel displays, suitable for use in video-style ter- minals, that are based on refinements of existing tech- nologies: gas-discharge (CD), vacuum-fluorescent (VF), and liquid-crystal (LC). Low- cost DC-type CD displays, also known as plasma displays, are already available in sizes as large as 12 lines by 40 characters. AC-type CD displays offer inherent pixel memory, and therefore do not require refreshing and exhibit no flicker; however, they are more complex and conse- quently more expensive. Electro Plasma, in Millbury, Ohio, already offers an AC CD display that displays 66 lines by 80 characters; Inter- state Electronic, in Anaheim, California, offers a 51 -line by 85-character display (512 by 512 pixels); and Fujitsu America offers a 25-line by 80-character display (also 512 by 512 pixels). Ise Electronics, Japan, holds the basic patents on VF technology and has licensed Nippon Electric Company (NEC) and Futuba, as well as its own Noritake Electronics division, to manufacture it. These com- panies are currently supply- ing VF displays with as many as 256 by 256 pixels. Color displays are also available on custom order. LC displays are also in- creasing in size. For exam- ple, Seiko Instruments, Tor- rance, California, is current- ly shipping 4-line by 32-character displays. However, LC is the most ex- pensive of the three, and all are still considerably more expensive than the old cathode ray tube (CRT) standby. But prices are drop- ping as the technology im- proves and production in- creases. At this time, the CD display shows the best pro- mise of competing with the CRT. I^easoning Computer: The Department of Energy's Argonne National Lab- oratory and Northern Illinois University have developed AURA (automated reasoning assistant), a general-purpose program that appears to mimic some reasoning skills of the human mind. It eliminates the need to understand complex pro- gramming when using a computer to solve a prob- lem. The problem must be explained to AURA in terms it can understand, and sug- gestions must be made for AURA to investigate. AURA does not solve the problem; rather, it points put direc- tions for further study.. I EEE Standards: The Binary Floating Point (P754) and Radix Free Floating Point (P854) standards are being voted on by the In- stitute of Electrical and Elec- tronics Engineers (IFLE) stan- dards committee members Standards for Relocatable Object Code Format (P695) and High Level Language (P755) are in draft states. The IEEE Assembly Language Mnemonics Standard (P694) committee is extending the current standard (which most manufacturers seem to ignore) to include several of the newer 16- and 32-bit microprocessors. A commit- tee is being formed to work on a standard for CP/M. A committee on Software Benchmark Standards has also been formed. For more information on IEEE Com- puter Standards in develop- ment contact: Michael Smolin, Chairman, IEEE Computer Standards Com- mittee, c/o Synertek Inc., Box 552, MS#39, Santa Clara, CA 95052. I^esearch Cooper- ative: The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) is planning to fund basic reasearch projects at U.S. universities through a newly formed Semiconductor Research Cooperative (SRC). Dr. Robert Noyce, Intel Cor- poration vice-chairman and chairman of SIA, said SRC plans to raise $4 to 5 million from integrated-circuit makers this year. This is be- ing done in response to the huge Japanese investments in research and training of engineers. Manufacturers are being asked to con-, tribute an amount equal to 0.1 percent of their sales of semiconductor devices. Japanese firms would not be welcome to join because American firms are not presently allowed access to research being conducted in Japan's VLSI (very-large- scale integration) lab- oratories. SRC would own patents produced by its efforts and would collect royalties from firms that use them. SRC will be staffed by 10 engineers, headed by a full-time direc- tor, and controlled by a technical advisory board. Companies so far par- ticipating in SRC are Intel, IBM, Digital Equipment Cor- poration, Motorola, Control Data, Advanced Micro Devices, National Semicon- ductor, and Fairchild Camera and Instrument. Notable for its absence is Texas Instruments. V\Aatchlng IBM: Sears has disclosed that, during its first two months of selling microcomputers via its five computer stores, IBM pro- ducts have taken a 'large lead in sales volume among products carried in the stores." IBM shares shelf space with the NEC PC- 8001A, Vector Graphic Series 3, and a Wang word processor. There are rumors that IBM will shortly announce an en- largement of its Personal Computer dealer base. Re- portedly, a large number of independent retailers have applied for dealerships and are awaiting a decision. In the meantime, dealers have been encountering some availability problems because of the large de- mand for the Personal Com- puter. IBM has disclosed that it will enter the industrial robot market shortly. Rumor has it that the robot will be designed for high-speed assembly or component in- sertion, selling in the $125,000 range. ^Felephone Typeset- ting: For about two years now I have been sending many of the articles and books that I write (with Wordstar on my trusty old S-100-based personal com- puter) directly to a typeset- ter via modem (at 600 bits per second, during off hours, using the standard CP/M- modem protocol), to be typeset directly from my file. The turnaround time is terrific, and the prices are great because little labor is involved. The typesetter has his system operating auto- matically 24 hours a day so that I can dial in at any time 416 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc and send the file. His system receives it automatically, whether he is there or not. He then adds the necessary typesetting control char- acters and processes the file directly through his machine. Two or three days later the typeset text is In my mailbox. Typesetters across the country are recognizing the value of hooking up per- sonal computers to their typesetting machines and the phone lines. Check your Yellow Pages for such ser- vices in your area. EePROM Update: Elec- trically erasable program- mable read-only memories (EEPROMs) allowing erasure of bulk memory and Elec- trically alterable ROMs (EAROMs) allowing altera- tion of individual bytes are finally coming to the market- place. They allow real-time program changes, have reasonable access speeds, and come in less expensive packages than standard EPROMs that are erased by ultraviolet light. At the pre- sent time they cost eight to ten times more than EPROMs. However, as pro- duction increases they are expected to drop to a com- petitive price and supersede EPROMs. Already 16K-bit EEPROMs (2K by 8 bits) are available in limited quantities from Intel, National, General Instrument (CI), and Motorola. And even Hitachi has announced a 64K-bit (8K by 8 bit) EEPROM. In an interesting turn of events, Intel has gone to court and received a preliminary injunction against Seeq Technology pro- hibiting sharing of EEPROM technology with Zilog or any other company. EAROMs are also available in limited quantities from Gl, National Cash Register (NCR), Nitron, and Toshiba. NCR even makes a 2K by 8-bit EAROM. However, ac- cess times are measured in microseconds and dual power sources are required. In the meantime, 64K-btt EPROMs are reaching full production status, and 128K-bit EPROMs are being sampled. Sixteen-bit-wide EPROMs are expected shortly. ^^DAPSO Grant Pro- gram: The Association of Data Processing Service Organizations (ADAPSO), Arlington, Virginia, has established a grant and fel- lowship program for post- secondary students pursuing careers In the computer- services industry. Awards will be up to $1000 per re- cipient per academic year. The deadline for applying is April 20, 1982. u nix Look-Allkes: Manufacturers are finally starting to ship the 16-bit Unix-like operating systems they've been advertising for the past year. Some even claim to have Unix-like sys- tems for 8-bit computers. A few have been shipping these 8-bit systems for sev- eral months now. Bell Laboratories even has a Z80 version that it is using in- house. As reported last month. Western Electric, bowing to the Unix-like com- petition, has substantially lowered the price of Unix. It will be a few more months before we know how these new Unix-like systems for the 16-bit systems stack up. Below are some initial im- pressions. Unix was designed by Bell Labs to run on the Digital Equipment Corp, PDP-11 models. Although it has been implemented on small PDP-lls, it runs best, with full-feature performance, on the larger PDP-11 machines that have a sophisticated memory-management hard- ware system. Therefore, to transport Unix to a micro- computer means that it too must have ample memory (at least 256K bytes) and a memory-management sys- tem, a good disk system, and a tape backup system for good measure. Unix was written in C, a high-level systems-oriented language. Therefore, one would think that transport- ing Unix from one hardware system to another would be an easy job— somewhat on the level of transporting CP/M with its easily modi- fied assembler-language BIOS (basic input/output system) module. However, because of Unix's orienta- tion to the PDP-11 large- system architecture, this conversion takes a few pro- grammer-years to accom- plish. Hence the delay in releasing these implementa- tions. In order to cope with this problem, Microsoft, operating under a Western Electric Unix license, has entered into agreements with some other software houses to convert Xenix, a Unix look-alike, to systems for which Microsoft has not yet implemented Xenix sys- tems. The result is that the microcomputer Unix look- alikes are not full Unix im- plementations. Many of the larger or less used utilities have been omitted (or, in some cases, they are avail- able at an extra charge). In many cases the floating- point arithmetic or bit-fields have been omitted or restricted. Furthermore, many have adopted dif- ferent conventions for func- tion and system calls, library modules, and utilities. But even Bell Labs has not main- tained compatibility be- tween Unix implementations the way Digital Research has with CP/M. It is still very early in the Unix versus Unix look-alikes competition. Some suppliers of Unix look-alikes have done a very good job. Others still have a long way to go, but there is no doubt that they will make improve- ments. t3 apan Gaining on U.S: A recent report given by Commerce Undersecretary Lionel Olmer to the House Ways and Means Trade Sub- committee reported that Japan is moving along in a commitment to develop a world-scale computer indus- try. He reported that the Japanese government's policies, research programs, special tax incentives, direct financial assistance, and joint government-industry efforts were all aimed at "moving the Japanese com- puter industry to the tech- nological forefront In every major area." He also reported that they are now concentrating on improving their software capabilities and developing the computer of the future. "There has been a national consensus in Japan that their economic future depends upon a rapid evolution into a knowledge-intensive and technology-intensive economy." He went on to state; "I believe that the real challenge from Japan is just beginning." Mr. Olmer concluded by stating that a change in "na- tional attitudes" is required for the U.S. to retain its posi- tion as the world's premier industrial power. "We must work 'smarter' and save more. We must be willing to take risks. Only in this way can we restore our com- petitive edge, and 'made in America' will again be the unquestioned world stan- dard for quality." April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 417 Unwrap die Crypto Mystery ^^^•^ Thanks to the Western II 1 1 Digital CryptoPrimer" "jJl^^^L^ Development Kit, CiJ ^1 cryptography is no *P^^L^J^^ longer a deep, ^J^J^ dark secret. In fact, the kit is specially designed for personal computer owners and IS based on the National Bureau of Standards' data encryption algorithm. Included m the kit are: a CryptoPrimer™ manual,^ a cryptographic sys- ■ j tem built around our / WD 2001/2 data encryption chip, a con- venient RS 232 con- nector and a special hardware manual. All for just $495. Best of all, you'll end up with more than a clue on how to implement all the benefits of data encryption. So send your check or money order (including $9.00 for ship- ping and 6% sales tax if you're a Califor- nia resident) to: Western Digital, 2445 McCabe Way, Irvine, OA 92714. Please also specify your computer's make and model number We think keeping cryptography a mystery is a crime. you. yif£STERiU DiCiTAL CORPORA T I O N Telecommunications Division 2445 McCabe Way, Irvine, CA 92714 (714) 557-3550 418 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc Circle 433 On inquiry Card BYTELINES. R. landom News Bits; Victor Business Products has introduced an 8088-based system, called Sirius I, that Is rumored to be software- compatible with the IBM Personal Computer. The Sirius I was designed by Chuck Peddle, the wizard who created the 6502 micro- processor and the PET com- puter. Reportedly, Peddle is being sued by Commodore for alleged breach of con- tract, and he is in the process of countersuing. , . . Honey- well's Minneapolis credit union reports that it now issues about fifteen interest- free loans a week for the purchase of personal com- puters by Honeywell employees. . . . National Semiconductor is finally shipping samples of its new super 16-bit 16032 micropro- cessor, with production quantities expected by mid- year. . . . CBS-TV is ex- perimenting with gettln'g au- dience feedback via The Source (a timesharing infor- mation and telecommunica- tions utility accessed via modem) so that viewers can immediately let show pro- ducers know what they like and do not like about prime- time shows. . . . Matsushita Electric, Hitachi, and Maxell have agreed to standardize on a new 3-inch compact floppy disk. . . . Atari has reduced the suggested list price of the Atari 800 from $1080 to $890; however, it has increased prices on some software. . . . Sinclair Research reports that by the end of 1981 it had sold over a quarter of a million ZX81 personal computers and that U.S. mail orders alone are 4000 a week. . . . Micropro and Digital Research have filed a joint copyright-in- fringement lawsuit against Data Equipment Inc., Sunny- vale, California, and its parent company, Dataforce International Inc., for selling "counterfeit copies" of their software. i^uper/Duper News: Super/Duper Computers Ltd., Pieinthesky, Utah, has introduced a revolutionary new computer, the Super/ Duper MAC-VIM. Based on a patented exclusive pipe- dream architecture, it boasts a speed faster than a bullet. The computer itself is so small that it seems lighter than air, and a new mass pro- duction technology is ex- pected to result in a selling price as cheap as dirt. The MAC-VIII cannot be over- loaded since it is made of solid steel. The computer will be marketed exclusively by Brooklyn Bridge Sales Inc. . . . Happy April! MAIL: I receive a large number of letters each month as a result of this column. If you write to me and w/ish a response, please include a self- addressed, stamped envelope. Sol LIbes POB 1192 Mountainside, NJ 07092 ■ BYTE'S Bits RCA to Service Epson MX Printers RCA Service Company will provide nationwide war- ranty service for Epson America's MX series of micro- processor-based printers. RCA will also offer a wide variety of maintenance ser- vice packages to MX owners and users. Service will be per- formed by RCA technicians based in 180 locations throughout the U.S. ■ What's New? PUBLICATIONS Smart Ideas from Digital The fourth edition of Ideas (Index and Descrip- tion of Educational Appli- cation Software) lists more than 300 applica- tions pacl A. M. Felt Amsterdam, Netherlands Toteni-pole output on a TTL integrated circuit con- sists of two triiinsistors essen- 20, 1977, EDN magazine arti- cle "EDN System Design Project. " The biggest prob- lem with the interface seems to be the "bogus" timing of the phase 2 signal on the Apple II bus. By running the phase 0 signal through two 4050 CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) gates in series, the correct phase 0 timing can be achieved. (You can also try adding an 820-ohm resistor and a 56-picofarad capacitor because this will generate an additional 30-nanosecond delay, which should work as well.) The VIA's CS2 signal is then connected to the I/O select signal on the bus. This should solve your problem. tially in series, one above the other (see figure 1). In the high output state, the top transistor conducts, so the output is greater than 2.4 volts (V). In the low output state, the bottom transistor conducts, so the output is less than 0.8 V. During the transition be- tween states, both transistors are conducting, and large current spikes are induced in the power supply. If not properly bypassed, these transient spikes may trigger You may also be interested in Kenneth Olszewski's article "Add a Peripheral Interface Adapter to Your Apple II" (January 1982 BYTE, page 324). . . . Steve Bus Standard Stops Here Dear Steve, For several months, some manufacturers were claiming that their product was "com- patible with the proposed IEEE S-100 bus standard." Recently I noticed that the wording has changed to ". . . conforms to the IEEE-696 S-100 Standard." From this j infer that the other circuits. If a full 5 V are needed during the high state, a pull-up resistor can be used as shown in figure 2. Open-collector output cir- cuits replace the top tran- sistor and diode of the totem pole with an external pull-up resistor (figure 3). These out- puts can then be tied together as in a "wired-NOR" circuit or where an output high volt- age greater than 5 V is desired. However, they are noisier and slower than totem-pole outputs. "proposed standard" is now a bona fide standard. Where can I get a copy? Paul Frost Beaverton, OR EDN magazine recently featured an article on various bus standards, including the IEEE-696 S-100 bus standard. The article, "Compare iiC- Bus Specs to Find the Bus You Need, " by Carl Warren, (EDN, June 10, 1981, page 141), contained a complete definition of the S-100 bus. For a copy of the standard, contact Howard Fullmer, Chairman IEEE-696 Commit- tee, Parasitic Engineering, POB 6314, Albany, CA 94706, (415) 839-2636. , . .Steve Tying totem-pole outputs together usually means cata- strophic results as each tries to pull the other high or low. Expanders and gate ex- panders are TTL devices that allow the expansion of some logic functions. For example, they would be used if a 32-input AND gate were needed. They are not very popular today. . . .Steve Vcc April 1982 © BYTE PubBcaUons Ine 429 Circle 105 on inquiry card. ^MAIL ORDER DISCOUNTS ||npplG' II SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES PRINTERS EpSOfl VJSICALC 169 EPSON MX-70 350 VISITRENDWISIPLOT 215 EPSON MX eO 460 VIS1FILE 210 EPSON MX-80FT 560 BPI BUSINESS SOFTWARE 335 QUME SPRINT 5/45 2499 CONTINENTAL BUS. SOFTWARE 215 SUPERSCRIBE II 110 MONITORS SUPERTEXT II 125 AMDEX LOW-RES 13" COLOR 1 369 EASYWRITER 219 AMDEX HI RES 13" COLOR II 850 WORDSTAR ICP/M) 299 SANYOg'B&W . . .185 REAL ESTATE ANALYZER 120 zenITH 12- GREEN 125 TAX PREPARER 85 NEC 12' GREEN 169 CREATIVE FINANCING 120 NEC 12' LOW-RES COLOR 365 HAYES MICROMODEM II 299 NEC 12" HI-RES RGBCOLOR 876 MICROSOFT Z-80SOFTCARD 299 MICROSOFT 16K RAM CARD 169 III VIDEX 60 COLUMN CARD 269 ATARI 800 * 400 ^rr HANDLING CMABGES AflE EXtH* O CHANCE WIIHOUt N Circle 13 on Inquiry card. April 1982 © BYTE Fublicaaens Inc 431 Programming Quickies A BASIC Program for Home Cryptography Ralph Roberts FOB 8549 AsheviUe, NC 28814 The study of codes and cryptograms has always fascinated me, and it takes little imagination to see the power of the personal computer applied to this field. I used cryptographic devices during Army service in the late sixties but now find that my Smoke Signal Chieftain is capable of encoding and decoding at a level much greater than the military devices I once used. That's "clear text" to me. I devised the program shown in listing 1 as a first ex- periment in computerized encrypting. Much elaboration is possible, but this program may provide a starting point for you as well. The program is written in Computer- ware's version 6.0 BASIC but should run in most stan- dard B ASICs with minimal changes. If you don't have a disk drive, use data statements or read in the text one line at a time. Listing 1: An encoding and decoding program in Computerware's version 6.0 BASIC. The POKE statement at line 10 changes the BASIC'S delimiter character from a comma to an end-of-line character to improve handling of commas in text. * 0001 REM ;:. ENCODING, DECODING PROGRAM ::: 0002 REM ::: by Ralph Roberts 0010 POKE( 210,13) 0020 STRING= 124;LINE=100:PRINT. PRINT 0030 PRINT TAB(25) , "ENCODING PROGRAM" : PRINT : PRINT 0040 INPUT "PassvTOrd" ,P$ :GOSUB 240 0050 INPUT "Encoding or Decoding (1 or 2)", I 0060 PRINT :IF 1=1 INPUT"Narae of file to be ENCODED", A$ 0070 IF 1=2 INPUT"Name of File to be DECODED" ,A$ 0080 IF 1=2 LET A=A*(-1) 0090 INPUT "Name of file to receive 'doctored' output", C$ 0100 OPEN #1,A$:0PEN #2 ,C$ 0110 READ #1,B$ 0120 IF B$="" THEN 230 0130 FOR X=l TO LEN(B$) 0140 LET B=ASC(MID$(B$,X,1) ) 0150 IF 1=1 LET B=B+A;IF B>123 LET B=(B-123)+32 0160 IF 1=2 LET B=B+A;IF B<32 LET B-(B+123)-32 0170 LET D$=D$+CHR$ (B) 0180 NEXT X:IF 1=1 LET A=A+1:IF A=124 LET A=l 0190 IF 1=2 LET A=A-1:IF A=-124 LET A=-l 0200 PRINT '.PRINT BS?: PRINT D$ 0210 WRITE #2,D$:D$="":B$="" 0220 GOTO 110 0230 POKE{ 210 ,44) ;CLOSE #1 : CLOSE #2 : END 0240 LET P=LEN(P$) 0250 FOR X=l TO LEN(P$) 0260 LET P1=P1+ASC(MID$(P$,X,1) ) :NEXT X 0270 LET A=INT(P1/P) ; IF A>123 PRINT"Sorry, PASSWORD phrase too big":RUN 0280 RETURN 432 April 1982 © BYTE Fablicatioiu Inc For those of you who need a practical use for this pro- gram before reading further, I'll offer this example. If you work with a multiuser system, say in a college or high school, you could store your deep, dark secrets in a for- mat that no one else could decode. Those of us who don't have deep, dark secrets encode just for the fun of it (or so we'd like you to think). Writing of secrets, I do have one little trick to make this encoding program work more conveniently. In line 10 of listing 1, the POKE statement changes the delimiter character in my BASIC from a comma to an end-of-line (EOL) character. This allows the program to process an entire line in a text file, including commas. If, your manual conceals the location of the delimiter character (as mine did), it's easy to concoct a four- or five-line PEEK,POKE routine that will find the location for you. Just successively change each comma in memory (decimal 44) to the EOL character (decimal 13). After each change, Listing 2: An encoding run of the encoding-decoding program shown in listing 1. ENCODING PROGi^AM Password ? THE RAIN IN SPAIN FALLS MAINLY ON THE PLAIN Encoding or Decoding (1 or 2) ? 1 Name of file to be ENCODED ? SECRET. MSG Name of file to receive 'doctored' output ? SECRET. X9 TO: CIA HEADQUARTERS — LANGLEY, VIRGINIA FROM: SECRET AGENT X9 1/2. <7"c+l)c0-) ,9=) :<-: , cppc4)6/4-Aoc>l:/161)ccc. : 7 5" c; -+ : -+52 ,d8/d685-*?2* TO OBTAIN PLANS ON SECRET 'BOOM-BOOM' MISSLE. eeeeeeeee>Se9,>+38e:6+8=e98e=/-el,997r,9971e7 3==6/s Hi guys. Having wonderful time in Moldavia. Am sending you all f f f f f3TfR°dUUTKQ©idXY©WkU©cU/kscVJ©TtkH) k! z"y Listing 3: A printout of the encoded file produced by the program run shown in listing 2. <7"c+l)c0-) ,9=) .<-: , cppe4 ) 6/4-Aoc>l :/161) ccc. : 7 5" c; -+: - +5 2 , d8/d6 8 5- *? 2 * eeeeeeeee>9e9 ,> + 38e: 6 + 8 = e98e=/-el,997r,9 971e7 3'==5/s f f f f f3TfR°d®tf3LaTYRfbZYOP] Q°Wf _TXPfTY f 8 ZWOLaTLtf , Xf©PYarYRf dZ" fLWW «'TU_gbUMgO[a®UQ©gNM° ug4 [®Qg_TQgS [ °g°T® [ aSTu hhhhhDR [ ahOf haURh° RP_Rah_R° RN_PUhSNPVYVaf h® [ haURh©ba° PV_a° h® Sh : ©YQNcVNhOVaf as>RiVORiG)J ib° j cPZSiPcgW'f UibVSiPZcS©°W>E>baiT] ° ibVSiR° SORSRipP] ] [vP] ] [p ®XbbX [Tx jCWTh jWPS jPjR® J RTbbX©] jbcP] Sj©dcjUa©] cjbT[ [X]VjcWPcjP] Sj©cWTa <'®Q®cyk9r®®kRbY©WkdXU] kRQS [kY©k] ikR ^dXUU®yk>UUTkQ©idXY©WkU®cU/kscW©TtkH)kI 2"y April 1982 © BYTE Publkatioiu Inc 433 Programming Quickies Listing 4: A run of the encoding-decoding program, this time decoding the file shown in listing 3, ENCODING PROGRAM Password ? THE RAIN IN SPAIN FALLS MAINLY ON THE PLAIN Encoding or Decoding (1 or 2) ? 2 Name of File to be DECODED ? SECRET. X9 Name of file to receive 'doctored' output ? FRM.X9 <7" c+l)cO-) ,9=) ; <-: ; cppc4 ) 6/4-Aoc>l i/161 ) ccc . : 7 5 " c ; -+ : -< c )/-6< c@ 1 c truq TO; CIA HEADQUARTERS — LANGLEY, VIRGINIA FROM: SECRET AGENT X9 1/2. 0+3. , = #d,5*7-.< = 27 .d.7=,Bd27 = 8d; . 9>+52 ,d8/d68 5-*?2* SUBJECT; CLANDESTINE ENTRY INTO REPUBLIC OF MOLDAVIA eeeeeeeee>9e9 ,>+38e: 6+8=e98e=/-el ,997r , 9971e7 3==6/s TO OBTAIN PLANS ON SECKET 'BOOM-BOOM' MISSLE. f f f f f3TfR°d®tf3LaTYRfbZYOP] y°Wf_TXPfTYf8ZW0LaTLtf ,Xf©PYOTYRfdZ° f LWW Hi guys. Having wonderful time in Moldavia. Am sending you all °TU_gbUMgO[a®UQ©gNM° ug4 [@Qg_TQgS [ °g°T© [ aSTu this via courier bat. Hope she got through. hhhhhDR [ ahOf haURh" RP_Rah_R° RN_PUhSNPVYVaf h® [ haURh®ba° PV_a<' h® Sh : ®YQNcVNhOVaf V^ent by the secret research facility on the outscirts of Moldavia City OSRiVORi®] ib° ] cPZSiPcgW©UibVSiPZcS®°W®baiT] ° ibVSiR° SORSRipP] ] [vP] ] [p and had no trouble buying the blueprints for the dreaded 'boom-boom' ®XbbX [Tx jCWThjWPSjPjR©] RTbbX©] jbcP] Sj©dcjUa©] cjbT[ [X] VjcWPcjP] Sj©cOTa missile. They had a concession stand out front selling that and other °©Q©cyk9r®®kRbY©WkdXU] kRQS [kY©k] ikR ^dXUU©yk>UUTkQ®idXY®WkU®cU/kscW©TtkK) kl z"y plans. I'll bring them back in my bootheel. Need anything else? (sgnd) X9 1/2. try to read into a string variable a DATA statement con- sisting of two words separated by a comma. When both words and the comma read in, you've found the location. Another approach is to use more string variables, creating a new one each time a comma is encountered. Three or four variables would probably suffice, but occa- sionally you'll lose a space that falls at the front of the next string variable. It's better to find that delimiter character. Aside from the way it handles commas, this program is really pretty simple — but the code it generates is not. The encryption begins as a simple offset. The program first reads your password (or passphrase) and sums the ASCII values of all the letters and spaces. To obtain the offset, the program divides the sum by the number of letters and spaces in the password. With an offset of 63, for example, every letter is printed 63 characters higher than it actually is (with a wrap-around feature to maintain the desired ASCII range of 32 to 123 and an upward shift of one so no space will be printed). In each succeeding line, the off- set is increased by one. This prevents anyone from break- ing your code by analyzing frequency of character ap- pearance. Every single letter and space is represented by a different character in every line. For spies, my encoding-decoding program comes in handy almost daily. Listing 2, for example, reveals how I ran the program to encode a message during my last CIA mission behind the Iron Curtain. Listing 3 is the printout of the encoded file 1 sent to Langley, and listing 4 shows a program run that decoded the same file. Decoding is merely the reverse of the encoding operation, but you must give the password. With this program and a portable computer like the Osborne 1, you too can be a spy. Go forth, my fellow agents, and have secrets from one anotheriM 434 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHoia Inc Software Received Apple Adenoids, a medical ad- venture game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29.95. Lym- phatic Software, 12 Sinus Way, Psychosomatic, NH 03458. Amperdump, a high-res- olution graphics dump utility program using the Epson MX-80 or -100 printer for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $30. Madwest Software, POB 9822, Madison, WI 53715. Ampergraph, a graphics utility package to generate plots and graphs for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $30. Madwest Software (s^ ad- dress above). Antfarm, a language sys- tem for teaching program- ming to children for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $49.95. WIMS Computer Consulting, 6723 East 66th Pl„ Tulsa, OK 74133. Bug Attack, an arcade- type game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $29,95. Cavalier Computer, POB 2032, Del Mar, CA 92014. David's Midnight Magjc, a high-resolution pinball game for the Apple II. Roppy disk, $34.95. Broderbund Software Inc., 1938 Fourth St., San Rafael, CA 94901. Hi-Res Secrets, a graphics development package for the Apple II. Floppy disks, $125. Avant-Garde Creations, POB 30160, Eugene, OR 97403. High-Res Mastertype,a typing instruction game for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $39.95. Lightning Software, POB 11725, Palo Alto, CA 94306. The Manipulator, a text file utility system for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $34.95. Pear Software, 407 Terrace, Ashland, OR 97520. Menu Generator, a menu- development software system for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disks, $39.95. Crane Soft- ware Inc., Suite 611, 16835 Algonquin, Huntington Beach, CA 92649. Nutrichec 2.0, a diet and physical activity analysis program for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disk, $59.95. WIMS Computer Consulting (see address above). Personal Tax Plan, an in- come tax plaiming package for the Apple II and the Western Digital Microengine. Floppy disk, $130. Aardvark Software Inc., 783 North Water St., Milwaukee, WI 53202. Stone of Sisyphus, an adventure game for the Apple II Plus. Floppy disks, $29.95. Adventure Interna- tional, POB 3435, Long- wood, FL 32750. Ultra Plot, a plotting utility program to create charts and graphs for the Apple II. Floppy disks, $70. Avant- Garde Creations (see address above). Versaform, a business forms processing package in Pascal for the Apple II. Floppy disk, $389. Applied Software Technology, 15985 Greenwood Rd., Monte Sereno, CA 95030. CP/M Ddump 1.6, a sector- oriented disk dump utility program for CP/M. 8-inch floppy disk, $29.95. Elektro- konsult Inc., Konnerudgt. 3, N-3000 Drammen, Norway. Dtest 1.7, a disk- and disk drive-testing program for CP/M. 8-inch floppy disk, $29.95. Elektrokonsult Inc. (see address above). The Formula, a multifunc- tioned, business-oriented data-processing system for CP/M. 8-inch floppy disk, $595. Dynamic Micropro- cessor Associates, 545 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10017. PET RPL Language, a compiled language system for the PET-2001. Cassette, $71.91; floppy disk $80.91. Samurai Software, POB 2902, Pom- pano Beach, FL 33062. Vigil, an interactive graph- ics and game development system for the VIC-20. Cas- sette, $35. Abacus Software, POB 7211, Grand Rapids, MI 49510. TRS-80 ColorFORTH, a FORTH language system for the TRS-80 Color Computer. Cassette, $49.95. Armadillo Software, POB 7661, AusHn, TX 78712. Do-It-Yourself Adventure Kit, an adventure game development program for the TRS-80 Models I and HI. Floppy disk, $29.95. Subur- ban Software Co., R.D. #1, Box 74A, Spring Mills, PA 16875. Hexspell 2, an extended spelling checker for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disk, $99. Hexagon Systems, POB 397, Station A, Veincouver, British Col- umbia V6C 2N2, Canada. Imperial Arena, a Star Trek-type game for the TRS-80 Model I. Cassette or floppy disk, $15. Richard Bissonnette, POB 476, Amherst, MA 01004. Linear Programming Sys- tem, a system to solve linear programming problems for the TRS-80 Model I. Cas- sette, $9.89. Computer Heroes, 1961 Dunn Rd., East Liverpool, OH 43920. Macro-Assembler 4004, an emulation of the 4004 micro- processor for the TRS-80 Models I, II, III, IV, etc. Hard disk, $1.95. MacaroonSoft, 45 The Way of AU Flesh, Spittingboro, NH 03458. Newtrieve, an indexing and data-retrieval program for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disk, $49.95. Unique Printing and Sta- tionery Co., 11 Maiden Ln., New York, NY 10038. Refware Thesaurus: Builder 1.0, a specialized thesaurus development program for the TRS-80 Model III. Floppy disk, $149.95. Refware, POB 451, Chappaqua, NY 10514. Silly Syntax, a story crea- tion game for the TRS-80 Color Computer. Cassette, $19.95. Sugar Software, 2153 Leah Ln., Reynoldsburg, OH 43068. Stone of Sisyphus, an adventure game for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Floppy disks, $29.95. Adven- ture International, POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750. Other Computers Fifth, a language system for the Atari 400/800. 25 ozs., $7.95. fig-Fork Software Inc., Frodo Alley, Fraternity, NH 03458. Match/Bowl, two arcade- type games for the Bally Arcade. Cassette, $12.95. Edge, 12046 Flambeau Dr., Palos Heights, IL 60463. ■ This is a list of software packages that have been received by BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the best of our knowledge, but it Is not meant to be a full description of the product or the forms in which the produtt is available. In particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is the version received by BYTE Publications. This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot review every software package we receive. Instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and the companies that sent them. All software received is considered to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a set period of time. Companies sending software packages should be sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appro- priate) the alternate forms in which they are available. April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc 435 circle 161 on Inquiry card. Programming Quickies Base Conversion on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer MICROSTAT™ Release 2.0 igEW pi qEL^^ Just some of the new features of Microstat Rel. 2.0 In- elude: new programs for moments about the mean, skewness, kurtosls and stepwise multiple regression, longer file names, faster sort routine, the ability to declare each data file's numeric precision and drive location plus an expanded user's manual with new appendi- ces for the equations and file structures used in Microstat. Also included is a Data Management Subsystem for file maintenance (edit, list, destroy, augment, sort, rank-order, move and merge) plus trans- formations (add, subtract multiply, divide, reciprocal, log, natural log and antllog, exponentiation and linear) that allow you to create new variables from existing variables. After file creation with DMS, programs for analysis include: Descrip- tive statistics. Hypothesis testing (mean and proportion), ANOVA (one-way, two-way, and random blocks), Scatterplots, Frequency distributions. Correlation analysis. Simple, Multiple and Stepwise Multiple Regression (including files larger than available memory), Time series, 1 1 Nonparametric tests, 8 Probability distributions, Crosstabs and Chi-square, Combinations, Permutations and Factor- ials (up to one million factorial). All program output is neatly formatted for easy use. The price for Microstat Rel. 2.0 is $295.00 and the user's manual is available for $25.00 (credited towards purchase) and includes sample printouts with file tables that reference standard statistical texts and journals so you can compare the results from Microstat to those produced on much larger systems. Compare Microstat to any other package on the market and we think you'll agree that Microstat is the hest at any price. ECOSOFT, INC. P.O. BOX 68602 INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46268-0602 (317) 283-8883 CP/M Compatibility for your TRS-80 Pluggable boards & powerful operating system (T8/0S) run this power packed lineup of CP/M program applications on your Wordstar" Magic Wand Mail Merge' Mailman' Spellstar' Supersorf Word Processing Mall - Management Special Applications dBase II* Data Base Quic-N-Easi* TiTTl III* Management - Financial Calc Star- Modeling Super Calc' Business Applications The Boss The Freedom Family Freedom Option $275.00 CP/M Compatibility Freedom Plus $490.00 CP/M Compatibility Plus 64K RAM Manual Only $25.00 Freedom Technofogy International, Inc. Helping Small Computers Do Big Things To Order call 1-800-523-4067 In Pennsylvania call 569-2381 Dealer Inquiries Invited *CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc M"RS-80 is a Iracjemarl^ of Tandy Corp, 436 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc Circle 181 On inquiry card. David M. Dolan FOB 632 South Pasadena, CA 91030 Base conversion, indispensable to the programmer, has been a favorite subject for programs since the earliest issues of microcomputer magazines. But because the need for converting numbers from one base to another usually arises while the computer is tied up developing a pro- gram, it is impractical to load and use a base-conversion program at the same time. Until Tandy began selling its TRS-80 Pocket Computer, the only other choice was the Texas Instruments Programmer calculator. Base conversion at first appeared to be a natural for the Pocket Computer (PC). A second glance, however, revealed some obstacles. PC BASIC lacks two functions used extensively in previous base-conversion programs: string-manipulation and the ASC function, which returns the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information In- terchange) code for string argument. Could I make a limited BASIC perform like an extended BASIC? It was a challenge I couldn't resist. The program that met the challeitge is shown in listing 1. It will convert any binary, octal, decimal, or hexa- decimal number (up to decimal 65535) to its binary, oc- tal, decimal, or hexadecimal equivalent. This represents an improvement over the TI Programmer calculator, which can't handle binary numbers. The only concession I had to make to the limitations of PC BASIC is this: each digit of a number must be entered separately and followed by Enter. You designate the end of a number by entering a space (SPC), followed by Enter. The program then asks for the base of the number to be converted; you enter 2, 8, 10, or 16. In the same way, the program asks the base to which the number is to be converted. That's all there is to it. Unfortunately, the Pocket Computer doesn't perform conversions as fast as a larger microcomputer or the TI Programmer. This PC BASIC program takes 15 seconds to change decimal 255 to hexadecimal FF, and 45 seconds to change binary 11111111 11111111 to hexadecimal FFFF. I tried various ways to make the program run faster. Some of them saved memory, but all ran slower. Perhaps you can do better. Beware of trying to translate this program into other dialects of BASIC. The program takes advantage of some of PC BASIC'S peculiarities. Line 500, for instance, makes use of the fact that the string A$ is the same as A$(l), B$ is the same as A$(2), etc. The sample run of the program is shown in listing 2 on page 438. To produce the printout, I translated the pro- gram to run on the TRS-80 Model II. The printout is similar to what you will find on the Pocket Computer. I produced the program listing itself (listing 1) by copying the debugged program by hand directly from the Pocket. Computer to a Radio Shack Model II. Although not as reliable as a listing from a running program, this listing was the best one possible at the time. (Since then, Tandy has released a printer for the Pocket Computer.) If, like me, you're a gadgeteer as well as a computer nut, you may have been looking for an excuse to buy one of the new pocket computers. This base-conversion pro- gram may give you that excuse. Depending on your needs, the base-conversion program might justify more than half the price of the new gadget. ■ Listing 1: A program for converting numbers from one base to another. Designed to run on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer, the pro- gmm can convert a binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal number to its equivalent in the other three bases. 10 PAUSE"BASE CONVERSION" 20 P/iUSE"ENTER DIGITS SEPARATELY" : PAUSE" PF ESS ENTER AFTER EACH" 30 CLEAR:F0RU = 26TCiH : INPUT"DIGIT (SPC TO EXI T ) : " ; AS ( U ) 40 IFA$(U)=" "LETU=U-1 :GOT060 50 MEXTU 60 INPUT"BASE OF # ( 2 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 6 ) : " ; Q 70 INPUT»CONVERT T0( 2 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 6 ) : " ; R 80 V= 0:17 = 0 90 FORI = UT026STEP-1 :GOSUBA$(T) 100 IFA(T)>0BEEP1 :PAUSE"I.NVALID INPUT" : GOT030 120 VrV+INT( A(T)*Q'W+,5) :W=W+1 130 fJEXTT:GOT0300 140 "0":A(T)30: RETURN 150 "1":A(T)=1 iRETURN 160 "2": ACT) =2: RETURN 170 "3":A(T)=3:RETURN 180 "4" : A(T) =4 : RETURN 190 "5" : A(T) =5 : RETURN 200 "6" :A( T) r6 : RETURN 210 "7":A(T)=7:RETURN 220 "8":A(T)r8:RETURN 23 0 "9" : ACT) =9 : RETURN 2 40 "A":ACT):::10:RETURN 2 50 "B" : AC T) =1 1 : RETURN 26 0 "C": ACT) =12: RETURN 270 "D": ACT) =13: RETURN 2 80 "E":.ACT) =14: RETURN 290 "F":ACT)=15:RETURN 3 00 ASC 26 ) ="0" : A$C27 ) = " 1 " : AS ( 28 ) = " 2" : AS ( 2 9 ) = " 3 " : A$ C 3 0) = " 4 " : A5 ( 3 1 ) = "5" 310 A$ C 3 2 ) = " 6 " : A.$ C 3 3 ) = "7 " : A$ C 3 4 ) = " 8" : A.? C 3 5 ) = " 9 " : AS C 36 ) = " A " 320 A$C37) ="B":A$C38) ="C" :A$(39) ="U":A$C40)="E":A$(41 )="F" 350 IFR=16GOSUB400:S$="HEX: " : GOSUB500 : G0T03 0 360 IFR=1 0GOSUB400:S$="DEC: " : GOSUB500 : GOT030 370 IFR=8GOSUB400:S$="OCTAL: " : G0SUB500 : G0T03 0 380 IFR=2GOSUB400:S$="BINARY: " :GOSUB500:GOTO30 400 Y=V:W=INTC LOGV/ LOGR+ .000001 ) :U=1 410 FORT=WTC0STEP-1 : X = INT ( R'^ T+ . 5 ) :Q=INTCY/X) 420 A$(U)=A$(Q+26) :U=U+1 ; Y= INT( Y-Q*X+ .5 ) 430. NEXTT: RETURN 500 PRINTS$;" A$ ; B$ ; C$ ; D$ ; E$ ; F$ ;G$ ; H$ ; 1$ ; J$ ; K$; L$ ; M$ ; N$ ; 0$ ; P$ : RETURN April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc 437 ProgrAmmlng Quickies, Listing 2: A sample run of the base-conversion program in listing 1. Note that after entering each digit of a numbeTr the user must press Enter. The user marks a digit as the number's last by pressing SPC (space) and then Enter. Ready >Ruri BASE CONVERSION EKTER DIGITS SEPARATELY DIGIT (SPC TC EXIT) :? F DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? C DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? 7 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? E DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? BASE OF # (2,8,10,16) :? 16 CONVERT 10(2,8,10,16) :? 2 BINARY 1111110001111110 EKTER DIGITS SEPARATELY DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? 3 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) : ? 2 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? 7 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? 2 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? 5 DIGIT (SPC TC EXIT) :? BASE OF # (2,8,10,16) :? 10 CONVERT 10(2,8,10,16) :? 16 HEX 7FD5 ENTER DIGITS SEPARATELY DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? 3 DIGIT (SPC TC EXIT) :? 5 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? 7 DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? BASE OF if (2,8,10,16) :? 8 CONVERT 10(2,8,10,16):? 16 HEX EF ENTER DIGITS SEPARATELY DIGIT (SPC TO EXIT) :? SISMINf Pffill^fEi ill e Mi Brand New, Top Quality, Exact Replacement Ribbons & Cartridges. Tiiese Ribbons Produce Super Jet Blacl< Impressions and Ultra Reliable Print Life. They Are Delivered to Your Door Promptly for Mucfi Less Than Most Retail Stores ★SPECIAL! BUY 10 and GET ONE FREE! OFF!! OR MORE ! YOUR PRINTER PACK SIZE RETAIL LIST" YOUR WHOLESALE PRICE SIZE COMMENTS CAT ORDER* ANADEX 9000 Ssriss 1 pk 14 00 ea 14.00 lt4 00 ea) 500 Nylpn Jel BIk C 777 CENTRONICS 700-703.737.779 3/pk IB.95/3 pk 11.95/3 1* (3.98 ea) »45' Nylpn Jel Blk C-700 CENTRONICS 100, lOlA. 102. 3.pk 26.33/3 pk 17.65/3 pk IS.BS eat 1" > 108' Nylon Jel Blk C-IOD 103.300. 301,306.308. 330. 6 mil High Speeil 358,398,500. 501,503. 508. 588. 620, 820. CENTRONICS 704-705 1/pk 16.95 ta 13.95/GuiM Cat! H3.9S ea) 5 16". 210' Giant Call C-7045 DEC 'k « 4oro. 3/pk 17.77/3 pk 12.95/3 1* (4.32 ea) 1 2" < 120 Double Spools R-600 DEC 'k > 60Y0. 3,pk 2D 12/3 pk 14 25/3 pk 14. 75 eal 1 2" > 180' Double Spools R.644 DIABLO HmPE II |M/S BLK| HI 1/pk 931 ea 6.87 ea 16.87 eaj 6.1 6" . 300,000 plus imp. C-511 VIELD. fITS 70 PRINTERS! Hish Vi«ld" EPSON MX70,'8O I'Pk 16 00 ea 1 6.00 ea 113.95 eat 500" i60' Nylon Jet Blk C-522 IBM - 'SILVEfl DOLLAR" Sys. 5/pk 5.80 ea 14.90/5 pk (2.98 sat 9/16" <30' Nylon Jel Blk R-300 34. Sys. 32 MOLA. Series IMDL4974. 6266. 3287. 3770. 3771-3774.49745100,5103, 5110.S228,52Se,632QM0U IBM - HARMONICA Vi". SERIES 3/pk 9.42 ea 20.85/3 pk (6.9S eat 1 2 ■ < 108' Nylon Jel Blk C-350 1. MOD 4973/11, 3200. 3289. MOD 2. NEC SPINWRIITER 4/pk 23.40/3 cart 23.60.'4pkib. nloail (5.90 eal 1 2" . 51' Nylon/Ex Lng Life R-400 OUME (FITS 80 PRINTER MOOSI 3/pk 18.00/3 pk 13.95/3 pk (4. 65 eat 1 4' 310- Multistrike Rim C-525 RADIO SHACK DAISV WHEEL II 1 pk 24 95;3pk 8.25 (8.25 eat 250' Mylar Multistrike C-783 RADIO SHACK LPIII. LPV one. pk 13.95/C3rt 8 95/Reload rib.' only IS 95 eat 500" > 45' Nylon IncI Instr R-T3 RADIO SHACK LPII. LPIV 3/pk 18 95/3 pk n 95/3 pk 13 98 eat 563" x45' Nylon Jel Blk C-700 TELETYPE MOD 33. 26. 35. 37. 10/ pk 2 40 ea 13.90/10 pk 11.39 eat 1 2" > 36' Nylon Jel Blk fl-450 38. 88 WANS M/S, 6541W. WC. 5581. 1/pk 6.86 ea 5.95 ea (5.9 5 eat 5 16" 393' Multistrike Film 0-550 WD. 6581W. 228IW TERMS: MINIMUM PURCHASE -$20 PAYM ENT BY: C.O.D. (U PS), CM ECK, MASTER CARD, OR VISA CHARGE CARD. VOLUME DISCOUNTS: 20 - 50 PACKS 10% 51-100 PACKS 15% 'UNDER $20, ADO $5 HANDLING. "APPROX. RETAIL. PRICE VARIES. ANCIE LABORATORIES 5200-J Philadelphia Way 301 -345-5000 (Wash D.C. Local) Lanhain.Marvland 20706 301-792-2050 (Ballo. MD Local) 800-638-0987 (National) NAME. ADDRESS- CITY .STATE. .ZIP_ ANCIE Laboratories 5200-J Philadelphia Way Lanham, Maryland 20706 301-345-6000 (Wash. D.C. Local) 301-792-2060 (Ballo. MD Local) 800-638-0987 (National) □ Check Enclosed □ C.O.D. □ VISA □ MASTER CHARGE ACCT. # . EXP. DATE MIN. ORDER $20 PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE 438 Aped 1982 © BYTE PubUcaUons Inc Circle 28 on Inquiry card. Career Opportunities in Computing Jacqueline Johnston 1808 Pomona Dr. Las Cruces, NM 88001 Rare is the computer hobbyist who has not considered entering the com- puter field professionally. Just enter- taining the thought, however, raises several questions that are difficult to answer. Is there a demand for com- puter programmers? Is hobby experi- ence of any value in landing a job? The answer to both questions , is "yes." Hobby-level interest in com- puters can lead to a rewarding and stimulating career as a computer pro- fessional. There is an urgent need for qualified programmers and analysts in all sectors of commerce and in- dustry. Granted, there are differences be- tween home computing and the world of business and industry, but these differences should not deter you from seeking a career in a field you enjoy. In this article we will examine what the computer programmer does in the "real world," what the requirements are in terms of education and experi- ence, where jobs can be found, and what to expect for the general pay About the Author Jacqueline /o/insfoii, a former guidance counselor, is now n computer iJrogra}nmer with tile Business Data Systems Office, White Sainis Missile linnge. The opinions expressed here nrc lier oinn and }iot necessarily those of tlie White Sands Missile Range or the U.S. Government. scale. The emphasis will be on pro- grammers, but the information is also applicable to related jobs. Computer programming is a dynamic career field, and a semi- annual survey of 500 companies by Fortune magazine shows that pro- gramming is virtually recession- proof. The demand for programmers is expected to increase more rapidly than the average demand in other fields, and the trend will continue through the mid-1980s as computer usage expands in business and re- search. Newspapers and magazines are filled with advertisements for pro- grammers and analysts. In my job as a guidance counselor, I receive count- less inquiries from companies search- ing for computer programmers. Programming is an attractive field from the standpoint of both salary and working conditions. College placement offices report that com- puter-oriented graduates receive salary offers of approximately $1691 per month. In a recent poll I con- ducted of 150 companies hiring pro- grammers, the average entry-level salary was $1665 per month. Experi- enced programmers can expect higher salaries, ranging up to $50,000 a year. How to Choose Programmer — mathematician — computer scientist — engineer. They all sound interesting, but which one is for you? Let's take a look at the work that each entails. An engineer should have a bachelor's degree (often a master's is required) in one or more of the engi- neering fields: civil, electrical, me- chanical, etc. Engineering positions generally involve design work — de- signing roads, machinery, buildings, or computers. These positions require a solid background in mathematics and some familiarity with computers and programming, as many solutions to engineering problems are arrived at through the use of preexisting or "canned" computer programs. If you are interested in design, an engineer- ing career might be the thing for you. If you prefer programming and hands-on computer work, another field might be more to your liking. The position of computer scientist evolved about ten years ago, so it is relatively new. A bachelor's degree in computer science is needed, and some positions require a master's degree. The educational background is broad in scope, and it includes the study of mathematics, computer hardware, computer operations, systems pro- gramming, compiler and assembler design, and high-level languages. Consequently, computer scientists April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 439 There's no business like dough business. Ihe business of making money. It's all very exciting. But without the ability to lay out a large amount of cash, you can't take advantage of the financial opportunities that come your way. And venturing all your money without savings in reserve can be dangerous. Because savings are the base of any financial plan. One of the surest, easiest ways to save some dough is joining the Payroll Savings Plan and buying United States Bonds. \bu'll never miss the litde taken out of each paycheck. Meanwhile, the Bonds grow up to play a «p s>\, part in your future. J^a Of course, with Bonds you're sure of the ending. But then, there's nothing wrong with a happy ending. I'A public service of this publication I and The Advertising Council. Take POCKET COMPUTER PRIMER by Hank Librach Twenty-five unique programs utilize the pocket computer to open an excit- ing and cost-effective new world of educational computing. Contents in- clude simulations and experiments in ecology, computer logic, navigation, weather, geography, physics, math, finance, language, memory skills, random motion, and a classroom management data base. $9.95. shipping included SCIENCE & ENGINEERING SOURCEBOOK by Cass Lewart Twenty-five professional programs for the pocket computer. Find queuing parameters, Fourier series coefficients, bit error rate, LaGrange polyno- mials, resonant circuit values; solve reliability problems, transcendental and differential equations; generate hypergeometric and binomial dis- tributions, error function and its complement; and experiment with artifi- cial intelligence. $9.95 . shipping included POCKET MAGIC M 1 Bill L. Behrendt Intriguing graphics enhance twenty-five sophisticated simulations and games f oi the pocket computer. Concepts include predator ecology, genetics, power allocation, complex trajectory, munitions, maze and cod- ing theory. There are games of fortune, of mystery, of strategy, and a new concept in computer-moderated board games. $8.95, shipping included Programs support Radio Shack PC/Sharp PC-1211; conversions for Radio Shacl(?C-2/Sliarp PC-1500, Casio FX-702P. PROGRAMS ON CASSETTE Each volume $8.9S, shipping included iVIicro Text Publications Inc., One Lincoln Plaza, Suite 27C,DepL B3 New York, NY 10023, 212-877-8539 tend to have broad responsibilities in software design and coniputer-center management. Mathematicians should have a minimum of a bachelor's degree in mathematics, and usually a minor or a second degree in physics or engi- neering. These positions involve the development of mathematical solu- tions to complex problems and the translation of the solutions into effi- cient computer programs. The work provides an excellent mix of mathe- matical and programming duties. Computer programmer positions do not usually require a college degree, but applicable experience is required (and a degree in math, ac- counting, business administration, computer science, physics, or engi- neering is a definite asset). Computer programmers do a lot of what they like best — write programs. This may include systems and applications pro- grams. On projects that require analytical solutions involving higher mathematics or engineering prin- ciples, an engineer or mathematician will usually perform that part of the job and then turn the project over to the programmer for completion. Programming Jobs Broadly speaking, programming can be divided into two principal areas: systems programming and ap- plications programming. Although there is considerable crossover be- tween the two, systems programming involves logical operations, while ap- plications programming involves mathematical and process control operations. Systems programmers frequently employ complex logical operations and concepts to develop executive control programs, monitors, assem- blers, compilers, device utilities, and so forth. Most of their work is done in assembly or machine language and seldom requires the use of mathe- matics beyond algebra. Notable ex- ceptions are certain system-design processes that require a knowledge of statistics. Applications programming is a diverse field that can be broken into three broad subfields: scientific, busi- 440 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUoiu Inc Circle 483 on Inquiry card. Figure 1: The plus signs on this map indicate locations of cities where programmer jobs were advertised during a recent one-week survey period. About 210 cities, representing more than 1100 programmer job openings, are illustrated. ness, and process control. There are many types of jobs within each of the subdivisions; consequently, we will speak only in general terms. Appli- cations programmers must have a strong background in mathematics. Especially important to scientific pro- grammers are algebra, trigonometry, and calculus. The mathematics of finance is essential to business pro- grammers. Scientific programmers work on problems in all sectors of science and industry, from spaceflight planning to computer design, and from bridge building to chemical analysis. Most scientific programs are written in high-level languages, with FOR- TRAN and PL/I being the most com- mon. Business programmers work on financial applications, but there are many other projects such as inven- tory control and network analysis that fall within the business realm. Business programs are written in high-level languages, such as COBOL, RPG, and FORTRAN. Process control refers to the use of a computer to monitor data from and transmit commands to external equipment in real time. Applications programmers in this area generally have some familiarity with the hard- ware of both the computer and the external equipment. Programs for these functions are usually written in assembly language or a high-level language such as FORTRAN, or a CQ;CQbination of the two. Geographic Distribution Who has job openings for pro- grammers? Manufacturers, banks, chemical companies, department stores, research firms, fast-food chains, petroleum companies, gov- ernment agencies, and any scientific or commercial activity you can think of. Where are the jobs located? Everywhere. Figure 1 is a computer-generated map that shows the locations of cities where job openings for programmers existed during a recent one-week survey period. (This, incidentally, is just one of several uses for the micro- computer in counseling job seekers.) A plus sign is drawn at the location of every city where there were one or more programmer jobs during the survey period. Since only one plus sign is drawn for any city, regardless of the number of jobs available, there are many more jobs than plus signs. This par- ticular map illustrates jobs in about 210 cities; the total number of jobs was more than 1100. The majority of jobs are concentrated in and around certain large population centers, as is readily apparent on the map. Note especially the concentration of plus signs near San Francisco, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Denver, Dallas, Houston, Chicago, New York City, Washington DC, and Miami. Requirements So computer programming sounds like an attractive career field? What are the requirements for entry? Most companies prefer that applicants have a bachelor's degree. Scientific and en- gineering organizations prefer degrees in computer science, mathematics, engineering, or the physical sciences. Organizations with business applica- tions prefer applicants with course- Work in computer science, account- ing, and business administration. Of course, some workers with applicable experience in programming may be able to secure a position without a college degree. Good verbal and written-communications skills are always an asset. Normally companies prefer basic familiarity with one or more computer languages. To keep track of the programming languages that are in demand, I per- form a weekly survey of the lan- guages required to qualify for jobs advertised during each survey week. In order to make the data available to my clients in a meaningful form, I use a microcomputer to generate a bar chart of the survey results. The chart created for a recent typical period is illustrated in figure 2. Survey figures are entered by means of the keyboard of a video terminal and the chart itself is printed on a line printer. For the sake of simplicity, the program is written in BASIC (see listing 1). It is brief and straightforward. The only change you might need to make is in the syntax of the PRINT #2 state- ments that send output to the line printer. (Not all versions of BASIC use this syntax.) Returning to the bar chart, it's strikingly clear that during the par- ticular survey period illustrated, knowledge of COBOL was required for more jobs than any other lan- guage, followed by FORTRAN, April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc 441 LANGUAGES REQUIRED FOR JOB OPENINGS ADVERTISED DURING WEEK OF 11 MAY 81 ALGOL «* 1.9 X APL « .9 Z BASIC **** 3.8 X COBOL *m**********if**if**************if*m*t***m***^ 67.9 x FORTRAN ************************* 25.2 X PASCAL ******* 6.7 % PL/1 ************** 13. S % RPG ******************* 19.4 Z ALL OTHERS *************** 14.5 X ASSEMBLERS ************************************* 36, B % + + + 0 10 20 30 * 40 ^ 50 * 60 ^ 70 ^ 80 ^ 90 ^ 100 PERCENTAGE OF JOB OPENINGS REQUIRING EACH LANGUAGE Figure 2: Bar chart showing which programming languages are required to qualify for jobs advertised. Totals exceed 100 percent because many jobs require knowledge of more than one language. Listing 1: BASIC listing of the bar-chart program, which is useful for anyone who wants to keep tabs on programming-language requirements for jobs. 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1340 1250 1360 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2640 2650 2660 2670 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 REM REM REM REM REM DIM L»<10)»N<10> THIS PROGRAM GENERATES A BAR CHART ILLUSTRATING THE F'ERCENTAGE OF JOB OPENINGS REQUIRING KNOWLEDGE OF EACH OF THE UARIOUS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. THE CHART IS BASED ON STATISTICAL DATA SOLICITED FROM THE USER. ALGOL" APL'»" FORTRAN" »■ PASCAL" ' ALL OTHERS " t "ASSEMBLERS " FILE #2 IS THE LINE PRINTER. DATA DATA DATA REM REM REM OPEN "LPJ" FOR 1=1 TO PRINT *?.'. NEXT I PRINT "SURyEY BASIC" PL/1" COBOL' RPG" FOR OUTPUT 10 AS FILE #2 FOR EACH OF THE TEN LANGUAGES » READ THE LANGUAGE NAME FROM THE DATA STATEMENTS AND REQUEST THE NUMBER OF JOBS REOUIRINO THAT LANGUAGE. 10 CONDUCTED FOR WEEK BEGINNING WHEN? INPUT REM REM REM REM REM FDR 1=1 TO READ L*L*(I)J"?" INPUT N(I) NEXT I PRINT "TOTAL NUMBER OF JOBS SURVEYED?" INPUT T REM REM REM REM PRINT PRINT PRINT #2 PRINT *2 PRINT FOR I IF I< PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT THE STATEMENTS FROM HERE THROUGH LINE 6000 PRINT OUT THE. CHART. *2 : TAB (45) ; "LANGUAGES REQUIRED FOR JOB OPENINGS" *2;TAB<45) ; "ADVERTISED DURING WEEK OF "(W* *2: 1 TO 10 10 THEN #2; #2! *2: #2 J 4000 Listing I continued on page 443 RPG, and PL/I. Additionally, about a third of all jobs required familiarity with assembly language (though not necessarily for a specific processor). The figures vary somewhat from week to week, but COBOL has been in demand by users of large com- puters for the past several years and it will probably remain in that position for some time. The rankings of FOR- TRAN, RPG, and PL/I as they ap- pear on this chart are also fairly representative of their recent and pro- jected demand. Not shown, but of special interest to many applicants, is the fact that almost 20 percent of the jobs surveyed during the period re- quired knowledge of database-man- agement systems. The totals exceed 100 percent because many jobs re- quire knowledge of more than one language. Civil Service Employment In addition to openings in the private sector, the federal govern- ment offers opportunities to persons with college training or experience in computer programming. Due to the recent cutbacks in hiring, the outlook is not as bright as it is in the private sector, but good opportimities still 442 April 1982 © BYTE Publications liic Listing 1 continued: Circle 163 on Inquiry card. 3900 3940 3950 3960 4000 4010 4020 4040 4050 4060 4100 4200 4240 4250 4260 4300 4400 4430 4440 4450 4460 4500 4600 4700 4740 4 750 4760 4S00 4900 5000 5020 5040 5050 5060 5070 5110 5120 5130 SI 40 5150 5300 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 6000 6100 6200 PRINT REM REM REM P=INT IF P< P=100 REM REM REM J=INT PRINT REM REM REM PRINT IF J: REM REM REM REM FOR K PRINT NEXT REM REM rl;m PRINT NEXT PRINT PRINT REM REM REM REM PRINT FOR I PRINT NEXT PRINT FOR I PRINT NEXT PRINT PRINT FOR I PRINT NEXT STOP END . #2: COMPUTE THE PERCENTAGE ANH ROUND IT OFF TO ONE DECIMAL PLACE. (1000* COMPUTEI^ FORMS CATALOG! Carbonless checks, invoices and statements ^ standard formats.. .plus Custom Design Service! Small quantities (as low as 500). ..plus money-saving prices! If Super-fast service (shipped 5 days after receipt of order!) SEND COUPON. ..OR CALL TOLL-FREE: 1-800-328-9697. To: Delmart Company, Division of Deluxe Check Printers, Inc., 530 N. Wheeler St., P.O. Box 43495, St. Paul, MN 55164-0495 □ YES r please send free color catalog! Title. Phone (_ State -Zip. B4 ♦J knowledge can be awarded through CLEP (College-Level Examination Program) and the ACT (American College Testing) Proficiency Ex- amination Program. For information on costs and registration procedures^ write to CLEP and ACT for their pamphlets (see the text box "Free In- formation," on page 446), Those eligible for veterans' benefits can receive monthly payments from the VA (Veterans Administration) while attending school. A full-time student with no dependents receives $342 per month, tax free, for forty- five months ($15,390 total). In- dividuals with dependents receive correspondingly larger payments. A veteran with two dependents, for ex- ample, receives a total of $20,880. For more information on VA benefits, contact the VA Regional Office closest to you or the veterans' repre- sentative at the college you wish to attend, or call (800) 555-1212 to ob- tain a toll-free number. Remember, eligibility for veterans' benefits ter- minates ten years after separation from the service or on December 31, 1989, whichever comes first. Getting the Job If you are qualified for entry into the computer programming field, there are several steps that must be taken to secure a position. First, you must prepare an effective resume. Generally, an applicant can prepare a resume without paying a commercial resume writer. If you write it your- self, you will be better prepared to discuss your qualifications during the interview. The resume should be short — never more than two pages, and preferably not more than one. Most resumes are read in ten to fif- teen seconds, so the information should be clear and easy to read. The purpose of the resume is to obtain an interview for the applicant. The ap- plicant will usually have to fill out an application form if the firm is in- terested. When the resume is sent out, a cover letter should accompany it. The letter should be typed, never photo- copied or mimeographed, and per- sonalized to the firm receiving it. Ad- dresses of firms hiring computer pro- 444 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 142 on inquiry card. Circle 69 on inquiry card. MULTIPROGRAMMER ,,.s AVAiL^^"-^ SYSTEM-1 0 KITS PROGRAMS OVER 100 POPULAR PROMS & EPROMS COMPUTER SYSTEMS CORPORATION 100 E, Linton Blvd Delray Beach. Fla 33444 Phone (305) 272-2051 grammers can be obtained from The College Placement Annual, Ad Search (a weekly newspaper with em- ployment ads from all over the coun- try). Career Opportunity Update, local newspapers, and industry pub- lications such as ComputerWorld, Datamation, Electronics, and Elec- tronic News. A new publication, Peterson's Annual Guide to Careers and Employment for Engineers, Com- puter Scientists, and Physical Scien- tists, lists companies seeking graduates in these fields. (It is available for $13.25, postage paid, from Peterson's Guides Book Order Dept., POB 978, Edison, NJ 08817.) Free employment counseling and placement services are available at state Job Service offices. There are more than 2400 local offices of the federal-state employment-service system, staffed with professionals who can help with career planning and finding a job. The Employment Service operates a computerized Job Bank system in virtually every state. These Job Banks comprise the largest, most comprehensive and up-to-date source of job openings in the nation. The listings are available on micro- fiche at your local state-employment service office. A number of private employment agencies specialize in finding jobs for individuals with technical skills, and bill the client companies, rather than the job seeker, for their services. Al- though most of these firms are reputable, you should be cautious and read all the fine print before sign- ing a contract. One of the final steps in the job- hunting process is the job interview. There are many publications and books that offer advice on how to prepare for an efffective interview. It's important to learn as much as possible about the company before the interview, to make a presentable appearance, and to speak with con- fidence and enthusiasm. It is a fact of life that choice jobs do not always go to the best-qualified applicant, but to the person who has the best job-hunting skills. The im- portance of resume preparation and interview technique cannot be over- emphasized. Sendfor your tree Wloore cfrnVt^r Suppl.es Catalog today.^^^^_^___^^.„„^.. •m Illinois, call 312 "Jj^ B00-323-A185, Exl. ■rnAlasKarndHawa... Catalog Group MOORE Name_ _Title_ CENTER A Division of Moore Business Fonns Moore Computer Supplies Catalog Department 128 P.O. Box 20 Wheeling, Illinois 60090 Company- Address City : Mail this coupon today! .Zip. Circle 282 on Inquiry card. i^iil 19S2 © BYTE Publications Inc 445 circle 482 on Inquiry card. SELECTED SOFTWARE^ 'he new • This latest issue features professional software reviews on electronic work- sheets, word processors, accounting, and more. • Convenient shopping at low mail order prices... Paclced witli facts that give you the extra savings of smart product selection. • Unique Installation, systems, and for- mat charts assure you'll choose soft- ware that Is easy to run on your configuration. • Our analysis of competing products heip you to find \he best software for your particular needs. • This unusual catalog contains over 15,000 Vi/ords of succinct, hord-fo-find data... and you'll be on our list for future catalogs as they ore published, • Rush your request today and avoid the delays of catalog re-runs. There's no obligation. Send for your FREE catalog today! CORPORATION □ Send me SaECTED SOFTWARE FREE of charge. (Please Print) NAME; ADDRESS:. CITV/STATE/ZIP: DISK SIZE: □ 8" SYSTEM: TERMINAL: □ 5.25" RAM:. PRINTER: Mail to: DEDICATED SYSTEIVIS CORPORATION 2440 E. Commercial Blvd., Suite 4 Fort Lauderdale. FL 33308 CP/M IS a registered trademark of Digital IJesearcti Summary The transition from computer hob- byist to professional can be reward- ing in terms of both personal satisfac- tion and salary. The employment outlook for computer-related jobs is excellent. In the 1981 College Place- ment Annual more than 650 com- panies and government agencies ad- vertised for computer programmers, and that number is expected to in- crease. A variety of corporations are represented, from banks to large- scale manufacturing companies. Jobs are available in most locations in the U.S., with the greatest demand in large metropolitan areas. There are many jobs that involve programming — programmer, mathe- matician, computer scientist, and en- gineer. We have looked at the job Free Information 1981 Computer Salary Survey and Career Planning Guide: Source EDP, Suite 1100, 100 South Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60606 (or contact your local Source EDP Office). Mathematics and Related Positions (Announcement Ql-1500), Computer Specialists (Announcement 420), and other civil service job announcements: United States of America, Office of Personnel Management, 1900 E St., NW, Washington, DC 20415 (or con- tact your local fob Information Center). CLEP May Be For You: College Board Publication Orders, POB 2815, Princeton, NJ 08541. ACT Proficiency Examination Pro- gram; ACT PEP Coordinator, Profi- ciency Examination Program, POB 168, Iowa City, I A 52240. Benefits for Veterans and Service Per- sonnel with Service since January 31, 1955, and Their Dependents: Veterans Administration, 941 North Capitol St., NE. Washington, DC 20421. Occupations in Demand at Job Service Offices: Consumer Information m duties and some of the entrance re- quirements for these positions. Some require a bachelor's degree and knowledge of one or more program- ming languages, particularly COBOL and FORTRAN. Those interested in attending college to become profi- cient in programming have many op- tions to choose from, as an increasing number of schools offer suitable pro- grams. Once you are qualified, it is imperative that you develop your job-hunting skills so that you can pursue the career of your choice. ■ Acknowledgments / would like to thank White Sands Missile Range for providing the facilities to collect and develop some of the material presented in this article. References 1. Career Opportunity Update. Career Re- search Systems Inc., Huntington Beach, CA, July 1980. 2. College Placement Annual 1981. The College Placement Council Inc., Bethie- hem, PA, 1979. 3 . 1981 Computer Salary Survey and Career Planning Guide. Source EDP, Oak Brook, iL, 1981. 4. Computer Specialists, Announcement 420. US Office of Personnel Management, Washington, DC, February 1977. 5. Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Fourth Edition. US Departnaent of Labor Employ- ment and Training Administration, Wash- ington, DC, 1977. 6. Find Your W/che. Ttie Retired Officers As- sociation, Washington, DC, January 1979. 7. Mathematics and Related Positions, Announcement Ql-1500. US Office of Personnel Management, Washington, DC, October 1978. 8. Occupations in Demand at Job Service Offices, Spring/Summer 1979. US Depart- ment of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Wastiington, DC, 1979. 9. Occupational Outlool< Handbook, 1980-81 Edition. US Department of Labor, Wasti- ington, DC, 1978. 1 0. Out of the Service and Looking For a Job? Here's Help! US Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, 1977. 1 1 . The US Army Career and Educational Guide. US Army Recruiting Command, Fort Sheridan, IL. 1 2. Veterans Employment Seminar Program Workbook, Ttiird Edition. National Alliance of Business, Washington, DC. ^3. Washington Counseletter. Chronicie Guidance Publication Inc., Washington DC. March 1980. 446 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc Converting Apple DOS and Pascal Text Files Now you can exchange information between DOS 3.3 and Pascal operating systems. Wouldn't it be nice to use the Pascal editor on BASIC programs? Perhaps you would like to share Pascal programs with members of a user's group, but your newsletter editor or librarian prefers the text in DOS format. Maybe you can down- load FORTRAN programs via modem from the school computer. Unfortunately, Pascal doesn't rec- ognize your modem. Apple's implementation of UCSD Pascal is a real pleasure to use. At the same time, its disk operating system (DOS) is one of the more friendly and its BASIC is handy, if not especially efficient. Each system has its advan- tages and limitations and its own complement of editors and utilities to speed program development and text preparation. Still, there are occasions when you might want to move infor- mation from one environment to the other. Retype everything? Nol Let the computer do the work. To see how this might be ac- complished, consider the organiza- tion of data on disks in the two systems. DOS 3.3 logically divides the disk into 560 sectors (35 tracks with 16 sectors each). Each sector contains 256 bytes of data. Pascal divides the disk into 280 blocks, each containing 512 bytes. A single DOS 3.3 sector and half of a Pascal block John B. Matthews, MD 6415 Tantamount Lane Dayton, OH 45449 are physically (but not logically) identical. The solution to conversion revolves around this imderlying similarity. All that is necessary is a map correlating DOS sector pairs and Pascal blocks. Listing 1 is a Pascal program called GETDOS. It reads DOS-format text files and writes Pascal-format files. The array MAP contains the inf orma- These methods may also apply to other operating systems, such as CP/M for the Z80 SoftCard. tion needed to decide which half- block to use for a given sector. The procedure READSEC reads the in- dicated block and, based on the MAP, decides which half to move in- to the TEXT array. The procedure GETNAMES prompts the user for source and destination units, as well as a file name. If your system has more than two disk drives, you may want to modify the CASE statement to recognize the extra units. Note that output to the CONSOLE: or PRINTER: is also supported. Reading the source file is a matter of searching the DOS directory for the indicated file name, getting its track/sector list, and reading the data one sector at a time. Appendix C of the DOS 3.3 manual gives details of the directory and file organization. Files that are not text type or are too large to fit in the Pascal editor are re- jected with an appropriate error message. Since DOS stores text as negative ASCII (i.e., with the high-order bit in each character set to 1) and the Pascal editor expects to see positive ASCII (i.e., the high-order bit clear), the characters must be converted. Writ- ing the destination file is handled two ways. If data are going to a disk file, the conversion is done once and the function BLOCKWRITE is used to speed up the transfer. If data are go- ing to the CONSOLE: or PRINTER:, conversion and output proceed simultaneously one character at a time. Files can be converted the other way, too. Listing 2 is an Applesoft BASIC program that reads Pascal files and writes DOS 3.3 text files. It bears the remarkably innovative title GETPAS. This program is organized along a line similar to its Pascal counterpart. The principal pro- cedures are set off with REM statements. Since BASIC has no in- trinsic procedure analogous to Pascal's UNITREAD, it calls the 6502 Text continued on page 457 Afia 1982 © BYTE PublicaUpiu Inc 447 Listing 1: Program GETDOS is used to convert DOS 3.3 text files to Pascal format files. Reading the source file is a matter of search- ing the DOS directory for the indicated file name, getting its track/sector list, and reading the data one sector at a time. The array MAP contains the information needed to determine which half-block to use for each sector, The CASE statement can be modified if your system has more than two disk drives. PROORAM CETDUS ) («««*(»(««***«*«**««*** »«*«»»««*« ««*«««***«««**««*«***««**««** >« Program to oonvart DOS 3.3 text filas to Pasoal formut fllaa. « « * CONST MAX-18432; {36 blocks of 512 bytss is maximun EDITOR o an load.) PAC£>2S6, (DOS saotora art bytes long.} CI.EAREOL>2 9 ; CLEARSCREEN-1 2 ; TYPE ByTE-0 . . 2 5 5 UWITS=1 , .12 ; UNTYPED_FILE-FILE ; SECTOR-RECORD BLOCK : 0 . , 7 ; HALF: (FIRST, SECOND) EMDi VAR MAP: PACKED ARRAYC0..15: OF SECTOR; BUF . PACKED ARRAY t 0 . . 5 i 1 J OF BYTE; TEXT: fJkSI&ID. AlRAYt 0 . .MAX3 OF BYTE; Learn about the ZSOOCf from the people who are pioneering theMicroworld. Zilog's Z8000 Architecture techniques of memory management, This course can make you an Course takes you into the world of methods for interfacing memory expert on Z8000 technology for only faster, smarter, smaller micro- and peripherals, plus use of the $39. Enroll today by sending us processors without leaving your ZSOOO's powerful instruction set. the coupon? Allow six weeks for home. Our five-part correspon- You study at your own pace. delivery of your first lesson, dence course covers the details of Each test is individually graded and the ZSOOO's 16-bit architecture, critiqued, then returned to you. Zilog Training and Education, 1315 Dell Avenue, BIdg. C, Campbell, CA 95008 Enroll me today in Zilog's Z8000 Architecture Course. □ Enclosed is my clieck or money order (no cash or purchase orders, please) for $39. Make check payable to Zilog, Inc. Please charge my □ MasterCard or □ Visa account □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ BUSINESS ADDRESS Eiplratton date: Mo: Year: Signature Name Title- Company _ _ Address ^ ^ M Pioneering T^iSone.^!! &rflAAV^\4 theMicroworld. Area code number extension BILLING ADDRESS (as shown on charge card) Name I AnafnUateofEXrON Corporation I Company »-v ■ Zilog Address. I City/State/Zip Please mail my lessons to: Business Address . Billing Address 'Offer expires August 27, 1982. Good only in the U.S. j| 448 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 445 on inquiry card. Listing 1 continued: SOURCEFILE , SOUHCEUNIT, DRIVES: SET BLOCK . TRAK PTR : Eigne DESTFILE: STRING; DE STUN IT UNITS-, OF UNITS; SEC, BLOCKCOUNT, I: INTEGER; INTEGER; CPOINTER TO TEXT ARRAY) FOUND: BOOLEAN; CH ; CHAR; F: FILE OF CHAR; CFor use with CONSOLE: or PRINTER:) DISKFILE; yMryPED_F I LE ; {For use with BLOCKWRITE) PROCEDURE INITIALIZE; CFor each oi 16 sectors specify which block to read from) C a g 1 V en BEG IN MAP CO). MAP C i ) . MAP [ 2 3 . MAP C 5 J . MAP t 4 3 . MAPC5 ] MAP f 6 3 . «APE7 3 . HAP I 8 3 . MA P C 9 3 . MAPC 103 MAPC 1 1 3 MAP C 1 2 3 MA P E 1 J J MAP C 1 4 3 irack and which half to use as the sector BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK . BLOCK . BLOCK . BLOCK . BLOCK . BLOCK = 0 = 7 = 6 = 6 = 5 = 5 = 4 = 4 = 3 = 3 = 2 ; = 2 ; = 1 ; = 1 : = 0 ; MAP C 0 3 . MAPC 1 3 . MAP C 2 3 , MAP C 3 3 . MAP C 4 3 . MAP t 5 3 MAP l&l . MAP C 7 3 . MA p r e 3 . MAP C 9 3 . MAPE 103 MAPC 113 MAPC 1 23 MAP C 1 5 ] MAP C 1 695 480 345 99 395 470 135 DEC PDP11 MODULES NEW MS11-MB $3990 MS11-LD 2240 MS11-L8 1710 MK11-CF 199S0 8160 MK11-BE 6750 DR11-C 435 596 DH11-AD 6375 DD11-CK 299 2398 159 1 BCVlB-06 175 998 998 USED TUBES i I COUPLERS 1 ADDS 200 $ 695 1 ADDS 580 795 1 ADDS 980 1395 1 ADDS 20 450 ADDS 25 495 ADDS 40 650 ADDS 100 650 OMNETEC 401C 115 OMNETEC 710 100 OMNETEC 736 100 TERMINAL BROKERS CO. 2001 West Main St. Suite 304, Stamford, Ct. 06902 203-964-9331 Limited Quantities Add $15.00 per unit UPS charge MASS, NJ, NY, ILL, CAL, CONN, GA, OHIO Add Sales Tax. 450 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcaUons Inc Circle 411 on Inquiry card. Listing 1 cenUmteAi PRINTAT< 1 4 , CONCAT( ■ Dest inat i on file: ' , D E STF I L E ) ) ; PR IWTAT< 1 6 . ' < cr > accepts, exits, restarts ')■, READ ; IF CH IN [ ' E ' , ■ e ' ,CHR ( 27 ) 3 THEN EX I T( PROGRAM ) ; UNTIL OK; END; CGBTNAMES} fSOCEDURE READSEC ; BEG IN BLOCK : = (TRAK*8 ) +MAP C SEC 3 . BLOCK ; UNITREAD(SOURCEUNIT,BUF ,5 1 2 .BLOCK) ; CASE MAP C SEC ]. HALF OF F IRST ; MOVELEFT ( BUF C 0 3 , TEXTCPTR ] , PAGE ) ; SECOND :M0VELEFT PR I NTAT (18, 'Reading catalog,,.'); listing 1 continued on page 452 NEW * APPLE II PRODUCTS *DUAL COMM PLUS™ TWO SERIAL PORTS Two fully independent serial I/O ports Combines the features of the APPLE HIGH SPEED SERIAL CARD™ and the APPLE COMMUNICATIONS CARD™ in one card (with handshaldngl TTiumbwheel switches select the Apple slot locations. Sixteen switch selectable baud rates for each port (50 to 19200 baud) On-l)oard firmware provides extensive printer and U/L case terminal/modem support Great witti an 80 x 24 card and a Novahon CAT or Hayes Smartmodem Can be programmed tor async. sync,, or even SDLC operation, Supportsinterrupts, Uses Z80 SIO chip. LIST PRICE: $239.00 MMiL ONLY: $15.00 * MEMORY PLUS™ 16K RAM EXPANSION Add another 16K to your m APPLE WorKs with PASCAL, DOS, CP/M, FORTRAN, COBOL, PILOT, Personal Soft- ware's VlsiCalc, INTEGER and APPLESOFT BASIC, Many other Apple software packages benefit from the additional storage provided Ijy Die MEMORY PLUS card. Three LED's show memory select and read/write protect status Toggle switch to shut the card off or to select between die standard monitor ROM or the on board finnware socket. Tlie firm- ware socket can hold an ailemate Apple monitor ROM or a 2716 program luser providedl. LIST PRICE: $149.00 MANUAL ONLY: $15.00 All Bit 3 Apple products features: • Easy plug-in installation • Operation with PASCAL Z80 SOFTCARD™, APPLE II and APPLE II PLUS • 50/60 hz operation FULL-VIEW 80 ™ 80X24 • Pemiits selection of 80 column or Apple 40 column/graphics on a single monitor via keyboard or program control • BxlUcellsizeupper/lowercasecliaiacter set witti full loiwer case decenders • User definable EROM character sets via 2716 (127 chars) or 2732(255 chars) • On-boanl 2K firmware supports HTAB, VTAB, U/L case keyboanl, DATAMEOIA CONTROL COOES, INVERSE/NORMAL VIDEO, and a special printer driver • Low power requirement • Easy installation - just plug it in! • Compatible with many 80 column word processors • Compatible with ttie D C. Hayes MICROMOOEM™ LIST PRICE: $379.00 (2716 Std, Char set) MANUAL ONLY: $15.00 BIT 3 COMPUTER CORPORA TION 8120 Penn Avenue South • Suite 548 Mpls.,MN 55431 -(612)881-6955 Apple II is a registered trademari< of Apple Computer. Inc.; Z-80 Softcard is a registered nademarit of Microsoft Consumer Products. O.C. Hayes MIcromodem Is a:trademai1( of D.C. Hayes. Associates, Inc.: Novation CAT Is a registered trademark of Novatiani Inc. Circle 55 on inquiry card. April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc 4S1 Listing 1 continued: TRAK =17, PTR =0; {Start at beginning of TEXT> FOR SEC;=li DOWNTO 1 DO READ5EC ; {Find souroefile entryl LIMIT: =PTR- 1 ; PTR ; =HEADER ; ENTRY ;=0; SOURCEF I LE : =CONCAT< SOURCEFI LE , ' ' ) ; {Make name unique) REPEAT NAME =COPY <: BLANKS , 1 , L ENGTH ( SOURC E F I LE > > ; EMTRY ■ =E!MTRY+ 1 ; FOR I:= 1 TO LENGTH ( SOURCEF I LE ) DO NAMEC I 3 . =CHR(TEXTCPTR+I* 23-1 2B) i FOUND •= NAME-SOURCEFILE ; IF NOT FOUND THEN {increment PTR > BEGIN IF (ENTRY MOD 7)b0 THEN PTR : = PTR +HE AD ER , PTR -PTR+BYTES_PER_ENTRY END; UNTIL FOUND OR ( PTR > LIMIT); IF {still} NOT FOUND THEN BEGIN PRINTAT< 1 8 , ' F i 1 e not found..,'); EX IT < RE ADSOURCE > END; TRAK : =TEXTCPTR ] ; S EC : =TE XT C P TR + 1 ] ; {Location of track/sector list> F I LETYPE ; =TEXTC PTR + 2 3 i {0 if unlocked TEXT-. 126 if locked TEXT} SECTORCOUNT; bTEXTCPTR+333-1 ; (Minus 1 for the track/sector list} IF ( (FILETYPEOO) AND < F I LETYP E < > 1 2 8 > ) OR < SECTORCOUNT > 7 2 > THEN BEGIN FOUND ; =FALSE ; PR I NTAT ( 1 8 , ' No I a TEXT file...'); EX IT( READSOURCE ) END; {Read the t r ac.k / sec t or list} PTR: =0; READSEC J PTR : = 1 2 ; {list starts at byte 12} FOR T : = 1 TO SECTORCOUNT DO BEGIN L I STC I , 0 } : =TEXTt PTR 1 ; PTR:=PTR+li DISCOU MTS LIKE THESE! SYSTEM TWO $3995 SYSTEM Z2H 7495 ATARI 800 $ 699 Tl 810 Printer 1349 QANTEX Printer 1049 ADDS Viewpoint 599 ADDS Regent 25 879 EPSON MX80 $ 499 EPSON MX80 FT 599 EPSON MX100 759 MALIBU 2599 DEC LA34 949 CALL FOR INFORMATION ON NORTHSTAR, HAZELTINE, LEAR-SIEGLER, QUME, INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS, OKIDATA, TELEVIDEO, DIGITAL MICRO SYSTEMS All prices are CASH. American Express, Visa, Master Card, add 5% Prices subject to ctiange without notice DATA DISCOUNT CENTER P.O. BOX 233, Greenvale, New York 11548 516-869-8537 452 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcatioiu Inc LtBttng 1 contifmf^! LISTE I , 1 ] : =TEXTCPTR J ; PTR:=PTR+1 END; ffinaily, null the TEXT buffer and read the data'J IF ODD ( SECTORCOUHT) THEN B LOCK COUNT : = < SECT0RCOUNT+ 1 ) DIV 2 ELSE BLOCKCOUNT : =SECTORCOUNT DIV 2; FILLCHAR ; PR INTAT <18. 'Reading file...'); PTR:=0; FOR I : = 1 TO SECTORCOUNT DO BEGIN TRAK : =LISTE: I , 01 ; SEC : =L I STC I , 1 3 ; READSEC END; END; tREADSOURCE> PROCEDURE WRITEDEST; VAR NEXTBYTE: BYTE; BEGIN PTR : = 0 , PRINTATC 18 ,CONCAT< 'Put '.DESTFILE,' on line; press ')); READ127 THEN TEXT C I 3 : =TE XT C I 3 - 1 2 S ; PR INTAT < 1 8 , CONCAT ( ' Wr i t ing to DESTF I LE ,'...')> ; REURITE BEGIN CMAIN PROGRAM} INIT'lALIZE { sect or /b 1 oclt mapJ; REPEAT GETNAMES Cand locations of files), HEADSOURCE tin DOS format>, IF FOUND THEN WRITEDEST; WRITELK, WRITELH, WRITE( 'Another file? (Y/N) '); READ ( KEYBOARD , CH > ; DONE . = CH IN C ' N ' , ' n ' 3 ; UNTIL DOME END CMAIN) CaUME. Incredible savings aa?e Just a plione call away with the Morgan Electronics hot line. SAVE $800 on the TRS-80M8K Model III computer. Limited supply available. In- cludes all the standard basic features of the TRS-80* Model III with 48K of RAM and disk expansion Kit III™ with two 40 track double den- sity disk drives. Completely compatible with TRSDOS™ and all TRS Model III operating systems. Total Price $1,695°° Also available — TRS-80* Model III same as above with two 80 track disk drives for only $2^45°°. ALL PRODUCTS BACKED BY A 90-DAY WARRANTY TRADEMARKS: TRS-80 and TRSDOS/RadIo Shack/Tandy Corp. LOOS/Loglcal Systems, Inc. Ml Ill/Morgan Products, Inc. SAVE OVER $1,000 on the ME I Word Processing System— TRS-80* 48K Model III and Olivetti Daisy Wheel Printer. Includes Software Kit. Total Price $3,695°° MORGAN Call TOLL FREE (800) 851-4614 In Illinois Call (618) 233-0018 Morgan Products Incorporated 104 Berkshire Drive Belleville. Illinois 62223 We accept: Visa, Master Charge, Certified Checl EN THEN RETURN = 1 + 1 : GOTO 1 0 5 CHRS < CH) ; ; GOTO i 05 PEEK 32 THEN NEXT J : I = 1 + 1 : GOTO 105 130 REM 135 SL% = 1 175 REM CENTER TITLE 180 HTAB 20 - LEN (T«) / 2 : PRINT T» . RETURN 185 REM ERR TRAP 190 IF ERV. < > 0 THEN PRINT "DOS ERROR 19 5 RETURN VTAB 20: , . " : POP CALL POP - 868 : GOTO 19 0 2 00 REM *«* INITIALIZE *** 2 0 5 210 2 1 5 2 2 0 225 230 2 3 5 24 0 2<1 S 250 2 5 5 "itO 2<»S RWTS PRINT PAGE BU-Vo « BEG - M% < 0 , 0 ) M'/« I 1 , 0 > MVe C 2 , 0 J MVn ( 3 , 0 ; MVb ( 4 , 0) M** ( 5 , 0 ) M'/o (6,0^ M*iC 7 , 0 > 16 3 8 4 H IMEM ; RWTS CHR« i; ■ 14 1 3 : M'/o U , 1 > ■ 12 1 1 . M»/i ( 2 , 1 J ■ 10 9 M'Ai < 3 , 1 ) MV. ( 4 , I ) MV, < S 1 > 1 ) 1 > 8 4 OB J 0 1 S 270 REM ««« tl"f flfei NAMKa *** 27 5 HOME' ; VTAB 3 jao Tl • ■'*** CONVERT! PASCAL 8 5 T» - "BY JOHN MATTHIWS , M. 2 9 0 VTAS 8 : HTAB 1 295 PRINT "SOURCE &LOT ; 6"> iel HTAi PEEK (34); SET INI TO TEXT «« * " ; GOSUB D . " ; GOSUB 1 BO 180; PRINT Listing 2 continued on page 456 April 1982 © BYTE Publicattons Inc 455 3 I 0 3 1 S 3 2 0 325 330 3 35 3 4 0 3 41 350 355 2&Q 365 3 7 0 375 3B0 3 35 3 9 0 3 9 5 4 0 0 405 4 I 0 4 15 4 £0 4 2 5 4 30 435 4 4 0 4 4 5 450 455 460 465 4 70 1 " i IN* 325 6" Listing 2 continued: 30S SS > VAL UNt) If ga > 0 THEN sa > 6 IF SS < 0 OR as > 7 THEN 29 0 PRINT SB VTAB X 0 : HTAB 1 PRINT "SOURCE DRIVE: HTAB PEEK <3 6 ) ; GET SD = VAL IF SD - 0 THEN SD « 1 IF SD < 1 OR SD > 2 THEN PRINT 3D VTAB i 2 : HTAB 1 PRINT "DESTINATION SLOT: HTAB PEEK (36); GET INS DS a VAL ( 1N« ) IF DS a' 0 THEN DS s 6 IF DS < 1 OR DS > 7 THEN 36 0 PRINT DS VTAB 1 4 : HTAB 1 PRINT "DESTINATION DRIVE: HTAB PEEK <36>: GET IN* DD = VAL ( INS ) IF DD = 0 THEN DD = 2 IF DD < 1 OR DD > 2 THEN PRINT DD VTAB 16: HTAB 1 INPUT "SOURCE FILE VTAB 1 8 : HTAB 1 INPUT "DESTINATION FILE: ";DF» IF LEN (DF$) ■ 0 THEN DF» a SF« PRINT "DESTINATION FILE; ";DF» L2 a LEN < SFt > VTAB 2 0: CALL TO END " PRINT : IF IN* < IF SD = DD THEN PRESS "; 2" 395 SFt: IF LEN TO PROCEED; : GET INt: IF INt ■ CHRS (27) THEN 605 > CHR$ <13> THEN 290 VTAB 20: PRINT " INSERT THE SOURCE DISK; INPUT ""ilN* 475 REM *** GET DIRECTORY *** 480 VTAB 20. CALL - B68: PRINT "READING DIRECTORS. 4 85 BU : NB s PEEK (I^2> -t- 256 * PEEK ( I 4 3 > L 1 - PEEK < 1 + 6 ) SIO IF LI < > L2 THEN 5 25 515 FOR- J = I 7 TO I + L 1 + 6 : NA $ = NA S + CHR» ( PEEK >: NEXT J 520 IFNA«=SF$ THEN 540 525 NEXT I 530 IF NA4 = "" THEN VTAB 20: CALL - 86 8; PRINT "FILE NOT FOUND: PRESS ";: INPUT "";IN»: GOTO 290 535 REM *'*« READ SOURCE *** 540 VTAB 20: CALL - 868: PRINT "READING FILE. S 4 5 SB a SB 2 : EB > NB - 1 : BU% > RWTS 4- PAGE 456 April 1982 © BYTE Publications bic Listing 2 continued: S'JO FOR BLOCK - SB TO EB : GOSUB 135: NEXT BLOCK SIS IF SO - DD THEN VTAB 20: CALL - e^B: fSilfl" "I|«iERT DESTINATION DISK; PRESS "}: INPUT "">1N» 560 REM *«* WRITE DEST *«* 565 VTAB 20: CALL - 863: PRINT "WRITING..." 57 0 PRINT CHRI <4);"0PEN " (DF • ; " , D" ; DD 57 5 PRINT CHR» (■!/, "DELETE ",DF« 5 8 0 PRINT CHR9 <<1;;"0PEN " ; D F t , " , D " ; DD 535 PRIWT CHR» (4), "WRITE " ; DF » 590 I - BEG:EN - BUK*k (DRIVE) 40 ID AO 0 2 68 LDY « I BDRVN 40 IF 9 1 48 69 STA ( IOB> , Y 4021 A9 00 70 LDA *«00 ; VOLUME -0 4 02 3 AO 0 3 7 1 LDY # IBVOL 4025 9 1 48 72 STA < lOB ) , Y 4027 . 20 85 40 7 3 JSR GETTR% J GET TR% (TRACK) 402A AO 0 4 7 4 LDY « I BTRK 4 0 2G: ; 9 1 4 8 7 5 STA < lOB ) , y 4 0 2E 20 SB 40 76 JSR GETSE% ;GET SE% (SECTOR) 40 3 1 : AO 05 7 7 LDY » I B5ECT 40 33 ; 9 1 4 8 78 STA ( loa ) , Y 4035 : 20 9 1 40 79 JSR GETBU% !GET BUIfc (BUFFER) TRS-80'S™ and Hewlett- Padcards Best Discounts Possible WE PAY SHIPPING In the 48 continental states on prepaid orders of $100.00 or more. NO TAXES are collected on out-of-state shipments. WE ACCEPT Visa, MasterCard and American Express, or you can save additional money by paying cash. TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 800/531-7466 Pan American Electronics 1117 Conway • Dept. 16 Mission, Texas 78572 Phone 512/581-2766 Telex Number 767339 FORT WORTH BRANCH 2912 N. Main Ft. Worth, Texas 76106 Phone 817/625-6333 Telex Number 794836 TM — Trademark of Tandy Corporation A MITSUBISHI FLEXIBLE DISK DRIVE SETTING NEW STANDARDS FOR RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY • FULLY IBM AND SHUGART SAB50R COMPATIBLE • DOUBLE SIDED. DOUBLE-DENSITY • 1.6 MBYTE/DISK • SOFTOUCh'^" PROPRIETARY HEAD LOAD MECHANISM • 3 MS TRACK-TO-TRACK ACCESS TIME • HIGH QUALITY, ALL FERRITE MnZn HEADS • PRECISION BUILT/MODULAR CONSTRUCTION • 6 MONTH WARRANTY *$525.00 Available froiTi stock. Terms: cash, check, money orders, VISA, MasterCharge. Tax: 6% if California resi- dent. 'Price subject to change without notice. i 1333 Lawrence Expressway, Suite 408 Santa Clara, California 95051 (408) 247-3450/TWX 910-338-7442 AUTHORIZED SALES AND SERVICE AGENT FOR INFORMATION CONTACT HOLLY SAUER OEM INQUIRIES INVITED 460 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 325 on inquiry card Circle 292 on inquiry card. 4 0 3 8 AO 0 a 80 LDY # I BBUFP 40 3A 9 1 4 e e 1 STA < lOB ) , y , LOW BYTE 4d3C AO do At LDY #^00 4 0 3E B 1 8 3 e 3 LDA ( VARPNT ) , Y ^ 0 4 0 AO 0 9 84 LDY « I BBUFP+ 1 4042 91 4 e 85 STA < lOB ) , y , HIGH BYTE 4 0 44 l 0 9 7 4 0 86 JSR GETCM% GET CM% (COMMAND) 4 0 4 7 FO 2 7 8 7 BEQ RETURN NULL COMMAND 4049 AO OC 88 LDY « IBCMD 404B : 91 4B 89 STA < lOB ) , Y 40 4D 20 9D 40 90 JSR GETER% GET ER% POINTER 4 05 0 : 20 E 3 0 3 9 i JSR GETI OB 4 0 53 20 D9 03 92 JSR RWTS 40S6 : AO OD 93 LDY « IBSTAT 4 0 5 3 B 1 4 9 9 4 LDA ( lOB ) , Y ERROR CODE 4 05A : BO 0 2 95 BCS ERROR RWTS SETS C BIT ON ERR 40SC A9 00 96 LDA #«00 BR%-0 IF C BIT CLEAR 405E AO 0 1 9 7 ERROR LDY #$01 4060 9 1 83 98 STA (VARPNT), y i RETURN IBSTSAT IN ER% 4062 Bl 48 99 LDA ,y >y>IBSLOT 4 0 6 4: AO 0 F 1 00 LDY # lOBPSN 4 0 6 6 9 1 48 1 0 1 STA ( I OB ) , Y ; UPDATE SLOT 4 0 68 AO 0 2 1 02 LDY « I BDRVN 4 06A Bl 48 103 LDA ( lOB ) , y 406C AO 1 0 104 LDY « XOBPDN 40&E 9 1 4 8 105 STA <10B>,Y lUPDATE DRIVE Listing 3 continued on page 462 It Suckeye DESK TOP ENCLOSURES ASK ABOUT OUR NEW BRACKET MOUNTING SYSTEM FOR DWC CASES DWC-1-0850 T $54,70 DWC-1-1133 60.60 DWC-1-1600 68.80 BKS-2-0850 $41 .50 BKS-2-1133 44.80 BKS-2-1600 48.30 Send check for case in width desired. Call or write for detailed literature The Buckeye Stamping Co. 555 Marion Rd., Coiumbus, OH 43207 614/445-8433 MICROCOMPUTER IDEA BOOK& CATALOG. I One-Stop Shopping. More than 1000 microcomputer accessories and supplies - from diskettes and line- printer paper to connectors and cobles - for Apple, Atari, Norlhstar, TRS-80S end mony others. Loaded with ideas for extra convenience and efficiency I Easy Ordering. By moil, piione. or TWX. Friendly, tielpful. expert assisiance. I Fast DellveryL\t}ur order shipped In 24 hours from the Inmac Center nearest you Overnight emergencyshipments also ovoiloble. ■ Risk-Free IVial. Trv any product for 45 days. If not satisfied, return for full refund. ■ Guaranteed QualHy. Field-tested for precision performance and compatibil- ity. Backed by warranties ranging up to 1 0 years - and some with Lifetime Guarantees. Please RUSH my copy of the Microcoitiputer Idea Book& Catalog. Nome Title Company Phone Address Cilv SEHDTOOAY FOR YOUR FREE MICROCOMPUTER IDEA BOOK & CATALOG OR PHONE (408) 727-1970. Stale Zip mmau Catalog Dept., 2465 Augustine Dr, Santa Clara, CA95051. Circle 61 on inquiry card. Circle 206 on Inquiry card. April 19ffi © BYTE PubUcaUons Inc 461 Listings continued: 4 0 7 0: AS 1 E 1 i w D 40 7 2 65 B 6 0 7 4 0 7 4 AS 1 F 0 8 4 0 7 6 8 5 B 9 0 9 4 0 7 8 d 0 \ 1 0 4 0 7 9 '10 79 \ 1 2 4 0 7 9. 1 3 4079 20 A3 d 0 1 1 4 407C 53 4C ^ w i 1 ^1 J> w 4 0 7F ZQ A3 d 0 ■ *i u 1 A X o 4 0 8 2 4 4 5 2 2 5 1^ i 7 408S 20 A3 4 0 1 8 4088 5 4 5 2 lb vJ 1 9 408B 2 0 A 3 d n 4 U 1 I 408E 5 3 4 5 \ I 4 0 9 1 20 A3 d n 4 ii 4 09 ^5 42 5 5 2 5 2 3 4097 20 A3 L H 409A 43 4D 2 5 1 25 409D 20 A3 40 1 26 4 OAO : 45 52 2 5 1 27 RETURN « Find GETSLSlfc GETDR* GETTRKk GETSE% GETBU% GETCM% GETER% LDA TPSAV ; RESTORE TXTPTR STA TXTPTR LDA TPSAV+1 STA TXTPTR + I RTS iTO APPLESOFT Applesoft vsriabltts: VARGET ASC ■ SL%' JSR VARGET ASC ' DR"/!. ' JSR VARGET ASC ' TR% ■ JSR VARGET ASC ' SE% ' JSR VARGET ASC ' BU% ' JSR VARGET ASC ' CMVo ' JSR VARGET ASC ' ER%' TERMINALS FROM TRANSNET PURCHASE PUN •12-24 MONTH FULL OWNERSHIP PUN • 36 MONTH LEASE PUN DESCRIPTION DEC TEXAS INSTRUMENTS LEAR SIEGLER DATAMEDIA TELEVIDEO NEC SPINWRITER GENERAL ELECTRIC HAZELTINE EPSON TIMEPLEX LA34 DECwrlter IV LA34DECwrlter IV Forms Ctrl. LA120 DECwrlter III KSn TI765 Bubble Memory Terminal Tl Insight 10 Terminal TI785 Portable KSR, 120 CPS. , TI787 Porlable KSR. 120 CPS . . TI810 BO Printer TI820 KSR Printer ADM3A CRT Terminal ADMS CRT Terminal ADM32 CRT Terminal I ADM42 CRT Terminal I EXCEL 12 CRT Terminal EXCEL 42 Smart Biillered CRT . I COLORSCAN ia Color CRT .... I 925 CRT Terminal I 950 CRT Terminal I Lener Quality. 7715 RO Letter Qualily. 7725 KSfl I 2030 KSR Printer 30 CPS I 2120 KSR Printer 120 CPS .... I Executive 80/20 , . I Executive 80/30 I MX-80 F/T Printer I MX-1 00 Printer I Ea400 4 Channel Slat Mux . . . PURCHASE PER MONTH PRICE H l,tDS 3EM0S $1,095 995 $105 $ 58 $ 40 95 53 36 1,095 105 58 40 2.295 220 122 83 2.095 200 112 75 1.695 162 90 61 1,195 115 67 43 3.295 315 185 119 1,745 167 98 63 1,995 190 106 72 2,395 230 128 86 1,595 153 85 58 2,595 249 138 93 695 67 37 25 2.395 230 128 86 2,845 273 152 102 1,695 162 90 61 2,195 211 117 80 595 57 34 22 MS 62 36 24 1,165 112 65 42 1,995 190 106 72 1,595 995 162 90 61 95 54 36 3,195 307 171 116 850 82 46 31 1.075 103 57 39 2.895 278 154 104 3.295 316 175 119 1.195 115 67 43 2,196 211 117 80 1,345 127 75 49 1.695 162 90 61 745 71 42 27 895 86 48 32 1,525 147 82 55 2.050 197 110 74 FULL OWNERSHIP AFTER 12 OR 24 MONTHS -10% PURCHASE OPTION ARER 36 MONTHS MICROCOMPUTERS APPLE • COMMODORE • HP8S • DEC LS1 11 I ACCESSORIES AND PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT I ACOUSTIC COUPLERS • MODEMS • THERMAL PAPfSt • ■ iNTEHi"-M ( M ' ■ ■ TransNet CORPORATION 1945 ROUTE 22 • UNION, N.J. 07083 • (201) 688-7800 TWX 710-985-5485 800-526-4965 OUTSIDE N.J. THE ENCRYPTOR^^ DATA SECURITY • S-lOO COHPUTERSi leEE-696 DESIuN. « CP/M* SOFTHARt ON 8 INCH SINGLE OENSITV DISKETTE AVaiLABLE. • NATIQ/'IAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS ENCHVPTION ALSORITHM. • HIGH SPEED A.M.D. 9518 DATA CIPHErtlNG PROCESSOR. • 1.3 MEGABYTES PER SECOND THROUGHPUT. • 3 ENCKVPTION/DECRYPT! Ui\ FOKHATS. ^ 0V6,< 72 OUADRILLIUM 56 BIT MASTER KEYS. « PLUG Selectable i/o port addresses and irMTERRUPTS. • GOLD PLATEU FINGERS, CARD EJECTORS AND SOLDER MASK. • ASSEWflLED, BURNEO-IN AND TESTED. • 1 YEAR LIr^ITED WARRANTY. • i42t>.00 SINGLE QUANTITY. • 2i cash discount for money orders and c.o.d.'s. » Mastercard and visa credit cards accepted. • SHIPPING charges added to all orders. » 6S sales TAX added 10 PENNSYLVANIA DESTINATIONS. s PRICES AND SPeCl F ICATI ONS SUBJECT CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. • DcALER AND O.E.H. INtfUIRES INVITED. TcLEPriUNE 2 15-865-1222 MUiJDAY-FRlUAY, BAM-5PM, EASTERN TIME « LEHIGH VALLEY LOGICt I NCDRP ORATED • 2bU3 NORTH COURT • BcTHLEMEM, PENNSYLVANIA 13017 U.S.A. • CP /.I IS A REGISTERED TRADE HARK Of DIGITAL RESEARCH. INC. 462 April 1982 © BYTE Publications be Circle 418 on Inquiry card. Circle 234 on Inquiry card. Listing 3 continuM: 4 0A3 1 2 8 * 4 0A3 1 2 9 * VARGET: On entry to PTRGET, TXTPTR points to first ■J OA 3 X 3 0 Hi cha r ao t «r of the variable name. On exit, the address 4 0A3 I 3 1 of the variable's value is in VARPNT and Y,A. 40A3 132 « 4 0A3 1 3 3 * Pop return Staolc and store variable pointer in TXTPTR 40A3 1 3 4 * 40A3 1 35 VARGET PLA 40A4 . as BB 1 3 6 STA TXTPTR 4 0A6 i 37 PLA 40A7 : 85 B9 1 3B STA TXTPTR + 1 4 OA 9 1 3 9 * Inor emen t pointer to first oharaoter in ASC string. 4 OA 9 Ei B 8 X 4 0 INC TXTPTR 4 GAB DO 0 2 i 4 1 BNE VARl 4 GAD E6 B 9 1 4 1 I NC TXTPTR+ 1 4 0 A F 2 0 E 3 D F 1 4 3 VAR 1 JSR PTRGET 40B2 AO 0 1 1 44 LDY « ( 0 1 40B4 Bl 83 145 LDA (VARPNT) ,Y 40B6 146 Note return ii to leoond most reoant caller 40B6 iO 147 RTS *** SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY: NO ERRORS MODEM HEADQUARTERS Connect any computer or terminal to the phone lines! 1200 Baud — 120 Characters per Second Penril 300/1200 $739 Bell 212A identical. Full duplex, RS232. 1200 and 300 Baud. Originate/auto-answer. Phone connection via RJ11C standard phone jack. One year warranty. Self-test. Fits under phone. 300/1200 Auto-Dialer $225 Allows any computer to automatically dial out through the Penril 300/1200. 300 Baud — 30 Characters per Second Phone Link Acoustic iModem $129 Originate and Answer. Half/Full duplex. RS232. Operates with any standard telephone. Indicators for On, Carrier, Self-test, Send Data, Receive Data. One year warranty. Micro-iinic $179 Orlginate/Auto-Answer, Half/Full duplex. RS232. Phone connection via RJ11C standard phone jack. Indicators for On, Carrier Detect, Self-test, Send Data, Receive Data. Two year warranty. Fits under phone. ADDS Viewpoint CRT $529 GE2120 Printing Terminal $1,799 150 CPS. 300/1200 Baud. GE2030 Printing Terminal $999 60 CPS. 300/1200 Baud. All equipment Is In stock. Your satisfaction guaranteed. Any product may lie returned tor full credit Write or call for full product Information. U.S. ROBOTICS INC 203 N. WABASH SUITE 171B CHICAGO, ILL BOSa' ^ DUAL THERMOMETER COMPL FTWARE • Display temperature, maximum, minimum and difference. • Sound alarm for over/ under temperature. • Store data on disk or printer automatically. • Display time with on- Strawberry H-ee Computers 949 Cascade Drive xSTN. Sunnyvale, Ca. 94087 f/Tk \ (4081736-3083 It ,1 ) board timer. • Up to 7 boards with 14 probes In one Apple*. • - 55°C to 125°C range, 0.4° accuracy over most of range. • Requires 48K Apple* with Applesoft* and disk. $260.00 if your dealer doesn't have it, call or write us at dept. A *TM of Apple Computer, Inc. Circle 421 on inquiry card. Circle 386 on inquiry card. April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 463 A Simple Multiprocessor Implementation A simple connection can he the start of a multiprocessing, multitasking system. Have you been looking for an easy way to simultaneously operate more than one computer? If you have, your search is at an end. In this article, I describe a method to control two or more computers connected by serial data lines. Even if the computers are performing completely unrelated tasks, they can still be controlled from a single terminal. For example, one machine might run a BASIC program, while the other controls your home-security system. Or one could print a data file on a hard-copy device, while the op- erator updates the same file on the other machine. Another possibility is the job per- formed by some very large comput- ers — splitting a single task into seg- ments and processing the segments separately but simultaneously. This provides good news and bad news. The good news is an impressive re- duction in the time needed to com- plete the overall task. The bad news is the complexity of the software re- quired to accomplish thisl For several years, some friends and I kicked around the idea of intercon- necting computers. Many gallons of coffee and plenty of discussion yielded many possibilities. We wrote some extensive software to allow the exchanging of programs and data via John Harrington 3840 West Clarendon Phoenix, AZ 85019 modems and telephone lines, and played around with multiple-pro- cessor printer spoolers, but never did implement multiprocessing. However, I was given an excellent opportunity to experiment when I up- graded my SwTPC 6800-based dual- disk-drive machine with a Motorola 6809 processor. This was accom- plished by making some minor hard- ware changes and plugging in a new In certain situations, assigning more tfian one task to a single processor noticeably increases overall execution time. 6809 processor card. The old 6800 card was plugged into another motherboard, with a homemade power supply. A friend had built a wooden cabinet for his SwTPC com- puter; his original cabinet soon held my second computer. Since my bank- roll was limited, extra memory and input/output hardware were added sparingly. Some swapping got me a Shugart Associates SA-400 5^4 -inch floppy-disk drive. Before long, I was the proud owner of two almost iden- tical disk-based microsystems, one running a 6800, the oflier, a 6809. Both machines run FLEX, Techni- cal Systems Consultants' (FOB 2570, West Lafayette, IN 47906) excellent DOS (disk operating system). FLEX contains a built-in interrupt-driven background (i.e., invisible to, and not interactive with, the user) printer spooler, allowing low-priority disk- file printing while the main user task is running in foreground. This is called "limited multitasking." But if two things are happening at once on one computer, isn't that just as good as having two computers? No, not quite. Spooling is a beautiful feature I use often, but it has a few drawbacks. First, only two tasks are permitted, one of which must be the printing of the contents of a disk file. Second, because the two tasks are swapped imder interrupt control, background printing slows or stops while disk ac- cesses, or any operations that mask interrupts, are being performed. This is particularly noticeable when you are using fast printers. In fact, any single-processor multi- tasking scheme has an inherent limitation. The available processor time is split between the tasks. As a result, no task can run as fast as it would alone. On I/O- (input/output) intensive tasks, where much time is spent waiting on I/O devices or oper- 464 April 1982 © BYTE I^IicaUons Inc ator input, the effects of this time division may be unnoticeable. On the other hand, if the tasks rarely have to wait on I/O, execution time may slow down in almost inverse propor- tion to the number of tasks. These problems can be avoided by multiprocessing. Since I now had two nearly identical machines, all excuses for not developing a multiprocessing system were gone. Several ap- proaches to putting the system together were considered. The easiest one is to designate one machine as the primary unit, and let it control the other as a secondary machine. All control for the secondary machine has to pass through the primary. Lit- tle extra hardware is required, and the software is simple. Another scheme is to use multiport memory, a special block of memory set up so that either machine may ad- dress it. To pass data or instructions between machines, the data are writ- ten by one processor to this memory and read by the other. Although very fast, this approach requires special hardware and some complex soft- ware. Similar drawbacks would oc- cur if we used DMA (direct memory access — the transmission of data directly between the memory of a Shared-memory, direct-memory-access, and shared-bus muftfprocessing systems involve both complex hardware and software. computer and a peripheral device, which might be the other processor) to pass data. Another approach is to design a small dedicated controller, such as a single-chip microprocessor with a program in ROM (read-only mem- ory), to control the larger machines. The terminal coimects to the con- troller, which in turn controls the other machines via serial data ports. Several other possibilities exist, in- cluding using a shared bus, where two or more processors communicate directly with memory and I/O via read and write instructions, as with the Intel 8086, Zilog Z8000, and Motorola 68000 16-bit microproces- sors. The method chosen for my first try was the simplest — the primary/sec- ondary concept. The machines do not have to be identical, or even similar. Both only need serial ports that can be interconnected, as in figure 1. The ones shown here are serial RS-232C ports. A serial port on the primary machine (designated machine 1) is plugged into the control port of the secondary machine (designated ma- chine 2) where a user terminal would be connected in a single-user system. Any data or commands output from machine 1 through this port are obeyed by machine 2 as though they came directly from the control ter- Components Express, Inc. "Have you Kissed your computer lately?" 1380 E. Edinger. UnitCC Santa Ana. CA 92705(714) 558-3972 BROAD BAND MICROWAVE RECEIVER SYSTEM 1.8GHZ to 2.4 GHZ only $295.00 PM ALARM RANGE SCOPE: With built-in-converter to ciiannel 2, 3, or 4 of any standard TV set. Line of sight to 250 miles. Will receive within the frequency band from sateliles. primary microwave stations, and repeater microwave booster stations. CONTENTS: Packaged in 19"x19"x4 1/2" corrugated carton complete with: 300 Ohm to 75 Ohm Adapter 750 Ohm to 300 Ohm Adapter 60 Feet Coax Cable with Connectors 3 Feet Coax Cable with Connectors 24" Dish Feed-Horn Receiver Mounting Bracket Mounting Clamp Instructions WARRANTY: 180 days for all factory defects and electronic failures for normal useage and handling. Defective sub assemblies will be replaced with new or re-manufactured sub assembly on a 48 hour exchange guarantee. This system is not a kil and requires no addilional devices or eauiomerit other than a TV sei ic place ir op-ra: cn DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED. LINE VOLTAG TRANSIENT SUPPRESSORS Features Parallsl Operation StXX) Hits SOOO Hits/Second TM PROTECTS: •Computers •Micro-Computer Systems •Word Processors •Cash Registers • Power SuDDlies dVmarc l l INDUSTRIES. INC. DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED PROTECTS AGAINST: • High Energy Voltage Transients •On-Oft Switching •Lightning Induced Transients •Inrush of On/Off Power Clipstrip Clipper 977E 678F ® ® LISTED LISTED 7133 Rutherford Rd. BaHimore, Md. 21207 ^ (301)298-3130 80a63a9098 ^ circle 94 on Inquiry card. Circle 157 on Inquiry card. April 1982 © BYTE PubUcitiona Ine 4£5 MACHINE ONE _) o tc. |fe it u S Hi O VI 0. MACHINE TWO o 01 Z K 8g CONTROL TERMINAL Figure 1: y4 simple RS-232C serial connection between two computers can provide the necessary communications interface to create a multiprocessing system. McGraw-Hill Boojistore MCROPROCESSOFB AND MCFIOCOMPLrrERS Hardware and Software L>iiiiiEi..s 1982 Books from Prentice-Hall For the novice, for the engineer, for programmers, analysts, designers, data administrators, auditors, oper- ations supervisors. Microprocessors and Microcomputers Hardware and Software 2nd ed. by Tocci and Laskowski, Comprehensive review for mini- mum iDackground. 416 pp $20.95 Advanced Computer Design by J K lliffe. Case studies and illustrated applications for future trends. 478 pp $28,00 Developing A Data Dictionary System by J. Van Duyn. Functional examples and sample applications. 218 pp $25,00 Data Models by Tsichritzis and Lochovsky A framew/ork for researcti directions in data base problems. 395 pp $24,95 'McGraw-Hill Bookstore '1221 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y. Send me (circle) book # 12 3 4 No, copies: _ Check, money order or credit card only Amer Exp. Master Chg Please print clearly. N.Y. 10020 4 iTnii BY4 Visa_ Acct. No.. Name -Expires. Address. City_ -State- -Zip- Add applicable sales lax, plus 32,50 each lor postage and handling. minal; it doesn't know the difference. The only hardware change is to cross- connect pins 2 (BA) and 3 (BB) on the RS-232C cable connecting the two machines. This can be done either by making a special cable or by installing a DPDT (double-pole, double-throw) toggle switch on either machine. This is necessary so the transmitted-data line from one machine is connected to the data-receiving line on the other. Incidentally, the reversing switch is also handy for connecting an external modem to one of your serial ports. It is necessary to reverse pins 2 and 3 in that case, and the switch saves mak- ing special cables. See figure 2 for details. Your ports or terminal may have special handshaking require- ments, and you may have to tie pin 5 high or perform some other modifica- tion to get proper operation. Your hardware instruction book might note the serial interface requirements. (Or see "Build a Null Modem," by Robert Haar, BYTE, February 1981, page 198.) Be sure the ports connecting the two machines are set for identical data rates, no faster than your control-terminal rate. I suggest run- ning everything at 9600 bps (bits per second), if your control terminal is capable of it. Software The program in listing 1, called MACH2 and written in 6809 assem- bly language, runs in machine 1, but is called only when you "talk" to machine 2. When it is running, all characters typed on the user terminal are routed through machine 1 over the RS-232C line to machine 2, and all responses from machine 2 are routed by the software through ma- chine 1, back to the terminal. It has the effect of the terminal being con- nected directly to machine 2. After you have started machine 2 on a par- ticular task, typing a Control-X in- stantly puts you back in control of machine 1. You can now start it on an entirely different job from the one machine 2 is working on. Later, you may wish to talk to machine 2 again, to check on the progress of a job. With the described setup, just type 466 Apia 19a © BYTE Pablicatioiu Inc Circle 249 on Inquiry card. the name of the program, MACH2, and you are again communicating with your second machine. As before, typing a Control-X gets you back to machine 1. The software necessary to do this is simple. However, I couldn't resist complicating it a bit, using the enhanced instruction set available on the 6809. For instance, moving a pro- gram to execute in a different area of memory is painless. Unlike other 8-bit microprocessors, 6809 machine- language programs are easily written to be position-independent. They are not relocatable, as with a linking loader, but truly position-indepen- dent. A program doesn't care what its physical address in memory is — ^put it anywhere, and it runs. MACH2 is disk-resident. When called, it is loaded into FLEX's "utility-command area" of memory and run. First, the program initializes the serial port used to control the sec- ond machine. This has to be done after power-up with any of the soft- ware-programmed serial ports before use. Next, the program moves part of itself (the permanent part) to the top of user memory. This does two good things. First, it frees the utility- command area for use by other utility programs. Second, the program is now memory-resident; it doesn't have to be loaded from disk each time you use it. FLEX has already determined where the top of memory is, and has stored that address in an area re- served for pointers and other param- eters. The program gets that address, and moves itself just' under it. The system's end-of-memory pointer is changed to a location just below the Text continued on page 470 Circle 476 on inquiry card. a A A A PIN NUMBERS ON DB-25 CONNECTOR 0 0 o < Q AT UJ a H 1- a S (ft IVE z IxJ < O LU ir- q: REAR VIEW OF DPDT TOGGLE SWITCH & Q & ^ (a) (b) Figure 2: When connecting two computers' RS-232C ports, it may be necessary to swap the connections to pins 2 (TD, transmit data) and 3 (RD, receive data) in the cable, as in figure 2a, or install a toggle switch, as in figure 2b. Other installation-specific modifica- tions may be necessary to make the serial ports compatible. SOURCE CODE for 3270 BISYNC COMMUNICATIONS Trying to interface your microsystem with a tiost computer and are frustrated because you just don't have enough time to develop your software and you want to quicl^ly start utilizing the power of the host? Data Retrieval Corporation of Amer- ica will share with you the benefits of a major research and development com- munications project. The 3270 communications source code package includes: Source Code (written in 8080 Assembler) for an Intel iSBC 544 Intelligent Communication Con- troller. Port 1 communicates with a host computer, emulating an IBM 327X control unit. • Port 2 communicates with an IBM 327X control unit, emulating a host computer. • Port 3 is not used. • Port 4 communicates with an IBM 3101 terminal, emulating an IBM 3278 termi- nal. Source code (written in PLM/86, running under the IRMX 86 oper- ating system) for a job that com- municates with the iSBC 544. Ideal for a system like the new Intel 86/330, also a saver for any- one planning on developing their own 3270 bysinc communication. Source Code supplied on 8" single density diskettes or printout ...$500 DATA RETRIEVAL CORPORATION OF AMERICA 5600 W. Brown Deer Rd. • Milwaukee, Wi 53223 414-355-5900 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 467 Listing 1: A 6809 machine-language program, MACH2, that permits a user to control two interconnecting machines from one ter- minal, allowing the execution of two different tasks by separate processors. NAM MACH2 OPT PAG ★THIS PROGRAM ALLOWS CONTROL OF A SECOND * MACHINE VIA A SERIAL PORT. * ONCE CALLED, THIS PROGRAM IS MEMORY-RESIDENT * AND REQUIRES NO SUBSEQUENT DISK LOADS. * "MEMEND" IN FLEX ($CC2B) IS SET JUST BELOW * THIS PROGRAM SO THAT IT WILL NOT BE WRITTEN * OVER. * OPERATING SYSTEMi 680.9 FLEX (TM) T.S.C. * HARDWAREi MACHINE I- SWTPCO 6809 * MACHINE 2- SWTPCO 6800 * WRITTEN 2-5-80 JOHN R. HARRINGTON * EQUATES CD03 WARMS EQU $CD03 FLEX 9 WARMSTART E004 PORTI EQU $E004 CONTROL PORT ADDRESS E008 P0RT2 EQU $E008 PORT TALKING TO SECOND MACHINE GDI 8 PUTCHR EQU $CD1 8 OUTPUT CHARACTER TO CONTROL PORT CC2B MEMEND EQU $CC2B "END OF MEMORY" STORAGE CD24 PCRLF EQU $CD24 TO CONTROL PORT CDIE PSTRNG EQU $CDI E AND STRING TO CONTROL PORT CCI2 UCTADD EQU $CCI2 USER COMMAND TABLE ALORESS CI 00 ORG SCI 00 CI 00 20 01 START BRA MACH2 BRANCH OVER VERSION C!02 01 FCB 1 VERSION 1 cio3 BD CD24 MACH2 JSR PCRLF CI 06 86 03 LDA #3 MASTER RESET FOR ACIA PORT CI08 B7 E008 STA P0RT2 ClOB 86 I 1 LDA #$1 1 8 BITS, NO PARITY, 2 STOP BITS ClOD B7 E008 STA P0RT2 PORT IS NOW INITIALIZED CI 10 FC ■CC2B LDD MEMEND PRESENT END OF MEMORY Cl 1 3 FD Cl 3D STD ORIGME SAVE IT FOR LATER CI 16 83 00 D5 SUBD #ENDPGM- •MACH20 SUBTRACT LENGTH OF PART TO BE MOVED Cl 1 9 FD CC2B STD MEMEND SET MEMORY END JUST BELOW OUR PROGRAM CI 1 C IF 01 TFR D,X MEMEND GOES INTO X Cl 1 E 30 01 LEAX 1 ,x NOW X HAS NEW STARTING ADDRESS CI20 34 10 PSHS X SAVE IT CI22 I08E C21Q LDY #ENDPGM UST BYTE TO BE MOVED CI26 34 20 PSHS Y SAVE ITS ADDREiSS CI28 lOBE Ci3B LDY #MACH20 FIRST BYTE TO BE MOVED CI2C A6 AO MOVE LDA ,Y+ GET A BYTE OF THIS PROGRAM CI2E A7 80 STA ,X+ AND MOVE IT Cl 30 1 OAC E4 CMPY ,s FINISHED? CI33 26 F7 BNE MOVE NOT YET CI35 32 62 LEAS 2,S FIX STACK CI37 35 10 PULS X GET NEW STARTING ADDRESS CI39 6E 84 JMP ,x AND GO THERE * THE REST OF THIS PROGRAM GETS RELOCATED TO A * NEW SPOT JUST UNDER TOP OF USER MEMORY SPACE. * THE CODE IS POSITION-INDEPENDENT AND WILL RUN * ANYWHERE. PART OF THE CODE MOVED IS AN EXTENSION * TO THE FLEX COMMAND TABLE (COMTBL). 468 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcaUoiu Inc mm. m DKA MACH2 1 BRANCH AROUND TEMP STORAGE CI 3D 0000 @iI@ME FDB 0 ORIGINAL TOP OF MEMORY ADDRESS CI 3F 30 8D 0013 MACH2t LEAX MACH22,PCR GET NEW ADDRESSES FOR ROUTINES CI 43 AF 8n OOBC STX AODRI , PCR AND PUT IN COMMAND TABLE CI 47 30 8n 0050 T FAX RESTORE, PGR Ci 4B AF 8n OORF w 1 A ADDfl2,PCR CI 4F 30 8D 00 A A I FAX COMTBL.PCR POINT TO COMMAND TABLE CI53 BF CC i 2 STX O X A 1 ir*T A nn IhLL rLcA HncKb ii lb NOVi CI 56 30 T PAX "YOU ARE NOW CONTROLLING MACHINE C15A BD rSTHNG CI5D BD greater than; < less than; < = less than or equal to; > = greater than or equal to; < > not equal to). The relational operators return either a 0 (FALSE) or — 1 (TRUE) as a result. Note that >< is an illegal operator. Standard arithmetic operators are provided for the four basic arithmetic functions (-1- addition; — subtrac- tion; / division; * multiplication). The arithmetic is stan- dard 16-bit two's-complement arithmetic. Fractional quo- tients are truncated at the right, not rounded, and re- mainders are dropped; therefore, both 16/3 and 17/3 472 April 1982 ® BYTE PubUcadoiu Inc give 5 as a result. As usual, division by zero is not permit- ted; it will result in an error break. NSC Tiny BASIC follows the usual algebraic rules for order in evaluating expressions. Parentheses control the order of evaluation, and you should use them liberally. They insure clarity in complicated expressions. NSC Tiny BASIC provides logical operators AND, OR, and NOT. These perform bitwise logical operations on their 16-bit arguments and produce 16-bit results. The AND and OR operators are called binary operators because they perform an operation on two arguments (or operands). Here's an example of the use of AND, with the binmy interpretation shown at right: >LIST 10A = 75 A = 0000 0000 0100 1011 20 B = 99 B = 0000 0000 0110 0011 30 C = A AND B C = 0000 0000 0100 0011 40 PRINT C >RUN 67 The following program shows how the logical AND can be used with other relational operators: >LIST 10 INPUT A 20 INPUT B 30 IF (A>5d) AND (B>50) THEN GO TO 60 40 PRINT "ONE OR BOTH ARE SMALL" 50 GO TO 10 60 PRINT "BOTH ARE BIG" 70 GO TO 10 If we run the program, console output will look like this: >RUN 7 51 7 52 BOTH ARE BIG T51 Expressions Variable Names A — Z Decimal constants in the range -32767 to +32767 Hexadecimal numbers (preGeded by a "#") Operators Relational Operators it' < > = < > Arltlnmetlo Operators + / Logical Operators AND OR NOT The Indirect Operator @ Accesses absolute memory locations one byte at a time; e.g., LET X= @6800 assigns value at address 6800 to X. Functions MOD (a,b) Yields absolute value of rernainder from division of a by b RND (a.b) Generates pseudorandom integer in range from a through b, inclusive STAT Represents 8-bit value of the status register TOP Yields address of first byte above the pro- gram in the current page of RAM INC Increments a memory location DEO DeGrements a memory location Statements Input/Output Statements INPUT Inputs one or more expressions or numbers, separated by commas (or spaces) Table 1: A summary of NSC Tiny BASIC features. INPUT $ A Inputs a string to successive memory loca- tions starting at location A PRINT Outputs information from program; gives decimal numbers and quoted strings PRINT $ B Prints string beginning at address B up to next carriage rturn Assignment Statements LET Sets a variable, memory location, string variable or the status register to value entered Program-Control Statements GOTO GOSUB RETURN IF/THEN DO/UNTIL FOR/NEXT STEP LINK ON STOP CONT DELAY CLEAR Commands NEW RUN LIST Branches to line number Calls subroutine at line number Returns control from subroutine to line following GOSUB statement Shifts program control based on result of logical test Causes repetition of enclosed statements until specified condition is met causes repetition for specified number of times Sets size of increment in iterations of FOR/NEXT statements Transfers control to a machine-language routine at a specified address Helps process interrupts; "ON interrupt-#1 , 200" transfers control to GOSUB statement at line 200 when specified interrupt occurs. Causes program to stop and prints current line number, then returns to edit mode Resumes execution of program stopped by STOP Delays execution for specified number of time units up to maximum of 1040 milliseconds Initializes all variables to 0, disables inter- rupts, enables BREAK capability, resets all stacks Establishes a new start-of-program address Runs the current program Lists the current program Apia 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc 473 ? 49 ONE OR BOTH ARE SMALL 7 49 7 49 ONE OR BOTH ARE SMALL 7'C STOP AT 10 > The following similar program shows the use of a logical OR with other relational operators: >LIST 10 INPUT A 20 INPUT B 30 IF (A>50) OR (B>50) THEN GO TO 60 40 PRINT "BOTH ARE SMALL" 50 GO TO 10 60 PRINT "ONE OR BOTH ARE BIG" 70 GO TO 10 Here's a sample run: >RUN 751 7 52 ONE OR BOTH ARE BIG Reliable Business Software DATASMITH software requires no previous computer experience, so it can be used effectively by your present office staff. The menu-driven systerns feature extensive error detection and correction faciiities, so they are "friendly" to the user. • GENERAL LEDGER. Everything you need to keep the bool The third logical operator (NOT) is unary; i.e., it per- forms an operation on only one argument. An example f ollows, again showing the binary interpretation at right: >LIST 10 A = 11 A = 0000 0000 0000 1011 = 11 10 20 B = NOT A 30 PRINT B B = 1111 1111 1111 0100 = -12 >RUN 10 -12 Tiny BASIC Functions NSC Tiny BASIC offers several functions for use in arithmetic expressions. For example, the MOD (or modulo) function returns the absolute value of the re- mainder from the division a/b, where a and b are ar- bitrary expressions. If the value of b is zero, an error break will occur as in any division operation. Here's an example of the use of MOD: >LIST 10 A = 95 2 20 B = 44 44/95" 30 PRINT MOD (A,B) 88 >RUN 7 MOD (95,44) 7 The NSC Tiny BASIC random-number generator is called RND, and it returns a pseudo-random integer in the range from a through b, inclusive. For the RND func- tion to perform correctly, a should be less than b, and b— a must be less than or equal to 32767 (decimal). A typical example is: > 10 PRINT RND (1,100) >RUN 27 The STAT function returns the 8-bit value of the INS8073 status register. STAT may appear on either side of an assignment statement, enabling you to modify the status register as well as read it. The carry and overflow flags of the status register are usually meaningless, because the NSC Tiny BASIC interpreter itself is continually modify- ing these flags. The interrupt-enable flag may be altered by an assignment to STAT (e.g., STAT = #FF). Loca- tions of individual flags in the status register are shown in 474 ApiU 1982 © BYTE Publicatiaiu Inc Circle 138 on Inquiry card. table 2. The function of each bit in the status register is shown in table 3. Here is an example of the use of the STAT function: >LIST 10 LET A = STAT 20 PRINT A >RUN 176 The decimal number, 176, traiislates to 10110000 binary. Other Functions The TOP function returns the address of the first byte of RAM (random-access read/ write memory) above the NSC Tiny BASIC program that is available to the user. This will be the address of the highest byte in the NSC Tiny BASIC program, plus 1. A program can use all the memory in the RAM above and including TOP as scratchpad storage. As an example: > 10 PRINT TOP >RUN 4400 4400 is the first address of unused RAM The INC and DEC functions increment or decrement a memory location X. Here are some examples: 10 LET X = 1032 20 A=INC(X) 50 B=DEC(X) 60 X = INC(6000) 70 Y=DEC(6000) These instructions are used for multiprocessing and are noninterruptible. This means that if two 8073s are used on the same bus, whenever one processor executes an INC (X) or DEC (X) instruction, the other processor must remain idle. These instructions are generally used for communications between processors in a multiprocessor system. Statements The INPUT statement is used to input data to an NSC Tiny BASIC program. One or more items (variables, ex- pressions, etc.), separated by commas, paay be entered according to the following formats; 10 INPUT A 20 INPUT B,C When the statement at line 10 is executed, NSC Tiny BASIC prompts you with a question mark. You type in a number, which is assigned to the variable A after you press the RETURN key. NSC Tiny BASIC then prompts BIT DESCRIPTION 7 CARRY/LINK (CY/L): This bit is set to 1 if a carry occurs from the most significant bit during an add, a subtract, or any instruction that alters the status register. This bit may also be set by the operations performed by the SHIFT RIGHT WITH LINK (SRL) and the ROTATE RIGHT WITH LINK (RRL) machine-language instructions. 6 OVERFLOW (OV): This bit is set if an arithmetic overflow occurs during a machine-language add or sub- tract instruction. NOTE: Bit 7 and bit 6 may be of little or no use in an NSC Tiny BASjC program, 5 SENSE BIT B (SB): Tied to an external connector pin, this bit can be used to sense external conditions. This is a "read-only" bit; it is not affected when the contents of the accumulator are copied into the status register by a STAT instruction. Sense bit B is also the second interrupt input and may be examined by use of the "ON" com- mand. 4 SENSE BIT A (SA): LilLIST 10A=10 20 INPUT B,C 30 PRINT B,C >RUN 7A+1,A*2 11 20 The comma between the entered expressions is not man- datory and can be replaced by spaces if the second ex- pression does not start with a plus or minus sign. There must be at least as many expressions in the input list as variables in the INPUT statement. If an error occurs when NSC Tiny BASIC tries to evaluate the typed-in ex- pression, the message RETYPE is printed along with the error message, and the question mark prompt will appear again so that you can type the expressions correctly. NSC Tiny BASIC allows string input, as described in the section on string. handling, found later in this article. INPUT may not be used in the command mode. The PRINT statement is used to output information from the program. Quoted strings are displayed exactly as they appear, with the quotes removed. Numbers are printed in decimal format. A space precedes positive numbers, and a minus sign precedes negative numbers. All numbers have a trailing space. A semicolon at the end of a PRINT statement suppresses the usual carriage return and line feed with which NSC Tiny BASIC ter- minates the output. Strings stored in memory (such as those generated by a string input statement) may also be printed. A typical ex- ample: >LIST PRINT 'THIS IS A STRING" 20 A=10 30 B=20 40 PRINT "10 PLUS 20=", A+B RUN . THIS IS A STRING 10 PLUS 20= 30 The word LET may be used or omitted in an assign- ment statement, but the execution of an assignment state- ment is faster if the word LET is used. The left portion of an assignment statement may be a simple variable (A through Z), STAT, or a memory location, which is in- dicated by an @ followed by a variable, a nxmiber, or an expression in parentheses. Here are some sample assignments: LETX=7 X=7 LET E=I*R E = I*R STAT =#70 LET @A=255 @(T+36)=#FF Conditional assignments may be made without using an IF statement. The method hinges on the fact that all predicates are actually evaluated to yield —1 if true and 0 if false. Thus, if a predicate is enclosed in parentheses, it may be used as a multiplier in a statement as shown here; LETX= -A*(A>=0)+A*(A<0) This statement would assign the absolute value of A to X. Program Control NSC Tiny BASIC provides an assortment of program- control statements. The GO TO statement permits pro- gram branches to a specific line number or a line number called by an arbitrary expression. For example, 10 GO TO 50 would cause the program to jump from line 10 directly to line 50, but 10 GO TO X+5 would cause the program to jump from line 10 to line X-l-5. The value of X is variable, allowing dynamic con- trol of program execution at this point. The GOSUB and RETURN statements are useful when a computation or operation must be performed at more than one place in a program. Rather than write the routine over again each time it is needed, you employ a GOSUB instruction to "call" the computation or opera- tion (referred to as a subroutine). After the subroutine has been executed, a RETURN instruction (the last in- struction of the subroutine) causes the program to resume execution at the next line number following the original GOSUB instruction. An example is shown in figure 1. GOSUBs may be nested up to eight levels deep (including interrupt levels). 476 April 1982 © BYTE Publicadoiu Inc The IF. . .THEN statement allows program control to be modified by a logical test condition. The test condition follows the IF clause of the statement. When the test con- dition is true (nonzero), the THEN portion of the state- ment will be executed. When the test condition is false (zero), the THEN portion will be ignored and execution will continue at the next numbered line of the program. For example: 50 IF X>J THEN GO TO 140 NSC Tiny BASIC allows the omission of the word THEN from an IF. . .THEN statement. This omission, also allowed on some larger BASICs, enhances the clarity of the program. The previous example would become: 50 IF X>J GO TO 140 The DO. . .UNTIL statement is unique to NSC Tiny BASIC. Borrowed from Pascal, this statement is used to program loops, thus keeping GO TO statements to a minimum. The DO. . .UNTIL statement makes NSC Tiny BASIC programs clear in structure and easy to read. The following example shows the use of DO. . .UNTIL statements to print numbers less than 100: 10 PRINT 1: PRINT 20 PRINT 2 30 1 = 3 :REM I IS NUMBER TESTED 40 DO 50 J = 1/2 :REM J IS THE LIMIT 60 N = 1 :REM N IS THE FACTOR 70 DO :REM SEEKS A DIVISIBLE FACTOR OF I 80N=N-l-2 90 UNTIL (MOD(LN) = 0 OR (N>J)) 100 IF N>J PRINT I :REM NO DIVISIBLE FACTOR 110 1=1+2 120 UNTIL (I> 100) :REM ENDS THE SEARCH By enclosing a 0 or more statements between the DO and the UNTIL < condition > statement (where the < condi- tion > is any arbitrary expression), you cause repetition of the enclosed statements as a group until the < condi- tion > evaluates to a nonzero number (a true condition). DO. . .UNTIL loops can be nested, and NSC Tiny BASIC will report an error if the nesting level becomes too deep (more than eight levels). The FOR. . .NEXT statement in NSC Tiny BASIC is identical to the FOR. . .NEXT statement in standard MAIN PROGRAM SUBROUTINE 10 LET X=5 20 B=X+8 50 GOSDB 200 » 200 y=X+B/A ( Figure 1: The effects of the GOSUB and RETURN statements in NSC Tiny BASIC. On the first GOSUB call (line 50), the order of execution follows the solid arrows. On the second GOSUB call (line 100), the ord.er of execution follows the dashed arrows. Aprili982 © BYTE PubliOUons Inc 477 BASICS. A STEP function in the FOR statement may be used to specify the size of the increment in each iteration of the statement. In the absence of a specified STEP, NSC Tiny BASIC assumes a STEP value of +1. The value of the STEP may be either positive or negative. Starting and ending values of the FOR. . .NEXT loop are included in the FOR statement. The loop is repeated when the NEXT statement has been executed, provided the upper limit of the FOR statement has not been reached. When the upper limit is reached, the program will exit from the FOR. . .NEXT loop. NSC Tiny BASIC causes an error break if the variable in the NEXT statement is not the same variable as that used in the FOR statement. FOR. . .NEXT loops may be nested, and NSC Tiny BASIC will report an error if the nesting level becomes too deep; a depth of four levels of FOR loop nesting is allowed. A FOR loop will be executed at least once, even if the initial value of the control variable already exceeds its bourtds before starting. The following program would print the odd integers less than 100: The program above requires the machine-language program described below to be loaded into address 1800 hexadecimal. 10 N = 100 20FORI=1TONSTEP2 30 PRINT I 40 NEXT 1 :REM UPPER LIMIT :REM START AT 1 WITH STEP OF 2 :REM PRINT A NUMBER :REM REPEAT (at line 20) 20) When increased execution speed is needed, you can use a LINK statement to transfer control from an NSC Tiny BASIC program to an INS8073 machine-language rou- tine. A statement of the form LINK < address > will cause transfer of control to the INS8073 machine- language routine, starting at the specified address. Con- trol is transferred by execution of a JSR (Jump to Sub- routine) instruction. The INS8073 has two address pointers, P2 and P3, in addition to the program counter and the stack pointer. When a LINK statement transfers control to a machine- language routine, the routine can modify the pointers P2 and P3. The value of pointer P3 is unpredictable; P2 points at the starting location of the storage of A through Z variables. These variables are stored in ascending alphabetical order, two bytes each, low-order byte first. Here is an example: 10 LINK #1800 20 IF A=0 THEN PR "SENSE A IS LOW" 30 IF A=1THEN PR "SENSE A IS HIGH" 99 STOP >RUN SENSE A IS HIGH STOP AT 99 >RUN SENSE A IS LOW STOP AT 99 NSC Tiny BASIC trans- fers to address #1800 to read sensor. Program transfers back to NSC Tiny BASIC 2 0000 3 1800 06 4 1801 D410 5 1803 6C02 6 1805 C401 7 1807 CAOO .TITLE SENSE .=01800 LD A,S AND A, = 16 BZ LOW LD A, = l ST A,0,P2 8 1809 5C RET 9 0000 .END ;THIS PROGRAM READS SENSE A PIN ;TINY BASIC JUMPS HERE ; STORES AC- CUMULATOR INTO LOCATION OF VARIABLE A ; RETURN TO TINY BASIC The ON statemeiit helps process interriipts . The format of the statement i§: ON interrupt— #, line-number When the numbered interrupt (interrupt — #) occurs, NSC Tiny BASIC executes a GOSUB statement beginning at the line number given. If the line-number given is zero, the corresponding interrupt is disabled at the software level. Interrupt numbers may be 1 or 2. Use of the ON statement disables console interrupts (BREAK function). Interrupts must also be enabled at the hardware level by setting the interrupt-eriable bit in the status register (e.g., using STAT=1). Although the last line of a program does not have to be a STOP statement, use of a STOP in this way does help in debugging. The STOP statement may be inserted as a breakpoint in an NSC Tiny BASIC program. On en- counterihg a STOP statement, NSC Tiny BASIC prints a stop message and the current line number, then returns to the edit mode. Thus, you can see whether your program has reached the de^red point. Any number of STOP statements may appear in the program. By removing the STOP statements one by one, you can test the program iii parts until debugging is completed. Execution of a stopped program may be continued after the STOP by a CONT (continue) command. Other UseiFul Features The DELAY statement delays NSC Tiny BASIC for "expr" time units (nominally milliseconds, 1 through 1040). Delay 0 gives the maximum delay of 1040 ms. The format is: DELAY expr For example: > 10 DELAY 100 Delay 100 ms. 478 Apd isn © BYTE Publicattons Inc The CLEAR statement initializes all variables to 0, disables interrupts, enables BREAK capability from the console, and resets all stacks (GOSUB, FOR. . .NEXT, and DO. . .UNTIL). For example: 10 ON (2,250) 300 CLEAR Break is disabled. Interrupt 2 is enabled. Break is reenabled. Interrupt 2 is disabled. The indirect operator is an NSC Tiny BASIC exclusive, at least in the realm of BASIC. This operator performs the functions of PEEK and POKE with a less cumbersome syntax. The indirect operator can access absolute memory locations and can service input/output devices as well. Its utility is especially significant for microprocessors like the INS8073, for which interfacing is commonly performed through memory addressing. When an "at" sign (@) precedes a constant, a variable, or an expression in parentheses, that constant, variable, or expression is taken as an unsigned 16-bit address at which a value is to be obtained or stored. Thus, if an in- put device has an address of #6800 (hexadecimal), the statement LETX=@#6800 would input from that device and assign the value of the input to the variable X. If the address of an output device was #6801, the statement @#6801=Y would output the least significant byte of Y to the device. The indirect operator accesses memory locations only one byte at a time. An assignment such as @A=248 changes the memory location pointed to by A to 248 binary (1111 1000), since 248 can be expressed as one byte. However, an assignment such as @A=258 changes the memory location pointed to by A to 2, because ex- pressing the value 258 causes a carry to a ninth bit, which is lost, as shown below: 258io = 1 0000 0010 extra one by te (stored into location to hit which A would point) Only the least significant byte of 258 (which is 2) is stored at the location to which A would point. In any place where a variable, such as B, would be legal, the construct "@B" (which means the byte located at the memory location whose address is the value of B) also be legal. Here are some other examples: 40 LET B = 6000 50 LET @B=100 60 LET C = @B 70 PRINT @6000 80 LETD = @(A-t-10*D) Assigns 6000 to B. Stores decimal 100 in memory location 6000. Sets C equal to 100. Prints 100. Sets D equal to the value stored in memory location (A-f-10*D). Parentheses are required when @ is applied to an expres- sion. More than one statement can be placed on one pro- gram line by placing a colon between the statements. This technique can improve readability of the program and can save memory space. Here is an example of the use of multiple statements: 200 PRINT "MY GUESS IS",Y:PRINT "INPUT A POSITIVE NUMBER";: INPUT X: IF X < =0 GO TO 200 If X is negative or zero, you will be instructed to enter a positive number, and the program will return to line 200 for a new guess. If you had entered a positive number correctly, the program would have proceeded to the next numbered line after line 200. You must use multiple statements per line with care. The above example shows that if the condition of the IF © MicroTecfi Exports 1980 niES ACROSS! With REFORMATTER disk utilities you can read and write IBM 3740 and DEC RT-11 single density formatted diskettes on your CP/M® system. REFORMATTER enables you to access large system databases, improve data exchange with other organizations, increase program development capabilities, and use your micro in distributed processing. REFOR/MATTER programs feature bi-directional data transfer and full directory manipulation. ASCII/EBCDIC conversion provided with CP/M "-^IBM. MP/M is now fully supported. Program Data Sheets, Application Guides, and Machine Coiripati- biUty Guides available. Each program $195.00 from stock. Specify CP/M *^ IBM or CP/M -<-»■ DEC. Order from MicroTech Exports, Inc., 467 Hamilton Ave., Suite 2, Palo Alto, CA 94301 □ Ttel: 415/324-9114 □ TWX: 910-370-7457 MUH-AUOS □ Dealer and OEM discounts available. CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digiul Research. ^Hl Circle 276 on inquiry card. April 19i2 © BYTE Putilicatiom Inc 479 statement is false, control passes to the next program line. Anything else on the line containing multiple statements will be ignored. String Handling To input string data, a statement of the form INPUT $ F where F is a starting address, is used. When the program reaches this statement during program execution, NSC Tiny BASIC prompts you with a question mark (7). All line-editing characters may be used (back space, line delete, etc.). If a eontrol-U is typed to delete an entered line, NSC Tiny BASIC will continue to prompt for a line until a line is terminated by a carriage return. The line is stored in consecutive locations, starting at the address pointed to by F, up to and including the carriage return. For example, 20 INPUT $ A may also be written 20 INPUT $A and inputs a string to successive memory locations start- ing at A. An item in a PRINT statement can include a string variable in the form of $B. When the print statement is encountered during program execution, the string will be printed beginning at the address B up to, but not in- cluding, a carriage return. A keyboard interrupt will also terminate the printing of the string if the interrupt is detected before the carriage return. For example, 50 PRINT $B prints the string beginning at the location pointed to by "B". Characters in quotes can be assigned to string variables just as numerical values are assigned to other variables. A statement of the form $C = "THIS STRING IS A STRING" when encountered during program execution, wotild cause the characters in quotes to be stored in memory starting at the address indicated by C and going up to and including the carriage return at the end of the line. For example: 70 $D = 'THIS IS A STRING WITH NO INPUT STATEMENT." A T is stored at location "D", an H at location "D+1", etc. Strings can be moved from one memory block to another. A statement of the form $A=$B (where A and B are addresses) will transfer the characters in memory beginning with address B to memory beginning with address A. The last character, normally a carriage return, is also copied. Note that a statement such as $(A-I-1)=$A would be disastrous, because it fills all of RAM with the first character of $A. Here is an exanqjle of moving one memory block to another location: 10 A=TOP :REM A POINTS TO EMPTY RAM ABOVE TOP OF PROGRAM 20 C = TOP + 100 :REM C POINTS TO RAM 100 BYTES ABOVE A 30 D = TOP -I- 200 :REM D POINTS TO RAM 100 BYTES ABOVE C 40 INPUT $A :REM STORES CHARACTERS WHERE A POINTS 50 PRINT $A 60 LET $C = "IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10" 70 $D=$C :REM STORES CHARACTERS WHERE D POINTS 80 PRINT $D Commands The NEW command establishes a new start-of- program address equal to the value of "expr". NSC Tiny BASIC then executes its initialization sequence, which clears all variables, resets all hardware /software stacks, disables interrupts, enables BREAK capability from the console, and performs a nondestructive search of RAM. If the value of "expr" points to a ROM (read-only memory) address, the NSC Tiny BASIC program that begins at that address will be automatically executed. The NEW command does not alter memory (including the end-of-program pointer used by the editor). For example: > NEW 1000 NEW used without an argument sets the end-of- program pointer equal to the start-of -program pointer, so that a new program may be entered. If a program already exists at the start-of-program address, it will be lost. For example: > NEW 1000 Sets program pointer to 1000 >NEW Sets end-of-program pointer to 1000 The RUN command runs the current program. For example: > RUN Execution begins at lowest line number 480 April 1982 © BytE Publications Inc The CONT (continue) command continues execution of the current program from the point where execution was suspended (via a STOP, console interrupt, or reset). An NSC Tiny BASIC program that is executing can be in- terrupted by pressing the BREAK or RESET keys on the keyboard. Execution can be resumed by entering the CONT coiMsand. For example: >RUN THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 Press BREAK or RESET. 'C >CONT THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 THIS IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10 And so on... The LIST(expr) command lists the current program (optionally starting at the line number specified by "expr"). For example: > LIST 10 10 INPUT $A 20 PRINT $A 30 LET $C = "IS THE STRING INPUT AT LINE 10" 40 $D = $C 50 PRINT $D Conclusion NSC Tiny BASIC and the INS8073 Microinterpreter Chip offer many advantages to the programmer. NSC Tiny BASIC'S indirect operator represents a substantial improvement over the usual PEEK and POKE statements. The DO . . . UNTIL statement brings the advantages of structured programming into the realm of Tiny BASICs for the first time. These and other advanced features of NSC Tiny BASIC offer you the convenience of a high- level language as well as new possibilities for elegance and efficiency in process-control and other applications often reserved for assembly language. Furthermore, with NSC Tiny BASIC and the INS8073, transferring programs from RAM to ROM is remarkably simple. Because the INS8073 executes ASCII (American Standard Code for Inforination Interchange) data, if the program will run in RAM, it will run in ROM. You don't have to put anything in ROM except what you put on paper. Programmers have already used the INS8073 and NSC Tiny BASIC for a wide variety of applications, including precision measurement of conditions in oil wells and testing the feasibility of the digital design of an FM tuner. In the coming years, the INS8073 and NSC Tiny BASIC will simplify many other comploc tasks. ■ CATCH THE S-100 INC. BUS! OUR SPECIAL CASH PRICE MEMORY L'ST EXTRAVAGANZA _ GODBOUT - RAM-17-64K STATIC A&T 795.00 MORROW DESIGNS - 65K STATIC A&T 775,00 MEMORY MERCHANT 16K STATIC A&T 179.00 SEATTLE COMPUTER PRODUCTS 8/16 RAM - STATIC 64 K A&T 995.00 NORTH STAR RAM - 32 DYNAMIC A&T 739.00 SSM MB64 64K STATIC A&T 849.00 CCS 64K DYNAMIC A&T 750.00 Subject to Available Quantities • Prices Quoted Include Casli Discounts Shipping & Insurance Extra. S-IDDJnc. 14425 North 79th Street, Suite B Scottsdale, Arizona 85260 Order Number 800-528-3138 Technical 602-9,91 -7870 579.00 579.00 149.00 795.00 399.00 695.00 519.00 CAN7 MAKE ENDS MEET? We couldn't either. At least, not until 1978 when we began connecting RS-232 devices to IEEE-488 computers with our family of serial interfaces. Three units available for use with Commodore's PET/CBM, the HP-85, Osborne-1 and others-plus our IEEE-488 auto-answer/auto-dial 103 Modem and data communications software. Each interface complete with cabinet, one-year warranty, documentation. Priced from $129-389. Details from George Masters: #TfW CORPORATION Dept. B, , 3444 Hancocl< St., San Diego, CA 92110 (714) 296-2115 • TWX 910-335-1194 VISA/MasterGard • Dealer Inquiries Welcome Circle 417 on Inquiry card. AptH 19g2 © BYTE Publications he 481 System Notes Easy Entry Program for Radio Shack's Color Computer Tim Field 1021 Shenandoah Drive Lafayette, IN 47905 Radio Shack's versatile new TRS-80 Color Computer packs a big bang for a small cost. The power of its 6809 microprocessor is the computer's biggest attraction. To take full advantage of the 6809, you must develop machine-language programs. The Easy Entry program is a short BASIC program that will greatly help you enter machine-language programs for the Color Computer. By no means does it replace an assembler, but Easy Entry will save you many hours of arduous and error-prone work until you get one. (For more information, see "A Closer Look at the TRS-80 Color Computer, " October 1981 BYTE, page 334.) The Color Computer's BASIC provides the necessary keywords (PEEK, POKE, and USR) to permit entry of machine-language programs. However, using these com- mands to enter a short program is soon cumbersome and tedious. You must develop, code, and hand-assemble the program, enter it into memory, and test and debug it. And the entry is not that simple. All values must be converted into decimal values be- tween 0 and 255 before they can be POKEd into the Color Computer. Op codes must be individually converted to decimal from their hexadecimal format in the 6809 data sheets. Negative values must be converted to the form understood by the computer. Decimal addresses greater than 255 must be broken down into two-byte values. Then, after completing all these conversions, each value must be individually POKEd into memory. The Easy En- try program (see listing 1) handles all conversions and POKEs each converted value into its proper memory locations. Conversions Normal Decimal Entries. A single byte value (0 to 255 or — 127 to 127) may be specified simply by responding with the desired value on a prompt from the program. For example, to POKE value 98 decimal into the next memory location, input 98 at the next prompt. Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversions. PEEK and POKE accept and return decimal values for specified memory locations. This is terrific because we live in a decimal-reliant society and are uncomfortable working directly with hexadecimal values. Unfortunately, com- puters "think" in binary (Os and Is), which is not easily converted to decimal (and vice versa). However, binary to hexadecimal to binary conversions are relatively straightforward, and the resulting hexadecimal values occupy considerably less room (two characters per byte for hexadecimal versus eight characters for binary). Plug-in Programming // you're serious about assembly-language programming for the Color Computer, you'll need an assembler/ editor, which allows much more efficient programming. The Color Computer's unique design makes it possible to purchase plug-in ROM cartridges containing editor/ assembler programs. Two examples are the Radio Shack Editor/ Assembler Program Pack (part number 263250, $39.95) and the Micro Works Software Develop- ment System (SDS80C, $89.95). With these utility programs in ROM, the constant problem of loading and relocating pro- grams is eliminated and almost the entire RAM space is available to your program. . .SJW. 482 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc Listing 1: The Easy Entry program, written in BASIC for the Color Computer. A complete description of the program is given in table 1. 10 CLS»CLEAR(a0) |lNPU.T"STARTi">A$lAs275:GOSUBaP0 2(9 ABVALCAS} 30 PRINTAi : INPUT^NEXTrrCJi IFC$a''*"THE:NENO 40 AS«RIGHT$(C$,LEN(C$)-1) lO$sLEFT$(C$» n 50 IFO««"."THEN6OSUB200ELSEIFD$a»f "THENG0SU83'?«ELSEA$sCSs60SUBl5?a 60 AsA*llGOTO30 100 U«VALC A$) J IfLEFT$( Ai, l5«"-''THENUs256+U 110 POKEAf UjRETURN 200 UBVAL(AS) :BsABS(U) iVs-1 210 IFU<0THCNUsBtKslELSEK«0 220 IFU>«0THENU«U-256!VsV+l JGOTO220 230 U«B-V*256l IFKalTHENUa256-UtVs255-V 240 POKEA,ViA«A+l|PQKEA,U:RETURN 300 C«LEN(A$) f GOSUBa!5l0: JaE:CsC-l |GOSUB«00 310 POKEA» 16*E+J:RETURN 400 IFC9THENiEsE-7 «20 RETURN 500 6$«"O"sGOSUB700lINPUT"STARTj" jX:INPUT"END!"jy 510 PRINT«-1,X:PRINT«-1,Y 520 FORZaX TO Y j AaPEEK C Z) : PR INT«- 1 , A } NEXTZ i CLOSE- I : END 600 GSa"I"lGO8UB700»INPUT«-l,X» INPUT#-1, Y 610 PRINTX, Y: A8275|B5X!UaX»Va-l IGOSUB210 620 FORZaX TO Y | INPUT#- I , A | POKEZ , A • NEXTZ ! CLOSE- 1 ; END 700 IMPUT''FILE NAMEl"fF$tXlPENG$f-l#P$:RETUPN April 1982 © SyTE PublicaUoiu be 483 System Notes Since op codes are often specified in hexadecimal and must be converted to decimal before being POKEd into memory, the program handles the conversion for you. To indicate that the current entry is a hexadecimal value, merely precede it with a The acceptable values must be in the 00 to FF range. For example, ;7F tells the pro- gram to convert hexadecimal value 7F to decimal 127 before being POKEd into memory. Decimal to Decimal Conversions. You might question the necessity of converting a decimal value to decimal. POKE will accept values between 0 and 255; if a value ex- ceeds 255, it must be broken down into multiple bytes, which are then POKEd into memory in order, from the most significant to the least significant byte. For example, the decimal value 3500 is broken down into a most-significant-byte value of 13 (decimal) and least- significant-byte value of 172. This process usually involves manually converting the original value into its hexadecimal equivalent (3500 decimal to ODAC hexadecimal), breaking the hex- adecimal value into two bytes (OD and AC), and then reconverting these two bytes to decimal (OD to 13 and AC to 172). The program will accept any input value which is preceded by a convert that into two bytes of decimal, and POKE both into memory. This gives a value range of 0 to 65535. Negative Decimal to Positive Decimal. As previously mentioned, the POKE function takes values between 0 and 255. If you wish to POKE a negative number into memory (e.g., a negative branch offset), you must con- vert the negative value to its positive equivalent. To understand how a negative value has an equivalent positive value, we must look at how the computer "knows" if a value is positive or negative. When seeking a data value, the computer expects to use the most significant value bit as the sign bit. If the value is 8 bits long, bits 0 to 6 are the value bits and bit 7 (the eighth bit) specifies whether the value is positive OT negative. If the sign bit indicates a negative value, the Listing 2: This sample program paints the screen purple and then returns to BASIC control. Memory locations 1024 to 1536 are used for video memory in the Color Computer. Value 191 paints one block on the screen purple. LDB 191 C6 191 LDY 1024 f 10 8E 1024 STB I E7 A0 CHPY 1536 I 10 8C 1536 BIT •8 1 20 -8 RTS i 39 SAVE« DISCOUNT PRICES save« tqppkz Gornputer APPLE COMPUTER SYSTEMS SOLD ONLY IN STORE. CALL FOR PRICES. RAM MEMORY FOR TRS-80, APPLE II 16K SET4116's (200 NS) 24.95 General Information: We carry a large selection of hardware and software by other companies. Send for our catalog. We are an authorized repair center for APPLE, ATARI, NORTH STAR, AND EPSON. A ATARI 400 16K 349.00 800 16K 699.00 410 Recorder 89,00 810Disi< 449.00 822 Printer 359.00 825 Printer 779.00 830 Modem 159,00 850 Interface Module 179.00 CX853 RAM 89.00 CX70 Light Pen 64.00 CX30 Paddle 18.00 CX40 Joystick 18.00 VERBATIM DISKETTES Boxof 10 5'/4" 29.50 Box of 10 8" 39.50 NorthSlar HRZ-2Q-64K HRZ-1Q-64K-HD-5 HRZ-1Q-64K-HD-ia 5 MB HARD DISK 18 MB HARD DISK 2350,00 4195.00 PRINTERS EPSON MX-70 299.00 MX-80 469.00 MX-80 F/T 569.00 GRAFTRAX 90,00 INTERFACE (APPLE) 75.00 CABLE (APPLE) 22.50 IDS 560G 1450.00 PRISM 1795.00 NEC 3510 35CPS 1995.00 7710 55CPA 2650.00 8023A 599.00 OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 389.00 MICROLINE 82A 549.00 MICROLINE 83A 849.00 MICROLINE 84 1245.00 C.l.T.O.H. STARWRITER 25CPS 1 595,00 STARWRITER 45CPS 2195,00 j;©B'MS TRACTOR 275.00 PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. MARYLAND RESIDENTS ADD 5% SALES TAX FREDERICK COMPUTER PRODUCTS, INC. 70 ORDER CALL: (301) 694-8884 5726 INDUSTRY LANE Store Hours: MON. THRU THURS. 9:30 AM-9:00 PM FRI. AND SAT. 9:30 AM-5:00 PM FREDERICK, MD. 21701 484 April 1982 © BYTE PublicaUons Inc Circle 465 on inquiry card. 3001 NEXTi? 191 iPoke sinole byte decimal 191) 3002 NEXTi? »lfe» 3003 NEXTi? ,8E 300a NEXTI? .1024 3000 NEXTj? ,E7 3007 NEXTi? jA0 3006 NEXTi? »10 3009 NEXTi? }BC 3010 NEXTi? «1536 3012 NEXTi? 1 20 3013 NEXTi? -8 mU NEXT I? 1 39 3015 NEXTi? * OK YsUSRCD {Done with entering program) {Computer response) {Execute program) nilTr TOLL-FREE SUBSCRIPTION LINE P^'^ 1-800-258-5485 the small systems journal | WV mVw V^B Ww New Hampshire Residents Dial 924-928 1 The Quickest Way To . change or Correct an Address • Order a Subscription * Give a Friend a Gift Subscription • Renew a Subscription • Inquire about a Subscription We are waiting to help you. Call us between: 8s30-4:00 Mon.-Frl. (Eastern Time) April 19n@ em PubUatloruInc 485 System Notes value bits specify the two's complement of the absolute value. This provides an effective value range for 8 bits between —127 and +127. Thus, 255 decimal indicates a negative value and, taking the two's complement of the value bits, we find that we have specified a —1. The program automatically converts negative decimal values into their positive equivalents. The value may be either 8 or 16 bits. Operation The program is simple to operate. On initiation, the program prompts you for the starting address for the first byte of the machine-language program. The address is stored in memory locations 275 and 276, so a simple USR command after entry of the machine-language program executes that program. You are then prompted for each value in sequence, starting at the beginning address. The current address is displayed with each prompt, and this entry loop continues until you enter an asterisk (*) to signify termination of the program-entry session. The program then returns control of the computer to you. (See listings 2 and 3 for examples of an Easy Entry pro- gram sample run.) 'saving and Loading Machine-Language Programs Once you enter and debug a machine-language pro- gram, you can save it on tape. Since the Color Computer's BASIC does not allow you to directly save 8" DUAL DENSITY CONTROLLER • UP TO 4 MEGABYTES ON LINE • DOS 3.2, 3.3 COMPATIBLE • PASCAL!" AND CP/M*" DUAL DENSITY NOW AVAILABLE • IBM"" 3740 or SYSTEM 34 FORMATTED • SHUGART, QUME, SIEMENS COMPATIBLE • IMMEDIATE DELIVERY Available at your local APPLE Dealer: $595. . \ SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOCIATES /oVA y 11722 SORRENTO VALLEY RD. ^ ^ ' SAN DIEGO, OA 92121 TWX 910-335-2047 486 April 1982 © BYTE PnUicaUoiu inc Circle 378 on Inquiry card. machine-language programs, I have included two routines (lines 500 through 700) that save and load the programs for you. If you have a 4 K-byte machine and are developing a large machine-language program, you can separate these two routines from the main program and load them only when ready to save your program. Lines 210 through 240 and 500 through 700 must be used. If you wish to leave the program conveniently intact, there are still more than 1700 bytes available for the 4K-byte computer. (If you have 16K bytes of memory, you naturally have lots of space.) You should limit machine-language programs to address 2500 decimal and up. Type "RUN 500" to save a machine-language program. You will be prompted for the desired file name for pro- gram storage and the starting and ending address of the machine-language program. All bytes between the start- ing and ending addresses are saved on tape. For example, you might have a program with a main loop at address 2500 through 3000, subroutines at 3100 through 3150 and 3400 through 3450, and a data table at 3475 through 3500. You would want to save your program from ad- Llnes Purpose Main Routine 10 Initialize program. Prompt user for starting address and place into 275-276. 20-30 Prompt input from user ... if "*" tfien end program. 40-50 Determine type of Input. Jump to appropriate subroutine for conversion and POKEIng of value. 60 Move to next address and repeat. Subroutines 1 00-1 10 Value is between - 255 and -h 255. If negative, negate input. POKE value. 200-240 Input (A$) is a decimal value to be converted into two eight-bit values. Line 220 loops, subtracting 256 from U per loop until U is less than zero. Then, the most significant byte is V; least signifi- cant byte is U. POKE both bytes and increments POKE pointer A. 300'310 Input is hexadecimal (00-FF). The value is calculated by finding the decimal equivalent of each ASCII value and then adjusting these values to give ap- propriate results. The final value is then calcu- lated by adding the least significant value (cor- responding to least significant hexadecimal entry) to 16 times the most significant entry. 400-420 input single hexadecimal character (character C in string A$) and return the equivalent decimal value in variable E. If C< 1 then return E = 0. Save/Load Routines (execute with "RUN 500" or "RUN 600" commands) 500-520 Input file name, starting and ending addresses, and save specified memory block to cassette tape. 600-620 Input file name. Load file from cassette into memory address found at start of data file. Poke starting address into 275-276 to allow the USR command to execute loaded program. 700 Routine used by 500 and 600. Used to fetch file name of desired file to be saved or loaded. Table 1: The Easy Entry program routines and their functions. Circle 88 on Inquiry card. dress 2500 to 3500. All unused addresses between the routines and the tables are also saved. To load a previously saved machine-language pro- gram, type "RUN 600". You will be prompted for the file name of the program to be loaded. The program then reads from the tape the starting and ending addresses used when the program was stored, sorting the program in those memory locations. The starting address of the program being loaded is automatically converted into two bytes and POKEd into memory locations 275 and 276. Thus, if you have a complete program loaded, you can immediately execute it by typing Y = USR(1). Since Easy Entry loads machine-language programs into specific memory locations, yoii can save parts of programs, load them all separately, and execute a pro- gram. For instance, you might be developing several pro- grams, each using a large subroutine. If the subroutine is subject to changes, or if you store the subroutine with each separate program, it is easy to lose track of revi- sions. However, if you want that routine at a permanent location (say address 3700 through 4100), you can save it separately from other programs. Then, wishing to ex- ecute one program, you load the subroutine, load the program's main body, and execute. Be certain that the proper address is loaded into memory locations 275 and 276 so that the computer knows where to look when you execute the USR command. How the Routines Work The save and load routines treat each machine- language program byte as data. To save a program, each byte is consecutively PEEKed at and then sent to the tape using the PRINT#-1 command. The first two pieces of data stored in the data file are the starting and ending ad- dresses of the machine-language program being stored. When the load routine is executed, it reads these two ad- dresses, reads all data from the tape, and POKEs it into the specified memory block. You might think that saving a large machine-language program to tape and writing each individual byte to tape separately would be time consuming. Thanks to the PRINT#-1 statement's design, this isn't so. Apparently, the Color Computer's BASIC sets aside a buffer used to store the PRINT#-1 data values. When this buffer is full, data is sent to the tape and the buffer is refilled, allowing you to save a machine-language program of 2 K bytes in about 30 seconds. The time required to load a program is similar. The Easy Entry program requires only about 450 bytes of memory. For a 4 K-byte Color Computer, this leaves almost 2000 bytes of available memory to store machine- language programs. A lot can be accomplished in 2000 bytes of machine language. Your machine-language programs may be entered starting at address 2200. Little error checking is included in the program to keep it as small as possible. After enter- ing a few values, you should become adept at using the program and save yourself many hours. ■ You're different. And C may be the program- ming language you've been looking for. To get you interested, we sell a simple compiler called Small-C for only $1 9.95. If you need more features, try our excellent CW/C® compiler for just $49.95. (It supports a surprisingly large subset of C.) And If you would like to have the complete source code for a great C compiler, then Q/C for $95 is what you need. All these compilers run under CP/M^80®. Write for detailed Information. You'll find that we're different too. CP/M Is a trademark of Digital Research. CW/C is a trademarl< of The Code Works. 5266 Hollister Suite 224 Santa Barbara, CA 93111 (805) 683-1585 theCODE WORKS Clear up your confusion — read the instructions in your tax package. message trom ihe inietnal Revenue Ss'vtce April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 487 STATISTICAL SOFTWARE ELF — Stepwise regression, fac- tor analysis, correlation coeffi- cients, crosstabs, simple statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, stepwise discrimi- nant analysis, all BASIC transfor- mations and more. $200.00 TWG/ARIMA - Box-Jenkins for seasonal and non-seasonal models, identification, estimation and fore- casting. Price: $300.00. Each includes a database manager, numeric software key- pad, and is menu-driven. Each re- quires an Apple II with Applesoft, 48K, and DOS 3.3. For further information, write Hie "WOtcilUMdm ^Ku^ 3907 Lakota Road P.O. Box 10114 Alexandria, VA 22310 *Appte II and Applesoft are trademarks of the Apple Computer Company ELIZA IS HERE! AT LAffTI A FULL IMPLEMENTATION 0( ttl* orialnal ELIZA program It now ivaHiUi lo run on your mleracomputwl CfMlad at MIT In 19C6, ELIZA hll bMomt the world's moil cAlebrated arlKldal InlslllgancB dvmonttrallon program. ELIZA la a non-dlractlva piycholhcrapltt who inilym Mch tUlamant at you ty p« II and than rtaponda wllh har own commtnt or quMtlon — and har ramarVi art oflan ilartllnoly approprlalal Dailgnad lo run on a larg* malnlrama, ELIZA hai hllharto bwn unavallabls lo parsonal computtr utara tKcapl In grtatly ttrippad down varaloni lacking lha iophlitlcatlon which mad* (ha original program ao taaclnatlng, Now, our naw microcomputer version possosslng the FULL powar and rang* ol Mprtulon af Hit orlglnil li Mng oHcivd at lha inlroduclory prie* of only $25. And If you wani toHnd eul how sha docs II (or ttich htr to do mora) wo wtt bwliMto ttw eomplata Soureo Program tor only 130 od dW onol. Ordtr your copy of ELIZA today mdyouH now again wondtr how to raspond whtn you hoir somtona My "Okay, laU aaa what this eomputar ol youra can actually dol" ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE POLLOWIHO DISK PORMATSi 1 . Standard a Inch slngl* danilty for all CP/M twaad compulara S25 for ELIZA.COM — add $20 for MIcrosoH BASIC-BO Sourca 2. 5V. Inch CP/M lor AppI* II aqulpptd wHh Z-SO SoftCard $25 for ELIZA.COM — add $20 for MIcrosott BASIC-40 Soure* a. 5V. Inch lor 48K Appla II with Applaaoft ROM and DOS 3,3 $25 lor Prolvctad Flic — add $20 tor Unprolacled Sourca ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP v^^^^By 921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE W^ff^\ LOS ANGELES. CALIFOHNIA 90046 I Vni* I (213)656-7368 (213)654-2214 ■^■^H MC, VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED Jliiiaiiiiiki Scotch' DISKETTES SAVE 40% crpi.'.-.'r.: g ^ r r SpacHy toft, Price/1 0 10 or 16 sector #744 1 side/sgl dens $26.70 #7440 1 sido/dbl dens 31.20 #745 2 sides/dbl dans 38.40 8r I Specify soft or 32 sector #740 1 side/sgl dsns 27.30 #741 1 side/dbl dens 35.80 #743 2 sidm/dU dans .43.60 CHECKS - V/SA -MC- C.O.D. (3131 777-77B0 ADD $2 SHIPPING LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 Aulhermcl OisWbutor Information Processing Products Circle 437 on Inquiry card. Circle 40 on Inquiry Card. Circle 241 on Inquiry card. DISKETTES CASSETTES Error-Free 5y4-inch Diskettes (MD 5) single-sided, soft sector, single or double density, reinforced hub. Item Qty 10 Qty 5 MD-5 $25.00 $110.00 C-10 $ 7.50 $ 32.50 C-20 9.00 39.00 C-60 11.50 50.00 C-90 15.00 70.00 UPS SHIPPING INCLUDED in Continental USA CA Customers add taxes MICROSETTE 475 Ellis St., Mt. View, CA 94043 (415) 968-1604 Circle 274 on Inquiry card. RAM: 64K-200nS(i2Sie(resh) 8/$79 Color R.F. Modulator Kit: - $13.79 14A S-100 Power Supply Kit-$29.95 (for line cord and circuit breaker, add M.95) . „. . _ « « 47-63 Hz, 95-250 VAC with RFl filter Included. = 'w* Disk Power Kit— 24V/5A - $19.95 New! RGB ^'^"'^^^ ■ High Contrast Black-SUIpe Tube • Ultra Stable Convergence • 90 Day Warranty • 15.7 KHz Mleroano*lo CAT-100, IBM 13 "■$34900 525 x 420 imel, 32 lbs 19". $37900 525 x 620llnes, Ulba. (DIaplaya 80 oharsctara on IBM)"* Actlva 12' ClUt 10 IBM Willi "Inunally" ln|iul-S7S.O0 Add shipping, iiiid insurance. We arc philosopliicEilly against VISA & ivi C. Hoi wfio wouldn't be?) Bealin' Electronics 735 Lama Vards. Palo Alto, CA 94303 • 415.493-5930 TYPESETTING from your own COMPUTER Type your manuscripts, catalogs, or other text into your word processing com- puter. Send it to us on a dislcette or via- a modem transmission and we'll send you camera ready film copy. Computer typesetting provides high quality, easy to read copy at a traction of the cost of conventional typesetting. Call or write for instructional brochure that includes typestyle selections, format- ting instructions, and examples. Dream Electronics 131 N.W. 2 nd. St. 1-503-7524833 Circle 141 on Inquiry card. Circle 152 on Inquiry card. FOR YOUR tcippla HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FREE CATALOG OVER 350 PRODUCTS SPECIAL OFFER wabash® diskettes Unique SR-3000 Formulation - 100% Certified Error Free - Hub Rings Installed on S'/a" 5y4"SS/SD $2 1 .95/BX DS/DD $29.95/bx 8" SS/SD $23.75/BX DS/DD $36.75/bx ONE TIME ONLY - ONE BOX/CUSTOMER Ask For Our S-100 and Related Products Catalog 2.4MB NEC 8" FLOPPY DISKS SUBSYSTEM $1675 FETCH COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION OF: ALMALY TRADING CORPORATION 8135 S.W. 17 STREET, MIAMI, FL 33155 TELEX: 51-9602 "ALMALY MIA" 800-327-2251 ' Apple IsaReglsteredTrademark of Apple Computers ANALOGS DIGITAL DIGITAL^ANALOG CONVERSION MODULES SOFTWARE CAIN CONTROL < iii>;>i>iii'r custom boord test S-100 I'lrlSMv . ' » iM < n V mixoble high ond loui inputs goln from 1 to 1024 I" i ■ ..i,, ,,,,< i hm, ) ,„npiiiu-i h ,[ii,n, irl . Uli'i.'iJi, 16-chQnncl . "« il. I' I " hi. ,L < u ■< 1,1 programmobic goin instrumentation omptlfier . i i £ to 15 khz conversion time !■■'■>' . i.. i -, ' r I : . le-bit somple ond hold omplificrj S-chonnel differential u; . > « .< -i analog to digital! high occurocv , ito<,i. .iti>ti, ii.i.- ymi — I if SCIENTIFIC PLOTTER 48K APPLE II +, $25 Draws professional-looking graphs of your data. EASIER, FASTER, NEATER and more ACCURATE than handplottlng. You choose data format, length and position of axes, 20 symbols, error bars, labels anywhere In 4 orientations, etc. Includes 5 DEMOS on disk with 30-PAGE MANUAL CURVE FITTER 48K APPLE II +, $35 Selects the best curve to fit your data. SCALE, TRANSFORM, AVERAGE, SMOOTH, INTERPOLATE (3 types), LEAST SQUARES FIT (3 types), EVALUATE UNKNOWNS from fitted curve. Includes 5 DEMOS on disk with 33-PAGE MANUAL. VIDICHART 48K APPLE II -(-,$75 NEW tools (or lab data management. FAST plots of 4 data sets with SCROLL- ING in 4 directions, ZOOM scaling on X and ¥ axes, 2 types of graphic CUR- SORS and on-screen STATUS REPORT. PLOTS A/D INPUT while sampling. ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, INTEGRATE, DIFFERENTIATE, AVERAGE or NORMALIZE dala sets with SIMPLE COMMANDS. Ideal lor spec- tra, chromatograms, rate curves, etc. Includes SAMPLE DATA on disk with 28-PAGE MANUAL. SPECIAL! All 3 programs on one disk, only S120. Since each program uses the same data format on disk, data may be shared. BUY THESE PROGRAMS AT YOUR LOCAL DEALER OR ORDER DIRECT. For more information, ask for FREE brochure or send $5 for any manual ($12 for all 3), deductible with purchase. Add $1.50 shipping on all orders. For fastest service, call In your VISA or Master Card order. _ INTERACTIVE MICROWARE, INC. P.O. Box 771, Dept. B State College, PA 16801 CALL (814) 238-8294 for IMMEDIATE ACTION liiji ^^^^Vademarl^^ppl^omp^ Model EP-2A-87 EPROM Programmer The Model EP-2A-87 EPROM Programmer lias an RS-232 compatible Interface and in- cludes a 2K. 4K or 8K buffer. Seventeen RS-232 commands allow another computer to download or remotely control the Programmer. INTEL, TEXTRONIX OR MOTOROLA formats are supported. The buffer may be edited directly from a CRT and EPROMS can be copied off-line. Power re- quirements are 115v 50/60 Hertz at 15 watts. EP-2A-87-1 Programmer with 2K Buffer $575.00 EP-2A-87-2 Programmer with 4K Buffer $650.00 EP-2A-87-3 Programmer with 8K Buffer $725.00 Non-standard voltage (220v,240v, or 100) $ 15.00 Personality Modules PM-0 PMl PM-2 PM-2A PM-3 PM4 PM-5 SA-64-2 2564.. TMS 2708 $18.00 2708 18.00 2732 34.00 2732A 34.00 TMS 2716 26.00 2532 34.00 2716 18.00 PM-5E 2816 $36.00 PM-6 2704 18.00 PM-7 2758 18.00 PM-8 MCM68764 36.00 PM9 2764 36.00 39.00 PM-10 2564 36.00 SA-64-3 2764 39.00 Optimal Technology, Inc. Phone (804) 973-5482 Blue Wood 127 Earlysville, VA 22936 Circle 307 on Inquiry card. April 1982 © BYTE Publicatians Inc 495 Circle 377 on inquiry card. c COMPARE COMPILERS New C/80 2.0 gives you all three: features, performance and price. Compiler Compiled Program Size (Bytes) Loaded Size (with runtime support) Compile and Load Time (sees) Execute Time (sees) Price C/80 2.0' 313 3181 90 24.8 $ 49.95 Code Works CW/C' 422 1835 146 53.3 $ 75 Aztec C' 378 4657 139 33.0 $135 BDS C 1.44' 305 3696 54 44.0 $150 Supersoft 300 2500 92 26.0 $200 Tiny-c 2 Compiler^ (4) (4) 96 930 $250 Whitesmith C2 290 7384 242 15.6 $750 Petfotmance Comparison Using Benchmark Program Published in BYTE , September 1981 'Our results on 4 MHz Zenith Z89 with 8" disks. ^Results reprinted by permission from September 1981 BYTE ; (©BYTE Publications Inc. ^From information sheet provided by manufacturer ^Figures not available. The new C/80 compiler, \fersion 2.0. supports all C language Teatures except float, long, typetief, bit fields, and arguments to macros. C/80 2,0 is available in disk formats for Heath/Zenith(HDOS & CP/M*), Osborne 1* and 8" standard CP/M systems. Price is $49.95; add $3 shipping ($2 for 5" disks); in CA add tax. Phone orders welcome. *CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Osborne 1 is a registered trademark of Osborne Comouter Company. ^Tlje Softvi€re ^oolWdrkg llMnttaCocd)! 14478 Glorietta Drive Sherman Oaks, CA 91423 (213) 986-4885 Use reader service number for our catalog of over 20 software products. ■ . . Dealer inquiries invited. STOCK ORDERS SHIPPED IN 24 HOURS ADDS (t/IQQ VIEWPOINT ^'^^^ QTY1 TERIVIINAL Tha lait Equipped Prinlsr for Ih* MODI L MS B8G FEATURES Gtaphics . — Ftciion Feed AdJustaUB Troctof Feed Parade) Interlace Sef iol Interroce DatoSuller iK Conesponderx:e Font 11 k 7 FYinI Speed Number ol Columns votobteFocTTw length .. $649 QUME: DT-8...$525.00'<,T., TANDON: TM-IOO-2...$335.00- TM-848-I...$475.00- 6 SSCO iHiNtlNE TM-602...$995.00-. DISC DRIVES DT-5...$310.00<.r,, TM-100-4...$425.00 « TM-848-2...§550.00%, TM-603...$1175.00"«„ QUME LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS SPRINT 9/45 $2245' o„ onm Mooa and conhgurmkms waiabu (408) 438-5454 4444 SCOTTS VAUEV DR., SCOTTS VALLEY, CA «50M TfBMS: Cashiers Ctieclt, VISA, M/C, COO Shipping chargei odded to all orders • nuontltv Dlscoimls Available m Event Queue. other testing methods. The fee is $675. Contact Dr. Dimitri Kececioglu, Institute Director, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Dept., Building 16, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, (602) 626-2495. April 20-22 D-COM, Hynes Auditorium, Boston, MA. D-COM will bring DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) vendors to- gether with DEC users. For in- formation, contact Ron Davies, D-COM Inc., 7312 Burdette Court, Bethesda, MD 20817, (301) 469-7650. April 20-23 The Fourth International Con- ference on Video and Data Recording, University of Southampton, Southampton, England. This conference is designed for engineers and physicists. Papers, group ses- sions, and a trade exhibition will be featured. Among the topics to be addressed are "Magnetic and Other Record- ing Media," 'Theory of Recording Processes," and "Coding, Modulation, and Signal Processing." Highlight- ing this coifference will be a forum on digital standards. For further information, con- tact the Conference Registrar, Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers, 99 Cower St., London, WClE 6AZ, England, Tel: 01-388-3071. April 20-23 VIO-Voice Input/Output for Computers, Boston, MA. This four-day course is de- signed for product develop- ment and design engineers, systems analysts, program- mers, and technical managers involved in the plarming, de- sign, and implementation of voice input/output systems. The topics to be covered in- clude voice-processing algo- rithms and software, evaluat- ing VIO hardware compo- nents and systems, utilizing speech-synthesis techniques, and designii\g voice-recogni- tion techniques. Participants will have the opportunity to work with devices that permit online generation of computer voice output, data entry by means of voice input, and voice input for system con- trol. The course fee is $795; on-site courses can be ar- ranged. For information, con- tact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer SystertB, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (800) 421-8166; in California, (800) 352-8251. April 21-28 Hanover Fair '82, Hanover, West Germany. The armual Hanover Fair is one of the world's largest industrial trade exhibitions. More than 330 American firms are expected to exfubit products, services, and technology at the Fair. Contact M. A. Delia, Han- over Fairs Information Cen- ter, POB 338, Whitehouse, NJ 08888, (800) 526-5978; in New Jersey, (201) 534-9044. April 22 California Computer Show, Hyatt Hotel, Palo Alto, CA. This show is for original equipment manufacturers, knowledgeable users, distribu- tors, and dealers. More than 60 computer manufacturers will be exhibiting mainframes, mini- and microcomputers, and peripherals. Contact Carol Reimer, Norm De Nardi Enterprises, 289 South San Antonio Rd. #204, Los Altos, CA 94022, (415) 941-8440. April 22-25 New York Computer Show and Office Equipment Exposi- tion, Nassau Coliseum, Uniondale, NY. For details, see April 15-18. April 23-25 The 1982 Computer Showcase Expo, Miami, FL. For details, see April 15-17. 496 April 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 251 on Inquiry card. Circle 405 on Inquiry card. April 24 Computer Swap America, Santa Qara County Fair Grounds, San Jose, CA. This high-technology flea market features everything from flop- py disks to home satellite-re- ceiving stations. Admission is $3. Contact Computer Swap America, FOB 52, Palo Alto, CA 94302, (415) 494-6862. April 25-30 DP Training Managers' Workshop, Washington, DC. This workshop is intended for individuals with less than 18 months' experience in coordi- nating data-processing train- ing programs. Participants will learn to establish in-house education programs that will meet management objectives and ensure a high return on their organizations' invest- ment in training. The registra- tion fee is $850. Contact Linda Hubacek, Deltak Inc., 1220 Kensington Rd., Oak Brook, IL 60521, (312) 92IMm). April l?:^ Digital Fllters^ and Spectral Analysis, Washington, DC. For details, see April 13-16. April 27-28 The Eighth Annual National Computer Security and Pri- vacy Symposium: Top Secret '82, Washington, DC. Spon- sored by Honeywell, approxi- mately 22 national authorities on computer security and privacy will speak on a varie- ty of topics. Trairring work- shops in security planning and risk analysis, disaster recovery and contingency planning, and computer fraud investiga- tion will be held. The fee for the symposium is $525; dis- counts on multiple registra- tions are available. Contact the Security Symposium Reg- istrar, Honeywell Inc., M/S T-99-4, POB 6000, Phoenix, AZ 85005; or call Jerome Lobel, (602) 24^5370. April 28-May I The Third Annual Conference of the Educational Computing OrganizaBon of Ontario, On- tario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This con- ference is designed for educa- tors at all levels. Exhibits will be featured. Contact OISE, 252 Bloor St. W, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1V6, (416) 923-6641, for additional details. April 29^ An Assessment and Forecast of Computer Graphics, Rye Town Hilton, Port Chester, NY. This conference will assess the present state of computer graphics and will evaluate hardware, software, systems services, and applica- tions. The role of graphics in today's business environment will be considered and factors affecting market growth will be analyzed. Leaders in the in- dustry will present and ex- change views with attendees. For further information, con- tact Carol Sapchin, Frost & Sullivan Inc., 106 Fulton St., New York, NY 10038, (212) 233-1080. May 1982 May-]une Sensors & Systems '82, vari- ous sites throughout the cen- tral and western regions of the U.S. This series of three-day conferences will cover all aspects of sensor technology from temperature sensors through to displacement, ve- locity, acceleration, magnetic field, and moisture. Other topics to be covered include signal conditioning, digital in- terfaces, and system inter- faces. Contact Network Ex- hibitions, 785 Harriet Ave., Campbell, CA 95008, (408) 370-1661. New from Tarbell . . . 4 SERIAL/2 PARALLEL BOARD S-lOO Compatible Tarbell Electronics introduces afour-serlal/two-parallel port board. The four RS-232 serial input/output ports utilize four 8251 's and eight consecutive 8080 ports. Features include full handsiiaking capability and four separate dip-switch controlled baud-rate generators. Support is provided byTarbell's XIOS for the Digital Research MP/M-II. Two eight-bit parallel I/O ports include fourelght-bit latches (74LS373's) and use four consecutive 8080 ports. There are separate handshaking lines, outputs that will drive up to 30 ma and inputs with less than .4 ma load. This new board is S-100 compatible and is capable of creating interrupts for the Tarbell CPU. All cables are included; the board comes completely assembled and thoroughly tested with a six- month no-fault full warranty. 950 DOVLEN PLACE • SUITE B CARSON, CA 90746*(213) 538-4251 Journal of Pascal and Ada " It is the most up-to-date resource on Pascal and Ada software and hardware including: •New Developments 'Algorithams •In-Depth Reports on Products •Tutorials •Relevant Topics •Application Software For: — Businesss — Graphics — Statistical — Scientific — System — Educational •Book Reviews •Software Reviews "A help in cmy one area is worth the price. " No-Risk Trinl Subscription Offer 1 Year (6 Issues) $14.00 in U.S.A., $21.00 Elsewhere —Refund on Unused Portion— r — 1 □ VISA j □MasteiCaid l □American Express Card No. . Signature Name Exp. Date . Street. City _ State Zip_ Mail to: Journal of Pascal and Ada P.O. Box 327 Payson, Utah 84651 TM ■ -Trade Mark of Department of Defense Circle 227 on inquiry card. ^nai9K!©ByTEPublic«tioiulnc 497 Circle 14 on inquiry card. QUALITY parts at DISCOUNT PRICES 4PDT PRINTED CIRCUIT I2VDC 14 pin styls 3 amp contacts BRAND NEW P.C. Mount $ 2.75 EA. SPECIAL 1000 MFD Vr--^ 25 VOLT 2 FOR $1.00 COMPUTER GRADE CAPACITOR 1700mfd.150VDC S2.0^ 2 1/2" DIA X "1 3/'4" HIGH 3,600 mfd 40VDC SUPER SMALL PHOTO FLASH 170 MFD 330 VOLT 1 1/4" X '/g" 2 for $1.50 10 tor $700 RFI/EMI FILTER FOR NOISE SUPPRESSION C/D« APFSllOW rated: 5 WPS 250 VAC £3.50 each JOYSTICK PRECISION DEVICE. . . CONTAINS h 50K CENTER TAPPED ALPS POTS $4. 75 each' ^>:MRF 901 MICROWAVE TRANSISTOR $2.50 EA. SEND FOR NEW 1982 1 $2,50 I 1 iu» — ' 6,400 mfd 60VDC S2, 1 3/b"ui« X 4 1/4 1 2,000 mfd. 40 VDC $3.00 2" DIA X I4 l/V HIGH 18,000 mfd. 75 VDC S4.00 2 1/2" DIA X 1/2'' HIGhI 20,000 mfd. 25 VDC 2 " DIA. X 2Y HIGH $2.00 22,000 mfd.15 VDC 2" oiA X 2 I/2'hiob $2.00 22,000 mfd.40VDC 2" piA. X 6" HIGH $3.00 25.000 mfd. 75 VDC $4.50 3" DIA X "4 3/8" HIGH 45.000mfd.25VDC 2" DIA. X "i" HIGH $3 50 72,000 mfd. 15VDC :"■ D IA. X V HIGH $3 ^5fl CLAMPS TO FrT CAPAClTOBS 50t B L.E.D.s STANDARD JUMBO DIFFUSED RED 10 FOR 51.501 GREEN 19 FOR $2.00 YELLOW 10 FOR $2.00 FLASHER LED yi| 5 VOLT OPERATION JUMBO SIZE 2 FOR $1,70 Bl POLAR LED 2 FOR $1.70 SUB MINI LED 14 CONDUCTOR RIBBON CABLE ,079" X .098" ZOmA at 1.75V 10 FOR SI. 00 200 FOR $18.00 QUANTITY PRICES AVAILABLE ALL CLCCTROniCS CORP. SCOTCHFLEX 13365 28 AWG STRANDED GRAY WITH RED MARKER 10 FEET for $2.50 100 FOOT ROLL $12.00 905 S. Vermont Ave. P.O. BOX 20406 Los Angeles, Calif. 90006 (213) 380-8000 Mon. ■ FrI. Saturday QAiVI '-SPiVI 10 AM -3 PM TRANSFORMERS 120 volt primaries 6 VOLTS al 150 mA $1.25 12 V.C.T at 500mA S2.50 16.5 V at 3 AMPS 16.50 18 VOLTS at 1 AMP $4.50 25.2 VCT at 2.B AMP $5.50 • Quantities Limited . Min. Order SIO.OO •Add $2.50 Shipping USA • Calif, Res. Add 6% • Prompt Shipping FLAT LEVER MINI-TOGGLE , S.RDT (ON-ON) ( 5 AMP g 120 VAC J CEK I 7105 JB SI.OO EACH ^ 10 lor $8.50 ri 100 lot $75.00 ' (213) 891-5705 Complete product line for Apple, NEC, S-lOO, IBM. Low Prices, funh qmility, and fast delivery. Apple: 5 M Byte Hard Disk System .... $2250 Apple: Double-density 8" Floppy Controller $400 S-lOO: 64K Low Power Static RAM Card $475 S-100: Sierra Data SBC. "^111111111 -'^^r $825 NEC PC-8000 System New Low Prices ADDS Viewpoint - Green ; $545 Tandon Thinline 8" - Doi .$510 Di.skciics . Box ot 10 All iUmhs nvw. f Teletype 40 , 300 LPM-typewriter quality, RS- from Only ^ 232 interface. This quality printer is available in many $3200 configurations including forms access, quietized case, etc. Teletype 43 from $995 Teletype AP-200, 340 cps dot matrix (similarto Data Prod. M-200) $2799 NEC Splnwriter-55 cps, bidirectional, letter quality R. 0.7710 $2560 KSR 7720 $2799 DIABLO 630-40 cps, bidirectional, daisy wheel, plot/graph $2349 0UMESprint9/45cps,daisywheel $2228 C. ITOH Starwriter, 25 cps, daisy wheel, parallel $1500 C. ITOH Starwriter, 45 cps, daisy wheel, serial $1680 EPSON MX-80, 1 00, 80 cps , 9x9 dot matrix $CALL ANADEX 9500/9501, up to 200 cps, high resolution dot $1325 OKIDATA Microline 80, 80 cps, 9x7 dot matrix $399 Mjcroline82A, bidirectional, friction/pinfeed $525 Microline83A, bidirectional, 120cps, uses15"paper $799 TI-810, 150 cps, Basic $1449 Package-Compressed print, vertical form control $1630 MANNESMANN IVIT 1705 200 cps, 7x9, 132 col $CALL TALiy MT1805 200cps, 7x9 + NLQ 40x18 matrix $CALL CENTRONICS $CALL 739 1 00 cps , nxg dot matrix, Full Graphics $567 DEC LA-34 $1085 IDS PRISM, 132C0I., color $1785 S-100 SPECIALTIES 68000 16 bit multi-user UNIX V.7 Systems 2200 2065C 281 OA 2422A ;R 808616 blt,128KRAM,Syst.#2 Croup Call US for best prices high SCALL $3499 quality 2nd INTERNATIONAL NorttiStaf us tor best prices on these generation boards and systems. California '^^^^^ '^'9'^ quality, reliable products have made CCS Computer defacto industry standard for S-100 products Systems Assembled and tested: list only H.D. Mainframe, 20a. P.S,, 12 slot MB $434 $359 64K dynamic RAM /Bank Select $720 $580 Z-80 CPU, serial port, ROM monitor $310 $259 Floppy Cont, CP/M 2.2, ROM monitor $425 $345 8000 SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS SCALL CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY! We offer generous discounts on ttie Compupro line of ^„fast, quality 8 and 16 bit boards M ADVANTAGE SCALL & HORIZON NEC Low prices on PC-8000 series $CALL Similar savings on the full lines of CCS, SSM, NNC, IVIORROW, DELTA, NORTHSTAR, ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS, GODBOUT, NEC, TELEVIDEO, IMS ZENITH, ADDS, DEC, DATA GEN., ATARI, DYNABYTE, TECMAR, DUAL 8" DISK DRIVE SALE 8"SHUGARTSA801R $450 8"SHUGARTSA851R $669 2for$1289 QUMEDATATRACK8 $589 2for$1110 VISTA industrial grade enclosure for 2 drives with P.S. $420 MORROW Discus 20 + CP/ M®, MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT. $950 Discus 2 -h 2 + CP/ M®, MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT. $1195 Enclosure, power supply for 2 8"drives A &T $350 HARD DISK SPECIALS List only CORVUS 10MB and controller $5358 $CALL 20MB and controller $6450 $CALL Constellation Network MuHlpiexer and Mirror Video Tape Disk Backup MORROW 26MB -I- controller + CP/M 2.2®, M basic $4495 $3821 , confroiier, CDC Hawk Drive (5 fix, 5 rem) $7995 $6795 controller. Western Dynex (5 fix, 5 rem) $5995 $5099 Winchester 5'A drives complete with case, cable, mAhF software, S-100 controller. Adapter avail, for use with ^OXCOIVIP 3ny Z-80 system. Cartridge drive controllers avail. ^ List 5 MB APPLE z-89 $2898 10MB "iffox OEM discounts available! r.s.mod.ii $3398 ALT OS S-100 |f:]':4^l PRIAM 8" and 14" Winchester/ tape subsystems avail. ACCOUNTING PLUS $CALL WORDSTAR $300 DBASE 11 $525 MBASIC80 $235 SUPERCALC $221 FULLY CONFIGURED RUSINESS SYSTEMS The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business and scientific computer systems which we offer. Ail include 64K bytes RAM, Z-80A, 4mh CPU. We offer a full line of quality, tested software. DDOteD'&^fteODDS fine computers $CALL Delta S-45D0 10 User, Multi-Processor, 40 MB hard 17 MBtape $CALL CC2210Aw/floppycontroller, 1 serial port $1849 CCS 300-1 A w/1 .2 MB floppy drives, 2 serial, 2 parallel ports $4849 CCS400-1A w/10 MB hard disc, 2 serial, 2 parallel ports $6999 NNC SOW W/5MB floppy, 8.4 MB hard disc, (OASIS optional) $6693 ALTOS single and multi-user systems $CALL nHnNH Decision 1 , CP/M Microsoft Basic, UNIX SCALL VIiDOV Desktop computer-64K, 2 floppys. (CP/M avail.) AtKUA. List $2995 SCALL We offer multi-user networks by DELTA PRODUCTS, DISCOVERY, TELEVIDEO, MUSYS, IMS, DIGITAL MICROSYSTEMS TERMINALS pmmi modem $359 AMPEX DIALOGUE 30, 80, 81 $CALL TELEVIDEO 910 C (multi-terminal) $610 925C $795 950C $950 S0R0CIQ120 $729 HAZELTINE ESPRIT $669 DECVT-100 $1575 Similar savings for our HAZELTINE and LEAR SIEGLER lines LOOK HERE! Call us for ALL your softwear needs Dialogue 80 Systems Houses, Educational Institutions, & Government Agencies Given Special Consideration ALL OF OUR PERIPHERALS CAN BE CONFIGURED FOR RADIO SHACK® IVIODEL II DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three weeks to clear. All prices are mail order only. Prices subject to change without notice; call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N.Y. residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trademark of North Atlantic Industries, Inc. Radio Shack® is a trademark of the Tandy Corp. CP/M® is a trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to our standard sale conditions (available on request). Circle 430 on Inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 501 Event Queue Dallas, TX. The theme of this symposium is "Thirty Years of Microwaves." Papers and tutorials on a wide range of topics, including computer- aided design and measure- ment techniques, microwave field and network theory, as well as satellite communica- tions/microwcive isystems, will be piiesented. Contact J. R. Griffin, Texas Instruments Inc., Mail Stop 3432, POB 405, Lewisville, TX 75067, (214) 462-5693. June 15-17 The Office Automation Show/Conference, Barbican Centre, London, England. For details on this show and con- ference, contact Clapp & General Software Main Offices: 9060 Arrowood Ot. Terre Haute, IN 47802 WE HONOR VtSA iand MASTERCHARGE TOLL FREE - Outside Indiana 1-800-457-0517 ORDER DESKS (812) 299-2484 Best Selection Best Service Write for our famous CATALOG. Contains many items not In ad. Outside US add $10 plus addi- tional postage. Add $3.50 postage and handling per each Item. Indiana residents add 4% sales tax. Allow 2 weeks on checks. COD ok. Prices sub|ect to change without notice. All items subject to availability. Poliak International, 7315 Wisconsin Aye., Washington, DC 20014, (301) 657-3090. June 16-18 The Twentieth Annual Meiet- ing of the Association for Computational Linguistics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This meeting features papers on syntax, computational semantics, discourse analysis and speech acts, machine translation, as well as the mathematical and theoretical foundations of computational linguistics. For additional in- formation, contact Don Walker, Artificial Intelligence Center, SRI International, COMPUTER CONTROL •Fabs(B-Tree) $159/25 Ullrasort $159/25 CONDOR COMPUTER Condor II...., $549/50 Condor III $899/50 DIGITAL RESEARCH CP/M 2.2 Intel MDS-800 $149/25 Northstar (Horizon) $149/25 Mioropolis $169/25 TRS Model II $159/35 CB-BO $469/35 CBasic2 •. $ 98/20 ERIC COMPUTER ■Super vyx $ 89/15 FAIRCOM 'Micro B + (Specify language) $229/20 FINANCIAL PLANNINQ •Mini Model $449/50 FRIENDS ACCESS 80 I $249 ACCESS 80 II $429 FRONTIER SOrrWARE Professional Time Accounting $549/40 General Subroutine $269/40 Application Utilities $439/40 ISA Spellguard $229/25 SP/Law $109 PASCAL LANQUAQE Pascal Z $349/30 Pascal MT+ 75.5 $429/30 Compiler $316/20 SPPOnly $140/15 KEY BITS Wordsearch $179/50 Siring 80 $ 84/20 String 80 (Source) $279 String Bit $ 65 LEXISOFt •Spellbinder . . . , $349/45 MICRO AP Selector IV $269/35 Selector V $469/50 SBasIc $269/25 Menlo Park, CA 94025, (415) 859-3071. June 28-30 National Educational Com- puting Conference (NECC- 82), Radisson-Muehlebach Hotel, Kansas City, MO. This conference features papers, sessions, panel discussions, and exhibits of educatioiul computing products. Among the topics to be addressed are MICRO TAX •Level II $995 •Level III $749 •Combo ii + ill $1495 . 49 Run time module MICRO PRO 20 WS Custom Notes $429/na $109/25 $419/85 $249/60 DS Custom Notes I429/na Calcstar $259/na ,$199/40 $175/40 MICROSOFT $298 $329 Fonran-80 $349 Coboi-80 $629 M-Sort $124 Macro-80 $144 Edil-80 $ 84 $224 $174 NORTHWEST ANALYTICAL $439/40 OASIS •"TheWord" $ 75 ORGANIC SOFTWARE •Jextwriter ill $111/25 • Datebook $269/25 •Milestone $269/30 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE General Ledger $399/40 Accounts Receivable $399/40 $399/40 $399/40 inventory 399/40 $399/40 add $11 9 Series 6-Peactitree CPA $799/40 Property Mgt .$799/40 Passive Payroll $449/40 Series 7-Peachtree Sales Tracker $3049/55 AR-Sales Analysis $1299/50 "Computer Use in the Physical Sciences," "Computer Educa- tion for Teachers," and "Com- puter Science, Engineering, and Information Systems Edu- cation." For more informa- tion, contact E. Michael Staman, NECC-82 General Chairman, Computer Ser- vices, 305 Jesse Hall, Universi- ty of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211. ■ Inventory $799/40 Order Entry $699/40 REDDING GROUP •Urnx $199/20 SOHOGROMP Matchntaker $ 97/20 Worksheet $177/20 SORCOM ■Pascal/MZ80 $349/40 Pascal/M 86/88 $449/40 •Act 65 $149/20 •Act 68 •Act 69 •Act 86/88 $149/25 •Trans 86 $119/25 •Supercalo $269 SOUTHERN COMPUTERS •Raid $224/35 ■Raid FP $349/35 •FFP $224/15 "Recover $ 75 •RADAR $449/25 ISIS $224/20 STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP General Ledger $849/40 Accounts Receivable $849/40 Accounts Payable $849/40 Payroll $849/40 Inventory $849/40 Order Entry $849/40 Analyst , $224/25 Letteright $159/20 NAD $ 89/20 Qsort $ 89/20 SUPERSOFT •Diagnostic II $ 84/20 •Forth $149/30 •SSS Fortran $219/30 • Fortran w/RATFOR $289/35 •C Compiler $175/20 •Disk Doctor $ 84/20 •Term I $129/25 Term II $169/25 Z8000 Xassembler $449/35 Others less 10% WHITESMITHS C Compiler $600/30 Pascal (inci C) $850/45 Call lor catalog and other listings ARTIFICIAL INTELUGENCE' Disk Manual with ' Only Manual Dental (PAS-3) $849/40 Medical (PAS-3) $849/40 ASHTON-TATE •dBASEII $575/50 BUSINESS PLANNINQ SYSTEMS Plan-80 ... .; 269/30 BYROM SOFTWARE •BSTAM : $149/15 •BSTMS $149/15 * Available tor Apple with Soflcard In ord puter cc should r date of I Publicati ptimal coverage of your organization's corn- seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice flee at least three months in advance of the ntries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE !72, Hancock NH 03449. Each month we publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as many as three times in this seaion if it is sent to us far enough in advance. 502 April 1«82 © BYTE PublicaUoiu Inc Circle 185 on Inquiry card. Circle 165 on inquiry card. FLOPPY DISK DRIVES SPECIAL!!!!!!!! QUIVIE DATATRAK 8 Virtually the industry standard. High quality/ reliability. Full featured, double sided, double density. Tan'don TM 848 $545 $525 quantity 1 , $499 quantity 2 up. TANDON DOUBLE SIDED, DOUBLE DENSITY MINIS TM100-2 .... 48 TPI (500 KBYTES) Compatible with Northstar, Cromemco, TRS-80 TM100-4 96 TPI (1000 KBYTES) Compatible with Zenith, Heath, etc, TANDON SVa" HARD DISKS TM 602 (5MB) TM 603 (10MB) $325 $425 .$1195 .$1295 CONTROLLERS Tarbell single density kit $195 Tarbell single density A & T $310 Tarbell double density A 8i T $425 CCS 2422 w/CPM 2.2 $350 Godbout Disk 1 $450 MDA MXV-21 LSI-11 controller (RX-01, RX-02 compatible) CPU CCS 2810 $ 275 Godbout Z-80A .. $275 Godbout 8085A $ 295 MEMORY CCS 2065 64K dynamic $ 595 CCS 2116 32K static $ 625 Godbout RAIVl 1 7 64K $ 675 I/O CCS 2710 4 SIO $ 325 Godbout Interfacer 1 , $ 225 Godbout Interfacer 2 $ 225 $1050 MISCELLANEOUS 2 Disl< drive enclosure $ 95 (fits Siemens, Shugart, Qume) CP-206 power supply $110 (powers two floppies) Mini-Enclosure with power supply 1 drive $ 85 2 drives $120 Cable Kits 2 drives $ 35 3 drives $ 40 4 drives $ 45 NEW!!!! Qume Sprint 9 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER . . $2395 45 CPS, RO. Available in KSR version. Call for further particulars. Ribbons; $125/oase Bidirectional tractor feed $2'25 NEW I!!! ABM 85 Video Terminal . . $ 895 — Detachable keyboard — Televideo 920, ADM 3A compatible — High resolution green phosphor (23 MHZ) — Extra multi-bus or S-100 slot for stand-alone capability Electrolabs POB 1608, Palo Alto, OA 94302 (415) 965-7040 Terms of sale; cash or checks, MC/ VISA. Min. order $25. CA residents add 6% tax. Prices subject to change without notice. A'l goods subject to prior sale. SUNNY POWER SUPPLIES 0 FOR S-100, FLOPPY DISKS. KIT 1, 2 & 3 For s-100 R3 For Three 8" or SVa" Disk Drives S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, a hps. assy, time) @ + 8 Vdc (S - 9 Vdc (g + 16 Vdc @ - 16 Vdo @ + 28 Vdc SIZE W x D x H ITRM USED FOR S3 2 in 1 Unit for S-100 and two 8" or S'A" Disk Drives. It fits most Disk System Mainframes. PRICE KIT 1 15 CARDS SOURCE 15A KIT 2 SYSTEM SOURCE 25A KIT 3 DISK SYSTEM ISA 1A 2.5A 3A 2A 2.5A 3A 2A 4A 12'' X 5" X 478" 12" X 5" X 47/8" 14" X 6" X 4%" 54.95 61.95 69.95 DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY "R3" regulated, open frame, assy & tested 69.95 SPECS. + 5V @ 5A OVP. -5V @ 1A + 24V@ 5A. SHORTS PROTECT. 2 SIZES AVAIL, 1.) 9" (W) x B'/i" (D) x 4% " (H), 2) 9" (W) x 4'/e" (D) x S'A " (H) OPTION: 1.) REPLACE + 24V BY + 12V, 2.) FOR SIZE 1 ONLY, ADD ± 12V @ 1A, AT AN ADDITIONAL $12.00. IDEAL FOR THREE 8 or 5'M FLOPPY DISK DRIVES. SUCH AS SHUGART 801/851, SIEMANS FDD 100-8/200-8 OR 100-5 ETC. DISK SYSTEM PWR SUPPLY "S3" open frame, assy. & tested, compact size: wm x a- (d) x s" (H) 99.95 REGULATED OUTPUTS FOR DISK DRIVES +5V @ 4A, -5V @ lA. +24V @ 4A (OR + 12V @ 4A). SHORTS PROTECT. UNREGULATED OUTPUTS FOR S-100: +8V @ 14A, + 16V @ 3A, ( OPTION: ADD OVP FOB -t-SV, ADD $5.00 1 A COMPLETE UNIT FOR DISK SYSTEM W^ITH THE MAINFRAME CONTAINING 12 SLOTS & TWO 8" Or 5Va" DISK DRIVES. POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets) ITEM PRIMARY SECONDARY #1 SECONDARY #2 SECONDARY #3 SIZE W x D x H PRICE T4 110/120 110/120 110/120 110/120 110/120 2x8 Vac, ISA 2x8 Vac, 2SA 2x8 Vac, ISA 2x8 Vac, 6A 2x8 Vac, 6A 28 Vac, CT, 2.5A 28 Vac, CT, 3.5A 28 Vac, CT, 2.5A 28 Vac, CT, 1.5A 28 Vac, CT, 2A 48 Vac, CT, 2A 48 Vac, CT, 3A 3%' 3%' 3%' 3%' 3' X 3%" X 3Vi" X 4%" X 3Vb" X 4%" X 3Va" X 3%" X 3Va" X 3" X 2W 22.95 28.95 30.95 23.95 15.95 SHIPPING For each power supply $5.50 in Calif., $8.00 in other states, $18.00 in Canada. For each Transformer $5.00 in all States, $12.00 in Canada. Calif. Residents add 6% Sales Tax. MAILING ADDRESS: ' SUNNY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING ADDRESS TORrSJcI'cA 90510 (TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER) . 22129V. a VERMON^^^^ IS^-iSS-K^goRmExsuNvcoTRUc (213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6 TORRANCE, CA 90502 Circle 391 on Inquiry card. BYTE April 1982 503 APPLE, TRS80, Tl, IBM, PET... TRY! OUR $99 SELECTOR SWITCH Available for RS232, IEEE 488, BNC... Our $B9(- SBAB) switch will save you money and < prinlot, modem elc. The selection Is made by lurnlng rrie Ironl panel Knob. Eliminate Itie aggravation ol connecting and disconnecting cable3. Our -SBAB two position unit can connect one printer to two CPU's. II can also be used to connect one CPU to either a printer or a modem. We also have 3, 4, 5, & 6 position units. In tact we have about 3D models to satlsly all the common applications. Our products are the most popular iinlls on the msrkei We sold over 10,000 units. We offer a S YEAR WAR- RANTY. OUR UNITS HAVE AN EXCLUSIVE MONITORING OPTION. We have disiflbulors and Qeaters in most cities. 11 your favorite computer dealer does not carry a Giltronix Switch please have him call us. We offer (he greatest discounts as well as evaluation samoles Callusfora FREE coloilul catalog. DQ[LT^@ii=ii[i^. mc I UNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS 970 San Anionio Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94306 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED! Call (415)493-1300 TRS 80 USER OILTRONIX SOLVBO YOUR SWITCHINa PKMLlM A OUR S1B9.00 •■GTHS-2AB-AP2" SWITCHING UNIT, WILL CONNECT THE OUTPUT OF YOUR TRS 80 TO TWO (2) DEVICES (LINE PRINTERS. DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS ETC). TO SELECT DEVICE 1 OR 2. SIMPLY TURN THE KNOB TO THE DESIRED POSITION. NO MORE MESSINQ WITH CABLESI EASY TO INSTALL EASY TO OPERATEI S YEAR WAR- RANTY I B. SAME UNIT FOR THREE m DEVICES, REQUEST PART Na QTR5- 2ABC-AP4 isiae.oo]. C, TO SHAfS ONE PRINTER BETWEEN TWO (8) TRS SB'S. fffiOUEST PART NO. GTR&2AB-AP1 (SieS.O^ ALL FOUR UNITS ARE AVAILABLE FROM STOCK. OTHER SWnCHINQ PRODUCTS ARE A3JBO AVAIUBLE WE HAVE OVER 30 MODELS OF MANUJO. REMOTE MD AUTOMATIC UNITS. SEE NEXT COLUMN FOR A(»}mONAL INFORMATION. CONTACT G1LTR0NIX OR OUR LOCAL DISmiBUTORS. DEALER IMOUIMES INVtTEDI Call (415) 483-1300 UNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS o Av*., Palo Alio. CA B430S Circle 187 on inquiry card. Circle 188 on inquiry card. T-BAR- COMPATIBLE SWITCHING UNITS OILTRONIX i> now all«ring ■ lint of T-BAfl* COmpaUM twttcftlng . ctliso Q0nS!4 lis du*l iwllchlrtB modulm that mount in a TBU IV AACK (STOQ ■Brill). It you niid lo ixpind your prMenl lytlMnyMetniMOtLIIKMIxaDn unllr whlcli ottar Mvaral dliilnct advinUBH. 1. PXt. board leonmlegy InilMd «f indlvMuat wtring. 2. All oannHim are mounud on ■ taar nrntt m a mttm »m(Um Initoaa ol ■ 49' angle. 3. Opllenat3nl,poiMlon(OFF) iviiKDii. 4. Totally H^ad P.C boara mounnbla swlicn. 5. ftwe p« dwnnal tW.oo B. OpUonat monltDring LfOi. For TiOATA inn RxDATA, aiLTRONIX !■ alio olttf Ing tl't own vanion ol Iht tV RACIC. The OtLTRONix vi 1* 60% flion •inelant ainea II ol(«n up to 1« di im cnannali (max. Mpaelty tot T-BAR HACK) Smih CrENDER CARD . . . .$29.95 IBM EXTENDER CARD $34.95 IBM Prototyping Board $34.95 RS-Z32 Board for TRS-80 Model III $94.95 32K Memory Exp. Board for TRS-80 Color Computer (Adds 16K) $79.95 (Colo. Residents Add 3% Sales Tax) DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED IMAGE TECHNOLOGY. INC. P.O. BOX 1S4S6 LAKEWOOD. COLORADO 80215 303-232-9580 Smartmodem • Auto-Answer • Auto-Dial • Repeat • Programmable - Use Any Language • Touch-Tone and Pulse Dialing • Audio Monitor - Listen to Connection • FCC-Approved Direct-Con nect • Full or Half Duplex. 0-300 Baud • RS-232C Interface • 7 Status LED's • Two Year Limited Warranty $249 Send certified ctieck or money order Allow two weeks for personal check Florida residents add 4% sales tax nee coMPUT€R pftODuas ■ of Florido Inc. 1640 N.W. 3rd STREET DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA. 33441 VOICE: 305.427-12S7/DATA: 305-427-6300 4 CH/P5 THE IIHFLATION FIGHTERSI 41 16 300ns 8/S 11.00 41 16 250ns 8/S 12.00 4116 200ns B/$13.00 4116 150ns 8/«16.00 2114L 300ns B/$16.25 2114L 200ns 8/S 17.00 4164 200ns S9.00 61 16 200ns $10.00 ZBOA CPU $5.50 ea. 8251 A $4.75 ea. 2716-1 <5V)35Ons8/«7.00ea.$7.50ea. 2716 (SV)450ns 8/$3.90 ea.$4.15 ea. 2732 (5V)450ns 8/$9.75 ea.$ 10.25 ea. 2532 (3V)450ns8/$10.50 ea.$12.00ea. Allow up 10 3 wks. for peraonal checks to clear. Please include phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. Add $3.50 Shipping & Handling Wash, residents add 6.6% Sales Tax CHIPS & DALE „ . P.O. Box 31607 Master Charge Seattle, Wash. Zip 98103 VISA accepted. 1-206-524-9126 Circle 202 on Inquiry card. Circle 7 on Inquiry card. Circle 83 on Inquiry- card. "™™lleiiHi Users Double Your 5%" disk storage capacity without adding a drive. Get twice as much from your H88 or H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H floppy dislt controller, in conjunction with your 5%" drives, for example, expands memory capacity from 256 bytes to 512 bytes per sector. And it handles single and double- sided, single and double-density, 8" and 5'/," drives — simultaneously. Call 714/275-1272 today or write for details. 01 C.D.R. Systems Inc. Controlled Data Recording Systems. Inc. 7667 Vickers St., San Diego. CA 921U A ATARI 4 00 16K $325.00 400 YOURS TO 32K or 48X - - - - CALL 800 16K - -- -- -- -- -- - 659.00 410 RECORDER ____ B4.00 810 DISK DRIVE - -- -- -- -- 449.00 850 INTERFACE - -- -- -- -- 169.00 830 MODEM - - -- -- -- -- - 157.00 825 PRINTER - -- -- -- -- - 575,00 484 COMMUNICATOR - -- -- -- - 309.00 ITT Cordless phone ------- 199.95 ZENITH CRN. PHOS. MONITOR - - - 129.OO EPSON PRINTERS --------- CAU, SOFTWARE - -- -- -- -- -- - CALL SHARP CALCULATORS ------- cALL specials: - CALL Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping extra. No tax out of state. Ca. residents add ai^ropriate taxes. WE ARE AN AOTHORIZED ATARI SALES AND SERVICE CENTER COMPUTERTIMEJNC. I PO BOX 216 KENTFIELD, CA 94914 CALL TOLL-FREE 800-227-2520 In California 800-772-4064 VOLTAGE SURGE & TRANSIENT SUPPRESSOR Protects Most Electronic Equipment The SUPPRESSOR electronically re- moves or reduces sudden voltage changes. It simply plugs into a power receptical on the same circuit as the equipment being protected. END POWER LINE SPIKES, SURGES, HASH... Only$29.?3ea. Dealer Inquiries Invited. CUESTA SYSTEMS, INC. 3440 Robe rto Courr San Luis Obispo, California 93401 (805) 541-4160 Circle 77 on inquiry card. Circle 120 on inquiry card. Circle 133 on inquiry card. Floppy Discs SAVE 40% 51/ " SpecKysoft, Prlce/10 /4 10or16sector l\AD62S 1 sida/dbl dens «27.30 MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 44.20 MD577 1 sid8/77 track 32.50 MDS57 2 sldes/77 track .44.20 81 1 Critically Certified Soft sector FD34-9000 1 sida/sgl dens 33.80 F034-8000 1 sids/dbl dens 39.00 FD34-4001 2aida/dbldens 46.20 CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 13131 777-7730 ADD $2 SHIPPING LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS 27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 EPSON DOT MATRIX PRINTERS SUPER DISCOUNTS ON MX-80F/T ,o^«, NOW MX-80 Lo^«, IN MX- 100 LOWER I STOCK We also stock direct connect cables for TRS-80, Apple, Atari, Pet or RS 232 (209) 667-2888 GRAPHICS ROM'S AVAILABLE A a'^mcrothoni ICS, inc.. EPROn-32 The only EPROM programmer you neeil! • IEEE-696 (S-100) EPBOM programmer lor single-supply ( + 5V1 EPflOMs. • Programs curreni IK llirougli 8K Ibylel EPROMs plus luture 16K and 32K EPBOMs. ' Personality Motlules adapt board to diflereni EPROM types: PM-1 -2506. 2756 PM-4 - 2564 2516.2716 PM-6-2764 PM-2-2532 PM-6 - 68764 PM-3-2732 PM-7-2528ITI-16K) ■ Zero'lnsertion-foice socket accommodales bntli 24-pln and 26-pln EPROM pacltages. ■ DIP switch selection of programming ports and EPROM address lor verification and/or tise. ■ On-Doard DC-lo-DC converter with adiustabie regulator (or programming voltage. ■ Programming voltage switched liy software. • Double-sided PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and gold-plated contact fingers. ■ Documentation includes source listing of 6080/280 soft- ware for programming and verification. — -r^ T" 5269.95 niCTOPtjngmiCl lassemUleil i tested) Corporation PO. Bo« 17577 Memphis, TN 38117 (901I-765-OB19 Price includes EPROM-32. documentation and two personality modules {spedlyl. Ad- diliottai moduie5-S795. Programmina/ vetilication software on 8 inct) siinle density CP/M-compailtile dlskelle-S9.9S. MASTERCARD S VISA-TN residents add 6% sates lax. Circle 242 on Inquiry card. Circle 245 on Inquiry card. Circle 271 on inquiry card. ^S^^C]^ ^^^H Santa CA 95054 ^H^V^pi prTpnMir^^^^W" "lis: 2322 Walsh Ave. ^^^J^ELECTRONICS ^^^gj ggg^g^^ ■^^W Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteed money back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196 FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS 74£WnL 74O0N 74D3N 74CI9N 74 J ON 7414N 7420N 7430N 7442N 7445N 7447tl 744aN 7474N 7475N 74a5N 7489N 7490H 749SN 74I00N I 74I07N 741 23H 74125N 74145N 741 SON 1 74151N 74154N 1 741 57N 74161N 74162N 74163N 74174N 74175N 74IB3N 741S3N 74221 N 1 7429aN 74365N 74366N 743fi7N 74LSHTTL 74LSaCH 741.502N 74LSMI LM3in 1 65 imVK 3 75 LM318 1 49 LM32DK-5 1 35 LM320K-12 135 LM320K-15 1.35 LM320T-5 .85 LM32aT-S .85 Lmzm-n m LM3Z0T-15 .S5 LM323K-5 4.9S LM324fl .59 LM33SN .99 I LM340K-5 1.35 I LM340K-B 1.35 i LM340K-I2 I 35 I LM340K-15 1 35 i LM340K-24 1.35 I LM340T-5 75 I LM340T-e 75 I LM340T-12 75 ' LM340T-15 75 ■ LIM340 M8 75 I LM340I-24 75 I LU350 5 50 ■ LM377 2 29 LM3S0N 1.00 LM3ei 1.60 LM709H IM723H/N LM733N LM741CH LM74lfJ :M74 7HN LU748N LM1303N LM1304 LM1305 LMI307 LM1310 LM14S8 LM1812 LM18e9 LM2ni LMZ902 LM39(nN LM3905 Uri390m MCI45BV NE550N NE555V NE556A NES65A NE566V NE567V NE570B 7BL05 7BL0a 78M05 7S108 75491 CN 75492CN 75434CN 75 A 10 D CDNVEHTEfl 4.50 13.95 22.00 13.95 870003 8701 CN S750CJ L01U 8.9S HOOCJV/F 7.40 ICL7103 9.S0 ICL7107 14.25 CMOS CD4D00 .25 CD4001 35 CD4aa2 .35 CD4006 .95 CD4007 .25 CD400B .95 C04009 .45 C04010 CD40n CD401Z CD40J3 CD4014 CD4015 CD4018 CO4017 1 cD40ia CD4019 CD4Q20 CD4021 CD4022 1 CO4023 CD4024 CD402S CD4026 1 C04027 CD402e CD4029 CD403O CD'1035 CD4040 CD4042 CO4043 CD4044 CD4046 CD4a4g CD4050 CD4051 CD4060 1 CD406e CD406S CO4069 CD4070 CD4071 CD4072 CD4073 CD4075 CD4076 CD4078 CD4081 CD4D82 CD4116 C04490 5 CD4507 CD4508 1 CD4510 CD45tl C04515 2 C04516 1 CD451B 5 CU4520 5 CD4S27 1 C0452S 1 C04553 3 C045GE 2 C04Se3 2 C045S5 CD40192 3 74C00 74Ca4 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74048 1 74074 74C76 74C90 1 74C93 1 74C154 3 740160 1 740 175 1 740192 1 740221 1 74C905 6 74C906 74C914 1 74C922 E 740923 £ 740925 e 740926 E 740927 f llfTERFACE 8095 8096 BTIO BT13 8120 8T23 8T24 8TZ5 21CI2AL-4 2102AN-2L 2!04A-4 21078-4 UART/RFO AY5-1D13 3.91 AY5-!014 6 9; 3341 6 91 I PROM I 1702A 4.51 > 2532 17.51 • 2708 2.91 ' 2716TI 8.51 > 2716 5 Volt 5.51 > 8'2716 5Voll 39.01 2114139015 2.50 21 ML 450ns 2.37 4116 200ns 2.50 8.4116 200ns 15.40 MM5280 3.00 MM53Z1 9.95 MM5330 5.94 P51D1L 8.95 42CaA 11.50 9368 3.50 4100 10.00 416 2.50 TMM2016 16.95 HMSiie 16.50 CLOCKS MU5311 4.95 UMj312 3.90 UM^314 3.90 MM5369 MM5841 MM5865 CT7010 H.95 CT7015 8.95 MM5375AA/N 3.90 MM5375AG/N 4.90 16.50 8748 39.95 8748-B 34.95 a755A 49.95 NB2S23 2.95 NB2S123 3.95 NB2S126 - 5,75 N82S129 4,75 N82S131 4.95 NB2S13E S.75 14825137 8.75 DMS577 2.90 8223 3.50 COHNECTDRS 30 pin edge 2,50 44 pm edije 2 75 S6 pin edge 4.00 100 pin edge 3.95 100 pin edge w/w 4.95 0E9S 1.95 DA15P 2.10 DA15S 3,10 Complete Set 9.50 stflpwitrt ut n.» Ado CM m 17,95 DIgHil Clock Ml 19.75 RESISTORS «. win 5% lODeMype .05 100 pet lype ,015 . „ 1000 pe' type .012 MASTER 5000psftyp« .0085 CLOSEOUT 350 plice pack. (69,96 SpirtyjM S.9S ^mi^mm W watt 5% per typo .05 DIP SWITCHES 4- pasition ,B5 5- pDsiIlon 90 6- pos^)12V500ma 4.50 I l2.6VCT2aiTV)s 5:95 12V lamp S.9S S 12.6V CT 4 amp B.6012W2amp 7.95 1 l2.6VCT8aiiv 10.806, 9. 12WC n 24V OT 100 ma 3.95 300 ma B.95 i 24V OT 600 ma 4.95 9 VDC 500 ma 3.75 17.95 ' 8251 4.75 ' 8253 8,95 8255 4,75 8257 8,75 8259 6.90 ' 1802C£plas- 13.95 : 1B02E pbs. 17.95 ' 1861P 5S5 3.95 KEYBOARD ENCODERS AY5-2376 AY5-36O0PR0 740922 740923 5.5( HD0165-S 7.9! D Connaclon RS232 DB25P 2.9; DB26S 3.5C Cover 1 2f OlSPUY LEDS MAN72'74 OL704 OL707 Dl707R 01727 723 CA DL747 750 CA FND359 FWD500 507 CC FtJD503olO CC FNDeOO 307 CC 10 dig It display 7520 Claiex photocell! TIL311 Hex MAN461D MAN464D MAN471D MAN4740 MAN6»Q UAN671D MAN674D OA/CA .300 .75 CC .300 1.25 CA .300 1.00 WCC .500 1.90 500 99 500 .90 800 2 20 4116 200ns Dynamic RAM 8/$15.40 ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS KITS Apple Peripheral Kits SERIAL I/O INTERWCE 0 to 30.000 baud, D.T.R., Input* output from monitor or basic, or useApple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2) $14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N 2C) $62.95. PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95. PARALLEL T'RIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs. each can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N 210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55. OPTO-ISOLATED INPUT BOARD 8 inputs, can be driven from TTL logic, Bd only (P/N 120) $15.65, Kit (P/N 120A) $69.95. Intarface Kits SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional. Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K, sw selectable polarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none, all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12V required. Bd only (P/N 101) $11J5, Kit (P/N 101A) $42.89. RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, re- quires ±12V. Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95. RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2 passive opto-lsolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901A) $14.95. PROM Eraser Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet, assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (with timer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL ver- sion $78.50 (with timer $108.50). NiCad Battery Fixer/Charger Kit Opens shorted cells that w/on't hold a charge and then charges them up, all in one kit w/fuli parts and inslructioii.". 'i:! I-C "■' !^ Z80 Microcomputer 16 bit 1/0, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Bread- board space. Excellent for control. Bare Board $28.50. Full Kit $99.00. Monitor $20.00. Power Supply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00. Modem Kit $60.00 state of the art, orig., ansvi/er. No tuning neces- sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive acoustic coupler pians inciuded. Bd. only $17.00. Articie In June Mo Electronics. 60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40 Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy. Video Modulator Kit $9.95 Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/o affecting usage. Comp. kit w/full Instruc. Multi-volt Computer Power Supply 8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp. 5v 1.5 amp, -5v .5 amp, 12V.5 amp, -12v option. ±5v. ±12v are regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kil with chassis and all hardware $51.95. Add $5.00 shipping. Kit of hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00. $1.50 shipping. Type-N-Talk by Votrax Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabu- lary, built-in text to speech algorithm, 70 to 100 bits per second speech synthesizer, RS232C interface $359.00. Speech IC $79.95. 1802 1 6K Dynamic RAM Kit $149.00 Expandable to 64K. Hidden refresh w/docks up to 4 MHz w/no wait states. Addl. 16K RAM $25.00. S-100 4-slot expansion $ 9.95 Super Monitor VI. I Source Listing S15.00 RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95 The Super Elf is a small single board computer that does many big things. It's an excellent computer for training and for learning programming with Its machine language and yet It's easily expanded with additional memory, Full Basic, ASCII Keyboards, video character generation, etc. ROM monitor; State and Mode displays; Single step; Optional address displays; Power Supply; Audio /Amplifier and Speaker; Fully socteted for all IC's; Full documentation. The Super Elf includes a ROM monitor for pro- gram loading, editing and execution with SINGLE STEP for program debugging which is not in- cluded in others at the same price. With SINGLE STEP you can see the microprocessor chip oper- ating with the unique Quest address and data bus displays before, during and after executing in- structions. /\lso, CPU mode and Instruction cycle are decoded and displayed on 8 LED indicators. An RCA 1861 video grapfiics chip allows you to connect to your own TV with an inexpensive video modulator to do graphics and games. There is a speaker system included for writing your own music or using many music programs atr@ady written. The speaker amplifier may also be used to drive relays for control purposes. A 24 key HEX keyboani includes 16 HEX keys plus load, reset, run, wait, input, memory protect, monitor select and single step. Large, on board displays provide output and optional high and low There is a 44 pin standard connector slot Quest Super Basic V5.0 A new enhanced version of Super Basic now available. Quest was the first company worldwide to ship a full size Basic for 1802 Systems. A complete function Super Basic by Ron Cenker including floating point capability with scientific notation (number range ±.17E^^), 32 bit integer ±2 billion; multi dim arrays, string arrays; string manipulation; cassette I/O; save and load, basic, data and machine language programs; and over 75 statements, functions and operations. New Improved faster version including re- number and essentially unlimited variables. Also, an exclusive user expandable command library. Serial and Parallel I/O routines inciuded. Super Basic on Cj- ■ t u for PC cards and a 50 pin connector slot for the Quest Super Expansion Board. Power supply and sockets for all IC's are included plus a detailed 127 pg. instruction manual which now includes over 40 pgs. of software info, including a series of lessons to help get you started and a music pro- gram and graphics target game. Many schools and universities are using the Super Elf as a course of study. OEM's use it for training and R&D. Remember, other computers only offer Super Elf features at additional cost or not at all. Compare before you buy. Super Elf Kit $106.95, High address option $8.95, Low address option S9.95. Custom Cabinet with drilled and labelled plexiglass front panel $24.95. All metal Expansion Cabinet, painted and silk screened, with room for 5S-100 boards and power supply $57.00. NICad Batteiy Memoiy Saver Kit $6.95. All kits and options also complete^ assembled and tested. Questdata, a software publication for 1S02 com- puter users is available by subscription fbr$12.0Q per 12 issues. Single issues $1.50. Issues 1-12 bound $16.50. Moews Video Graphics $3.50, Games and Music $3.00, Chip 8 Interpreter $5.50, Starship 4K cas- sette $14.95. Exciting and challenging space game. Complete manual included. Free 14 page brochure of complete Super Elf system. Super Expansion Board with Cassette interface $89.95 This is truly an astounding valuel Tliis board has been designed to allow you to decide how you want it optioned. The Super Expansion BoanI comes with 4K of low power RAM fuliy address- able anywhere in 64K with built-in memory pro- tect and a cassette Interlace. Provisions have been made for all other options on the same board and it fits neatly into the hardwood cabinet alongside the Super EH. The board Includes slots for up to 6K of EPROM (27Q8, 2758, 2716 orTl 2716) and Is hilly socketed. EPROM can be lised for the monitor and Tiny Basic or other purposes. A IKSuper ROM Monitor $19.95 Is available as an on boanj option in 2708 EPROM which has been preprogrammed with a program loader/editor and error checking multi file cassette read/write sofhKare, (relocatable cassette file) another exclu- sive from Quest. It includes register save and readout, block move capability and video graphics driver with blinking ci i ni P ii nm i\ nn hr used with the regisic; gram bugs quickly, then follow with single step. If you have the Super Expansion Boanl and Super Monitor the monitor Is up and running at the push of a button. Other on board options include Parallel input and Output Potts with hiil handshalie. They allow easy connection of an ASCII keyboard to the input port. RS 232 and 20 ma Cuirent Lnop for teletype or other device are on board and if you need more memory there are hvo S-100 slots for static RAM or video boards. Also a 1 K Super Monitor version 2 with video driver for full capability display with Tiny Basic and a video interface board. Parallel I/O Ports $9.85, RS 232 $4.50, TTY 20 ma l/F $1.95, S-100 $4.50. A 50 pin connector set with ribbon cable is available at $18.95 for easy con- nection between the Super Ell and the Super Expansion Board. Power Supply Kit for the complete system (see MiiltLvnIl Po\vt;r Sfinnli/ boiowl Rockwell AIM 65 Computer 6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboard and 20 column thermal printer 20 char, alphanu- meric display ROM monitor;, fully expandable. $419.00. 4K version $449.00, 4K Assembler $35.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00. Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V .5A assem. in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclosure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply $52.50. AIM 65 1K In cabinet with power supply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $559.00. 4K $579.00. A65/4O-S000AiM 65/40 W/16K RAM and monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K, $195) (32K, $215). VD640 Video Interface Kit $119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 in thin briefcase with power supply $518.00. Special Package Price: 4K AIM, BK Basic, power supply, cabinet $629.00 AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Elf 44 pin expansion board; board with 3 connectors $22.95. Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95 Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pin plus S-100 bus expansion. {With Super Ex- pansion). High and low address displays, state and mode LED's optional S18.0D. Super Color S-100 Video Kit $129.95 Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color graphics. 6847 with all display modes computer controlled. Memory mapped. IK RAM expand- able to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085, Z80, etc. Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/margin program. TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax. $10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 Insurance optional. Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%. Prices subiect to change FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1982 QUEST CATALOG. Include 88c stamp. Circle 349 on Inquiry card. BYTE i^ril 1982 507 PLOTTING SOFTWARE Calcomp compatible, for EPSON and HIPLOT with CPU, FORTRAN, and BASIC PlOTWARE-i 8" ssad Manuals only * ... PLOTTARE-z aamplel * Refundable on order .389 ..35 ENERCOUP P.O.BOX 28014 Lakevood, Colo. 80228 ^303-S88-16+8 PLOTYABB- T h «| Uap^ CliarU goIaalUlA Ckanctm PLOTTIRI- HY-TYPE 1 & 11 • QUME INTELLIGENT PRINTER INTERFACE 16,000 BYTE BUFFER /STAND ALONE PARALLEL I SERIAL INPUT IBAUO RATES - SO to 19,2001 OPTIONS INCLUDE: GRAPHICS • REVERSE PRINT • BOLD PRINT UNDER SCORE • REPRINT OF BUFFER ADJUSTMENT OF LINES fER INCH CHARACTERS PER INCH SELECTION DOUBLE UNE CUSTOM OPTIONS ALSO AVAILABLE AaiTFROM»450.0a BARE BOARD «12E.OO MASTER CARD & VISA ACCEPTED Circle 170 on Inquiry card. WARN ELECTROIMICS, LTD. Olrcle 429 on Inquliy card. MEMOREX FLEXIBLE DISCS WE WILL NOT BE UNDER- SOLOn Call Free (800)235-4137 for prices and informatioa Dealer inquiries invited and CO.D.'s accepted. PACIHC EXCHANGES 100 Foothai Kvd San Luis Obispo, CA 93401. In Cal call (800)592-5935 or .(805)543-1037 Circle 319 on Inquiry card. OMEGA The Last Disassembler You Will Ever Need! Mnemonics Externally Defined Zilog, Intel, PASft/l Supplied ASCII/HEX Preconditloner Can Externally Def. Equates Optional Address Listing ASM/PASM/M80 Compatible DB statements forcible over user specified range $150. complete/$25. manual only tor further information contact COMPUTER TOOLBOX, INC. 1325 East Main St. Waterbury, Ct. 06705 Phone (203) 754-4197 $GOLD DISKS CP/M® Compatible Z-80 Software Z-80 DISASSEMBLER An aasy to u«* program to croato •ourea (.ASM) fllaa from axocutabia (.COM) fllaa EZ EZ the MBLER 175 PPD TEXT WORDPROCESSOR TEXT will format 4 your text flla It 75 way you want 5-8" 3D/DD PPDl Bower-St:ewapt: St Assoclat:es POST OFFICE BOX 1389 HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250 213-532-1237 Trademark Digital Research VOICE SYNTHESIZER WITH INTERACTIVE TELEPHONE INTERFACE For APPLE II ■ compatible dial-up voice response and remote data-base accessarrangements. con- sider a V 1 00 series design from VYNET CORPO- RATION. • Direct connect, auto-dial/answer • Control via Touch-Tone" detection • Allophone (LPC) based voice synthesizer • Includes 1 .000 word vocabulary • Editor for custom vocabulary • Extensive application soltware • Programmable buffered port • Upgrade available for high quality LPC vocabulary • S395.00 Telephone interface may be purchased without synthesizer. TRS-80 " and IBM versions available soon, (g(o)[}3[P®[mirO®[f!!] 2405 QUME DRIVE SAN JOSE, CA 95131 (408) 942-1037 Circle 112 on Inquiry card. Circle 58 on Inquiry card. Circle 428 on Inquiry card. NEW 23K PERSONAL COMPUTER SOQQOO FACTORY SALE PRICE You get the NEW APF-IM-1 Full Size Powerful Computer: Includes 14K ROM with Level II BASIC built In, 9K User RAM, Color, Sound, Professional 53 keyboard, Two controllers. Two 1 0 key numer- ic pads. High speed cassette, A.C. adapter, RF modulator, T.V. switchbox. Accepts TAPE-DISK- PLUG IN CARTRIDGES, it is PLUG IN EXPAND- ABLE at low cost. 90 day parts and labor warran- ty, owners guide, BASIC language manual. All this in a beautiful black and white console case lor only '239", 1 5 DAY FREETRIAL Return within 15 days com- plete and undamaged tor refund of purchase price. PROTECTO ENTERPRIZES BOX 550, BARRINGTON, IL 60010 TO ORDER PHONE 312/382-2192 PROFESSIONAL MICROCOMPUTER $2990 THE BEST VALUE ON THE MARKET • Z80 4MHZ • 64K RAM • DUAL 8" DRIVES • 1.2 MB STORAGE • 2 SERIAL I/O • 2 PARALLEL I/O • OPERATING SYSTEM AND UTIUTIES MICRO BUSINESS ASSOCIATES, INC. 500 SECOND STREET SAN FRANCISCO, OA 94107 415-957-1343 QUARTZ CRYSTALS 1.D0OA a. 0*71 A 3.45Te A a.soooA I.BSMA 1.0070 A 3.000 A 3.007 A 3.1700 A 3.330 A 3.5TB0B 3.000 8 3 B0B4 a 4 OOOB t IQ34 B 4 3435 D 4.434 U * 440B 4.990 B 4.730 B 4.790 B 4.BI93B 4 B9BIB SOOOB s.otrsB soeooB 5.1 200 B J B a 141000 9ia9B 0 3 30B a.3340 8 a.3ST B 9.SeaB 8.4418 S.9aSB 8.4Ma 5,907 B a.S7B B S,7143B eeosB 9.700 8 BSBoe SSU3B BS44B S BKMB B BIOB fl.OOOB B.B304B 0.144 B B.aaaa 0.330B a.asce 0.190 8 •,aa4B o.iaoB a.osee B1IB77B lOOOOB B30OII I0 34O8 S40DB 10.4BaB 0 B 10 4Ba B 0.907 B tD.BB4 B 0 7904 0 ID also 8 OBIIB IDBJBB TOS10B I0.B9OB T t9BOBBII.0OOB : 7 1030 ll.lUB : 'ftiSB ii.aiaB ; lOOOB 13 0S4 8 36 IBB a 4IB37B 1 1198 14000 8 36 3138 41 0008 11.440 8 34.970 8 38.383 8 41 017 8 i>.477B 3S.0O0B 38.813 8 4] 700 B 13.8388 3S.S00B ar.BOlB 43 793 B l.BBBB 18.075 8 38,084 8 41 019B 171 B 2 a.OOO B 30. B.100B : 5.444 B : a sooB : 0.000 8 : 3a S37B 43 OOOB ,004 8 3B. 903 B 43,037 8 ,43TB 30.000 8 43.074 B OOOB 3B.753B 43,111 B 37BB 38.0708 43 137B 037 B 3B seSB 41 MSB aOOB 40.375 e 43 IB5a .B7B B 40.444 B 43 25B B 379 B 40 991 B 43 2SB B 4 B77 e 40 B33 B 5 7SB B 40.B7S B .5.B73B 40.080 8 9.875 6 40.B30 8 11.881 B I3.400B 38.063 B 41 .MBB ALL -r -3.48 TOIHIHORE'WDUCT ADDtl.OO SHIPPING CAL. RES. ADD 6% SALES TAX FREE OSCILLATOR SCHEMATICS WITH ANY ORDER QUALITY COMPUTER PARTS P.O. BOX 743 / CHATSWOHTH, CA 91 31 1 Circle 339 on Inquiry card. Circle 25B on Inquiry card. Circle 346 on Inquiry card. PititersPhjs ...computers, peripherals, accessories and supplies! APPLE ACCESSORIES Apple II &48K CALL Disk II w/controller DOS 3.3 CALL Disk II Add-on CALL Microsoft Z80 Softcard 299. 16K Ram Card 159. CCS Parallel Card 109. Async Serial Card 1 39. Clock/Calendar Card 99. IEEE Card 239. A D Card 99. /v\ountain Comp. Romplus 130. KBRlterROM 49. CPS MuItlfuncHon Card 199. Supertalker 259. Paymar L/C Adapter ■ New 39. - Old 49. M&R Super Mod 25. Superterm 319. Vldex Video Term 299. APPLE SOFTWARE Personal S/W Desktop Plan II «159. CCA Data Mgmt 85. Visicalc 159. Visiplot 159. Visitrend/Visiplot 219. Vlsidex 169. Vlslterm 129. Micropro Wordstar 259. Super-Sort 145. Mail-Merge 90. Data Star 215. Spell Star 169. Muse Super Text II 129. Address Book 44. Form Letter Module 79. Stoneware-DB Master II 199. MIcrocom-MicroCourier 239. Infotory 19i9. RIBBONS NEC $77.00/Doz. Qume 45.00/Doz. Diablo ;.. 66.00/Doz. Anadex 135.00/6 ea. Tritel 95.00/Doz. Tl/DEC/TTY 45.00/Doz. Epson 13.95/ea. MPI/ Axiom/Base 2 10.00 ea. MAGNETIC MEDIA Premium Quality At Bargain Prices d'W Diskettes, all Formats 100% Certified with hub rings, box of 10 Single sided, single density 26.95 Single sided, double density 29.95 Double side, double density 38.95 8" Diskettes, All Formats, 100% Certified Single sided, single density 29.95 SSSD En'or Free 32.95 Single sided, double density 39.95 Double sided, double density 49.95 Complete Stock of MX-80, MX-80 F/T MX-lOO Printers, Graphics Chip Sets Cards and Cables NEC-8023 A, 1 00 cps Matrix Printer Hi-Res dot graphics, proportional spacing, correspondent quality printing, bi-directional tractor and friction feed. 80. I 32 col. Greek & Math symbols. Everything you need in a small printer. List S840 $599. MODEMS aDS 103 LP, direct «169. 103 JLP Auto /^nsu;er 209. 202 LP 1200 BAUD 259. NOVATION CAT. acoustic 145. D-CAT, direct 155. Auto Cat 219. Apple Cat 339. HAYES SlOO Micromodem «349. Apple Micromodem 299. Smart Modem 249. VIDEO MONITORS Zenith 12" Green $119. NEC 12" Green $185. Amdex 12" B/W (Leedex) $139. Amdek 13" Color Lo-Res $439. VIDEO TERMINALS Ampex Dialog 80 *995. Ampex Dialog 30 795. Televideo 920C 845. Televideo 950 995. PC-8000 Series Microcomputer System. INTRO PRICING $ 1099.00 • Z-80A CPU 4 MHz • 5 user progiammaUe function Iceys • 82 Keys wiUi numeric keypad • 160 x 100 resolution • 80 ctlaracter screen PC-8001A Microcomputer W/32K RAM 899. PC-80 1 2A I/O Unit W/32K RAM Expansion slots PC-8031A Dual Mini-Disk Drive Unit 899. PC-8032A AddOn Dual Mini Disk Drive CInll 799. MPI 88G / 99G MATRIX High resolution dot-addressable graphics foi Apple. Enhanced "correspondence quality" printing. Tractor and friction feed. Serial and Parallel Input. 100 cps Bidirectional printing. 80. 96 and 132 column luidths! 88 G List $749 $589. 99 G List $849 $660. Apple Parallel I/O Card/Cable/Disk . . $ 11 0. with Graphics Prom (Ap-Pak) $145. IEEE I/O Card $55. Single Sheet Feeder $25. QT Cover $35. NEC SPINWRITERS 7710/7730 RO w/tractor $2,595. 7720 KSR w/tractor $2,895. 3510/3530 RO $1,895. Bi-directional tractor $225. Pusher tractor . $350. OLYMPIA Letter quality. Daisy wheel printer/typewriter interfaces to Apple. Atari. NEC. TRS80 and RS232 Serial ports. A truly cost effective letter quality printer that functions as a typewriter ESI 00 RO Computer printer Ust$1690 CALL ES 1 00 Typewriter only CALL Interface Card Only $295. (speciiy serial or parallel) I/O Cable (specify serial or parallel) . $35. Apple Serial Card $139. Print Wheels & Ribbons CALL TO PLACE YOCIR ORDER CALL: TELEPHONE TELEX (714) 744-7314 697120 oTLurite to: fALOMAft Computer Products 910-105 W. San Marcos Btvd.. San Marcos. CA 92069 TERMS OF SALE: Cash rherk mone\ ordrt hank uirp transfer rredil rard or purchase orders »rom .ludlifipd firms and iristilutjons Pleas*' inrlude telephone nunifw ^T-fi tirder and expirdtion date on rredit ' ard orders rdliti>fnid rps.denis add h'J sdles ia)>. Advertised pnc es are *or pret>did orders F () B shipping (X)irt Add 3**' for shippmq in U S Pn* .nq and jxailahiha subietiu. change \Mihaul notice circle 324 on inquiry card. W«Bd CBM a«n«tr* cv«ry«htir« IEEE-488 TO TRS-80* INTERFACE Everything needed to add powerful BASIC GPIB-488 controller capability to TRS-80 Model 1 or 3, Level 2 or DOS with a minimum of 16K. 48B-80C For Mod9l 3 Operation 488-808 For Model 1 Operation Model 488-80B or 488-80C Price: $375. + shipping, Insurance i lex WHEN ORDER/NG SPECIFV DISK OR TAPE SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERING LABORATORIES 11 Neil Drive • Old Bethpage, NY 11804 Telephone: (516) 694-3370 ■ Trademark ol Tandy Corp. Ttiere is no alliliarion between ScienlHic Engineering Laboratories and Tandy Corp or Radio Snacf^ S-100 VOICE The ARTICULATOR board allows you to record, store, and play- back any vocabulary on your S-100 computer. Input speech is digitized by the ARTICULATOR and send to the computer via an on-board port for storage at 1 K to 2K bytes/sec. This data is then sent back from the comput- er to the ARTICULATOR for very high quality playback. On-board VOX switching minimizes mem- ory storage requirements. PRICE - $350 A&T AVAILABLE NOW Quintrex, inc. 4461 Indian Creek Parkvray PO Box 7384 Overland Park, KS 66207 Circle 373 on inquiry card. Circle 362 on inquiry card. Circle 350 on inquiry card. Like-new products For free catalog, phone toll-free (800) 225-1008 In IVlassaciiusetts (617) 938-0900 GENSTAR REI SALES COMPANY 19527 Business Center Or.. Northridge, CA 91324 Oircie 186 on inquiry card. Convert your TRS-80 into a DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM Z-80 In-Circuit EPROiVI/EEPROIVI programming in -S™. a single compact |T'.!~™ unit. ^H, Debug Stand-alone r^.f^rl systems with HH program ■^^USi TRS-80 RAM, ■^■■M ttien copy worl CO o CHIP BUaXlINQ Print 1B-S2S 10 SOFTWARE PIRACY THE PROQRAMMINQ ROUTE FORTH PrM9-$2S Print10-$2S Prir«11->2 FUTURE PAST Prtnt12-»25 TOTALECUPSE PlM6-$2S COMPUTER HARDWARE Pllnt7-t25 PERSPECTIVES Pllnl8-$2S COMPUTER CHESS Oct. 1978 $7.9S THROUGH THE TRAPDOOR Mar. 1979 BREAKING THE SOUND BARRIER Sapt. 1977 iti'j ■■..MfiiBfl.iianijil Hr ALSO AVAILABLE ara the prints shown at left. "Computer Chess" Is an 18" X 22" full color poster. "Through the Trap Door" and "Breaking the Sound Barrier" are limited editions of 750 prints each, sighed and numbered bV'the artjsf. Each print is 18" X 22", and Is accompanied by Its own Certificate of Authenticity. If both "Door" and "Barrier" are ordered, a specltil price of $55 applies. All three prints shown at left shipped first class in heavy mailing tubes. iiiWlliiiliill Please send me the following Prints: QTY TITLE AMOUNT $ $ $ $ Frames — $35 eacti S $ □ Set 9-12 or □ 13-16 — $80. Both "Trap Door" and "Barrier" — $55. a postage & handling S3.00 (Overseas $8.00) TOTAL □ I have enclosed check or money order. □ Visa □ MasterCard Card # Expiration Date- SHIP MY PRINTS TO: Name Address City StatB; -Zip- Mail this coupon to; robert tinney graphics 1864 N. Pamela Drive Baton Houge, LA 70815 MASTER^ LEO ELECTRONICS, INC. 8921 S. Sepulveda #208 Los Angeles, CA 90045 (213)641-3101 (800)421-2418 WHY PAY MORE? SAVE MONEY! LOWEST PRICES ON PARTS! TERMS; Check, Visa. Mastercard Call lor C-O.D. U.S. Funds only Calilornta Residenls add 6% Sales Tax. SHIPPING: Add $2 00 lor Ground $5.00 lor Air. ALL MAJOR MANUFACTURERS ALL PARTS 100% GUARANTEED Circle 235 on Inquiry card. NEW! M-( SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER l»UiMMCMi(i(MIOCPtJmphtKly progrommobltf the SMARTMODEM can b« controllsd uting any proaromming longuoge. □ FCC approved direct-connect □ AutO'aniwer/ Auto- dial □ Touch-tone/Pulte-dialing □ Full/Half duplM □ Audio monitor □ 7 itotus LED lights HIGH TECHNOLOGY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES Orders & Information I THE (603)-673-8857 BOTTOM ° ''-^ ^^^^H^^m|£ (800)-3430726 12 Johnson Street, Mllford NH 03055 Circle 57 on Inquiry card. WANT HELP? COBOL PROGRAMMER'S AIDE (CPA) Provides extensive assistance in CODING, DEBUGGING, MAINTAINING and DOCUMENTING your Cobol programs - Improve your efficiency and productivity - EASY TO USE - MENU DRIVEN - A PRACTICAL SET of TOOLS • An INVALUABLE AIDE. CPA features: • SOURCE ANALYZER & CROSS REFERENCE • SOURCE EDITOR & REFDRMAHER • SOURCE OVERVIEWER • DOCUMENTATION PRINTER • PARAMETER FETCHER SUB-PROGRAM • COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL and more Available lor CP/M', CDOS" or CROMIX' users utilizing COBOL-80' or Cromemco Cobol, Satisfaction guaranteed or full refund! For Program Samples and information call or write: Automated Programming Methods, Inc. 2212DupontDr., I7UI851-B6B6 Irvine, CA 9271 5 Trademarks 'Microsoft, 'Digital flesearcti, 'Cromemco circle 162 on inquiry card. Circle 45 on Inquiry cai Such A Deal! Have You Ever Considered USED EQUIPMENT? Want To Save Lots? We Carry All Brands of Used Minis and Micros* (DEC - DG - APPLE - TRS-80. ETC.) Call or Write for FREE List of Bargains: Compuchange Box 4151 Anaheim, Ca. 92803 17141 535-1990 *Na Coit or Obllgalion Circle 95 on Inquiry card. SPEECH SYNTHESIZER $70 Each ^^^^^^^^ (5 or more, ^4444444444^ $55 each) Order in Ones or Thousands The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer Is a completely seil- contalned solid state device. This single chip phoneti- cally synthesizes contlnuaus speech of unlimited vocabulary. The SC-01A contains 64 different phonemes which are accessed by a 6-bit code. Computer interfaces and lext-to-speech algorithms also available tor prod- uct daveiopiront. Volrax is a Irademark ot Federal Screw tlVorKs Call 1-800-645-3479. in N.Y. 1-S16-374-6793 MICROMINTINC- 917 Midway Woodmere, N.Y. 11598 ^ ^ Calllor - . . . quantity pricing Circle 471 on inquiry card. S100 Intelligent Color Graphics • 8085 6K Prom 8K Ram •SubLogic Graphics software in onboard Prom • 32 Graphics commands including shaded polygons, circles, boxes • Horizontal and vertical text 256 X 192 Hires 128 x 192 4 color $395 Limited quantity SMS 64K S-100 stat ram ass, & tested $395 California Computer Graphics 25 Avenida Dr, Berkeley CA 94708 (415)540-5698 Color Computer 4K $310 w/16KExt, Basic $459 W/32K Ext, Basic $525 Model III 16K $839 Model III 48K 2 disc & RS232C $2059 BUY DIRECT. These are just a few of our great offers which include Printers, Modems, Com- puters, Peripherals, Disc Drives, Software and more, call toll free 1-B00-S43-81 24 We have the lowest computer possible fully Will warranleed prices f!.'}V°'JJl.^' r^**** and a lull complBment ^.^t^inn of Radio Shack Soltwaro. 01 naoio snack soltwaro^^ free catalog 245A Great Road Linielon. MA 01460 617 • 486 • 3193 5%" Floppy Disk Drives (single side-single or double density) TANDON lUlodel TIM 100-1 l^nnn ae CDC Model 9409 P09.95ea 2 or more — S204.9S ea. * Floppy Drive Power Connector Kit $2.00* 5 '4" Memorex Floppy Disks - single side soft seclor, single or double density - Box of 10 S28.00* CALL NOW - TOLL FREE 800-824-7888 all states except CA. 800-852-7777 for CA residents. Ask tor Operator #99. tv^C/VISA or C.O.D. witti certified check or money order. Kansas residents add 3% sales tax, • Plus stiipping. For info call: 316-683-9225 316-685-9445 SijSteiiivS 923 Longfellow Street Wichita, KS 67207 Circle 75 on Inquiry card. Circle 109 on Inquiry card. Circle 183 on inquiry card. "THE BIG BOARD" OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT! Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM! THE FERGUSON PROJECT: Three years in the works, and maybe loo good to be true. A tribute to hard headed, no compromise, high performance, American engineering! The Big Board gives you all the most needed computing features on one board at a very reasonable cost. Tlie Big Board was designed from scratch to run tlie latest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all tlie off-tlie-slielf software that can be run on the Big Board without any modifications needed! Taite a Big Board, add a couple of 8 inch disc drives, power supply, an enclosure, C.R.T., and you have a total Business System for about 1/3 the cost you might expect to pay. H99 00 (^''K "^IT . ^ BASIC I/O) FULLY SOCKETED! FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!) SIZE: 8Vi X 13>/. IN. SAME AS AN 8 IN. DRIVE. REQUIRES: 'SV @ 3 AMPS ' - 12V @ .5 AMPS. 64K RAM 24 X 80 CHARACTER VIDEO Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM'S. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEO and EPROM sections do not make holes In system RAM. Also, very special care was taken In the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches. Z-80 CPU With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp e«en on small monitors. Hardware scroti and full cursor control. Composite video or split video and sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM. making customized fonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may be inverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2 If^tEBUPTS. Fully buffered and nins 8080 sofhware. FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL) Full 2 channels using the Z80 SID and the SMC 81 16 Baud Rale Generator. FULL RS232I For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronous mode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels can be set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int. Price for all parts and connectors: $65. Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhanced reliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly compatible with standard Shugart drives such as the SA800 or SA801 .Drives can be configured lor remote AC olf-on. Runs CP/M* 2.2. TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL) Uses Z-BD PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bl-dlrectional. User selectable hand shake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95 BASIC I/O Consists of a separafe parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encoded keyboard for Input. Output would be on the 80 k 24 Video pisplay. REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL) Uses Z-BO CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of all parts: $9.95 BLANK PC BOARD — $175 The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full documentation (including schematics), the character ROM, the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a disl»>«»-+ 1 OH HAND 193 I 1 ON ORDER 50 1 1 ALLOCATED 6 I 1 REORDER 220 I + + I MTD SOLD 25 1 I YTD SOLD lOQ 1 Microsoft BASIC, CBASlCdBASEn. & WordStar/MailMerge Screens! $149 (uMT niWHial)$20) plim shipping- Fox & G«(r»r AsaoclalM. Inc. I (201)837-0142i P.O. Box 1053 I Credit Card! Tsmck.N.J. 0786a I Acc»pl«d CBMICCP/K &ii*itm of Digital Imm- Ji Circle 78 on Inquiry card. Circie 102 on inquiry card. Gircie 180 on inquiry card. $395 $95 $49 Integrated Accounting System (Q/L, Payroll, A/F, A/R) Ustpro'" (for custom form letters) Mail Manager™ MIcrostat (complete statistical package) $250 Ftofsale'" (order processing system) $195 WordStar* (word processing) $495 . . . and much mote. * HARDWARE Color printers, monitors, modems, hard discs, light pens. Joysticks, and more. * DISKE1TES— with free game 10 for $49 50 for $169 * SOFTWARE CCMMVERSION-Call for rates * Authors Wanted — Dealer inquiries invited. Suite BIC, 3901 Davis Place mi Washington DC 20007 (202) 337-5300 * IBM Is atrademark of International Business Machines Corporation. * Word Star Is atrademark of MicroPro Inter- natlonal Corporation. CPR The Vital CPR Is an advanced text fomiatter offering ^ fast, flexible word processing for ttie UCSD p-System. CPn functions include pagination, underlining, proportional spacing and a lot more. CPR Is available novf on 8" diskettes lor p-Sys- lem versions 11 and IV including 175 page users' manual . . . $199.00. Users' manual alone . . . $30.00 ' UCSD p-System ' Is a Irademark or irie Regenis or the University ol Calirornia. Ouipini P ASSOCIATES i SOFTWARE FOR SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 11568 Sorrento Valley fld San Diego, CA 92121 Suite 11 (714) 452-9340 Compu :i_LjnER Pro" 6MH2 Z or 86/88 64K Systam«2796 INCLUDES DUAL 8" SHUIMT DRIVES i INTEGRAND CABINET WITH TERMINATED MOTHERBOARD 10 SLOT DISK 1 AST 371. 6HHz CPU I JOB. Disk 2 A4T CALL 8HHz 8086 A4T i9^. HPX-i* A&T 371. lOMHz 8086 CSC 506. 8087 for 8086 550. 80130 CRM* CALL RAH 21 129K A4T 1356. RAH 16 64K AST 671. LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS IOMHz8086 I28K8yatam $2906 INCLUDES DUAL 8" SHUCART DRIVES 4 INTEGRAND CABINET WITH TERMINATED MOTHERBOARD 10 SLOT LIGHTING 1 8HHz 415. LIGHTING 1 lOHHz 515. 8086, 4 8089 A4T 505. 8086,87, S 89 1055. LDP 72 Disk Contr. a20. HAZIIALL AST Z60. Dyn. RAM A&T £09. ZSSK Dyn. RAM 1099. Seattle Computer PcadiKls.llK. System I $2649 System U 48325 Systsu I is SW, System II Is 128K NO DRIVES ALLMOHHOW 25*/. OFF ALL PRICES SUBDECT TO CHANGE, CPM TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH SHIPPING HIN. IS S3. 00 per m $159 Spellstar $129 Personal Software Vislcalc 3.3 h $229 CCA Data Mgr $ 84 Desktop/Plan II « $229 Visiterm 5^39 Visidex $229 Visiplot $185 Personal Software (cent.) Visitrend/Visipiot Zork Miscellaneous Micro Courier Super-Text II ASCII Express Apple Software (Entertainment) Wizard & Princess Mystery House Fligtit Simulator Raster Blaster $275 $ 34 $219 $ 127 $ 59 28 24 29 26 26 29 22 29 28 26 ■ Space Eggs Sargon II ABM Micropainter ^. Apple Panic Pool 1.5 Apple Accessories Z-80 Softcard by Microsoft Keyboard Enhancer Apple Joystick Sup-r Mod CPS Multifunction Card Videoterm by Videx 16K Card by Microsoft Sup-r Fan ALF9 Voice Board CCS Cards CCS Parallel Model 7720 CCS Serial Model 7710D CCS Centronics Model 7728 Disk Drives For TRS-80* Model 1 ^< w^. CCI-100 5V4 ", 40 Track Add-ons for Zenith Z-89 CCI-189 5V4 ", 40 Track Z-87 Dual SVa" system Drives for Z-90 External card edge and power supply included. 90 day warrantytone year on power supply. Corvus 5M Corvus 10M Corvus 20M Corvus IVIirror Shugart 8" 801 R Raw Drive TANDON 5V4 " Raw Drive Power Supplies Diskettes— Box of 10 Maxell 5V4" Maxell 8" BASF/Verbatim b'U" BASF/Verbatim 8" Plastic File Box— Holds 50 5%" dskts. $ 19 Plastic Library Case 5%" $ 3 Plastic Library Case 8" $ 4 Head Cleaning DlslID.HIljl[gi.ipmrni TELECON SYSTEMS 90 E, Cish Road. Suite 25 San Jose, California 95112 408-275-1659 Circle 171 on inquiry card. Circle 395 on Inquiry card. Circle 408 on inquiry card. FORTH 6800 YOU'VE HEARD ALL THE BENEFITS OF FOKTH. NOW YOU CAN HAVE THEM ON YOUR 6800 WITH G-FORTH ■ TRUE FIG-FORTH COMPILER ■ FASTER THAN BASIC ■ MORE EFFICIENT THAN ASSEMBLY ■ CUTS PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ■ HIGHLY STRUCTURED G-FORTH COMES WITH A COMPLETE EDITOR. VIRTUAL STRING ARRAYS. 6800 ASSEMBLER. SET OF UTILITIES, AND TUTORIAL ON DISKETTE. G-FORTH RUNS ON THE SWTPC COMPUTER, A SINGLE PERCOM LFD-400 DISK WITH MINIDOS. AND16K. ln- to your Apple II computer. It uses an ADC0817 which incorporates a 1 6 chai nel multiplexer and an 8 bit A-Q & verier. The 16 inputs are pedance and the voltage rangi 5.12 volts. Conversion time ls.\lf*l .I'll!',-' MODEM SPECIAL $99 SIGNALMAN Mkl from Anchor Automation DIRECT CONNECT Modem with RS232 Cable and Connector included. Fully compatible with all Bell 103 modems. 0 to 300 bps, lull duplex, frequency shift keyed modulation, auto- matic ANSW/ORIG selection, direct connect, audible tone earner deled indicator, self-contained battery powered. PET/CBM Version (Mk1 P) $1 69 For Commodore Computers, the Signalman MkIP includes connector, cable, and machine language software STAR MODEM RS232 MODEM IEEE 488 MODEM RS23Z ccin IEEE 488 CCin Prentice/Livermore Dain Systems SALE $128 SALE $199 $170 $270 We carry Apple 11+ from Bell & Howell CASH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM $45 Easy to use. Keeps track of cash disbursements, cash receipts, cash transfers, expenses for up to 50 categories. FORTH for PET by Carglle/Riley $50 Full FIG model with all 79 Standard extensions. Miticompller lor FORTH for independent object code 30 KMMM PASCAL for PET/CBM $85 Includes translator for true machine language object code. EARL for PET/CBM 65 Editor, Assembler, Relocator, Linkeditor. SuptrGraphlct - BASIC Language Exienslons 30 Fast Machine Language Graphics routines for PET/CBiyi SM-KIT - Siiner PFT/CBW ROM \$I995.00 BDMOBMIOS 10 MB $3595.00 I $2950.00 BDMDSM20$ 20 MB $4795.00 «0W $3625.00 BOMBSM26S 26 MB $4495.00 $3405.80 OUTPERFORMS MONITORS OF TWICE THE PRICE USI has the competition buckling at their knees! You can have a professional performing Video Monitor lor a traction ot the costi The USI EV2131N is a 12" Green, high resolution data display compatable with 80 X 24 computer lormats B0USIEV2131N 24 lbs. $149.00 CiTCle 334 on inquiry card. PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS COMPUPRO DMA DISK 1 WITH FREE CP/M 2.2 SALE $450.00 SAVE $220.00 Priority 1 Electronics is pleased to offer the GODBOUT DISK 1 High Performance Disk Controiier at our reg- ular low price with CP/M 2.2 and BIOS at no additional cost. That's a savings of $220.00 of (he manufacturer's list price. • Third generation INTEL 8272/NEC 765A LSI floppy disk controller, • High speed cycle stealing DMA interface for proc- essor independent data transfer between system memory and flexible disk. • Handles up to four 8 or 5.25 inch floppy disk drives • Single or double density/single or double sided capability. • Supports IBM 3740 so'f sectored formats. • 24 bit DMA addressing with data transfer across 64K boundaries for data transfer throughout the / 6Mby!^ memory map. |PA«T Ha. nESCRiPTinii UST PRICE OIB PBICEl BDPDBI7IACPM AST w/CP/M 2.2 i BIOS $670.00 $450.01 B0BBTI71C CSC S59S.00 (995.00 BDSBTCPIiaO* CP/M 2.2 lor ZSO/8085 with $179.00 manuals S, BIOS 8" S/D disk BOegrOtSOS OasIs 8 bit single user 8" S/D disk SbOO.OO BDGBT0AS8M Oasis 8 bil mullluser. 8" S/D disk $850.00 S-lOO SYSTEMS SUPERSIXTEEN - COMPUPRO HERE IS WHAT EACH PACKAGE INCLUDES: BDBBTt612A 6 MHz 3085/8088 Dual Processor Board BD6BT171A High Speed DMA Disk Controller BD6BT162A Systerv Support 1 Multi-Function Board ZtiWlZZA Interfacer 1 Dual Serial I/O 8D12BK iSMHz Low Power Static Ram BDGBTCP/M BB 16 Bit Operating System Ready to Load & Go Cables and Do cu mentation Tliree interfacer cables one disk I/O cable, complete documeniator 'or all hardware, and manuals for both CP/M operating systems. Campu Pro"! famous 1 Year limited warranty. Now to the best part of all. I' purchased separately, these quality componertts would list for$4,344.00. BUT SupsrSlxteen's low pickage pri» is art imaztng $3,495.00. You »tb $B49.00[fFor boards qualified under the Certified System Component high-rehability program - with extended 2 year warranty. 200 hour bwn-m arid 6/8:MHz processors- add S600.00 to the package price. Sh. Wt. 15 lbs. BOPOBBBTSJ SuperSixteen A&T $3495.00 BOPDBBBTSX SuperSixloon CSC $4095.00 PRINTERS Best in^^K \..r- — — MICROLINE - OKIDATA WITH FRICTION AND TRACTOR FEED • BI-DIRi:CTIONAL ■ 120 CPS • Parallel and Serial I/O • rt/rj Main/ (Alphanumeric) • !00 Thru )200 Baud • rj/',n, Mhirr/ lor Graphics mSell Test • 'i./i \ 1(1.11: Charactrsp/lnch • Oul ot Paper Switch • 6 Of h LirK:: per Inch mFncllon or Tractor Feed »!l(l CPL~ to CPI lor a2A »3~to WTopolForm • t:s2 CPL 10 CP/ tor 83A fSwjIch Selectable) » 10 Dillerent Character Sets Ipmtiio. OEScmpnoH UST PRICE aill WICEl B00KIDATB2«T|26 Ibsia 80 CPL («• 10CPI S 799.00 $539.00 B00Kin«T83AT (37 M)132 CPL »» 10 CPI $1195.00 $750.00 BD0KISER2KBF 9600 baud with 2K Serial $159.00 BuHer upgrade with X-on Y-off BDOKIGRAPH High Resolution Graphics Prom $99.00 CALL FOR THE NEW MICROLINE 84 MX80 - EPSON NEED WE SAY MORE? aotPtlKIXBO Tractor Feed 1 7 lbs $645.00 $450.00 BDEPNMXIOO 132 Co( Tractor Feed 24 lbs $725.00 PRINTER DrmtFACES - MICROBYTE RS232 Serial Conversion for MXSO & MXWO BDMBSSEII A & I $55.00 Apple Centronics 8 bil parallel interface lor Centronics. Epson & OKIDATA printers BDMBSAEM AST $59.00 BDMBSAECI Cable lor above $14.99 Prinlnr interlaces & cables sold only with printer purchase S-IOO MAINFRAMES S-lOO MICROFRAME - TBI 1 10VB0HZ CVT Mainframes, the best money can buy! 12 Slot ±8V 17A±16V (P 2A 22 Slot ±8V & 30A± WV la 4A OUB PBICE PABT NO. UST PRICE t-i 10-24 B0TEIMCS1I2 12SlotDesl< $68S.OO$ei9.0a $970.0 BOniMCSIZZ 22 Slot Desk ;S25.OO$7B0.0D $705.00 B0TEIBMI2 12 Slot Rackmount S725.OO$720.00 $619.00 B0TEIRII22 22 Slot Racl. 2 or more $499.00 each BOOMEOTBM Manual lor DT-8 S'A" DRIVES - TANDON BOTHOTM100I Single Sided. 250KB (5 lbs) B0TN0TBI1D02 Double Sided 500KB B0THDTM1003 Single Sided, SOOKB BDTNDTMI004 Double Sided 1000KB BDTNDTM9M Manual, not included with drive DISK CABINETS $ 10.00 V-lOO - VISTA • Desk or rack mountable • Internal power and data cables • Drives pull out lor easy service and maintenance amnSHlOO Disk Drive Cabinet (43 lbs) $495.(10 $449.00 SINGLE 8" - ar. single 8" cabinet with power supply BDDTCDDCB (22 lbs) $249.00' $229.00 DUAL 8" - aT. Dual 8' cabinet with power supply BDOTCBDCtB (24) $395.00 $349.00 5" CABINETS ■ VISTA B0VIS 980I Sinqlc Ci" with P.S. $75.00 Boms 9802 Dual 5 with P.S. S95.00 TERMINALS SAI£*- $525.00 VIEWPOINT - ADDS Detachable keyboard. RS232 interface and auxiliary port, 80 X 24 display, tiltabte screen SALE BDADDVWPR Shipping Weight 40 lbs S699.OO$525.00 VT200 - VISUAL TECHNOLOGY THE MOST RELIABLE TERMINAL WE'VE EVER USED! Detachable keyboard, RS232C or 20MA interlace. 110 to 19200 baud, 12" non glare 80 x 24 display, RS232 Aux. port and composite video out. imiim Shipping Weight 55 lbs. $995.00 ELECTRONICS CHATSWORTH, CA 9 1 3 1 1 9161-B DEERING AVE • ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464 Terms U.S. VISA. MC, BAG, Check, Money Order, U,S, Funds Only, CA resldenis add 6% Sales Tax, MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER S 1 5,00. Include MINIMUM SHIPPING 8c HANDLING oi S2.50 (or the first 3 lbs. plus 25c for each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your phone no. Prices subject to change wittiout notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through ^llL 1982. Credit Card orders will bo ctiarged appropriate treight See November BYTE for 60 pugf^' Colalog or sendSl.00 for your copy today. Sale prices are tor prepaid orders only. Circle 334 on Inquiry card. PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS PROTICT YOUR INVISTMENT PKOTECT YOUB DATA WITH with BuUt-In Noise Filters and Surge Suppressors ISOLATES SENSmVI AND VALUABLE EOUIPMENT FBOU: Equipment interaction - Damaging High Voltage Spif Trarismitter Signal Element Timing 1 7 Pecerver Signal Element Timing Corinect Data Set to Line/Data Terminal Ready ?.\ r;i7r,al Quality i2 hr.rj htdicator \y:Vii/y/. i:. 'jofil'jirie^j iri n louqli pkj:;tic r;nse and is powered iy/\ /j'4. I v',H r"x.-ri!Kjf)l \,'i\\>:r\'^:: l\/|i; :,Uij\ l.l'l. hfl ■llfl I.MI Hi >iii'l I.MI III inol'jf.-'i >:'i^; ito '.J 11 no .M,')fXJ saiatx) 0270.00 $45.00 $30.00 $69.00 $76.00 $220.00 $2«5.ao MEMORY 8080 SERIES PAB t llB. TOBTl BD41I6AC20 8/$18.00 BD2016P3 1/(72.00 B02114N3L BD5257H3L BD2732 BD27I6 802708 8/$28.00 8/«S0.00 8/$I20.0a 8/$50.00 8/$20.00 Z80 SERIES BDZ80A BDZ80API0 BDZ80ACTC BDZSOADMA BDZ80AS100 BDZSOASlOl BDZ80AS102 $14.95 $14.9S $13.95 $45.00 $59.95 $59.95 $59.95 UARTS BDAY51013A $5.95 BDTB1602B $5.95 BDT81863 $«.95 BDiM640a $7.95 BOms 8080A $5.50 BDINS808SA $19.95 BDDP8212N $2.95 BDDP8314N $5.25 BDDPSaiAN $2.95 BDDPa224H $3.25 BDDP8224.4N $9.95 BODPB226N $3.50 BODP822BN $5.55 BDDP823SN $5.55 BDIMS8250N $15.00 BDINS8251N $7.50 BDINSS253N $ 17.95 BDINSa2SSN $6.80 BDIN58257N $16.45 BD1NS8259N $18.00 BDINS8275N $59.95 BDINS8279N $49.95 FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER BDFD1771B01 $24.95 BDFD1791M1 $44.95 4V3 Digits $235.00 KEITH LEY Handheld DMMs For Every Appllcatton and Budget Easy-to-use Rotary Switches Large 0.6" LCD displays dc Voltage ac Voltage dc Current ac Current Resistance Diode Test 3'A or 4'/; Digit Accuracy Overload Protection Externally Accessable Battery & Fuse Rugged 0.1" ABS Plastic Case Shock-Mounted PC Board BDKTH130 «0.5%DCVacc $ 7.50 $7.25 BCZIP40DIP $10.25 $9.SS PRODUCT FEATiniES • Diiect Conned Modem • Built-in RS232C Cable and Connector • Sell-conlalned 9V Battery — Vba plug tr^lbrmer aiq^liie • Audible carrier detect signal, ^ W V • ^tomatic mode selection. f ' • Tslk/ Ddt3 switcti • CONNECTS IN SERIES WITH MODUWR HANDSET JACK ON TELEPHONE • Complete witti RS232C and Modular Handset Cables, eliminates need to buy' cables — save $20.00 -$30.00. assures correct fit • Uses low cost 9Vbattery. Biminatesunsi9htlycordsandnee(lfor"ffliother" • AC outlet. Optional plug-in transformer available. • Audio Transrliicer ijliminates neeci to view LED tocdnlifincoonection— can be placed anywhere (veicro tape provided). ■ Advanced IC Circuitry eliminates confusion of who is originator — ends need to manually switch from Originate to Answer and Vice/Versa. • Permits you to listen/ talk on phone or switch to data communications mode. • Permits you to communicate with most other corrputer networks. • Small size, light weight permits to install tfie 9GNALMAN anywtiera. • Uwest priced modem available . R0BINS0N-NU6EHT ICN SERIES GOLD 3 LEVEL WIRE WRAP SOCKETS 10 M in GOLD Platt'd Pins Deep Ciiamfered Closed Enlry Contacts RN Side Wipe Conlaci Design Phosohoi Bionze ContacI Mateiial Teimmal Barbs Allow Sell-tock into PC Boaid Rugged Socket Body Design Deep Chamfered Closed Entry Contacts PRICE PART NO. PINS 1-9 10-24 2S-99 ) 00-249 290-999 8 .60 .59 .49 .45 .41 BDRMUinK 14 .75 .70 .65 .95 ,46 BDRMININC 16 .85 ,75 .70 .60 .52 BDRHSinmB 18 1.00 ,90 ,B0 ,75 ,71 BDRNSZONWE 20 1.20 1.05 .96 .91 .87 BDRm22IIIWB 22 1.35 1 25 1.15 1.05 .99 BDRNS24WWE 2J 1.35 1.25 1.15 1.05 .99 BDRNS28iniG 28 1,70 1.55 1.40 1.34 1.29 eDRHSAOWWE W 2.20 2.05 1.85 1.60 1.51 GOLD PLATED CONTACTS NEW! SELECTIVE PLATED PINS THAT WILL SAVE YOU MONEY BY HAVING GOLD ONLY WHERE IT COUNTS! Same as above except pins are selectively plated. PART NO. PINS 1-9 PRICE 10-24 25-99 100-24 250-99 BDRUOSTmil 8 .55 .50 .45 .41 .37 BORRIUnm M .65 .55 .50 ,47 .44 BBRKilBTIIIW If) .75 .65 .52 .51 .46 BDRNSIBHIW 18 .90 .79 .75 .70 .65 BDRMiOTimi 20 1.10 .95 .91 87 62 BDRRStmiM 2? 1,25 1.15 1.05 .94 .89 6aR«tt41ini 24 1,25 1.15 1.05 .96 89 60RIISMT1HI 28 1,50 1.45 1.35 1.25 1.15 , BBRRS4«nnr m 2.00 1.80 1.60 1,40 1,30 PRIORITY Girole 335 on Inquiry card. HARD DISK FOR LESS THAN FLOPPIES DISCUS M5 by MDRRDW DESIGNS PRIORITY ELECTRONICS^ INTRODUCTORY PRICE: 5> 1 ^jJ^^O.,. UU PRIORITY 1 ELECTRONICS is pleased to an- nounce Morrow Designs' DISCUS MS, the lowest cost 5 megabyte Winchester sub-system and the fastest. Now you can afford a hard disk for the price of floppies. Morrow Designs is the largest supplier of hard disk sub-systems to the S-100 marl Video Terminals TELEVIDEO 910 Full featured - inexpensive terminal VDT-901210 List 795.00 $695.00 TELEVIDEO 950 VDT-901250 List $1195.00 $995.00 AMBER SCREEN - Volker Craig Detachable keyboard, amber on black display, 7x9 dot matrix. 10 program function keys, 14 key numeric pad, 12" non-glare screen, 50 to 29,200 baud, direct cursor control, auxiliary bi-directional serial port VDT-351200 List $795.00 $646.00 VIEWPIONT- ADDS Detachable keyboard, serial RS'2:i2C interface, baud rales from I It) to 19.200. au.xiliary serial output port.24 x 80display. VDT-501210 Sale Priced $639.95 DIALOGUE 80 - Ampex VDT-230080 List $1195.00 $896.00 ¥7^13 "17^ 17^ 1 O (29 A A T C\C^ just circle our reader service number on the 1/ AVJ-i J_i Xc70^ \^xV A irVJ-iV^VJr information request card located near the index. S-100 CPU Boards THE BIG Z* - Jade 2 or 4 MHz awUchable Z.80* CPlf with serial I/O, arcomodates 2708. 2716, or 2732 EPROM, baud rates from 7r, Id mio CPU-302O1K Kit $139.95 CPU-30201A A&T $189.95 ( PU-30200B Bare board $35.00 2810 Z-80* CPU - Cal Comp Sys : / MHz Z-80A* CPU with RS-232CserialI/Oportandon iirrf MOSS 2.2 monitor PROM, front panel compatible t I^U-30400A A&T $269.95 CB-2 Z-80 CPU - S.S.M. 2 (ir I MHz Z-HO CPU hoard with prouision for up to 8K of ROM or iK of RAM on board, extended addressing, IEEE S- 100, front panel compatible. CPU-30300K Kit $239.95 (MM'-:U):UK)A A T $299.95 S-100 PROM Boards PROM-lOO - SD Systems 2708. 2716. 27.12 EPROM programmer w/software MEM-99520K Kit $189.95 MEM-99520A A&T $249.95 PB-1 - S.S.M. 2708, 2716 EPROM board with built-in programmer MEM-99510K Kit $154.95 IV1EM'.99510A A&T $219.95 EPROM BOARD - Jade 16K or 32K uses 2708's or 2716% IK boundary MEM-16230K Kit $79.95 MEM-16230A 447" $119.96 S-100 Video Boards VB-3 - S.S.M. f^O characters X 24 lines expandable to 80 x 48 for a fullpagr of text, upper & lower case, 256 user defined symbols. KiOx 192 graphics matrix, memory mapped, has key board input. IOV-1095K 4 MHz kit $349.95 1OV-1095A 4 MHz A&T $439.95 IOV-1096K 80 X 48 upgrade $39.95 VDB-8024 - SD Systems HO X 21 I O mnpped video board with keyboard I/O. and im himrd Z-HD.^'. 10V-1020A A&T $459.95 VIDEO BOARD - S.S.M. 6 / ihariniiTs x II] liiwx. 128 x 48 matrix for graphics, full uppir lijtt'vr ( (j.sc ASCII character set, numbers, symboh. and ^reek letttirs, normal/reuerse/blinking video. S IOO. IOV-1051K Kit $149.95 IOV-10.'>1A A & T .$219.95 K)\'-I(I5I I! Iliir,' l«H,nl S:M.9.5 S-100 Motherboards ISO-BUS - Jade Silent, siniplr. and nn sate - a better motherboard « .S7o/ I.T/i" X 8%") MBS-061B Bare board $19.95 MBS-061K Kit $39.96 MBS-061A A&T $49.95 12Slot(»%"xm") MBS-121B Bare board $29.95 MBS-121K Kit $69.95 MBS-121A A&T $89.95 18Slot(I4ii"x8'ii'') MBS-181B Bare board $49.95 MBS-181K Kit $99.95 MBS-181A A&T $139.95 S-100 RAM Boards MEMORY BANK - Jade ■/ MHz, SI no. hank selectable, expandable from l6Kto 64K MEM-99730B Bare Board $49.95 MEM-99730K Kit no RAM $199.95 MEM-32731K 32K Kit $239.95 MEM-64733K 64K Kit $279.95 Assembled & Tested add $50.00 64K RAM - Calif Computer Sys 4 MHz bank port / bank byte selectable, extended addressing, 16K bank selectable, PHANTOM line allows memory overlay, 8080 / ZW / front panel compatible. MEM-64565A A&T $575.00 64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant 64K static S-lOO RAM card, 4-16K banks, up to 8MHz MEM-64400A A&T $789.95 32K STATIC RAM - Jade 1' I)/- ■/ MHz expandable sialic RAM board uses ilhll.'s MEM-16151K 16K4MHzkit $169.95 MEM-32151K 32K4MHzkit $299.95 Assembled & tested add $50.00 16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant 4 MHz I6K static RAM board. IEEE S IOO, bank selectable. Phantom capability, addressable in 4K blocks, "disabte-able" in I K .•ic^nncnls. exicnded addrcs^jni;. Imc power MKM- l b.Tiik slIi uhIjIl' ^upportlnf; multiuser systt-iiid, CXher -select- .ibld fL-;iturtP .illiiw itii.' ro fully UiieRrate >i-ith ail curr<^nt bank ■;.'l..-cttim SL•!l.■lll^■,■; ii;i;iiio iJiaUlo IG JO iJava-siHith IBO Prinlronix 300 Printronlx 600 PRKMXSO PREMXaOF PREMXIOO PRASriOO PnA950l PRAIfiO PRCflGOG PRCifieOG PRDC30 PHDIG.'^O PRIJ1640 PHDlfiO PRP300 PBP600 NEC/Sm 16K TEC/Starwril. Ocidata SO Otidata 82 Okidata 83 Teletype 43K Texas Ins. 810 Tex. Ins 810C Centronics 730 Comrontos 737 Centronics 739 Centmx 704-fl Centmx.704-11 l'li^':i;Jll)|Js piiNf.r.iiip.s i^RV300 PROiiO PR OB 2 PR083 PTT43Z0K PRXaiOB PRTBlOC PRC730P PRC737P PRC739P PRC704-9 PRC704-11 SYSTEMS TAot HEWLETT Wf/!M PACKARD iP85 COMPUTER BELOW OUR COST ==i==- 3iai = == «== Display — Terminal IBMDIreet Price «139§ California Digital GREEN PHOSPHOR MONITOR The new Zenith ZVM-121 monitor features a P-31 green phosphor tube along with 15 MHz bandwidth. Switch selectable for 40 and SO character per line screen formats. Accepts composite video and is fully coni- patable with 80 cohunn Apple cards. VDM-121 20 lbs. ACCESSORIES FOR THE COMPUTER AMPEX DIALOGUE 80 REDUCED PRICE 795 Nfw from the Ampex Corporation. The Dialogue BO (caiurcs removalile keyboard, (lisplayable two pages 0MHz P31 green phosphor «169 NECgm.1201 189 Zenhh gmZVM1Z1„119 BMC color composH _ 339 ZenHh color 13" NECRGB1202DH^ 895 CALIFCmNlA COMPUTER SYSTEMS Arithmetic Processor 7811 B/C $319 Asynchronous serial InterlBce 7710 129 Centronics Interface card 7728 95 12KPROM Module 71U 6'j Calender/ Qock. Bat. back-up 7424 ParaUel Interface 7730A 99 Prograitiable Timer 7740A 95 Analog/Digital converter 7470A 99 MICROSOIT PRtMnjCTS Apple to Z-BO CPU card 379 D. C. H AY ES PRODUCTS MicromodeR) for Apple 319 COMPUTER STCP PRODUCTS Double Vision / BO Column Video 250 TNTt:H.\C l-lVK STRUCTURES Hi ClKiiiriel .A/ll c^rd AlO/2 275 16.S MOUNTAIN C<»IPtrrER PRODUCTS Intro X-10 aystem r<»r BSR S2: Intro X-10 card only II 16 channel AD/DA 8 bit 3 .Applu Clock battery back-up 2: Supertalker SD200 ROM Plus v,-iih fUter ROM Writer/Programmer .APPLE BRAND PRODUCI S .■\ppte LMguage card Floppy disk with comrollcr Floppy disk wiihoiii com roll. Apple parallel i:iTerf,ict' SSM MICROCOMPf 11!) Dual aerial p.iriliol i!iiui-;..l- SORRENTO VALLFCY ASt^tX 8" floppy controller (PliH':^:!!! S-100 BOARDS Assembled • Tested • Burned-in CPU lUJAHIJS Calif. Computer 2111 DA 7.-80 DMA. 4MHj! BliC- r.2R tiodboul a-ao 24 bit. IMUz BfiC-tjZln Cloiihoiil nOIiS/HOaB Hu.a IH hH Mlt .t Sysl Tine TtMcti:!! FlJC-l siriHle board CPU 4; flqipy disk controller plus I/O BDC-FDCl B MAINFRAMES Calif. Computer 22O0A 12 slot & power supply ENM-C220a TEl I:j slot table ENM-T12 TKI 22 =lol L.1I.U- ENM-T22 Clodh.iui t.,:,i(ili-:i . ENM-C.M1> Htiillo meiiiorv BU.M-CSOlli CUif. Computer 2032 32K static memory BDM-C3033 Godboui Ram 17 64K static iiiuiiiorv I'i Ml ni>iM-(;i7 FLOPPY DISK COXTROl.LKR Calif. CompiilL-r 3-122A wild 2.2 CPM m.n -C2 IL'2 Godbout "Disk LViir' fi-.-iiurt's il NEC 76.1 conlroflLT. DMA ;irbilrriiloii HDl- -li t Svsl. Imihlf Si> Svsii:nis Versafloppy U double density BDI—Vl- a r:!rbeil D/U BDF-TF2 Morrow Design Disk Jockey I sinfile density BDI-'-UJI Morrow Desi^ Disk Jockey 11 double density BDP-DJ2 INTERFACE BOARDS Calif. Con.puter 2718 I/O 2 serial/2 par i Bl)T-C27l8 Morrow Uesiiins Swilclibourd 2 5eri.-kl/4 pari BDT-.MSIl Morrow Designs MuUttioard 3 serial/ 3P.*t*-BDT-M.\Ill (iodboui Inierfacer (lie 2 serial/2 pari BDS-GBl t.;odbaat foterfacer Two 1 serUa/apBr'l B1JS^B2 SPECIALITY BOARIJ.S QT Coniputer real tiir.i: cli>i'k/ c-;ik-ndar BDS-ijCK ArU-.: i:ii.c. WLrr.- writp prtllo- ■v,.. 1.' ..i-d UDS-AWW /Ul nierchaiidise sold by Caltfoniia Ui^'ital is premium grade. Shipping: Firsl five pounds $2.00; each additional add $.40 Poreigti orders 10% shipping. LIxcess will be refunded. California residents add 6% sales tax. COO's discouraged. Open accounts extended to state supported educational institu- j tiona and companies vidth a "Strong Dun & Bradstreet. " j Warehouse: 15608 Inglewood Blvd. Visitors by appointment. Circle 73 on inquiry card. TOLL FREE ORDER LINE (800)421-5041 TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA (213)679-9001 TWX 910325-6212 aUFornIa DiqiTAl Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503 FREE PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE INCLUDED WITH THE PURCHASE OF EVERY BOX OF DISKETTES I'rivate labeled Cor California Digital by orn^ of moat respected producers of magni-tic mc-di bncli diskette ia certified double density at 40 'racks. To Ensure extended media Life dis limie is mamifacturcd with a reinforced hub-hol .\iid of course, a plastic library case is iiicludu with every box of diskettes. MMD-CD5(Q1)(10) iUease speoUy oonputer or required sectors. I Ten boxes *22i75 One hundred boxes ^1^0 S'A" DISKETTES WITH LIBRARY CASE 26.^ Your Choice SCOTCH MEMOREX VERBATIM Soft Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector SCOTCH 744-0 744-10 744-16 ^26.50 MEMOREX 3401 3403 3405 26.50 VERBATIM 525-01 525-10 NA 26.50 DYSAN 104/1 107/1 NA 39.50 Single Side Double Density DYSAN 1 104/1D 1 107/1D | NA | 45.00 Double Side Double Density SCOTCH 745-0 745-10 745-16 42.50 DYSAN 104/2D 107/2D NA 49.50 DYSAN 96 204/2D NA NA 59.50 EIGHT INCH DISKEHES Single Side Single Density Single Side Dnubie Density SCOTCH 740-D 29.50 SCOTCH 741-0 39.00 MEMOREX 3060 29.50 MEMOREX 3090 35.00 DYSAN 3740/1 39.50 DYSAN 3740/D 57.50 Ttllrly Two Sector Double side Double Density SCOTCH 1 740-32 1 29.50 SCOTCH 743-0 47.50 ScolcrtHrjdClfarniigKils 5'. S fl" PIJi(iclib.jr,C3:i:s S8" 2,95 DiskelleFliprtjbi i.-.;r,.:-.,\U", zi.K Ciskelle Flip Tub! I.rv, [ii-.i.mes B' 23.9S MEMOREX 3114 39.50 DYSAN 3740/2D 65.00 \PLEASE PHONE FOR VOLUME PRICING. ipHance Module 500 V Jiip Module 300 Wat NEW full cantrol w.ill s $13.95 13. 9S itch 14.50 WINCHESTER SUBSYSTEM n250 Includes seven megabyle Winchester hanj lisli, dual enclosure and power supply. Floppy backup diiVB '199.00 addhioni^l. MEMORY 64K DYNAMIC $995 4164 100. 16K DYNAMIC $2,10 4116 100.»1.85 16K STATIC 2167 70ns. 2716EPR0M $495 100.»4.50 1K.M.00 2732 EPROM SALE «7.95 STATIC ea. 32+ 100+ 1K+ 21L02 IK 1.19 1. 09 1. 05 99 2114 300ns. 2.95 2. 75 2. 50 1. 99 4044-4 450ns. 4. 50 4. 19 4. 00 3. 75 4044-2 250ns. 4.95 4. 65 4. 50 4. 25 6116 13k 24 pin 7.95 7. 50 6. 75 3. 45 2167/6157 20 pin 11. 95 10. 75 9. S5 9. 25 EPROM 2708 450ns. 3.95 3. 50 3. 25 3 00 2716 5V. 4.95 4. 00 3. 75 3. 30 2716 tri-voit 8. 50 7. 95 7. 35 7. 25 2732 Intel/ Fitac. 7. 95 7. 50 7. GO 3. 65 2532 Texas Inst 12. 95 11. 50 10. 00 9. 50 27S4 64K Eproni29. 95 27. 00 25. 00 23. 50 direct connect MODEM proxiiniiy to .'\.C. power receplicle. MOU-103LP Novation "U"Cat connects to most of the u multiple line oHicc telephones. RL-quircs ( Your Choice *169 SWITCHES VIP swrrcHKS ea. 100+ 1K+ roc;i. 7 1 01 on , 7103 . I 7107 ■ J 710B mnt, on dpdl nin 1. 30 1.19 1.33 1.19 1,39 1.19 CONNECTORS GOLD EDGE CONNECTORS S-lOO ,125" cemers eacl Imsai solder .2;>0" rou- 32.9' Iir.scii wire wr.ip (TI) ;i.9l Sullins i;i-Rt!l, .250" -l.ol i6/72 Digiial Group S/ I 5.9S .i.. i6/73 Digital Group W/W 6.60 6. 13/86 Motorola eSOO S/T 6.60 6. 13/86 Moto. 6800 W/W 7.00 6.: NTEGRATED CIRCUIT SOCKETS D'' Type eaeh DEW male $1.60 DE9S fftmali; 3.25 Di: hood L.'^O DD50 liood 2/P 2, 10-24 $1.40 2.00 ★ OLIVETTI 801 single »319 309 295 ★ OLIVEHI 802/851 double 425 419 410 SHUGART 801 /R single 395 385 375 SHUGART 851 /R double 525 495 475 QUME DATA TRACK 8 double 525 495 475 RrSBON CABLE CONNECTORS 17/34 5"dlsk 4.05 4.15 3.95 20/40 TRS-yO 5.6S 5.05 4.70 2ri/50 8'' [Jisk 5.00 Ti.lS 4.90 NEW ^ OLIVETTI 801 9 Eight Inch Disk Drive ONE TWO . TEN # The 8" Olivetti drives are aprox. Vz" wilier ttian ttie Shugarts. Five Inch Disk Drives OLIVETTI 501 /400 single 199 185 175 OLIVETTI 502/451 double 235 225 215 Upon request, all drives are supplied with power connectors and one manual per order. 230 volt 50Hz. 8" add $50.00 par drlve^ Eight Inch Subsyslem Two Olivetti 801 disk drives witli power supply, 4" exhaust fan complete In dual encMsuie. with all necessary power cables. Documentation included. SO Lbs. CAL-2801 Signal cable add ^35.00 WCA-650D Same as above but with; Sllligart801R MSD2801 =1195 I DllveHISOJ CAL2B02. '1250 SbugartS51R MSD2851 1450 | OumeDTB MSD8DT 14S0 SPECIAL 89S Volumn Pricing Upon Request Seagate Compatable 7.5 MEGABYTE Winchester Hard Disk Drive We have priced this so low thai Uie manufactureF has asked nut ia use their brand name in our advertising. Industry standard Seagate plug campatatite. Drive tits Into the same space as a SV^" floppy disit drive. CAL-561/2 $ S-100 MOTHER BOARD H 35 IMSAI 18 Slot CAL-M18 l!M«hH^llf!:^i:i'i- VISA ■15381 CHEMICAL LANE * HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92649 •k (714) 891-2677 SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE CP/M 2.2 $1 50 WORDSTAR $250 SUPER VYZ $95 I DATA BASE DBII ■ MICROSOFT BASIC 80 $595 $299 CROSSTALK MODEM $150 BREAK THE COST BARRIER! THIS OFFER ONLY GOOD THRU MAY 1982 NOW IS YOUR CHANCE TO GET THAT COMPUTER LOOK AT THESE FEATURES! • 4MHZ Z-80 CPU with 2 Programmable. Serial and 3 Parallel Ports • 64K Dynamic Ram w/Extended Addressing to 1 MB • Floppy DiskControllerwithWD1795.Runs8"or5" Floppys Error Free • 30 Amp Power Supply with S-100 MOD 12 Slot Mother with Regulated Floppy Supplies as Shown Below • Tan and Charcoal Sturdy Steel Cabinet with Space for 2 Floppy Drives at Left (8" or 0% ★ DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS ★ HORIZONTAL VERTICLE MINI Power Supply for 2 801/851 DT& eta 50 Pin Ribbon Cable, 36" AC Cord Fuse Internal Wiring w/2 801 R Shugart w/2 851 R Shugart w/2 QUME DT-8 w/2 MPI B-51 w/2 MPI B-52 w/2 MPI B91 w/2 MPI 892 w/2 Empty 5" w/2 Empty 8" $1045.00 $1395.00 $1295.00 $ 675.00 830.00 850.00 995.00 87.00 95.00 $ $ $ $ ★ MODEMS ★ Ask About Our Low Cost Modem Software Hayes - Micro Modem Hayes - Smart Modem NOV. - DCAT 300 Baud Direct Con. Ans./Orig. NOV. - AUTOCAT Auto/Ans./Orig. Direct Con. NOV. -APPLECAT 300/1 200 Baud Direct Con. PMMI - MM 103 300/600 Baud (8-100) $275.00 $250.00 $165.00 $235.00 $350.00 $359.00 OPEN FRAME POWER SUPPLIES DISK POWER SUPPLIES PRIAM-SHUGART- CENTURY- MICROPOLIS +5V SI 9A -SVgi.BA +24V & 7A US-384 89.00 SHUGART - SIEMANS - MPI 5Va" +5V@i.5A +12V§.9A US-340 33.50 +5V(!)2A +12V(?4A US-323 58.25 SHUGART - SIEMANS -CDC 8" +5V (a lA -BVia.BA +24Via 1.5A US-205 52.50 +5V(a2A -5V(s).5A +24V & 3A US-206 69.00 +5V@3A +24V @ 5A US-162 89.00 +5V Isi 1,7A -5V & 1.5A +24V @ 2A US-272 69.00 +8Vgi2A +12V@i.4A -12V 9. 4A US-HTAA 37.50 If you can beat these prices we will be truly amazed. OEM's at 500 lot pay more than this. Call or write for full spec, sheets. COMING NEXT MONTH - HARD DISK! ONLY $1750 Retail $975.00 CP/M* $150 MP/M $350 CABLE SET $30 (Less Drives, Cables Pick-up Price) *CP/M Is a Trademark of Digital Research ★ DELTA PRODUCTS ★ S-100 MOD KIT $199.00 For test or hobby applica- tions complete S-100 12 Slot Sub-System power for up to 4 Floppy Disk Drives. SPECIFICATIONS: UNREGULATED REGULATED • 12 Slots S-100 -1-5 at 5 Amps • -I-8VDC at SOAmps -1-24 at 4 Amps • ±1 6VDC at 6 Amps -5 at 1 Amp DP-CPU Z-80 4MHZ, Prom 2 Serial 3 Par $255 DP-DSK WD-1795 MINI and 8" $275 DP-64K Bank SW Memory up to 1 Meg $389 DP-32K Static Ram (Kit) $199 DP-MPM 10 MPM Interface Card $335 DP-DTC Hard Disk and DTC Tape $225 DP-SMS Hard Disk Controller $750 * IBM AND APPLE ★ APPLE ■ 1 6K Ram Expansion Card, w^orks with Microsoft Basic $99.50 APPLE - Z-80 CPU Direct replacement for Z-80Softcard $149.50 IBM-PC Ram Expansion Card vi/ith 64K (256K available $475.00 Circle 420 on Inquiry card. PRINTERS • C-ITOH PROWRITER $625.00 • C-ITOH Comet I 9x7 Dot Matrix . . .$450.00 • C-ITOH Comet II. . .$810.00 132 Column Printer 9 x7 Dot Matrix • MPI-88G $725.00 • EPSON MX 80 CALL • EPSON MX 100 CALL • Anadex9501 . . . .$1,235.00 Grapliic Printer • OKI DATA 82A $465.00 • Microline 80 $329.00 ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR— ZVM $145.00 AMDEK MONITORS— AMDEK Colon ...$399.00 AMDEK Video 300 .$229.00 w/Green Screen California Computer Systems • 2810 CPU Only — $255.00 • 2422DskCont Only — $330.00 • 2065C64K Only — $510.00 • 2200A Mainframe Only — $450.00 • CCS Apple Boards Call for prices • CCS 2200 System Tested and Assembled Only -$1,695.00 ★ SPECIAL ★ SPECIAL * SPECIAL * CCS SYSTEM 2410 •FEATURES* * DMA Disk Controller * 2-Real Time Clocks * 2-Serial/1 -Parrel I Port * Hardware Vectored Interupts * Supports C/PM, M/PM, OASIS ***Comes with C/PM*** only-$2200.00 IK Hf S?? MICRO J. IjLi. SALES 11 EDISON DRIVE * NEW LENOX * ILLINOIS 60451 CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-435-9357 * MONDAY thru SATURDAY (ILLINOIS RESIDENTS CALL: 815-485-4002) * 8:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. TERMS: Prepayment — CCD. up to $100.00 - M/C Visa $5.00 Processing and Handling added to each order PLUS Shipping Charges. Please allow personal check to clear before shipment. 15% Restocking Charge ^7 DISK DRIVES CB2-CPU $295.00 MB10A-16K $295.00 MB64-64K $845.00 I/05-2SER SPAR $329.00 i/08-8SER .$550.00 Apple A-l/O II $225.00 A-SI/O $149.00 COMMUNICATIONS PACKAGES TRACENDI $89.00 TRACENDII $149.00 Shugart 801 's Shugart 851 's Qume DT-B's Shugart 400's Tandem 5Va $395.00 $575.00 $540.00 $255.00 $255.00 TERMINALS Adds Regent 20 — $570.00 Televideo 910 — $575.00 Televideo 91 2C — $665.00 Televideo 925C — $740.00 Televideo 950 — $950.00 Ampex Dialog 80— $895.00 Zenith Z19 — $745.00 Zenith data systems CALL FOR PRICES TERIVIINAL S-100-8 • Feather Touch Capacitance Keyboard INCLUDING CP/M 2.2» AND WORDSTAR* 60 Key Standard ASCII oI"m!'oc "Tr/ « . WITH: 8" SS/DD Drives Only $2850.00 PLUS + 8 Special Function Keys ^^,r^r-» r-» • ^ i J.^-,^^ PLUS* 20 Screen Editing Keys 5Va" SS/DD DriVBS Only $2700.00 • SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set • Half Intensity COMPUTER • 8SlotS-100 • 64K Dynamic Ram • 4MHZZ-80 • Double Density Disk Controller • Programmable Baud Rate • Programmable Keyboard Set • Serial Printer Port (150-19.2K) CALL FOR QUOTE ON DIFFERENT DRIVE OPTIONS WORDSTAR IssTM of MIcropro Inc. - CP/M 2.2 is aTM of Digital Hataarch Inc. Circle 420 on Inquiry card. 16K Memory ....ns 8/1 5.95 ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED! CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES EPROMS Each 8 pes 1702 256x8 (ins) 4.95 4.50 2708 1024 X 8 (450ns) 2.99 2.75 2758 1024 X 8 (5V) (450ns) 9.95 8.95 TMS2516 2048 X 8 (5V) (450ns) 6.95 5.95 2716 2048 X 8 (5V) (450ns) 5.50 4.95 2716-1 2048 X 8 (5V) (350ns) 9.00 8.50 TMS2716 2048 X 8 (450ns) 9.95 8.95 TMS2532 4096 X 8 (5V) (450ns) 12.95 11.95 2732 4096 X 8 (5V) (450ns) (200ns) CALL 2764 8192 X 8 (5V) (450ns) CALL DYNAMIC RAMS 100 pes 4027 4096 X 1 (250ns) 2.50 2.00 4116-120 16,384 X 1 (120ns) 8/29.95 CALL 4116-150 16,384 X 1 (150ns) 8/18.95 1.95 4116-200 16,384 X 1 (200ns) 8/15.95 1.80 4116-300 16,384 X 1 (300ns) 8/14.95 1.75 4164 64,536 X 1 (200ns) CALL CRYSTALS 2101 2102-1 21 L02-4 21L02-2 2111 2112 2114 2114L-2 2114L-3 2114L-4 2147 TMS4044-4 TMS4044-3 TMS40L44-2 TMM2016 HM6116 STATIC RAMS (450ns) (450ns) (LP) (450ns) (LP) (250ns) (450ns) (450ns) (450ns) (LP) (200ns) (LP) (300ns) (LP) (450ns) (55ns) (450ns) (300ns) (LP) (200ns) 256 X 4 1024 X 1 1024 X 1 1024 X 1 256x4 256 x4 1024 X 4 1024 X 4 1024 X 4 1024 X 4 4096 X 1 4096 X 1 4096 X 1 4096 X 1 2048 X 8 2048 X 8 1.95 .89 1.29 1.69 2.99 2.99 8/16.95 8/19.95 8/18.95 8/17.95 9.95 3.49 3.99 4.49 (200ns) (150ns) (200ns) (150ns) (120ns) 100 pes 1.85 .85 1.15 1.55 2.49 2.79 1.95 2.35 2.25 2.10 CALL 3.25 3.75 4.25 CALL CALL 3.95 ■1 n MH7 1 .u ivi rii. 4 95 1 8432 4 95 2.0 3,95 2.097152 3.95 2.4576 3.95 3.2768 3.95 3.579545 3.95 4.0 3.95 5.0 3.9S 5.0688 3.95 5.185 3.95 5.7143 3,95 6.5536 3,96 8.0 3.95 10.0 3.95 14.31818 3.95 18.0 3.95 18.432 3.95 20.0 3.95 22,1184 395 32,0 3,95 LP = LOW POWER MISC. AY5-2376 11C90 XR2206 3242 3480 MC4024 MC4044 7103 7106 7107 76477 8038 95H90 9602 12,50 13.95 4.95 7.95 9.00 3.95 4.5,0 9.50 9.95 12.95 3,95 3,95 7 99 1,50 74LS00 SERIES DISC CON- 74LS166 2.40 74LS293 1.85 TROLLERS 74LS00 .25 74LS85 1.15 74LS168 1.75 74LS295 1.05 1771 24.95 74LS01 .25 74LS86 .40 74LS169 1.75 74LS298 1.20 1791 36,95 74LS02 .25 74LS90 .65 74LS170 1.75 74LS324 1.75 1793 44.95 74LS03 .25 74LS91 .89 74 LSI 73 .80 74LS352 1.55 1797 54.95 74LS04 .25 74LS92 .70 74 LSI 74 .95 74LS353 1,55 UPD765 39.95 UARTS 74LS05 .25 74LS93 .65 74LS175 .95 74LS363 1,35 74LS08 .35 74LS95 .85 74LS181 2.15 74LS364 1,95 74LS10 .25 74LS96 .95 74LS189 9.95 74LS365 .95 74LS11 .35 74LS107 .40 74LS190 1.00 74LS366 .95 AY3-1014 6.95 74LS12 .35 74LS109 .40 74LS191 1.00 74LS367 .70 AY5-1013 3.95 74LS13 .45 74LS112 .45 74LS192 .85 74LS368 .70 TR1602 4.95 74LS14 1.00 74LS113 .45 74LS193 .95 74LS373 .99 IM6402 7.95 74LS15 .35 74LS114 .50 74LS194 1.00 74LS374 1.75 74LS20 .25 74LS122 .45 74LS195 .95 74LS377 1.45 INTERFACE 74LS21 .35 74LS123 .95 74LS196 .85 74LS378 1.18 74LS22 .25 74LS124 2.99 74LS197 .85 74LS379 1.35 8T26 1.69 74LS26 .35 74LS125 ,95 74LS221 1.20 74LS385 1.90 8T28 2,49 74LS27 .35 74LS126 .85 74LS240 .99 74LS386 .65 8T95 ,99 74LS28 .35 74 LSI 32 .75 74LS241 .99 74LS390 1.90 8T96 .99 74LS30 .25 74 LSI 36 .55 74LS242 1.85 74LS393 1.90 8T97 .99 74LS32 .35 74LS137 .99 74LS243 1.85 74LS395 1.65 8T98 .99 74LS33 .55 74LS138 .75 74LS244 .99 74LS399 1.70 DM8131 2.95 74LS37 .55 74LS139 .75 74LS245 1.90 74LS424 2.95 0S8836 1.29 74LS38 .35 74LS145 1.20 74LS247 .76 74LS447 .37 CLOCK 74LS40 .35 74LS147 2.49 74LS248 1.25 74LS490 1.95 74LS42 .55 74LS148 1.35 74LS249 .99 74LS668 1.69 CIRCUITS 74LS47 .75 74LS151 .75 74LS251 1.30 74LS669 1,89 74LS48 .75 74LS153 .75 74LS253 .85 74LS670 2,20 MM5369 3.95 74LS49 .75 74 LSI 54 2.35 74LS257 .85 74LS674 9,65 MM5375 3.95 74LS51 .25 74 LSI 55 1.15 74LS258 .85 74LS682 3.20 MSM5832 7,45 74LS64 ,35 74 LSI 56 .96 74LS259 2.85 74LS683 2 30 7207 7.50 74LS55 .35 74LS157 .75 74LS260 .65 74LS684 2.40 7208 15.95 74LS63 1.25 74LS158 .75 74LS266 .55 74LS6B5 2.40 74LS73 .40 74LS160 .90 74LS273 1.65 74LS688 2.40 CONVERTERS 74LS74 .45 74LS161 .95 74LS275 3.35 74LS689 2.40 74LS75 .50 74LS162 .95 74LS279 .55 81 LS95 1.69 MC1408 18 4 95 74LS76 .40 74LS163 .95 74LS280 1.98 81LS96 1,69 74LS78 50 74LS164 ,95 74LS283 1 00 81 LS97 1,69 DAC 0800 4 95 7-1LSH3 75 7JLS165 ,95 74LS29n HILS9ii 1 5Q ADC-OilO.) ,! '!5 O April Specials 6502 4116-250NS Z-80A CPU Z-80A PIO D3242 Intel 2532 2732 8/13.95 6.00 6.00 6.95 8/75.00 8/70.00 6502 6.95 6502-A 12.95 6504 6,95 6505 8.95 6507 9.95 6520 4.35 6522 9.95 6532 14.95 6551 11.85 LM1310 50/ 95.00 LM1488 .75 LM1800 50/125.00 LM1489 .75 MC1330 50/ 70.00 DM8131 2.75 MCI 350 50/ 50.00 16PIN IC Sockets 100/$12.00 SUPER SPECIAL Hitachi HM6116LP 2048 x 8 CMOS Static Ram pin compatible witti ttie 2716 EPROM. Super low power data retention ctiaracteristics: 2.0 volts at only 50ua yes 50 microamps. 7-37 pes. 32 pes. HM6116LP-2 120ns 19.95ea 18.95ea HM6116LP-3 150ns 16.95ea 15.95ea HM6116LP-4 200ns 15.95ea 14.g5ea STANDARD POWER RAMS HM6116P-2 120ns 18.95ea 17.95ea HM6116P-3 150ns 11.95ea 10.95ea HM6ri6P-4 200ns 10.95ea 9.95ea Specials end April 30, 1982. Please state"April Specials" when ordering. CMOS Z80 Z80-CPU Z80A-CPU Z80-P10 Z80A-P10 Z80CTC Z8CA-CTC Z80-DART Z80A-DART Z80-DMA Z80A-DMA Z80-S10/0 Z80A-S10/0 Z80-S10/1 Z80A-S10/1 Z80-S10/2 Z80A-S10/2 Z80-S10/09 Z80A-S10/9 8,95 6.00 6.50 6,00 5.95 8.65 15.25 18.75 17.50 27.50 I 23.95 28.95 I 23.95 28.95 23,95 28,95 17.95 22.95 Z80B-CPU 18.95 ZBOB-CTC 17.95 Z80B-P10 17.95 Z8671 39 95 1.Z6132 ,!•) 95 74C00 .35 74C374 2.75 4019 .45 4098 2.49 74C02 .35 74C901 .80 4020 .95 4099 1.95 74C04 .35 740902 .85 4021 .95 14409 12.95 74C08 .35 74C903 .85 4022 1.15 14410 12.95 74C10 .35 740905 10.95 4023 .35 14411 11.95 74C14 1.50 740906 .95 4024 .75 14412 12.95 74C20 .35 74C907 1.00 4025 .35 14419 4.95 74C30 .35 74C908 2.00 4026 1.65 4502 ,95 74C32 .50 740909 2.75 4027 .65 4503 ,65 74C42 1.75 74C910 9.95 4028 .80 4508 1,95 74C48 2.10 740911 10.00 4029 .95 4510 ,95 74073 .65 740912 10.00 4030 .45 4511 95 74C74 .85 74C914 1.95 4034 2.95 4512 95 74C76 .80 740915 2.00 4035 .85 4514 1,25 74083 1.95 74C918 2.75 4040 .95 4515 2.25 74CS5 1.95 74C920 17.95 4041 1.25 4516 1.55 74C86 .95 740921 15.95 4042 .75 4518 1.25 74089 4.50 74C922 5.95 4043 .85 4519 1.25 74C90 1,75 740923 5,95 4044 .85 4520 1.25 74C93 1,75 74C925 6.75 4046 ,95 4522 1.25 74095 1,75 740926 7.95 4047 ,95 4526 1.25 74C107 1,00 74C927 7.95 4049 .55 4527 1.95 74C150 5,75 74C928 7.95 4050 .55 4528 1.25 74C151 2.25 74C929 19.95 4051 .95 4531 .95 740154 3.25 74C930 19.95 4053 .95 4532 1.95 740157 1.75 4000 .35 4060 1.45 4538 1.95 740160 2.00 4001 .35 4066 .75 4539 1.95 740161 2.00 4002 .25 4068 .40 4543 2.70 740162 2.00 4006 .95 4069 ,35 4555 .95 75C163 2,00 4007 .29 4070 ,35 4556 .95 74C164 2.00 4008 .95 4071 ,30 4581 1,95 74C165 2.00 4009 .45 4072 ,30 4582 1,95 74C173 2.00 4010 ,46 4073 ,30 4584 ,95 74C174 2.25 4011 .35 4075 .30 4585 ,95 74C175 2.25 4012 .25 4076 .95 4702 12,95 74C192 2.25 4013 .45 4078 .30 4724 1.50 740193 2.25 4014 .95 4081 .30 80C07 .95 740195 2.25 4015 .95 4082 .30 80095 .85 740200 5.75 4016 .45 4085 .95 80C96 .95 74C221 2 25 4017 1 15 4086 ,95 B0C97 95 7.1C,-i73 2 75 ,1 n 1 i! 95 ■lOiU 9:i 80C9B 1 ;''!, [master cfiafgel JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 1224 So. Bascom Ave. San Jose, CA 95128 800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) (408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110 TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6V2% sales tax. California residents add 6% sales tax. We resen/e the right to limit quantities ^nd sub- stitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list. Circle 225 on inquiry card. 2716 EPROMS450NS (5V) 8/4.95 63. ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED! CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES 8000 8200 8035 8039 8080A 8085 8085A-2 8086 8088 8155 8156 8185 8185-2 8741 8748 8755 16.95 19.95 3.95 12.95 16.95 99.95 39.95 11.95 11.95 29.95 39.95 39.95 29.95 44 95 6800 6800 5.70 6802 10.95 6808 9.95 6809 24.95 6809E 29.95 6810 4.60 6820 4.95 6821 4.95 6828 14.95 6834 16.95 6840 14.95 6843 42.95 6844 44.95 6845 16,95 6847 15.95 6850 4.75 6852 5.75 6860 10.95 6862 11.95 6875 6.95 6880 2.95 68B00 10.95 68B21 12.95 68B,50 12,95 8202 8205 8212 8214 8216 8224 8226 8228 8237 8238 8239 8243 8250 8251 8253 8253-5 8255 8255-5 8257 8259 8272 8275 8279 8279-5 8282 8283 8284 8286 8287 8288 k 8289 800-538-5000 800-662-6279 (CALIFORNIA RESfoENTS) CALL JDR BEFORE YOU BUY! WE WILL BEAT ANY COMPETITORS' PRICES VOLTAGE REG'S LINEAR LEDS Jumbo Red Jumbo Green Jumbo Yellow 5082-7760 .43'CC MAN74 .3'CC k MAN72 ,3'CA 10/1.00 6/1.00 6/1.00 .79 .99 ,99J 7805T 7808T 781 21 781 5T 7824T 7805K 7812K 7ai6K 78105 78L12 78L15 LM309K LM317T .79 .99 .79 .99 1.39 1.39 1.39 .69 .69 .69 1.49 1.95 7905T 791 2T 791 5T 7924T 7905K 7912K 79L05 79L12 79L15 LM317K LM323K LM337K .89 1.19 1.19 1.49 1.49 .79 .79 .79 3.95 4.95 3.95 .T = TO-220 K = T0-3 L = TO-92 74S00 SERIES 74S00 .44 74S74 .69 74S163 3,75 74S257 1.39 74S02 .48 74S85 2.39 74S168 4,65 74S258 1.49 74S03 .48 74S86 1.44 74S169 5.44 74S260 1.83 74S04 .79 74S112 1.59 74S174 1.09 74S274 19.95 74S05 .79 74S113 1.98 74S175 1.09 74S275 19.95 74S08 .48 74S114 1.50 74S181 4.47 74S280 2.90 74S09 .98 74S124 2.77 74S182 2.95 74S287 4.75 74S10 .69 74S132 1.24 74S188 3.95 74S288 4.45 74S11 .88 74S133 .98 74S189 14,95 74S289 6.98 74S15 .70 74S134 ,69 74S194 2,95 74S301 6.95 74S20 .68 74S135 1,48 74S195 1,89 74S373 3.45 74S22 ,98 74S138 1,08 74S196 4,90 74S374 3.45 74S30 ,48 74S139 1,25 74S197 4,25 74S381 7.95 74S32 ,98 74S140 1.45 74S201 14,95 74S387 5.75 74S37 1,87 74S151 1.19 74S225 8,95 74S412 2.98 74S38 1,68 74S153 1.19 74S240 3.98 74S471 9.95 74S40 .44 74S157 1.19 74S241 3.75 74S472 16.85 74S51 .78 74S158 1.45 74S244 3.98 74S474 17.85 74S64 .79 74S161 2.85 74S251 1.90 74S482 15.60 74S65 1.26 74S162 3,70 74S253 7,45 74S570 74S571 7,80 7,80 LM301V LM308V LM309K LM311 LM317T LM317K LM318 LM323K LM324 LM337K LM339 LM377 LM380 LM386V LM555V LM556 LM565 LM566V LM567V LM723 LM733 LM741V LM747 LM748V LM1310 MCI 330V MC1350V MCI 358 LM1414 LM 1458V LM1488 LM1489 LM1800 LM1889 LM3900 LM3909V LM3914 LM3915 LM3916 75461V 75452V L75453V ,34 ,98 1,49 ,64 1,95 395 1,49 4.95 ,59 3.95 .99 2.29 1.29 1.50 .39 .69 .99 1.49 1.29 .49 .98 .29 .79 .59 2.90 1.89 1.29 1.79 1,59 ,69 .99 .99 2.99 2.49 .59 ,98 3,95 3,95 3,95 ,39 ,39 ,39 > APPLE FAN $69.00 EXTRA PLUG-IN CARDS CAN CAUSE YOUR APPLE TO OVERHEAT ULTRA-QUIET APPLE FAN DRAWS COOL AIR THROUGH YOUR COMPUTER ELIMINATES DOWN TIME SAVES REPAIR CHARGES INCREASES RELIABILITY CLIPS ON — NO HOLES OR SCREWS COLOR MATCHES APPLE LONG LIFE, LOW NOISE MOTOR IC SOCKETS 1-99 100 8 pin ST .13 .11 14 pin ST .15 .12 16 pin ST .17 .13 18 pin ST .20 .18 20 pin ST .29 .27 22 pin ST .30 .27 24 pin ST .30 .27 28 pin ST .40 .32 40 pin ST .49 .39 ST = SOLDERTAIL ' Jl *APPIE IS A TRADEfi4ARK OF APPLE COMPUTER INC. 8 pin WW .59 .49 14 pin WW .69 .52 16 pin WW .69 .58 18 pin WW .99 .90 20 pin WW 1.09 .98 22 pin WW 1.39 1.28 24 pin WW 1.49 1.35 28 pin WW 1.69 1.49 40 pin WW 1.99 1.80 WW = WIREWRAP CONNECTORS TRANSISTORS PN2222 2N2222 2N2907 2N3055 2N3904 2 N 3906 1N4148 (1N914) 1N4004 10/1.00 .25 .25 .79 10/1.00 10/1.00 100/ 8.99 50/10.99 50/10.99 10/ 6.99 100/ 8.99 100/ 8.99 25/ 1.00 10/ 1.00 . RS232 MALE RS232 FEMALE RS232 HOOD S-100 ST S-100 WW 3.25 3.75 1.25 3.95 4.95 DIP SWITCHES 4 POSITION 5 POSITION 6 POSITION 7 POSITION 8 POSITION 7400 SERIES 7400 .19 7451 .23 74136 ,60 74186 18.50 7401 .19 7453 .23 74141 .65 74190 1.15 7402 .19 7454 .23 74142 2.95 74191 1.15 7403 .19 7460 .23 74143 2.95 74192 .79 7404 .19 7470 .35 74144 2.95 74193 .79 7405 .22 7472 .29 74145 .60 74194 .85 7406 .22 7473 .34 74147 1.75 74195 .85 7407 .22 7474 .35 74148 1.20 74196 .79 7408 .24 7475 .49 74150 1.35 74197 .75 7409 .19 7476 .35 74151 .65 74198 1.35 7410 .19 7480 .69 74152 .65 74199 1.35 7411 .25 7481 1.10 74153 .55 74221 1.35 7412 .30 7482 .95 74164 1.40 74246 1.35 7413 .35 7483 .50 74155 .75 74247 1.25 7414 .55 7485 .65 74156 .65 74248 1.86 7416 .25 7486 .35 74157 .55 74249 1.96 7417 .25 7489 4.95 74169 1.65 74251 .75 7420 .19 7490 .35 74160 .85 74259 2.25 7421 .35 7491 .40 74161 .70 74265 1.35 7422 .29 7492 .50 74162 .85 74273 1.95 7423 .29 7493 .49 74163 .85 74276 1.25 7425 .29 7494 .65 74164 .85 74279 .75 7426 .29 7495 .55 74165 .85 74283 2.00 7427 .29 7496 .70 74166 1.00 74284 3.76 7428 .45 7497 2.75 74167 2.95 74285 3.75 7430 .19 74100 1.00 74170 1.65 74290 .95 7432 .29 74107 .30 74172 5.95 74293 .75 7433 .45 74109 .45 74173 .75 74298 .85 7437 .29 74110 .45 74174 .89 74351 2.25 7438 .29 74111 .55 74175 .89 74365 .65 7440 .19 74116 1.55 74176 .89 74366 .65 7442 .49 74120 1.20 74177 .75 74367 .65 7443 .65 74121 .29 74178 1.15 74368 .65 7444 ,69 74122 .45 74179 1.75 74376 2.20 7445 .69 74123 .55 74180 .75 74390 1.75 7446 .69 74125 .45 74181 2.25 74393 1.35 7447 .69 74126 .45 74182 .75 74425 3.15 7448 ,69 74128 ,55 74184 2.00 74426 .85 7450 ,19 74132 ,45 74185 2 00 74490 2.55 HOURS: Mon. - Fri., 9 to 5; Sat. 11 to 3 VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE! JDR MICRODEVICES, INC. 1224 S. Bascom Ave. San Jose, CA 95128 800-^538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) (408)995-5430 • Telex 171-110 TERMS; For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground, $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6V2% sales tax. California residents add 6% sales tax. We reserve tlie rigtit to limit quantities and sub- stitute manufacturer. Prices subject to cfiange without notice. Send SASE for complete list. Circle 225 on Inquiry card. UTIC MINI STEREO FM RECEIVER WITH HEADPHONES For Joggers, Cyclists, and Skatersl FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Left/right balance control. Full ridellty stereo sound. Addi- tional biack soft carrying case & shoulder strap. Beit clip (hands free). Operates on 3 AA cell batteries (not inci.j. Compact size; 3%" x 4'/," x 1". Wt. B oz. Model 1810 List Price $89.95 $29.95 SPEAKERS 2-9 Parti A0201 1.25 .89 2V<" Round — 8 Ohm .25 Watt (4" Leads) Slze:2%"xr l>>rt>SF.250ie 1.391.25 2V2" Square — 16 Ohm .25 Watt (4 mount, holes) Large Ceramic Magnet Size: 2H" X 2%" X I" a National Semiconductor RAM SALE STATIC RAMS MIVI2114N-2 4K (200NS) , $2.49 each (8 EACH $16.95/lot) (100 EACH $195.95/lotJ MM2114N-2L 4K (200NS) Low Power $2.gSeach (a EACH $ig.95)lott (100 EACH S225,00/lo1) MM2147N 4K(70NS) $4.95 each (8 EACH S34.95/lot) (100 EACH S419.95/tol) MM6116P-4 16K(200NS) $14.95eaeh (6 EACH $es.g5rioi} (lOo each 31195.00/101) DYNAIVIIC RAMS MM4164N'20 64K(200NS) $14.95each (8 EACH $99.95/lotJ (100 EACH $1195.00/lot) MM5290N'2 16KM50NS)4116 $2.95 each (8 EACH S19.g5/lot) (100 EACH $225.00/lot) MM5290N-4 16K(250NS)4116 $1.95 each (8 EACH S14.g5Jtot) (100 each $17S.00/lo1) EPROM Erasing Lamp • ErMes2708, 2716, 1702A, 5203Q, 52040, etc. • Eraies up to 4 ehipi within 20 minutes. • Malntaini constant exposure distance of one inch. • Special conductive foam liner eliminates static build-up. • Built-in safety lock to prevent UV exposure. • Compact - only 7-5/8" x 2-7/8" x 2" • Complete with holding tray for 4 chips. UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb $16.95 UVS-11E $79.95 JOYSTICKS JS-SK 5K Linear Taper Pots $5.25 JS-100K 100K Linear Taper Pots $4.95 JVC-40 40K (2) Video Controller in case . . . $4.95 MUFFIN* FAN np dependable, low cost, largest selling Ian lor commercial cootlng appllcallona. • lOScfm free air delivery • 4.68" sq. X 1.50" depth. Weight - 17 oz. • acousticai rating as low as NC-38 • more than 10 yrs. cont. duty at 10°C • impedance prolecled • lor arnbients to 70°C • UL yeiiow card recognized & CSA approved 115V, 50/60HZ, 14 Watts, lOScfm - Ultrasonlcally cleaned & teated. MU2A1 . . . .$9.95ea. ^JE215 Adjustable ipipr Dual Power Supply General Description: The JE215 is a Dual Power Supply with independent adjustable positive and nega- tive output voltages. A separate adiustment for each of the supplies provides the user uniiinited applications for IC current voltage rsqulrsments. The supply can also be used as a general all-purposi variable power supply. FEATURES: • Adjustable regulated power supplies, PCS. end neg. 1.2VDC to 15VDC. • • Power Output (each supply): 5VDC @ 500mA, 10VDC@ 750mA, 12VDC@500mA, and 15VDC® 175mA. • Two, 3-terminal adj. IC regulators with Thermal overload protection. • Heal sink regulator cooling • LED "on" Indicator • Printed Board Construction • 120VAC Input • Size: 3-l/2"w x 5-1/16"L x 2"H JE215 Adj. DualPorterSupplvKit(asshown) ■ . $24.95 (Picture not shown but similar in construction to above) JE2aO Reg. Power Supply Kit (5VDC, 1 amp) . . $14.95 JE205 Adapter Brd. (to JE200t £5,±9 & ± 1 2 V . $1 2.95 MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS 80BOA/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES - INSSOtOA' CPU □P8212 8-Blt Input/Output DP82M Priority Intarrupt Contfol □PSziS ei-Dirociionil Bui Driver DP8224 Clock Ganaritor/Drlvar DPS^^6 BusDilvsr DPB22e Syitam Controllflr/Bus Drl«ai 3P823S Syitom Controilei N5S243 I/O Expanaar for 48 Sarlei N5S2S0 Aiyncnronaui Camm. Elamerii DPS2S1 Prog. Comm. I/O (USAHT) DPa2S3 Pros. Intervai Timtr Prog. Parlphtral I/O CPPI) DPIi57 Prog. DMA Control □PS!7S Prog. CRT Conlrollar OPS279 Prog. Keyboard/Dltplay Intartace DPB303 Syitam Timing Element DPB307 B-BIt Bl-Dlrecllonal Racalvsr Bl-Dliactlonal Receiver Oct a Peril rv1C6G0a MCeS02CP MC6810API MC6a21 MC6e?B MC683aLS MCSaSQ Mceasi MC6B6D MCG162 MCSSW;^ 111 Latched Peripheral Driver - 68OO/6B00 SUPPORT DEVICES - Perl of arily li n Clock and RAM tic RAM il Inter. Adapt (MCS820) >t Controller 1024xl'Blt ROM (MCSSAJO-g] Atynchronous Comm. Adapter Svrictlronous Serial Oali Adiptar O^OODPl Dlgltll MODEM I4O0I3PI Modulator QusdI-Stats But.Trint.tMCtT2E) MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS ZSa(7tOC] CPU(MK3tMN) (!MHi) 2WA (TSO-l) CPU (MK3IKIN-4) HMHZ) CDPien CPU KSO MPU IDMI901ADC CPU~4-eit SUM (Com. Tamp. Qradi) MPU w/Clock [GSK Bytai Mamory) MPU~>-Blt (BUHi) cPlJ-5gl.Chlp^Blt[U>byta■nAM) CPU (256 Bytat RAM) CPU-« ByUt RAM CPU w/Baslc Micro Interpratar CPU MPU-16-Slt INSBOJSN-S INSUI39N-« INSBUON-e INS8O70N INSS073N TMSWOML 1 1173AH-1 3D Tuw Mullcil MPU Chip 1m] MMSOOH MMSOJH MMEOEH MMSIOH MM14aZN MM5013N MM5016H MMSOMN M503SN 2SIHV{14MA) iSl«N iS22V 2SMV AFIOO-ICN AF12MCJ AF122-)CJ LM308CH LMU4Z LMUSZ LF3S6N LF»BN LMMH ADCONHLCN -SHIFT REGISTERS— Dual »Blt Dynamic Dual SO.BII Dynamic Dual UCkBIt Static Dual64-Blt Accumulator iSe-BIt Dynamic 102*-Blt Dynamlc/Accumulitt 500/S12-BII Dynamic Octal K-BIt Octal lO-BIt ICM-BIt Dynamic Hex U-BIt Static Dual lU-BII Static 5I^BIt Dynamic 102«-Blt Dynamic Dual m-sn Static Dual iSO-BIt Static Dual MD-BIt Static Quad tO-BIt Stalk Flfo [Dual BO) -DATA ACQUISITION- ir 2.S% Tone Low Banc int Cui Tamparatura Trantd JFET Input Op Amp Sampla ( Hold Ampliriari Tamp. Come, Prec. Raf. (.Sppm/O B-BIt A/O Conuertar (1 LSB] a-BIt D/A Converter 10.71* Lin.) DATA ACQUISITION (CONTINUED)- ADCOKBCCN B-BIt A/D Converter (a-Ch. Multl.) ! t'BIt A/D Converter (IC-Cti. Multl.) I( 10-Blt D/AConv. Micro. Comp. (0.0514), i; lO-BHD/AConv, Micro. COmp. (0.20%) ( lO'SltD/A Converter (0.05% Lin.) I ID-Slt D/A Converter (D.2CIK Lin.) ! 12-BltD/A Converter (0.20% Lin.) ■ B-Cnannel Multiplexer 30K BAUD UART I RAM'S ■ AOCatl7CCN DACIOOOLCM DAClOOSLCrJ DACICCOLCN □AC1022LCN DAC1322LCN CD405IN AY-S-1013 UOI 2S6xl Static 1103 1024x1 Dynamic 2101 (8101) 2Sex4 Static 2102 1IS4K1 Static 2IL02 tl»Kl Static 2111 (Sill) 2S6)(4 Static 2112 !S6k4 Static MOS 2114 10Hh4 Static 450ni 21I4L ia24><4 Static 450ni LoM Power 1024x4 Static »»ns 1024x4 Static 200ns Low Power 256i.Ki*M.1i«l SM □Biea (ininKMnwnianeiiUnlcipKHlK-T'lontl Jl» QBie> »apa.ii>HimaDlMdmiatnMli>«B>w* IM QBiea aDI)pci.iiigl*hMi.cn>i«m.iu. 3O0 -MISCELLANEOUS— $10.00 Minimum Ordei — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sale Flyer! Spec Sheets — 25c Send 88c Postage for your FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change ameco ELECTRONICS 1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, OA 94002 PHONE OHPEBS WELCOME — (4t5> 592-8097 ^ BOOKS Nntioiul Semiconductor — Intarall — Intel 30001 NBtlonel CMOS Dete Book *6.g6 1640 pages) 740, CD4000. and A/D Convartera 30002 National IntarfBcaDeta Book IG.96 {704 pasBSl DP, DS8000, OSSOOO, DS7G000, etc. 30003 National Linear Data Book t8.BB (1376 pegsB) LM, LF, ADC, DAC, LH Series 30DD4 NatEonntSarlaaBO— BaardLavelCamputBr[224pageal ...M.SG 30005 Nntloniil TTL Logic Deta Book t8.96 im oa^os) 7400,LS.L,H.S. and DMSOOO Sariea 30006 Bu^ 'al3l30001.3.5aaaaet n9.96/lot 30009 Intersil Data Book (1074 pages) *6.96 010400 Intel Component Data Catalog (10.00 Full dels sheets tor Inlei'B products Inci. mamory device«, microproc, peripherals Et indust./mil. producia I132B pages) S0EB10 Intel PerlpheraiDealgn Handbook *7.G0 Fuii data sheets, appl. notes for Intel peripheral device components 1844 pages) AC and DC Wall Transformers Part No. AC 250 AC 500 ACIOOO AC1700 DC BOO DC6912 (abovo) DV9200 DC900 DC 1200 Input 117V/60HZ 117V/60HZ 117V/60H2 117V/60H2 130W60H; 12DV/60HZ 117V/60HZ 120V)60Hz 120V/60HZ With Unlvereal Plug and OV Batlery Snap Selective voitageB: 6,9,12VDC. Polarity selection ( + /■). six-toot line trom adapter to plugs — six- Inch llns from adapter to tiattery snap. 120Vf60Hz. 300mA. Outwit 12VAC ^mA 12 VAC 500mA 12VAC 1 amp 9VAC 1.7 amp 8VDC 400mA (ball, charser) 6,9,12VDC 300mA 9VDC 200mA 9VDC 500mA 12VDC 300mA S4.95 S5.95 $3.95 S2.49 $9.95 S3.25 S3.g5 $3.95 CONNECTORS DB25P D-Subminiature Plug $2.95 DB25S D'Subminlature Socket S3.50 D2011B-2 Screw Lock Hdwr. (2) DB25S/P 2/$.99 DB51226 Cover for DB2SP/S S1.75 22/44SE P.C. Edge (22/44 Pin) $2.9S UQ88/U BISICPlug $1.79 UG89/U BNCJsck $3.79 UG175/U UHF Adapter $ .49 S0239 UHF Panel Recp. $1.29 PL258 UHF Adapter $1.60 PL2S9 UHF Plug $1.60 UG280/U BNC Plug $1.78 UG1094/U BNC Bulkhead Beep $1.29 TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit Expand your 4K TRS-eo System to 16K Kit comes complete with: • 8 ea. MM5290 (UPD416/4116) 16K Dyn. Ram Cm) • Documentation for conversion TRS-16K2 *160na 19.95 TRS-16K3 *200n8 1B.9S TRS-16K4 •250n8 .14.95 KEYBOARDS Datanectlcs 74-Key Keyboard Uses EA 20134 Chip (Electronic Anays). Size: 16U"L x 5^"W x 1.3/8"H. White, black, blue, grey key caps. (No Data Sheet) ~ PartNo.KB354 $29.95 ea. Micro Switch 69-Key Keyboard Uses AMI SW20350K Chip. Size: 16-3/8"L x 5«"D> $44.9^ Circle 224 on inquiry card. 7400 SN7400N .20 SN7472N 5 N 74 156 N SN7401N ■?? SN7473N S N 74157N SN7402N ■fr SN7474N S N74 160N RQ SN7403 N SN7475N 49 SN74161N SN7476N 35 SN74 162N SN74OTN SN7479N 5 00 SN74 163 N '„ SN7406N SN7480N ■„ SN 74154 N 89 SN7407N SN74B2N 99 SN74165N 89 SN7408N 29 SN7483N 69 SN741G6N 125 SN7409N 29 5N74BSN .S9 SN 74167 N 2.79 SN7410N 5N7486N 5 N 74170 N 1.95 SN7411N 29 5N7469N i"tc 5N74172N 4.95 SN7412N .35 SN749QN ^49 5 N 74173 N 1.39 5N7413N 5N7491N 5 N 74174 N SN74I4N "ra SN7492N « 5 N 74175 N 89 SN7416N .29 5N7493N '„ 5N74176N 79 SN7417N 5 N 7494 N 69 5 N 74 17 7 N '79 SN7420N 25 SN7495N S N 74 1 79 N 1 49 SN7421N 29 SN7495N 69 SN74i80N 79 5N7422N 45 SN7497N 3 00 SN74181N 2 25 SN7423N 29 SN7410ON 149 SN74183N SN7425N 29 SN74 104 N ■g 5N741S4N 249 SN7426N 29 5N74105N 89 SN74165N SN7427N 25 SN74 107 N 35 SN74 190 N 125 5N742BN 49 SN74109N 39 SN74191N 1 25 S N 7430 N 25 SN74116N 1 95 SN74192N B9 S N 7432 N 29 SN74121N 39 SN74193N 89 SN7437N 25 SN74122N 55 SN74194N 89 SN7438N .40 SN74123N .59 SN74195N .69 5N7439N SN74125N .49 SN74196N .89 SN7440N .20 SN74126N .49 SN74197N .89 5N7441N .89 5N74t32N .75 5N74198N 1.49 SN7442N .59 SN74136N .75 SN74199N 1.49 SN7443N 1.10 SN74141N SN74221N SN7444N 5N74142N 3's S N 74251 N ^'m SN7445N SN74143N 3!49 SN74276N l!95 SN7446N .79 SN74144N 3.49 SN74279N .79 SN7447N .69 SN74145N .79 SN742a3N 1.49 SN7448N .79 SN74147N 1.95 5N74284N 3.95 SN7450N .20 SN74148N 1.29 SN74285N 3.95 SN7451N SN74150N 1.25 5N74365N .69 SN7453N S N 74151 N .69 S N74366N SN74MN SN741S2N .69 SN74367N SN7459A .25 SN74153N ,79 SN7J368N ,69 SN7460N .20 SN7fll&4N l,2S SN;J390N 1,49 SN7470N .29 SN74155N ,79 SN 74393 N 1.49 74L5(n .29 74LS 74LS192 1 15 74L501 .29 74LS193 1 15 74LSK .29 74LS92 .75 74LS194 1.15 74LS03 .29 74LS93 .75 74LS195 1.15 74LS04 .35 74LS95 .99 74LS197 1.19 74LS05 .35 74LS96 1.15 74LS221 1.19 74LS08 .35 74LS107 .45 74LS240 1.49 74LS09 .35 74LS109 .45 74LS241 1.49 74LS10 .35 74LS112 .45 74LS242 1.49 74LS11 .39 74L5113 .49 74LS243 1.49 74LS12 .35 74L5114 .49 74LS244 1.49 74LS13 .59 74LS122 .89 74L5245 2.95 74LS14 .99 74LS123 1.25 74L5247 1.19 74LS15 .35 74L5125 .59 74L5248 1.19 74LS20 .35 74LS126 .59 74L5249 1.19 74LS2! .35 74LS132 .99 74LS251 .99 74LS22 .35 74LS133 .89 74LS253 .99 74LS26 .35 74LS136 .49 74LS257 .89 74LS27 .35 74LS138 .89 .89 74L525a .69 74L^ as 74L5139 74LS260 .69 74LS30 .35 74L5151 .89 74LS266 74LS32 .35 74L51S3 .89 74LS273 1.95 74LS33 .59 74LS154 1.75 74LS279 .89 74LS37 .45 74LS155 .89 74LS283 .89 74LS38 .39 74LS1S6 .89 74LS290 .99 74LS40 .35 74LS157 .89 74L5293 .99 74LS42 .89 74LSi5a .89 74LS29a 1.25 74LS47 .S9 74LS160 1.15 74LS352 1.29 74LS4B 1.15 74LS161 1.15 74L5353 1,29 74LS49 1.15 74LS162 1.15 74LS365 .69 74LS163 1.15 74LS54 !35 74LS164 1.15 74LS367 '.63 74LS55 "it 74LS165 1.15 /4LS368 .69 74LS168 1.19 i'q9 74 lIm 45 74LSi69 1.19 74 Li374 74LS75 !59 74LS170 1.95 74LS37S 89 7flLS76 .45 74L5173 .99 74LS386 !69 74LS78 .49 74LS174 .99 74LS393 74LS83 .89 74LS175 .99 74LS399 2.49 74LS85 1.2S 74LS181 2.95 74LS670 2.49 74LSS6 74LS190 1.25 81LS95 1.95 .69 74LS191 1.25 81LS97 1.95 JiSM 45 74S 3 25 .45 74 c; 544 3' 25 .45 74S124 3.95 ■ ■f^ 745 133 .55 745134 .69 1 35 " ^ '^n 74S135 1.19 74 SO 745136 1.75 ■ q ,45 745138 1.35 ■q 74*511 74S139 1.35 745287 3 25 74S1S .45 745140 .79 74 S 288 2 75 74S2D .45 745151 1.35 745373 3 '49 .45 74S153 1.35 74SJ74 3 49 74S30 .45 74S157 1.35 74 5387 2 95 74S32 .55 74S158 1.35 74S471 to!95 74S38 1J5 745160 2.95 74S472 10.95 74S40 .50 74S174 1.59 74S473 10.K 74S51 .45 745175 1.59 74S474 12.95 »S64 .50 74S188 2.95 74S47S 1Z95 74S65 .50 74S194 1.95 745570 5.95 74S74 .75 74S195 1.95 74S57I 5,95 74S86 .79 74S196 1.95 74S572 9.95 745240 2.95 745113 ^79 74S24] 2.95 74S940 3.1s 74SU4 .79 745242 3.25 74S941 3.15 CA3010H ■ CA-LIIMFAR CA3089N CA3013H CA3060N CA30aOH CA30elN CA3083N 3.25 1.25 2.00 2.00 C A3096N CA3039H 1.35 C A3I30H CA3i40H C A3150H 1 TO 1.39 1.25 1,25 CA3046N 1.30 CA30e3N 1,60 C Ai401N .59 CA30S9N 3.25 CA3086N .85 C A360ON 3.50 CD4000 2.49 C O400]i 1Q CD-CMOS ^ S ,™ CD4506 .75 la CD-ISO? .99 I'lQ CD4041 1.49 CD4S08 3.95 C04M2 .99 CD4510 1.39 CD4043 .89 COJ511 1,23 C O4010 Q C 04 044 .89 CD4512 1.49 .39 CD4046 1.79 CD4514 3,95 .25 CD4047 2.50 CD4515 2.95 .49 CD4048 1.35 CD^Sie 1.49 C D4014 CD4CM9 .49 CD4518 1.79 1.19 CD4O50 .69 CD4519 .89 CD4016 .59 CD4051 3.19 CD4520 1.29 CD4017 1.19 CD4052 1.19 CD4526 1.79 CD4053 1.19 CD452B 1.79 CD4019 ,49 CD4056 2.95 CD4529 1.95 1.19 CD40S9 9.95 CD4S43 2.79 CD4021 CD4060 1.49 CD* 562 11.95 CD40K 1.19 CD4066 .79 CD4566 2.79 CD4023 CD4068 .39 C D'5B3 2.49 CD4024 .79 CD4069 .45 CDi584 CD4025 .23 CD4070 .55 CD4723 1.95 CD4026 2.95 CD4071 .49 CD4724 1.95 CD4027 .69 CD4072 .49 MC14409 17.95 CD4028 .89 CO4073 .39 MC14410 16.95 CD4029 1.49 C 04075 .39 h/IC14411 15.95 CD4Ck30 .49 CD4076 1.39 MC14412 15.95 CO4034 3.49 CD4078 .55 MC14419 7.95 CD4035 VCD4(M0 .99 CD4081 .39 MC14433 15.95 1.49 CO40e2 .39 MC14S38 2.49 CD4093 .99 MC14S41 1.95 jBulova Quartz Ladies Watches< ONE YEAR FACTORY WARRANTY 1 1 m 1 1 Your Choice — $69.95 ea. any Model CALL OR SEND ORDER IN REFERENCING TO THIS AD FOR SPECIAL PRICE i of Limited Supply, please provide a second and third choice LITRONIX Stick Display Sale NATIONAL Stick Display Sale LEO NUMERIC A -SALE! 2 1 1.BS 2IM af 1.49 a 1 1.19 a/3.BS 2 1 3.BS COMPUTER GRADE CAPACITORS WVDC PRICE 24,000 17.000 31,$00 OVER 200 OTHEH VALUES AVAILABLE - CALL OR WRITE FOR YOUR REQUmEMENT IVOC PRICE T] LOW PROFILE r (TIN) SOCKETS 1-24 25-49 50-100 a pin LP .17 16 .15 14 pin LP .20 .19 .18 16 pin LP .22 .21 .20 18 pin LP' .29 .28 .27 20 Pin LP .34 .32 .30 22 pin LP .37 .36 .35 24 pin LP .38 .37 .36 28 pin LP .45 .44 .43 36 pin LP .50 .59 .58 40 pin LP ,63 .62 .61 SOLDERTAIL (GOLD) STANDARD TmTiT 1-24 25-49 50-100 8 pin SG .39 .35 .31 14 pin SG .49 .45 .41 16 pin SG .54 .49 .44 18 Pin SG .59 .53 .48 24 pin SG .79 .75 .69 28 pin SG 1.10 1.00 .90 36 pin SG 1.65 1.40 1.26 40 pin SG L75 1.59 1.45 lirifrr 14 pin ST 16 Pin ST 18 pin ST 24 Pin ST 28 pin ST 36 pin ST 40 pin ST SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN) 1-24 25^9 50-100 .27 .25 .24 ■M: 3S; .27 .25 J2 .30 .49 .45 .42 .99 .90 .81 1.39 1.26 I.IG 1.59 1.45 1.30 WIRE WRAP SOCKETS (GOLD) LEVEL #3 111 8 pin WW 10 pin WW 14 Pin WW 16 pin WW 18 pin WW 20 pin WW 22 pin WW 24 pin WW 28 pin WW 36 pin WW 40 pin WW 1-24 25-49 50-100 .59 .54 .49 .69 .63 .58 .79 .73 .57 .85 .77 .70 .99 .90 .81 1.19 1.08 .99 1.49 L35 1.23 1.39 1.26 . 1.14 1.69 1.53 1.38 2.19 L99 1.79 2.29 2.09 1.89 Dliijnnii^DlL Pan No. Function Price 7045tPI CMOS Precision Timer 14.95 704SEV/Klt* Stopwatch Chip, XTL 24.95 7106CPL 3Vj Digit A/D (LCD Drive) 16.95 7106EV/Kit* iC, Circuit Board, Display 34.95 7107CPL 31A Digit A/D (LED Drive) 15.95 7107EV/Klt- IC, Circuit Board, Display 29,95 7116CPL 3>ft Digit A/D LCD DiS. HLD. 18.95 7117CPL 3Vi Digit A/D LED DIs. HLD. 17.95 7201IDR Low Battery Volt Indicator 2.25 7205IPG CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer 12.95 7205EV/Kit* Stopwatch Chip, XTL 19.95 7206CJPE Tone Generator 5.15 7206CEV/Klt» Tone Generator Ctiip, XTL 12.95 7207AIPD Oscillator Controllar 6.50 7207AEV/Klt* Freq. Counter Chip, XTL 13.95 72081 PI Seven Decade Counter 17.95 7209IPA Clock Generator 3.95 7215IPG 4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT 13.95 7215EV/Kit* 4 Func. Stopwatch Chip. XTL 19.96 7216AIJI 8-Olglt Univ. Counter C.A. 32.00 7216CIJI 8-Olglt Freq. Counter C.A. 26.95 7216DIPI 8-Dlglt Freq. Counter C.C. 21.95 7217IJI 4-Dlglt LED Up/Dovi/n Counter 12.95 72iaCIJI 8-Dlglt Univ. LED Drive 10.95 7224IPL LCD 4Vi Digit Up Counter DRI 11.25 7226AIJL 8-Di9lt Univ. Counter 31.95 7226AEV/Klt* 5 Function Counter Chip, XTL 74.95 7240IJE CMOS Bin Prog. Timer/Counter 4.95 7242IJA CMOS Divlde-by-256 RC Timer 2.05 72S0IJE CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter 6.00 7260IJE CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter 5.25 7555iPA CMOS 555 Timer (8 pin) 1.45 75S6iPD CMOS 556 Timer (14 pin) 2.20 7611BCPA CMOS Op Amp Comparator 5MV 2.25 7612BCPA CMOS Op Amp Ent. Cmvr. 5MV 2.95 7621BCPA CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp. 5MV 3.95 7631CCPE CMOS TrI Op Amp Comp. lOMV 5.35 7541CCPD CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. lOMV 7.50 7642CCPD CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. lOMV 7.50 7660CPA Voltage Converter 2.95 8038CCPD Waveform Generator 4.95 8048CCPE Monolithic Logarithmic Amp 21.60 80G9CCQ SOppm Band— GAP Volt Ref. Diode 2.50 8211CPA Volt Ref/lndlcator 2.95 a212CPA Volt Rflf/lndlcator 2.95 74C0O 39 74C 74C221 1.95 74C02 !39 74C95 1.59 74C240 2.25 74C04 .39 74C107 1.89 74C244 2.25 74C08 .39 74C151 2.95 74 C 373 2.49 74C10 .39 74C154 3.95 2.59 74C157 2.25 74C901 74C20 39 740160 1.69 74C903 !69 10.95 74C30 '39 74C161 1.60 74C911 74C42 1.39 74C162 1.49 74C912 10.95 74C4B 1.95 74C163 1.69 74C915 1.69 74C164 1.59 74C74 .'79 74C173 1.39 74C922 5!4g 74C85 1.95 74 C 174 1.39 74C923 5.75 74C86 .99 740175 1.19 74C925 7.50 74C89 6.95 740192 1.69 74C926 7.50 74C90 1.29 74 C 193 1.69 80C9S .79 74C93 1.29 74C195 1.59 80C97 .79 LH0002CN LMIOCLH 6.85 4.50 LINEAR LM702H LM703CN .79 .89 LMllCLH 4.75 LM340T-5 1.25 LM709N .29 LH0070-OH 4.95 LM340T-12 1.25 LM710N .79 TL071CP .79 LM340T-15 1.25 LM711N .79 TL072CP 1.39 LM341P-5 .75 LM723N .69 TL074CN 2.49 LM341P-12 .75 LM733N 1.00 LHO082CD 35.60 LM341P-15 .75 LM739N 1.19 TL082CP 1.19 LM342P-S .69 LM741CN .35 TL0B4CN 2.19 LM342P-12 .69 MC1741SCG 3.00 LH0094CD 36.80 LM342P-15 .69 LM747N .79 UVI300H .99 LM34BN 1.25 LM74BN .59 LM301CN .35 LM3S0K 5.75 LM1014N 2.75 LM302H 1.95 LF351N .60 LM1310N 1.95 LM304H 1.95 LFS3N l.W LM1458CN .59 LM305H .99 LF355N 1.10 LM1488N 1.25 LM307CN .45 LF3S6N 1.10 LM1489N 1.25 LM30BCN 1.00 LM35eN 1.00 LM1496N 1.95 LM309H 1.95 LM359N 1.79 LM 1556V 1.75 LM3D9K 1.25 LM370N 4.49 LM1800N 2.95 LM310CN 1.75 LM373N 3.25 LM1871N 5.49 LM311/CN .90 LM377N 2.95 LM1872N 5,49 LM312H 2.49 LM380N 1.25 LM1B77N-9 3.25 LM3)7MP 1.15 LM381N 1.95 LM1889N 3.20 LM317T 1.75 LM382N 1.79 LM1B96N 1.75 LM317K 3.95 LM384N 1.95 LM2002T 1.49 LM3ieCN 1.95 LM386N-3 1.29 LM2877P 2.05 LM319N 1.95 LM387N 1.45 LM2878P 2.25 LM320K-5 1.35 LM389N 1.35 LM2a96P-l 2.25 LM3Z0K-1Z 1.35 LM392N .69 LM31S9N 2.95 LM320K-15 1.35 LF398N 4.00 LM%OdfN .69 LM320T-5 1.25 LM399H 5.W LM3905CN L29 LM320T-12 1.25 TL494CN 4.49 LM3909N I.1S LM320T-15 1.25 TL496CP 1.75 LM3914N 3.95 LM323K 5.95 NESlOA 6.00 LM3915N 3.95 LM324N .99 NE529A 4.95 LM3916N 3.95 LM329DZ .65 NE531H 3.95 RC4136N 1.25 LM331N 3.95 NES36H 6.00 RC4151NB 3.95 LM334Z 1.30 NE540H 6.00 RC4194TK 6.« LM335Z 1.40 NE544N 4.95 RC419STK 5.49 LM336Z 1.75 NE550A 1.30 LM450UA 3.25 LM337T 1.95 NE555V .39 ICL603SB 4.95 LM337MP 1.15 LM5S6N .99 LM130BON 1.29 LM338K 6.95 NE564N 3.95 LM13600N 1.49 LM339N .99 LM565N 1.25 75138N 1.95 LM340K-5 1.35 LM566CN 1.95 754S0N .69 LMMOK-12 1.35 LM567V 1.25 75451CN .39 LM34QK-15 1.35 NE570N 4.95 75492 .89 1/4 WAn RESISTOR ASSORTMENTS -5% CAPACITOR CORNER 10 Ohm 12 Ohm 15 Ohm 18 Ohm 22 Ohm $1.95 ASST. 1 5ea, 27 Ohm 33 Ohm 39 Ohm 47 Ohm 56 Ohm 50 pes. 68 Ohm 82 Ohm 100 Ohm 120 Ohm 150 Ohm $1.95 ASST. 2 5ea. IBO Ohm 220 Ohm 270 Ohm 330 Ohm 390 Ohm SOpcs. 470 Ohm 560 Ohm 680 Ohm 820 Ohm Ik $1.95 ASST. 3 5ea. 1.2K 1.5K t.BK 2.2K 2.7K 50 pes. 3.3K 3.9K 4.7K S.6K 6.8K $1.95 ASST. 4 Sea, 8.2K lOK 12K 15K IBK SOpcs. 22K 27K 33K 39K 47K $1.95 ASST. 5 Sea. S6K 68K 82K lOOK 120K SOpcs. 150K 180K 220K 270K 330K $1.95 ASST. 6 Sea. 390K 470K S60K 6S0K 820K SOpcs. IM 1.2M 1.5M 1.8M 2.2M $1.95 ASST. 7 Sea. 2.7M 3.3M 3.9M 4.7M 5.6M SOpcs. SO VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS Value 10 pf 22 pf 47 pf 100 of 220 pf 470 pf 1-9 10-99 100-fr .08 .06 .05 .08 .06 .05 .08 .06 .05 .08 .06 .05 .08 .06 .05 .08 .06 .05 .001;iF .0047uF .01;iF .022MF .047uF .IM^ 1-9 10-99 100+ .09 .07 .06 .09 .07 .15 .12 100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS .OOlmf .12 .10 .07 I .022m( .13 .11 .08 .0022mf .12 .10 .07 .047mf .21 .17 .13 .O047mf .12 .10 .07 -Imt .27 .23 .17 .Olrnf .12 .10 .07 I .22mf .33 .27 .22 +20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS .1/35V .39 .34 .29 1.5/35V .41 .37 .29 U/35V .39 .34 .29 2.2/KV .51 ASST. BR Includes Resistor Assts. 1-7 (350 pes.) $10.95 ea. __j/35V .22/35V .23/3&V .47/35V .68/35 V 1.0/35V .34 .29 .34 .29 2.2/KV 3.3/25V 4.7/25V 6.e/25V 15/2SV 22/6V .53 .47 .37 .63 .56 .45 MINI. ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS $10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6% Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sale Flyer! Spec Sneets — 25ic Send B8c Postage for your FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject tp Change 4/^2 MatI Ordei Eteclfonics- Worldwidi ameco ELECTRONICS 1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592.8097 Axial .47/SOV 1.0/50V 3.3/50V 4,7/25V 10/25V 10>^0V 22/25V 22/50V 47/25V 47/50V 100/25V 100/50V 220/25V 220/50V 470/25V 1000/16V 2a»/16V .1^ 100^499 5004 .14 .10 .19 .16 .12 Radial .4 7/25 V .47/50V 1.0/16V 1.0/25V 1.0/50V 4. 7/16 V 4.7/25V 4. 7/50 V IO/I6V 10/25V 10/50V 47/50V 100/ 16 V 100/25V 100/50V 220/16V 470/2SV Circle 224 on inquiry card. COMPUTE TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 800-854-8230 SB9,95 Complete DEALER PRICING AVAILABLE tapplG computer W Sales and Service COMPUTEnS Apple II 16K Apple II ABK Apple II 64K Apple II 64K w/ZBtl SollCilra 4 Vision 80 3^ ApiiU- III 1?8K AVAIL i-,(iL r in ■ , T I i irio APPLE HARDWARE Apple Disk I Apple Disk II w/o Silenlype Pimlet Pfolotype Card IEEE-48B Inte'race 1 year e"l waffanly Parallel Printer tnierlace Communicaiions CarQ Pascal Language Syiiem M'gn Speed Serial Interlace ApplesQlt II ROM Card LIST ACP S1330O0 S102900 153000 109900 1729 00 1235 00 351900 1/7500 VISTA COMPUTER Viiton SO O B0jt24 display card Vision 40 O 40 col ennancemeni Vision 20 C lower case nO>bl ABOO Double Densiiv B ConiroHors MM9 9 vo'ce music GB75 IBM Regeni Apple ) O PDS PROM development TYPE AHEAD BUFFER LIST S395 00 ! 199 00 29 95 595 00 M moo 195 M 595 OO 49 95 99 00 169 00 399 00 35 00 7J5 00 999 00 1 10 00 95 00 130 00 130 00 ITSOb 39 95 5?9 00 725 00 B9 00 95 00 M9 00 . 35 95 AATARI ATARI COMPUTER 1 M 3395 00 ) 169 95 1895 00 ^ !■ 2195 00 I 749 00 I S399 0!) 49 00 699 00 90 00 '99 95 199 95 219 95 99 50 199 SO 200 00 44 95 6« 00 aooo 699 00 139 00 160 00 36 95 ATARI THE COMMUNICATOR Kil LIST I 645 00 335 00 395 00 24 00 450 00 225 OO 1S0 00 22500 435 PO 195 00 Ids 00 320 00 349S,dO 795.00 ACP S 529 00 449 OO 355 00 21 95 175 00 159 95 1B9 00 425 95 174 96 174 95 275 00 2995 00 VISTA V-DRIVE VISTA V OniVF >l V-1000 8 (loppy disk I1UICS wiih OuiKE! Dalatrak APPLE COMPATIBLE HARDWARE VISTA V 80 r MINI DISK DRIVE V aO Single drive case |is $29900 V BO Dual (kive. cuse, ps S5B9O0 ^ D/5. D/D also avnilabie 1B9 00 SSM AlO Se'ial/Parallel 165 00 Tfie Keyboard Compan; Joystick 45 00 Nufiienc Pad lis 00 Mountain Compuier ROMplus 169 00 ROM Writer 159 00 RAMPIus CPS MuMilunclion DO Expansion Cnassis 699 Oil TtiundetciocK 135 00 X-10 option 49 00 Pascal opKon 29 00 Vetsacaro 4 in t 225 00 CCS Serial I/O 139 00 Parallel I/O 99 00 M s R EnlBfpriaes Apple Fan 45 00 Sup'RMod 29 95 Aux Swlchcr Supply 199 00 Sup'B'Term 399 00 ALS Smanerm 399 00 CorvuS SMt) Ha>d Disk 2995 00 tOMb 4335 00 20Mb 5340 00 A[)pip t6K Upgiaap Kii 15 95 Volia. Voitf Ho. Scoli VOicp HL'cOcjnilion APPLE COMPATIBLE DRIVES (MicroScilJ EPSON/VISTA MX-80 SAVE saco " 1 Bosl seller LOWEST PUBLlSHELl f'f^lCE Nole: Sl;|m"v ! '"^'ii^: LIST ACP S645 00 §429 00 Apple Board Se! Z80 Soficard iMicrosofii IfiK Ramcard iMiC'OSOd' LIST S3 9 3 DO 1 9 5 00 ACP S289 00 169 00 ELPAC FD206 8 Floppy Disk Power Supply Drives 2 Drives ■24V (7i. 3A -5V f'l 2 5A fr, I 12' aSW Monnor (Super valufei 540 BYTE April 19B2 Circle 10 on inquiry card. BECKMAN DIGITAL MULT METERS TcCH 300 uigitv Multkfnolnr TECH 310 OiQJtAl MuttifnQl#r TECH 330 DiflttaJ Muttlnwisr VC-201 Vtnyl Carrying CaM 'woo DC-202 OaluKS Carrying Caw 24 00 HV-211 High Voltage Probe 3500 flP-Z21 RP Probe 3S.00 CT-331 AC Current Ctarnp 49-00 DI-2J1 Oelu>e TmI Lead Kn 10 00 Jl-?i? Squa/c Tesl Leads eoo NLS TOUCH TEST 20 SIS6/S168 I/O B7SS I/O w/EPnOM 8202 Dyn RAM Cont B20S/74S 138 Decoder 82T2 8 bit I/O 8214 Priority Inl 82l6Su$0(tvar S234 Clock Gen 8224 4 MHi 8226 Bus Driver 8T2& Bus Onvet &?7eSy5 Con 8238 Sys Coo B243 \/0 E>p 8250 Asyn Com 6?61 Ptog I/O 8253 Inl Tinei 6255 Prog '/O 825' P'og DMA 8359 Pfog ini 8275 CRT Con 8279 Prog KeyDoard 6B21 6828 Prionly Int. 8834-1 51218 Eprom e845/HO4Si0S CRT Cont 6847 Color CRT 68S0 ACIA 8852 Serial Adapter 6860 Modem 8682 Modulitor 687tA 1 OMHz OSC 6880 Bus Diivs' UC684aa 66047 6502 SUPPORT 6520 PIA 6522 Mult 6530-002 003. 004. 005 6S32 B551 BIPOLAR PROMS 82523/6330/5600^48188 825115 |S12>a) TS 825123/ 5610/748288 (32iB) TS 625126/5603/743387 (3S6>4] OC a2S129'6633/7*S2a7 (256x4| TS B2S130 56fr*'74S570 (512-4) OC B2S131'7*Si71 (512>41 TS S2S137/74SS73 (1024»41 TS 825141/3624/745474 (512x81 TS B2SM7i'74S4r2 (512x8) TS 748471/6309 tSSflxB) TS IC SPECIAL PURCHASE B2S09 64x9 RAM □Pe304 Octal Drtvet □ACaaEx DM Conv MC1650 H. Speed A/0 SN75136 MC10210 tM339 LM71DCN LM711CN 78Ma6 79M06 74157 74161 74C74 MC14433P 3 5 Digil A/D ICL8ai I Voll Rel LM1650N Gf Faull LM2900N Quad Amp LU2917N Freq 10 Voll. Conv MEM4963 Wosiei Smoke Detector 27SOB 32>8 PROM (IUS600| ULN2003A 7ch dr MCU 14505 64 Qil Si RAW MOC1003 Opto Cap |4N28) SPX33 Opto Coup IH5045 CMOS S* DPST UA3045 Trans Array Tni402A UART MK1007 Dyn Mem Shifl Heq 5318 TV Ch Disp Circuit 8700 CJ 8 Oil A/D 7520/25 1488/1469 MC1372 MM529e-4A/B LM377 LM360 LM3e7 LM45Sa RC4136 RC4131 COM 5027 COM 5037 TMS406O4K RAM (23 Prn) TMS 4050 4k RAM (18 Pin» UCM 6604 4K RAM {16 PiitJ S 8S5 2 95 695 DYNAMIC RAM 416/4116 16K (16 Pin) 416 200 ns Sel OT 8 41 15 BK (16 Pinl 4050 4K.1 (18 Pinl 4060 JKxl |22 Pinj 4096 4K.1 (16 Pin) 2104 4Ki1 (16 Pmt 4027 4Kx) (16Pinl/UPD4J4' 5251 5262 5270 5280 MICROPROCESSORS PROTO BOARDS PB-6 S 19:95 PB-lOO 2100 PB-IOt 28 00 PB-103 34 00 PBt03 59 00 PB104 77 00 PH-203 130 00 PB-203A 170 00 PB-203A K.I 1.11100 PHOTO CLIPS PC- 14 1*Riit S 3 25 PC-16 16 Pin 350 PC-24 24 Pin 650 PC-40 40 Pin 1395 6800 SUPPORT 6610 12BI8RAM S 4 75 850 650 10 75 16 95 ?9 95 29 95 10.95 11 9S 2595 2513-001 (SVI Uppai 2513-005 {SV| Lowei 2513-ADM3 (5V| MCM667 10 ASCII Sfii UCM(^740 Wain Syrr CONNECTORS (GOLD) DB25P (RS2321 DB2SS Female Hooa 5el w/Hood. Sale 22/44 W/W. S/T, KIM 43/66 W/W. S/T. MOT SOCIOO SrIOO Connecloi w/w 50/100 S-100 Connector sn BARE PC BOARDS.,' S-100 Sound Board aOBOA CPU 32K Sialic RAM <21U] OK Eprom (27081 2708/2716 Eprom ACP PrOlo Bd Vector 6800 ProlO Vector 6803 11 slot MB ACP Extender w/Conn 13 Slot Mother Board (WMC) 9 SlOl Mother Board (WMC) 8 Slot Motner (ExpandaUe) Floppy PCB (6" 5HUGART) 5100 (AYS-SgiO) Sound Bd Apple Sound Bd UV -EPROM" ERASER 12 05 1295 1295 MOS PROMS 2764 (BKxB) TS S69 95 2732(4Kj 9 95 ea 1 25 I 25 3 lo' 1 99 2 far I 99 2 (or I 99 39 95 49 95 1 49 1 49 S 2 49 15 95 2 49 4.95 395 475 4 95 7 50 295 6 50 4 95 395 $ 34 95 34 95 34 95 24 95 34 95 2295 2220 29 95 1895 32 95 29 95 34 95 39 95 34 95 24 95 Modal UVi-IIE S7S.B5 , Holds 4 Epioms ai a time I Model S-UT (325 00 16K MEMORY EXTENSION KITS | lie NEW LOW PRICES S355 Prog I/O B259PJog Init Only J 1 95 Only 6 95 STATIC RAMS 1-24 2S-99 100 21L02 JSOns S 1 30 I 1 25 S 99 21L02 25Cns 1 59 1 55 211 1 3 75 3 e5 3 55 31 121 2 95 2 35 2 65 21D1 1 2 9D 2 70 2 55 21 14N {450nsl 3 50 3 25 21 l4^-250ns (40-t5) 6 SO 5 95 6 50 21 14. -450ns (4045) 4 75 4 25 3 95 4044 250ns 8 95 7 50 6 90 4044 450n$ 5 95 5 95 4 75 £MM420aA 9 75 8 75 7 95 EMM4402 7 95 7 25 6 25 AMD9 140/41 10 95 0 25 9 25 AM09130/31 12 95 1 95 10 25 1101 1 95 1 75 1 25 P2 125/93425 (45ns| 9 95 835 8 25 6518 IKxl CMOS 7.95 795 7 25 2147 Low Power 4 K Static 9.95 8 95 6 95 93415 995 895 8 50 SOCKETS WIra Wrap 3 Leva) « PIni Lo-Pro Soldarlall Tin Gold a T5 S 32 S 45 14 19 36 59 16 20 38 62 18 24 59 84 20 .29 .69 99 22 24 79 1,10 24 38 85 1 20 28 43 10 149 36 58 .25 159 40 60 .40 1 89 FLOPPY DISK I/O 1771-01 a & Minilloppy S 24 95 1761 Dual Floppy 29 96 1791-01 Dual Floppy 36 95 1791-02 Dual Floppy 44 95 1793 DO. D5 Floppy 44 95 1797 DD. 05 Floppy 54 96 1691 Dale Separaior 16 95 2143 Clock Gen IB 95 A/D CONVERTERS 8700 8 mi Binaray i 13 50 07O1 10 t)i! Binary 22 00 6703 a bil TS 13 50 9400 Voll 10 Freq Conv 7 25 B760 3 l'2 Digit BCD 13 95 1408L6 6 bil 3 95 1.106L8 B bil 5 95 DAC31 D lo A 5 95 DACOa 9 95 DAC 100 9 95 WAVEFORM GEN. ao3a Function Gen MC4324VCO LM566VCO XH22D5 Funclion Generalor S 4 50 2 95 1 95 5 25 2504V 2507V 2517V a524V 2i525 2527 2528 CTS DIPSWITCHES CTS206-2 S 1 75 CT5206-4 1 75 CTS206-5 1 75 CTS206-6 1 75 UARTS BAUD RATE MM500H MM50S6N MM5060N 251 OA 2847 3341 3351 3357 9403 9408 CTS206-7 CTS206-e CT5206 9 eTS206-10 ' TH1602B (5V. 12V1 $ 395 AY51013 (5V 12V) 4 95 AV51014A/1612[S-14V) 6 95 AY61015A/1663 (SV) 695 IM6402 7 95 8 95 1 2350 USPT 9 95 1 1671B Aslfos 24 95 MC14411 11 95 4702 14 95 W01941 9 95 COM 5016 16 95 INS 9250 15 95 SN7400N SN7401N SN7402N SN7403N SN7404N SI^740SN SN7406N SN7407N SN7408N SN7409N SN7410N SN7411N SN7412N SN7413N SN7414N SN7416N SN7417N SN7420N SN7421N SN7422N SN7423N SN7425N SN7426N SN7427N SN7429N SN7430N SN7432N SN7437N SN743aN SN7439N SN7440N SN7441N SN7442N SN7443N SN7444N SN744SN S*i744^N SN7447N SN7448N SN7450N SN7451N 5N7453N SN7454N 5N7459N SN7460N SN7470N Sh474 72h4 SN7473N SN7474N SN747SN SN7476N SN7479N SN7460N SN74B2N SN7483N SN74a5N SN74B6N SN74B9N SN74MN SN7491N SN7492N SN7493N SN7494N SN749SN SN7496N SN7497N SN741O0N SN74107M SN74109 SN74n6N SN74121N SN74V21N 51474 122N 74LS00N 74LS01N 74LS02N 74LS03N 74LS04N 74LS0SN 74LSOBN 74LS09N 74LS10N 74LSnrsJ 74LS12N 74LS13N 74LS14N 74LS15N 74LSZON 74LS2m 74LS22N 74LS26N 74LS27N 74LS2aN 74LS30N 74LS32N 74LS33N 74LS37W 74LS3aN 74LS40N 74LS42N 741.S47N 74LS4SN 74LS5tN 74L554N 74LS55N 74LS73N 74LS74N 74LS75N 74LS76N 74LS78N 74LS83AN 74LSa5N 74LSa6N 74LS90N 74LS92N 74LS93N 74LS95N 74LS96N 74LS107N 74LSI09N 74L51 12N 74LS113N 74LS114N 74LS122N 74LS123N 74LS124N 74LS125N 74LS126N 74LS132N 74LSI36N 74LS138N 74LS139N 74LS145N 74LS146N 74LS151N 74LS1S3N 74LS154h4 74LS155N 74LS156N 74LS157N 74LS156N 74LS160N 74LS161N 74LS162N 74LS163N ZERO INSERTION FORCE TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 800-854-8230 TWX: 910-595-1565 Mall Order: P.O. Box 17329 Irvine. OA 92713 (800) 854-8230 Retail: 1310 B E. Edinger. Santa Ana. OA 92705 (714) 558-8813 542 W. Trimble. San Jose. OA 95131 (408) 946-7010 SI474123N SN7412SN SNT412eN SNT412eN SN74132N 5N74136N SN74139N SN7414IN SN74142N SN74143N SN74144N SN74145N SN74147N SN74148N SN74150N SN741 53N SN741 54N SN74156N SN74156N SN74163N SN74164N SN74165N SN74166N SN74167N SN74170N SN74172N SN74173N SN74174N SN7417SN SN74176N SN74177N SN74179N 5N74160N SN74181N SN74182N 5N74184N SN74185N 5N74t86M SN74ie6N 5N74igON SN74191N SN74192N SN74t93N SN74194N SN7419SN SN74196N SN74197N SN74196N SN74199N SN74221N SN7425tN SN74273N SN742 79N SN742B3N SN74264N SN74265N SN74290N SN7429aN SN74365N SN74366N SN74367N SN7436BN SN74390N 5N74393N SN74393N SN74490N 74LS164N 74LS165N 74LS166N 74LS168N 74LS1G9N 74LS170N 74LS173N 74LS174N 74LS175N 74LS161N 74LS190N 74LS191N 74LS192N 74LS193N 74L5194N 74LS195N 74LStg6N 74LS197N 74LS21N 74LS240N 74LS241N 74LS242N 74LS243N 74LS244N 74LS245N 74L5247N 74LS24eN 74LS249N 74LS251N 74LS3S3N 74LS257N 74LS258N 74LS2S9N 74LS260N 74LS261N 74LS266N 74LS273N 74LS275N 74LS279N 74LS2a3N 74LS290N 74LS293N 74LS295N 74LS298N 74LS324N 74LS347N 74LS348N 74LS352N 74LS363N 74LS363N 74LS365N 74LS366N 74LS367N 74LS366N 74LS373N 74LS374N 74LS375N 74LS377N 74LS3a5N 74LS386hJ 74LS390N 74LS3g3N 74LS395N 74LS399N 74LS4Z4N 74LS6e8N T4LS670N eiL595N aiLS96N S1LS97N 81LS98N lAlAZ/VNCED. Circle 10 on inquiry card. Unclassified Ads FOR SALE: Complete working replica of ENIAC-I computer. In- cludes operator's console, monitors. Model 1 5 Teletype, and 2CXX) spare tuties. Must sen; switching to wood heat S2.95 or best of- fer. Red GettjII, 70 iWaln St, Petasbutter, NH 03458. WANTED; I am a 1 7-year-old French student who Is Interested in computers. I have done programming on microcomputers, par- ticularly on CP/M and Z80 systems in K and MBASIC, COBOL, and assembly language. I am especially interested in systems soft- ware. I am seeking a chance to work with computers in the U.S. during the summer of 1982. This would cover July and/or August. Eric Meyer, 2 rue Lamardne, Lutteibach 68460 France. FOR SALE; Two Type 43 with built-in modem and one Type 40 complete with spare printer. Total price for all is S3000. Charles Soroka, 339 Westglen. Glen Carbon, IL 62034, (6I8| 797-0183. FOR SALE: Tl Silent 700 smart terminal/printer with built-in acoustic coupler. Perfect condition. S 1 295. Anderson Jacobson AJI234 acoustic coupler jvadic-compatlble). Also in perfect condition S595. David Fields. 25 Parkside Dt, Princeton, NJ 08540, (609) 921-2781. WANTED; Any technical information (even a circuit schematic) for the Model ARDH-2 1 paper-cape reader made by KDI Adtrol, Inc., of Broomall, Pennsylvania. This company is ap- parently defunct I will gladly pay copying charges. R. Hoffman, 1341 Ginny Lane. Colorado Springs, CO 80918, (303) 599-0739. FOR SALE; Digital Group Z80 system. 18 K. 64 by 16 display, dress cabinet, keyboard, and green phosphor monitor. SI 200. Pete Simmons. 219 Pendleton Hill Rd., North Ston- ington, CT 06359. (203) 535-2040. FOR SALE: Technico TI9900 Super Starter microcomputer with instant input assembler, 2 K bytes RAM, and all manuals. All in good condition; make offer. Back issues of K)i'o.'??tj:: Microcon and Iruerface Age; cover price plus shipping Send SASE for list. Larry Neville, 1654 Bowood Rd., North Palm Beach, Ft, 33408. FOR SALE: SwTPC MP-8 8 K memory boards. Fully func- tional, mint condition with documentation. S 100 each. Also, some spare memoiy chips available. Nick Hulbert. 5602 Ford- ham St., Lubbock, TX 79416. (806) 795-0535. FOR SALE; APF Imagination machine microcomputer com- plete. Ready to hook up to any TV. Includes games: baseball, blackjack, bowling, boxing, and many others, plus cassettes. Worth over S800, can be purchased for S600. Perfect— like new. Jesse J. Lombardo, 523 Sweet Home Rd.. Eggertsvllle. NY 14226. FOR SALE: Radio Shack Business Computer System Model I. Level II with 32 K. Like new. Includes screen, interface, three disk drives, and dot-matrix tractor-feed printer. S2995. Joseph Levy. 249 Kinderttamack Rd.. Westwood. NJ 07675. (201) 664-8100. WANTED; Advice on adapting the DD C/PM 2 .2 on the Intel Intellec MDS230 to use the Integral SD drive via the IOC con- troller. Would also like to get in touch with other CP/M-on-MDS users. Gil Glazer, 89 Bograshov St, Tel Aviv 63297, Israel. FOR SALE; S- 1 00 boards: Central Data 54 K dynamic RAM with 32 K populated. 4 MHz; S250, SSM I04 2-serial, 2-parallet S 1 50. Versafloppy I disk controller; S 1 75. Tarbell cassette interface: S125. SSM CBIA 8080A pnocesson SI50. Certified check and I pay shipping. W.M. Broad, 23 1 7 Rodgers Dr. NE, Huntsville, AL 3581 1,, (205) 536-4585- FOR SALE: Exidy Sorcerer with 32 K RAM, 9-inch Sanyo monitor, cassette recorder. Development and BASIC ROM Pacs, S200 of software including System Three BASIC utility and Development Pack Extender, cables, and all manuals. S900 or best offer. Also, Eaton LRC 6400-1- printer with cable and paper. S200. All in excellent condition. Martin Siegel. 252-07 82 Dr., Bellerose. NY 1 1426, (212) 347-0053. FOR SALE OR TRADE: S-l 00 boards, ICs. power supplies, and magazines. Too many to list here. S. Rajabzadeh, 2666 Paganlni Ave,, San Jose, CA 95122, (408) 238-2969, IBM Leads Cfarcia Two Sets to Love Once again, our BOMB-card mail bin has overflowed with re- sponses to an article on IBM's Per- sonal Computer. "A Closer Lool< at the IBM Personal Computer" by Gregg Williams outstripped all other articles in the January issue and ran away with first place. Our congratulations to Gregg for a first- rate review. Second-place prize of S 50 goes to Jerry Pournelle for his User's Column entitled "Operating Systems, Languages, Statistics, Pirates, and the Lone Wolf." Steve Ciarcia has to settle for third place this month. (Sorry, Steve, but no matter how we counted, you still came up third.) UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readfrs who are soliciting or giving advice, or who have equipment to buy, sell or swap should send in a clearly typed notice to that effect. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be clearly noncommercial, typed double spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or less, and include complete name and address information. These notices are free of charge and will be printed one time only on a space available basis Notices can be accepted from individuals or bona fide computer users clubs only. We ran engage in no correspondence on these and your confirmation of placement is ap- pearance in an issue of BYTE. Please note that it may take three or four months for an ad to appear in the magazine. BYTE'S On g oing Monitor Box Article # Page Article AuthorjsJ 1 32 A Generic Word Processor Schrodt 2 40 Use Infrared Communication for Remote Control Ciarcia 3 50 How to Use Color Displays Effectively Durrett, Trezona 4 56 A Human-Factors Case Study Based on the IBM Personal Computer Cooper, Marston, Durrett, Stimmel 5 76 The Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop (HPIL) Katz' 6 96 Strawberry Tree's Dual Thermometer Card for the Apple Murray 7 108 A Human-Factors Style Guide for Program 8 Design Simpson Fraser 134 The Atari Tutorial, Part 8: Generating Sound with Software 9 158 A Po(r|tpourri of Ideas Barden 10 186 The Input/Output Primer, Part 3: The Parallel and HPIB (IEEE-488) Interfaces Leibson 11 212 User's Column: The Osborne 1, Zeke's New Friends, and Spelling Revisited Pournelle 12 242 Designing the Star User interface Smith, Irby, Kimball, Verplank, Harslem 13 284 Designing a Text Editor? The User Comes First Jong Finseth 14 302 IVlanaging Words: What Capabilities Should You Have with a Text Editor? 15 312 Two Word Processors for North Star Coudal 16 322 A Disk Operating System for FORTH Reece 17 371 Selector IV by Micro-Ap Abbott 18 380 MOD lll:-TRS-80 Features for Your Model 1 Rocke 19 398 Binary-Coded Text, A Text-Compression 20 Method Tropper 439 Career Opportunities in Computing Johnston 21 447 Converting Apple DOS to Pascal Text Files Matthews 22 464 A Simple Multiprocessor Implementation Harrington 23 472 An introduaion to NSC Tiny BASIC Handy 542 April 1982 © BYTE PubUcations Inc Reader Service Inquiry No. Page No. 1 47th STREET PHOTO 327 2 A.M. ELECTRONICS 112 3 A.S.T. RESEARCH 222 4 AB COMPUTERS 521 5 ABM PRODUCTS 224 6 ACCUPOWER280 7 ACE COMP. PROD. 506 8 ACTEK499 9 ACTION COMPUTER 257 10 ADV.COMP.PROD. 540, 541 11 ADV. DIGITAL PROD. 510 12 ADV. DIGITAL PROD. 512 477 ADV. EFFORT-SAVER 520 13 ADVENTURE INT'L. 431 478 AEGIS SYS 520 • ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 216 14 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP 498 16 ALLENBACH IND. 64 16 ALMALY TRADING CORP. 488 17 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 38, 39 19 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD 203 20 ALPHACOM236 22 ALSPA COMP.SYS. 57 23 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 168, 169 24 AMDEK CORP. 255 26 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP 244 27 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 156, 167 28 ANCIE LABS 438 29 ANDERSON JACOBSON 396 30 ANDERSON JACOBSON 449 31 ANSC0 618 32 ANSWER CORP. 132 33 APPARATINC81 34 APPLEWARE.INC. 512 35 APPLICATIONS GRP,THE 226 38 APPLIED MICROTECHN. 114 39 APPLIED SOFTWARE TECH 351 472 ARRIX LOGIC 518 40 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH 488 460 ASAP COMPUTER PROD 381 461 ASAP COMPUTER PROD 406, 407 41 ASHTON-TATE 365 • ASPEN SFTW.CO. 60 42 ATARI 144, 145 238 AUTOCONTROL INC 272 44 AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 125 45 AUTOMATED PRGRM METHODS 514 • AVOCET238 47 AXIOM CORP 229 178 B&B ELECTR. 504 49 BASF SYSTEMS 245 50 BASIS, INC. 275 51 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 459 • BELL,JOHN ENGR. 519 53 BISON PRODUCTS 154 54 BISON PRODUCTS 498 55 BIT 3 COMP.CORP. 451 37 BMC 193 277 BORLAND LIMITED 262 56 BOTTOM UN E.THE 264 57 BOTTOM LINE,THE 514 481 BOTTOM LINE,THE 520 56 BOWER-STEWART 508 59 BRIDGE COMPUTER 173 60 BRISTOL SOFTWARE 360, 361 61 BUCKEYE STAM PI NG CO. 461 62 BUSINESS & PROF.SFTW. 239 63 BUSINESS OPERATING SYS 79 67 BYTE BOOKS 225 84 BYTE BOOKS 363 65 BYTE BOOKS 403 66 BYTE BOOKS 413 68 BYTE BOOKS 470 ■ BYTE BACK ISSUES 402 ■ BYTE SUBSCRIBER 500 • BYTE WATS 465 69 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 445 70 BYTEWRITER 268 71 CALICO SYSTEMS 14 72 CALIF DATA CORP 488 73 CALIF. DIGITAL 532, 533 75 CALIF.COMP.GRAPHICS 514 76 CAUF.COMP.SYS. 65 ' CAUF.MICRO COMP. 490 • CAWTHON SCIENTF.GRP. 240 77 CDR SYSTEMS 506 76 CER-TEK INC 516 79 CHAPIN & ASSOCIATES 516 80 CHECK-MATE 272 81 CHECK-MATE 504 Inquiry No. Page No. 81 CHECK-MATE 504 82 CHECKS-TO-GO 248 83 CHIPS & DALE 506 84 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 163 85 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 301 86 CMC.INT'L. 107 87 CMC,INT'L. 135 452 CMC,INT'L. 243 88 CODE WORKS,THE 487 89 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 192 90 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 218 91 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 231 92 COMMODORE BUSN.MACH. 286 93 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 511 94 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 465 114 COMPUCART283 95 COMPUCHANGE514 96 COMPULINK CORP. 35 * COMPUMART 176, 177 * COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 200, 201 97 COMPUSERVE 388 98 COMPUSYSTEMS 228 99 COMPUTER CAMP INC. 191 453 COMPUTER CHANNEL 304 101 COMP COMPNTS.UNLTD. 428 102 COMPUTER DYNAMICS 616 103 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 335 104 COMPUTER FURN.& ACCSS. 246 105 COMPUTER HORIZON 430 106 COMPUTER IDEAS CORP. 512 107 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 492 1 08 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 210, 211 109 COMPUTER PLUS 514 * COMPUTER PROFESSNAL 368, 389 110 COMP SHOPPING CNTR 399 111 COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 131 112 COMPUTER TOOLBOX.INC. 508 113 COMPUTER TO0LBOX,INC. 520 * COMPUTER WRHSE. 227 115 COMPUTERIZED MNGMNT.SYS. 518 119 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 133 120 COMPUTERTIME INC. 506 121 COMPUTERWORLD INTL 219 122 COMPUTEX CORP 458 123 COMPUTORIAL 444 450 COMPUVIEW 36, 37 124 CONCORD COMP.PROD. 410 125 CONCURRENT CORP. 354 126 CONSUMER COMP. 148 127 CONSUMER COMP. 149 * CONTEXT INC. 217 129 COVER CRAFT 84 130 CPU SHOP, THE 517 * CROMEMCOCII 469 CR0MEMC01 470 CR0MEMC0 2 133 CUESTA SYSTEMS 506 ■ CYBERNETICS INC 353 25 DALUS DEVELOP.SYS 213 * DATA DISCOUNT CTR 452 476 DATA RETRIEVAL CORP. 467 •• DATA SOURCE SYS.CORP. 140 135 DATA-RX INC. 491 136 DATAFACE110 137 DATAMAC COMP.SYS. 182 138 DATASMITH474 139 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 254 140 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 267 141 DEALIN' ELECTR. 488 482 DEDICATED SYS 446 142 DELMART-DELUX CHK.PRNTRS. 444 143 DELPHIC SYSTEMS 332 * DELTA PRODUCTS 290 145 DELTA PRODUCTS 291 146 DIGITAL MARKETING 6 147 DIGITAL RESEARCH 24, 25 148 DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP. 515 149 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 68 150 DMA 187 151 DRAKE MICRO SYS. 394 152 DREAM ELECTRONICS 488 153 DRV ELECTRONICS 430 154 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 195 156 DUPRE ENTERPR. 516 157 DYMARC IND. 465 158 DYNACOMP378,379 159 DYSAN CORP. 296, 297 160 ECLECTIC SYSTEMS 10 161 EGOSOFT436 162 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 514 Inquiry No. Page No. 162 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 514 163 ELCOMP PUBLISHING INC 443 164 ELECTROHOME 95 165 ELECTROLABS 503 166 ELECTRONIC CONTROL 206 167 ELECTRONIC DESIGN 315 168 ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS 366 169 EMPIRICAL RESRCH GRP. 512 170 ENERCOMP608 171 ENGEL CONSULTING 518 172 EPIC COMP.CORP. 235 173 EPIC COMP.CORP. 459 174 EPSON AMERICA 299 175 ESSEX PUBLISHING 491 176 EXPOTEK58 177 FALCO DATA PROD. 16 • FAMOUS PROGRAMMERS SCHOOL 383 48 FANTASTIC SIMULATIONS 226 179 FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS 428 180 FOX &GELLER ASSOC 516 465 FREDERICK COMP.PROD. 484 181 FREEDOM TECHN.INT'L. 436 182 FYI INC. 101 183 G-H COMPUTER SYS. 514 184 GENERAL DATACOMM IND. INC. 405 185 GENERAL SOFTWARE INC. 502 186 GENSTAR REI SALES CO. 510 187 GILTRONIX,INC. 504 188 GILTRONIX,INC. 504 189 GILTRONIX,INC. 504 190 GNOSIS 500 468 GREAT PLAINS SOFTWARE 313 473 GREENE SOFTWARE 518 191 H&E COMPUTRONICS 347 192 H&E COMPUTRONICS 349 194 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. Ill 462 HAZELTINE CORP 319 • HEATH COMPANY 97 ■ HEMENWAY CORP. 221 ' HILTON HOTEL CORP. 249 196 HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS 151 196 HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS 151 197 HUNTINGTON COMPUTING 253 198 HYPERTEK, INC270 199 I.B.C. 61 200 IBM 184, 186 201 ILLINOIS COMP. PROD. 520 202 IMAGE TECH. INC 506 203 IMS INTERNATIONAL 85 204 INDIGO TECHNOLOGY 113 205 INFOSOFT COMP.SYS. 504 206 INMAC461 207 INNOVATIVE ELECTR. 316 208 INNOVATIVE SFTW.APPL. 90 210 INTEGRAND 188 211 INTEL CORP 54, 55 212 INTERACTIVE MICROWRE. 495 464 INTERACTIVE STRUCTURES 94 213 INTERFACEGROUP.THE 150 214 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 74, 75 215 IOTC228 216 IPEX INT'L. 510 217 ISA CO.LTD. 307 ■ ISE126 261 ISE 127 467 ISE 314 218 ISOTECH,INC. 22 219 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 8 220 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS 9 221 J.FISKE SFTW.SYS. 516 222 JADE COMP.PROD. 528, 529 223 JADE COMP.PROD. 530 224 JAMECO ELECTR. 538, 539 225 JDR MICRODEVICES 536, 537 226 JIMSCOT.INC. 274 227 JOURNAL OF PASCAL & ADA 497 228 KADAK PRODUCTS 367 229 KERN PUBLISHING 142 230 KERN PUBLISHING 143 231 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 518 232 LEADING EDGE PROD Clll 233 LEAPAC SERVICES 492 234 LEHIGH VALLEY LOGIC INC. 462 235 LEO ELECTRONICS 514 • LIFEBOAT ASSOC. 189 236 LJK ENTERPRISES INC. 373 237 LNW RESEARCH 91 43 LOGICAL DEVICES 510 239 LOGO COMP.SYS. 105 240 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 325 Inquiry No. Page No. 240 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 325 241 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 488 242 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 506 243 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 510 244 MACROTECH INT'L. 87 245 MACROTRONICS 506 246 MAGNOLIA MICROSYS. 504 • MARTIN MARIETTA CORP 388 247 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 358 248 MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 73 458 MAXTEK 500 249 MCGRAW-HILL BOOK CO. 466 • McGRAW HILL RESEARCH 386 250 MEADE'S DATA SYS. 504 466 MED 2000 318 251 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 496 479 MEMOREX 23 252 MEMORY MERCHANT 93 253 META COMPANIES,THE 27 254 METAMORPHIC SYS.INC. 167 255 MFJ ENTERPRISES INC 294 256 MICRO AGE COMP.STORE 305 257 MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 115 258 MICRO BUSN.ASSOC 508 • MICRO BUSN.SFTW.INC. 415 262 MICRO DATA-TEK 364 263 MICRO DEVELOPMENTS 160 264 MICRO FOCUS 103 265 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 96 266 MICRO MINT 404 463 MICRO MINT 471 471 MICRO MINT 514 267 MICRO PRINTER MRKTG 141 268 MICRO PRO INT'L. 375 269 MICRO SCI 295 483 MICRO TEXT PUBL 440 270 MICRO WORKS, THE 320 271 MICRODYNAMICS 606 272 MICROHOUSE 232 • MICROHOUSE 233 273 MICROMAIL26 274 MICROSETTE INC. 488 275 MICROSOFT (CPD) 287 276 MICROTECH EXPORTS 479 278 MIKOS262 279 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 392 280 MINI COMP.SUPPLIERS 493 281 MINI MICRO MART 531 - 282 MOORE BUSN. FORMS 445 283 MORGAN PRODUCTS 454 284 MORROW DESIGNS 136, 137 285 MOUNTAIN COMPUTER 19 286 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 337 287 M PC PERI PH ERALS 237 288 MPI 339 289 MTI,INC. 170 290 MULTI BUSN.COMP.INC. 408 291 MULTITECH ELECTR.INC. 215 • NCC/AFIPS 241 292 NCL DATA INC. 460 293 NEBS 18 294 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 269 295 NEECO 317 296 NET PROFIT COMP. 348 • NETRONICS330 • NETRONICS 331 297 NETWORK CONSULTING CORP 72 298 NETWORK DATA SYS.-FL 104 299 NEW GENERATION SYS. 280 300 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 175 301 NORTHROP 355 • NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR.DIV. 321 ' OASIS SYSTEMS 28 302 OKIDATA CORP. 343 303 OLYMPIC SALES 190 305 OMNI RESOURCES 377 306 OMNITEC DATA 350 307 OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY 495 309 ORANGE MICRO 120, 121 310 ORANGE MICRO 171 31 1 OREGON SOFTWARE 281 312 ORION INSTRUMENTS 510 313 ORYX SOFTWARE 30 314 ORYX SOFTWARE 382 • OSBORNE COMPUTERS 31 315 OSBORNBMCGRAW-HILL 273 316 OSBORNE/MOGRAW-HILL 303 317 OSM COMPUTER 59 • OWENS ASSOC. 198 • OWENS ASSOC. 199 318 PACIFIC COMP BRK. 258 319 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 226 319 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 504 319 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 508 319 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 512 319 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 516 324 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 509 325 PAN AMERICAN ELEC INC. 460 • PERCOM DATA 7 326 PERCOM DATA 279 327 PERCOM DATA 279 328 PERCOM DATA 279 • PERSONAL COMP.OWNERS 178 329 PHASE ONE SYS.INC. 387 330 PHONE I.INC. 124 331 PICKLES & TROUT 489 332 PMK ASSOCIATES 277 To get further information on the produas advertising in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with your name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add an 1 8, Texas 76102 ADDRESS. Circle .352 on inquiry card L.